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Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences 
Vol. 8, No. 1, 30-37, 2021 

ISSN(E) 2313-8173 / ISSN(P) 2518-0134 
DOI: 10.20448/journal.506.2021.81.30.37 

© 2021 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

  
 

 
 
 
Assessment of Photosynthetic Pigments and Dust Load in Selected Avenue Plants 
of Saharanpur and Herbertpur Areas of India 

 
Abid Qadir1   

Arshad Bhat2   

Iqra Qureshi3   

  
 ( Corresponding Author) 

 
1Research Scholar, Department of Environmental Studies, The Glocal University, India. 
Email: abidqadir12@gmail.com Tel: +91-7006259141 
2Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Rajiv Gandhi Chair in Contemporary Studies on Livelihood and Food Security, 
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir. 
Email: bhatarshad09@gmail.com Tel: +91-9797268144 
3Young Professional, Department of Food Technology, Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Rangreth 
Srinagar. 
Email: iqraqureshi840@gmail.com Tel: +91-7006276101 

 

 
Abstract 

The paper depicts impact of SO2, NO2, ozone and CO in chosen road plants of Saharanpur and 
Herbertpur regions in Indian dominion. Plant species falling in and around the area of modern 
territory and street side were chosen for examining purpose. Different morphological attributes 
and impact of business and vehicular residue on chlorophyll shade were contemplated and noticed 
the impact of residue molecule on development of the plant species (Ficus religiosa, Mangifera 
indica). In the examination the impacts of residue on chosen tree species was noticed and which 
will help in overseeing advancement of green belt to lessen the air contamination in the 
investigation area. Treatment with dust fundamentally expanded the fixation on leaves and the 
impacts were more extreme in significant degree of residue medicines. Contrasted with control, 
chlorophyll and porphyrin in substance were essentially diminished in the residue treated 
gatherings. This investigation propounds that business and vehicular residue statements affect 
photosynthetic shades, with broad impacts on development and improvement of plant. 

 
Keywords: Assessment, Chlorophyll, Photosynthesis, Pollution, Pigmentation, Dust load, Impact. 

 
Citation | Abid Qadir; Arshad Bhat; Iqra Qureshi (2021). 
Assessment of Photosynthetic Pigments and Dust Load in Selected 
Avenue Plants of Saharanpur and Herbertpur Areas of India Asian 
Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 8(1): 30-37. 
History:  
Received: 21 June 2021 
Revised: 23 July 2021 
Accepted: 18 August 2021 
Published: 14 September 2021 
Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 

Attribution 3.0 License  
Publisher:  Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Acknowledgement: All authors contributed to the conception and design of 
the study. 
Funding: This study received no specific financial support. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of 
interests. 
Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, 
accurate, and transparent account of the study was reported; that no vital 
features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the 
study as planned have been explained. 
Ethical: This study follows all ethical practices during writing.   

 

 

Contents 
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 
2. Methodology ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 
3. Results and Discussion ................................................................................................................................................................... 33 
4. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 37 
References .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 37 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 

mailto:abidqadir12@gmail.com
mailto:bhatarshad09@gmail.com
mailto:iqraqureshi840@gmail.com
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
https://www.doi.org/10.20448/journal.506.2021.81.30.37
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3423-7554
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9689-2351
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4314-2132


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Contribution of this paper to the literature 
This study contributes to existing literature by assessing and estimating dirt load on leaf floor 
of flowers of Ficus religiosa, Mangifera indica through dirt taking pictures potential of road 
plants of Saharanpur metropolis and Herbertpur and also assess effect of pollutants on 
photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids). The paper will of 
immense help for the policy makers and planners to reduce the emission of dust particulates 
from the industries and the vehicular transport around the study area, and will further opens a 
gateway for the researchers to study impact of dust on the aquatic and terrestrial animals. 

 
1. Introduction 

Metropolitan air contamination has become a genuine natural issue for trees and other living habitats 
(Chauhan & Joshi, 2008). The vast majority of Indian urban areas are influencing with the presence of high 
centralizations of poisonous vaporous and particulate toxins because of industrialization, gravely kept up helpless 
streets, helpless support of vehicles, employments of powers with poor natural execution and absence of 
mindfulness (Joshi & Chauhan, 2008). Encompassing air contamination in a few huge urban communities of India is 
among the most noteworthy on the planet (Agrawal, 2005). As per a gauge, dust contaminations involve around 
40% of absolute air contamination issue in India (Chauhan, 2008). In city locales assorted kinds of contamination 
alongside SOX, NOX, ozone (O3), carbon monoxide and dangerous characteristic mixtures are dispatched on 
account of those anthropogenic exercises, which can be delivering a ruinous effect on vegetation. Contamination is 
a significant problem influencing the world. It is accessible in masses of structures which incorporate air, land, and 
water contaminations and structures a few reasserts which incorporate industry, business, and transportation here 
and there you may see it, anyway various sorts are imperceptible to the uncovered eye. The particulates and 
vaporous contaminations, alone and in blend, can make genuine mishap the general physiology of plants (Anda, 

1986; Ashenden & Williams, 1980; Mejstřík, 1980; Seinfeld, 1975). It has been accounted that vaporous structures 
are consumed by the leaves, while the particulate structures are assimilated through the external surface of the 
plants. Influenced plants shows some regular impacts like chlorophyll, corruption, restraint in photosynthesis and 
diminishing plant development (Davison & Blakemore, 1976). Plant reaction to air contamination can be utilized to 
evaluate the nature of air that may give early admonition signs of air contamination patterns (Wagh, Shukla, 
Tambe, & Ingle, 2006). Plants tremendous give a huge leaf region to impingement, ingestion and amassing of air 
poisons to diminish the contamination level noticeable all around climate (Escobedo et al., 2008), with a different 
degree for various species (Hove, Bossen, De Bok, & Hooijmaijers, 1999). Unfavorable impacts of air toxins on 
plants with decrease in photosynthetic shades and yield have been appeared by changed laborers in various 
harvests (Davison & Blakemore, 1976; Farmer, 1993; Lerman, 1972; Meyerowitz et al., 1987; Rajput & Agrawal, 
2005; Saquib & Khan, 1999) air contaminations has been characterized as an additional tension on vegetation given 
that they every now and again answer to air disease with inside the equivalent way as they answer to dry spell and 
distinctive environmental factors Air toxins has outrageous results at the human wellbeing. Contingent upon the 
degree of exposure and the type of toxin exhaled in, those results can shift, beginning from simple signs like 
hacking and the contamination of the breathing parcel to intense circumstances like bronchial hypersensitivities 
and chronic lung illness. It in this back drop the present study was carried out to study the negative effects of dust 
deposition on photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids) and on leaf surface.  
 

2. Methodology 
For the analysis purpose, Saharanpur and Herbertpur were taken as unit of analysis Figure 1 & 2. 

 

 

 

Figure-1 & Figure-2. Map of Herbertpur & Saharanpur (site 1& 2). 
 
2.1. Site Selection  

On the idea of excessive site visitor’s zone, excessive dust generating supply and plant variety following sites 
had been decided on: 

• Site-1 Herbertpur (Dehradun). 

• Site-2 Saharanpur city (Uttar Pradesh). 
 Site 1:- 



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• Herbertpur is a city and a nagar panchayat in Dehradun district with inside the Indian country of 
Uttarakhand. It is positioned at the financial institution of river Asan and the call of the vicinity is at the call of 
Sir Herbert the antique call of Herbertpur is chuodpur. It is positioned at 30.450N It has a median elevation of 
427 meters (1,401 feet). NHW passes thru Vikasnagar. It ends in Yamunotri. There is large site visitors rush 
on this region because of Chandigarh Dehradun toll road heaps of cars are strolling on this region everywhere 
in the day. 

 Site 2:- 

• Saharanpur city (district) is the north maximum a part of Uttar Pradesh, India and is near the foothills of 
Shivalik range. It lies in the northern a part of Doab region. It is an agricultural predominant region. 
Saharanpur is located at 29.970N 77.550E, approximately a hundred thirty km south-southeast from 
Chandigarh and a hundred and seventy km north-northeast from Delhi. It has a median elevation of 284 
meters. It is fantastically polluted and densely populated because of the human beings dwelling there. There 
are considerable numbers of factories which might be the reason of highest pollutants there. The motion of site 
visitors is so excessive, this is the reason for highest polluted surroundings there.  

 
2.2. Identification of Important Dust Arresting Plant Indicator Species 

The identity of the plant species Table 1 changed into undertaken at respective sites that have very excessive 
herbal ability of particulates and dust debris from ambient air close to creation regions and at excessive site 
visitor’s junctions with vehicle motion due to their morphological and anatomical. The identity of plant life 
changed into undertaken with the help of literature, monographs and taxonomical books.  
 

Table-1. Plant species decided on for study. 

S.No. Botanical Name Common Name Family 

1 Mangifera indica Mango Anacardiaceae 

2 Saraca indica Peepal Moraceae 

 
2.3. Dust Load 

Dust is produced with the aid of using subdivision of strong cloth through mechanical movements or in nature. 
Anthropogenic emission is generated in the course of grinding or milling of materials, in the course of switch of 
finely divided cloth in addition from agriculture, forestry and production activities. The massive the particle 
diameter, they generally tend to settle faster. Particle massive than 50 µm settle rapidly. Due to non-stop publicity 
of flora to dust debris, which gets deposited at the leaf floor and that is termed as ‘dust load’. 
Dust load is calculated with the aid of using following components: 
   Dust load on leaf (in mg) 
Dust load (in mg/cm2)    =  
                                  Surface area of leaf cm2 
 
2.4. Plant’s Leaf Analysis  

The leaf samples from the chosen plant species of both sites were accumulated, washed well and weighed. 
Morphological and biochemical traits of selected plant species were carried out by following popular procedures. 
 
2.4.1. Morphological Analysis 

Morphological characters like forms of leaves, association of leaves, floor and texture of leaves, form and length 
of leaves were observed. 
 
2.4.2. Biochemical Analysis 
2.4.3. Chlorophyll Content 

Reagent: 80% aetone (v/v) chilled: Chlorophyll estimation was carried out with the aid of using Arnon approach. 
For this 0.1 gm. leaf pattern was beaten in 5ml of 80% acetone (chilled) after which centrifuged at 10,000rpm for 10 
minutes. Pallets was discarded and supernatant was taken out. Absorbances were taken at 480nm, 510nm, 645 and 
663nm. Acetone was used as blank. 

Various concentrations in mg g-1fr, wt. was calculated with the aid of the subsequent formulae given by 
Maclachlan and Zalik (1963) for chlorophyll:  

Chlorophyll a (mg g-1 f. w)    =       
12.7 (𝐴663)− 2.63(𝐴645)×𝑣 

𝐷×(1000)×𝑊
 

Chlorophyll b (mg g-1 f. w)  =
22.9 (𝐴645)− 4.68 (𝐴663)×𝑣

𝐷 ×(1000)×𝑊
   

Total Chlorophyll (mg g-1 f.w)   =   Chlorophyll a + Chlorophyll b 
 The Carotenoid content material was predicted by usage of the formulae of Duxbm'y and Yentsch (1956) 

Carotenoid (mg g-1f.w)     =          
7.6 (𝐴480)− 1.49 (𝐴510)×𝑣

𝐷 ×(1000)×𝑊
 

Where, A = absorbance 
V = quantity of the pattern (ml)  
D = distance traveled with the aid of using the mild path (=1cm) 
W = weight of the leaf (g) 
 
2.4.4. Leaf Dust Accumulation 

Newly matured leaves of the chosen tree species were taken for recording their dust load. The higher surfaces 
of the leaves were wiped with exceptional brushes which were later tagged for identification. The leaves were 
stored for twenty-four hours for dust accumulation. After 24 hours leaf dust turn was collected within the pre 
weighed butter paper baggage with the help of high-quality brush. After taking the statistics for dust accumulation, 
the leaves were lessen from petiole, saved in ice field and brought to the laboratory for further analysis. The 



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amount of dust collected on leaves was weighed on top pan virtual balance and calculated with the help of following 
equation: 

W = 
𝑾𝟐−𝑾𝟏

𝑨
 

Where; 
W = dust content material (gm-2) 
 W1 = initial weight of butter paper bag  
W2 = final weight of butter paper bag with dust 
 A = widespread location 
 

3. Results and Discussion 
3.1. Determination of Dust Load in Selected Plants  

The dust trapping ability of plant life were taken as a parameter for enhancing and tracking air quality. By 
calculating dust load on plant life were categorized into unique classes like excessive dust ability, mild dust 
shooting ability and occasional dust shooting ability. This categorization of plant life in keeping with their 
performance of shooting dust is beneficial in choice of road plant life in selected site covers of Saharanpur. It 
changed into a business in addition to excessive site visitor’s vicinity. The variety of heavy cars in step with day is 
greater compared to different regions because of Chandigarh, Dehradun highway. Pollution density was highest 
their because of heavy site visitors. These are the most important reason of pollutants on this vicinity. 

 Selected site (S1) covers Herbertpur. This is a place that's much less polluted than Saharanpur. Because there 
is much less motion of site visitors there and additionally there is much less variety of creation locations there. The 
plant whose layout shown in Table 2 is usual place at each decided on sites. Among those plant life species the most 
dust load changed into recorded with the aid of using Ficusreligiosa tree than Mangiferaindica tree at each sites. The 
results revealed that Saharanpur site changed into greater polluted than Herbertpur site, because of heavy site 
visitor’s motion and establishment of industries in the area. The results further revealed that the Ficusreligiosa tree 
captures greater dust than Mangiferaindica tree Figure 3 & 4. 

 
Table-2. Dust Load (mg/cm2) of Selected Plant Species at both Sites. 

 Sites 

Herbertpur  (S1) Saharanpur (S2) 

R1 R2 R3 R4 R1 R2 R3 R4 

0.015 0.275 0.055 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.06 0.00 0 
0.025 0.25 0.11 0.02 0.055 0.375 0.035 0.05 0.05 

 

 

 



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Figure-3. Dust deposition on Peepal plants at two different sites. 

 

  

 
 

Figure-4. Dust deposition on Mango plants at two different sites. 

 
Peepal tree >Mango tree: A superb correlation has been observed among the dust trapping and micro 

roughness of the full leaf vicinity. Roughness of top floor may be described because of presence of ridges and 



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furrows fashioned with the aid of using epidermal mobileular lining, vein projections, stomata included with wax 
rings, cuticular arches, hairs or scales and sunken position. 

Mangiferaindica (Mango tree) is called flowering plant in sumac and poison ivy own circle of relatives 
Anacardiaceae. It is a big fruit tree, able to developing a top and crown width of approximately 30 meters and trunk 
circumference of greater than 3.7 meters. It is likewise a terrible species for dust trapping. The leaf of Mango tree 
is lengthy and narrow. Thus this parameter fails to make it an awesome species for dust loading. Hence it must be 
planted in such vicinity in which dust pollutants are much less like in parks and gardens. 

Ficusreligiosa (Peepal tree) recognized for non-secular purpose. They are lengthy and huge trees. It is a great 
specie for dust trapping. The leaves of Peepal tree are very huge Figure 5. Therefore, with these characteristics, 
such species are ideal for trapping of dust. Hence it must be planted close to the roads and on locations in which 
pollutants stage is excessive.  
 

  
Figure-5. Dust deposition on common selected plants at two different sites. 

 
3.2. Leaf Surface Morphology 

3.2.1. Structure of Leaf  
i. Structure of leaf lamina: unique kinds of leaves tend to have qualification in various components in their 

surfaces. A few kinds of leaves have additional floor pressure or harshness than various leaves, which can likewise 
affect tenacity or molecule solvency. The various diverse morphological capacities are components obligated for 
dust shooting wonders through methods for leaves Table 3.  
 

Table-3. Morphological characters of leaves of selected plant species. 

Plants Leaf Habit Leaf Surface Lamina Shape + Margin Lamina 
Apex 

Venation Phyllotaxy 

M.indica Tropical Broad, Rounded. Flat, lateral, Entire, 
undulate, 
smooth 

Acute Reticulate Alternate 

f.religiosa Deciduous Glabrous, 
Glaucou, Fleshy 

Oval or Elliptical, Entire Blunt Reticulate Opposite 

 
Leaves may be of various shapes, sizes and might have specific sorts of surfaces and textures. Larger the 

vicinity extra dust could be attenuated at the floor. Venation may be defined because the association of veins in a 
leaf. Phyllotaxy is the association of the leaf at the stem. There are a number of essential traits which can supply a 
clue which plant species may be used for development of air-exceptional of surroundings and environment. 

ii. Length and breadth of leaf and petiole: size, shape, texture and floor of leaves play a completely essential 
function in dust shooting mechanism. Larger the leaf vicinity more could be its performance to seize dust. The 
above desk indicates that Mangiferaindica and Ficusreligiosa are having pretty big in comparison to other plants. 
Due to big floor vicinity of those plants, they are taken into consideration as best road plants. Due to big floor 
vicinity of leaves of those plants, they are taken into consideration to be beneficial in enhancing air-exceptional like 
Bargad tree Table 4. Hairs gift at the leaf floor allows dust debris to paste on it, consequently on this manner leaf 
adsorbs dust and contributes in discount of dust pollution.  
 

Table-4. Length and Breadth of selected plants and leaves. 

Plant selected Length of leaf (in cm) Length of petiole (in cm) Breadth of leaf (in cm) 

Mangifera indica 24 1 4.2 

Ficus religiosa 18.2 1 10.6 

 



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3.2.2. Biochemical Analysis 
i. Chlorophyll content: Chlorophyll is a pigment observed inside the cells of leaves that is shaped simplest in 

the presence of mild and is the substance that shades plant life green, chlorophyll is contained in chloroplasts and 
has the belongings of taking pictures mild power. Chlorophyll molecules are mainly organized in and round picture 
graph structures which are embedded with inside the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. In those complexes 
serves number one functions. The characteristic of the sizable majority of chlorophyll (as much as numerous 
hundred molecules according to photosystem) is to take in mild and switch that mild power through resonance 
power switch to a selected chlorophyll pair inside the response middle of the photosystem. The presently universal 
photosystem gadgets are Photosystem I and Photosystem II, that have their personal wonderful response middle 
chlorophylls, named P680 and these pigments are named after the wavelength (in nanometers) of their red-top 
absorption most. These pigments are referred to as accent pigments or chlorophyll ‘a’ and chlorophyll ‘b’. The 
identity, characteristic and spectral residences of the varieties of chlorophyll in every photosystem are wonderful 
and decided through every different and the protein shape surrounding them. 

Carotenoids are tetraterpenoid natural pigments which are obviously taking place inside the chloroplasts and 
chromoplasts of plant life. There are over six hundred acknowledged carotenoids, they were break up into classes, 
xanthophylls (which include oxygen) and carotenes which might be only hydrocarbons, and include no Carotenoids 
in widespread take in blue mild. They serve key roles in plant life, they take in mild power to be used in 
photosynthesis, and that they defend chlorophyll from picture graph damage. The photosynthetic pigment content 
materials on plant life at sites are estimated in Table 5.  
 

Table-5. Chlorophyll a (mg g-1f.w) content in sampled leaves. 

 
Plant species 

SITES 

Site 1 Site2 

R1 R2 R3 R4 R1 R2 R3 R4 

Mangifera indica 0.018 0.055 0.038 0.048 0.066 0.080 0.045 0.040 

Ficus religiosa 0.058 0.093 0.075 0.045 0.062 0.076 0.040 0.078 

 
The chlorophyll content material of site1 is observed to be greater than site 2 which became uncovered to dust. 

The reducing order of chlorophyll and carotenoid content material on sites are offered below: 
Site 1 < Site2 

It may be due to the motive that site 2 is more populated as it is a business place and there site visitors may be 
very excessive compared to site1, that is why the plant life on this place has greater chlorophyll content material 
compared to site 2. At site 2, the most general chlorophyll content material became recorded in Ficusreligiosa 
accompanied through Mangiferaindica. It suggests that Ficus religiosa (Peepal) are pollutants tolerant species. Same 
sample of end result has been recorded at different site Table 6. 
 

Table-6. Chlorophyll b (mg g-1f.w) content in sampled leaves 

Plant species 

SITES 

Site 1 Site 2 

R1 R2 R3 R4 R1 R2 R3 R4 

Mangifera indica 0.031 0.038 0.052 0.083 0.116 0.069 0.067 0.054 

Ficus religiosa 0.098 0.047 0.139 0.104 0.105 0.055 0.057 0.141 

 
It has been recorded that dust deposition influences photosynthetic pigments adversely. Researchers have 

recorded discount in chlorophyll content material beneath air pollutants; the shading consequences, because of 
deposition of suspended particulate count at the leaf floor is probably accountable for this lower with inside the 
awareness of chlorophyll in polluted place. They additionally pronounced discount carotenoid in plant life beneath 
air pollutants. Chloroplast pigments have been proven to be very touchy to diverse environmental influences. 
Changes in chlorophyll and carotenoid content material have been investigated through numerous researchers. 
This is possible due to deceleration of the biosynthetic techniques as opposed to chlorophyll ‘a’. In the present 
analysis it is observed that chlorophyll ‘a’ content material of leaves became better than chlorophyll ‘b’ at selected 
sites. Reduced chlorophyll ‘b’ content material compared to chlorophyll ‘a’ confirmed that chlorophyll ‘b’ is greater 
touchy than chlorophyll ‘a’. The Table 7 shows total chlorophyll content in both the sites. Carotenoid content 
material is reporting better at site 1 compared to site 2. In site 1 it is far most in Ficusreligiosa accompanied through 
Mangiferaindica and identical sample of end result has been recorded at site 2 Table 8. 
 

Table-7. Total Chlorophyll (mg g-1f.w) content in sampled leaves. 

 
 

Plant species 

SITES 

Site 1 Site 2 

R1 R2 R3 R4 R1 R2 R3 R4 

Mangifera indica 0.049 0.093 0.090 0.131 0.182 0.149 0.112 0.094 

Ficus religiosa 0.156 0.14 0.214 0.149 0.167 0.131 0.097 0.219 

 
Table-8. Carotenoid (mg g-1f.w) content in sampled leaves. 

 
 

Plant species 

SITES 

Site 1 Site 2 

R1 R2 R3 R4 R1 R2 R3 R4 

Mangifera indica 0.030 0.046 0.009 0.057 0.050 0.067 0.057 0.062 

Ficus religiosa 0.069 0.059 0.034 0.062 0.014 0.017 0.061 0.024 

 

 



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4. Conclusion  
An extensive misfortune in all out chlorophyll in the leaves of plants presented to contamination upholds the 

contention that the chloroplast is the essential site of assault via air contaminations like SO2, NO2, ozone and CO. 
This examination shows that openness to particulate statement modify the plant development without changing 
any actual changes to the plant. Reaction of plants towards air is being surveyed via air contamination resilience 
record. Some plant species and assortments are delicate to such an extent that they can be advantageously utilized 
as natural pointers or on the other hand screens of explicit toxins. Other than concentrate on sway of mechanical 
residue particles on chlorophyll color of leaves, further exploration is going on different boundaries to know the 
Air Pollution Tolerant lists of the plants here which can additionally help organizer in dealing with the 
metropolitan urban areas by creating green belt advancement to decrease the air contamination. Taking everything 
into account, the particulate contamination at various chosen regions was essentially because of development work, 
mechanical work and vehicles. Biochemical boundaries like chlorophyll 'a' chlorophyll 'b' & carotenoids in chosen 
plants were determined, these boundaries are considered as contamination markers. Assessment of these 
boundaries assumes a significant part in demonstrating the degree of residue contamination.  
 

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