




































 
 

 

8 
 

Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences 
Vol. 5, No. 1, 8-14, 2018 

ISSN(E) 2313-8173/ ISSN(P) 2518-0134 
DOI: 10.20448/journal.506.2018.51.8.14 

 

 
 
 

Organic Geochemistry and Source Rock Potential of Naokelekan Formation in 
Selected Wells, North Iraq 

 
 Jan I. Ismael1 

 

 
( Corresponding Author) 

 
1Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey 

 

 
Abstract 

In this study, organic geochemical characteristics and potential of Upper Oxfordian–Lower 
Kimmeridgian aged bituminous shale beds in Naokelekan formation (North Iraq) were 
investigated by using TOC and pyrolysis analyses. The Total Organic Carbon (TOC) contents for 
the studied samples varying between from 0.46-21.33%, average 7.06% and Taq Taq-1 well as 
good hydrocarbon potential (0.85-1.66 %, with average of 1.06%), whereas Jk-1 well can be rated 
as an very good hydrocarbon potential from 1.04-4.16 %, with average of 2.15 %. The low 
Hydrogen Index (HI = 24-605 mg HC/g TOC) for Bj-1 well, (HI = 147-673 mg HC/g TOC) in 
the Jk-1 well while  in Taq Taq-1 well (HI = 9-48 mg HC/g TOC) indicate that kerogen type for 
the vast majority of the studied samples is Type II/I for Bj-1 well and Type IV with few samples, 
Type of I and II kerogens in the Taq Taq-1 and Jk-1 well. Consequently most of the organic 
matter of Bj-1 and Jk-1 well tends to generate petrol, even though a small portion of them exhibit 
a tendency to generate gas. While all samples of Taq Taq-1 well tends to generate gas. The 
studied bituminous rock samples characterized by low Tmax (434-602 °C) for Bj-1,Taq Taq-1 (344-
429 °C) and (419-602 °C) for Jk-1 well. These values show, in terms of potential of hydrocarbon 
generation, that the studied samples have a source rock potential of organic matter from immature 
to over mature. Additionally, the S1 hydrocarbon type values indicate no external contribution of 
migrated hydrocarbons to the bituminous rocks of the studied area. 

 
Keywords: Soruce rock, Rock Eval, Kerogen, Naokelekan formation, North Iraq. 

 
Citation | Jan I. Ismael (2018). Organic Geochemistry and Source 
Rock Potential of Naokelekan Formation in Selected Wells, North 
Iraq. Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 5(1): 8-14. 
History:  
Received: 13 February 2018 
Revised: 9 March 2018 
Accepted: 12 March 2018 
Published: 15 March 2018 
Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 

Attribution 3.0 License  
Publisher: Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Funding: Author is grateful to the Selçuk University Research Fund for 
financial support (Project No: 16201040), and to the North oil company in 
Iraq for supplying well samples.   
Competing Interests: The author declares that there are no conflicts of 
interests regarding the publication of this paper. 
Transparency: The author confirms that the manuscript is an honest, 
accurate, and transparent account of the study was reported; that no vital 
features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the 
study as planned have been explained. 
Ethical: This study follows all ethical practices during writing.   

 

 

Contents 
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 
2. Geological Settings ............................................................................................................................................................................ 9 
3. Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9 
4. Results and Discussions .................................................................................................................................................................. 11 
5. Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 
References .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 
 

 

 

 

 

 

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Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2018, 5(1): 8-14 

9 
 

 

1. Introduction 
Rock-Eval pyrolysis has been a widely used method in organic geochemistry tool for examining the oil and gas 

potential and maturity of different rock samples. The available information concerning the TOC content, thermal 
maturation, and burial history are seriously required for better understanding of the existence of other 
hydrocarbon resources [1]. The dominant organic matter in oil shales is derived from one or more primary 
sources, the terrestrial plants, lacustrine algae and marine organisms. These include large lake basins of tectonic 
origin, small lakes, lagoons and shallow seas [2]. 

Naokelekan Formation one of the most important source rocks in Iraq. The Formation crops out mainly  
within the High Folded Zone of northern Iraq. Additionally,  it is found within drilled oil wells of  Low Folded 
Zone in Iraq Such as at  Taq Taq, Jabal Kand and Biji oil fields.  

50 core and  cutting Samples from Naokelekan formation has been collected from Bj-1, Taq Taq-1 and Jk-1 
wells and have been sent to Turkish TPAO Research Center / Petroleum Geochemistry Department (Ankara) to 
determine hydrocarbon potential for these samples  by  Rock Eval analysis, TOC (Total Organic Carbon) analysis 

and S1, S2, S3, Tmax, Oxygen İndex, Hydrogen İndex results for three wells. 
 

2. Geological Settings 
Oil Fields within the northern Iraq coincide with part of the Zagros Fold Belt and regionally extends within an 

elongated folded zone  between the thrust zone in a triple junction boundary between Iran and Turkey with Iraq. 
Also, it extends towards the Mesopotamian Foredeep with Khleisya uplift towards  the southwestern part of 
northern Iraq; well locations are plotted on location map of (Fig.1) Locating this studied area is according to Buday 
[3]; Al-Sharhan and Nairn [4]; Sharland, et al. [5]; Aqrawi, et al. [6] and the Arabian Peninsula Basins map 
prepared by the US Geological Survey [7]. 

Tectonically, Iraq lies in the border area between the Arabian part of the African (Nubian-Arabian) Platform 
and the Asian branches of the Alpine Geosyncline. The platform of Iraqi territory is divided into two basic units, 
the Stable and Unstable Shelf. The Stable Shelf is characterized by reduced thickness of sedimentary cover and by 
the lack of folding. The Unstable Shelf has thick and folded sedimentary cover [3]. 
 

 
Fig-1. Location map of Iraq showing studied area of North Iraq with locations of oil exploration wells 

 
Stratigraphically, Naokelekan Formation consists of laminated bituminous limestone, alternated with 

bituminous shale (coal horizon) and thin bedded, highly bituminous dolomite and limestone. Formation  age is 
assigned as Upper Oxfordian–Lower Kimmeridgian according to the study of ammonites of the Upper Jurassic [8]. 
The depositional environment of the formation was interpreted as euxinic in a slow subsiding basin [3]. 
 

3. Materials and Methods 
A total of 50 oil shale samples of the Naokelekan Formation were collected from 3 wells (Bj-1, Taq Taq-1 and 

Jk-1). These samples were crushed, pulverized and then homogenized. Rock-Eval pyrolysis was conducted using 
the Rock-Eval 6 analyzer manufactured by Vinci Technologies at the Geochemistry Laboratories of the Turkish 
Petroleum Corporation (TPAO). The analysis yielded several parameters, including S1, S2, S3, TOC and Tmax 
(Tables 1, 2, 3). Rock-Eval pyrolysis was conducted using the Rock-Eval 6 analyzer manufactured by Vinci 
Technologies at the Geochemistry Laboratories of the Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO). The analysis 
yielded several parameters, including S1, S2, S3, TOC and Tmax (Tables 1, 2, 3). 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2018, 5(1): 8-14 

10 
 

 

Table-1. Rock-Eval pyrolysis data are tabulated for the Naokelekan Formation in the Bj-1 well, North Iraq 

 
NO 

 
Depth 
M 

 
TOC
% 

S1 
(mg HC/g 
Rock) 

S2 
(mg HC/g 
Roc) 

S3 
(mg HC/g 
Rock) 

 
PI 

 
Tmax 

HI, mg 
HC/g 
TOC 

OI, 
mg CO2/g 
TOC 

1 2383 1 0.77 4.19 0.61 0.15 434 419 61 
2 2384 1.11 0.83 4.55 0.38 0.15 434 410 34 
3 2385 3.05 2.33 18.49 0.78 0.11 435 605 26 
4 2386 2.88 1.17 10.5 0.72 0.1 435 365 25 
5 2387 1.99 0.57 5.45 0.84 0.09 430 278 42 
6 2388 1.12 0.4 3.78 0.66 0.1 435 338 59 
7 2389 0.46 0.24 0.96 0.39 0.2 426 209 85 
8 2391 5.26 0.99 24.47 1 0.04 441 465 19 
9 2392 5.44 1.14 19.49 1.07 0.06 438 358 20 
10 2393 2.26 0.68 8.15 0.77 0.08 438 361 34 
11 2394 0.92 0.33 2.35 0.5 0.12 431 255 54 

12 2401 22.89 2.02 119.72 2.97 0.02 441 523 13 
13 2402 15.91 1.66 82.18 2.64 0.02 442 517 17 
14 2403 13.64 1.47 68.02 2.87 0.02 441 499 21 
15 2404 21.03 1.54 107.79 4.2 0.01 442 513 20 
16 2405 19.35 1.36 91.79 3.41 0.01 440 474 18 
17 2407 10.37 1.1 47.61 3.61 0.02 441 459 35 
18 2409 13.3 1.47 67.92 2.18 0.02 442 511 16 
19 2410 13.64 1.3 68.52 1.91 0.02 442 502 14 
20 2411 11.96 1.4 64.62 2.08 0.02 442 540 17 
21 2412 8.94 1.05 44.05 1.22 0.02 439 493 14 
22 2413 6.07 0.86 29.19 1.39 0.03 439 481 23 

23 2414 3.59 0.55 16.54 0.87 0.03 439 461 24 
24 2432 1.19 0.3 2.07 0.6 0.13 437 174 50 
25 2433 1.08 0.4 0.43 0.6 0.48 581 40 56 
26 2434 3.39 0.88 1.21 0.83 0.42 583 36 24 
27 2435 2.79 0.68 0.92 0.63 0.42 579 33 23 
28 2436 7.67 1.09 2.81 0.85 0.28 585 37 11 
29 2437 5.58 0.89 1.82 0.94 0.33 584 33 17 
30 2438 9.91 1.03 2.91 1.35 0.26 594 29 14 
31 2439 9.54 1.03 2.7 1.33 0.28 595 28 14 
32 2440 3.42 0.65 0.87 0.88 0.43 597 25 26 
33 2441 2.29 0.46 0.56 0.63 0.45 602 24 28 

 
Table-2. Rock-Eval pyrolysis data are tabulated for the Naokelekan Formation in the Taq Taq-1 well, North Iraq 

 
NO 

 
Depth 
M 

 
TOC% 

S1 
(mg HC/g 
Rock) 

S2 
(mg HC/g 
Rock) 

S3 
(mg HC/g 
Rock) 

 
PI 

 
Tmax 

HI, mg 
HC/g 
TOC 

OI, 
mg CO2/g 
TOC 

1 2061 1.04 0.35 3.01 0.41 0.11 427 289 39 
2 2063 3.65 1.61 16.05 0.82 0.09 429 440 22 
3 2068 3.51 2 15.98 0.86 0.11 427 455 25 

4 2072 4.16 6.92 28 1.31 0.2 344 673 31 
5 2074 1.93 1.03 8.55 0.5 0.11 428 443 26 
6 2077 1.4 0.85 4.2 0.75 0.17 423 300 54 
7 2078 1.73 0.69 4.33 0.88 0.14 423 250 51 
8 2088 1.43 0.52 2.59 1.16 0.17 425 181 81 
9 2089 1.11 0.41 1.63 1.29 0.2 425 147 116 
10 2090 1.62 0.66 4.8 1.22 0.12 429 296 75 

     
Table-3. Rock-Eval pyrolysis data are tabulated for the Naokelekan Formation in the Jk-1 well, North Iraq 

 
NO 

 
Depth 
M 

 
TOC% 

S1 
(mg HC/g 
Rock) 

S2 
(mg HC/g 
Rock) 

S3 
(mg HC/g 
Rock) 

 
PI 

 
Tmax 

HI, mg 
HC/g TOC 

OI, mg 
CO2/g TOC 

1 3219 0.95 0.1 0.09 0.54 0.51 419 9 57 
2 3220 1.22 0.15 0.12 0.54 0.55 433 10 44 
3 3221 0.85 0.1 0.27 0.68 0.27 433 32 80 
4 3224 0.87 0.29 0.31 0.41 0.49 584 36 47 

5 3225 1.04 0.23 0.27 0.89 0.46 595 26 86 
6 3226 1.66 0.47 0.43 0.61 0.53 602 26 37 
7 3230 0.85 0.32 0.41 0.59 0.44 445 48 69 

      

A Flame İonization Detector (FID) was used to measure the concentration of organic compounds generated 
during pyrolysis. The first peak S1 represents hydrocarbons that can be thermally distilled from a rock. The second 
peak S2 represents hydrocarbons generated by the pyrolytic degradation of the kerogen in the rock. The third peak 
S3 stands for the carbon dioxide generated during temperature programming up to 390 °C, and is analyzed using a 

Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD). The Hydrogen İndex (HI) corresponds to the quantity of pyrolyzable 
organic compounds from S2 relative to the TOC in the samples (mg HC/g TOC) and can be successfully used to 
assess the oil generation potential of the rock and the type of organic matter. 
 



Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2018, 5(1): 8-14 

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4. Results and Discussions 
Pyrolysis techniques were used to establish the hydrocarbon potential and kerogen type as well as source rock 

type. 
 

4.1. Organic Matter Richness 
Total organic carbon analysis (TOC) describes the quantity of organic carbon in a rock sample including both 

kerogen and bitumen [9]. 
TOC of Naokelekan formation for Bj-1 well show an excellent hydrocarbon potential (0.46-21.33%, with an 

average of 7.06%) and Taq Taq-1 well as good hydrocarbon potential (0.85-1.66 %, with an average of 1.06%), 
additionally Jk-1 well show very good hydrocarbon potential (1.04-4.16 %, with an average of 2.15 %, Tables 1, 2, 
3). 
 

4.2. Organic Matter Types 
The term kerogen is to designate organic constituents of sedimentary rocks that are neither soluble in aqueous 

alkaline solvents nor in the common organic solvents [10]. 
All organic matter particles generated from phytoplankton, zooplankton, remains of bacteria, and higher plants 

have been recognized as the main contributors to kerogen in sediments [10]. The minor amounts of substances 
soluble in organic solvents associated with kerogen are collectively called bitumen. 

Based on the Rock-Eval data (Tables 1, 2, 3), source rocks can be characterized using the cross plot of TOC 

versus Hydrogen İndex (HI) [11]. This plot showed that the Naokelekan samples (well Bj-1, Biji Oil field) have a 
fair to good oil source with mixed gas source. On the other hand, (well Taq Taq-1, Taq Taq Oil field) is a gas 
source; while well Jk-1 (Jabal Qand Oil field) has a fair oil source (Fig.2). 
 

 
Fig-2. Source rock characterization based on HI versus TOC apdated after Jackson, et al. [11] 

     

Furthermore, the cross plot of TOC versus S2, (Fig.3) indicates that the kerogen of the Naokelekan Formation 
(well Bj-1), is excellent to poor, Taq Taq-1 well is fair to good and Jk-1 well is refer excellent to fair. 
 

 
Fig-3. Cross plot of TOCwt% versus S2, shows the quantity of organic modified after Hunt [12] 

 



Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2018, 5(1): 8-14 

12 
 

 

The Hydrogen İndex (HI) versus Oxygen İndex (OI) based on Rock-Eval pyrolysis data (Tables 1, 2, 3), can be 
plotted on a modified van Krevelen diagram and interpreted [9]. It is observed from (Fig.4) that Type-I, II is the 
dominant organic matter in the Bj-1 well with few sample as Type IV kerogen, while Taq Taq-1 and Jk-1 well rock 
samples are represented by Type-IV and -I/II kerogens.  
 

 
Fig-4. Cross plot of OI versus HI for different kerogen types modified after Hunt [12]; Dembicki [13] 

              

4.3. Thermal Maturity 
A source rock that has the possibility of producing a great amount of hydrocarbons is defined as mature. A 

source rock that lacks this ability is defined as immature, and that which passed the time of significant generation is 
define as over mature source rock [12]. 

The temperature at which the greatest amount of S2 is produced during pyrolysis is called Tmax [13]. To 
avoid the influence of OI, we commonly used the cross plot of HI versus Tmax to determine thermal maturity and 
kerogen type [12]. (Fig.5) confirms that the Naokelekan formation in the Bj-1 well and Taq Taq-1 well  is 
immature and lies within Type-II\III, while Jk-1 well samples are immature to over mature Type-II with few 
samples refer Type IV kerogens. 
 

 
Fig-5. Hydrogen index (HI) versus Tmax  from Espitalié, et al. [14];  Dembicki [13] 

                                

On the other hand, the thermal maturity of organic matter can be assessed through the combined relationship 

between Tmax and the calculated Production İndex (PI) [15]. The cross plot of Tmax versus PI (Fig.6) shows that 
Bj-1 well samples are range from mature to over mature, while Taq Taq-1 well  are marginally mature to over 
mature. The majority of samples for Jk-1 well are immature. 
 



Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2018, 5(1): 8-14 

13 
 

 

 
Fig-6. Tmaxversus PI modified after Langford and Blank-Valleron [15]; Espitalié, et al. [14] 

 

4.4. Migrated Hydrocarbons 
Nonindigenous hydrocarbons can be detected, if S1 is high and the TOC is low[15]. Therefore, TOC versus  S1 

diagram have been used to separates migrated from non-migrated hydrocarbons  for the cutting samples taken 
from selected wells (Fig.7). Thus all the analyzed samples plot in indigenous hydrocarbons field, reflecting no 
external contribution of migrated hydrocarbons to the analyzed sample for selected wells. 

 

 
Fig-7. Plot of Rock-EvalS1 versus TOC (wt%) to distinguish indigenous from non-indigenous hydrocarbons from Hunt [16]; Hunt [12] 

 

5. Conclusions 
Rock-Eval pyrolysis data of Naokelekan formation indicate a wide variation of source richness and quality, but 

all samples contain various quantities of Type-I/II, Type-II (oil prone) and Type-IV (gas-prone) organic matter 
among the Bj-1, Taq Taq-1 and Jk-1 wells. HI for Bj-1 well (24-605 mg HC/g TOC), Taq Taq-1 (9-48 mg HC/g 
TOC) and (147-673 mg HC/g TOC) Jk-1 which imply that the studied samples contain mostly Type II\III for Bj-
1, Taq Taq-1  and Type II with minor Type IV.  HI- OI diagram shows that kerogen type is mainly Type-I\ II for 
Bj-1, Type-IV with Type -I/II  for Taq Taq-1 and Jk-1 wells, while HI-Tmax diagram classifies that the Naokelekan 
formation in the  Bj-1 well and Taq Taq-1 well  is immature and lies within Type-II\III, while Jk-1 well samples 
are immature to over mature Type-II with few samples refer Type IV kerogen.  
 

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