




































 
 
 

 

27 
 

Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences 
Vol. 5, No. 1, 27-33, 2018 

ISSN(E) 2313-8173 / ISSN(P) 2518-0134 
DOI: 10.20448/journal.506.2018.51.27.33 

    

 
 
 
Assessment of Public Perception and Awareness of the Effect of Poor Solid Waste 
Disposal on the Environment in Jalingo Metropolis 

 
Oruonye, E.D.1    

Tukura Ejati Danladi2     
Ahmed, Y.M.3 

 

 
( Corresponding Author) 

1,2,3Department of Geography, Taraba State University, P.M.B. 1167, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria   

 

 
Abstract 

The study assesses the level of public perception and awareness of the effects of poor solid waste 
disposal on the environment. Data was collected through direct observation and use of 
questionnaire. The questionnaires were used to obtain the residents perception and awareness of 
waste generation and disposal methods in the study area. Five political wards (Barade, Majidadi, 
Sintali A, Turaki A and Turaki B) were purposively selected. The data were analyzed using 
descriptive statistics. From the study, 39% of the respondents attributed the causes of poor waste 
disposal to indifferent attitude of the residents, 35% to lack of waste disposal facilities, 22% lack of 
waste services and 6% to institutional failure. The findings show that most of the wastes 
generated in the town come from residential households, market places, business shops, 
government and private offices and municipal areas. Most of the wastes are either disposed off the 
street or any nearby dumpsite (mostly unapproved and illegal). Most of the respondents claimed 
to be aware of what constitutes solid waste and effects of poor disposal. However, this claim 
negates attitude of indiscriminate solid waste disposal in the study area as revealed by the 
increasing number of open waste dumpsites and wastes that litters most streets of the town. 
There is need to properly managed the solid waste generated by daily activities of the people. This 
will help minimize the risk to human health and the environment. Based on the findings the study 
recommends increase enlightenment campaign through jingles in mass media, recruitment and 
empowerment of community health workers and sanitary officers and reactivation of the monthly 
environmental sanitation programme. 

 
Keywords: Assessment, Awareness, Jalingo, Perception and Solid wastes. 

 
Citation | Oruonye, E.D.; Tukura Ejati Danladi; Ahmed, Y.M. 
(2018). Assessment of Public Perception and Awareness of the Effect 
of Poor Solid Waste Disposal on the Environment in Jalingo 
Metropolis. Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 
5(1): 27-33. 
History:  
Received: 27 June 2018 
Revised: 2 August 2018 
Accepted: 6 September 2018 
Published: 29 October 2018 
Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 

Attribution 3.0 License  
Publisher: Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Contribution/Acknowledgement: All authors contributed to the conception 
and design of the study. 
Funding: This study received no specific financial support. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of 
interests. 
Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, 
accurate, and transparent account of the study was reported; that no vital 
features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the 
study as planned have been explained. 
Ethical: This study follows all ethical practices during writing.   

 

 

Contents 
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 
2. Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................................................................... 28 
3. Results of Findings .......................................................................................................................................................................... 29 
4. Discussion of Findings .................................................................................................................................................................... 32 
5. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 
6. Recommendations ............................................................................................................................................................................ 33 
References .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 33 
 

 
 

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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5071-2474
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Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2018, 5(1): 27-33 

28 
 

 

1. Introduction 
The increasing growth of urban centres in most developing countries of the world in recent time has resulted 

in increased consumption of resources to meet the growing demands of urban populations and industry. This 
situation result in generation of large amounts of solid waste in cities [1].  

All human activities generate one form of waste materials or the other which may not be of immediate use and 
hence constitutes waste that is ultimately released into the environment [2]. Thus, waste is an inevitable by-
product of our daily activities. In the past, when human population was relatively small, solid waste issues were not 
a serious problem.  

However, with urbanization and growth of large conurbations, the challenges posed by solid waste are 
becoming enormous. Solid wastes is made up of all the organic and inorganic waste materials that are usually non 
free flowing that is produced as a result of human and animal activities which have lost their value to the user and 
consequently discarded as useless or unwanted [3].  

Solid waste is one of the most visible, immediate and serious environmental problems facing most municipal 
authorities in developing countries [4]. Consequently, this growing solid waste disposal challenges in developing 
countries is gradually approaching crises level. This trend of indiscriminate waste disposal has gone unchecked for 
so many years that the situation appears to be intractable.  

In Nigeria, solid waste disposal problem is typified by overflowing dustbins, mountains of open refuse dumps at 
virtually every street and corners of the town; with their attendant problems (especially where burning occurs) and 
the existence of improperly operated landfills which are often rodent infested, with potentials for surface and 
ground water pollution [2].  

The volume of solid waste generated in any urban centre is often a reflection of the intensity of human 
activities such as population, urbanization, social development, resource exploitation and unchecked technological 
advances. All these activities generate one form of waste or the other. The implication of this is that we have more 
solid waste to cope with than ever before [5].  

Poor disposal of solid waste has adverse effect on the environment in general [6]. The issue of solid waste 
generation and its likely effects on the health, quality of environment and urban landscape have become burning 
national issues in Nigeria today.  

All stakeholders concerned with the safety of our environment have come to realize the negative consequences 
of mounting solid wastes found in residential neighborhoods, markets, schools, and central business districts in our 
urban centres. These solid wastes have become recurring features in our urban environment. There is no 
gainsaying that our urban centres today are full of problems associated uncleared solid wastes [7].  

There is increasing trend of indiscriminate dumping of solid waste in Jalingo town as in other major cities in 
Nigeria. This increasing trend is further made worst by the prevailing incidence of poverty, population explosion, 
decreasing standard of living, poor governance and low level of environmental awareness [8].  

The perception of one’s capability can be said to set a limit to what one can do and ultimately what could be 
achieved [9]. Owing to challenges of improper management and lack of public awareness, some major part of 
Jalingo town is heavily inundated with indiscriminate solid waste that constitutes health challenges to residents of 
the area.  

The environmental degradation and health impact of poor disposal of solid waste can be seen in the 
contamination of both surface and ground water through direct waste contacts, air pollution by burning of wastes, 
spreading of diseases by different vectors like birds, insects and rodents, or uncontrolled release of methane by 
anaerobic decomposition of waste [10]. The health implications of improper solid waste disposal are enormous and 
cannot be ignored.  

Solid wastes that are not properly managed can cause water pollution which may breed diseases like cholera, 
typhoid and others. Indiscriminate disposal of solid waste is a threat to human health. Inadequate disposal of solid 
waste is a major factor in the spread of gastrointestinal and parasitic diseases primarily caused by vectors.  

At the moment, there is need to increase the level of awareness of the effects of poor solid waste disposal 
among residents in the town especially as it relates to open dumping of solid wastes and water pollution. This 
study examines the level of awareness and perception of the effect of poor waste disposal among residents of the 
study area.  
 

2. Materials and Methods   
Data for the study were collected through direct observation and use of structured and semi-structured 

questionnaire and interview methods. The questionnaires were used to obtain the residents views and ideas about 
waste generation and disposal methods in the study area. The questionnaire contains 25 questions that focused on 
knowledge of what constitutes waste, effective methods of waste disposal, poor waste disposal methods, health 
impacts of poor waste disposals, environmental pollution from improper waste disposal and problems associated 
with open dump sites among others.  

Some waste dumpsites were visited in the selected wards. This affords the researcher the opportunity to see 
how wastes are disposed in the study area. Data were collected during the period from November to December 
2017. One hundred and two (102) people were selected through simple random sampling technique. Five political 
wards (Barade, Majidadi, Sintali A, Turaki A and Turaki B) were purposively selected from the ten political wards 
in the study area because of the high population density, presence of poorly planned residential houses and 
proliferation of open waste dumps in the area. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.  

           



Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2018, 5(1): 27-33 

29 
 

 

 
Figure -1. Map of Jalingo LGA showing Sampled wards 

                                  Source: Data analysis  
            

3. Results of Findings 
3.1. Demographic Characteristics of Respondents 

Results of Findings Demographic Characteristics of Respondents The demographic data shows that 52% of the 
respondents are male and 48% are female as shown in Table 1 below. The demographic data also shows that 43.1% 
are below the ages of 24 years, 22.6% are between 25–29 years, 15.7% between30-34years, 3.9% between 35-39 
years and 5.9% are between the ages of 40-44years and 8.8% are above 45years.  

Age composition is important in order to ensure that participants were old enough to understand wastes and 
environmental issues [11]. The result also shows that 58.8% of the respondents are married, 35.3% are single, 
3.3% are widowers,1% widow and 1% are separated. In terms of occupation, 35.3% were unemployed, 31.4% are 
civil servants14.7% are farmers, 4.9% artisans and 2.9% retired. According to Bogoro, et al. [6] the type of 
occupation does not only influence the type and amount of solid wastes generation, it also affects the waste disposal 
practices.  
 

Table-1. Demographic characteristics of respondents 

GENDER 

Gender Frequency Percentage (%) 

Male 53 52 
Female 49 48 
Total 102 100 
AGE 
Less than 24years  44 43.1 
25 – 29yrs 23 22.6 
30 – 34yrs 16 15.7 
35 – 39yrs 04 3.9 
40 - 44yrs 06 5.9 
45yrs and above  09 8.8 
Total 102 100 

MARITAL STATUS 
Married 60 58.8 
Single 36 35.3 
Widow 04 3.9 
Widower  01 1.0 
Separated  01 1.0 
Total 102 100 
Education  
No formal education  39 38.3 
Primary education  23 22.5 
Secondary education 24 23.5 

Tertiary education  16 15.7 

Total 102 100 

Occupation  
Farmer  15 14.7 
Artisan  05 4.9 
Retired  03 2.9 
Unemployed  36 35.3 
Civil servant  32 31.4 
Others  11 10.8 

Total 102 100 
                        Source: Fieldwork, 2017.  
 



Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2018, 5(1): 27-33 

30 
 

 

From Table 1, it can be seen that 37.3% of the respondents have not had formal education before, 32.3% of 
respondents are Primary School certificate holder, 15.7% of the respondents have attended Secondary School, while 
only 12.7% have been to tertiary educational institutions. One can infer from the result of the findings above that 
the educational status of most of the respondents is low. Therefore, most of them may not have much awareness of 
the effects of poor solid waste disposal to their health and the environment.  
 

3.2. Waste Generation and Disposal in the Study Area 
The findings of the study show that the type of waste generated in the study area according to 37.3% of the 

respondents is garbage, 32.3% rubbish, trash 15.7%, and effluent 12.7% (Table 2).   
 

Table-2. Type of Waste Generated in the Study area 

S/No Type of Waste Frequency  Percentage  

1 Garbage  38 37.3 

2 Rubbish  33 32.3 
3 Trash  16 15.7 

4 Effluent  13 12.7 
5 Total  102 100 

                           Source: Fieldwork, 2017. 
 

Most of the wastes are collected temporary for a short period of time before they are finally disposed off. The 
waste collection facilities according to respondent’s opinion are open waste bin (30.4%), close waste bin (50%), 
plastic bags (15.7%) and others 3.9% (Table 3). When the wastes are collected, they are transported to the dumping 
sites. 

Table-3. Types of Waste Collection Facilities 

S/No Types of Waste Storage Frequency  Percentage  

1 Open waste bin 31 30.4 
2 Close waste bin  51 50.0 

3 Close plastic bags  16 15.7 
4 Others  04 3.9 

5 Total  102 100 

                                        Source: Fieldwork, 2017. 
 

Findings from the study shows that most of the waste (37.3%) were transported by trucks while 48% of the 
respondents claimed that the waste are transported to dumpsites manually on the head, and 11.8% claimed that 
waste are transported through waste van and 2.9% claimed other means (Table 4).  
 

Table-4. Mode of Transportation of Waste 

S/No Mode of Transportation  Waste  Frequency  Percentage  

1 Manually on head 38 37.3 

2 Use of trucks  49 48.0 
3 Use of waste van 12 11.8 

4 Others  03 2.9 
5 Total  102 100 

                                 Source: Fieldwork, 2017.  
 

The solid wastes generated in Jalingo metropolis can either come from residential premises (households), 
industries, markets, shops, offices (Government and private), and municipal areas. Wastes collected from the 
residential premises are either sent to the community collection centers (temporary dumpsites) or taken directly to 
the main disposal site (located in the area). Households often accumulate wastes outside their houses in plastic bags 
(cement bags, fertilizer bags and small plastic bags).  

The methods of waste disposal in the study area according to the respondent’s opinion include open waste bin 
54%, open dumpsites 33.3%, burying in landfills 8.8% and others 3.9% as shown in Table 5. 
 

Table-5. Method of Waste Disposal 

S/No Method of Waste Disposal Frequency  Percentage  

1 Use of waste bin  55 54.0 
2 Open dumpsites 34 33.3 

3 Burying in landfills  9 8.8 
4 Others  4 3.9 

5 Total  102 100 

                                 Source: Fieldwork, 2017. 
 

3.3. Causes of Improper Waste Disposal  
When the respondents were asked the causes of poor waste disposal in the study area, 39% of the respondents 

attributed it to indifferent attitude of the residents in the study area, 35% of the respondents claimed it is the lack of 
waste disposal facilities, 22% lack of waste services and 6% to institutional failure (Table 6). 
   

Table-6. Causes of Poor Waste Disposal 

S/No Causes of Poor Waste Disposal    Frequency  Percentage  

1 Lack of waste service  22 21.6 
2 Indifferent attitude of residents 39 38.2 
3 Lack of waste disposal facilities  35 34.3 
4 Institutional failure  06 5.9 
5 Total  102 100 

                                 Source: Fieldwork, 2017. 
 



Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2018, 5(1): 27-33 

31 
 

 

Findings from the study shows that most of the waste generated in the town come from residential households, 
market places, business shops, government and private offices and municipal areas. Most of the waste generated are 
either disposed off the street or any nearby dumpsite (mostly unapproved and illegal).  

Abul [12] identified 6 approved dumpsites and 92 unapproved dumpsites in the study area. Findings from field 
observation show the presence of few movable waste disposal containers located in some few wards and streets in 
the study area.  
 

3.4. Awareness and Perception of Effects of Poor Waste Disposal 
When the respondents were asked if they know what constitute poor waste disposal, 24.5% claimed that it is 

pouring of effluent on the street, 22.5% claimed that it is dropping rubbish randomly, 44.2% claimed that it is 
dumping refuse in open dumps, while 8.8% claimed that it is burning of waste materials in open space (Table 7).  
 

Table-7. Description of Poor Waste Disposal 

S/No Description of Poor Waste Disposal Frequency  Percentage  

1 Pouring of effluent on the street  35 24.5 
2 Dropping of rubbish randomly  23 22.5 
3 Dumping of refuse in open dumps 45 44.2 
4 Burning of waste materials 11 8.8 
5 Total  102 100 

                               Source: Fieldwork, 2017. 

 
It has been observed that indiscriminate dumping of solid waste has become a common practice in most urban 

centres in Nigeria. The increasing rate of this practice is attributed to increasing urbanization, rapid population 
growth, deterioration in standard of living, poor governance and low level of public awareness of the effect of 
indiscriminate waste disposal among others. Findings from the study shows that 92% of the respondents claimed 
that they are aware of the effects of poor waste disposal while 8% claimed that they are not aware of the effects of 
poor waste disposal. On the description of waste disposal method in the study area by the respondents, 45.1% 
claimed that their present practice is safe, 12.7% claimed it is environmentally friendly, 36.3% insist it is 
environmentally harmful and 5.9% claimed that they don’t know (Table 8). 
 

Table-8. Description of Efficiency of Waste Disposal Methods in the study area 

S/No Description of Efficiency of Waste Disposal    Frequency  Percentage  

1 Very safe  46 45.1 
2 Environmentally friendly  13 12.7 
3 Environmentally harmful  37 36.3 
4 Don’t know  06 5.9 
5 Total  102 100 

                           Source: Fieldwork, 2017. 
 

On the effects of poor waste disposal, 44.1% of the respondents claimed that it is associated with offensive 
odour, 18.6% claimed that it is a breeding ground for insect parasites, 8.8% believed that it affects the aesthetic 
quality of the environment, 5.9% claimed it blocked drainages and 17.7% claimed that it caused health problems 
(Table 9). 
 

Table-9. Effects of Poor Waste Disposal 

S/No Effects of poor Waste Disposal    Frequency  Percentage  

1 Offensive odour 45 44.1 
2 Breeding ground for parasites  19 18.6 
3 Eyesore  09 8.8 
4 Aesthetic problem  05 4.9 
5 Blockage of drains 06 5.9 

6 Health problems  18 17.7 
7 Total  102 100 

                                Source: Fieldwork, 2017. 
 

Ebikapade, et al. [11] findings show that the more the public are informed on waste management matters, the 
better their perception and attitude towards environmental issues. The finding which was consistent with the 
findings of Rahardyan, et al. [13] shows that publicity increases awareness, and with increased awareness; 
residents are better disposed to participating in waste management in their community.  
 

3.5. Waste Management in the Study Area 
The study sought to find out if there is any waste management policy in existence. 49% of the respondents 

claimed that there is waste management policy in place while 51% of the respondents claimed there was none in 
existence. On the existence of community participation in waste management, 68% of the respondents claimed that 
there is while 32% claimed that there is none. When asked to suggest efficient method of waste management in the 
study area, 57% suggest waste recycling, 24% claimed that it is burying in public landfills, 19% suggest 
incinerators and 2% suggest other methods (Table 10). 
 
 
 
 
 
 



Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2018, 5(1): 27-33 

32 
 

 

Table-10. Efficient Methods of Waste Management 

S/No Efficient Methods of Waste Management    Frequency  Percentage  

1 Recycling of waste  57  
2 Incineration  19  

3 Burying in public landfill 24  
4 Others  02  
5 Total  102  

                            Source: Fieldwork, 2017. 

 
66% of the respondents claimed that they adopt waste minimization strategy and 36% claimed that they don’t. 

Also, 52% of the respondents claimed that the segregate the waste materials before disposal while 48% claimed that 
they don’t segregate the waste before disposal.  
 

4. Discussion of Findings 
The increase in waste generation in most urban centres in Nigeria in recent times has risen astronomically as a 

result of urbanization and industrialization. Effective waste management has become an intractable problem 
beyond the capacity of most municipal authority in most developing countries. Effective solid waste disposal has 
become one of the challenges of urban centres in contemporary times that have defied all solutions by both state 
and Federal government and non-governmental organizations.  

The increasing population in urban areas has outstripped the weak and inadequate infrastructure for waste 
management, resulting in refuse heaps that is left only to burning method and exposures to open landfills Adejobi 
and Olorunnimbe [5]. Abd’razack, et al. [14] observed that many parts of Jalingo town especially the central 
business districts do not benefit from any organized waste management services.  

Solid wastes are usually unattended to, and in some cases either buried or burnt without taking into 
consideration the effects on the environment. Due to poor management and lack of public awareness, many parts of 
Jalingo metropolis is littered with solid waste which constitutes health hazards to the general public.  

Other causes of poor solid waste disposal in the study area include lack of good and enough infrastructures, 
non-implementation of existing environmental sanitation laws and regulations, irregular and unplanned dumping 
of solid wastes, population growth due to rural-urban migration, insufficient capital to manage solid waste and lack 
of new technology in effective solid waste disposal [7].  

Moreover, lack of awareness and active involvement of the households as key stakeholders in service provision 
and unwillingness to pay for solid waste collection and disposal in the study area contributes to poor solid wastes 
disposal in the area. The most common solid waste disposal method in the study area is open dumpsites. However, 
open dumpsites are good sources of environmental pollution (polluting soil, ground and surface water) due to the 
fact that they usually contain almost all types of pollutants from the initial collection sources [15, 16].  

Open dumping of food wastes results in various environmental and health hazards. The decomposition of 
organic materials produces methane, which can cause fire and explosions and contributes to global warming [5]. 
This health hazards can include contamination of surface and ground water through direct waste contacts or 
leachate, air pollution by burning of wastes, spreading of diseases by different vectors like birds, insects and 
rodents, or uncontrolled release of methane by anaerobic decomposition of waste.  

Thus, inadequate collection and improper waste disposal facilitates multiplication of pathogens causing diseases 
like cholera and diarrhea and provides favourable breeding ground for disease vectors like mosquitoes (malaria), 
flies (diarrhea) and rodents [12, 17]. Proper solid waste disposal is a big problem in most urban centres especially 
in developing countries and Sub Saharan Africa in particular.  

The intensity of solid waste management problem increases with increased population resulting from increased 
human activities and the volume of solid wastes to be disposed. Industries and urban municipal areas generate large 
amount of solid wastes that are often dumped in open field. The safe alternative to open dumpsites which is 
sanitary landfill, is a site where wastes are disposed at a carefully selected location constructed and maintained by 
means of engineering techniques that minimize pollution of air, water and soil, as well as other risks to humans and 
animals.  

Loans or grants to construct sanitary landfills do not necessarily result in sanitary landfill disposal [5]. Unlike 
other larger urban centres in Nigeria where government agencies and officials move from house to house to collect 
solid waste from households, there is no such arrangement in Jalingo town. There are no private firms that are 
engaged in waste collections.  

This may be attributed to the low level of willingness to pay for such services as a result of the low value 
placed on solid waste disposal in the study area. This is further made worst by the lack of sanitary health workers 
that in the past, move from house to house, shops and business areas to enforced sanitary regulations in the town.  

The monthly compulsory sanitation usually observed by residents in the town in the early hours (0700 to 
1000hrs) of last Saturday of the month is no longer operational. Casual workers that were employed to cleanup 
major streets and institutional areas in the town have quit the job because of many years of unpaid wages.  
 

5. Conclusion 
This study has examined the level of public perception and awareness of the effects of poor solid wastes 

disposal in Jalingo Metropolis. Although Jalingo is not an industrial town, increase in population over the years has 
led to increasing rate of urbanization with the attendant problem of indiscriminate solid waste disposal. From the 
study, 39% of the respondents attributed the causes of poor waste disposal to indifferent attitude of the residents, 
35% to lack of waste disposal facilities, 22% lack of waste services and 6% to institutional failure. The findings show 
that most of the wastes generated in the town come from residential households, market places, business shops, 
government and private offices and municipal areas. Most of the wastes are either disposed of the street or any 
nearby dumpsite (mostly unapproved and illegal). Most of the respondents claimed to be aware of what constitutes 
solid waste and effects of poor disposal. However, this claim negates attitude of indiscriminate solid waste disposal 



Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2018, 5(1): 27-33 

33 
 

 

in the study area as revealed by the increasing number of open waste dumpsites and wastes that litters most streets 
of the town. Solid waste generated by the daily activities of the people needs to be properly managed in such a way 
that it minimizes the risk to the environment and human health.  
 

6. Recommendations  
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are suggested;  

i. Increase enlightenment campaign through jingles in mass media.  

ii. Recruitment and empowerment of community health workers and sanitary officers. 

iii. Reactivation of the monthly environmental sanitation programme 
 

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