




































AUSTRALIAN FINANCE & BANKING REVIEW 7(1) (2023), 9-29 

 

 9 

                       FINANCE AND BANKING 

                                                                  AFBR VOL 7 NO 1 (2023) P-ISSN 2576-1196  E-ISSN 2576-120X 
                                                  

        Available online at https://www.cribfb.com 
                                                                                                                                           Journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/afbr 

                                                                                                                                                                                                               Published by CRIBFB 

HISTORY OF AUSTRALIAN BANKING       

 
 Saleh Ahmed Jakaria (a)1    

 

(a) Deputy Secretary, Director, Rajdhani Unnayan Kartipakkha (RAJUK), Bangladesh; E-mail: jakariads21@gmail.com 
 

 
A R T I C L E I N F O 
 

 

Article History: 
 

Received: 29th June 2023 

Revised: 30th June to 19th  August 2023 
Accepted: 20th August 2023 

Published: 21st August 2023   

 
Keywords: 

 

Australian Banking, History. 

 
JEL Classification Codes: 

  

E50 

 
 

  

 
A B S T R A C T 

 
This paper offers a detailed exploration of the intricate history of Australian banking, unraveling its 

inception, progression, and pivotal junctures that have sculpted the financial terrain of the nation. 

Originating as modest colonial endeavors, Australian banks have evolved into significant players in the 

global financial arena. This journey of Australian banking mirrors a captivating fusion of economic 

dynamics, political frameworks, and societal shifts. By meticulously scrutinizing critical junctures, 

regulatory shifts, technological innovations, and socio-economic determinants, this paper endeavors to 

furnish a nuanced comprehension of the trajectory of Australian banking across centuries. From the 

pioneering ventures of the colonial era to the contemporary complexities of a digitalized world, the 

narrative unfolds a narrative rich in resilience, adaptation, and evolution. Through this examination, 

we gain insight into the enduring legacy, challenges, and transformative potential of Australian banking, 

illuminating its integral role in shaping the economic landscape of the continent. 

  
 

© 2023 by the authors. Licensee CRIBFB. This article is an open-access article distributed under the 

terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license 

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0).                           

 

INTRODUCTION 

Banking plays a pivotal role in the economic development of Australia, serving as the backbone of its financial infrastructure 

and providing essential services to individuals, businesses, and the broader economy. From the early days of colonization 

to the modern digital era, the evolution of Australian banking has been intricately intertwined with the nation's economic 

growth, trade expansion, and social development. 

During the colonial era, banking institutions emerged primarily to support the burgeoning trade activities and 

agricultural ventures of the newly established colonies. These banks facilitated transactions, provided credit to farmers and 

entrepreneurs, and played a crucial role in channeling capital into productive investments. As Australia transitioned from a 

collection of colonies to a federated nation in 1901, the banking sector underwent significant consolidation and expansion, 

laying the foundation for a more unified and robust financial system. 

Throughout the 20th century, Australian banks played key roles in financing infrastructure projects, supporting 

industrialization, and managing the economic challenges posed by two world wars and subsequent global crises. The 

establishment of regulatory bodies such as the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) and the Australian Prudential Regulation 

Authority (APRA) further bolstered the stability and resilience of the banking sector, ensuring prudent oversight and risk 

management practices. 

In recent decades, technological advancements have revolutionized the way banking services are delivered, 

ushering in an era of digital banking, electronic payments, and fintech innovation. Australian banks have embraced these 

technological changes, enhancing customer experiences, improving operational efficiencies, and expanding access to 

financial services, particularly in remote and underserved areas. 

Moreover, Australian banks have increasingly recognized their social and environmental responsibilities, actively engaging 

in corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, promoting financial inclusion, and integrating sustainability 

considerations into their business practices. Initiatives such as green finance and ethical investing underscore the sector's 

commitment to addressing pressing societal challenges, including climate change and social inequality. 

                                                      
1Corresponding Author: ORCID ID: 0009-0003-7811-9124 
© 2023 by the authors. Hosting by CRIBFB. Peer review under responsibility of CRIBFB.  

https://doi.org/10.46281/afbr.v8i1.2190 

 
To cite this article: Jakaria, S. A. (2023). HISTORY OF AUSTRALIAN BANKING. Australian Finance & Banking Review, 7(1), 9-29. 

https://doi.org/10.46281/afbr.v8i1.2190 

 

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
https://doi.org/10.46281/afbr.v8i1.2190
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7811-9124


Jakaria, Australian Finance & Banking Review 7(1) (2023), 9-29 

 

10 

As Australia navigates the complexities of the 21st-century global economy, the banking sector continues to play 

a critical role in supporting economic growth, fostering innovation, and ensuring financial stability. By adapting to evolving 

market dynamics, embracing technological innovations, and upholding principles of accountability and sustainability, 

Australian banks are poised to contribute to the nation's prosperity and well-being in the years to come. 

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive exploration of Australian banking history, tracing its 

evolution from the colonial era to the modern-day digital landscape. Through a detailed examination of key milestones, 

regulatory developments, technological advancements, and socio-economic influences, the paper aims to offer insights into 

the dynamic interplay between banking and the broader economic and social fabric of Australia. 

 

DISCUSSIONS 

COLONIAL ERA 

Establishment of the First Banks: The emergence of banking institutions in the early colonial period and their role in 

facilitating trade and commerce. 

 

The early colonial period in Australia witnessed the establishment of the first banking institutions, which played a crucial 

role in facilitating trade, commerce, and economic development. Prior to the arrival of European settlers, indigenous 

Australians engaged in various forms of trade and exchange, but it was the influx of British colonists in the late 18th century 

that laid the groundwork for modern banking in the continent. 

The first bank to operate in Australia was the Bank of New South Wales, founded in 1817 by Governor Lachlan 

Macquarie. Initially established to address the shortage of currency in the colony of New South Wales, the Bank of New 

South Wales quickly expanded its operations to provide a range of financial services, including lending, currency issuance, 

and deposit-taking. Its establishment marked a significant milestone in the economic development of the colony, providing 

much-needed financial infrastructure to support growing trade and commerce. 

One of the primary functions of early colonial banks like the Bank of New South Wales was to facilitate trade 

between the colony and other parts of the British Empire. As the colony developed, demand for credit and financial services 

grew, driven by the expansion of agricultural activities, the rise of maritime trade, and the influx of immigrants seeking 

opportunities in the new frontier. Banks played a vital role in financing agricultural ventures, providing credit to farmers for 

land purchases, equipment, and livestock, thereby stimulating agricultural production and export trade. 

Moreover, the establishment of banks facilitated the circulation of currency and the development of a monetary system, 

which was essential for the functioning of the colonial economy. Prior to the establishment of banks, barter and informal 

credit arrangements were prevalent, limiting the scope and efficiency of economic transactions. The introduction of banking 

institutions provided a more reliable and standardized means of conducting financial transactions, thereby promoting 

economic growth and commercial activity. 

In addition to their role in facilitating trade and commerce, early colonial banks also played a significant role in 

infrastructure development. Banks provided financing for public works projects such as roads, bridges, and ports, which 

were essential for the transportation of goods and the expansion of trade networks. By providing capital for infrastructure 

development, banks contributed to the overall economic development of the colonies and laid the foundation for future 

growth and prosperity. 

In conclusion, the emergence of banking institutions in the early colonial period played a pivotal role in shaping 

the economic landscape of Australia. Banks such as the Bank of New South Wales provided essential financial services, 

facilitated trade and commerce, and supported infrastructure development, thereby laying the groundwork for the continent's 

economic development. Their establishment marked the beginning of a long and enduring relationship between banking and 

economic growth in Australia. 

 

Challenges and Adaptations: Navigation through Economic Uncertainties, Currency Fluctuations, and Regulatory 

Constraints 

Despite their instrumental role in facilitating trade and commerce, early colonial banks in Australia faced numerous 

challenges stemming from economic uncertainties, currency fluctuations, and regulatory constraints. These challenges 

necessitated strategic adaptations by banking institutions to maintain their operations, support their clients, and navigate the 

dynamic economic landscape of the time. 

 

 Economic Uncertainties 

Economic Volatility: The early colonial period was characterized by economic volatility, driven by factors such as 

fluctuating commodity prices, unpredictable weather patterns affecting agricultural production, and the boom-and-bust 

cycles inherent in frontier economies. 

Adaptations: To mitigate the impact of economic uncertainties, banks implemented prudent lending practices, diversified 

their investment portfolios, and maintained adequate reserves to weather downturns. Additionally, banks played a stabilizing 

role by providing liquidity during economic downturns, thereby helping to mitigate the adverse effects of economic shocks 

on businesses and individuals. 

 

 

 



Jakaria, Australian Finance & Banking Review 7(1) (2023), 9-29 

 

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 Currency Fluctuations 

Lack of Currency Stability: In the absence of a standardized national currency, colonial economies relied on a patchwork of 

currency systems, including British pounds, Spanish dollars, and various local currencies. This lack of currency stability 

posed challenges for banks in conducting financial transactions and managing currency risks. 

Adaptations: Banks adapted to currency fluctuations by issuing their own banknotes, which were redeemable for specie or 

other forms of currency. This helped to standardize the currency system and provided a more reliable medium of exchange 

for commercial transactions. Additionally, banks engaged in currency arbitrage and foreign exchange operations to hedge 

against currency risks and ensure the liquidity of their assets. 

 

 Regulatory Constraints 

Limited Regulatory Oversight: In the early colonial period, banking regulations were minimal, and regulatory oversight was 

limited. This lack of regulatory framework exposed banks to risks such as fraud, insolvency, and inadequate capitalization. 

Adaptations: In the absence of robust regulatory oversight, banks relied on self-regulatory mechanisms and internal controls 

to manage risks and maintain financial stability. Banks implemented strict lending standards, conducted thorough due 

diligence on borrowers, and established reserve requirements to safeguard against potential losses. Moreover, banks 

cultivated relationships with colonial authorities and policymakers to influence the development of banking regulations and 

ensure a favorable operating environment. 

 

In conclusion, early colonial banks in Australia confronted a myriad of challenges arising from economic 

uncertainties, currency fluctuations, and regulatory constraints. Through strategic adaptations, including prudent risk 

management practices, currency diversification strategies, and proactive engagement with regulators, banks were able to 

navigate these challenges and establish themselves as vital pillars of the colonial economy. The lessons learned from these 

early experiences continue to inform banking practices in modern-day Australia, underscoring the importance of 

adaptability, resilience, and innovation in the face of evolving economic dynamics. 

 

FEDERATION AND POST-FEDERATION PERIOD 

Consolidation and Expansion: Banking sector reforms and the growth of national banks post-federation 

 

The period following Federation in 1901 marked a significant phase in the evolution of the Australian banking sector, 

characterized by consolidation, expansion, and banking sector reforms. The establishment of a unified nation provided the 

impetus for regulatory reforms and the emergence of national banks that would shape the financial landscape of Australia 

for decades to come. 

 

Regulatory Reforms 

 With the advent of Federation, the need for a standardized regulatory framework became apparent to ensure the 

stability and efficiency of the banking sector across the newly formed nation. 

 The Banking Act of 1911 represented a milestone in Australian banking regulation, introducing prudential 

oversight, capital requirements, and licensing provisions aimed at safeguarding depositors' funds and promoting 

financial stability. 

 Subsequent regulatory reforms, including amendments to the Banking Act and the establishment of regulatory 

bodies such as the Commonwealth Bank and the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), further strengthened the 

regulatory framework and enhanced the resilience of the banking sector. 

 

Growth of National Banks 

 The period following Federation witnessed the consolidation of smaller regional banks and the emergence of larger 

national banks with extensive branch networks and diversified business operations. 

 National banks such as the Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA), founded in 1911, played a pivotal role in 

driving the expansion and modernization of the Australian banking sector. 

 The CBA, in particular, established itself as a key player in the Australian financial system, offering a wide range 

of banking services, including retail banking, corporate banking, and central banking functions. 

 

Expansion of Banking Services 

 The growth of national banks post-Federation facilitated greater access to banking services for individuals and 

businesses across Australia. 

 National banks expanded their branch networks into regional and remote areas, providing essential financial 

services to rural communities and supporting economic development outside of major urban centers. 

 The introduction of new banking products and services, such as savings accounts, personal loans, and mortgage 

financing, contributed to the democratization of finance and the broadening of financial inclusion. 

 

 

 



Jakaria, Australian Finance & Banking Review 7(1) (2023), 9-29 

 

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Technological Advancements 

 The post-Federation era also witnessed technological advancements that transformed banking operations and 

customer service delivery. 

 Innovations such as check clearing systems, automated teller machines (ATMs), and electronic payment systems 

improved the efficiency and convenience of banking transactions, enhancing the customer experience and driving 

further adoption of banking services. 

 

In conclusion, the period following Federation in Australia marked a transformative phase in the history of the banking 

sector, characterized by regulatory reforms, consolidation, and the emergence of national banks. These developments laid 

the foundation for a modern and resilient banking system that would support the nation's economic growth and prosperity 

in the decades to come. 

 

Impact of World Wars: The role of banks in financing wartime efforts and managing economic disruptions 

The outbreak of World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945) had profound implications for the Australian 

banking sector, as banks played a crucial role in financing wartime efforts, managing economic disruptions, and supporting 

national mobilization efforts. 

 

Financing Wartime Efforts 

 During both World Wars, Australian banks played a critical role in financing the war efforts of the Allied powers, 

including Australia's own military contributions. 

 Banks facilitated government borrowing through the issuance of war bonds and treasury bills, providing the 

necessary funds to finance military operations, purchase equipment, and support war-related industries. 

 Additionally, banks extended credit to businesses engaged in war production, including munitions factories, 

shipyards, and aircraft manufacturers, thereby contributing to the expansion of wartime industries and the 

mobilization of resources for the war effort. 

 

Managing Economic Disruptions 

 The onset of World Wars led to significant economic disruptions, including disruptions to trade, labor shortages, 

inflationary pressures, and fluctuations in commodity prices. 

 Australian banks played a key role in managing these economic challenges by providing liquidity to businesses 

and individuals affected by the war, extending credit to bridge temporary financing gaps, and facilitating the 

resumption of economic activities. 

 Banks also worked closely with government authorities to implement measures aimed at stabilizing the economy, 

including price controls, rationing schemes, and labor mobilization programs. 

 

Supporting National Mobilization Efforts 

 Australian banks actively supported national mobilization efforts during both World Wars by participating in 

government-led initiatives to support the war economy and ensure the efficient allocation of resources. 

 Banks cooperated with government agencies to channel financial resources towards priority sectors such as defense 

production, agriculture, and infrastructure development. 

 Moreover, banks played a role in facilitating the recruitment and deployment of personnel for military service by 

providing banking services to defense personnel and their families, including managing military payrolls and 

administering welfare programs. 

 

Post-War Reconstruction and Recovery 

 Following the conclusion of World Wars, Australian banks played a vital role in financing post-war reconstruction 

and recovery efforts, supporting the rebuilding of infrastructure, the rehabilitation of returning servicemen, and the 

resumption of civilian economic activities. 

 Banks extended credit to businesses and individuals to stimulate investment and consumption, thereby contributing 

to the economic recovery and the transition to peacetime prosperity. 

 

In conclusion, Australian banks played a multifaceted role during World Wars, serving as financial intermediaries, economic 

stabilizers, and agents of national mobilization. Their contributions to financing wartime efforts, managing economic 

disruptions, and supporting post-war reconstruction were instrumental in sustaining Australia's war effort and facilitating 

the country's transition to a peacetime economy. 

 

 

 

 

 



Jakaria, Australian Finance & Banking Review 7(1) (2023), 9-29 

 

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REGULATION AND DEREGULATION 

Regulatory Framework: Evolution of banking regulations, including the establishment of the Reserve Bank of Australia 

(RBA) and the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). 

 

The evolution of the regulatory framework governing the Australian banking sector is a testament to the dynamic interplay 

between economic developments, financial stability objectives, and the need for effective regulatory oversight. Over the 

years, the regulatory landscape has undergone significant transformations, marked by the establishment of key regulatory 

bodies such as the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) and the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). 

 

Early Regulatory Framework 

 In the early colonial period, banking regulations were minimal, and regulatory oversight was limited. Banks 

operated under a laissez-faire regulatory environment, with little formal supervision from colonial authorities. 

 The absence of comprehensive regulatory framework left banks vulnerable to risks such as insolvency, fraud, and 

inadequate capitalization, leading to occasional banking crises and depositor losses. 

 

Establishment of the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) 

 The Reserve Bank Act of 1959 marked a significant milestone in the evolution of Australian banking regulation 

with the establishment of the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) as the nation's central bank. 

 The RBA was tasked with a dual mandate of maintaining price stability and promoting full employment, thereby 

becoming the primary authority responsible for monetary policy formulation and implementation. 

 As the central bank, the RBA was granted regulatory powers over key aspects of the financial system, including 

currency issuance, monetary operations, and oversight of payment systems. 

 

Banking Sector Reforms 

 The 1980s and 1990s witnessed a series of banking sector reforms aimed at liberalizing the financial system, 

promoting competition, and enhancing efficiency. 

 Key reforms included the deregulation of interest rates, the removal of restrictions on bank branching and foreign 

ownership, and the introduction of prudential standards to strengthen risk management practices. 

 These reforms paved the way for increased competition, innovation, and globalization within the Australian 

banking sector, leading to the entry of foreign banks, the emergence of non-bank financial institutions, and the 

adoption of new technologies. 

 

Establishment of the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) 

 In response to the banking and financial sector challenges of the 1980s and 1990s, the Australian government 

established the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) in 1998. 

 APRA was entrusted with the responsibility of regulating and supervising the banking, insurance, and 

superannuation industries to ensure their safety, soundness, and stability. 

 APRA's regulatory mandate includes prudential supervision, risk assessment, enforcement of prudential standards, 

and resolution of financial institution failures. 

 

Ongoing Regulatory Reforms 

 In the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2008, there has been renewed focus on strengthening 

financial regulation and enhancing systemic resilience. 

 Regulatory reforms introduced post-GFC include measures to improve capital adequacy, enhance risk management 

practices, and bolster crisis management frameworks to mitigate systemic risks and safeguard financial stability. 

 

In conclusion, the evolution of banking regulations in Australia reflects a trajectory of increasing sophistication, from the 

early days of laissez-faire regulation to the establishment of robust regulatory frameworks overseen by institutions such as 

the RBA and APRA. As the banking sector continues to evolve in response to emerging risks and market dynamics, 

regulatory authorities play a critical role in ensuring the safety, stability, and integrity of the financial syst 

 

Deregulation and Liberalization: Reforms in the 1980s and 1990s leading to increased competition, innovation, and 

globalization. 

The 1980s and 1990s marked a period of significant deregulation and liberalization in the Australian banking sector, 

characterized by sweeping reforms aimed at dismantling regulatory barriers, fostering competition, promoting innovation, 

and embracing globalization. These reforms transformed the banking landscape, ushering in a new era of dynamism and 

growth. 

 

 

 



Jakaria, Australian Finance & Banking Review 7(1) (2023), 9-29 

 

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Deregulation of Interest Rates 

 Prior to the reforms of the 1980s, interest rates in Australia were subject to strict regulatory controls, with the 

government setting caps on lending and deposit rates. 

 Deregulation of interest rates, initiated in the early 1980s, abolished these controls, allowing banks to determine 

interest rates based on market forces. 

 This deregulation led to greater pricing flexibility, increased competition, and improved allocation of credit, as 

banks were able to respond more effectively to changes in market conditions and borrower preferences. 

 

Removal of Branching Restrictions 

 Historically, Australian banks were subject to geographic restrictions on branching, limiting their ability to expand 

their branch networks across state borders. 

 Reforms in the 1980s and 1990s removed these restrictions, allowing banks to establish branches and operate 

nationally. 

 This liberalization of branching rules promoted competition by facilitating the entry of new players into previously 

restricted markets and providing consumers with greater choice and access to banking services. 

 

Foreign Bank Entry 

 The deregulation of foreign bank entry in the 1980s opened the Australian banking market to foreign competition, 

paving the way for the entry of multinational banks. 

 Foreign banks brought with them expertise, technology, and global networks, injecting new ideas and innovation 

into the Australian banking sector. 

 The presence of foreign banks intensified competition, leading to product innovation, improved service quality, 

and lower costs for consumers. 

 

Financial Innovation 

 Deregulation and liberalization spurred financial innovation in the Australian banking sector, driving the 

development of new products, services, and delivery channels. 

 Banks introduced innovative financial instruments such as securitization, derivatives, and structured products to 

meet the evolving needs of customers and capitalize on emerging market opportunities. 

 Technological advancements, including the adoption of computerization, electronic banking, and ATM networks, 

transformed the way banking services were delivered, enhancing convenience and efficiency for consumers. 

 

Globalization 

 The deregulation and liberalization of the Australian banking sector were part of broader global trends towards 

financial liberalization and globalization. 

 Australian banks embraced globalization by expanding their operations internationally, establishing branches and 

subsidiaries in overseas markets, and participating in cross-border transactions. 

 Globalization enabled Australian banks to diversify their revenue streams, access new sources of funding, and 

leverage international expertise to enhance their competitiveness on the global stage. 

 

In conclusion, the deregulation and liberalization of the Australian banking sector in the 1980s and 1990s were instrumental 

in driving increased competition, innovation, and globalization. These reforms transformed the banking landscape, 

empowering banks to adapt to changing market conditions, embrace new technologies, and expand their reach both 

domestically and internationally. The legacy of these reforms continues to shape the modern Australian banking sector, 

fostering a dynamic and resilient financial ecosystem. 

 

TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION 

Introduction of Technology: Adoption of computers, ATMs, and electronic banking services. 

 

The introduction of technology revolutionized the Australian banking sector, leading to significant advancements in 

efficiency, convenience, and accessibility of financial services. Beginning in the late 20th century and continuing into the 

21st century, the adoption of computers, automated teller machines (ATMs), and electronic banking services transformed 

the way banks operated and interacted with their customers. 

 

Computerization of Banking Operations 

 The widespread adoption of computers in the 1970s and 1980s revolutionized banking operations, enabling banks 

to automate processes, streamline transactions, and improve data management. 

 Computerization allowed banks to centralize their operations, reducing the need for manual record-keeping and 

paperwork, and enhancing operational efficiency. 



Jakaria, Australian Finance & Banking Review 7(1) (2023), 9-29 

 

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 Banks began to invest in core banking systems and software applications to support functions such as account 

management, transaction processing, and risk assessment, laying the foundation for modern banking infrastructure. 

 

Introduction of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) 

 The introduction of ATMs in the 1980s represented a major milestone in banking technology, providing customers 

with round-the-clock access to cash withdrawals, account inquiries, and basic banking services. 

 ATMs offered convenience and flexibility, allowing customers to perform transactions outside of traditional 

banking hours and locations. 

 The proliferation of ATMs across Australia expanded the reach of banking services, particularly in rural and remote 

areas where brick-and-mortar bank branches were scarce. 

 

Electronic Banking Services 

 The advent of electronic banking services, including telephone banking and internet banking, transformed the way 

customers interacted with their banks and managed their finances. 

 Telephone banking, introduced in the 1980s, allowed customers to conduct banking transactions over the phone 

using interactive voice response (IVR) systems or speaking with a live agent. 

 Internet banking emerged in the 1990s and rapidly gained popularity, enabling customers to access their accounts, 

transfer funds, pay bills, and perform other banking activities online via secure websites or mobile apps. 

 Electronic banking services provided customers with greater convenience, control, and flexibility in managing their 

finances, while also reducing the need for in-person visits to bank branches. 

 

Impact on Banking Operations and Customer Experience 

 The adoption of technology revolutionized banking operations, enabling banks to improve efficiency, reduce costs, 

and enhance risk management practices. 

 Customers benefited from greater convenience, accessibility, and choice in accessing banking services, leading to 

higher levels of satisfaction and loyalty. 

 Technology also facilitated the development of innovative financial products and services, such as mobile banking, 

contactless payments, and digital wallets, further enhancing the customer experience and driving continued 

innovation in the banking sector. 

 

In conclusion, the introduction of technology, including computers, ATMs, and electronic banking services, has transformed 

the Australian banking sector, driving improvements in efficiency, accessibility, and customer experience. As technology 

continues to evolve, banks are poised to leverage emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and data 

analytics to further enhance their offerings and meet the evolving needs of customers in the digital age. 

 

Digital Disruption: The rise of online banking, fintech startups, and digital currencies reshaping traditional banking 

models. 

The advent of digital technology has sparked a wave of disruption in the Australian banking sector, challenging traditional 

business models and reshaping the way financial services are delivered. The rise of online banking, the emergence of fintech 

startups, and the growing popularity of digital currencies are transforming the industry landscape, driving innovation, and 

changing customer expectations. 

 

Online Banking 

 Online banking has become increasingly prevalent in Australia, offering customers convenient access to a wide 

range of banking services via the internet or mobile apps. 

 Traditional banks have invested heavily in developing user-friendly online platforms that enable customers to 

check account balances, transfer funds, pay bills, and manage their finances from anywhere at any time. 

 Online banking has shifted the balance of power towards consumers, empowering them with greater control over 

their financial transactions and reducing their reliance on physical bank branches. 

 

Fintech Startups 

 The Australian fintech ecosystem has experienced rapid growth in recent years, fueled by a surge in entrepreneurial 

activity, venture capital investment, and government support. 

 Fintech startups are leveraging cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and data 

analytics to offer innovative financial products and services that challenge traditional banking models. 

 These startups are disrupting various segments of the banking value chain, including payments, lending, wealth 

management, and insurance, by providing faster, cheaper, and more tailored solutions to meet the evolving needs 

of consumers and businesses. 

 



Jakaria, Australian Finance & Banking Review 7(1) (2023), 9-29 

 

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Digital Currencies 

 The rise of digital currencies, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, has captured the imagination of investors and 

consumers alike, presenting both opportunities and challenges for the banking industry. 

 While digital currencies offer the potential for faster, cheaper, and more secure cross-border transactions, they also 

pose risks related to regulatory compliance, volatility, and cybersecurity. 

 Some Australian banks have embraced digital currencies by exploring blockchain technology for payment 

settlements and offering services to customers interested in investing in cryptocurrencies. However, others have 

been more cautious, citing concerns about the lack of regulation and the potential for financial crime. 

 

Reshaping Traditional Banking Models 

 The rise of online banking, fintech startups, and digital currencies is reshaping traditional banking models, forcing 

incumbent banks to adapt or risk being left behind. 

 Traditional banks are responding to digital disruption by investing in technology, partnering with fintech startups, 

and launching digital-only banking platforms to meet the changing preferences of customers and stay competitive 

in the digital age. 

 At the same time, regulatory authorities are grappling with the challenges posed by digital disruption, seeking to 

strike a balance between fostering innovation and safeguarding financial stability and consumer protection. 

 

In conclusion, digital disruption is fundamentally transforming the Australian banking sector, driving innovation, 

competition, and customer-centricity. As online banking, fintech startups, and digital currencies continue to evolve, banks 

will need to embrace digital transformation, foster innovation, and adapt their business models to thrive in the increasingly 

digitalized financial ecosystem. 

 

FINANCIAL CRISES AND RESILIENCE 

Global Financial Crisis (GFC): Impacts on the Australian banking sector and regulatory responses 

 

The Global Financial Crisis (GFC), which originated in the United States in 2007 and reverberated across global financial 

markets, had significant implications for the Australian banking sector. While Australia fared relatively well compared to 

many other countries, the crisis exposed vulnerabilities in the financial system and prompted regulatory responses aimed at 

enhancing resilience and stability. 

 

Impacts on the Australian Banking Sector 

 Despite Australia's strong regulatory framework and conservative banking practices, the GFC had notable impacts 

on the Australian banking sector. 

 Australian banks faced increased funding costs and liquidity pressures as global credit markets froze and interbank 

lending rates surged. 

 The crisis also led to a tightening of credit conditions, with banks becoming more risk-averse and tightening lending 

standards, particularly in the areas of housing and commercial real estate. 

 However, compared to their international counterparts, Australian banks remained relatively well-capitalized and 

profitable, due in part to prudent risk management practices and regulatory safeguards. 

 

Regulatory Responses 

 In response to the challenges posed by the GFC, Australian regulatory authorities implemented a series of measures 

aimed at strengthening the resilience of the financial system and mitigating systemic risks. 

 The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) introduced new prudential standards to enhance capital 

adequacy, liquidity management, and risk assessment practices across the banking sector. 

 APRA also implemented stress testing requirements to assess banks' ability to withstand adverse economic 

scenarios and ensure they had adequate buffers to absorb potential losses. 

 The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) implemented monetary policy measures, including interest rate cuts and 

liquidity injections, to support economic growth, stabilize financial markets, and ease funding pressures on banks. 

 Additionally, the Australian government introduced fiscal stimulus packages to boost domestic demand, support 

employment, and stimulate economic activity, thereby alleviating some of the pressures facing the banking sector. 

 

Longer-Term Implications 

 The GFC prompted a reassessment of risk management practices and regulatory frameworks within the Australian 

banking sector, leading to a greater emphasis on resilience, transparency, and accountability. 

 Australian banks increased their focus on building robust risk management systems, enhancing governance 

structures, and improving capital and liquidity management practices to better withstand future financial shocks. 



Jakaria, Australian Finance & Banking Review 7(1) (2023), 9-29 

 

17 

 The crisis also spurred efforts to enhance international cooperation and coordination on regulatory issues, as 

policymakers sought to address the global nature of systemic risks and prevent future financial crises from 

occurring. 

 

In conclusion, while the Australian banking sector weathered the Global Financial Crisis relatively well compared to many 

other countries, the crisis underscored the importance of robust regulatory frameworks and prudent risk management 

practices in safeguarding financial stability. The regulatory responses implemented in the aftermath of the GFC have 

strengthened the resilience of the Australian banking sector and positioned it well to navigate future challenges and 

uncertainties. 

 

COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges and responses in maintaining financial stability and supporting the economy. 

The COVID-19 pandemic, which emerged in late 2019 and rapidly spread across the globe, presented unprecedented 

challenges to the Australian economy and financial system. As the pandemic unfolded, policymakers and regulatory 

authorities faced the daunting task of maintaining financial stability and supporting the economy amidst widespread 

disruptions and uncertainties. 

 

Economic Disruptions 

 The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a severe economic downturn in Australia, marked by sharp declines in 

economic activity, employment losses, and business closures. 

 Lockdown measures and social distancing restrictions implemented to contain the spread of the virus led to 

disruptions in supply chains, reduced consumer spending, and contraction in key sectors such as tourism, 

hospitality, and retail. 

 The economic fallout from the pandemic also exacerbated pre-existing vulnerabilities, including high household 

debt levels, housing market imbalances, and dependence on international trade and tourism. 

 

Financial Stability Concerns 

 The economic disruptions caused by the pandemic raised concerns about financial stability, as businesses faced 

liquidity pressures, borrowers struggled to service debts, and asset prices experienced volatility. 

 Australian banks, while well-capitalized and profitable, braced for an increase in non-performing loans and credit 

losses as the economic outlook deteriorated and unemployment rose. 

 The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) and the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) closely 

monitored financial markets and worked to ensure the stability of the banking sector through liquidity support 

measures, regulatory forbearance, and stress testing exercises. 

 

Policy Responses 

 In response to the economic fallout from the pandemic, Australian policymakers implemented a range of fiscal and 

monetary measures to support households, businesses, and financial markets. 

 The Australian government rolled out substantial fiscal stimulus packages, including wage subsidies, income 

support payments, and business grants, to cushion the impact of the pandemic on household incomes and maintain 

business viability. 

 The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) implemented monetary policy measures, including interest rate cuts, 

quantitative easing, and yield curve control, to support liquidity conditions, lower borrowing costs, and facilitate 

credit flows to the economy. 

 Regulatory authorities, including APRA and the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), 

provided regulatory relief and flexibility to financial institutions, allowing them to offer loan repayment deferrals, 

loan restructuring, and other forms of support to borrowers facing financial hardship. 

 

Recovery and Resilience 

 As vaccination efforts ramped up and restrictions eased, Australia embarked on a path towards economic recovery, 

supported by the success in containing the spread of the virus and the resilience of its financial system. 

 Government stimulus measures, accommodative monetary policy, and ongoing support from regulatory authorities 

helped to underpin confidence, restore business activity, and fuel a rebound in economic growth. 

 However, challenges remain, including the need to address structural imbalances, support sectors still grappling 

with the aftermath of the pandemic, and navigate global uncertainties such as supply chain disruptions and 

geopolitical tensions. 

 

In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic presented unprecedented challenges to the Australian economy and financial 

system, requiring swift and coordinated policy responses to maintain stability and support recovery. While significant 

progress has been made, the road to full economic recovery remains uncertain, underscoring the importance of continued 

vigilance, resilience, and policy adaptability in navigating the post-pandemic landscape. 



Jakaria, Australian Finance & Banking Review 7(1) (2023), 9-29 

 

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SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Banks' role in promoting financial inclusion, sustainability, and ethical 

practices. 

 

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become an increasingly important aspect of the banking sector's operations, 

reflecting a broader recognition of banks' responsibilities towards society, the environment, and ethical business practices. 

Australian banks have been actively engaged in CSR initiatives aimed at promoting financial inclusion, sustainability, and 

ethical conduct, leveraging their resources, expertise, and influence to drive positive social and environmental impact. 

 

Financial Inclusion 

 Australian banks play a vital role in promoting financial inclusion by providing access to banking services and 

credit to underserved and marginalized communities, including low-income individuals, small businesses, and rural 

populations. 

 Banks offer a range of products and services tailored to meet the needs of financially excluded populations, such 

as basic transaction accounts, microfinance loans, and financial literacy programs. 

 Additionally, banks collaborate with government agencies, non-profit organizations, and community groups to 

develop initiatives aimed at improving financial literacy, building financial resilience, and empowering 

disadvantaged individuals to participate in the formal financial system. 

 

Sustainability 

 Australian banks are increasingly incorporating sustainability considerations into their business strategies, operations, 

and decision-making processes, recognizing the importance of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors in 

long-term value creation. 

 Banks are investing in sustainable finance initiatives, including green lending, renewable energy financing, and impact 

investing, to support the transition to a low-carbon economy and address climate change-related risks. 

 Banks are also integrating sustainability criteria into their investment and lending decisions, engaging with stakeholders 

to identify and mitigate environmental and social risks, and disclosing relevant ESG information to stakeholders to 

enhance transparency and accountability. 

 

Ethical Practices 

 Upholding ethical standards and promoting integrity is a cornerstone of CSR for Australian banks, reflecting a 

commitment to responsible business conduct, compliance with laws and regulations, and ethical decision-making. 

 Banks have implemented robust corporate governance structures, codes of conduct, and compliance programs to 

prevent misconduct, mitigate conflicts of interest, and uphold the highest standards of ethical behavior. 

 Banks also engage in stakeholder dialogue, including with customers, employees, investors, and regulators, to solicit 

feedback, address concerns, and continuously improve their ethical practices and corporate culture. 

 

Community Engagement 

 Australian banks are actively involved in supporting local communities through philanthropic initiatives, employee 

volunteering programs, and community development projects. 

 Banks donate to charitable organizations, sponsor community events, and provide grants to support education, 

health, arts, and cultural programs, contributing to the social and economic well-being of communities. 

 Employee volunteering programs enable bank employees to donate their time and skills to support community 

organizations and address local challenges, fostering a culture of giving back and social responsibility within the 

organization. 

 

In conclusion, CSR plays a critical role in shaping the banking sector's contribution to society and the environment, with 

Australian banks actively engaged in promoting financial inclusion, sustainability, and ethical practices. By aligning their 

business objectives with broader societal and environmental goals, banks can create shared value for stakeholders, build 

trust and credibility, and contribute to a more inclusive, sustainable, and ethical financial system. 

 

Climate Change and Green Finance: Initiatives to address environmental risks and promote sustainable investments. 

Climate change poses significant environmental, social, and economic risks, requiring urgent action from governments, 

businesses, and financial institutions. Australian banks are increasingly recognizing the importance of addressing climate-

related risks and promoting sustainable investments through initiatives focused on green finance, sustainable lending, and 

climate resilience. 

 

Climate Risk Assessment and Disclosure 

 Australian banks are integrating climate risk assessment into their risk management frameworks to identify, 

measure, and manage the financial risks associated with climate change. 



Jakaria, Australian Finance & Banking Review 7(1) (2023), 9-29 

 

19 

 Banks are conducting scenario analysis and stress testing to assess the potential impacts of physical risks (e.g., 

extreme weather events) and transition risks (e.g., policy changes, market shifts) on their loan portfolios, 

investments, and business operations. 

 Transparency and disclosure of climate-related risks and opportunities are becoming standard practices, with banks 

disclosing relevant information in line with international frameworks such as the Task Force on Climate-related 

Financial Disclosures (TCFD). 

 

Green Finance Initiatives 

 Australian banks are actively promoting green finance initiatives aimed at financing projects and activities that 

contribute to climate mitigation, adaptation, and environmental sustainability. 

 Banks offer green loans, green bonds, and other financial products designed to fund renewable energy projects, 

energy efficiency upgrades, sustainable infrastructure, and climate-resilient development. 

 Banks collaborate with government agencies, multilateral institutions, and industry partners to develop innovative 

financing solutions and support the transition to a low-carbon economy. 

 

Sustainable Lending Practices 

 Banks are incorporating environmental and social considerations into their lending practices, adopting policies and 

guidelines to screen and assess the environmental and social risks of lending activities. 

 Banks are implementing responsible lending practices to ensure that loans are aligned with environmental 

sustainability objectives, including compliance with environmental regulations, adherence to sustainability 

standards, and support for environmentally responsible business practices. 

 Banks are engaging with borrowers to promote sustainable business practices, provide incentives for environmental 

performance improvement, and facilitate the adoption of sustainable technologies and practices. 

 

Climate Resilience and Adaptation 

 Australian banks are also focusing on building climate resilience and adaptation measures to address the physical 

impacts of climate change and enhance the resilience of communities and businesses. 

 Banks are investing in climate-resilient infrastructure, disaster risk reduction, and insurance products to help 

mitigate the impacts of extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and other climate-related hazards. 

 Banks are working with stakeholders to develop strategies for managing climate-related risks, enhancing 

emergency preparedness, and supporting community resilience-building efforts. 

 

In conclusion, Australian banks are taking proactive steps to address climate change and promote sustainable finance 

through initiatives focused on climate risk assessment, green finance, sustainable lending, and climate resilience. By aligning 

their business strategies with environmental sustainability goals and supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy, 

banks can play a crucial role in addressing climate-related risks, promoting sustainable development, and contributing to a 

more resilient and prosperous future. 

 

FUTURE PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES 

Emerging Trends: Predictions on the future direction of Australian banking, including the rise of digital banking, open 

banking, and artificial intelligence. 

 

The Australian banking sector is poised for significant transformation in the coming years, driven by technological 

advancements, regulatory reforms, and changing consumer preferences. Several emerging trends are likely to shape the 

future direction of Australian banking, including the rise of digital banking, open banking, and artificial intelligence (AI). 

 

Digital Banking 

 The adoption of digital banking is expected to accelerate, driven by changing consumer behavior, advancements in 

technology, and the convenience offered by digital channels. 

 Australian banks will continue to invest in digital transformation initiatives, enhancing their online and mobile banking 

platforms to deliver seamless, personalized, and intuitive banking experiences. 

 Digital banking will become increasingly integrated into consumers' daily lives, with customers expecting instant access 

to a wide range of banking services and personalized financial advice on their preferred digital devices. 

 

Open Banking 

 The implementation of open banking regulations in Australia is expected to catalyze innovation and competition in the 

banking sector by enabling customers to securely share their financial data with third-party providers. 

 Open banking will empower consumers with greater control over their financial information and facilitate the 

development of innovative fintech solutions, such as personalized financial management apps, comparison platforms, 

and tailored product recommendations. 



Jakaria, Australian Finance & Banking Review 7(1) (2023), 9-29 

 

20 

 Australian banks will need to adapt to the open banking ecosystem by embracing collaboration with fintechs, enhancing 

data security and privacy measures, and leveraging open APIs to enable seamless integration with third-party services. 

 

Artificial Intelligence (AI) 

 AI and machine learning technologies will play an increasingly prominent role in Australian banking, driving 

automation, efficiency gains, and personalized customer experiences. 

 Banks will leverage AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants to enhance customer service, provide real-time support, 

and streamline routine inquiries and transactions. 

 AI algorithms will be deployed to analyze vast amounts of customer data, identify patterns and trends, and offer 

personalized product recommendations, risk assessments, and financial advice tailored to individual needs and 

preferences. 

 

Personalization and Customer Experience 

 Personalization will emerge as a key differentiator in the Australian banking sector, with banks leveraging data 

analytics, AI, and machine learning to deliver highly targeted and relevant products and services. 

 Banks will focus on enhancing the customer experience across all touchpoints, from account opening and onboarding 

to ongoing engagement and support, by offering intuitive interfaces, proactive notifications, and personalized financial 

insights. 

 Customer-centric design principles will drive innovation in product development, with banks co-creating solutions with 

customers and incorporating feedback to continually improve usability, accessibility, and satisfaction. 

 

In conclusion, the future of Australian banking is expected to be characterized by digital innovation, open collaboration, 

and AI-driven personalization. As banks embrace emerging technologies and adapt to evolving consumer expectations, they 

will be well-positioned to deliver enhanced value propositions, foster innovation, and drive sustainable growth in the digital 

economy. 

 

Addressing Challenges: Strategies to navigate regulatory complexities, cybersecurity threats, and socio-economic 

uncertainties 

The Australian banking sector faces a myriad of challenges, including navigating regulatory complexities, combating 

cybersecurity threats, and addressing socio-economic uncertainties. To effectively address these challenges, banks can adopt 

a range of strategies aimed at enhancing regulatory compliance, strengthening cybersecurity defenses, and building 

resilience in the face of socio-economic uncertainties. 

 

Regulatory Compliance 

 Stay Abreast of Regulatory Changes: Banks should closely monitor regulatory developments and stay informed about 

changes to laws, regulations, and industry standards affecting the banking sector. 

 Implement Robust Compliance Frameworks: Banks should establish comprehensive compliance frameworks, policies, 

and procedures to ensure adherence to regulatory requirements, including governance structures, risk management 

practices, and internal controls. 

 Invest in Regulatory Technology (Regtech): Banks can leverage Regtech solutions, such as automation, data analytics, 

and regulatory reporting tools, to streamline compliance processes, reduce manual effort, and enhance accuracy and 

efficiency. 

 

Cybersecurity Defense 

 Adopt a Risk-Based Approach: Banks should conduct regular cybersecurity risk assessments to identify 

vulnerabilities, assess potential threats, and prioritize mitigation efforts based on the level of risk exposure. 

 Enhance Cybersecurity Awareness and Training: Banks should invest in cybersecurity awareness programs and 

training initiatives to educate employees about common threats, phishing scams, and best practices for safeguarding 

sensitive information. 

 Implement Multi-Layered Security Controls: Banks should deploy multi-layered security controls, including 

firewalls, encryption, intrusion detection systems, and access controls, to protect against cyber threats and 

unauthorized access to systems and data. 

 

Socio-Economic Uncertainties 

 Scenario Planning and Stress Testing: Banks should conduct scenario planning and stress testing exercises to assess 

the potential impact of socio-economic uncertainties, such as geopolitical risks, economic downturns, and natural 

disasters, on their financial performance and resilience. 

 Diversification and Risk Management: Banks should diversify their revenue streams, customer base, and 

geographic exposure to mitigate concentration risks and enhance resilience to external shocks. 



Jakaria, Australian Finance & Banking Review 7(1) (2023), 9-29 

 

21 

 Foster Customer Relationships and Trust: Banks should prioritize building strong customer relationships and 

maintaining trust by providing transparent communication, proactive support, and responsive solutions to address 

the evolving needs and concerns of customers during times of uncertainty. 

 

Collaboration and Information Sharing 

 Collaborate with Regulatory Authorities: Banks should engage proactively with regulatory authorities, industry 

associations, and government agencies to share information, exchange best practices, and address regulatory 

challenges collaboratively. 

 Share Threat Intelligence: Banks should participate in information-sharing networks, such as industry forums, 

cybersecurity alliances, and threat intelligence sharing platforms, to exchange threat intelligence, cyber defense 

strategies, and incident response protocols. 

 

In conclusion, addressing the challenges facing the Australian banking sector requires a proactive and multifaceted approach 

that encompasses regulatory compliance, cybersecurity defense, and resilience to socio-economic uncertainties. By adopting 

strategies focused on regulatory compliance, cybersecurity defense, and collaboration, banks can navigate regulatory 

complexities, mitigate cybersecurity threats, and enhance resilience to socio-economic uncertainties, thereby safeguarding 

the stability and integrity of the financial system. 

 

CONCLUSIONS 

Recapitulation: Summary of key insights from the historical journey of Australian banking 

The historical journey of Australian banking is marked by a rich tapestry of developments, challenges, and transformations 

that have shaped the evolution of the banking sector into what it is today. Here are the key insights gleaned from this 

journey: 

 Colonial Origins and Early Growth: Australian banking traces its roots back to the early colonial period, where the 

emergence of banking institutions played a crucial role in facilitating trade, commerce, and economic development. 

The establishment of the first banks laid the foundation for a formal banking system, providing essential financial 

services to support the growing economy. 

 Challenges and Adaptations: Throughout its history, Australian banking has navigated through various challenges, 

including economic uncertainties, currency fluctuations, and regulatory constraints. Banks have demonstrated 

resilience and adaptability in responding to changing market dynamics, implementing innovative strategies to 

overcome challenges and ensure continued growth. 

 Consolidation and Expansion: Following federation, the banking sector underwent significant reforms, leading to 

the consolidation of national banks and the expansion of banking services across the country. The establishment of 

regulatory frameworks and the growth of national banks contributed to the stability and growth of the banking 

sector in the post-federation era. 

 Impact of World Wars: The World Wars had profound impacts on Australian banking, with banks playing a critical 

role in financing wartime efforts and managing economic disruptions. The experience of wartime finance shaped 

banking practices and regulations, highlighting the interplay between banking, government, and national security 

interests. 

 Regulatory Evolution: The regulatory framework governing Australian banking has evolved over time, reflecting 

changing economic conditions, financial innovations, and regulatory imperatives. The establishment of institutions 

such as the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) and the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) has 

strengthened regulatory oversight and contributed to the stability of the financial system. 

 Deregulation and Liberalization: The deregulation and liberalization of the 1980s and 1990s ushered in a new era 

of competition, innovation, and globalization in Australian banking. Reforms such as the deregulation of interest 

rates, removal of branching restrictions, and entry of foreign banks transformed the banking landscape, leading to 

increased efficiency and choice for consumers. 

 Digital Disruption and Innovation: The rise of digital technology has revolutionized Australian banking, leading to 

the emergence of online banking, fintech startups, and digital currencies. Banks have embraced technology-driven 

innovations to enhance customer experiences, improve operational efficiency, and meet evolving consumer 

preferences in the digital age. 

 Corporate Social Responsibility: Australian banks are increasingly recognizing their responsibilities towards 

society, the environment, and ethical business practices. Initiatives such as promoting financial inclusion, 

sustainability, and ethical conduct underscore banks' commitment to creating positive social and environmental 

impact while driving sustainable business growth. 

 

In summary, the historical journey of Australian banking reflects a dynamic and evolving sector that has adapted to 

changing economic, technological, and regulatory landscapes over time. From its humble beginnings in the colonial era 

to its transformation into a modern, digitally-driven industry, Australian banking continues to play a vital role in 

supporting economic growth, fostering innovation, and serving the needs of consumers and businesses alike. 

 

 



Jakaria, Australian Finance & Banking Review 7(1) (2023), 9-29 

 

22 

Looking Ahead: Reflections on the resilience, adaptability, and ongoing evolution of the Australian banking sector 

As we gaze into the future, it becomes evident that the Australian banking sector is poised to continue its journey of 

resilience, adaptability, and ongoing evolution in response to a rapidly changing landscape of challenges and opportunities. 

Here are some reflections on what lies ahead: 

 

 Resilience in the Face of Uncertainty: The Australian banking sector has demonstrated remarkable resilience in the 

face of various challenges throughout its history, including economic downturns, regulatory reforms, and 

geopolitical uncertainties. Looking ahead, the sector is likely to continue to weather storms by embracing a culture 

of risk management, prudent governance, and strategic planning to navigate through periods of uncertainty and 

volatility. 

 Adaptability to Technological Change: Technological advancements, particularly in the realms of digitalization, 

artificial intelligence, and blockchain, are reshaping the banking landscape at an unprecedented pace. Australian 

banks must remain agile and adaptable in embracing emerging technologies, leveraging innovation to enhance 

customer experiences, improve operational efficiency, and drive sustainable growth in the digital era. 

 Embrace of Sustainability Imperatives: With growing awareness of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) 

issues, Australian banks are expected to intensify their focus on sustainability and responsible banking practices. 

This includes promoting green finance initiatives, supporting sustainable investments, and integrating ESG 

considerations into decision-making processes to align with evolving stakeholder expectations and contribute to 

positive social and environmental outcomes. 

 Continued Regulatory Scrutiny and Compliance: Regulatory scrutiny on the banking sector is expected to remain 

heightened, with regulators prioritizing financial stability, consumer protection, and integrity in the wake of global 

economic challenges and systemic risks. Australian banks must proactively engage with regulators, adhere to 

regulatory requirements, and invest in robust compliance frameworks to maintain trust and confidence in the 

financial system. 

 Collaboration and Partnerships: Collaboration and partnerships will be key drivers of innovation and 

competitiveness in the Australian banking sector. Banks are likely to forge strategic alliances with fintech startups, 

technology firms, and other industry players to leverage complementary strengths, co-create innovative solutions, 

and unlock new opportunities for growth and differentiation in an increasingly interconnected ecosystem. 

 Customer-Centricity and Personalization: As customer expectations continue to evolve, Australian banks must 

prioritize customer-centricity and personalized experiences to differentiate themselves in a crowded market. This 

involves leveraging data analytics, AI-driven insights, and digital channels to understand customer needs, 

anticipate preferences, and deliver tailored solutions that enhance value and build long-lasting relationships. 

 

In conclusion, the future of the Australian banking sector is characterized by resilience, adaptability, and ongoing evolution 

in response to a complex and dynamic operating environment. By embracing technological innovation, sustainability 

imperatives, regulatory compliance, collaboration, and customer-centricity, Australian banks can navigate through 

challenges, seize opportunities, and drive sustainable growth in the years to come. 

 
 

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, S.A J.; Methodology, S.A J.; Software, S.A J.; Validation, S.A J.; Formal Analysis, S.A J.; Investigation, S.A 

J.; Resources, S.A J.; Data Curation, S.A J.; Writing – Original Draft Preparation, S.A J.; Writing – Review & Editing, S.A J.; Visualization, S.A J.; 

Supervision, S.A J.; Project Administration, S.A J.; Funding Acquisition, S.A J. Authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 
Institutional Review Board Statement: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable 

groups or sensitive issues. 
Funding: The authors received no direct funding for this research. 

Acknowledgments: Not applicable.  

Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. 
Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available 

due to restrictions. 

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.  

 
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Barakat, F. S. Q., Perez, M. V. L., Ariza, L. R., Barghouthi, O. A., & Islam, K. M. A. (2020). THE IMPACT CORPORATE 

GOVERNANCE ON INTERNET FINANCIAL REPORTING: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PALESTINE. 

International Journal of Accounting & Finance Review, 5(4), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijafr.v5i4.852 

Baqir, M., Hussain, S., Islam, K. M. A., & Waseem, R. (2020). Comparison of Financial Performance of Private 

Commercial Banks in Pakistan. American Finance & Banking Review, 5(2), 5-17. 

https://doi.org/10.46281/amfbr.v5i2.841 

Barghouthi, O. A., Shaheen, A. A., Al-Ghazali, S., Islam, K. M. A., & Barakat, F. S. Q. (2020). IMPEDIMENTS FOR 

ISSUING SUKUK BONDS FOR IMPROVING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN PALESTINE. International 

Journal of Sukuk and Waqf Research, 1(1), 1-24. Retrieved from 

http://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/IJSWR/article/view/855 

Baqir, M., Hussain, S., Waseem, R., & Islam, K. M. A. (2020). Impact of Reward and Recognition, Supervisor Support on 

Employee Engagement. American International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 2(3), 8-21. 

Batool, N., Hussain, S., Baqir, M., Islam, K. M. A., & Hanif, M. (2021). ROLE OF HR TECHNOLOGY AND TRAINING 

FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYEES. International Journal of Business and Management Future, 

5(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijbmf.v5i1.1051 

Bhuiyan, K. H., Jahan, I., Zayed, N. M., Islam, K. M. A., Suyaiya, S., Tkachenko, O., & Nitsenko, V. (2022). Smart 

Tourism Ecosystem: A New Dimension toward Sustainable Value Co-Creation. Sustainability, 14(22), 15043. 

Chowdhury, S., Hasan, K. R., Rahman, M., Islam, K. M. A., & Mohammad, N. (2020). Causal Relationship among Carbon 

Dioxide (CO2) Emissions, Renewable Energy, Population and Economic Growth in Bangladesh: An Empirical 

Study. Research in World Economy, 11(6), 196-206. https://doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v11n6p196 

Chowdhury, S., Islam, K. M. A., Rahman, M. M., Raisa, T. S., & Zayed, N. M. (2020). One Day International (ODI) 

Cricket Match Prediction in Logistic Analysis: India VS. Pakistan. Journal of Human Movement and Sports 

Sciences, 8(6), 543-548. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2020.080629 

Chowdhury, M. S. A., Arafat, A. Y., Islam, S., Akter, S., & Islam, K. M. A. (2020). Impact of Rural Development Scheme 

of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL) Upon Economic Development of the Rural Poor of Bangladesh. The 

Millennium University Journal, 5(1), 1-14. Retrieved from 

http://www.themillenniumuniversity.edu.bd/journal/index.php/TMUJ/article/view/31 

CHOWDHURY, F. N., MUSTAFA, J., ISLAM, K. M. A., HASAN, K. B. M. R., ZAYED, N. M., & RAISA, T. S. (2021). 

Social Business in An Emerging Economy: An Empirical Study in Bangladesh. The Journal of Asian Finance, 

Economics and Business, 8(3), 931–941. https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2021.VOL8.NO3.0931 

Chowdhury, S., Meero, A., Rahman, A.A.A., Islam, K. M. A., & Zayed, N. M., Hasan, K.B.M. R.  (2021). AN EMPIRICAL 

STUDY ON THE FACTORS AFFECTING ORGANIC FOOD PURCHASING BEHAVIOR IN 

BANGLADESH: ANALYZING A FEW FACTORS. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 20(4), 1-12. 

Retrieved from https://www.abacademies.org/articles/An-empirical-study-on-the-factors-affecting-organic-food-

purchasing-behavior-in-bangladesh-analyzing-a-few-factors-1939-6104-20-4-815.pdf 

Chowdhury, S., Meero, A., Rahman, A. A. A., Islam, K. M. A., Zayed, N. M., & Hasan, K. R. (2021). An Empirical Study 

on the Factors Affecting Organic Food Purchasing Behavior in Bangladesh: analyzing a few factors. Academy of 

Strategic Management Journal, 20(4), 1-12. 

Dahiru, A. S., Islam, K. A., Almustapha, J., & Aji, A. A. (2021). Teachers’ Perception on the Level of Availability of 

Instructional Materials in Public Secondary Schools of Zamfara State, Nigeria. The Millennium University 

Journal, 6(1), 11-17. 

Dahiru, A. S., Islam, K. A., & Almustapha, J. (2022). INSTRUCTIONAL LEADERSHIP AND 

TEACHERS’EMPOWERMENT LEVELS IN ZAMFARA STATE. The Millennium University Journal, 7(1), 1-

7. 

Edeh, F. O., Zayed, N. M., Darwish, S., Nitsenko, V., Hanechko, I., & Islam, K. A. (2023). Impression management and 

employee contextual performance in service organizations (enterprises). Emerging Science Journal, 7(2), 366-

384. 

Faisal-E-Alam, M., Meero, A., Rahman, A. A. A., Zayed, N. M., Islam, K. M. A., & Imran, M. A. (2022). Social Media 

and Tourists' Decision in Bangladesh: An Empirical Study on Travelling Cox's Bazar. Journal of Environmental 

Management & Tourism, 13(4), 925-934. 

Hossain, S. A., & Islam, K. M. A. (2015). The Relationship of the Macroeconomic Variables with the Growth of Garment 

Industry in Bangladesh. Global Disclosure of Economics and Business, 4(1), 63-78. 

https://doi.org/10.18034/gdeb.v4i1.153 

Hossain, S. A., Islam, M. N., Mahmud, M. S., & Islam, K. M. A. (2017). Evaluation of Financial Performance of 

Commercial Banks in Bangladesh: Comparative Study Based on CAMEL Approach. The Millennium University 

Journal, 2(1), 54-77. Retrieved from 

http://www.themillenniumuniversity.edu.bd/journal/index.php/TMUJ/article/view/22 

Hossain, S. A., & Islam, K. M. A. (2017). Impact of Basel II & III Implementation to Mitigate Bank Risk: A Study on Al-

Arafah Islami Bank Limited. Indian Journal of Finance and Banking, 1(2), 42-51. 

https://doi.org/10.46281/ijfb.v1i2.88 

https://doi.org/10.46281/ijafr.v5i4.852
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https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2021.VOL8.NO3.0931


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Hasan, Z., & Islam, K. M. A. (2020). Academic, Financial and Administrative Issues of Online Teaching During Corona 

Pandemic: The Scenario of Private Universities in Bangladesh. International Journal of Accounting & Finance 

Review, 5(1), 116-122. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijafr.v5i1.630 

Hassan, M. S., Mizanuzzaman, M., & Islam, K. M. A. (2020). The Effects of Training to the Employee Performance and 

Development: A Study of Fareast Islami Life Insurance Company Limited, Bangladesh. International Journal of 

Business and Management Future, 4(2), 17-40. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijbmf.v4i2.785 

Hussain, S., Baqir, M., Islam, K. M. A., & Asif, S. (2020). HOW SELF-CONTROL IMPACT’S ON HAPPINESS AND 

SATISFACTION WITH LIFE WITH MODERATING ROLE OF LOCUS OF CONTROL. American Economic 

& Social Review, 6(2), 13-30. https://doi.org/10.46281/aesr.v6i2.851 

Islam, K. M. A., & Zaman, M. (2013). Job satisfaction & bankers turnover: a case study on Bangladesh commerce bank 

limited. International Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(4), 1-14. Retrieved from 

https://www.eajournals.org/journals/international-journal-of-business-and-management-review-ijbmr/vol-1-

issue-4-december-2013/job-satisfaction-bankers-turnover-a-case-study-on-bangladesh-commerce-bank-limited 

Islam, K. M. A., Hossain, S. A., Zaman, M., & Miajee, M. R. K. (2013). Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh through Small 

and Medium Enterprise (SME) Loan: A Case Study on United Commercial Bank Limited at Gulshan Branch. 

Bangladesh Research Foundation Journal, 2(3), 29-43. Retrieved from 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338372458_Poverty_Alleviation_in_Bangladesh_through_Small_and_

Medium_Enterprise_SME_Loan_A_Case_Study_on_United_Commercial_Bank_Limited_at_Gulshan_Branch 

Islam, K. M. A. (2013). Examination of Profitability in Private Commercial Banks in Bangladesh: An Empirical 

Investigation. Bangladesh Research Foundation Journal, 2(2), 68-83. Retrieved from 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340526654_Examination_of_Profitability_in_Private_Commercial_Ba

nks_in_Bangladesh_An_Empirical_Investigation 

Islam, K. M. A., Alam, I., & Hossain, S. A. (2014). Examination of profitability between Islamic banks and conventional 

banks in Bangladesh: A comparative study. Research in Business and Management, 1(1), 78-89. 

https://dx.doi.org/10.5296/rbm.v1i1.4894 

Islam, K. M. A., & Salma, U. (2014). Customer satisfaction of Internet banking in Bangladesh: A case study on Citibank 

NA. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 3(1), 51-62. Retrieved from 

https://www.journals.abc.us.org/index.php/ajase/article/view/51-62 

Islam, K. M. A. (2014). Measurement of Capital Adequacy of AB Bank Limited. International Journal of Novel Research 

in Marketing Management and Economics, 1(1), 24-39. Retrieved from 

https://www.noveltyjournals.com/journal/IJNRMME/Issue-1-September-2014-December-2014/0 

Islam, K. M. A. (2015). Throughput accounting: a case study. Int J Financ Bank Res, 1(2), 19-23. 

https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfbr.20150102.11 

Islam, K. M. A., Alam, I., & Al-Amin, D. M. (2015). Foreign exchange operation of private commercial banks in 

Bangladesh: A case study on AB Bank Limited. International Journal of Innovative Research and Creative 

Technology, 1(3). Retrieved from http://www.ijirct.org/viewPaper.php?paperId=IJIRCT1201061 

Islam, K. M., & Hossain, S. (2015). Demutualization of Dhaka Stock Exchange: Opportunities and Challenges. 

International Journal of Finance and Banking Research, 1(1), 1-11. Retrieved from 

http://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/html/10.11648.j.ijfbr.20150101.11.html 

Islam, K. M. A. (2016a). E-Commerce: Bangladesh Perspective. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Germany  

Islam, K. M. A. (2016b). Women’s Empowerment Through Micro-Financing: Bangladesh Perspective”. LAP LAMBERT 

Academic Publishing (June 2, 2016) 

Islam, K. M. A. (2016c). Mobile Banking: Bangladesh Perspective. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Germany 

Islam, K. M. A. (2016d). Impact of Micro-Financing on Women Empowerment in Bangladesh. The Millennium University 

Journal, 1(1), 1-18. Retrieved from 

http://www.themillenniumuniversity.edu.bd/journal/index.php/TMUJ/article/view/1 

Islam, K. M. A. (2016e). Financial Performance Comparison of Top Rated Banking Financial Institutions (BFIs) of 

Bangladesh. Indian Journal of Science, 23(85), 669-697. Retrieved from 

https://discoveryjournals.org/science/current_issue/2016/A60.pdf 

Islam, K. M. A. (2016f). Corporate Governance: Conjecture and Modernism. Indian Journal of Science, 23(86), 798-817. 

Retrieved from https://discoveryjournals.org/science/current_issue/2016/A66.pdf 

Islam, K. M. A. (2016g). Corporate Governance of Banking Institutions: Bangladesh Perspective. LAP LAMBERT 

Academic Publishing. 

Islam, K. M. A. (2016h. Factors influencing consumers purchase decision: a case study of Pantene shampoo. Indian Journal 

of Science, 23(88), 910-923. Retrieved from https://discoveryjournals.org/science/current_issue/2016/A74.pdf 

Islam, K. M. A. (2016i). Rural Development Scheme: A Case Study on Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited. International 

Journal of Finance and Banking Research, 2(4), 129. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfbr.20160204.12 

Islam, K. M. A., & Salma, U. (2016a). The role of private universities in higher education of Bangladesh: an empirical 

investigation. International Journal of Finance and Banking Research, 2(4), 121-128. 

https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfbr.20160204.11 

Islam, K. M. A., & Salma, U. (2016b). Mobile Banking Operations and Banking Facilities to Rural People in Bangladesh. 

International Journal of Finance and Banking Research, 2(4), 147. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfbr.20160204.14 

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Islam, K. M. A., & Salma, U. (2016c). The Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Bangladesh. 

International Journal of Finance and Banking Research, 2(4), 139-146. 

https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfbr.20160204.13 

Islam, K. M.  A., & Barghouthi, O. A. (2017a). Human Resource Management: An Islamic Perspective. International 

Journal of Islamic Business & Management, 1(1), 10-13. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijibm.v1i1.46 

Islam, K. M. A., & Barghouthi, O. A. (2017b). Corporate Governance: An Islamic Institution Perspective. International 

Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research, 1(1), 29-32. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v1i1.36 

Islam, K. M. A., & Barghouthi, O. A. (2017c). An Islamic Perspective of Marketing. International Journal of Islamic 

Business & Management, 1(1), 17-19. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijibm.v1i1.48 

Islam, K. M. A., & Karim Miajee, M. R. (2017d). Business Ethics: An Islamic Perspective. International Journal of Islamic 

Business & Management, 1(1), 7-9. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijibm.v1i1.45 

Islam, K. M. A., & Barghouthi, O. A. (2017e). Risk Management of Islamic Banking: An Islamic Perspective. International 

Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research, 1(1), 25-28. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v1i1.35 

Islam, K. M. A., & Karim Miajee, M. R. (2017). An Islamic Perspective of Leadership. International Journal of Islamic 

Business & Management, 1(1), 14-16. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijibm.v1i1.47 

Islam, K. M. A. (2017a). An Empirical Research on Beximco Knitting Ltd: Ratio, DuPont, Valuation and Pro-Forma 

Analysis. Indian Journal of Finance and Banking, 1(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijfb.v1i1.80 

Islam, K. M. A. (2017b). Finance: An Islamic Perspective. International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research, 

1(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v1i1.32 

Islam, K. M. A. (2017c). An Empirical Research on Fu-Wang Foods Ltd: Industry, Strategy, Accounting, Ratio, Valuation 

and Proforma Analysis. American Finance & Banking Review, 1(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.46281/amfbr.v1i1.79 

Islam, K. M. A. (2017d). Predicament and thought of SMEs financing in Bangladesh: an exploratory research. Indian 

journal of arts, 7(22), 146-151.Retrieved from https://discoveryjournals.org/arts/current_issue/2017/A17.pdf 

Islam, K. M. A. (2017e). The Regulatory Framework of E-Commerce. Asian Finance & Banking Review, 1(1), 64-75. 

https://doi.org/10.46281/asfbr.v1i1.1233 

Islam, K. M. A. (2017f). Development of Bangladesh through SMEs Financing: A Case Study on IDLC Finance Limited. 

Australian Finance & Banking Review, 1(1), 78-90. https://doi.org/10.46281/afbr.v1i1.1237 

Islam, K. M. A. (2017g). Performance of Foreign Exchange Operation of Private Commercial Banks: A Case on Southeast 

Bank Limited. Asian Finance & Banking Review, 1(1), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.46281/asfbr.v1i1.1246 

Islam, K. M. A. (2017i). An Empirical Research on Shinepukur Holdings Ltd: Strategy, Accounting, Ratio, Sensitivity and 

Prospective Analysis. Asian Finance & Banking Review, 1(1), 83-92. https://doi.org/10.46281/asfbr.v1i1.1249 

Islam, K. M. A. (2017j). Financial Statement Analysis of Beximco Synthetics Limited. Asian Finance & Banking Review, 

1(1), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.46281/asfbr.v1i1.1250 

Islam, K. M. A., & Miajee, M. R. K. (2018a). Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Financing in Bangladesh: A Review 

of Literature. International Journal of Small and Medium Enterprises, 1(1), 11-15. 

https://doi.org/10.46281/ijsmes.v1i1.62 

Islam, K. M. A., & Karim Miajee, M. R. (2018b). Exploring E-Business in SMEs. International Journal of Small and 

Medium Enterprises, 1(1), 16-18. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijsmes.v1i1.63 

Islam, K. M. A., & Barghouthi, O. A. (2018a). To What Extent Do the Investment Programs in the Infrastructure Sector 

Comply with the Determinants of National Competitive Advantage?. International Journal of Small and Medium 

Enterprises, 1(1), 6-10. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijsmes.v1i1.61 

Islam, K. M. A., & Barghouthi, O. A. (2018b). To What Extent Do the Investment Programs in the Small and Medium 

Enterprises Sector Comply with the Determinants of National Competitive Advantage?. International Journal of 

Small and Medium Enterprises, 1(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijsmes.v1i1.60 

Islam, K. M. A., & Bhuiyan, A. B. (2019). The Theoretical Linkages between the Shariah Supervisory Board (SSB) and 

Stakeholder Theory in the Islamic Financial Institutes: An Empirical Review. International Journal of Accounting 

& Finance Review, 4(2), 43-49. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijafr.v4i2.436 

Islam, K. M. A. (2019). What Do the Customers Think?An Evaluation of New Products & Services of National Bank 

Limited. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24969.47203 

Kader, S. A., Zayed, N. M., Khan, S., Islam, K. M. A., & Siddiki, M. N. A. (2019). An Analysis of Socio-Economic 

Condition of Female Readymade Garments’(RMG) Workers in Dhaka City. The Millennium University Journal, 

4(1), 12-20. Retrieved from http://www.themillenniumuniversity.edu.bd/journal/index.php/TMUJ/article/view/26 

Islam, K. M. A., Khan, M. A. U., Azhar, S., Ahmed, M. R., Khurram, S., Masood, H., & Farooq, L. (2020). COMPARISON 

OF IN VITRO ACTIVITY OF COLISTIN WITH CEFTOLOZANE/TAZOBACTAM AGAINST MULTI 

DRUG RESISTANT PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA “A LAST LINE TREATMENT AGAINST MDR”. 

American International Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research, 6(3), 1-7. 

https://doi.org/10.46281/aijmsr.v6i3.823 

Islam, K. M. A., & Bhuiyan, A. B. (2020). DOES SHARIAH SUPERVISORY BOARD CHARACTERISTICS 

INFLUENCE CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DISCLOSURE IN ISLAMIC BANKS 

PERFORMANCE IN BANGLADESH? : A CONCEPTUAL MODEL. INTERNATIONAL 

MULTIDISCIPLINARY POSTGRADUATE CONFERENCE 2020 (IMPC20). Retrieved from 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346927582_DOES_SHARIAH_SUPERVISORY_BOARD_CHARA

https://doi.org/10.46281/ijibm.v1i1.48
https://doi.org/10.46281/ijibm.v1i1.45
https://doi.org/10.46281/amfbr.v1i1.79
https://doi.org/10.46281/asfbr.v1i1.1233
https://doi.org/10.46281/afbr.v1i1.1237
https://doi.org/10.46281/asfbr.v1i1.1246
https://doi.org/10.46281/asfbr.v1i1.1249
https://doi.org/10.46281/asfbr.v1i1.1250
https://doi.org/10.46281/ijsmes.v1i1.63
https://doi.org/10.46281/ijsmes.v1i1.61
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CTERISTICS_INFLUENCE_CORPORATE_SOCIAL_RESPONSIBILITY_DISCLOSURE_IN_ISLAMIC_B

ANKS_PERFORMANCE_IN_BANGLADESH_A_CONCEPTUAL_MODEL 

Islam, S., Mamun, A., Islam, K. M. A., Uddin, M. R., & Sultana, T. (2021). ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF 

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN ISLAMIC FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS: EMPIRICAL 

EVIDENCE FROM BANGLADESH. Indian Journal of Finance and Banking, 5(1), 38-55. 

https://doi.org/10.46281/ijfb.v5i1.963  

ISLAM, K. M. A., & BHUIYAN, A. B. (2021). Determinants of the Effectiveness of Internal Shariah Audit: Evidence 

from Islamic Banks in Bangladesh. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(2), 223–230. 

https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2021.VOL8.NO2.0223 

Islam, K. M. A., Sadekin, M. S., Rahman, M., Chowdhury, M., & Haque, A. (2021). The impact of Shariah supervisory 

board and Shariah audit committee on CSR adoption at Islamic banks. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and 

Business (JAFEB), 8(3), 479-485. 

Ismail, A., Islam, K. M. A., Zohaib, M., Tasaduq, S., & Ismail, M. (2021). THE ROLE OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIP 

AND WHISTLEBLOWING INTENTIONS: MEDIATING APPARATUS OF MORAL IDENTITY. American 

International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 3(1), 20-32. 

https://doi.org/10.46545/aijhass.v3i1.221   

Ismail, M., Islam, K. M. A., Zohaib, M., Hussain, R., Tahir, M. Y., Ijaz, M., & Hassan, Z. (2021). DIGITAL MARKETING 

5-GENERATION TECHNOLOGY AND ITS ACCEPTANCE BEHAVIOR. International Journal of Marketing 

Research Innovation, 5(1), 46-59. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijmri.v5i1.1500 

Iqbal, M. M., Islam, K. M. A., Zayed, N. M., Beg, T. H., & Shahi, S. K. (2021). IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL 

INTELLIGENCE AND DIGITAL ECONOMY ON INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4: EVIDENCE FROM 

BANGLADESH. American Finance & Banking Review, 6(1), 42-55. https://doi.org/10.46281/amfbr.v6i1.1489  

Inuwa, M., Islam, K. M. A., & Male, I. G. (2022). THE INDIRECT EFFECT OF CUSTOMER RELATIONS ON LEAN 

SOCIAL FACTORS AND ORGANIZATIONAL READINESS FOR CHANGE AMONGST 

MANUFACTURING SMES IN NIGERIA: PLS-SEM APPROACH. The Millennium University Journal, 7(1), 

8-28. 

Islam, K. M. A., Islam, S., Karim, M. M., Haque, M. S., & Sultana, T. (2023). Relationship between e-service quality 

dimensions and online banking customer satisfaction. Banks and Bank Systems, 18(1), 174-183. 

Islam, K. M. A., Karim, M. M., Islam, S., Haque, S., & Sultana, T. (2022). Exploring the effect of job satisfaction, employee 

empowerment, and emotional intelligence on bank employee performance: A study on commercial banks in 

Bangladesh. Banks and Bank Systems, 17(3), 158-166. 

Islam, K. M. A., Bari, M. F., Al-Kharusi, S., Bhuiyan, A. B., & Fais-al-E-Alam, M. (2023). Impact of transformational 

leadership, human capital, and job satisfaction on organizational performance in the manufacturing industry. 

Problems and Perspectives in Management, 21(3), 382-392. 

Islam, K. M. A., Shahabuddin, A. M., Omeish, F., Bhuiyan, A. B., & Islam, S. (2023). The effects of the Brand Awareness, 

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