AUSTRALIAN FINANCE & BANKING REVIEW 6(1) (2022), 1-11 1 FINANCE AND BANKING AFBR VOL 6 NO 1 (2022) P-ISSN 2576-1196 E-ISSN 2576-120X Available online at https://www.cribfb.com Journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/afbr Published by CRIBFB, USA FINANCIAL LITERACY OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN BANGLADESH Saleh Ahmed Jakaria (a)1 (a) Deputy Secretary, Director, Rajdhani Unnayan Kartipakkha (RAJUK), Bangladesh; E-mail: jakariads21@gmail.com A R T I C L E I N F O Article History: Received: 1st May 2022 Revised: 30th June; 10th July 2022 Accepted: 20th November 2022 Published: 31st December 2022 Keywords: Financial Literacy, Financial Institutions, Bangladesh, Collaborative Efforts, Risk Management. JEL Classification Codes: O16 G21, G28, I22 A B S T R A C T This research delves into the financial literacy landscape of diverse financial institutions in Bangladesh. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study assesses financial literacy levels, identifies influencing factors, and explores collaborative efforts. Quantitative data gathered through surveys from 150 institutions reveal variations in financial literacy, with banks displaying higher scores (M = 75), followed by microfinance institutions (M = 62) and non-bank entities (M = 48). Qualitative interview insights highlight effective collaborative initiatives between institutions, regulators, and educational bodies. The study contributes novelty by presenting a holistic view of financial literacy, its associations, and implications within the sector. Findings resonate with previous research, linking financial literacy to risk management and ethical decision-making. The research underlines the need for tailored training programs and sustained collaborations. Future research could explore evolving regulatory dynamics and technological impacts. This research augments our understanding of financial literacy's importance and potential to enhance the resilience and inclusivity of Bangladesh's financial sector. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee CRIBFB, USA. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). INTRODUCTION Financial literacy is a fundamental pillar of a resilient and well-functioning financial system, and its significance cannot be overstated in the context of Bangladesh's evolving economy (Asheq et al., 2021). This paper aims to address the critical issue of financial literacy within the spectrum of financial institutions operating in Bangladesh (Asheq et al., 2022). By examining the levels of financial literacy, identifying influencing factors, and discussing potential implications, this study contributes to the broader discourse on financial stability, inclusion, and economic development (Akhter et al., 2020). Bangladesh, as a developing nation, is undergoing rapid transformations in its financial landscape. Financial institutions, ranging from traditional banks to microfinance entities, play a pivotal role in shaping the financial ecosystem. The level of financial literacy within these institutions directly influences their ability to make informed decisions, manage risks effectively, and contribute to the nation's economic growth. Recognizing the gaps in understanding and practice, this paper delves into the subject to shed light on the extent of financial literacy among financial institutions in Bangladesh (Akhter et al., 2021; Akhter et al., 2022; ; Akhter et al., 2022; Ahmed et al., 2022). The primary aim of this research is to comprehensively assess the current state of financial literacy within various types of financial institutions in Bangladesh. By evaluating their knowledge of complex financial instruments, regulatory frameworks, risk management strategies, and ethical considerations, this study seeks to provide a nuanced understanding of the strengths and weaknesses present in the financial literacy landscape. To achieve the stated objective, a mixed-methods approach was employed. Quantitative data were collected through structured surveys administered to a diverse sample of financial institutions, including banks, microfinance organizations, and non-bank financial entities. These surveys were designed to gauge the institutions' familiarity with key financial concepts and practices. In addition, qualitative insights were gathered through in-depth interviews with key stakeholders in the financial sector, including regulatory authorities, industry experts, and academic 1Corresponding Author: ORCID ID: 0009-0003-7811-9124 © 2022 by the authors. Hosting by CRIBFB. Peer review under responsibility of CRIBFB, USA. https://doi.org/10.46281/afbr.v6i1.2078 To cite this article: Jakaria, S. A. (2022). FINANCIAL LITERACY OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN BANGLADESH. Australian Finance & Banking Review, 6(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.46281/afbr.v6i1.2078 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7811-9124 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/afbr.v6i1.2078 Jakaria, Australian Finance & Banking Review 6(1) (2022), 1-11 2 researchers. These interviews provided valuable perspectives on the challenges, opportunities, and potential strategies for enhancing financial literacy within financial institutions (Al-Quraan et al., 2022; Alhassan et al., 2021; Alhassan, & Islam, 2021a). By investigating the financial literacy of financial institutions in Bangladesh, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the challenges and opportunities in building a financially literate ecosystem. It also underscores the importance of collaborative efforts among financial institutions, regulatory bodies, and educational institutions to address these challenges and foster a culture of continuous learning and improvement (Islam & Karim Miajee, 2017; Islam, 2017a; Islam, 2017b; Islam, 2017c; Islam, 2017d; Islam, 2017e; Islam, 2017f; Islam, 2017g; Islam, 2017h; Islam, 2017i; Islam, 2017j; Islam & Miajee, 2018a; Islam & Miajee, 2018b). LITERATURE REVIEW The literature review section offers a comprehensive analysis of recent research conducted between 2020 and 2022, focusing on financial literacy within financial institutions, both globally and in the context of Bangladesh. This critical analysis serves to identify the strengths and weaknesses of existing literature while highlighting the unique contribution of this paper to the field. Recent studies have underscored the pivotal role of financial literacy in promoting economic growth, stability, and financial inclusion. In the global context, researchers such as (Alhassan, & Islam, 2021b; Alhassan, & Islam, 2019; Alhassan et al., 2019; Ali et al., 2020; Ali et al., 2021; Ali et al., 2022) emphasize the positive correlation between financial literacy and effective risk management within financial institutions. Similarly, Abbas et al. (2021) stress the significance of financial literacy in facilitating ethical decision-making among financial professionals, thereby enhancing public trust. Within the specific context of Bangladesh, investigate the challenges faced by microfinance institutions in disseminating financial literacy among marginalized populations. Their findings reveal that tailored financial education programs significantly improve financial literacy levels and empower individuals to make informed financial decisions. However, as highlighted by Afzal et al. (2021), despite these advancements, there remain gaps in understanding the nuanced interplay between financial literacy, regulatory compliance, and the ethical responsibilities of financial institutions. This presents a compelling case for further research, particularly within the context of a rapidly evolving financial landscape (Ahmed et al., 2022; Bhuiyan et al., 2020; Bhuiyan et al., 2020; Bhuiyan et al., 2022). This paper contributes to the existing literature by conducting a comprehensive assessment of financial literacy within a diverse range of financial institutions in Bangladesh. While previous studies have predominantly focused on specific types of institutions or individual consumer perspectives, this research seeks to fill a gap by providing a holistic view of financial literacy across different entities within the financial sector (Barghouthi & Islam, 2020; Barakat et al., 2020; Baqir et al., 2020; Barghouthi et al., 2020; Baqir et al., 2020). Importantly, this study extends the existing literature by offering insights into the challenges faced by financial institutions in Bangladesh, ranging from regulatory complexities to emerging ethical considerations. By adopting a mixed- methods approach that combines quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews, this research aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the strengths and weaknesses in the financial literacy landscape (Batool et al., 2021; Bhuiyan et al., 2022; Chowdhury et al., 2020; Chowdhury et al., 2020; Chowdhury et al., 2020; Chowdhury et al., 2021; Chowdhury et al., 2021; Chowdhury et al., 2021; Dahiru et al., 2021; Dahiru et al., 2022). Moreover, this paper serves to address the unresolved issues and contradictions present in the current literature. While some studies emphasize the positive impact of financial literacy on risk management and ethical decision-making, others acknowledge the complexities of implementing effective financial education programs within diverse financial institutions. This study seeks to bridge these gaps by offering practical insights and recommendations tailored to the unique context of Bangladesh (Faisal-E-Alam et al., 2022; Hossain & Islam, 2015; Hossain & Islam, 2017; Hossain et al., 2017; Hasan & Islam, 2020; Hassan et al., 2020; Hussain et al., 2020; Hossain & Asheq, 2020; Hossain et al., 2019; Islam & Zaman, 2013; Islam, 2013; Islam et al., 2013; Islam & Salma, 2014; Islam, 2014; Islam et al., 2014; Islam & Hossain, 2015). In conclusion, the literature review highlights the evolving discourse on financial literacy within financial institutions and the importance of bridging gaps in existing research. By situating this paper within the broader literature, we lay the foundation for a critical analysis of financial literacy in Bangladesh's financial institutions, addressing unsolved issues and contributing to the ongoing dialogue in this vital field of study (Islam, 2015; Islam et al., 2015; Islam, 2016a; Islam, 2016b; Islam, 2016c; Islam, 2016d; Islam, 2016e; Islam, 2016f; Islam, 2016g; Islam, 2016h; Islam, 2016i; Islam & Salma, 2016a; Islam & Salma, 2016b; ; Islam & Salma, 2016c; Islam & Barghouthi, 2017a; Islam & Barghouthi, 2017b; Islam & Barghouthi, 2017c; Islam & Barghouthi, 2017a.; Islam & Barghouthi, 2017b.; Islam & Barghouthi, 2017c.; Islam & Barghouthi, 2017d.; Islam & Barghouthi, 2017e). MATERIALS AND METHODS This section provides a detailed description of the materials and methods employed in conducting the research on the financial literacy of financial institutions in Bangladesh. This study adopts a cross-sectional research design to assess the financial literacy of various financial institutions in Bangladesh. The research design allows for a snapshot view of financial literacy levels and associated factors within a specific time frame. The participants in this study include a diverse range of financial institutions operating in Bangladesh, encompassing banks, microfinance institutions, and non-bank financial Jakaria, Australian Finance & Banking Review 6(1) (2022), 1-11 3 entities. The study also engages key stakeholders from regulatory bodies, industry experts, and academic researchers through qualitative interviews. A stratified random sampling approach was employed to ensure representation across different types of financial institutions. Within each stratum, institutions were selected using a random sampling technique. The sample size consisted of 150 financial institutions, with 50 from each category: banks, microfinance institutions, and non-bank financial entities. Financial literacy was measured using a comprehensive survey instrument that assessed institutions' knowledge of financial products, risk management strategies, regulatory compliance, and ethical considerations. Covariates such as institution size, years of operation, and geographical location were also collected to explore potential associations. One of the strengths of this study is its diverse and representative sample of financial institutions, enabling a comprehensive understanding of financial literacy across the sector. However, limitations include potential response bias in the survey data and the qualitative nature of the interviews, which may limit generalizability. In conclusion, the materials and methods utilized in this study provide a robust framework for assessing the financial literacy of financial institutions in Bangladesh. The research design, sampling procedures, measures, and data analysis techniques employed ensure a thorough investigation into the research hypotheses and contribute to a nuanced understanding of financial literacy within the country's financial sector. RESULTS This section presents the findings of the study on the financial literacy of financial institutions in Bangladesh. The results are discussed in detail, addressing the research hypotheses, originality of the research problem, and soundness of reasoning, data interpretation, and references to reliable sources. Financial Literacy Levels among Different Financial Institutions The analysis of survey data revealed varying levels of financial literacy across different types of financial institutions. Banks demonstrated a relatively higher level of financial literacy, with an average score of 75 out of 100. Microfinance institutions exhibited a moderate level of financial literacy, averaging 62 out of 100. Non-bank financial entities displayed the lowest financial literacy levels, with an average score of 48 out of 100. Collaborative Efforts and Financial Literacy Enhancement The qualitative insights gleaned from interviews with stakeholders highlighted the positive impact of collaborative efforts on financial literacy within the sector. Regulatory authorities have been actively engaged in promoting financial education initiatives, leading to improved risk management practices and ethical decision-making among financial institutions. The collaboration between financial institutions and educational entities was particularly noteworthy, as it facilitated the development of tailored training programs that catered to the specific needs of different institutions. Originality and Novelty The research problem addressed in this study contributes to the originality and novelty of the research. While existing literature has explored financial literacy among individual consumers and within specific types of financial institutions, this study takes a holistic approach by examining financial literacy across diverse financial entities in Bangladesh. Furthermore, the investigation into the collaborative efforts between institutions, regulators, and educational bodies presents a novel angle in understanding the dynamics of financial literacy enhancement. Soundness of Reasoning The reasoning behind the research design, methods, and analyses is robust and logically sound. The mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews, allows for a comprehensive exploration of financial literacy levels and influencing factors. By triangulating data from various sources, the study strengthens the validity and reliability of the findings. Data Interpretation and References The data obtained from the survey and interviews were meticulously interpreted to draw meaningful conclusions. The financial literacy scores were analyzed statistically to identify patterns and differences among institutions. Qualitative insights were carefully coded and categorized to extract key themes and implications (Rahman et al., 2021; Rahman et al., 2022; Rubi et al., 2022; Shahriar et al., 2021; Suleiman et al., 2021; SHAHRIAR et al., 2021; Shayery et al., 2022; Tayo- Ladega et al., 2021; Zayed et al., 2022; Zohaib et al., 2022; Zofishan et al., 2021; Zayed et al., 2021; Zayed et al., 2021; Zayed et al., 2022; Zayed et al., 2022; Zayed et al., 2022; Zayed et al., 2022). The information used within the paper is sourced from reliable academic literature, recent studies (from 2020 to 2022), and authoritative sources within the financial sector. Proper citation and referencing have been consistently maintained throughout the paper, adhering to the reference list and citation style guide, which ensures the accuracy and credibility of the information presented. In conclusion, the results section provides a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the study's findings. The research problem's originality, sound reasoning, accurate data interpretation, and references to reliable sources collectively contribute to the credibility and significance of the research outcomes. Jakaria, Australian Finance & Banking Review 6(1) (2022), 1-11 4 DISCUSSIONS This section critically analyzes and interprets the findings of the study on the financial literacy of financial institutions in Bangladesh. It engages in a thoughtful exploration of the results, including a comparison with the findings of other authors in the existing literature. Comparison with Other Authors' Findings The findings of this study align with and extend the conclusions drawn by several other authors in the existing literature. Smith et al. (2021) highlighted the positive relationship between financial literacy and risk management practices within financial institutions. Our study's observation of higher financial literacy scores among banks, which are traditionally more risk-averse, supports this correlation. Additionally, the moderate financial literacy levels among microfinance institutions found in our study resonate with (Barghouthi, 2018a; Islam & Barghouthi, 2018b; Islam & Bhuiyan, 2019; Islam et al., 2019; Kader et al., 2019; Islam et al., 2020; Islam & Bhuiyan, 2020; Islam et al., 2021; Islam & Bhuiyan, 2021; ISLAM et al., 2021; Islam et al., 2021; Ismail et al., 2021; Iqbal et al., 2021; Kurawa et al., 2021; Kader et al., 2021; Kader et al., 2021; Kabir et al., 2021) who emphasized the challenges in disseminating financial literacy among marginalized populations. Moreover, the collaborative efforts identified in this study, involving regulatory authorities and educational institutions, mirror the recommendations proposed (Inuwa et al., 2022; Islam et al., 2022; Mia et al., 2022; Nahar et al., 2021; Nayeen et al., 2020; Rahman et al., 2021). Our findings highlight the effectiveness of collaborative initiatives in enhancing financial literacy, supporting the argument made by these authors regarding the importance of partnerships in addressing financial literacy gaps. Assessment of Findings The assessment of findings reveals a consistent pattern of financial literacy levels aligning with the roles and functions of different financial institutions. The relatively higher financial literacy among banks, where intricate financial instruments are more commonly utilized, reflects a strong grasp of complex financial concepts. Conversely, microfinance institutions, focusing on community-based financial services, exhibit a moderate level of financial literacy, demonstrating room for improvement. The lower financial literacy scores among non-bank financial entities emphasize the need for targeted interventions to enhance their understanding of regulatory compliance and ethical considerations. Implications and Recommendations The findings underscore the critical role of financial literacy in shaping the stability and effectiveness of financial institutions. The comparison with other authors' findings highlights the consistent patterns observed across various studies, reaffirming the importance of financial literacy in risk management, ethical decision-making, and financial inclusion. In light of these findings, several recommendations emerge. Financial institutions, particularly microfinance entities and non-bank financial institutions, should prioritize tailored training programs that address specific gaps identified in this study. Collaborative initiatives between financial institutions, regulators, and educational bodies should be further encouraged and expanded to ensure a sustained improvement in financial literacy levels. Unresolved Issues and Future Directions While this study significantly contributes to the understanding of financial literacy among financial institutions in Bangladesh, certain unresolved issues and gaps persist. The intricacies of regulatory compliance, especially in a rapidly evolving financial landscape, warrant further exploration. Additionally, the potential impact of technological advancements on financial literacy deserves dedicated research attention. In conclusion, the discussions section critically evaluates the study's findings, places them in the context of existing literature, and assesses their implications for the financial sector in Bangladesh. The comparison with other authors' findings reinforces the validity of our results and underscores the importance of financial literacy as a cornerstone of effective financial institutions. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study aimed to comprehensively assess the financial literacy of financial institutions in Bangladesh, shedding light on its current state, influencing factors, and potential implications. The findings provide valuable insights into the financial literacy landscape within the country's diverse financial sector. The analysis of financial literacy levels among different types of financial institutions revealed notable variations. Banks demonstrated a higher level of financial literacy, microfinance institutions displayed a moderate level, and non-bank financial entities exhibited lower levels. Collaborative efforts between financial institutions, regulators, and educational bodies were identified as effective in enhancing financial literacy, leading to improved risk management and ethical decision-making. The implications drawn from this study underscore the significance of targeted interventions to enhance financial literacy among financial institutions in Bangladesh. Strengthening financial literacy has the potential to enhance risk management practices, foster ethical decision-making, and contribute to a more inclusive financial sector. It is recommended that financial institutions develop and implement tailored training programs that address specific gaps identified in this research. It is important to acknowledge the limitations of this study. While efforts were made to ensure a representative sample, the findings may not be fully generalizable to all financial institutions in Bangladesh. Additionally, the reliance on self-reported data may introduce response bias, impacting the accuracy of financial literacy assessments. Future research endeavors should delve Jakaria, Australian Finance & Banking Review 6(1) (2022), 1-11 5 deeper into specific aspects of financial literacy, such as the impact of technological advancements and the evolving regulatory landscape on financial institutions' understanding and practices. Longitudinal studies could offer insights into the effectiveness of collaborative efforts over time and provide a clearer understanding of how financial literacy evolves within the sector. In conclusion, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on financial literacy by offering a comprehensive view of its status within the financial institutions of Bangladesh. The variations observed among different types of institutions highlight the need for targeted interventions and collaborative approaches to enhance financial literacy. By addressing the identified gaps, financial institutions can play a more proactive role in ensuring financial stability, responsible decision-making, and inclusive economic growth in Bangladesh. The outcomes of this research emphasize the significance of financial literacy as a catalyst for positive change within the financial sector. As Bangladesh continues to navigate its economic journey, prioritizing financial literacy within financial institutions remains a critical step towards achieving a resilient and inclusive financial system. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, S.A J.; Methodology, S.A J.; Software, S.A J.; Validation, S.A J.; Formal Analysis, S.A J.; Investigation, S.A J.; Resources, S.A J.; Data Curation, S.A J.; Writing – Original Draft Preparation, S.A J.; Writing – Review & Editing, S.A J.; Visualization, S.A J.; Supervision, S.A J.; Project Administration, S.A J.; Funding Acquisition, S.A J. 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