Microsoft Word - conts20-1.doc Australasian Journal of Educational Technology Volume 20, Number 1, Autumn 2004 ISSN 1449-3098 Contents Editorial ................................................................................... iii-viii User control and task authenticity for spatial learning in 3D environments ........................................................................ 1-17 Barney Dalgarno and Barry Harper Making sense of audit trail data ................................................... 18-32 Gregor E. Kennedy and Terry S. Judd Online interaction impacts on learning: Teaching the teachers to teach online .............................................................. 33-48 Gail Wilson and Elizabeth Stacey Teachers and ICT: Exploring a metacognitive approach to professional development ............................................................ 49-68 Renata Phelps, Anne Graham and Berenice Kerr Instructional designers’ observations about identity, communities of practice and change agency .................................................... 69-100 Richard A. Schwier, Katy Campbell and Richard Kenny Webfolio: An online learning community to help link university studies and classroom practice in preservice teacher education ... 101-113 Reesa Sorin Valuing and using web supported teaching: A staff development role in closing the gaps ............................................................. 114-136 Susan Shannon and Loene Doube © 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this journal may be reprinted or reproduced without permission from the publishers. The Australasian Journal of Educational Technology is a refereed research journal published three times per year jointly by the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education and the Australian Society for Educational Technology. Members of ASET, ASCILITE and ISPI (Vic) receive AJET as a part of their membership benefits. i i Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 2004, 20(1) For details on submission of manuscripts, subscriptions and access to the AJET online archives, please see http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ For review inquiries, contact the Editor, Associate Professor Catherine McLoughlin, School of Education (ACT), Australian Catholic University, PO Box 256, Dickson ACT 2602, Australia. Email: C.McLoughlin@signadou.acu.edu.au, Tel: +61 2 6209 1100 Fax +61 2 6209 1185. For production matters and subscriptions contact the Production Editor and Business Manager, Dr Roger Atkinson, 5/202 Coode Street, Como WA 6152, Australia. Email: rjatkinson@bigpond.com, Tel: +61 8 9367 1133. AJET is managed by an Editorial Board nominated by ASCILITE and ASET. The 2004 Editorial Board comprises: Catherine McLoughlin (Editor), Australian Catholic University Roger Atkinson (Production Editor) Trish Andrews, University of Queensland Carolyn Dowling, Australian Catholic University Mike Keppell, Hong Kong Institute of Education Lori Lockyer, University of Wollongong Mary Jane Mahony, University of Sydney Elizabeth Stacey, Deakin University Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education http://www.ascilite.org.au/ Australian Society for Educational Technology http://www.aset.org.au/ Copyright in individual articles contained in AJET is vested in each of the authors in respect of his or her contributions. Copyright in AJET is vested in ASET (1985- 86), AJET Publications (1987-1996), and ASET and ASCILITE (from 1997). Desktop publishing and HTML by Roger Atkinson. Printed and bound by Dedline Print, Myaree WA 6154, Australia. Supporting Societies Supporting societies obtain bulk supplies of printed copies of AJET at the same cost as applicable for ASCILITE and ASET members, and access to AJET online articles during the period of restricted access for each issue. Inquiries about supporting society status may be directed to the Production Editor. ISPI Melbourne Chapter http://www.ispimelb.org.au/ Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 2004, 20(1) iii Editorial After securing the unanimous approval of AJET's Editorial Board (functioning as our management committee) and our parent Societies, we are pleased to announce some significant news concerning AJET's academic and business management policies. Name change to Australasian Journal of Educational T e c h n o l o g y Adoption of "Australasian" aligns AJET with ASCILITE, its principal sponsor in terms of numbers of authors and distribution of society member copies, and a long established user of "Australasian" in its name. The term "Australasian" is regarded by many as being more "inclusive" than "Australian", with particular reference to authors, readers and colleagues in New Zealand, the South Pacific, Southeast Asia and East Asia. This is important for AJET, as we increase our number of authors from the "Australasian" region, especially Singapore, Hong Kong SAR and New Zealand. As evidence of the widespread use of "Australasian" in scholarly publishing and society names, we conducted Google searches [1] for "australasian journal" and "australasian society" (exact phrase): Searched the web for "australasian journal". Results 1 - 10 of about 73,300. Search took 0.20 seconds. Searched the web for "australasian society". Results 1 - 10 of about 19,000. Search took 0.22 seconds. (18 Dec 2003) Amongst the very numerous hits we could cite, we liked especially Australasian Plant Pathology [2], a journal published by the CSIRO for the Australasian Plant Pathology Society [3]. The sponsoring society appealed with its rhyming motto and expansive interpretation of "Australasia": Plant Health.................Is Earth's Wealth The Australasian Plant Pathology Society is dedicated to the advancement and dissemination of knowledge of plant pathology and its practice in Australasia. Australasia is interpreted in the broadest sense to include not only Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea, but also the Indian, Pacific and Asian regions. We can reassure authors that AJET's position with the popular search engines will not suffer under the change from "Australian" to "Australasian". The reason is that for many years we have used "AJET" iv Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 2004, 20(1) as the first word in the title bar for all of AJET's html files (the first word in the title bar seems to have special significance for one's search engine "presence"). However, we have obtained new ISSNs from t h e National Library, Australia's ISSN administrator [4], one for the printed version and one for the online version, in accordance with current practices. We thank the National Library for their super-efficient, easy to use procedures for ISSNs, and their general support for publishers [5]. Citations of AJET articles published prior to Vol 20, 2004, will retain Australian in the journal title. Australasian is to be used only in citations of articles from Vol 20, 2004 onwards. Increase in subscription rates for 2004 The costs of servicing AJET's library and institutional subscribers h a v e increased in the last 1-2 years, owing to an increase of about 10% in Australia Post charges, the change from ASET to ASCILITE as t h e society bank account handling AJET subscriptions, and a small increase in printing costs. Therefore we have announced [6] an increase in subscription rates for 2004, from $30 to $35 for Australia and "Asia/Pacific" zone, and from $40 to $45 for "Rest of World" zone, where zones are as defined by Australia Post [7]. Postal costs within Australia have increased from about $1.00 to about $1.10 per copy (the cost varies slightly, depending upon Australia Post's application of quantity discounts for C5 prepaid envelopes). Postal costs to Australia Post's Asia/Pacific zone, including New Zealand, h a v e increased from $3.00 to $3.30, and to Australia Post's Rest of World zone have increased from $4.50 to $4.95 per copy. The change from ASET to ASCILITE as the society bank account handling AJET subscriptions has made subscription income from Australian subscribers liable for the Goods and Services Tax [8] (ASET's annual turnover was under $100,000 and thus eligible for GST exemption, but ASCILITE's turnover is too large to enable GST exemption). For each $30 subscription from an Australian library, ASCILITE has to pay $2.73 GST. The proposed increase to $35 (incl GST $3.18) is slightly larger than t h e GST component, but the increase has to cover also the increased cost of C5 prepaid envelopes, and increased cost of printing. GST is not applicable to overseas subscriptions, because they are exports, but increases in Asia/Pacific and Rest of World postal rates have to be covered. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 2004, 20(1) v In AJET Editorial 18(3) [9] we stated that The average print cost per copy (Au$4.30 for Vol 18, compared with Au$3.63 for Vol 17) [Addendum: The average print cost per copy for Vol 19 was $4.49] is rising in accord with inflation, the increasing average number of pages per issue, and to a small extent, the decreasing number of copies being printed. Whilst subscription rates [11] have remained unchanged for Volumes 13-18, notwithstanding the 250% increase in number of pages per volume in size, a review of rates will soon become inevitable. AJET has a very good record on subscription charges, compared with some related or kindred journals. In Editorial 17(3) [10] we compared cost per article for AJET and some Carfax journals, and in Editorial 19(1) [11] we stated that "AJET increased from 2 issues, 164 pages and 10 articles in 1997 to 3 issues, 410 pages and 23 articles in 2002, without an increase in subscription rates", comparing very favourably with some Carfax journals from the Taylor & Francis Group [12]. Figure 1 shows the trends. Figure 1: Personal subscription rates (applicable for Australian residents), for the journals Higher Education Research and Development, Distance Education and AJET, years 1997-2004 In implementing a very modest, near "cost recovery only" increase in rates for institutional subscribers, we remain consistent with the principle t h a t AJET aims to be an academically influential and authoritative journal rather than a source of income for the Societies. Nevertheless, the small increase in rates may help us to experiment with or contemplate some potential future enhancements to the printed version, for example a higher grade, coated paper, or an expansion into four issues per year. 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year Personal subscription rate (Aust residents) in Au$ HERD DE AJET vi Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 2004, 20(1) Advertising on AJET's website At the end of September 2003, we received an approach from Google, seeking our interest in their new service "Premium Service for Google AdSense" [13]. This prompted us to think critically about confirming our current policy, namely no advertising, except occasionally for some academic conferences, especially ASCILITE's own annual conference. AJET's Board and our Societies have confirmed the current policy. The main reason is our preference for maintaining the tradition of an academic publication in which the author's communication is not shared on the same page or screen with any other communication. Each article i s like an exclusive space in which its authors may have the reader's full attention, free from any other person's or company's messages in the same space. Other reasons include the views that we have more than sufficient access to advertising via existing channels, that conference sponsorship i s a more appropriate way for ASCILITE and ASET members to foster relationships with the business sector, and that AJET is aiming to be an academically influential and authoritative journal rather than a source of income for the Societies. We are well aware that search engines, especially Google, are an important avenue for disseminating small scale journals such as AJET, in contrast to the journals from large scale publishers. Some output pages from Google searches contain reasonable advertising. However, we don't see these features as reasons to change our policy on advertising. ASCILITE 2004 The University of Western Australia 5-8 December 2004 http://www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/perth04/ In relation to AJET's free advertising for academic conferences conducted by not for profit Societies, we are exploring the potential for links with a larger number of conferences, possibly with extensions of the concept of additional recognition for outstanding papers. This concept is again illustrated in this issue of AJET, which includes three papers t h a t received Outstanding Paper Awards at ASCILITE 2003 [14]. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 2004, 20(1) vii Outstanding Paper Awards at ASCILITE 2003 Three Awards for Outstanding Papers were made by the ASCILITE 2003 Conference Committee. These are republished in this issue of AJET, a s further recognition of their merit. Barney Dalgarno and Barry Harper provide an extended version of their work on 3D environments for s p a t i a l learning: The importance of learning task design. Gregor Kennedy and Terry Judd, in Making sense of audit trail data find meaningful usage patterns obtainable from electronic records generated within technology based learning environments. Gail Wilson and Elizabeth Stacey wrote Online interaction impacts on learning: Teaching the teachers to t e a c h , investigating the role of staff development in developing teacher presence online. We congratulate these authors for their papers being singled out from the 98 full and concise papers selected for ASCILITE 2003 Conference [14]. Acknowledging AJET's 2003 reviewers AJET records its appreciation of the work undertaken during 2003 by our reviewers, listed on the new web page AJET Panel of Reviewers 2003 [15]. Idle Moment No. 6 From time to time we compare AJET with some kindred journals produced by large scale commercial publishers, for example in Figure 1 above. How does AJET compare with similar, kindred journals in the Australian not for profit sector? Table 1 was constructed in an idle moment (see [16] for previous Idle Moments) to illustrate AJET's consistent sustainability. Table 1: Numbers of issues and articles in four Australian journals, 1995-2003 e-JIST [17] first issue 1995 IJET [18] first issue 1999 Compute-Ed [19] first issue 1995 AJET [20] first issue 1985Year issues artics issues artics issues artics issues artics 1995 4 8 - - 1 7 2 1 4 1996 0 0 - - 1 4 2 1 2 1997 1 2 - - 1 7 2 1 0 1998 - - 1 5 2 1 0 1999 2 1 3 1(99-00) 7 3 1 5 2000 4(98-00) 1 2 1 7 1(00-01) 1 3 1 8 2001 2 1 5 1 6 0 0 3 2 0 2002 1 9 1 1 7 0 0 3 2 3 2003 1 4 0 0 0 0 3 2 4 Totals 1 3(95-03) 5 0 (95-03) 5 (99-03) 3 9 (99-02) 6 (95-01) 3 1 (95-01) 2 3 (95-03) 1 4 6 (95-03) viii Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 2004, 20(1) Initiated as Australian based, online only journals, e-JIST (e-Journal o f Instructional Science and T e c h n o l o g y ), IJET (International Journal o f Educational Technology) and Compute-Ed have published a significant number of peer reviewed research articles, but none of the three h a s matched AJET's growth and long term consistency in issues per year. Roger Atkinson AJET Production Editor Catherine McLoughlin AJET Editor E n d n o t e s 1. Google. http://www.google.com/ 2. Australasian Plant Pathology http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/39.htm 3. Australasian Plant Pathology Society http://www.australasianplantpathologysociety.org.au/ 4. National Library of Australia: The Australian ISSN Agency http://www.nla.gov.au/services/issn.html 5. National Library of Australia: For - Publishers. http://www.nla.gov.au/services/serv_pubs.html 6. About AJET. http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/about/about.html 7. Australia Post. http://www.auspost.com.au/ 8. Australian Tax Office. Tax basics for non-profit organisations. http://www.ato.gov.au/nonprofit/content.asp?doc=/content/33609.htm&pa ge=1&pc=001/004/045/002&mnu=5268&mfp=001/004&st=&cy=1 9. AJET Editorial 18(3). http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet18/editorial18-3.html 10. AJET Editorial 17(3). http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet17/editorial17-3.html 11. AJET Editorial 19(1). http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet19/editorial19-1.html 12. Taylor & Francis Group. http://www.tandf.co.uk/ 13. Google. Premium Service for Google AdSense. http://www.google.com/services/premium_adsense_overview.html 14. ASCILITE 2003. http://www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/adelaide03/ 15. AJET Panel of Reviewers 2003. http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/about/rev- panel2003.html 16. AJET Editorial 19(3). http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet19/editorial19-3.html 1 7 http://www.usq.edu.au/electpub/e-jist/ 18. http://www.ao.uiuc.edu/ijet/ 19. http://pandora.nla.gov.au/tep/10253 20. http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ ALT-C 2004: Blue skies and pragmatism - learning technologies for the next decade http://www.alt.ac.uk/altc2004/ 11th International Conference of the Association for Learning Technology, University of Exeter, England, 14-16 September 2004