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INDIVIDUAL AS A VICTIM OF THE SOCIETY IN 

NGOZI CHUMA-UDE'S TEACHERS ON STRIKE 

Ozoh, N. J.,1Okpala, E. P.,2 and Ihueze,A. O.3 
1, 2, 3 Department of English Language and Literature 

Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 

Correponding Authors – Ozoh, N. J.  

Email: nj.ozoh@unizik.edu.ng 

Abstract 

This paper analyzes the leadership and social issues in Africa 

and exposes leadership crises in political offices. It argues that 

bad leadership in political offices is as a result of peoples’ 

inability to fight back, rapacity, excessive desire, ambitions, 

injustice and weak ideology. The researcher believes that 

African political leaders come to power with the intention to 

exhibit wickedness to their citizens instead of facilitating the 

exchange of quality ideas with their followers and to be 

worshipped as demi gods. Using content analysis approach of 

qualitative research method, this paper examines different 

patterns of exhibitions of corruption using the writer’s creative 

experiences of her characters under oppressed society. 

Socialtheory is adopted for the analysis.NgoziChuma-

Udeh'sTeachers on Strikethe two texts under study. This study 

observes that the major cause of corruption in Africa is 

manmade and for quality leadership to prevail in Africa, those 

concerned must be punished and must be made to understand 

their duties, responsibility and obligation as leaders. This paper 

concludes that the only thing that can bring transformation is 

justiceand equity done by the masses which will help pave way 

for sustainable development. 

Keywords: Leadership, Corruption, Oppressed, Justice, 

Transformation. 

mailto:nj.ozoh@cms.unizik.edu.ng


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Introduction 

Literature as an integral part of any society has intellectual 

value. Writers try to have an impact by influencing people all 

over the world. David Ker is of the view that writers depict the 

society they belong as they portray the miasma of human life as 

it concerns the evil mindset of leaders and others vices. He 

writes: ‘It is interesting to access the validity of West African 

novels as social documents, for if Literature is relevant at all, it 

is because we can obtain some picture of society and of life from 

it’ (26). 

 

Literature being a store house of human knowledge deals on 

individual's experience of reality, the general factors, issues that 

affect the society positively and negatively. Writers convey their 

own knowledge, wisdom and vision through written text. These 

are drawn from their experiences and relationships in the society 

where they find themselves. Therefore, writers put down their 

thoughts and experiences in form of fiction and non-fiction. 

Every society has problems but every area has problems that are 

peculiar to them. Achebe in the ‘Novelist as Teacher’ asked to 

know the relationship between African writers and their 

audience (readers). Achebe believes that the African writer is 

part and parcel of the society he writes and so believes that 

African writers write for Africans as his first two novels were 

mostly sold in Nigeria than any other place. A writer is a 

‘teacher’ according to Achebe, as the writer tries to maintain a 

responsibility within his society. In ‘The Novelist as a Teacher’, 

Achebe defines his literacy plan as: 

  

Here then is an adequate revolution for 

me to espouse – to help my society regain 

belief in itself and put away the 

complexes of the years of denigration and 



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self-abasement. And it is essentially a 

question of education, in the best sense of 

that word. Here, I think my aims and the 

deepest aspirations of my society meet. 

(44) 

A social problem according to Johnson Olawale in his article 

'List of social problems in Nigeria’,‘is any general behavior or 

condition that is prevalent among the majority in a particular 

society and has a negative effect on the society beyond what is 

seen as moral and just acceptable’. (Legit)  Social problems 

include problems that ‘reduce the standard of living beyond an 

acceptable level’. He goes ahead to list social problems in 

Nigeria as national identity, corruption, inequality, poverty, 

insecurity and insurgencies, tribalism, poor standard of 

education and illiteracy, high level of unemployment, domestic 

violence, high morbidity and mortality rate, bad leadership, 

numeric ethnic groups with lots of differences, high population 

and rapid population growth. Social problems are problems that 

affect a particular group of people.  They are common issues we 

encounter daily which can tarnish people’s image. Social issues 

ranges from peace and security, gender, race, human right 

issues, economics, politics to environmental issues. Different 

societies face different social problems.  

Corruption which is one of the social problems is defined by 

Oladipupo as ‘… any conscious action or inaction, process or 

procedure, perpetuated by an individual or group that unfairly 

and unduly appropriates rewards, resources, or advantage to 

some individuals or groups at the expense of others’ (8). He 

argues that corruption is dangerous because it affects a whole 

generation not only an individual. OladipupoIpadeola in 

Research Report: Qualitative Study on the Patterns, Experiences 



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and Manfestations of Corruption in Nigeria, said that World 

Bank defines corruption as ‘the abuse or misuse of public office 

for private gains’ (5). 

According to a CSO representative in Oladipupo’s report, there 

are three types of corruption which he defines in the following 

way:  

We have three types of corruption in 

Nigeria …We have political corruption 

that is seen within the government offices, 

where the head converts public funds to 

his personal use. Economic corruption 

deals with the business class when they 

compromise with the government official 

for example when a contractor connives 

with government officials, … The social 

corruption is where you have decay in 

the spirit of good and moral. You see this 

also in the family circle …. (13) 

The researcher will therefore group corruption practices in the 

text under study according to political, economic and social 

types of corruption for clearer view.  

The text under study is chosen because most of the social 

problems listed above are all glaring in the texts. The stories 

provide snapshots of living standard in a place where Justice and 

decent way of life have crumbled to give way to corruption, 

poverty, unemployment, high mortality rate, bad leadership, 

poor standard of education and man’s inhumanity to man. They 

showcase characters that survive against insurmountable odds, 

abuse of power and domestic violence. These entire ethoses are 

examined in the texts to show the contemporary and social 

issues facing the characters in the texts. 



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Social Theory 

According to Austin Harrington, social theory arises from daily 

life experiences which is as a result of interaction between 

people and it can lead to formation of ‘political parties trade 

unions and organized mass action such as strikes and 

revolutions’ (6).  He goes ahead in his book, Introduction. What 

is Social Theory? to define social theory as  

…the study of scientific ways of thinking 

about social life. It encompasses ideas 

about how societies change and develop, 

about methods of explaining social 

behavior, about power and social 

structure, class, gender and ethnicity, 

modernity… and numerous other concepts 

and problems in social life. (1) 

To George Herbert Mead who developed a theory of social 

behaviorism, social experiences develop ones personality. He 

believes that self is developed out of the experiences one 

encounters in the society. He is of the view that people help to 

shape their environment. Elliot Anthony is of the view that 

‘relationship between self and society and possibility of social 

transformation’ are the major themes in social theory. The touch 

light is focused on the society and the societal issues that affect 

lives as according to Elliot, social theory has to do with social 

transformation, gender, class and other social issues. According 

to Devaun in socialtheoryapplied.com, the founders of social 

theory include Jacques Derrida, Pierre Bowdieu, Michel 

Foucault and JurgenHabermas. Social theory therefore is all 

about the society, individuals and the environment. It studies 

human beings and believes that man is unpredictable and can 

form associations depending on their experiences. Social Theory 

made the connection between individuals and the society 



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possible because social change depends on individuals in a 

certain society and people’s will can change social systems. 

The theory is suitable for the study because the text is all about 

the vices and social issues in a particular area. It also shows how 

the society, that is individuals dealt with the problems by 

transforming the situation at hand. 

The Spate of Corruption as Depicted in Teachers on Stike 

Chuma–Udeh treats many social vices that characterize injustice 

in African. She shows how corruption has eaten so deep into the 

system especially civil service that the masses decide to call a 

spade a spade rather than dyeing in silence. The issues of 

wickedness, fight against injustice and strike are illustrated in 

the text under study. This paper examines injustice, man’s 

inhumanity to man, corruption, nefarious, villainous and 

malevolent acts as they are portrayed in Teachers on Strike 

through the live of Mr. Nebe. The text treats the reasons why the 

citizens suffer poverty, corruption, their experiences in their own 

home land, how these affect their self-definition and finally, the 

solution. This paper studies the complexities of strike and 

corruption, ending in the poor masses (teachers) challenging the 

government openly seeking for justice unlike stories in other 

texts where the citizens will always hide whenever the 

government barks at them.Corruption is a common issue in 

recent African literature, Adichie’sAmericanah,Teju Cole’s 

Every Day is for the thief,Armah’s Fragments and Osiri’s Rising 

treat this predicament well. Definitely, their reasons for 

corruption are not same and the after effects of this deadly act 

and wickedness are different as well. 

In Teachers on Strike (TS), the governor’s decision to embezzle 

teachers’ salary is propelled by selfish interest as he wants to be 

re-elected. 



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Why, he had meant to harm after all. He had only 

wanted to ‘invest’ their salaries into his election 

campaigns for a second tenure. He had hoped to 

compensate them later… He had looked at their 

salaries as insignificant when distributed to so 

many people but meaningful when used as a 

whole for a laudable investment. Investment as 

laudable as his election campaigns. (TS 115 – 

116)   

 

The heartless act of the governor made the teachers to be united 

the more and they unanimously stand their ground.  

Corruption is one of the myriads of challenges discussed 

extensively in Adichie’sAmericannah.Adichie highlights many 

features of corruption that have eaten deep into the society 

(Nigeria) and which incidentally have forced many Nigerians 

like Ifemelu, Emenike,Ginika and a host of others into self exile 

in the name of studying abroad. Nigerians embrace migration as 

the only solution and alternative to solve the socio-political 

problems in Adichie’s novel.Adichie’sAmericannah hinges its 

societal problems on joblessness, poor educational system, 

corruption and bad governance which in actual fact are same 

problems in the text under study. 

Types of Corruption as Depicted inTeachers on Stike 

Political Corruption 

Teachers on Strike depicts the province governor of a particular 

state in Nigeria tormenting his workers – (teachers) who are in 

real sense civil servants. He converts public money to his and 

owes the teachers many months salary and never bothers to pay 

them. Mr Nebe, the hero is a teacher and the chairman of 

Teachers’ Executive body decides not to be bribed. Teachers are 



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owned for eight months salary yet the governor remains adamant 

and unperturbed. He siphons the public money because in the 

text, we are told that he embezzles money that is supposed to be 

used for infrastructure. 

The roads have become a death trap. TheAsphalts 

are broken in multiple deadlypotholes. Some 

areas sharp as razorblade… walking barefooted 

would bea near rough suicide venture considering 

the roughstate of the road. (6) 

Nothing works in this province, no roads, no waters, no 

electricity and no good life. Life actually becomes a battle 

ground for the masses. Young girls who are out of school turn to 

prostitutes while young boys become armed robbers. Mr Emeka 

Nebe was flabbergasted when he saw his bosom friend’s(Mr 

Dife) daughter, Adaora in the night as a prostitute. ‘Nebe was 

numb with shock’( TS 5). He could not believe his eyes and (he) 

‘shook his head in disbelief. What type of leadership is this? The 

action of the people in power is destroying the very fabrics of 

the society.’(TS 5) The people at the top careless for the masses 

and the social, economic and political consequences of their 

actions are enormous. It instills anxiety and weariness on the 

innocent citizens who find it difficult to take ‘fish and meat 

these days’(TS 18). Mr Nebe wanders all over his community 

trying to ease off his discomfort. The governor’s action is 

heartless and mean, this ugly situation leads to death of many 

citizens due to hunger, lack of money to get basic medical 

attention and other facilities in life. The governor is so selfish 

that his children study abroad and enjoy comfort with people's 

money. All the teachers live in agony as they helplessly watch 

their governor squander money to their own detriment. He 

insults teachers’ executive members whom he invited to bribe. 

Heartless governor, he is so unconcerned with the people’s 



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feelings that he tries to intimidate these teachers. One thing the 

governor does not know in Teachers on Strike is that though 

they embark on strike action at the expense of the life of 

innocent citizens, they never bordered because their suffering 

encourages them to do more. 

Teja Cole in Every Day is for the Thief portrays different aspects 

of corruption where government procures overused and obsolete 

air crafts.‘The aviation authority failed to enforce a 

recommendation that all planes older than twenty two years be 

removed from service’( TS 138). One hundred and eight people 

died in the Sosoliso plane crash in 2005 due to poor air craft 

inspection by the government. Parents of the children involved 

were mad. According to Cole ‘There are harrowing scenes of 

parents contending over the bodies of children burnt beyond 

recognition’ (TS 137).  Public officers have made Africa a 

shadow of itself. The rich get richer while the poor get poorer, 

the masses are exploited. 

Social and Economic Corruption 

In the text,Mr Nebe, Mr Dife, Ms Philo and the entire teachers in 

their district embark on endless strike because government 

refusestopay them their many months salary. Ngozi Chuma-Ude 

narrates the decaying system of education in Nigeria. She 

regrettably looks at the nonchalant attitude of our leaders 

concerning civil servants especially teachers. The governor fails 

to understand the importance and significance of education and 

enjoy the privilege of sending their children abroad to school. 

They no longer pay attention to their workers and pleas of the 

masses as they believe that their children stand out in the crowd. 

Chuma-Ude captures the sorry state of our academic system. 

Ngozi Chuma-Udeh looks at a country that is in the verge of 

collapsing with very intensive strike exercise. Many people die 



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during this strike out of hunger and poverty. Government refuses 

to align with the masses and therefore lost the dedication and 

commitment of the people who on their own, fight for their 

emancipation. During the strike, many people were negatively 

affected, a lot lost their lives. Chuma-Ude puts it this way: 

Nebe recalled gravely the high mortality 

rate of the teachers during the period. The 

obituary notices piled up like a heap in the 

garbage dump. Many more were down 

with debilitating stroke… The students 

were not left out. The boys had gone to 

the streets as touts, political thugs and 

robbers. The girls had turned to 

prostitution and some were kept as 

concubines by some politicians. And the 

schools have been converted into a habitat 

for miscreants. (TS 89) 

The government is evil, villainous and nefarious, teachers were 

not paid for good five months and they were still teaching. 

‘Teachers had persevered. It was after the fifth month that this 

horrible strike action had become imperative’ (TS 88). Teachers 

live in agony, many of them can no longer take care of their 

families and some become homeless as they can no longer pay 

their house rents, the government made teachers a laughing 

stock. Ms Philo, one of the teachers had it rough with her 

landlord. The landlord had wanted to sleep with her but she 

refused. He picks interest in her and disturbs her often, refusing 

the landlord’s lustful overtures made the landlord mad and he 

feels insulted and disgraced but waited for the right time to hit 

Philo. The right time came when Philo as a teacher can no 

longer pay her house rent, he starts his lustful advances again, 

and Philo’s refusal this time saw Philo homeless. He throws her 



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things out of his house '… Philo was standing in the road, her 

hair all over the place like a newly demented woman. All around 

her were her belongings thrown out on the street… Her 

belongings littered the whole road, causing an obstruction,’( TS 

52-53) this shows teachers’ level of suffering due to corruption 

and bad governance. 

The executive members of teachers had a meeting with the 

governor but it did not end well. The governor wants to bribe 

them but they stood their ground and refused the money, the 

governor who could not believe it was aghast. He tries helping 

them by giving them more money to alleviate their problems but 

their reaction shocked the governor. He gives them a cheque of 

ten million naira each as bribe to call off the strike but instead of 

jubilating, 'The teachers wept!!!’.(TS 115) They all refuse to 

collect the cheques and one of them Mr Difehad the gut to tear 

the cheques to the amazement of the governor. They remember 

the death of many teachers and their families – Omena'schildren, 

Irukwe's wife, Ireka's boys and Philo's predicament and cannot 

bear their anger, the governor has actually pushed them to the 

wall, he had debased, degraded and demeaned them. 

He stood up and handed the teachers 

representative cheque of ten million naira each… 

Philo was the first to act… walked up to Nebe's 

table and dropped the cheque given to her. The 

others followed suit… Dife looked down at 

hisExcellency. Then with a slow, deliberate 

motion, he tore the cheques. (TS 116-118) 

The nation's social life, political life and economy come to a halt 

as the masses are no longer happy. The girls that no longer go to 

school become irresponsible and unable to respond to obligation. 

Adaora, Dife's sixteen year old daughter becomes pregnant. 



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People's suffering, distress and pain made the house of assembly 

members to react and impeach the governor. He is punished for 

his wickedness, for being unfair and unjust to the masses. The 

masses troop out en masse to jubilate his downfall believing that 

Justice and equity have prevailed. 

His Excellency, the Provincial Governor of 

Umma province and his Deputy have been 

impeached by the house of assembly for gross 

mismanagement of public funds, corrupt practices 

and unethical behaviours. The province Governor 

has alsobeendisqualified from contesting in the 

forthcoming elections… The speaker of the 

House who became the acting Governor of the 

province gave immediate directives for the 

payment of the teachers’ salaries. (TS 128-129) 

The acting governor paid teachers their salaries immediately and 

Mr Nebe, the Chairman of the Teachers’ Union called off the 

strike and 'The whole province was agog with happiness’ (TS 

130). They are happy because teachers’ strike action has paid 

off.  Justice was served because teachers refuse to be bribed as 

they insisted on the strike until every teacher is paid to the last 

kobo.The roads are death traps and the contractors who do the 

shabby works are not queried (TS  6). Constructions of schools 

are really poorly done. 

Impact of Corruption 

Impact of corruption according to Ganiyu, RasaqOmokeji et al 

in their article, ‘Socio-Political and Economic Impact of 

Corruption in Nigeria’ are grouped into sociological, economic 

and political. 



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Corruption causes a lot of damage to human psyche and it makes 

upright citizens sick. The rate of Corruption is alarming and it 

gives room for wicked act, fraud, moral decadence, selfishness, 

dishonesty, heartlessness, kidnapping, prostitution, nonchalant 

attitude towards work especially civil servants, mal-

administration, lack of integrity, dedication and commitment 

towards work, armed robbery and cripples one’s talent. In the 

text under study, people sociologically lost their decency due to 

the corrupt administration that refuses to pay teachers their 

salary. Young girls and boys go ‘haywire’; girls become 

prostitutes and give birth to bastards while boys become armed 

robbers and thugs. Those boys (thugs) that threw Philo's 

property out of her house are students. Government is so wicked, 

callous, inhuman, nonchalant, selfish, dishonest and heartless 

that they charge 'Teachers Union with sedition’(TS 33) after 

owing them for eight months. But these teachers never thought 

of any civil disorder against the authority, what the governor 

wants is to give them a bad name to crucify them – what a 

wicked act. How does he expect these teachers to feed, treat 

themselves and their family members? Heartless governor who 

tells the teachers executive members that he does not care what 

happens to them because his own children are studying abroad 

and whatever happens concerns the teachers and their own 

children (TS 42). As far he is concerned, his fate and that of his 

children are secured. To him, the masses can go to blazes; all he 

is interested in is his second tenure which is in actual fact what 

he wants to use the teachers’salary for. 

Corruption makes people lose their moral decency and this is 

exactly the problem with the governor and his top management 

workers. They attend parties with University students often. 

They have lost their moral standard; they are armed robbers and 

have no shame. They sleep and party with under graduates who 



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are between the ages of eighteen to twenty five years. These 

girls have already lost interest in studying because they pay in 

'cash’ or 'kind’ to get the grades they want. No more 

commitment, no more seriousness, no more dedication.In Love 

of an Angel (LA) the author writes:  

Do you know that some institutions are trying to 

legalize sorting? Lecturers, some of them though 

not all will stand before a class without fear of 

anybody and be declaring the amount for A, B, C, 

D, E in alphabetical order. Even carryover and 

incomplete results have different values and 

prices. …what about sexual harassment on the 

part of the lecturers?(LA 149) 

In the text again, human and economic development become too 

low that chaos becomes the order of the day. This badly affects 

the economy of the said district as their standard of living drops 

drastically. Top government officials exhibit political powers to 

the detriment of the masses. The governor in owes teachers eight 

months salary because he feels that he can do it. He had absolute 

power to do it. Absolute power corrupts absolutely. He believes 

that he can rig the election to bring himself back to power during 

election.  

Conclusion  

The issue in our society is that people do not bother to know 

how one becomes rich and those that embezzle government 

money are not punished rather you see them in their very 

expensive cars moving freely and are recognized in the society. 

Corrupt officers are not brought to book and so they see no 

reason why they should not want to steal more as they are not 

contented with whatever they have. The major problem of these 

corrupt officials is greed. They are so greedy that they are blind 



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folded by their quest for money and people around them are not 

bordered because they are equally looking for meansto steal 

their own money instead of reporting them. 

These people disregard the cries of the masses because they 

involvethemselves deeply in corruption. Corruption is basically 

at every nook and cranny. In the text, the governor tries bribing 

the executive members of Teachers Union, using their money to 

campaign and using the masses money to train his children 

abroad are all corrupt practices. But thank God for the masses in 

Teachers on Strike who refuse to be suffocated by half-baked 

politicians. These politicians cannot kill their intelligence, hope 

and aspirations, teachers refuse to be intimidated. 

The masses in the two books under study take the bull by the 

horn as they revolt and give it back to these corrupt officials. 

Teachers went on strike and refuseto be bribed or resume even 

in the face of hardship and death. They fought the government 

until justice is theirs. The house of assembly members 

impeached the governor. 

Who do we run to for justice? Definitely not the police and 

lawyers therefore the masses believe in handling their cases 

themselves and that was how justice prevailed in the two texts. 

Strikes last as long as government does not want to satisfy the 

masses, it is shameful that government tries to bribe the 

executive members.The society can only be free of corruption if 

our officials shun bribery and corruption like teachers executive 

members in Teachers on Strike did and if the masses can 

individually deal with corrupt officers.  If justice is meted out on 

corrupt officers by the masses as seen in the text under study, 

sanity will be brought back to the society. 



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This work therefore concludes that we create our problems and 

our solution depends on us as we hold our destinies. The only 

way to solve corruption in Nigeria is justice by the masses for 

posterity.  Once the corrupt officers are dealt with by the masses, 

it will deter others from following their part. 

 

Works   Cited 

Achebe, Chinua. ‘The Novelist as Teacher’, Hopes and 

Impediments: Selected Essays, 1965-1987 , Heinemann, 

1988. 

Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi.  Americanah. Farafina, 2013. 

Asika, Ikechukwu E.  Love of an Angel, Onitsha, First Class 

Publishers, 2013 

Chuma-Udeh Ngozi. Teachers on Strike. Onitsha: Africana First 

Publishers, 2015 

Elliot Anthony, Contemporary Social Theory: An Introduction. 

Rouledge, 2008. 

Ganiyu, Omokeji and Rasak, Bamidele and Taiwo, Felix. 

‘Socio-Political and Economic Impacts of Corruption in 

Nigeria’, International Journal for Innovation Education 

and Research. 2 (1).  2014, Pp 35-42 

George Herbert Mead, Mind, Self and Society, Chicago: 

University of Chicago, 1934. 

Harrington Austin, Introduction. What is Social Theory? Oxford 

University Press, England, 2005. 



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Oladipupo Ipadeola. Research Report: Qualitative Study on the 

Patterns, Experiences and Manifestations of Corruption 

in Nigeria, Research and Evaluation Consultant Abuja, 

Nigeria, March 2016. 

Olawale, Johnson.  ‘List of Social Problems in Nigeria’ 

https://www.legit.ng/1114696-List-social-prblems-

Nigeria. 

Ker David. Literature and Society in Africa, Ibadan : Spectrum 

Books Limited 2004.Socialtheoryapplied.com/what-is-

social-theory; https://m.ranker.com>mike-

rottschild.www.newworldencyclopedia.org 

 

 


