







































Asian Themes in Social Sciences Research 
ISSN: 2578-5516 

Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 13-19 
2021 

DOI: 10.33094/journal.139.2021.41.13.19 
© 2021 by the authors; licensee Online Academic Press, USA 

 
Accepted: 5 August 2021 | Published: 27 September 2021 

13 
© 2021 by the authors; licensee Online Academic Press, USA 

  

 
 
 
 

Social Politics and Criminal Politics of Covid-19 Response: Case 
in Indonesia 
 
 

Safik Faozi1 --- Bambang Sudiyatno2* --- Widiyanto Tri Handoko3 

 
1,2,3University of Stikubank (UNISBANK), Semarang, Indonesia. 
1Email: safikfaozi@edu.unisbank.ac.id  
2Email: bsud@edu.unisbank.ac.id  
3Email: wthandoko@edu.unisbank.ac.id  
 

 
Abstract 

The handling of COVID-19 is a social policy to protect the public from the spread of 
COVID-19 which has endangered the safety of life and the survival of the community, nation, 
and state. This social policy can be carried out through rational and total efforts to tackle the 

spread of COVID-19. Enforcement of the rule of law by imposing sanctions for violators is 
an implementation of criminal political efforts. The integration of the response is carried out 
by rationally integrating penal and penal approaches that are based on social protection, such 
as the use of media to build public awareness, involvement of networks of strategic figures, 
science-based control management, use of information technology to prevent the spread of 
COVID-19 and the provision of direct assistance. integrated cash, as well as the application 
of criminal sanctions that function as a subsidiary. 
 
 

Keywords: Social policy, Social-politics, Criminal politics, Social-protection, COVID-19. 
JEL Classification: I12, I18, K30, K32. 
Licensed:  This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.  
Funding: This study received no specific financial support.    

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 
 
 
1. Background to the Study 

The existence of infectious diseases caused by viruses has existed since hundreds of years ago, and its 
existence is increasingly complex along with global travel. According to Lim (2014) and Lindahl and Grace 
(2015) that the level of complexity surrounding emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases has increased 
with the ease and increasing incidence of global travel, along with greater global social, economic, and political 
integration. Meanwhile, according to Kilbourne (2006) with reference to pandemic influenza, but still applies 
to many infectious diseases and vector-borne diseases, the only certainty is the increasing uncertainty of the 
emergence of infectious diseases with pandemic potential, their origins, characteristics, and biological 
pathways. through which they spread (Bickley, Chan, Skali, Stadelmann, & Torgler, 2021). 

In the last 2 decades, the world has been re-busy with the Covid-19 outbreak which continues to this day. 
As stated by Callaway, Cyranoski, Mallapaty, Stoye, and Tollefson (2020) that the coronavirus disease 
(COVID-19) is fueling a global pandemic and economic contraction unlike anything seen for about a century. 
COVID-19 is less deadly than many other new diseases, such as Ebola, Avian Flu, and Tuberculosis. 

This epidemic has not only caused losses in the health, economic, social fields, but has touched the 
community in the fields of education, culture, worship and even threats in the fields of defense and state 
security. So worried about the development of the spread of COVID-19, the government issued a policy that 
limits work activities and community activities with the term Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB). 

https://www.doi.org/10.33094/journal.139.2021.41.13.19
mailto:safikfaozi@edu.unisbank.ac.id
mailto:bsud@edu.unisbank.ac.id
mailto:wthandoko@edu.unisbank.ac.id


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Furthermore, when the Covid-19 condition increased, then raised it to an emergency condition with a new 
term, namely the Implementation of Emergency Community Activity Restrictions (PPKM). Even the results 
of the evaluation of the Implementation of Community Activity Restrictions (PPKM) when this article was 
written were given levels based on the situation and conditions that took place in each community, namely 
PPKM level 3 and level 4. 

The response to the spread of COVID-19 is complex because it touches all the basic joints of society, 
namely public health needs and the fulfillment of community food needs, as well as social, economic, cultural, 
educational, ideological and public defense in the security sector. The urgency of handling COVID-19 has 
entered the emergency category. For this reason, the prevention approach that  has been seen so far in the 
aspect of economic activity is considered not to solve the problem but instead is increasingly endangering 
people's lives, considering the spread rate that touches confirmed positive patients is above 55,000 every day 
(when this article was written) and has threatened the availability  of oxygen that had been experiencing 
scarcity in several large hospitals including Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta. 

The complexity of handling the spread of COVID-19 is increasingly difficult to deal with with the level of 
community discipline in complying with health protocols. This condition is an obstacle in the enforcement of 
strict health protocols in the community, moreover community disobedience is often a cultural fact of the 
Indonesian people (Koentjoroningrat's study which describes the cultural disobedience of the Indonesian 
people) is also related to the fulfillment of food needs which is a basic need for people who experience 
limitations at the time of promulgation (Hoefnagles, 1969). 

The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak has caused crises in various sectors of life, including the  political, 
social, cultural and economic sectors. Crisis forces leaders to make high-risk decisions under conditions of 
threat, uncertainty, and time pressure. Crises are important because of their humanitarian consequences and 
political repercussions. They also tend to increase in frequency with economic globalization and climate 
change (Lipscy, 2020). Efforts to deal with the crisis are carried out by enforcing the rules for implementing 
sanctions in the context of preventing the spread of COVID-19, both imprisonment, fines, and administrative 
sanctions. In fact, it is not uncommon for social sanctions to be imposed.  

Coping with COVID-19 by imposing criminal sanctions is the implementation of a criminal law policy 
(law criminal application). However, the application of criminal sanctions on the grounds of causing a 
deterrent effect for lawbreakers is part of criminal politics, namely a total and rational community effort to 
tackle crime (read: lawbreakers). In criminal politics, the effort to apply criminal law (criminal law application) 
turns out to have limitations in criminal law, especially because it involves intersecting social issues, namely 
public health and community food needs. People's desperation to continue working to meet food needs is a 
socio-economic problem that cannot be overcome by threatening or punishing violators. 

Although various efforts have been made to provide understanding to the public regarding the dangers of 
COVID-19, there are still many people who dare to violate and even tend to dare to fight against officers. This 
phenomenon occurs almost every day that we can see through social media, both television, YouTube, and 
other social media. This means that other methods are needed that can be used to complement the limitations 
of the approach to imposing sanctions for perpetrators that have been carried out so far, namely a criminal 
political approach to prevent the spread of COVID-19. 

 

2. Research Question 
i. What is the approach to criminal politics in the perspective of social politics in dealing with the spread 

of COVID-19? 
ii.  What is the approach to criminal politics in the perspectives on the implementation of sanctions for 

handling COVID-19? 
 

3. Literature Review 
Social policy is a plan or action of government or institutional agencies which aim to improve or reform 

society. It consists of guidelines, principles, legislation and associated activities that affect the living conditions 
conducive to human welfare, such as a person's quality of life. The Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy at 
Harvard University describes social policy as "public policy and practice in the areas of health care, human 
services, criminal justice, inequality, education, and labor" (The Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy, 
2015). Social policy might also be described as actions that affect the well-being of members of a society 
through shaping the distribution of and access to goods and resources in that society (Cheyne, O'Brien, & 
Belgrave, 2005). Social policy often deals with wicked problems. The existence of a crime problem that is 
troubling the community must be prevented and overcome. Prevent deviant behavior or crime is criminal 
policy. This is a part of social policy. 

In its widest sense, criminal policy refers to all actions that influence criminality. Criminal policy includes, 
for example, decision-making concerning which acts constitute punishable offences, what kind of punishments 
are imposed for these offences, and how severe these punishments are.  In addition to criminal law measures, 
alcohol policy measures, social and education policy measures, health care service arrangements and urban 
planning, among other things, affect criminality.  

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidelines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_welfare
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_policy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_inequality
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_policy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_problems


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The goal of criminal policy is to realize the welfare of the community, namely by providing guarantees for 
the welfare of the community, education and employment of the population.  These conditions are the basis for 
a safe community life. The objective of criminal policy is to reduce criminality and its harmful effects. Crime 
prevention efforts are the primary means for achieving this. Another objective is to increase safety and sense of 
security in society.  G. Peter Hoefnagels formulates criminal political efforts through influencing society of crime 
and punishment, law criminal application and prevention without punishment. Specifically, crime prevention without 

punishment is carried out through social policy, community planning mental health, national mental health, 
social work child welfare, administrative & civil law. 

To enforce laws and regulations, the government can use a social policy approach, namely using 
community leaders to socialize the applicable laws and regulations so that these laws and regulations are more 
effectively accepted by the community. The stipulation of laws and regulations in controlling COVID-19 still 
faces many obstacles, for example in the protocol for burial of bodies exposed to COVID-19 in several places, 
there are still many rejections from the community. To prevent a similar situation from occurring, the 
government needs to involve community leaders in the area to provide an understanding so that the 
community obeys the regulations. 

Taking power during the COVID-19 pandemic poses many complex issues that need to be resolved. The 
solution to this problem requires a stable and resilient framework to shape and guide decision making (Jarman, 
2021). Related to this problem, it is necessary to involve community leaders so that the decisions taken reflect 
the decisions that are really needed by the community, and the community does not feel disadvantaged by the 
decision. For example, the decision to handle the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, social policy carried out as an 
action to deal with COVID-19 will become more effective. 

On the other hand, the handling of COVID-19 is carried out using a criminal political approach. Criminal 
politics is a rational effort to tackle crime. Criminal politics as a science as well as a means of tackling criminal 
acts is deemed capable of cracking down and overcoming this phenomenon, both through penal and non-penal 
means. 

Criminal Politics as a rational effort of society in tackling crime operationally can be carried out either 
through penal or non-penal means. Enforcement of criminal law in dealing with COVID-19 criminal acts 
cannot only use penal facilities but also use non-penal means. When viewed from the perspective of criminal 
politics at a macro level, the policy of overcoming the COVID-19 crime by using means other than criminal 
law is the right policy. This is because non-penal efforts are more of a preventive measure against the 
occurrence of COVID-19 criminal acts. The main target of non-penal policies is to deal with and eliminate the 
conducive factors that cause the occurrence of these crimes. 

This study aims to examine the policies of the Indonesian government in dealing with the spread of 
COVID-19 which is carried out with a criminal political approach from a socio-political perspective. 
 

4. Methods 
This research is an observational study using primary data taken by conducting direct observations and 

interviews with people affected by COVID-19. Information data collection is also carried out through the 
media, both print media, television, YouTube, Facebook, and other electronic media 

 

5. Discussion 
Domestic policies implemented in response to the coronavirus pandemic range from school closures and 

the cancellation of public events to full-scale national lockdowns.  Previous research has suggested that 
democratic countries, especially those with competitive elections, are quicker to close schools (Bickley et al., 
2021). Interestingly, those with high government effectiveness (i.e., those with high quality public and civil 
services, policy formulation, and policy implementation) were slower to implement the policy (Cronert, 2020) 
as were more right-leaning governments (Adolph, Amano, Bang-Jensen, Fullman, & Wilkerson, 2020). 

The policy adopted by the Indonesian government uses a criminal policy approach. From this approach, 
the analysis is carried out using a criminal policy approach in a socio-policy perspective and the 
implementation of sanctions for handling COVID-19? 
 
5.1. Criminal Politics in the Perspective of Social Policy Handling the Spread of COVID-19 

Criminal politics as stated by Sudarto is a rational effort of society to tackle crime. Marc Ancel defines 
criminal politics as the rational organization of the social reactions to crime (Hoefnagles, 1969). Hoefnagles 
(1969) which gives the meaning of criminal policy in various senses, such as the expression that the science of 
criminal policy is the science of crime prevention, criminal policy as a science of policy is part of a larger 
policy: the law enforcement policy. Nawawi (1996) illustrates the approach to criminal politics as part of social 
politics as presented in the Figure 1 below: 
 



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Figure-1. Skema criminal policy. 

Source: Hoefnagles (1969). 
 

Overcoming violations of the legal provisions of large-scale social restrictions are intended to create a 
safe, peaceful life. The need to realize a safe and peaceful community life is a means to realize a just and 
prosperous community life which is illustrated by the “tata tentrem and kerta rahardja”. A safe, just and 
prosperous community life is a social policy that must be realized by the state as mandated in the fourth 
paragraph of the 1945 Constitution, namely protecting the community, educating and realizing public welfare.  

The social politics mandated by the 1945 Constitution to state administrators as carried out by the 
Government is related to the protection of the community against the spread of COVID-19, namely the sacred 
mandate of the 1945 Constitution to protect the community against the spread of COVID-19 and to ensure 
that the community still has its basic needs fulfilled to avoid the life of the people who are suffering from 
poverty not prosperous. To realize social policy against the spread of COVID-19, apart from having to be 
based on rationality – as a characteristic of the policy approach – one must also open to alternative choices of 
policies taken. 

An open and rational approach to social policy in dealing with the spread of COVID-19 indicates an 
approach that is not emotional in nature, but rather an approach that is built based on knowledge that is full of 
rational values. Law Number 6 of 2018 concerning Health Quarantine as a state policy has determined the 
existence of a regional, home, hospital or social quarantine policy for the prevention and control of an epidemic 
that is contagious. 

Under Chapter 49 states that the policy must be based on epidemiological considerations, the magnitude 
of the threat, effectiveness, resource support, operational technical, economic, social, cultural and security 
considerations. The existence of a state policy in the form of large-scale social restrictions indicates that the 
state policy has been built based on rational considerations. Although social policies have been based on 
rational considerations, the problem is that the choice made by the government is large -scale social 
restrictions, not the option of regional quarantine or home quarantine as also alternatively by Law Number 6 
of 2018 concerning Health Quarantine. 

The choice to quarantine the territory voiced by the community has been defeated by economic and 
business interests. Even in 2020 the Governor of Jakarta who took the policy to close the DKI area (lockdown, 
or according to Law No. 6 of 2018 with the term regional quarantine) was not supported by the central 
government and was also rejected by the owner of the Jarum Group by sending a letter of rejection in person 
open to the President of the Republic of Indonesia. 

The dominance of economic considerations over health considerations was firmly rejected by Dr. Faisal 
Basri is a lecturer at the University of Indonesia and a senior INDEF economist. The government's choice of a 
policy of restricting community activities instead of a regional quarantine is a social policy choice to deal with 
COVID-19, which is still a concern for the community, even though this policy has been going on for more 
than 16 months. 

The social-political approach that is full of rational choices built based on of science teaches that the 
powerlessness of a falsified method requires replacing it with another method. Social restrictions coupled with 
vaccinations that are not recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) are not sufficient to reduce 
the spread of COVID-19. For this reason, it is necessary as a social policy to provide alternative vaccine 
options recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). 

On the other hand, other methods are also needed outside of large-scale social restrictions (PSBB) or the 
imposition of restrictions on community activities (PPKM). Another alternative social policy determined by 
the law is the Regional Quarantine as stipulated in Chapter 53 paragraph (1) which emphasizes that the 
regional quarantine is part of the response to a public health emergency. This responsibility of the Central 



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Government may also involve the Regional Government and other related parties (Chapter 55). This means 
that there is a shared responsibility for efforts to overcome COVID-19 under the control of the Central 
Government. 

The policy to carry out a regional quarantine or a lockdown that limits the entry and exit of the  region 
was also mentioned again during the regional restriction policy at the level by Jusuf Kalla, the former Vice 
President, as well as by Dr. Rizal Ramli, namely the implementation of the closure of the area and the 
provision of basic needs of the community. The proposal submitted by Jusuf Kalla requires 60 T per month for 
6 months (The rough calculation is that there are 60 million families with 30% receiving direct cash assistance 
of IDR 1,000,000/each KK every month for 6 months). Meanwhile, Rizal Ramli estimates that there will be a 
budget allocation of 415 T (A rough calculation of the provision of BLT for 70 million poor people with a 
nominal value of 105 T per month and the need for 100 T for 3 months) also proposed by Dr. Rizal Ramli. 
This effort can still be carried out by the Government, but it seems that the government prefers the 
Enforcement of Restrictions on Community Activities. This means that the government is still confident in its 
policy choices even though it has been judged unsuccessful several times in tackling the spread of COVID-19. 

From the point of view of victimology, which is oriented towards minimizing the number of victims who 
continue to fall, the involvement with local governments and other related parties as mandated by cha pter 55 
teaches the basis for arguments for social contracts and social solidarity. The responsibility of the central 
government in dealing with COVID-19 is the implementation of the social contract argument, and 
involvement with other related parties is the elaboration of the social solidarity argument. The existence of 
Jogo Tonggo who grows voluntarily has eased the burden on the community, whether individuals, community 
organizations or the mosque/church movement concerned with COVID-19 in various forms such as the 
provision of masks, food, or personal protective equipment (PPE). The spirit of cooperation of the community 
to jointly share relieves the burden on the community which characterizes the community can be used as social 
capital to be transformed into a community movement. 
 
5.2. Criminal Policy Perspectives on the Implementation of Sanctions for Handling COVID-19 
5.2.1. Application of Criminal Sanctions 

One of the efforts to overcome COVID-19 is the enforcement of the rules for Restricting the Enforcement 
of Community Activities. The enforcement of the rule of law is not in a vacuum, but in the conditions and 
situations of the Indonesian people who experience a disciplinary deficit against the rule of law. Myrdal (1970) 
once assessed that there was disobedience to the law that had become widespread and became public 
indiscipline. Koentjoroningrat (2015) also considers Indonesian society as an undisciplined society, likes to 
trespass. Given this factual condition, the government tries to enforce the rules for the PSBB or emergency 
PPKM by imposing strict sanctions. Law Number 6 of 2018 and Law Number 4 of 1984 and the Criminal 
Code have determined that there are criminal sanctions in prison, imprisonment, and a certain number of fines. 
Criminal threats can also be imposed through the Criminal Code starting with Chapter 212 -216, and Chapter 
218 of the Criminal Code. The threat is a maximum imprisonment of one year and four months or a maximum 
fine of Rp. 4,500, or a maximum imprisonment of four months and two weeks or a maximum fine of Rp. 9,000 
(Chapter 216), or a maximum imprisonment of four months and two weeks or a maximum fine of IDR 9,000 
(Chapter 218). 

The threats of criminal sanctions if applied mean the application of criminal law as one of the criminal 
political efforts through criminal law (penal). In the study of criminal politics, the application of criminal law 
must consider the nature of the subsidiary functions of criminal law, on the one hand, also based on human 
values. This means that the application of criminal sanctions must be carried out selectively, especially when 
the application of criminal sanctions is faced with social conditions that force people to fulfill the ir basic needs. 

Especially for the small business sector, for community members to meet their basic needs, such as the 
implementation of legal sanctions, they are still within the limits of business opening hours, online services or 
are dine-out. Violations of this rule of law are subject to criminal sanctions of imprisonment or fines that are 
still within the limits of community discipline enforcement, for example being processed in a fast court and 
subject to imprisonment for 1-3 days or a minimum fine. Even the enforcement of social sanctions needs to be 
initiated in accordance with the prevailing customs in society. 
 
5.3. Media Role 

 Criminal policy, this effort can be done through changing people's perceptions about the dangers of 
behavior not complying with the legal provisions for the Implementation of Restrictions on Community 
Activities (PPKM). Efforts have been made through making news about the spread of COVID-19 that can 
make people aware of being obedient and obedient to the provisions of the law. Through print media, 
television and other social media, people have shown awareness to strictly adhere to health protocols, namely 
wearing masks, washing hands, and avoiding crowds, and limit mobility. 

People's behavior has shown this change. The community has been limiting crowds to gatherings for 
more than a year. Meetings of residents at the RT or other region or community level have shifted to 
meetings through WhatsApp groups or through other social media. Even the crowd of recitations is also very 
limited and replaced by online recitations via youtube. Even in places of worship, there has also been a decline 
in worshippers either in mosques, churches, or other places of worship. Recitation awareness through 



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YouTube has become a model for online recitation today. A new life behavior in several gatherings to avoid 
crowds has formed. 

 
5.3.2. Involvement of Community Leaders 

Indonesian society which is communal and obedient to the demands of role models becomes extraordinary 
social capital. Social capital that builds social communities that are full of demands from community leaders 
has become a very strategic and effective medium in social movements aware of the dangers of COVID-19. 
The chairman of PBNU, Kyai Aqiel Siradj, realized that the use of this media had not been maximized. He 
admitted that as the Chairman of PBNU with a very strong and culturally rich social capital network, from the 
beginning he was not involved much in building social movements. In fact, with the number of tens of millions 
of worshipers and their network which is full of cultural values, NU congregations and other cultural 
organizations are the main pillars in the movement of people who care about COVID-19. Not only can they be 
involved in social movements to prevent the spread of COVID-19, but also become the center of the people's 
movement to share and care for the victims of COVID-19. 
 
5.3.3. Science-Based Covid19 Control Management 

The management and institutional approach to controlling COVID-19 is considered not optimal in 
preventing the spread of COVID-19 based on a scientific basis. The scientific footing determined by the 
mandate of Law Number 6 of 2018 is the closure of the area or regional quarantine by providing a budget to 
meet the basic needs of the community during the regional quarantine. The existence of a large-scale social 
restriction approach or the Enforcement of Restrictions on Community Activities that provide the possibility 
for social movements to open up the potential and vulnerability to the spread of COVID-19. Moreover, this 
concession is dominated by pragmatic economic interests. 

The experience of implementing PSBB and PPKM accompanied by vaccination programs that have not 
met the target has not been able to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Although vaccination has been carried out 
simultaneously with the implementation of PPKM, the spread of COVID-19 shows an alarming trend of 
increasing and creates an emergency. Policy-wise, the choice of methods that are not effective for controlling 
the spread of COVID-19 is reviewed to be replaced by other methods based on science and technology. The 
regional quarantine policy approach and guaranteeing the adequacy of basic needs on the one hand, as well as 
the massive acceleration of vaccinations that are effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19 and the use of 
community social capital networks to ease the burden on the community on the other hand. Ulil Absar 
Abdala's criticism regarding the management of Emergency PPKM control in the Java and Bali regions has 
been controlled despite the fact that the field is very serious, and the paid vaccine plan is far from a mass 
psychology approach when the COVID-19 pandemic is worrying the public, showing a less robust approach 
based on consistency of knowledge. 
 
5.3.4. Utilization of Information Technology 

Information technology has greatly assisted efforts to build public awareness and has even massively 
helped facilitate community activities in the economic, health, education, socio-cultural sectors during the 
massive spread of COVID-19. Several online facilities carried out by Grab, GoJeg, Bukalapak, Tokopedia, and 
online banking have been digitized, including health services, education, and other sectors.  

Digitization has permeated all areas of life. This is also an effort to prevent the spread of COVID-19 
through the use of information technology. Likewise, the use of digital mass media has also been able to 
influence public perceptions of the dangers of the spread of COVID-19, including public participation in 
supervising government policies in controlling COVID-19. Public criticism through social media has had an 
impact on the repeal of government policies that plan to sell vaccines in the name of the mutual cooperation 
vaccine program. Social media has played a major role in controlling the spread of COVID-19. 
 

6. Conclusion 
Based on the results of the analysis and by looking at the facts from observations that occurred during the 

implementation of the criminal political approach to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia, there is 
still a gap between expectations and facts from the criminal political approach. Therefore, another more 
persuasive approach is needed by involving community leaders to prevent the spread of COVID-19. The 
influential community figures in question are religious leaders, traditional leaders and other figures who have 
great influence as people who are respected among the community. 

Criminal politics against law enforcement during the COVID-19 outbreak must be part of social policy, 
namely community protection, both in protecting public health and preventing community poverty due to the 
implementation of government policies through PSBB or emergency PPKM. The social policy is to prevent 
the spread of COVID-19 through regional quarantine by meeting the basic needs of the community as 
stipulated in Law Number 6 of 2018 concerning Health Quarantine. The imposition of criminal sanctions for 
violators of the PSBB or emergency PPKM policies in criminal politics must be carried out by integrating the 
application of penal sanctions with non-penal community efforts, namely the massive use of mass media to 
influence public perception, involvement of social institutions. figures with culturally strategic social capital 



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networks, and management of controlling the spread of COVID-19 that is consistent with relying on health 
sciences that are integrated with social sciences and technology. 

 

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