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Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences 
Vol. 8, No. 1, 1-9, 2021 

ISSN(E) 2313-8173 / ISSN(P) 2518-0134 
DOI: 10.20448/journal.506.2021.81.1.9 

© 2021 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

  

 

 

Assessment of Public-Private-Participation of Solid Waste Management: A Case 
Study Warri, Nigeria 

 
Igiekhume M. J.1 

Momoh E.O.2 

Jubril A. Al-Amin3 
Okpugwo E.4 
Erayanmen R.I5 
Thomas B.6 

 
( Corresponding Author) 

 
1,2,5Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria. 

 
3Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria. 
4Department of Surveying & Geoinformatics, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria. 
6Department of Civil Engineering, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria. 

 

 
Abstract 

The menace of indiscriminately disposed heaps of refuse in most urban centers in Nigeria is a 
confirmation of the inability of the government to cope with the ills associated with rapid 
population growth rate and urbanization. This study assessed the participation of the private 
sector in the management and recycling of solid wastes as they together with the public sector 
strive to attain healthy and neat cities. The Actor Network Theory (ANT) was used as a 
framework to illustrate the interrelationship, interdependence and co-existence of the different 
participants in the management of solid waste. This co-existence was revealed to generate several 
challenges especially for the major Actors such as that of the preference of informal private waste 
collectors to the registered contractors assigned by the government to their residential areas and 
the hindrances posed by community youth on Private Sector Participant (PSP). However, from 
the study it was revealed that the introduction of Private Sector Participant was not enough to 
check the problems associated with solid waste management. Rather, a holistic approach where all 
actors, whether householders, formal or informal waste collector, scrap collectors, NGOs or CBOs 
should be considered by the Government in the policy formulation and implementation in 
sustainable solid waste management practices. 

 
Keywords: Solid waste, Management, Recycling, Participation, PSP, ANT, Policy. 

 
Citation | Igiekhume M. J.; Momoh E.O.; Jubril A. Al-Amin; 
Okpugwo E.; Erayanmen R.I; Thomas B. (2021). Assessment of 
Public-Private-Participation of Solid Waste Management: A Case 
Study Warri, Nigeria. Asian Review of Environmental and Earth 
Sciences, 8(1): 1-9. 
History:  
Received: 12 January 2021 
Revised: 8 February 2021 
Accepted: 25 February 2021 
Published: 10 March 2021 
Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 

Attribution 3.0 License  
Publisher:  Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Acknowledgement: All authors contributed to the conception and design of 
the study. 
Funding: This study received no specific financial support. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of 
interests. 
Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, 
accurate, and transparent account of the study was reported; that no vital 
features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the 
study as planned have been explained. 
Ethical: This study follows all ethical practices during writing.   

 

 

Contents 

1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 
2. Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2 
3. Results and Discussion ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4 
4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 
References ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 
 

 

 
 
 

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Contribution of this paper to the literature 
This study assessed the participation of the private sector in the management and recycling of 
solid wastes as they together with the public sector strive to attain healthy and neat cities. 

 
1. Introduction 

Wastes are inevitable products of productive and domestic activities. They are unwanted or unusable materials, 
substances, by-products or left over that have been discarded for lack of use or less importance. Waste in general 
terms can be liquid or solid in nature and can be hazardous to man and his environment if not well managed. Onu, 
et al. [1] describe Solid Waste Management as an application of techniques that ensures the orderly execution and 
disposal of solid waste. 

Globally, Solid Waste Management has become an issue because the rate of generation of solid waste far 
outweighs its management. This can be attributed partly to high population which was projected by United 
Nations to reach over eight billion by 2030 [2]. The world is undergoing the largest wave of urban growth in 
history with more than half of the world’s population living in towns and cities. This number has been projected to 
be about 5 billion by 2030 with most of these cities unfolding in Africa and Asia [3]. Urbanization directly 
contributes to waste generation; as urbanization increases, solid waste generation also increases. The global solid 
waste generation by urban residents has been estimated to have risen from 680 million tons per year to more than 
1.3 million per year, and is expected to rise to 2.2 billion tons by 2025 [4]. In addition, the lack of interest of 
individuals, organizations and the government in the issue of Waste Management has resulted in its adverse effects 
on the physical and social environment of man.In general terms, Waste as an issue should not be treated 
independently from some other urbanization problems like slum, overcrowding, traffic congestion, pollution etc. 
since any form of solution to them is directed towards creating an aesthetically healthy environment. 

In developing countries, the problems associated with waste management demand a radical approach to 
addressing them. Until recently, in most these countries, Waste management had been the responsibility of the 
government financed by revenue. In Africa for example, the public sector took monopoly of providing solid waste 
management in urban centers, and this has largely been blamed for the mess in the management of waste evident in 
most countries of the continent. The public sector was reported to be constrained owing to lack of managerial and 
technical capacity, cumbersome procurement procedures and inadequate financial resources [5]. According to 
Opara [6] the outcome is the indiscriminate refuse dump featured in most African towns and cities. The fact that 
successive governments in Nigeria have had to contend at one time or the other with the problem of huge 
mountains of refuse disposed in conspicuous locations in some cities is a clear indication that an appropriate 
solution is yet to be proffered Odewumi [7]. Filani and Abunere [8] stated that there had been a long frustrating 
search for an appropriate method of waste disposal. Hence, Akiyode and Sojinu [9] added that, the government 
began to review the approach of Private Sector Participation (PSP) for better service delivery in Waste 
Management.  
 

2. Materials and Methods 
2.1. Study Area 

Warri metropolis , Warri South Local Government Area is located in Delta State, Delta South Senatorial 
District, South-South Nigeria, with co-ordinates 5031I N and 5045I E and occupies an area of about 633km2. Its 
topography is flat and can be described as a lowland region characterized by natural vegetation of rainforest, with 
swampy forest and water bodies in some areas. With its tropical equatorial climate, the mean annual temperature is 
32.80c and annual rainfall of about 2673.8mm; it is marked with two distinct seasons: the rainy and dry seasons. 

Warri is situated on the coastal part of the delta region of Nigeria and as a result has rich alluvium deposits in 
its soil and therefore is endowed with crude oil on and off-shore. The growth of the city can be traced to the 15th 
century when the Portuguese arrived Nigeria, it also served as the colonial capital of the then Warri province, 
under the colony and protectorate of Southern Nigeria [10].   

In the 19th Century, Warri was center for trade of palm oil, rubber, palm products, cocoa, groundnut, hides and 
skin (http:www.greatestcities.com/Africa/Nigeria/WarriCity_html.) owing to its port activities along the coast of 
the Warri river. The exploration crude oil in the area in later part of the 20th century made it one of the hubs of 
petroleum activities and business in southern Nigeria and has a population of over 311,970 people according to 
2006 National census. It shares boundary with Ughelli North, Sapele, Okpe, Udu and Uvwie Local Government 
Areas, most of which have been integrated to the large cosmopolitan Warri. Figure 1 shows map of Nigeria 
indicating Delta State. 

 

2.2. Research Design 
The methodology of this study therefore, is patterned to provide answers to the several research questions that 

pondered the researcher. To do this end, data of various forms were collected from the selected population in the 
study area by means of well-structured questionnaire, and some brought to the fore through field observation and 
face to face interviews. However, these data would be presented and analyzed using simple descriptive statistical 
tools as well as the Chi-Square (X2) to test the stated hypothesis, so that an inference can be drawn from some 
information gathered. The conclusion reached from the study would help the researcher assess the participation of 
private and public sector in solid waste management in Warri Metropolis with a view to evolving policy response 
capable of enhancing waste management efficiency in the area. 

 
 



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Figure-1. Map of Nigeria showing Delta State. 

Source: Ministry of Land and Survey, Asaba, Delta State. 

Figure-2. Map of Delta State showing Warri South L.G.A. 
Source: Ministry of Land and Survey, Asaba, Delta State. 

 
2.3. Population of Study  

The Population of this study is a sample of the total population of Warri South Local Government Area. 
Applying the population growth rate of 2.5% of Nigeria according World Population prospectus, 2015, and the 
2006 National Census, where the population of Warri was recorded as 311,970, this research deemed it necessary 
to project the population of the area to be 409,332 as at the time of the study from Equation 1: 

P1= P0 (1+r)n          [1] 
Where: P1 = Projected population (Year 2017). 
P0 = Population of base year (i.e. 311,970 according to 2006 National Census). 
r = Population growth rate (2.5% for Nigeria according to United Nations Department of Economic and Social 
Affairs Population Division [2] 
n = Time interval between P1 and P0 (P1- P0 (11 years).  

It is in the light of the above that the study area would be divided into zones within which data would be 
collected from sample population for the study. 
 

2.4. Method of Data collection  
2.4.1. Types of Instrument for Data Collection  

The following were the instruments used for collecting data: 
Questionnaire. 



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Face to face interview. 
Participant’s observation. 

 
Questionnaire:  

This was used to retrieve social-economic data. The questions consisted of open and closed type. The 
respondents were thus given some degree of liberty self-expression through open responses. 

Face to face interview: Oral interviews were conducted with some respondents, some staff of     the 
Department of environment, Warri South Local Government Council, Warri, some the registered solid waste 
collectors’ company as well as some informal participants in the solid waste management industry. 

Participants’ observation:  During the study, the researcher worked in the midst of the  inhabitants and 
therefore from their surroundings, was able to collect data by observation.  
 

2.4.2. Method of Administering Data Collection Instruments  
At the time of this research, the study area had 10 Political units (Wards) as shown below. However, using the 

Multistage Sampling Technique, the area was delineated into strata which represented the different Ward within 
which the questionnaires were equally distributed and randomly administered by the researcher.  On the whole, 
Two hundred questionnaire were administered with twenty (20) within each Ward and from these, data was 
drawn. 
Ward 1 – Essi Area. 
Ward 2 – Pessu Area. 
Ward 3 – Ogunu Area. 
Ward 4 – Okumagba Area. 
Ward 5 – Bowen Area. 
Ward 6 – Ekurede Area. 
Ward 7 – Okere Area. 
Ward 8 – Iyara Area. 
Ward 9 – Ugbuwangwe Area. 
Ward 10 – Mac Demott Area. 
 

2.5. Method of Data Presentation and Analysis  
For the purpose of clarity, data were properly checked and coded for completeness and accuracy. The responses 

were grouped before coding and thereafter, both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data 
presentation. 
 

2.5.1. Descriptive Method of Data Presentation  
For ease of understanding, descriptive Statistics used include simple percentages, bar graphs and pie charts. 

 

2.5.2. Inferential Method of Data Analysis 
Having used Multistage sampling technique to draw data from the population, Chi-Square(X2), a non-

parametric inferential statistical tool which is a non-directional (two-tailed test) is used to test the set hypothesis, 
because it can only indicate relationship but not with direction.  Equation 2 is applied to determine the Chi-Square 
values: 

X2 =                                                                                                           [2] 

 

2.5.3. Hypotheses Testing Technique 
The statistical technique used to test the hypothesis is Chi- Square (X2) since it is a non-parametric statistical 

tool used for nominal or ordinal data as is the case of this study. However, the T-test is used to test the level of 
significance the relationship of the selected samples from the population in relation to the hypothesis. 
 

3. Results and Discussion 
From the study, it was revealed that there were unsightly heaps of refuse in some areas of Warri metropolis; 

some of these unsightly public refuse dumps were seen in some drains, canals, vacant plots, uncompleted buildings, 
street corners and pavements. These refuse dumps have contributed to the reduction the aesthetic quality of some 
areas in the urban center of Warri. The study therefore shows that the introduction of Private Sector Participation 
in solid waste management has not totally checked the problem of irregular waste disposal in the area. This is 
because the challenges faced by both the public and private sectors in the management of solid waste are enormous. 
With regard to environmental sustainability, the actors involved in the management of solid waste in Warri were 
not actively involved in any form activity that could help to reduce the quantity or quality of household waste 
disposed into the environment such as that prescribed by the 3R’s of Solid Waste Management, Re-duce, Re-use 
and Re-cycler or the Zero Waste Theory. However, all Actors whether the Government, Private Formal, Private 
informal or the Householders were only interested in disposing the solid waste generated and generating some 
revenue from it. The resultant effect is that, Self Disposal and Private Informal (wheelbarrow waste collectors) 
methods which do not have approved dumpsite therefore contribute to environmental degradation through 
indiscriminate refuse disposal and the consequent depletion of the ecosystem over time. The Government and the 
registered contractors (Private Formal) are not left out of this atrocity because they only collect and dispose refuse 
at one approved site or another with the former not having any concrete policy in place to manage private and 
government dump sites, refuse being constantly burnt or left to cause flooding in adjoining residential areas. 
 
 
 



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3.1. Sample Population 
On the whole, 200 questionnaires were administered but 182 respondents were able to adequately provide 

sufficient information needed for the study. The data retrieved, presented and analyzed was therefore based on 182 
respondents. 

 

3.2. Socio- Economic Characteristics of the Respondents  
Of the total respondents, 42% were males and 58% were females with 60% of the total respondents married. 

Also over 60% of them were above 30 years of age with all of them being literate, Primary School Living Certificate 
(PSLC) being the least qualification and 57% graduates from higher institutions (Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4). These shows 
that the sample population was mature and therefore provided required the information for the study. 
 

Table-1. Sex of respondents. 

Sex No. % 

Male 76 42 
Female 106 58 
Total 182 100 

 
Table-2. Marital status 

Status No. % 

Single 66 36 
Married 109 60 
Seperated 3 2 
Widowed 2 1 
Divorced 2 1 
Total 182 100 

 
Table-3. Age of respondence. 

Age No. % 

15-19 Years 9 5 
20- 24 Years 25 14 
25-29 Years 25 14 
30-34 Years 22 12 
35-39 Years 27 15 
40-44 Years 13 7 
45-49 Years 2 1 
50-54 Years 32 17 
55 Years And Above  27 15 
Total 182 100 

 
Table-4. Educational qualification. 

Qualification No. % 

P.S.L.C 9 5 
J.S.C.E 12 7 
S.S.C.E 33 18 
O.N.D./N.C.E 12 6 
H.N.D/B.S.C 104 57 
No Formal Education 5 3 
Others 7 4 
Total 182 100 

 
In terms of their occupation, 41% of them were into business, 28% were Public Servants but holistically, 83% of 

them were gainfully employed. While 59% lived in one or two room apartments, 53% resided in flats and only 6% 
and 3% lived in duplex and bungalows respectively. Also, 28% of the sample population had 6 and above persons 
per households and 24% lived in apartments with above 6 families per building. See Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8. This 
suggests that the respondents largely belong to low and middle income groups and that their economic and 
domestic activities highly contribute to daily generation of solid waste disposed properly or indiscriminately within 
the study area. 
 

Table-5. Occupation of respondents. 

Occupation No. % 

Schooling 27 15 
Public/Civil Servants 78 41 
Business 51 28 
Artisan 3 2 
Retired 3 2 
Private Employee 12 7 
Unemployee 3 2 
Others 5 3 
Total 182 100 

 
 
 
 



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Table-6. Types of accommodation. 

Type No. % 

One Or Two Rooms 25 32 
Flats 97 53 
Duplex 11 6 
Semi-Detached  - - 
Bungalow 5 3 
Others 10 6 
Total 182 100 

 
Table-7. families per building. 

No. Of Families No. % 

1 24 13 
2 22 12 
3 31 17 
4 35 19 
5 24 13 
6 4 2 
Above 6 44 24 
Total 182 100 

 
Table-8. No of persons per household. 

No. Of Persons No % 

1 12 7 
2 17 9 
3 25 14 
4 41 23 
5 34 19 
6 30 16 
Above 6 23 12 
Total 182 100 

 
Table-9. method of solid waste disposal 

Methods No. % 

Registered Waste Collectors 42 23.1 
Local Government Collectors 15 8.2 
Wheelbarrow Collectors 73 40.1 
Self-Disposal 52 28.6 
Total 182 100 

 
From the Table 9 and the chart above, 23.1% of the total respondents’ patronized Registered Waste Collectors, 

Local Government Waste collectors served only 15% of them, as much as 40.1% patronized Wheelbarrow 
collectors while 28.6% resorted to self- disposal.  This study revealed that the choices of the patronage of Solid 
Waste Collectors by the residents are linked to the satisfaction derived by them from the services rendered and 
their charges. A total of 49% of the respondents were very satisfied and satisfied with their method of refuse 
disposal while only 12% were not satisfied at all.  From some of their responses, some of the respondents 
complained that some refuse collectors were not regular and that some of their charges were too high. Table 10 
shows the effectiveness in the participation of refuse collectors whether public, private formal or informal. 
 

Table-10. Effectiveness in participation of waste disposal agents. 

 Regular 
/Effective 

Irregular/ 
Adequate 

Irregular/ 
Poor 

   

Agent No. % No. % No. % No % Total %Total 

Registered Private 25 13.7 11 6.1 6 3.3 - - 42 23.1 
Local Govt. 5 2.74 5 2.74 5 2.74 - - 15 8.2 
Wheel Barrow 48 26.4 7 3.8 18 9.9 - - 73 40.1 
Self-Disposal - - - - - - 52 28.6 52 28.6 
Total 78 42.84 23 12.64 29 15.94 52 28.6 182 100 

 
Table-11. Unsightly heaps of refuse. 

Unsightly Refuse Dump In Neighborhood No. % 

Yes 75 41 
No 107 59 
Total 182 100 

 
Table-12. Refuse dump close to residence. 

Proximity to House No. % 

Very Close 18 10 
Close 25 14 
Not Too Close 32 17 
None 107 59 
Total 182 100 

 



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3.3. Indiscriminate Disposal of Refuse 
It was revealed from the study that 41% of the total respondents agreed to occasionally have unsightly heaps of 

refuse in their environment (see Table 11). Also, from Table 12, 24% admitted to have indiscriminately disposed 
refuse very close and close to their residents, and 17% not too close to their houses. Some of these unsightly public 
refuse dumps were seen in some locations in the study area such as drains, canals, vacant plots, uncompleted 
buildings, street corners and pavements. See Figures 13, 14, 15 and 16. All these refuse dumps which have reduced 
the aesthetic quality of some areas in the urban center, Warri can be attributed to the findings of the survey that as 
much as 28.6% of disposed per time. As prescribed by the 3R’s of Solid Waste Management, Re-duce, Re-use and 
Re-cycle, only 8% and 5% re-use and sell respectively. Some sell the sorted items to Chart Pushers, Scrap collectors 
or buyers Figures 13 and 14 the activities of scavengers and waste pickers who collect recyclable items from refuse 
dump were also actively involved in Solid Waste management in the study area.  On the other hand 2% destroy the 
sorted out waste, mostly to prevent re-use of the materials for re-production of fake products and 37% later dispose 
them. 

 
4. Conclusion 

This research has dealt exhaustively with the participation of public and private sector in solid waste 
management in Warri Metropolis and in the process reviewed literatures, generated and analyzed data in relation 
to the study, identified challenges faced by both sectors in the management of solid waste and finally initiated 
policy suggestions that could help to reduce the problem of indiscriminate disposal of refuse in Nigerian Cities 
thereby  making our human environment a healthy and neat place to live. 
 

References 
[1] B. Onu, T. Price, S. Surendran, and S. Ebie, "Solid waste management: A critique of Nigeria's waste management policy," 

International Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Change Management, vol. 11, pp. 373–399, 2012. 
[2] United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, "World population prospects: The 2015 revision, 

key findings and advance tables," Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.2412015. 
[3] United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), For people, planet and prosperity: Delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted every 

childbirth is safe and every young person’s potential is fulfilled. New York: UNFPA, 2015. 
[4] W. Bank, "The world bank annual report. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8376-6," 2010. 
[5] E. O. Longe, "People’s perception on household solid waste management in Ojo Local Government Area in Nigeria," Iran, Iranian 

Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, vol. 6, pp. 209-216, 2009. 
[6] J. A. Opara, "Urban waste management in port harcourt metropols of the Niger Delta Region in Nigeria. Retrieved from: 

http://www.businessschool.infor/...site../updated _version_of_UCN.org. [Accessed 20 November 2017]," 2009. 
[7] S. Odewumi, "Appraisal of storage and collection strategies of municipal solid waste in Lagos State," IOSR Journal of Humanities 

and Social Science, vol. 10, pp. 61–67, 2013. 
[8] M. O. Filani and S. Abunere, "Foreasting solid waste management for Nigeria Cities in Adeniji E.O. and I. B Bello-Iman (Eds)," ed, 

1986, pp. 193 –  208. 
[9] O. O. Akiyode and O. S. S. Sojinu, "Assessment of private sector participation (PSP) in solid waste management practices in 

Nigeria (Case Study of Lagos State, Nigeria)," presented at the Journal of Solid Waste Management & Technology. 21st 
International Conference on Solid Waste Technology and Management, Philadelphia, PA USA March 26 -29, 2006, 2006. 

[10] P. P. Ekeh, Warri City: And British colonial rule in Western Niger Delta. Lagos, Nigeira: Urhobo Historical Society, 2005. 
 

 
Table-13. The uses of household waste after sorting. 

 NO. % 

Re-Use 14 8 
Sell  10 5 
Distroy(E.G By Burning, Shredding) 3 2 
Dispose The Later 67 37 
Do Not Really Sort Waste 88 48 
Total 182 100 

 
Table-14. hypothesis 1 (method of waste disposal and effectiveness in participation of waste disposal agents) 

 Regular/ 
Effective 

Irregular/ 
Adequate 

Irregular/ 
Poor 

  

Agent No. % No. % No. % Total %Total 

Registered Private 25 13.7 11 6.1 6 3.3 42 23.1 
Local Govt. 5 2.74 5 2.74 5 2.74 15 8.2 
Wheel Barrow 48 26.4 7 3.8 18 9.9 73 40.1 
Total 78 42.84 23 12.64 29 15.94 130 100 

 
Table-15. Hypothesis 1(Obsrevered/Expected Frquencies) 

 Regular/ 
Effective 

Irregular/ 
Adequate 

Irregular/ 
Poor 

Total 

Agent No. No. No.  
Registered Private 25 

(25.2) 
11 

(7.43) 
6 

(9.37) 
42 

Local Govt. 5 
(9) 

5 
(2.65) 

5 
(3.35) 

15 

Wheel Barrow 48 
(43.8) 

7 
(12.92) 

18 
(16.82) 

73 

Total 78 23 29 130 

 
 
 
 

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Table-16. Chi-square test for hypothesis 1. 

 
Cell No. 

Observed 
Frequencies(O) 

Expected 
Frequencies (E) 

(O-E) (O-E)2 (O-E)2 E 

1 25 25.2 -0.2 0.04 0.0016 
2 11 7.43 3.57 12.74 1.72 
3 6 9.37 -3.37 11.36 1.21 
4 5 9 -4 16 1.78 
5 5 2.65 2.35 5.52 2.08 
6 5 3.35 1.65 2.72 1.03 
7 48 43.8 4.2 17.64 0.04 
8 7 12.92 -5.92 35.05 2.71 
9 18 16.28 1.72 2.96 0.18 

TOTAL    X2 =  

 

11.112 
 

 
Table-17. hypothesis 2 (method of Solid waste management and indiscrimate disposal of soild waste). 

 Registered 
Private 

Local Govt. Wheel 
Barrow 

Self-
Disposal 

  

Unsighly Heaps of Refuse 
Close to  Residence 

 
No. 

 
% 

 
No. 

 
% 

 
No 

 
% 

 
No 

 
% 

 
Total 

 
%Total 

Yes 34 18.7 10 5.5 65 35.71 44 24.1 153 84.1 
No 8 4.4 5 2.75 8 4.4 8 4.4 29 15.9 
Total 42 23.1 15 8.2 73 40.1 52 28.6 182 100 

 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure-3. Govt. Waste Tipping Truck 1. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure-4. Govt. Waste Collector Truck 2. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Figure-5. Registered Waste Collector Truck. 
 

Figure-6. Informal Waste Collector Tricycle. 
 
 
 
 
 



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Figure-7. Informal Private Waste Collector. 
 

 
Figure-8. Informal Private Waste Collector, Okumagba Avenue 
Emebiren Street. 
 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Figure-9. Self-Disposal on a vacant plot, Plaza at Deco Road. 
 F 

Figure-10. Indiscriminate disposal on major Road. 
 

 

 
Figure-11. Refuse dump in a canal (serving Avenue-Okere axis). 
 

 
Figure-12. Refuse dump by street corner Iyesa Street Junction. 
 

 

Figure-13. Recyclable items collected. 
 

Figure-14. Scrap Buyer (Cart pusher). 
 

 
 
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