65 © 2023 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies Vol. 10, No. 2, 65-74, 2023 ISSN(E) 2313-7401/ ISSN(P) 2518-0096 DOI: 10.20448/ajssms.v10i2.4705 © 2023 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Agricultural exports: Systematic literature review on determinants and export-led growth relationship across developing nations Shabnam Kumari1 Deepti Kakar2 ( Corresponding Author) 1Indian Institute of Foreign Trade - IIFT, New Delhi, India. Email: shabnamk.1792@gmail.com 2Jagan Institute of Management Studies, Rohini, New Delhi, India. Email: Deeptikakar@jimsindia.org Abstract The present descriptive article intends to systematically review the list of researches that defines the determinants of agricultural exports across various developing nations and also to made an extensive survey of Agri-exports and economic growth association in several countries during the period of 2000 to 2020. This study is descriptive in nature and has used random sampling technique to select the literature on given sample variables. The data has been collected from various sources such as Research Gate, Science Direct, Sage, Springer, Scopus and National Digital library etc. The findings reveal that the variables; production, producer price, domestic price, export price, real exchange rate and real interest rate have a significant positive impact on exports of agricultural commodities from developing nations. The present study reveals that agriculture export development is a prerequisite condition for overall growth of industry and economy while, some researches accumulate mixed or conflicting evidences that there exhibits the lack of conformity on the potential effect of Agri-exports on economy. This meta-survey of literature will illuminate the academician, researchers and scholars to understand the Agri- exports determinants and their relationship with economic growth and so on to government policy makers. Keywords: Agricultural exports, Economic growth, Production, Real exchange rate, Systematic literature review. Citation | Kumari, S., & Kakar, D. (2023). Agricultural exports: Systematic literature review on determinants and export-led growth relationship across developing nations. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies, 10(2), 65–74. 10.20448/ajssms.v10i2.4705 History: Received: 27 January 2023 Revised: 8 May 2023 Accepted: 22 May 2023 Published: 30 May 2023 Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License Publisher: Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Funding: This study received no specific financial support. Authors’ Contributions: Both authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study. Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study; that no vital features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been explained. Ethical: This study followed all ethical practices during writing. Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 66 2. Research Methodology ................................................................................................................................................................... 66 3. Literature Evidences ....................................................................................................................................................................... 66 4. Conclusion & Implication ............................................................................................................................................................... 72 5. Future Scope ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 73 References .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 73 mailto:shabnamk.1792@gmail.com mailto:Deeptikakar@jimsindia.org https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://www.doi.org/10.20448/ajssms.v10i2.4705 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1230-6731 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4712-2104 Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies, 2023, 10(2): 65-74 66 © 2023 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Contribution of this paper to the literature The primary objective of this paper is to examine and analyze the substantial body of empirical research on the factors that influence agricultural exports and their relationship with Economic Growth across developing nations during 2000 to 2020, which has not been done so far in any other study. 1. Introduction Developing economies are generally considered as dual economies comprising traditional agricultural sector and a modern capitalist sector. Agriculture sector explicit as an active sector that contributes in labor and food supply and also enlarge the economic growth through linkages of production and consumption (Johnston & Mellor, 1961). Johnston and Mellor (1961) have also given the argument that expansion of agricultural exports is one of the most promising source of income growth for developing economies like India, China, Pakistan, Indonesia etc. The economic performance of these nations has more fluctuations due to their exports and their dependency on agriculture promotes them to export higher of agricultural items. But such agricultural exports are controlled by various internal and external factors which obstructs the growth of agricultural exports of the nations. The relevance of these determining factors of agricultural exports have vastly witnessed by many academic groups and categories. The verification and affirmation are enlisted across various researches made on this area such as Jung and Marshall (1985); Hwa (1988) and Henneberry and Khan (2000). The substantial role of these determinants has made it mandatory to enhance and promote the agricultural exports and to formulate the appropriate policies for them. The present paper is mainly entitled to investigate and analyze the extensive empirical literature on determinants of agricultural exports to understand the factors which regulates the promotion of Agri-exports and encourages the policies which could be formulated and implemented for growth of the developing nations. This study also dives deep into the relationship of agricultural exports and economic growth of the economies following Keynesian theory, which comprises that more exports lead to more income growth through foreign exchange multiplier in the short run and also, exports generate more foreign exchange, that is used to buy manufactured goods, capital, transport, technology, petroleum products, chemicals & agricultural products. Perhaps, Murugesan (2019) said that following the export-led growth hypothesis, agricultural exports also contribute to the economic growth of the nation. So, the present study is entitled to do an extensive survey of empirical literature on relationship of Agri-exports and economic growth of the nations. Henceforth, objective of this study is: • To perform a systematic literature review of researches depicting determinants of agricultural exports of the economy. • To do an extensive survey of literature on relationship between agricultural exports and economic growth of the country. 2. Research Methodology The main purpose of this paper is to explore and make a systematic literature survey on empirical studies related to agricultural exports determinants and association of Agri-exports and economic growth of the economies. This systematic survey of literature will help in finding the determinants which effect the agricultural exports and their inter-relatedness with economic growth. This study is descriptive in nature and has used random sampling technique to select the literature on given sample variables. The data has been collected for the period of 2000 to 2020 from various databases such as Research Gate, Science Direct, Sage, Springer, Scopus and National Digital library etc. However, some earlier studies have also been used to envy the prevailing researches of present study. 3. Literature Evidences 3.1. Determinants of Agricultural Exports The inelastic demand of primary agricultural products in developing countries enforces them to depend upon the production growth rate of developed nations for growth in their export performance (Alkhateeb & Sultan, 2015). The demand for agricultural products can be inelastic in developing countries but this theory doesn’t apply in case of individual economy. Perhaps, an individual economy can control their export mechanism through competitive pricing system and other government restrained measures (Thomas & Nash, 1991). In this view, numerous efforts have been made to ascertain the key determinants of agricultural exporting products, which capitulate the promising results for economy, business and trade. Table 1 depicts the empirical researches made on key drivers of agricultural exports across various nations by eminent scholars, academician and core researchers. Table 1. Determinants of agricultural exports. S. No Author Country Period Tools Findings 1 Gbetnkom and Khan (2002) Cameroon 1971-1972 to 1995- 1996 OLS (Ordinary least square) The finding of this study reveals that Producer Prices significantly impact the export supply of cocoa and coffee products and export prices significantly influence the export supply of banana. 2 Chand (2004) India 1990-91 to 1995-96 and 1996-97 to 2001-02 Regression analysis The findings indicate that the real exchange rate and international prices have a significant impact on domestic prices of agricultural commodities, 3 Majeed and Ahmad (2006) 75 Developing countries 1970 – 2004 Fixed effect model Evidence from the analysis reflects that a sustainable economic growth rate, development of Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies, 2023, 10(2): 65-74 67 © 2023 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group S. No Author Country Period Tools Findings communication facilities, and stable exchange rate policy promotes the export growth and sustained export performance. 4 Yusuf and Yusuf (2007) Nigeria 1970 to 2002 Error correction mechanism regression analysis The authors revealed that previous year’s GDP has a significant contribution in stimulating the cocoa exports from Nigeria however real GDP have a significant contribution in palm kernel exports. Though the real exchange rate is most likely key driver to introduce competitiveness in agricultural exports of Nigeria. 5 Eckaus (2008) China and India 1998 to 2005 Regression analysis The results have given the proof of discouragement in China’s export supply due to the value- added tax regime. On the other hand, aggregate income of importing countries also regulates the demand for Chinese and Indian exports. It was also noticed that relative wages have more fluctuation causes for Chinese and Indian exports than the exchange rate. 6 Abolagba, Onyekwere, Agbonkpolor, and Umar (2010) Nigeria 1961-69, Pre SAP (1970-85), SAP (1986-94), Post SAP (1995-2005) OLS The findings of this study reveal that variable; production, price, and the real interest rate have a positive significant impact on the rubber exports of Nigeria 7 David (2013) Ghana 1964 to 2010 RCA, RSCA, multiple regression technique The finding states that there is a significant positive association between the export of Cocoa and lagged output, real producer price, real-world price to real producer price ratio of Cocoa and the depreciated value of the domestic currency. 8 Kannan (2013) India 1991-92 to 2010-11 OLS The production of natural rubber in India is influenced by exports of natural rubber, Stock, and domestic price. However, the factors which affect the export of natural rubber are their stock, world market price, domestic price, and world population. 9 Amoro and Shen (2013) Cote d’Ivoire 1961 to 2005 OLS The findings reveal that rubber export is significantly influenced by domestic rubber production, producer price, exchange rate, domestic consumption, and interest rate. 10 Kingu (2014) Tanzania 1970 to 2010 Co-integration and error correction model It was found that the real exchange rate and agricultural productivity have a significant impact on cotton lint exports of Tanzania. 11 Boansi (2014) Chad 1983 to 2011 Co-integration analysis The author reveals that production, competitiveness in exports, the volume of world exports, and export price are the key determinants of cotton-lint exports from Chad. 12 Boansi, Lokonon, and Appah (2014) Ghana 1984 to 2009 OLS This study reflects a positive association of both value and volume of products with production, openness to trade, improvement in quality & share of exports. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies, 2023, 10(2): 65-74 68 © 2023 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group S. No Author Country Period Tools Findings 13 Alkhateeb and Sultan (2015) India 1980 to 2014 ARDL (Autoregressive distributed lag) The findings represent the existence of long-run co- integration relationship between real effective exchange rate (REER), demand & supply of agricultural products, India’s per capita income, and Indian agricultural exports. All these determinants Granger cause agricultural export of India in both short-run and long-run period. 14 Udah, Nwachukwu, Nwosu, and Mbanasor (2015) Nigeria 1970 to 2010 OLS Findings reveal that agricultural export growth of Nigeria has a significant positive relationship with export intensity, and trade openness 15 Adhikari, Sekhon, and Kaur (2016) India 1980-81 to 2012-13 Compound growth rate, instability index and Markov Chain analysis The findings of the study suggest that determinants, namely, export price, international price, lagged production, domestic consumption, and exchange rate play a major role in determining the rice export from India. 16 Atif, Haiyun, and Mahmood (2017) Pakistan 1995-2014 Stochastic frontier gravity model The results state that there is consistency in using the gravity model for agricultural exports of Pakistan and it estimates that bilateral exchange and tariff rates, both affect the agriculture exports. 17 Rangarajan and Kannan (2017) India 1992-93 to 2013-14 Econometric analysis The real effective exchange rate and world exports are the main two variables which influence the demand for Indian exports. This study also indicates that maintaining domestic price stability, and improving the productivity of the export products are equally important. 18 Bilal and Rizvi (2018) Pakistan 1980 to 2010 Johansen co- integration and vector error correction model The results reveal that the production of rice, yield, and international demand is positively significant to rice exports of Pakistan while domestic price and export price are negatively significant to the rice exports, 19 Park (2019) Korea 1995 to 2017 Panel regression analysis The outcome depicts that GDP, per capita income, relative price index, and FTA agreements are the main factors that determine the expansion of Korea’s agriculture exports. 20 Narayan and Bhattacharya (2019) India 1961 to 2012 Regression analysis This study has empirical evidence of factors; export restrictions, export price, domestic price, capital, labour, farm size, the Green Revolution, and preferential trade agreements affecting the REC of the considered commodities of India. 21 Lien, Feng, and Fei (2019) China 2001-2014 Gravity model analysis The empirical results revealed that GDP, population, income, exchange rate, production and price have a significant association with the total exports of China. Though Production and price have seen as the best predictor of China’s total exports. 22 Daulika, Peng, and Hanani (2020) Indonesia 1995 to 2017 Multiple regression model The exchange rate, international rubber prices, and domestic consumption are the major factors that significantly impacted the export price of natural rubber in Indonesia 23 Kumari and Kakar (2020) India 1991 to 2019 Johansen Co- integration, VECM and VEC granger The determinants; consumer price index, producer price, real effective exchange rate, real Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies, 2023, 10(2): 65-74 69 © 2023 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group S. No Author Country Period Tools Findings causality/ Wald test interest rate, and agriculture input (land Use) have a short term and long-term causality effect on the Natural Rubber and Tea exports respectively in the post-reform period however real exchange rate has a significant association with Coffee exports in the short-run. 24 Roy (2020) India 1980 to 2010 OLS regression The empirical findings have given the evidence of predominant factors like lagged export, production and world income, which determines the Indian agriculture exports. However, in case of rice and wheat, stock with the government have more influence on their exports rather than the production. 25 Sugiharti, Purwono, and Padilla (2019) Indonesia 2007 to 2017 Gravity model The empirical findings suggest that income and market size is an important driver for growth than the agreements. Whereas, agricultural goods have more impact of price factors and raw goods are more influenced of price and exchange rate both. 26 Nguyen (2022) Vietnam 2000 to 2018 Stochastic frontier gravity model The researcher identified that “behind-the-border’ is the main constraint, which is significant to rice and coffee exports of Vietnam. Further on, technical efficiency and potential exports are also one of the main causes to ascertain the increase in rice and coffee exports of Vietnam. Note: From all above listed literature, the authors report that a continuous effort has been made to measure the impact of agricultural export determinants in various developing economies such as India, China, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Indonesia. The rationale behind these studies is that the explanatory variables; production, producer price, domestic price, export price, real exchange rate, real interest rate have a significant positive impact on exports of agricultural commodities from developing nations. For instance, findings indicating that producer price has a significant effect on coffee exports of Cameroon (Gbetnkom & Khan, 2002), stable exchange rate policy has a significant impact on the export growth of developing economies (Majeed & Ahmad, 2006) and the factors; stock, world market price, domestic price, and the world population has a significant impact on exports of natural rubber in India (Kannan, 2013), etc., showcase the influence of former on the latter. Similarly, in most of the cases, a significant impact of the former has been seen on the latter. Thus, the authors conclude that there is a positive link exist between the agricultural exports and their determinants in developing nations. 3.2. Agricultural Exports and Economic Growth There exists a substantial body of empirical and theoretical evidence that elucidates the role of exports in fostering economic growth and development within a country. Prominent classical economists, such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo, have argued that international trade serves as the primary catalyst for economic growth, emphasizing the importance of specialization for attaining greater economic gains (Murugesan, 2019). According to Keynesian theory, an increase in exports leads to heightened income growth in the short term through the foreign exchange multiplier effect. Additionally, exports generate a greater inflow of foreign exchange, which can be utilized to acquire manufactured goods, capital, transportation, technology, petroleum products, chemicals, and agricultural products (Murugesan, 2019). This contributes significantly to the economic growth of the nation. Table 2 presents a compilation of previous studies conducted to examine the relationship between agricultural exports and economic growth in various countries. Table 2. Agricultural exports and economic growth. S. No Author Country Period Tools Findings 1 Goyal, Pandey, and Singh (2000) India 1970-1998 Compound Growth Rate and instability indices The high volatility in exports was exhibited by tobacco, coffee, oil cakes, and raw cotton, rice, spices, and fish products and the study contemplated that the share of agricultural exports in the total world exports was low but it was increasing over the years. 2 Tiffin and Irz (2006) 85 Developing countries 1972- 2002 The estimated Var model and granger causality test Agricultural value added is the causal variable in the developing countries which means that agriculture plays a role of the engine in the economic growth of the nation and that growth in agricultural productivity is necessary to keep economy moving. 3 Sanjuán‐López and Dawson (2010) 42 Developing countries 1970-2004 Panel co-integration methods The finding of the study represents that there is a long run relationship between the GDP and agricultural and non-agricultural exports and Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies, 2023, 10(2): 65-74 70 © 2023 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group S. No Author Country Period Tools Findings total exports Granger causes the GDP of the country and this study also supports the argument that agricultural export can play the role of an engine of economic growth of the countries. 4 Tekin (2012) Least developed countries 1970-2009 Co-integration and granger causality analysis The author has confirmed the presence of unidirectional causality between exports and GDP of Haiti, Rwanda and Sierra Leone however in case of Angola, Chad and Zambia, one way causality has been seen from GDP to exports which promotes the export-led growth hypothesis followed in the countries. 5 Goyal and Berg (2012) India 1980-81 to 2009-10 Co-integration analysis and error- correction model There is no causality among the variables in the short-run but there is strong evidence for unidirectional long-run Granger causality between the export growth and export instability of the country. 6 Gilbert, Linyong, and Divine (2013) Cameroon 1975-2009 Co-integration Analysis, VECM and granger causality This study gives strong evidence of the existence of a significant association between the banana and coffee exports and economic growth of the Cameroon however there is no relationship has been seen in the case of cocoa exports. This study also identifies the controllable variables Capital, labour force and inflation which effect the economic growth of the nation. These variables collectively have a significant impact on economic growth of the country. 7 Ramphul (2013) India 1970–1971 to 2009– 2010 Vector error- correction model and granger causality test The study shows that there is a positive long-run equilibrium between the India’s agriculture exports and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of agriculture and the agricultural exports granger causes the growth of the agricultural GDP. 8 Ronit and Divya (2014) India 1969-2012 VAR and granger causality test The growth of exports positively depends on growth of GDP of the economy whereas GDP growth causes export growth in Indian economy. Moreover, there is sharp increase has been seen in exports through a slight shift in GDP of the country. 9 Kumari and Malhotra (2014) India 1980-2012 Co-integration analysis and granger causality analysis There is no long run association exists between the exports and economic growth (GDP per capita) of India in the period of 1980 to 2012. Although, there is bi-directional causality has been seen between the economic growth and exports of India. 10 Yifru (2015) Ethiopia 1973-2013 Co-integration model, error correction model, and granger causality model The findings of this study reveal that coffee and oilseeds export has a positive and significant relationship with economic growth, while pulses have a negative and insignificant effect on economic growth. Thus, the export-led growth hypothesis is applicable in the case of coffee and oil exports only. 11 Saxena et al. (2015) SAARC Nation 2001-2013 Co-integration analysis and granger causality test The findings of the study show that India makes with 74 percent of the agricultural exports from the region and 55 percent of the agricultural imports of the region and a unidirectional causality occurs between GDP and agricultural exports, where agricultural exports Granger cause agricultural GDP but the opposite is not applicable. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies, 2023, 10(2): 65-74 71 © 2023 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group S. No Author Country Period Tools Findings 12 Shah, Ul Haq, and Farooq (2015) Pakistan 1972-2008 Co-integration analysis, VECM and granger causality tests The empirical findings of this study suggest that the argument; agricultural exports are the engine of economic growth is not applicable in the case of a developing economy like Pakistan due to their inverse relationship with each other variable however this study also reveals that non-agricultural exports have a positive impact on the economic growth of the country. 13 Forgha and Aquilas (2015) Cameroon 1980-2014 Johansen Co- integration and error correction modelling The authors have emerged with the contribution that timber exports have an insignificant impact on the economic growth of Cameroon in the short run. However, on the contrary a positive significant impact has been seen of former on the later in the long-run. 14 Mehrara and Baghbanpour (2016) 34 Developing nations 1970-2014 OLS regression There is positive and significant linkage exist between the industry exports and economic growth of the nations but same does not happen in case of agricultural exports. They have inclined towards a weak relationship between the agricultural exports and economic growth of developing countries. 15 Oluwatoyese, Applanaidu, and Abdulrazak (2016) Nigeria 1981-2014 Co-integration analysis, VECM and granger causality tests Their findings confirmed the existence of significant relationship between the agricultural exports, oil exports and economic growth of Nigeria. Thus, this study also supports the export-led growth hypothesis of the economy. 16 Alam and Myovella (2016) Tanzania 1980-2010 Co-integration analysis and granger causality test They have supported the argument of export-led growth hypothesis via examining the causality between agricultural exports and GDP of Tanzania. 17 Umar (2016) Indonesia 2007-2013 OLS Findings have inclined that Labour has a positive and significant impact on economic growth of Indonesia whereas exports have a negative but significant relation with the economic growth of Indonesia. 18 Edeme, Ifelunini, and Nkalu (2016) ECOWAS nations 1980-2013 Fixed effect model and random effect model They have investigated the export- led growth theory and concluded in insignificant impact of former on the later. However, a combined effect of agricultural exports on economic growth of ECOWAS countries has been seen but the rate of impact was weaker. 19 Sertoglu, Ugural, and Bekun (2017) Nigeria 1981-2013 Johansen multivariate test It is found that variables such as Real GDP, agricultural output, and oil rents have a long-run equilibrium relationship by applying Johansen multivariate test and the study concluded that agriculture is a viable source of economic growth in Nigeria. 20 Bakari (2017) South-Eastern European countries 2006-2016 Correlation analysis and static gravity model This empirical analysis shows that agriculture exports have a positive strong correlation with GDP and it affects economic growth positively. The result of the study provides evidence that agriculture exports are the source of economic growth in southeast European countries. 21 Bakari (2017) Tunisia 1970-2015 Co-integration analysis and vector error correction model (VECM) The author has concluded that vegetable exports have both short- term and long-term effect on the economic growth of Tunisia which implies that vegetable exports are the major source of economic growth in the country and it requires refine Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies, 2023, 10(2): 65-74 72 © 2023 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group S. No Author Country Period Tools Findings investment in this sector. 22 Toyin (2016) South Africa 1975-2012 Co-integration and causality analysis The export-led growth hypothesis is not valid in the case of South Africa but the study recommends that export participation through agricultural incentives can fasten the economic growth of South Africa. 23 Kalaitzi and Cleeve (2018) UAE 1981-2012 Johansen Co- integration and multivariate granger causality analysis The authors have revealed that bi- directional causality exists between the manufacturing exports and economic growth of UAE in the short run however, growth-led exports hypothesis is valid in case of UAE for long run. 24 Mahmood and Munir (2018) Pakistan 1970-2014 Johansen Co- integration and angel granger causality test The outcome revealed that agricultural exports of Pakistan have a positive but insignificant impact on the economic growth of the nation which implies that amount of export earnings have a slight contribution in economic growth of the country. 25 Matandare (2017) Zimbabwe 1980-2016 OLS regression This study has reflected that apart from agricultural exports variables; labour, exchange rate and inflation have a positive significant contribution in economic growth of the country. 26 Liang (2018) China 1994-2016 Error correction model The results of the study show that exports of agricultural product in China have a positive impact on GDP in the short run and a stable relationship in the long-run 27 Murugesan (2019) India 1990-91 to 2016-17 Error correction model This study reveals that agricultural exports and non-agricultural exports are important variables to stimulate economic growth in India. 28 Bashir et al. (2019) Indonesia 1985-2017 Vector error correction model (VECM) and simultaneous equations model with 2SLS They have stated that there is unidirectional causality exists between the industry added value, economic growth, and the agricultural added value in the long- run. But in the short run variables industry, added value and economic growth have two-way causality and This study suggests that the agriculture sector plays a vital role in fostering economic growth of the country. 29 Bashir et al. (2019) China 1984-2017 ARDL bound test The result of this study concludes that there has been seen a positive and significant impact of agricultural exports on the economic growth of the Chinese economy. Note: All the above studies define the relationship between the agricultural exports and economic growth of several nations for a different set of time frame using econometric tools; co-integration analysis, VECM, Granger causality test and through panel data approach and the most of the existing literature confirms the existence of a long-term association between the agricultural exports and the economic growth of the economies (Gilbert et al., 2013; Liang, 2018; Murugesan, 2019; Ramphul, 2013; Sanjuán‐López & Dawson, 2010; Yifru, 2015) however, some of the authors such as Kumari and Malhotra (2014); Shah et al. (2015) and Toyin (2016) has given the contradictory conclusions for the paradigm that exports play the role of an engine in the economic growth of the nation. They have given the argument that there is no association exists between the exports and economic growth of the country and the export-led growth hypothesis is not viable. However, several authors have asserted that development of Agri-export sector always leads to the economic enrichment. 4. Conclusion and Implication The listed empirical researches have tendered that agriculture export development is a prerequisite condition for overall growth of industry and economy while, some researches accumulate mixed or conflicting evidences that there exhibits the lack of conformity on the potential effect of Agri-exports on economy. Following the articles listed in Table 1 & 2, the present study is inclined to evoke the existing literature on determinants of agricultural exports across various developing nations which came up with the findings that the factors; producer price, domestic price, real exchange rate and real interest rate have a significant positive contribution in agricultural exports of developing nations. Moreover, this study also reveals the association of agricultural exports and economic growth of nations and most of the studies have confirmed the significance influence of former on the latter. Thus, the findings of this study have implications for agriculture and allied sector of developing economies for designing the appropriate policies to encourage and promote the development of Agri-exports in such economies that plays a substantial role in their economic growth. On the other hand, this review of literature also emphasizes the factors that regulate the Agri-exports from various nations which can help policymakers in understanding their contribution to exports that lead to more income generation for country. Moreover, this study is also relevant for Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies, 2023, 10(2): 65-74 73 © 2023 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group academicians, researchers and scholars to extend it further as a practical investigation which may ensure that agriculture exports could be an engine of economic growth of the nation. 5. Future Scope The present study has further scope for more comprehensive results as it can be extended to a longer duration. Also, this study takes into account the studies from the developing nations which can further be extended to investigate the impact of Agri-exports on the developed nations such as UK, USA and Japan. Further on, to get more better insights, empirical investigation can also be done to understand which factors have a positive and negative impact on the economy. 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