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#
 Dean; 

*Corresponding author: E-mail: kaleabtesfaye35@gmail.com; 
 
 
 

Asian Journal of Immunology 
 
4(1): 190-214, 2021; Article no.AJI.78308 
 

 
 

 

 

Predictors of Anemia among Pregnant Women 
Attending Antenatal Care at Public Hospitals of 

Sidama Region, Ethiopia, 2021 a Case Control Study 
Protocol 

 
Kaleab Tesfaye Tegegne a*, Abiyu Ayalew Assefa a, Andualem Zenebe a, 

Wosenyeleh Semeon Bagajjo b#, Berhanu Bifato a, Alelign Tadele Abebe c  
and Sintayehu Assefa d 

 
a
 Department of Public Health, Hawassa College of Health Science, Hawassa, Ethiopia. 

b
 Hawassa College of Health Science, Hawassa, Ethiopia. 

c
 Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Hawassa College of Health Science, Hawassa, 

Ethiopia. 
d
 Department of Mid Wifery , Hawassa College of Health Science, Hawassa, Ethiopia. 

 
Article Information 

 
Open Peer Review History: 

This journal follows the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers,  
peer review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors, etc are available here: 

https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/78308 
 
 
 

Received 01 October 2021 
Accepted 04 December 2021 
Published 30 December 2021 

 
 

ABSTRACT 
 

Background: Anemia is the main cause of morbidity and mortality among pregnant women in 
developing countries with maternal and fetal consequences, which leads to premature births, low 
birth weight, fetal cognitive impairment and death. 
Objective: To determine predictors of anemia among pregnant women attending ANC at public 
hospitals of Sidama region, Ethiopia, 2021. 
Methods and Materials: A facility based unmatched case-control study design will be conducted 
at public hospitals of Sidama region. A total of 6 Midwives, 6 laboratory technician and 6 
supervisors will be involved in the data collection process. Cases will be recruited consecutively as 
they present to the hospitals and immediately four controls will be allocated for each case that 
came after selection of cases.   
The data will be entered into Epidata software and exported to SPSS software for windows version 
23 for analysis. Descriptive statistics will be computed and both bivariable and multivariable logistic 
regression will be employed to identify predictors of anemia among pregnant women.  The output 
will be presented using adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with the respective 95% confidence interval (CI). 
Budget and Work Plan: A total of 184,928 Ethiopian Birr will be required to carry out this study. 
The data collection will be conducted from June 25 to July 25, 2021. 

Study Protocol 
 



 
 
 
 

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Keywords: Anemia; predictors; pregnancy. 
 

1. INTRODUCTION 
 
1.1 Background 
 
Anemia implies a reduction in capacity of red 
blood cells to transport oxygen to tissues as a 
result of fewer circulating erythrocytes than 
normal or a decrease in the concentration of 
hemoglobin (Hgb). Anemia during pregnancy is 
defined as a hemoglobin concentration less than 
11gram per deciliter (g/dl) and classified as mild 
(10.0–10.9g/dl), moderate (7.0–9.9g/dl) and 
severe <7g/ dl. Currently, World Health 
Organization (WHO) recognized that the 
hemoglobin value less than 11.0 g/dl at 1st and 
3rd trimesters and less than 10.5 g/dl in the 2nd 
trimester is used to define anemia [1]. Anemia is 
highly dominant among pregnant adolescents 
due to the dual iron requirements, for their own 
growth and the growth of the fetus, and is less 
likely to access antenatal care [2]. 

 
In the world pregnant women who are affected 
by anemia are 56 million, out of those 17.2 
million pregnant women are from Africa [3]. 
Globally Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) affecting 
about 32 million pregnancy women and is the 
most common cause of anemia among pregnant 
women [3,4]  and 50 % of all the pregnant 
women who develop anemia  live in middle and 
low-income countries [5]. 

 
The magnitude of anemia among pregnant 
women was found  to be highest in developing 
countries, such as  sub- Sahara Africa,                  
South-East Asia  were 57% and 48% 
respectively and lowest prevalence which is 
24.1% reported among pregnant women in South 
America [6]. 

 
Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in 
Africa was nearly half (46.3%) [7], 62.7% 
pregnant women are anemic in Ethiopia [3].   

 
Pregnant women might be at risk of developing 
anemia due to low socioeconomic conditions.  
The poor nutritional intake, repeated infections, 
poor diet, poor antenatal care service, frequent 
pregnancies, low health-seeking behaviors and 
parasitic diseases, such as malaria and 
hookworm are associated with anemia [8-11]. 
Insufficient intake and poor bioavailability of iron-
rich foods also have significant contribution for 
the onset of anemia during pregnancy [11]. 
 

Despite the efforts made by the government and 
other stakeholders, anemia during pregnancy is 
still a public health problem in the Ethiopia. 
 

1.2 Statement of Problem 
 

In 2011, 38% (32.4 million) of pregnant women 
aged 15-49 years were anaemic globally [12]. 
Africa (61.3%) and Southeast Asia (52.5%) are 
regions with the highest rate of anemia during 
pregnancy in the world [13].  
 

Anemia is still a public health problem in 
Ethiopia. According to the Central Statistical 
Agency of Ethiopia 2016 report [14], the 
prevalence of anemia among pregnant women 
was 29% which decreases with increasing 
women’s education and household wealth. 
 

The most common obstetric problems of anemia 
during pregnancy include; less exercise 
tolerability, puerperal infection, thromboembolic 
problems, postpartum hemorrhage, pregnancy-
induced hypertension, placenta Previa and 
cardiac failure, abortion, prematurity, intrauterine 
fetal death, neonatal low birth weight, postnatal 
mortality and morbidity [15-17].   
 

WHO intended to decrease anemia among 
reproductive-age women including pregnant 
women by 50% up to 2025 [18].  Ethiopian 
Ministry of Health also tried to mitigate the 
problem of anemia and its impact through the 
implementation of essential nutrition action [19]. 
 

Our study is important to develop strategies 
according to local conditions, taking into account 
the specific determinants of anaemia in the study 
area and among pregnant women. Furthermore, 
most of the previous cross-sectional studies 
conducted in Ethiopia recommended analytic 
study like case-control studies to be conducted 
[17,20-22].  
 

In Sidama zone, previously one case control 
study was conducted from February to March 
2011 to identify predictors of anemia among 
pregnant women in Hawassa and Yirgalem cities 
[23], but our study differs in several   ways from 
the previous study. one   we will used  women  
Dietary Diversity Score  and MUAC to assess 
nutritional status of pregnant women so this will 
help to identify nutritional factors associated with 
anemia  and second we  will do laboratory 
examination on  peripheral morphology of  red 
blood cells and this will give information  on the 
type of anemia that a pregnant  women 



 
 
 
 

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192 

 

developed and third  we include water sources 
and sanitation ,this help to test the association 
between safe water Sippy and  anemia among 
pregnant women  and fourth we include all public 
hospitals in  Sidama  region. 

 
A lot has been done to minimize the risk of 
anaemia, but the complication of anaemia is still 
a problem amongst pregnant women. The true 
predictors of anaemia were not well addressed in 
the study area. Therefore, this study will tried to 
investigate the stated information gaps among 
pregnant women so as to give evidence based 
action.  

 
1.3 Significant of the Study 
 
Despite the efforts made by the government and 
other stakeholders, anemia during pregnancy is 
still a public health problem in Ethiopia. Research 
findings have revealed that determinants of 
anemia vary from place to place. This highlights 
the importance of determining the problem-based 
factors associated with anemia using a strong 
study design in order to obtain local data in the 
regions. 

 
In Sidama, to the best of current knowledge, no 
research exists that has used case control study 
design to identify predictors of anemia among 
pregnant woman. The  finding of  this  study  
would  help  to guide  the  antenatal  care  
service  providers  and  other concerned 
stakeholders to work more towards  alleviating 
the problem.  Also  it  might  be  used  as  a  
base  line  data  for  other researchers who are 
interested on this area. 

 
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 
 
2.1 Factors Associated with Anemia 
 
Anemia during pregnancy has a variety of 
causes and contributing factors including 
socioeconomic conditions, abnormal demands 
like multiple pregnancies, teenage pregnancies, 
malnutrition, maternal illiteracy, unemployment, 
short pregnancy intervals, age of gestation, 
primigravida and multigravida, loss of appetite 
and excessive vomiting in pregnancy [24]. 

 
A study conducted in Canada revealed a strong 
significant association between intestinal 
parasitic infection and anemia in pregnant 
women [25]. 
 

A study conducted among Pregnant Women 
Receiving Antenatal Care (ANC) at Fatima 
Hospital in Jashore, Bangladesh showed that 
Monthly family income, family size, gestational 
age (third trimester), birth spacing < 2 years 
[AOR (95% CI), Excessive blood loss during 
previous surgery (Yes), Food group eaten 24 
hours (1 – 4 groups), Breakfast regularly were 
predictors of anemia among pregnant women 
[26]. 
 
An analysis of recent national survey data to 
identify Determinants of anemia among women 
and children in Nepal and Pakistan elucidate that 
anemia was significantly higher among women 
from the poorest households in Pakistan, women 
lacking sanitation facilities in Nepal, and among 
undernourished women (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) in 
both countries (Nepal and Pakistan) [27]. 
Furthermore, a research findings from study 
done in Yemen cited that low family monthly 
income, short pregnancy spacing, never 
consumed liver, and presence of health problems 
as a risk factors associated with anemia [28].  

 
Across sectional study which was done at 
different gestational periods of 320 pregnant 
woman visiting antenatal care clinic at Kakamega 
county (Kenya) shows that, anemia was not 
significantly associated between age and anemia 
but there was significantly  association between 
anemia and socio-economic status of the 
expectant mothers [29].  
 
Prior studies in Ethiopia have reported significant 
associations between anemia in pregnancy and 
parasitic infections (e.g. schistosomiasis, 
hookworm infection), prior use of contraceptives, 
use of iron supplementation, birth spacing/ 
intervals, parity and gravidity, educational 
attainment, age, body weight, trimester of 
pregnancy and wealth status [21,30-36].  
 

A cross sectional study which was done to 
assess prevalence of anemia and associated risk 
factors among pregnant women attending 
antenatal care in Azezo Health Center Gondar 
town, Northwest Ethiopia show that, anemia was 
significantly associated with age groups ranged 
from 26-34 years old and age groups greater 
than 34 years old. Rural residence was 
significantly associated with reduced anemic 
cases [37].  
 

Institution based cross sectional study which was 
done to assess Prevalence of Anemia and its 
associated Factors among all Pregnant Women 



 
 
 
 

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Attending Antenatal Care (ANC) in Mizan Tepi 
University Teaching Hospital, South West 
Ethiopia revealed that, Anemia was significantly 
associated with history of malaria attack, and 
infections with hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoids, S. 
mansoni, Giardia intestinalis, and Entamoeba 
histolytica/dispar. However, iron supplement was 
protective of anemia [38]. 
 

A study on prevalence of anemia and associated 
factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia 
indicated that Undernutrition as seen in mid 
upper arm circumference (MUAC) being less 
than 23cm and food consumption score                     
being poor and borderline category, were factors 
independently associated with anemia [39].  

 
A result of study conducted at Jigjiga revealed 
that previous chronic diseases with, knowledge 

about anemia, excessive menstrual bleeding, 
history of malaria attack and history of abortion 
had significant association with anemia [40]. 
 
A community based cross- sectional study was 
conducted to assess Prevalence of anemia and 
associated factors among pregnant women in 
Southern Ethiopia revealed that household 
monthly income, level of food security, availability 
of latrine, frequency of meal per day, eating 
animal source of food at least once per week, 
history of malaria infection, and nutritional status; 
low socio economic class, trimester second  and 
third, gravidity three to five and six and above, 
iron not supplemented, hookworm infection and 
low dietary diversity score showed statistically 
significant association (p<0.05) with anemia  
[41]. 

 

 
 
Fig. 1. Conceptual framework showing anemia and associated factors among pregnant women 
attending ANC in Sidama Region, 2021. Developed from different literatures reviewed [34-42] 



 
 
 
 

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Unmatched-Case Control Study conducted  at 
Hawassa and Yirgalem cities found lower 
educational level, prolonged menstruation period 
6-8 days before the index pregnancy, intestinal 
parasitic infection, gastritis with duodenal ulcer 
bleeding and not taking meat/organ meats as 
major predicting risk factors for occurrence of 
anemia among pregnant women [23]. 
 
A study conducted to Determinants of Anemia 
among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal 
Clinic in Public Health Facilities at Durame Town 
also identified were parasitic infection, not taking 
additional diet during pregnancy, consuming 
tea/coffee immediately after food, not eating 
meat, previous heavy menstrual blood flow, and 
being housewife  as a major determinant factors 
of anemia among pregnant women [42]. 
 

3. OBJECTIVE 
 
To identify predictors of anemia among pregnant 
women attending ANC service at public hospitals 
of Sidama region, Ethiopia, 2021. 
 

4. METHODOLOGY 
 

4.1 Study Area 
 
The study will be conducted in public hospitals of 
Sidama region. It is located about 275 Kilometers 
away from Addis Ababa. It has 30 Districts, 1 city 
administration and 6 town administration with a 
total of 576 kebeles of which 524 of them are 
rural and 52 are urban. It is one of the highly 
populated areas in Ethiopia, having a total 
population of about 4 million people residing on 
72100 hectare of land. Out of the total population 
5.7% are urban and 94.3% rural residents [43]. 
Sidama is characterized by three agro-ecological 
zones: the dry midlands/lowlands (20%), the 
midlands (48%) and the highlands (32%). In 
Sidama region mixed agriculture (crop and 
livestock production) is practiced. Major crops 
grown include: enset, coffee, maize, wheat, teff, 
barley, haricot bean and khat. Enset is the main 
staple crop both in highlands and midlands while 
maize is so in the lowlands. There are two 
cropping seasons in Sidama Zone: belg and 
meher. Belg rains are mainly used for land 
preparation and planting of long cycle crops such 
as maize and sorghum and seed bed preparation 
for meher crops. The meher rains are used for 
planting of cereal crops like barley, teff, wheat 
and vegetable crops. Besides, meher rains are 
also responsible for the growth and development 
of perennial crops such as enset, coffee and 

khat. Food security is more precarious in the 
lowland areas of Aleta Wondo, Borecha, Darra, 
Bensa, Loka Abaya and Hawassa Zuria woredas 
mainly due to moisture stress and water logging 
in some pocket areas hampering agricultural 
production, less diversification of food sources 
and minimum use of improved farm inputs due to 
lack of cash and credit facilities to purchase the 
inputs. The Sidama region administration has a 
total of 4063 health professional of different 
disciplines and 524 Health Posts, 127 Health 
Centers, 1 general and 12 District hospital owned 
by government and additionally there are 21 
private and 3 NGO clinics, 65 private rural drug 
venders. The overall potential health service 
coverage of the Zone by public health facilities 
are 90.3%.  
 

4.2 Study Design and Period 
 

A facility based unmatched case-control study 
will be conducted  
 

4.3 Source Population 
 

All pregnant women attending ANC service at 
public hospitals of Sidama region will be the 
source population. 
 

4.4 Study Population 
 

All pregnant women attending ANC at public 
hospitals during study period and fulfilled the 
inclusion criteria will be the study population for 
this study. 
 

4.5 Eligibility Criteria 
 

4.5.1. Inclusion criteria 
 

 Pregnant woman who attending first ANC 
visit 

 Permanent resident pregnant woman (at 
least 6 months).  

 
4.5.2 Exclusion criteria 
 

 Pregnant woman with severe illness and 
unable to speak and second and third visit. 

 

4.6 Sample Size Determination 
 
Epinfo version 7 software will be applied to 
compute the sample size for cases and controls 
with an assumption of 95% confidence level, 80 
% power of the study, 4:1 (r=4) ratio of non-
anemic over anemic, the odds ratio = 2.5 from 
factors that has association with anemia from  



 
 
 
 

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Table 1. Sample size calculation for the study 
 

Factors  AOR % of controls 
exposed  

Power Ratio of controls 
to cases 

CI Anemic Non Anemic Final sample 
size 

Source 

Intestinal Parasite(Yes/No) 2.9 11.6 80 1:4 95 62 248 310 (23) 
Previous heavy menstrual 
flow(Yes/No) 

2.62 12.2 80 1:4 95 75 300 375 (42) 

Meat (Yes/No) 2.8 18.7 80 1:4 95 51 201 252 (23) 
Additional food(Yes/No) 2.5 9 80 1:4 95 105 419 524 (42) 

 



 
 
 
 

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Fig. 2. Schematic representation of sampling procedure 

 
recent study conducted in Durame and 
proportion of controls exposed 9.0% [42], the 
maximum sample size after adding the potential 
none response rate of 10% the total sample size 
became 576 (115 cases and 461 controls). The 
computation is depicted in the following table 
(Table 1). 
 
4.7 Sampling Techniques 
 
From 18 public hospitals found in the region we 
randomly selected 6 hospitals. Enumeration of 
prior three month’s ANC register was conducted 
in order to know monthly flow of each hospital. 
Then, based on the number of ANC register, the 
sample size was allocated proportionally for all 
selected public hospitals in the region (Fig. 2). 
Cases will be recruited consecutively as they 
present to the hospitals and immediately four 

controls will be allocated for each case that came 
after selection of cases. 
 

4.8 Study Variables 
 

Dependent variable for Objective one:  
Anemia. 
 

Independent variables: 
 

 Sociodemographic; clinical and 
reproductive; nutrition and lifestyle; and 
knowledge and health service related 
factors are independent variables. 

 

4.9 Operational Definitions 
 

Anemia: Any hemoglobin level below 11g/dl in 
first and third trimesters and below 10.5gm/dl in 
the second trimester of gestation is considered 
as anemia [1].  
 



 
 
 
 

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Nutritional Assessment: Nutritional 
assessment of woman will be done using 
anthropometry and dietary methods. 
 

 A Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) 
measurement of < 23cm and ≥23cm will be 
classified as malnutrition and normal 
nutritional status, respectively [43]. 

 Dietary Diversity (DD) will be categorized 
as adequate (consumption of at least five 
of the ten food groups) and inadequate 
(consumption of less than five food groups) 
[44]. 

 

Knowledge about Anemia: We will used eight 
items composite score to measure the 
knowledge level of respondents regarding 
anemia which includes: general signs of 
anaemia, Iron-rich foods, foods that increase iron 
absorption, foods that decrease iron absorption, 
causes of anaemia, consequences of anaemia 
for pregnant women and infants and young 
children, and prevention of anaemia. The 
cumulative mean score of knowledge of 
participants about anemia will be estimated using 
mean score. Based on this, those who had 
scored less than the mean will be considered to 
have poor knowledge and those who had scored 
greater than or equal to the mean value will be 
considered as having good knowledge. 
 

4.10 Data collection Procedure  
 

Data will be collected using a structured and pre-
tested questionnaire, anthropometry and 
laboratory analysis of stool specimens.  
 

A total of 6 Midwives, 6 laboratory technician and 
6 supervisors will be involved in the data 
collection process. 
 

4.10.1 Questionnaires  
 

The questionnaire included information on 
sociodemographic; clinical and reproductive; 
nutrition and lifestyle; and knowledge and health 
service related factors will be collected using a 
structured and pre-tested questionnaire, 
anthropometry and laboratory analysis of stool 
and blood sample. The part of the questionnaire 
on Dietary Diversity (DD) was adopted from a 
standard tool [44].  
 

4.10.2 Anthropometric assessment 
 

4.10.2.1 Anthropometric assessment of 
nutritional status 

 

Nutritional status of pregnant mother is 
measured using MUAC which is the only 

anthropometric measure for assessing nutritional 
status among pregnant women [43]. Mid-upper 
arm circumference (MUAC) of the mother will be 
measured using flexible non-stretchable standard 
tape measure as measure of nutritional status. 

 
4.10.2.2Dietary methods of assessing nutritional 

status 

 
The DD was assessed using 24 hours recall 
method. Respondents will be asked whether they 
had taken any food from predefined 10 food 
groups on the preceding day. Accordingly, the 
level of Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) will be 
computed out of 10 [44]. 

 
4.10.3 Fecal sample collection and laboratory 

analysis  

 
4.10.3.1 Fecal sample collection 

 
Following the completion of questionnaire, a wide 
screw capped containers pre-labeled with names 
will be distributed to each respondent. Participant 
who will not able to provide sample on the first 
day were asked again on the following day.  

 
4.10.3.2 Fecal sample laboratory analysis  

 
Initially, an adhesive cellophane tape with a glass 
slide and a fecal specimen container will be 
distributed to the pregnant women. 
Approximately 2mg fecal specimen in labeled 
plastic vials containing 10% formaldehyde for the 
preservation of helminth eggs, protozoan cysts, 
and trophozoites in the fecal specimens will be 
collected. The stool specimens will be examined 
for the presence of parasites, helminth eggs, and 
larvae and protozoan trophozoites or cysts using 
direct wet mount. 
 
4.10.4 Blood sample collection and laboratory 

analysis 
 

Labeled venous or heparinized blood samples 
giving sequential numbers of the study 
participants will be used. Blood samples will be 
used for Hemoglobin determination (by using 
HemoCue) and RBCs morphology identification. 
Hemoglobin determination venous blood sample 
will be   taken, filled to micro cuvette, wipe of 
excess blood from  the outside of the micro 
cuvette tip, and then placed in the  cuvette holder 
of the device for measuring hemoglobin 
concentration [45]. This Hgb determination will 
be done by selected hospitals as parts of routine 
ANC service. 



 
 
 
 

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4.11 Data Quality Control 
 

Three day intensive training will be given on how 
to perform MUAC measurement and on 
interviewing techniques using standard checklist 
and structured questionnaire. The checklist and 
questionnaires will be translated into a regional 
working language (Sidaamu Afoo). Supervision 
will be conducted. Double data eatery will be 
done and the questionnaire will be pretested on 5 
% of total sample size at Leku Primary Hospital. 
During data collection, continuous supervision 

will be done by the supervisors and principal 
investigator. 
 

4.12 Data Processing and Analysis 
 

The data will be entered into Epidata software 
and exported to SPSS software for windows 
version 23 for analysis. Descriptive statistics will 
be computed and both bivariable and 
multivariable logistic regression will be employed 
to identify predictors of anemia among pregnant 
women.  

 
5. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET 
 

5.1 Work Plan 
 

Table 2. Showing the work plan of the study in Sidama Region, 2021 
 

Activity Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 

Research proposal 
Preparation 

         

Final proposal submission 
and Defense 

         

Obtaining ethical Clearance          
Giving training          
Data collection  
and processing  

         

Result Writing          
Final paper Submission           
Defense and dissemination 
of result  

         

 

5.2 Budget 
 

Table 3. Showing the stationary cost for the study in Sidama region, 2021 
 

No Items Source of 
budget 

Unit Amount Unit  
price(birr) 

Total 
price(birr) 

1  Pen HCHS Pieces 30 6 180 
2 Pencils >> Pieces  50 3 150 
3 Paper for Duplication >> Packet  30 300 9,000 
4 Pencil sharpener >> Pieces  18 5 90 
5 Pencil eraser >> Pieces  18 5 90 
6 Notebook  >> Pieces  22 20 440 
Sub Total 9,950 

 
Table 4. Showing the services cost for the study in Sidama region, 2021 

 

No  Items  Source of 
budget  

Unit Amount  Unit 
price(birr) 

Total 
price(birr) 

1 Photo copying 
(including the pre-test) 

>> Pieces  634  8 5,072 

2 Lab investigation for 
stool specimen 

 specimen 10 10*634 6,340 

Sub Total 11,412 
 



 
 
 
 

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Table 5. Showing the training cost for the study in Sidama region, 2021 
 

No  Items  Source of budget Unit Unit price(birr) Total price(birr) 

1 12 Data collectors  HCHS 12 339*12*1 4,068 
2 6 Supervisors  >> 6 6*339*1 2,034 
3 Trainer(PIs)  4 4*339*1 1,356 
Sub total 7,446 

 

Table 6. Showing the Perdiem payment for the study in Sidama region, 2021 
 

No  Items  Source of  
Budget 

Unit Unit price 
(birr) 

Total 
price(birr) 

1 Data collector  HCHS Per questionnaire  100*634 63,400 
2 Supervisor  >> 339 per day  339*6*30 61,020 
Sub total 124,420 

 

Table 7. Showing the total cost of the study in Sidama region, 2021 
 

No  Items/activities  Source of  
Budget 

Unit Total 
price(birr) 

1 Stationary  HCHS Birr 9,950 
2 Service (transportation etc) >> >> 11,412 
3 Training  >> >> 7,446 
4 Perdiem for  data collection and 

supervisors 
>> >> 124,420 

Grand total 153,228 
 

6. CONCLUSION 
 

The findings will be presented to the Hawassa 
College of Health Science community and 
submitted to Hawassa College of Health Science 
research and publication core process owner. 
The findings will also be communicated to local 
health planners and other relevant stake holders 
in the area to enable them take 
recommendations in to consideration during their 
planning process. It can also be communicated 
to health planners and managers at regional 
level through Hawassa College of Health 
Science website and library. Efforts will be made 
to publish in peer reviewed national and 
international journals. 
 

CONSENT 
 

Written permission will be obtained to                
undertake the study from the selected               
hospitals.  Participation in the study will be        
based on voluntary base and the participants              
will be informed about the right to                       
withdraw at any time from the study. 
Confidentiality will be assured by using 
anonymity. Pregnant women who had anemia 
(Hb<11g/dl) will be provided with Iron-folate 
tablets and those who were in the third trimester 
and infected with intestinal parasites will be 
dewormed. Written consent will be requested 
from every study participant included in the study 

during data collection time after explaining the 
objectives of the study. For this purpose, a one 
page consent letter was attached to the cover 
page of each questionnaire stating about the 
general objective of the study and issues of 
confidentiality which was discussed by the data 
collectors before proceeding with the interview. 

 
ETHICAL APPROVAL 
 
Prior to data collection appropriate ethical 
clearance and supportive letter will be obtained 
from the Ethical Review Committee of Hawassa 
College of Health Science.  
 

COMPETING INTERESTS 
 

Authors have declared that no competing 
interests exist. 
 

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Annex I: Information Sheet 
 

Good morning/good afternoon.  
 

My name is ______________I am here on the behalf of research team of Hawassa Health Science 
College. The team is conducting research on ‘Predictors of Anemia Among Pregnant Women 
Attending Antenatal Care at Public Hospitals of Sidama Region, Ethiopia, 2021’. 
 

You are selected by random sampling technique to participate in this study because you are currently 
taking ANC service at this hospital. Your participation will only be based on your willingness .You 
have the right to choose not to take part in this study. If you choose to take part, you have the right to 
stop at any time. If you are willing to participate or refuse or decide to withdraw later, you will not be 
subjected to any ill-treatment.  
 

If you agree to participate in the study, you will be interviewed about socio-demographic 
characteristics, knowledge and health service related factors, clinical and reproductive factors, and 
nutrition and lifestyle related factors.   
 

Your name will not be written on the questionnaire. No one will have access to the non-coded data 
except the principal investigator and the data will only be used for this study. Your willingness and 
honest answers are very important for the success of this study. 
 

We would like to appreciate your help in responding to these questions, and it will not take more than 
30 minutes. 
 

Annex II. Informed Written Consent form 
 

I (the respondent), the undersigned, am told that the researchers are going to conduct study in 
Sidama region governmental hospitals to assess the risk factors of anemia and its effect on birth 
weight and s/he acquainted with me the first time s/he meets. I also informed that both the 
government and the Woreda health office to commence appropriate strategies to battle this problem 
would use the result of the study. I am, too, told that the research will benefit the community in general 
including me, the respondent, and that the research will not inflict any harm to me. Besides, I briefed 
that I will be interviewed for not more than 20 to 30 minutes. In addition, I let know that the 
investigators selected me randomly. Moreover, I am notified that my participation in the study is 
entirely voluntarily, and that I can quit from the study any time I want. Likewise, I am enlightened that I 
will not be subjected to any form of punishment following my failure to participate in the study. In the 
same way, I am explained that the information collected from me will not by any means be disclosed 
to any people other than those participating in the study unless obtained permission from me. Equally, 
I told that I could ask them questions I found difficult or any type otherwise.  
 

Are you willing to participate in the study? Yes _______ No____  Signature _________  
Study area: - Sidama region     Health Facility___________________ 
Name of the interviewer______________ Sig. _____ Date ________ 
Name of supervisor _____________Sign _______ Date_______ 
Questionnaire code ____________________ 
 

Annex III: Questionnaires 
 

I. Socio-demographic characteristics of pregnant women  
 

Code Variables Coding categories Skip 

100 Age of respondent ___________  
101 Residence 1. Rural 

2. Urban 
 

102 Marital status 1. Never married 
2. Married  
3. Separated 
4. Widowed 

 



 
 
 
 

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103 Religion 1. Protestant 
2. Orthodox  
3. Muslim 
4. Other   

 

104 Mothers Educational level 1. No formal education 
2. Primary (1-8) 
3. Secondary (8-12) 
4. College and above 

 

105 Husband Educational level 1. No formal education 
2. Primary (1-8) 
3. Secondary (8-12) 
4. College and above 

 

106 Occupation status 1. Government employee 
2. Self employed 
3. Housewife 
4. Farmer  
5. Other 
(Specify)_____________ 

 

107 What is the source of the food for 
the family? 

1. Buying from market 
2. Farming(crops, animals) 
3. Food aid/donation 
4. other(specify) 

 

108 Who has the primary 
responsibility of providing food for 
the house hold? 

1. Father 
2. Mother 
3. Grandmother 
4. Relatives 
5. Other(specify) 

 

109 Do you have a bank saving 
account? 

1.Yes 
2. No 

 

110 Average monthly income of the 
family 

In birr________  

111 Family Size    
112 What is the main source of 

drinking water for members of 
your house hold? 

1. Purified water  
2. Tap water 
3. public tab/stand pipe 
4. protected well 
5. unprotected well 
6. other specify 

 

113 Did you take any action to make 
the water safer to drink? 

1.Yes 
2. No 

If no, skip to 
Q115 

114 If yes, what do you usually do to 
make the water safer to drink? 

1. Boiling 
2. Chlorine-water 
3. Sand 
4. Guard/bishangari/aqua tab 
5. Other(specify) 

 

115 What kind of toilet your family 
members usually used? 

1. flush to piped sewer system 
2. flush to septic tank 
3. ventilated improved pit 
latrine 
4. pit latrine with slab 
5. pit latrine without slab 
6. no facility/ bush/field 
7. other( specify) 

 

 II. Clinical and reproductive related factors  of  pregnant  
women   

 

Code Variable  Coding categories Skip 

200 When did you see your last menstrual 1. ____/_____/___  



 
 
 
 

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period? ( enter date, month & year) __E.C 
2. I don’t know 

201 Have you ever given a birth? 1. Yes 
2.  No 

 

202 Parity  1. Para one 
2. Para two 
3. Para three or 
more 

 

203 Gravidity _______________  
204 Gestational age 1. 1st trimester 

2. 2nd trimester 
3. 3rd trimester 

 

205 What is the interval between current and 
previous pregnancy? 

1. < 2 years 
2. ≥ 2 years 

 

206 Age at first pregnancy(years)   
207 Age  at  first  marriage (years)   
208 Menstrual cycle 1. Regular 

2. Irregular 
 

209 Menstruation by no of pads   
210 Duration of menstruation in days __________________  
211 Number of miscarriages (spontaneous 

abortion) 
__________________  

212 Number of stillbirths __________________  
213 Children <5 yrs death    
215  1.   
216 Gastritis 1. Yes 

2. No 
 

217 Duodenal bleeding(presence of 
hematemesis) 

1. Yes 
2. No 

 

218 History of medication (Quinine, 
cephalosporin, penicillin, methyldopa, 
NSAIDs(Aspirin, Ibuprofen)) 

1. Yes 
2. No 

 

219 History of induced abortion 1. Yes  
2. No 

 

220 Contraceptives use 1. Yes  
2. No  

If no skip to 
222 

221 Types of contraceptive methods 1. Pills 
2. Injectable 
3. Implant 
4. IUCD 
5. Other 

 

222 Intestinal parasite 1. Yes 
2. No 

If no skip 
to224 

223 List types of I/P 3.   
224 Do you have any diagnosed chronic disease 

previously? 
1. Yes 
2. No 

 

224 If yes, specify the name of diagnosed chronic 
disease? 

-----------------  

225 Did you infected with malaria in the last 3 
months? 

1. Yes 
2. No 

 

226 Diarrhea illness in past two week 1. Yes  
2. No 

 

227 Hemorrhoids 1. Yes 
2. No 

 

228 Gum bleeding 1. Yes 
2. No 

 

229 Presence of current blood loss 1. Yes   



 
 
 
 

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206 

 

2. No  
 STIs 1.Yes 

2. No 
 

 HIV status (by review records) 1.Positive 
2. Negative 

 

 III. Nutrition and lifestyle related factors of pregnant women   

Code Variable  Coding categories Skip 

300 MUAC in cm _____________  
301 What is your staple diet? 1. Teff 

2. Enset based 
3. Maize based 
4. Roots 
5. Others(speci
fy) 

 

302 Main meal frequency in a day  1.One times 
2.Two times 
3. Three times 

 

303 Additional meal during pregnancy 1. Yes 
2. No  

 

304 Eat foods made from teff 1. Yes 
2. No  

 

305 Average weekly consumption of animal source 
foods like meat, chicken, milk, egg, cheese, fish? 

1. 1-2 times 
2. ≥3 times 
3. I have not 
eaten 

 

306 Eating condition during pregnancy 1. Increased 
2. No change 
3. Decreased 

 

307 Substance use (Cigarate, alcohol, khat) 1. Yes 
2. No 

 

308 Drinking tea immediately after meal 1. Yes 
2. No 

 

310 Drinking coffee immediately after meal 1. Yes 
2. No 

 

312 Consistent use of bed net 1. Yes 
2. No 

 

313 Wearing shoes consistently 1. Yes  
2. No  

 

 IV. 24 hour Food Frequency Questionnaire   

Code Food groups  Coding categories Consumed 
Yes = 1 
No = 0 

400 Grains, white roots and tubers, 
and plantains 

Maize, rice, wheat, sorghum, millet 
or any other grains or foods made 
from these (e.g. bread, porridge). 

 

401 Pulses  Mature beans or peas (fresh or dried 
seed), lentils or bean/pea products. 

 

402 Nuts and seeds Beans, peas, lentils, nuts, seeds or 
foods 
made from these 

 

403 Dairy Milk, cheese, yoghurt or other milk 
products 

 

404 Meat, poultry and fish Fresh or dried fish, Beef, goat, 
chicken 

 

405 Eggs Eggs from poultry  
406 Dark green leafy vegetables Cassava leaves, kale, spinach etc.  
407 Other vitamin A-rich fruits and Mangos, apricots  



 
 
 
 

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vegetables 
408 Other vegetables Tomato, onion etc.  
409 Other fruits Other fruits, including wild fruits  

 V. Knowledge and health service related factors  

Code Variable  Coding categories Skip 

500 Have you heard about anaemia? 1.Yes 
2. No 

 

501 If Yes: 
Can you tell me how you can recognize 
someone who has anaemia? (at least two) 
- Less energy/weakness 
- Paleness/pallor 
- Spoon nails/bent nails (koilonychia) 
- More likely to become sick (less 
immunity to infections) 
- Other 
-  Don’t know 

1.Yes 
2. No 

 

502 What are the health risks for infants and young 
children of a lack of iron in the diet? (at least 
one) 
- Delay of mental and physical 
development 
- Other 
- Don’t know 

1.Yes 
2. No 

 

503 What are the health risks for pregnant women 
of a lack of iron in the diet? (at least one) 
-  Risk of dying during or after pregnancy 
- Difficult delivery 
- Other 
- Don’t know 

1.Yes 
2. No 

 

504 What causes anaemia? (at least two) 
- Lack of iron in the diet/eat too little, not 
much 
- Sickness/infection (malaria, hookworm 
infection, other infection such as HIV/AIDS) 
- Heavy bleeding during menstruation 
- Other 
- Don’t know 

  

505 How can anaemia be prevented? (at least two) 
- Eat/feed iron-rich foods/having a diet 
rich in iron 
- Eat/give vitamin-C-rich foods during or 
right after meals 
- Take/give iron supplements if 
prescribed 
- Treat other causes of anaemia 
(diseases and infections)  
- seek health-care assistance 
- Other 
- Don’t know 

  

506 Can you list examples of foods rich in iron? (at 
least two) 
- Organ meat (Liver, Kidney, Heart etc.) 
- Flesh meat (Beef, Pork, Lamb, Goat, 
Rabbit, Dog, Chicken, Duck, etc.) 
- Fish and seafood (fresh fish, Dried fish, 
Canned fish etc.) 

  



 
 
 
 

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208 

 

506 When taken during meals, certain foods help 
the body absorb and use iron. What are those 
foods? (at least one) 
- Vitamin-C-rich foods, such as fresh 
citrus fruits (orange, lemons, etc.) 
- Other 
- Don’t know 

  

507 Some drinks decrease iron absorption when 
taken with meals. Which ones? (at least one) 
- Coffee 
- Tea 
- Other 
- Don’t know 

  

508 Nutrition education in pregnancy   1. Yes 
2. No  

 

509 One-way walking distance from  
nearby health facility 

1. 0-30 minutes 
2. 0-30 minutes 

 

510 At what gestational age did you start your first 
ANC visit  

1. Weeks________ 
2. I don’t know 

 

511 Did you get any iron supplement in this 
pregnancy? 

1. Yes 
2. No 

 

512 If yes, how many days did you take? 1. No. Of 
days_______ 
2. I don’t know 

 

513 Did you take any anti helminthic drugs 
previously? 

1. Yes 
2. No 

 

513 Home delivery (previous) 1.Yes  
2. No  

 

 
VI. Data related with laboratory analysis 
 

Type of investigation Result  
Stool examination   
HGB determination   
Perpheral morphology   

 

Annex IV: Keere Galtini/Keere Hossini 
 
Ani ______________kowe leelomohu hawaasi fayyimate koleejje xiinxallote gaamo riqiweeti.tini 
gaamo xiinxallo asitanni noohu 2013M.D sidaamu qoqowi giddo heedhanno hospitaalera ilate albise 
buuxirate daanno amuuwi mundeete xe’ne abbanore buuxateeti. 
 
Ati hedeweelchote tenne xiinxallora beeqancho ikakki ati xaa yannara tenne tenne hospitaalera ilate 
albiidi buuxo aana nootahuraati.beeqokki umikki fajjonni calaati.Tenne xiinxallora dawaro aa giwate 
wo’ma dandoo noohe.dawaro aate sumuu yiitarono aye yannarano agurate qoosokki agarantinote. 
dawaro aate sumuu yiitaro woyi giwittaro woyi agure fulate sumuu yiitarono owaante adhate ledo 
xaadannokkita xawinseemmo. 
 
Tenne xiinxallora dawaro aate sumuu yiitaro heeshokki gari daafira,fayyimatenna xaadonorira noohe 
egenora,kilinikaalenna sirote daafiranna saga’latenna hee’nanni gari daafira afuu xa’mo 
xa’mineemohe. 
 
Su’mikki xa’mote woraqati aana diboreesamanno. Jawiidi hajajaancho aguranna Ayeeno ikkiro 
uyinoonni kodde hunara dandoo dinosi qoleno dawarootta dawaro tenne xiinxallora calla 
horonsi’nannite. Ate sumuu yaakkinna halaalancho dawarokki tenne xiiinxallo gumulate lowo horo 
noosete.  
 



 
 
 
 

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209 

 

Tenne xa’muwa qolate asoota kaa’lora wodaninni galatoofantanni 30 daqiiqi aleenni 
keeshishannokitano qummi asineemmo 
 

Annex V: Sumuu Yaa Xawisate Forme 
 
Ani (dawaro eemati) woroonni malaatisa’yanni kuni xiinxallo assanohu Sidaamu Qoqowi giddo 
mangitete hospitaalera mundeete xe’ne abannorenna godowi qaaqi lophpho aana abanno qarrira 
xa’maera umi yannara xaadeenaeeti.mangitenna woradu fayimate biiro tenne xiixalote guma adhite 
soorote horonsidhara sumuu yitinotano xawiseenaeti.tini xiixallo aneno ikko wole dagooma horo 
uyitanote yee hedeemahuraati.qoleno dawaro aa’yanni ane aano daanno qarri nooikihuraati.konnira 
20-30 daqiiqa sainokki yanna giddo isi/ise ledo hasaawate wo’naaleemma. 
 
Qoleno xa’mituerino hedeweelcho doortinoetano roorimankanni dawareemahuno umi’ya fajjoni 
ikkinota xawisa hasireemma hasirumma yannara dawara agurammara woyi hasaawa uurisamara 
wo’ma fajjo nooeta xawisaniiti.xiinxallote xa’mo dawara hooga’yanni qorochishanoehu nooekita afa’ya 
lede xawisaniiti.qoleno anewiini afi’nooni dawaro ane fajjo nookiha wolehu reqecci assa 
dandiinanikkita yaano xiixallo asitanno bissa gobaani wolu afara dandaanokitano 
xawinseenaeeti.taaloteno duushitinoekki xa’mo heedhuro xa’me  dawara afira dandeematano afeeti. 
 
Dawarate maaye yaatta?   Eewa………………….Dee’ni…………….Malaate…………… 
Xiinxallote darga.Sidaamu Qoqowo                      Fayyimate mine…………………………. 
Xa’amanohu su’ma………………………….Malaate……………………Barra……………… 
Loosisannohu su’ma……………………….Malaate……………………Barra……………… 
Xa’mote woraqati koodde……………………….. 
Ledote hasattora aliidi xinxaalaano afirate 
 

Su’ma  Abiyu Ayaalew 
Bilbilu kiiro;-+251912417806 
e-mail - 

Su’ma  Alelinyi Taadele 
Bilbilu kiiro;-+251913440394 
e-mail - 

Su’ma  Qaleaabi Tesifaaye 
Bilbilu kiiro;-+251911066932 
e-mail - 

Su’ma  Sintaayehu Aseffa 
Bilbilu kiiro;-+251911392734 
e-mail - 

 

Annex VI: Xa’mote Woraqata 
 

I godowii noo ama daafo addi addi xa’mo 
 

Koodde Variable  Koodete dana Agure sa’a 

100 Dirose  …………………………  

101 Teesose  1. Baadiyye  

2. Quchumaho  

 

102 Adhamate gara  1. Adhantinoikite 

2. Adhantinote  

3. Tirtinote/babaxitinote 

4. Adhinohu reenosete 

 

103 Ama’nose 1. Ortodokisete  

2. Kaatolikete 

3. Protestaantete 

4. Musiliimete  

 

104 Amase rosu deerra ………………………  

105 Galtese rosu deerra ……………………..  

106 Loosise dana 1. Umise looso 

2. Minu amaati 

3. Mangitete looso 

4. Wolu heeriro xawisi….. 

 



 
 
 
 

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210 

 

107 Maatese sagale afidhanowa? 1. Dikkote hidhite 

2. Gatiiidi jajinni 

3. Sagalete kaa’lonni 

4. Wolu nooro xawisi…… 

 

108 Maaatete sagale abate umiidi 
qeechchi noohu ayeerati? 

1. Annaho 

2. Amate 

3. Ahaahete 

4. Fiixaho 

5. Wolu nooro 
xawisi……………. 

 

109 Baankete suuqo noohe? 1. Ee nooe 

2. Dinoe  

 

110 Mereerima maatese eo …………………….  

111 Maatese kiiro?   

112  Waa afidhannowa 1. Xalala waa 

2. Wolu heeriro xawisi….. 

3. Gosa hinkii’li.tanoha 

4. Qorowantino bue 

5. Qorowantinoikki bue 

6. Wolu nooro xawisi…… 

 

113 Waa xalala assate asatari nooni? 1. Ee no 

2. Dino 

 

114 Nooha ikkiro maa assa? 1. Waa gafe aga 

2. Kiloorine leda 

3. Shaafunni xinbiiwa 

4. Wayi 
agaraancho/bishangarwora 

5. Wolu nooro xawisi…… 

 

115 Hiito shumate mine horonsiratta? 1. Waa duneena tuubotenni 
harannoha 

2. Sepric taanke eannoha 

3. Aleenni ayere 
eesanoha/VIP/ 

4. Tuanchu noo shumate 
bale/pit with slab 

5. Tuanchu nooikki 
shumate bale/ pit without slab 

6. Xawoho/mulla 
bayichcho/ ofolla 

7. Wolu nooro xawisi…… 

 

II godowii noo ama fayyimasenna sirote kifile daafo addi addi xa’mo 

Koodde Variable Koodete dana Agure sa’a 

200 Qaccete aganu mundee mamoote 
laoo? 

1. ………/…………/……….. 

2. Di afoomma 

 

201 Ilte egenootta 1. Ee  

2. Diegenoomma 

 

202 Iltinohu ino kiiro (me’e iltino) 1. Mitto iltino 

2. Lame iltino 

3. Sasenna sau ale 

 

203 Godobino kiiro (me’e higge 
godobino) 

……….  

204 Godowa noohu diro(GA) 1. 1
st
 trimester 

2. 2
nd

 trimester 

 



 
 
 
 

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211 

 

3. 3
rd

 trimester 

205 Godowaminohu albidiihuwinni noo 
xeertinynye 

1. <2 diro 

2. >2 diro 

 

206 Umiseha Meikki dirisenni 
godobino 

  

207 Meikki dirisenni adhantino   

208 Aganunni du’nantanno mundee 1. garunni daganno 

2. garimalete  

 

209 Du’nantanno mundee batinynye 
(saanete bikkiniro) 

………………….  

210 Du’nantanni keeshitanno barra ………………  

211 Umose kayisinosero kiiro 
(abortion) 

……………………..  

212 Godowa bae ilamohu kiiro (still 
birth) 

  

213 5 diri woro reyinose qaaqi nooro   

    

214 Luuxichchu xisso 1. ee noose 

2. dinose 

 

215 Mundee tufa 1. ee noose 

2. dinose 

 

216 Egemitanno/horonsidhanno 
xagichchi  

Quinine,pencillin,methyldopa,NSA
IDs(asprin,ibuprofen) 

1. ee noose 

2. dinose 

 

217 Mannu kaa’lonni leelitino Umu kao 
(induced abortion) 

1. ee noose 

2. dinose 

 

218 Ila gargadha 1. Ee gargadhitanno 

2. Digargadhitanno 

Gargadhitano
kkiro 220 sai 

219 Hiikoye gargaraancho 
horonsidhanno 

Egeminanniha/pills/ 

Marfenniha/injectable/ 

Cigilete waamaniha/implant/ 

Sirote kifile giddo 
woranniha/IUCD/ 

Wolu nooro xawisi/other/ 

 

220 Heleete da’muulchchi/parasite/ 1. ee no 

2. dinose 

Nooikkiro kiiro 
222 sai 

221 Heleete da’muulichi nooro danasi 
xawisi? 

3.   

222 Albaanni Wole keeshitino 
xidanna/chronic disease/ 

1. ee no 

2. dinose 

 

223 Nooha ikkiro su’mansa xawisi ………….  

224 Sai sasu again giddo Shekeerete 
xiwani nooheni? 

1. ee no 

2. dino 

 

225 Sau 2 lamalara Godowa gobara 
qola/deeishsha 

1. ee no 

2. dinose 

 

226 Qunxushote xiwani/hemmoroids/ 1. ee no 

2. dino 

 

227 Egireggu mundaa 1. ee no 

2. dinose 

 

228 Xaa mundeete anje 1. ee no 

2. dinose 

 

229 Siimu xaadinni sa’anno xisso 1. ee no  



 
 
 
 

Tegegne et al.; AJI4(1): 190-214, 2021; Article no.AJI.78308 
 
 

 
212 

 

2. dino 

230 HIV buuxo 1. Positive  

2. Negative  

 

III saga’litannonna heeshose gade daafira addi addi xa’mo 

Koodde Variable Koodete dana Agure sa’a 

300 Giwoodu bikko (MUAC)(cm) …………………..  

301 Wo’mu woti sagalese 1. Gaashshete qixaabinote 

2. Weesete qixaabinote 

3. Badalate qixaabinote 

4. Umanni rumuddate  

5. Wolu heeriro 
xawisi………… 

 

302 Barrunni me’e higge saga’litanno 1. mitte higge 

2. lame higge 

3. sase higge 

 

303 Godowi yannara ledote sagale 
no? 

1. Ee no 

2. Dino  

 

304 Gaashshe gumi karsinni 
loosantino sagale ittanno 

1. Ee itanno  

2. Dittanno  

 

305 Lamalatenni saadate karso me’e 
hige itannoro 

1. 1-2 hige 

2. Sauna sasu ale 

3. Horo ditanno 

 

306 Godowii noo yannara saga’litanno 
gari 

1. lexayi lexay haranoho  

2. soorro dinooho 

3. ajayi ajay harannoho 

 

307 Wole ledonire adha 
(alkoole,sigaara caate 

1. Ee no 

2. Dino 

 

308 Hurbaatu gedeno mulenni shae 
aga 

1. Ee no 

2. Dino 

 

309 Hurbaatu gedeno mulenni buna 
aga 

1. Ee no 

2. Dino 

 

310 Agobere wo’ma wote horonsira 1. Ee no 

2. Dino 

 

311 Koatte wo’ma wote wodha 1. Ee 

2. Dee’ni 

 

IV 24 saate itanno sagale deerra xa’mo 

Koodde Sagalete dana Koodete dana Ittanoro=1 

Itaakiro=0 

400 Gummate sagale Badala,ruuze,bashanqa,hayixe, 
loonsoonire 

 

401 Pulses Baaqela ,atara, nuugetenni 
loonsonire 

 

402 Saadannire  Ado,buuro,burbuxxo  

403 Maala lukkotenna asu maala Freshe meu maala  

404 Quuphphe  Lukkotenni   

405 Haanja muro Boye ,spinachete daro  

406 Vit A noosere Mango   

407 Wole muro Timatime,shunkurta  

408 Wole gumma  Dubbu afi’nanni gumma  

V Afasenna keeranchimate afanshi ledo xaadanno xa’mo 

Koodde Variabile  Koodete dana Agure sa’a 

500 Mundeete xe’ne abanorira egenno 1. Ee noose  



 
 
 
 

Tegegne et al.; AJI4(1): 190-214, 2021; Article no.AJI.78308 
 
 

 
213 

 

noose? 2. Dinose 

501 Ee yituro  afatare kula dandaatae 

 Wolqate anje 

 Ille wajira 

 Wolu herirono 

 Diafoomma 

1. Ee noose 

2. Dinose 

 

502 Keeranchimate qarri maati 
mundeete xe’ne qaaqu aana 
abitannori (ajanna 1) 

 Aimirote qarra 

 Wole  

 Diafoomma  

1. Ee affino 

2. Diaffino 

 

503 Godowii noo ama aana abanno 
qarri(ajanna 1) 

 Reyo  

 Ilate qarama 

 Wolere 

 Diafoomma  

1. Ee affino 

2. Diaffino 

 

504 Mundeete xe;ne abbanori(ajanna 
2) 

 Sagalete Irene hooga 

 Xisso 
(shekeere,hookworm) 

 Mundeete du;nama 

 Wolere 

 Diafoomma 

1. Ee affino 

2. Diaffino 

 

505 Mundeete xe;ne hiito 
gargadhinayi(ajanna 2) 

 Irone noo sagale itatenni 

 Vit c sagale itatenni 

 Irone xagichcho 
adhatenni 

 Wole xisso akamatenni 

 Wolere 

 Diafoomma 

1. Ee affino 

2. Diaffino 

 

506 Ironr gidose noo sagale kulatae 
(ajanna 1) 

 Bisu maala(afale,mule) 

 Duumo maala 

 Asu maala 

1. Ee affino 

2. Diaffino 

 

507 Saga’lineemo sagale bisinke iron 
gudanoti hiitet (ajanna 1) 

 Vit c noo sagale 

 Wolere 

 Diafoomma 

1. Ee affino 

2. Diaffino 

 

508 Bisinke ironete adho qanasanno 
sagale 

 Shae 

 Buna  

 wolere 

 Diafoomma  

1. Ee affino 

2. Diaffino 

 



 
 
 
 

Tegegne et al.; AJI4(1): 190-214, 2021; Article no.AJI.78308 
 
 

 
214 

 

509 Godowii noo ama saga’litano 
rosichchi 

1. Ee noose 

2. Dinose 

 

510 Keeranchimate mine minisenni 
noo xeertinynye 

1. 30 daqiiqi ale 

2. 30 daqiiqi woro 

 

511 Meikki  trimesteraati umi buuxo 
asirittahu(ANC)? 

1. Lamala ………………. 

2. Diafoomma  

 

512 Godowi yannara Ironete adhite 
egenootta 

1. Ee 

2. Degenoomma  

 

513 Ee yituro me’e higge 1. Barru kiiro…………. 

2. Diafoomma  

 

514 Godowi damuula garagat-rtanno 
xagga adha 

1. Ee 

2. Degenoomma 

 

515 Alba mine ilte egenoota  1. Ee 

2. Degenoomma 

 

VI Labratorete xaadanno data 

Types of investigation Result   

Stool examination   

HGB determination   

Peripheral morphology   

_________________________________________________________________________________ 
© 2021 Tegegne et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, 
provided the original work is properly cited. 

 
 

 

Peer-review history: 
The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here: 

https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/78308 

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