




































 
 

 

9 
© 2019 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences 
Vol. 6, No. 1, 9-15, 2019 

ISSN (E) 2313-8173/ ISSN(P) 2518-0134 
DOI: 10.20448/journal.506.2019.61.9.15 

© 2019 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

    

 
 
 
Spatial Analyses of Suitable Solid Waste Dumping Sites in Damaturu, Yobe State 
Nigeria 

 
Karagama Kolo Geidam1                    
Alhaji Mustapha Isa2 

 

 
( Corresponding Author) 

 
1Department of General Studies Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic, Geidam Yobe State, Nigeria 

 
2Department of Civil Engineering Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic, Geidam Yobe State, Nigeria 

 
Abstract 

The generation and disposal of solid waste is a serious problem in urban areas especially in 
developing countries. This is because of high generation rates, insufficient budget and machinery 
for solid waste management, inappropriate techniques and few or non-existent suitable dumping 
sites. The main objective of this study is to propose suitable areas for solid waste dumping in 
Damaturu Town, which are environmentally suitable and economically viable. The main data 
used for this study were Landsat 8 OLI TIRS image with a spatial resolution of 30m; digital 
elevation model (DEM) with 30m spatial resolution, and ground control point (GCP) collected 
with a handheld global positioning system (GPS). The maps were prepared by overlay and 
suitability analysis was carried out using geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing 
techniques and multi criteria analysis methods. The final suitability map was produced by overlay 
analyses in ArcMap and levelled as high, moderate, less suitable, and unsuitable regions. The 
results indicate that 65% of the study area is unsuitable for solid waste dumping; 1.3% less 
suitable; 21.8% moderately suitable; and 11.9% most suitable. The potential most suitable areas for 
solid waste dumping sites fall on southern, south eastern and south western parts of the town 
where there are least environmental and health risks. The GIS and remote sensing techniques are 
important tools for solid waste site selection. Hence, the capacity to use GIS and remote sensing 
technology for the effective identification of suitable solid waste dumping site will minimize the 
environmental risk and human health problems. 

 
Keywords: Urbanization, Solid waste, Dumping sites, Geographic information system, Remote sensing, Global positioning system, Spatial, 
Digital elevation model. 

 
Citation | Karagama Kolo Geidam; Alhaji Mustapha Isa (2019). 
Spatial Analyses of Suitable Solid Waste Dumping Sites in 
Damaturu, Yobe State Nigeria. Asian Review of Environmental and 
Earth Sciences, 6(1): 9-15. 
History:  
Received: 25 October 2018 
Revised: 27 November 2018 
Accepted: 10 January 2019 
Published: 6 March 2019 
Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 

Attribution 3.0 License  
Publisher:  Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Contribution/Acknowledgement: Both authors contributed to the 
conception and design of the study. 
Funding: This study received no specific financial support. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of 
interests. 
Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, 
accurate, and transparent account of the study was reported; that no vital 
features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the 
study as planned have been explained. 
Ethical: This study follows all ethical practices during writing.   

 

 

Contents 
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 
2. Literature Review ............................................................................................................................................................................ 10 
3. Methodology ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 
4. Data Analyses ................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 
5. Result and Discussion ..................................................................................................................................................................... 13 
6. Conclusion and Recommendations ............................................................................................................................................... 14 
References .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 14 
 

 
 

 

 

http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.20448/journal.506.2019.61.9.15&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2017-01-14
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
http://asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/AREES/article/view/711
http://asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/AREES/article/view/711


Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2019, 5(1): 9-15 

10 
© 2019 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

1. Introduction 
Increasing population levels, booming economy, rapid urbanization and the rise in community living standards 

have greatly accelerated the municipal solid waste generation rate in developing countries [1]. However, they 
often face problems beyond the ability of the municipal authority to tackle mainly due to lack of organization, 
financial resources, complexity and system multi dimensionality [1]. 

In Nigeria, majority of inhabitants in most towns and cities often use unsafe solid waste disposal practices, such 
as open dumping, burning and burying [2]. As a result, many households practice uncontrolled open dumping and 
others employ various household solid waste disposal practices, such as burning, burying and composting. 
However, all self-managed waste disposal practices do not guarantee cleanliness and safety. Similarly, in Damaturu 
town, the study area, there are inadequate or inappropriate solid waste disposal sites. There are no scientifically 
approved sites and no standard transfer stations in the city. All health institutions and industries follow their way 
of removal of waste, while some others dispose it to the nearby water body, bushes and farmlands. The dumping 
sites are not well planned and are usually open field close to settlements or at the heart of the city center. 

In order to alleviate these problems, integrating GIS and remote sensing techniques to select the best possible 
solid wastes dumping sites is a recent essential technology [3]. The selection of solid waste disposal sites using 
GIS and remote sensing requires many factors that should be integrated into one system for proper analysis.  

The selection criteria should consider and combine surface water, soil type, slopes, settlements, groundwater, 
protected areas, land use and road networks. However, because of absence of data geology, groundwater data were 
not included in the study. Remote sensing can provide information about the various spatial criteria such as land 
use/land cover, drainage density, slope, etc [2] whereas GIS aided utilizing and creating the digital geodatabase as 
a spatial clustering process and easily understood way for solid waste dumping site selection process.  

In multi-criteria evaluation many data layers are to be handled by GIS and remote sensing in order to arrive at 
the suitable site, this can be achieved conventionally using GIS. Therefore, the study was aimed at proposing 
suitable solid waste disposal sites by using GIS and remote sensing techniques in order to minimize risk of 
ecological and human health problem in Damaturu town. It is also helpful to set appropriate selection criteria for 
the identification of new solid waste dumping sites through scientific methods [3]. 

Therefore, locating proper sites for solid waste disposal and selecting appropriate landfill site far from 
residential areas, environmental resources and settlement is the main issue for the management of solid waste. One 
way to dispose solid waste is to place it in properly designed, constructed, and managed landfills, where it is safely 
contained. Many studies suggested that the solid waste dumping site should be located within a 1 km buffer from 
the roads and other transportation facilities Chang, et al. [4]. Sener, et al. [5] had shown that the distance between 
disposal sites and settlement areas must be more than 1000 m and the haul distance between the solid disposal site 
and the main city center should not exceed 30 km. Land use types such as grassland, forests, agricultural land, wet 
land, bush lands should be considered in designing appropriate land use suitability for solid waste dump. 

In Nigeria however, the proximity analysis based on the National Environmental Standards and Regulations 
Enforcement Agency (NESREA) used at distances 1000m, 500m and 250m showed that built-up areas, major 
roads, and watercourses fall within buffer range to dumpsites [6]. The present study employed GIS techniques to 
arrive at the most suitable solid waste disposal site by integrating some factors such as: proximity to road 
networks, distances from residences and important built up areas as well as watercourse. Application of GIS and 
multi criteria decision analysis is desired in site selection problems. GIS is flexible in considering criteria and it is 
possible to develop this method by taking into account other effective criteria that helps in the finding suitable sites 
for waste dump. Multi criteria decision analysis provides necessary conditions to consider in site selection 
evaluation and therefore helps decision makers towards correct option selection. GIS combination with decision 
analysis as decision supporting system can assist decision makers in making the right choice for waste dumpsite 
site [7]. 
 

1.1. Summary  
In summary, the use of Geographical Information System as an effective tool to assess and manage dump sites 

in Damaturu town for a sustainable development will help to identify suitable location for municipal waste dump 
which would have minimum impact on the environment. It will also help in monitoring possible environmental 
problems for effective and proper management of solid waste in dump sites.  This study therefore, is aimed at 
providing a frame work for effectively selecting suitable solid waste dumping site for sustainable waste 
management in Damaturu, Yobe state using geo-spatial analyses. 
 

2. Literature Review 
2.1. The Concept of Solid Waste Management  

Strategies and measures commonly adopted for municipal solid waste management in most of the cities in 
Nigeria create the wrong impression that solid waste management problems are daunting and intractable task. 
This came from the simple fact that the rate at which solid waste collection and subsequent disposal is done is in no 
way closer to the rate of waste generation.  This makes solid waste accumulation one of the major Municipal solid 
waste is defined as that type of waste collected and treated by, or for municipalities [8]. This includes waste from 
households, bulky waste, similar waste from commerce and trade, office buildings, institutions and small 
businesses, yard and garden, street sweepings, contents of litter containers, and market cleansing. Waste from 
municipal sewage networks and treatment, as well as municipal construction and demolition is excluded.  

Solid waste management is a daily routine that is continuous and never finished. As each day passes, it brings 
new task of streets to sweep, waste to collect, waste loads to haul and safely to dispose. Urbanization and solid 
waste generation are closely interrelated. 

In many fast-growing cities of developing countries, dealing with household waste has become a vital policy 
problem. Policies and regulations aimed at good management of wastes, ranging from specifically controlling 
wastes at the household level to integrated municipal and economy-wide waste reduction efforts have been 
implemented with mixed outcomes [9]. 



Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2019, 5(1): 9-15 

11 
© 2019 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

Scarcity of land for waste disposal in most large urban areas is one of the serious and growing potential 
problems nowadays. Even though there are some efforts to reduce and recover the waste, land filling is still the 
most common method for waste destination. Landfill and dumpsite selection in urban areas is a critical issue due to 
its huge impact on the economy, ecology, and the environmental health [10]. 

In Africa, it is currently estimated that, the rate at which solid waste is growing in urban areas is much faster 
than the urbanization itself [11]. This may not be unconnected with rapid urban growth in the continent since the 
1960s which has put pressure on land resources within the areas surrounding cities and led to increased generation 
of waste. The problem is aggravated by the open dump nature of disposing waste especially in the slum areas of 
most African cities [12]. 

The imperfect environmental nuisances in most cities in Nigeria [13]. The huge volume of solid wastes that 
are commonly visible in most of the roads and streets of our major cities in Nigeria is an indication that the current 
adopted strategies to cope with the unavoidable bye products of development appeared to be ineffective. 

What is common practice in developing world is dumping in open areas, along the roadsides and valleys and 
rivers and also within the cluster of houses. Many studies have investigated the determinants of various behaviors 
and attributes on the dumping practices for household waste [9]. However, little is done on the application of 
scientific tool such as the GIS and multi criteria decision technique for suitability analyses of solid waste disposal 
site, particularly in cities and towns of developing countries like Nigeria.  

Identification of the suitability of potential landfill sites, and modifications to existing facilities, requires a 
comprehensive assessment of site conditions and potential impacts on the environment. This includes consideration 
of topography, surface water, drainage, hydrogeology (groundwater), geology, climate (including air quality and 
odor modeling) and flora and fauna, access and distance from the community the landfill will service [12]. 
 

2.2. GIS in Waste Management 
Technological development in computer science has introduced Geographic Information System (GIS) as an 

innovative tool in solid waste management including landfill process [14]. GIS combines spatial data (maps, aerial 
photographs, Satellite images, etc.) with non-spatial data including both the quantitative and qualitative. The role 
of GIS in solid waste management is very large as many aspects of its planning and operations are highly 
dependent on spatial data [5].  

In general, GIS plays a key role in maintaining account data to facilitate collection operations; customer 
service; analyzing optimal locations for transfer stations; planning routes for vehicles transporting waste from 
residential, commercial and industrial customers to transfer stations and from transfer stations to landfills; locating 
new landfills and monitoring the landfill [14]. GIS is a tool that not only reduces time and cost of the site 
selection, but also provide a digital data bank for future monitoring program of the site. 

One of the most important applications of GIS is the display and analysis of data to support the process of 
environmental decision-making. A decision can be defined as a choice between alternatives, where the alternatives 
may be different actions, locations, objects, and the likes. The role of GIS in solid waste management is very large 
as many aspects of its planning and operations are highly dependent on spatial data [7]. 

For instance, Uwadiegwu and Chukwu [13] developed an engineered design of solid waste collection using 
GIS with a vehicle tracking system and final disposal by composting with investment costs. The GIS was used to 
analyze existing maps and data, to digitize the existing ward boundaries and to enter data about the wards and 
disposal sites. The GIS model for solid waste disposal would give information on the planning of bins, vehicles and 
the optimal route. In the case of disposal and composting, it would be a successful strategy to accelerate the 
decomposition and stabilization of the biodegradable components of waste in municipal solid waste management 
[14]. 

Nowadays GIS has been used as a tool in a dumpsite and landfill site selection analysis, it provides the decision 
makers with a powerful set of tools for the manipulation and analysis of spatial information. Using GIS, it is 
possible to process a huge amount of spatial data in short time and so the screening process is much easier. GIS can 
help to reduce remarkably the areas that have to be examined on the site, although the final decision has to be 
taken after field studies [10]. 

Site selection analysis can be improved by using GIS, since it has the capability to manage large amount of 
spatial data that comes from various sources. Danbuzu, et al. [14] pointed out that large amount of spatial data can 
be processed using GIS and thus, it potentially saves time that would normally be spent in selecting an appropriate 
site. While Akbari, et al. [15] claimed that GIS is an ultimate method for preliminary site selection as it efficiently 
stores, retrieves, analyzes and displays information according to user-defined specification. However, GIS can be 
limited by the existing sources of data needed in siting analysis [10]. 
 

2.3. Criteria for Site Selection 
The factors to be considered as criteria for selection of suitable sites mainly consist of: public health, extend and 

topography of the area, hydrology, geology drainage system and weather of the area, proximity to the residential 
and industrial areas, the distance to and from the city, the weather of the area, the drainage system of the area, cost 
and the future land use of the area [4]. 

A waste dump site must be situated and designed to meet the necessary conditions for preventing pollution of 
the soil, groundwater or surface water and should be kept as far as possible away from population density, for 
reducing pollution impact to public health. Also, Aziz and Khodakarami [7] emphasis that waste dumpsite should 
not be placed as close as possible to existing roads and also not too far from the roads in order to minimized cost of 
road development, transportation, and collection costs. Some suitability criteria, commonly used as criteria for 
analysis for dumpsite suitability selection is described as follows; 

Residential areas: Dumpsite or landfill site should be located away and far from populated centers of the city, 
as it causes aesthetic, bad odors and depreciation of land value of the surrounding area [7]. In a study by Bera, et 
al. [16] in India, they opined that dumpsites should not be placed too close to high-density urban areas in order to 
mitigate conflicts relating to the Not in My Back-Yard syndrome (NIMBY). This helps to protect against health 



Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2019, 5(1): 9-15 

12 
© 2019 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

problems, noise complaints, odor complaints, decreased property values and mischief due to scavenging animals. 
Sener, et al. [5] stated that in Turkey, dumpsites are to be located within 1000 m of settlement areas. However, In 
Nigeria, Olaide, et al. [6] reported that for built-up areas, National dumpsite was placed at least 1000m away from 
all settlements for hygienic reasons. 

Road network: Aesthetic considerations would be of good practice for good planning and based on this 
principle, waste dumpsites should not be located Within 1000 meters of any major highways, city streets or other 
transportation routes [16]. However, in Nigeria, 2000 meters away from existing roads was chosen under 
NESREA guideline so as to reduce transportation expenses [6]. In another view, waste dumpsite is suggested not 
be placed too far away from existed road networks. It should be sited in such a location that can be reached by 
alternative roads under all weather conditions. Hence, it is required that a distance of <1000 m away and >250 m 
away is desired as suitable dumpsite [5]. 

Proximity to water bodies: Water bodies such as; surface streams, lakes, rivers, wells, or wetlands are one of 
the major factors to be considered when siting waste dumpsite. Also, proximity to wells and other underground 
water reservoir is an important criterion to be considered when locating suitable waste dumpsite [7]. 

According to Bera, et al. [16] solid waste dumping sites must not be located near any surface water body such 
as streams, lakes, rivers or wetlands. Thus, significant distance is required to prevent problems of erosion and 
leaching of hazardous substances and buffer around all surface waters is required when siting suitable dumpsite. 
However, for watercourse in Nigeria, dumpsite should be placed at least 1000m away from surface water bodies to 
avoid hazardous emission as well as leaching from waste under National Environmental Standards and Regulations 
Enforcement Agency (NESREA) [6]. 
 

3. Methodology 
3.1. Study Area  

Yobe state is one of the 36 states in Nigeria, with Damaturu as the state capital. The state has 17 local 
government areas. It is located within latitude 11 north and longitude 12.5 East with a total land area of 47, 153 
square kilometres. The state shares boundaries with Borno state to the east and south-east, Jigawa state to the 
north while Bauchi and Gombe states to the south-west. It also shares an international border with the Republic of 
Niger. This boundary stretches over 323km to the north of the state. According to NPC [17] Yobe had the 
population of 2.5 million. The vegetation of Yobe state is generally Savannah Grassland. Grasses, sparse dwarf 
trees and shrubs are the most common features of the state. 
 

 
Figure-1. The Study Area. 

                        Source: Google Earth Map. 



Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2019, 5(1): 9-15 

13 
© 2019 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

Human activities such as farming and grazing of animals are the major sources of household wealth and income 
in the state and are worsen desert encroachment. Yobe state government encourages tree planting campaigns in 
other to control desert enrichment especially at the northern part of the state. The state is multi-ethnic with 
Kanuri, Bade, Fulani, Ngizim, Bolewa, Kare-kare, Ngamo, Babur/Maga, Hausa and other Nigerian groups 
constituting the main groups in the state. The Hausa language is widely spoken in the state. 

With regard to the economy the state Yobe is relatively small compared to her counterparts such as Lagos, 
Kano and Borno in Nigeria. The gross state product (GSP), which evaluate the output of annual economic activities 
of the state, was estimated to be about US$222.99 compared to the national average for the same year put at 
US$887.63. The state economy makes contributes about 0.42% to the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP). 
  

3.2. Sampling Frame 
As this study relied on secondary data, the nature of sampling differs from those of primary data, hence, the 

study considers the population of Damaturu town as the population of the study in order to determine the required 
number of dumping site around the town. The estimated population of the town based on NPC [17] it was about 
110,000 people (about 18,000 households). Also, based on available literatures on solid waste management in 
Nigeria [6, 13, 18] quantity of waste generated in urban centers in Nigeria is to the tune of 500 to 850 metric ton 
daily, with each dumpsite serving average of 1,000 households. Thus, this study based on the number of the 
households in the study area, and the average number of households per dumping site, it therefore estimated to 
have about 6 suitable dumping sites at the outskirts of Damaturu town. 
 

4. Data Analyses 
4.1. Geo-Referencing and Digitization  

Images for 2018 of the city, Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager Thermal Infrared Sensor for the month of 
March was downloaded free of charge from the United States Geological Survey (www.earthexplorer.usgs.gov). 
These images were already geometrically corrected but little radiometric and atmospheric corrections were applied 
since the time of image acquisition coincided with the dry season when no clouds were present in the sky. However, 
the corrections removed some of the few impurities associated with the image and generally improved its visual 
quality. 

The city was then digitized and clipped from the image using the shape file already obtained. The clipped 
image was then imported to ArcMap from which, digital maps were produced. Population density map was 
produced base on field experience and satellite imagery observation. Land uses and housing pattern were used as 
guide. Shape files were also created for the following features; roads, rivers, (waterbody), and settlement. On- 
screen digitizing was done for all the created shape files from the imagery. 
 

4.2. Geospatial Analysis  
The basic spatial analysis employed during this work was buffering operation and proximity analysis was also 

demonstrated in the ArcGIS environment. Buffers of specific distance were created around the city and the 
dumpsites so as to determine the proximity level of the dumpsites to the roads, rivers and the built-up areas. 
 

4.3. Site Selection Criteria  
For the selection of the most suitable site for dumpsites and sorting centers, the following criteria were 

considered for the available datasets. The proximity analysis based on the National Environmental Standards and 
Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA): 
 For built-up areas, dumpsite was placed at least 1000m away from all settlements for hygienic reasons. 

i. For Watercourse, dumpsite was placed at least 1000m away from watercourses to avoid hazardous 
emission from waste. 

ii. For roads, dumpsite was placed at least <1000m away from an existing road so as to reduce transportation 
expenses. 

iii. For elevation, dumpsite was placed on slopes with less than 9% inclination. 
 

5. Result and Discussion 
Geospatial analysis using ArcGIS was conducted to identify the most suitable sites for waste dump in 

Damaturu town, Yobe state. 6 suitable candidate sites were determined on the basis of accessibility and significant 
distances from residents, roads and water bodies. All sites within 1000m away from residences and the major roads 
were determined as the most suitable sites for the municipal solid waste disposal. These sites as shown in the map 
Figure 1 are located in different part of the town. 

The major goal of the municipal solid waste dumping site selection process is to ensure that the disposal facility 
is located at the best possible location with little negative impact to the environment. Using Arc GIS 10.1 software 
creating different thematic layer and overlay analysis were done and identify six points as suitable for solid waste 
dumping zone in Damaturu Figure 2. The selected zones are on an open free space and grass land area. 
 



Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2019, 5(1): 9-15 

14 
© 2019 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

 
Figure-2. Waste Disposal Sites in the Buffer Zone. 

Source: Google Earth Map. 

 
6. Conclusion and Recommendations 

The use of Geographic Information System in spatial analysis especially when representing the real-world 
phenomenon, helps in the integrating and simplifying the interpretation of a distribution of a facility especially the 
visual analysis and interpretations. GIS play a significant role in Solid Waste Management System as it helps the 
managers in database creation and the stakeholders to know the exact areas where there is need for more attention 
rather than concentrating on a particular area.  

This study used the integration of GIS and Remote Sensing in identifying the best sites for the dumping the 
solid waste material in a typically urbanizing city. A multi-criteria approach was employed in conjunction with 
GIS-based overlay analysis to identify the most suitable site for solid waste dumping in the Damaturu. The study 
was based upon a set of key criteria, which were selected in relation to already available knowledge from research 
literature as well as the pre-existing local level factors of the area. A set of six (6) potential sites were identified as 
the most suitable sites for solid waste dumping in Damaturu town. The integration of GIS and Remote Sensing 
techniques contributed to the achievement of the results obtained. Remote Sensing techniques made it possible to 
study the various land cover types within the study area whereas GIS aided in the modeling and preparation of 
needed maps. Indeed, it has been an effective and efficient tool in carrying out this study. 

The sites selected as the suitable locations for waste dump are expected to serve the purpose for of protecting 
downstream surface water pollution, runoff and nuisance to the public. The present study considered a few of 
environmental, social and economic factors for solid waste dumping site selection. However, other factors such as 
geology, elevation, slope, ground water table depth etc. and community preferences were not considered as part of 
the suitability criteria, partly because of expensiveness of remotely sensed data. Hence, further study should fill this 
research gap by including these layers as part of the suitability criteria.  
 

References 
[1] L. A. Guerrero, G. Maas, and W. Hogland, "Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries," Waste 

Management, vol. 33, pp. 220-232, 2013. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.008. 
[2] U. U. Solomon, "The state of solid waste management in Nigeria," Waste Management, vol. 10, pp. 2787-2788, 2009. Available at: 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.008. 
[3] T. A. Ebistu and A. S. Minale, "Solid waste dumping site suitability analysis using geographic information system (GIS) and 

remote sensing for Bahir Dar Town, North Western Ethiopia," African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 7, pp. 
976-989, 2013. 



Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2019, 5(1): 9-15 

15 
© 2019 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

 

[4] N.B. Chang, G. Parvathinathan, and J. B. Breeden, "Combining GIS with fuzzy multicriteria decision-making for landfill siting in a 
fast-growing urban region," Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 87, pp. 139-153, 2008. Available at: 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.01.011. 

[5] S. Sener, E. Sener, and B. Nas, "Selection of landfill site using GIS and multicriteria decision analysis for beysehir lake catchment 
area Konya, Turkey," Journal of Engineering Science and Design, vol. 1, pp. 134-144, 2011. 

[6] A. Olaide, S. Salis, A. Susan, N. Blessing, J. Jagila, A. Rasheed, and F. Olayinka, "A geo-spatial approach for solid waste dumpsites 
for sustainable development in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria," Journal of Environmental Science, Toxiology and Food Technology, vol. 
18, pp. 16-28, 2014. Available at: https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-081011628. 

[7] R. S. Aziz and L. Khodakarami, "Application of GIS models in site selection of waste disposal in an urban area," presented at the In 
First International Symposium on Urban Development, 2013. 

[8] Organization for Economic Development and Co-operation, OECD key environmantal indicators 2008. Paris, France: OECD 
Environment Directorate, 2008. 

[9] T. Tadesse, A. Ruijs, and F. Hagos, "Household waste disposal in Mekelle city, Northern Ethiopia," Waste Management, vol. 28, pp. 
2003-2012, 2012. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.08.015. 

[10] M. A. Mohd Din, Z. Wan Jaafar, M. M. Obot, and M. A. Wan Hussin, "How gis can be a useful tool to deal with Landfill," 
presented at the In International Symposium on Geoinformatics for Spatial Infrastructure Development in Earth and Allied 
Sciences, 2008. 

[11] D. Hoornweg and P. Bhada-Tata, "What a waste: A global review of solid waste management. Urban Development Series, World 
Bank," 2012. 

[12] G. Berisa and Y. Birhanu, "Municipal solid waste disposal site selection of Jigjiga Town," International Journal of Physical and 
Human Geography, vol. 4, pp. 1–25, 2016. 

[13] B. Uwadiegwu and K. Chukwu, "Strategies for effective urban solid waste management in Nigeria," European Scientific Journal, vol. 
9, pp. 296–308, 2013. 

[14] L. Danbuzu, A. Tanko, U. Ibrahim, and M. Ahmed, "Spatial distribution of solid waste collection points using GIS approach in 
urban Katsina, Katsina State, Nigeria," American Journal of Engineering Research, vol. 3, pp. 107-116, 2014. 

[15] V. Akbari, M. Rajabi, S. Chavoshi, and R. Shams, "Landfill site selection by combining GIS and fuzzy multi criteria decision 
analysis, case study: Bandar Abbas, Iran," World Applied Sciences Journal, vol. 3, pp. 39-47, 2008. 

[16] S. Bera, M. Ahmad, and A. Kumar, "Suitable site selection for urban solid waste management using GIS technique-a case study of 
Dhanbad block," International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 3, pp. 1600-1605, 2016. 

[17] NPC, Nigeria 2006 census figures. Abuja: National Population Commision (NPC), 2006. 
[18] I. M. Zumo, S. A. Vokna, Z. I. Muhammad, and V. S. Ahmad, "Identification of suitable site for solid waste disposal in Yola, Nigeria 

using GIS method, (6846) Identification of Suitable Site for Solid Waste Disposal in Yola, Nigeria Using GIS Method," 2014. 
 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

Asian Online Journal Publishing Group is not responsible or answerable for any loss, damage or liability, etc. caused in relation to/arising out of the use of the content. 
Any queries should be directed to the corresponding author of the article. 
 


