




































 AJELLS: Awka Journal of English Language and Literary Studies Volume 7, No. 1, 2020 

 
 

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CHALLENGES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN 

THE DIGITAL NIGERIAN ENVIRONMENT 

 

Christian Okey Nwaiwu 
Department of Languages 

Akanu-Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana Afikpo, Ebonyi State 

Email: christiannwaiwu16@gmail.com 

Abstract 

Challenges of Effective Communication in the Digital Nigerian 

Environment is an exposition on how the advent of new 

technologies and subsequent emergence of on-line 

communication impacted on the writing efforts of the average 

Nigerian. Prior to the coming of the new digital writing, written 

communication was carried out through the traditional physical 

and mental method. This medium however, is cumbersome and 

time-consuming and hence it is identified as one of the 

inadequacies of traditional communication. The glamour and 

glitter of the new on-line communication especially among the 

youths is however, a source of worry to many and the concern of 

this paper. Using interview and excerpts of internet publications, 

the paper examines the concept of digital communication in 

Nigeria’s environment. It identifies the values and challenges of 

on-line communication, discusses excerpts of on-line written 

communication as culled from the websites and comments on 

how on-line communication has impacted on the written 

communication of the average Nigerian. The paper concludes 

that the new medium of communication be embraced with 

caution as the nation works towards joining the global 

community in this digital age.  

Keywords: Effective Communication, Digital, Nigerian 

Environment, Trditional, Physical and Mental Method. 

mailto:christiannwaiwu16@gmail.com


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Introduction 

Communication is sine qua non in one’s individual and 

collective existence. It is necessary for the completeness of 

society. Communication enables one to reach out and co-operate 

with others in the society. It equally helps in the facilitation and 

induction of the young into the adult society. According to Obi, 

I. Vitus and Chris Nwaiwu, communication is the passing on 

“feelings, thoughts, information, ideas, values, attitudes, skills 

etc” from an encoder to the decoder (14). Little, P. believes that 

this can be effective with the help of “an agreed symbol”(12); 

that is using the appropriate symbol and language as tools. 

Without a language that is commonly shared and understood 

codes, symbols or signs that are familiar to the reading 

audiences (decoders), such communication would be difficult if 

not impossible and hence, prone to criticism and rejection. 

Communication can take the forms of verbal and non-verbal 

devices. However, this will be delimited to the verbal form of 

on-line writing and how it has impacted on effective 

communication.  

Communication in a Digital Environment  

A digital environment is a society that has embraced and cued to 

the modern technological style of communication through the 

new media (Njoku, Steve, 3). The emergence of personal 

computers and mobile phones is a development that has had 

great positive impact on global communication. (The World 

Book Encyclopedia, 890; Neiss and Gershon, 22). Njoku was of 

the view that the new world order of the Information 

Communication Technology (I.C.T) has made the modern 

society amazingly sophisticated and hence the use of physical 

and mental abilities to perform tasks, including communication, 

has radically shifted to the use of electro-mechanical devices (2). 



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Invariably, the challenges to live up to the new world order has 

given way to globalization, a situation where the entire world is 

unified into one small village with common socio-economic, 

political, cultural and educational (linguistic) systems. It is not 

surprising that the new digital method of communication, has 

spread so fast within a short period of time when viewed from 

the angles of the attraction it has on the average Nigerian and the 

excitement with which the youths embrace it. This way, the new 

digital communication has helped to revolutionalise the entire 

universe. Odowu, Fred asserts that in Nigeria, digital 

communication was not heard of until the twilight of the 21st 

century(9). At present however, there is no facet of the nation’s 

human endeavour that is not glued to digital communication. 

The internet, computer, mobile phone and array of other social 

media available in I.C.T have become a source of excitement to 

the average Nigerian. Writing on the influence of Mass Madia 

on the academic performance of secondary school students on 

Okigwe Metropolitan City of Imo state, Obah, C. Godwin 

argued that the Nigerian youth generally and students in 

particular are so glued to the media that they regard any 

information in print, electronic and on-line as models(2). This is 

because Ifechelobi, Jane sees the media as “influential users of 

the English language” and hence the media “suggest and 

participate in determining standards of correctness(52). 

Invariably, the new on-line media has not helped matters as 

regard effective communication. The new media style has 

increased the zeal of a typical Nigerian to now read and write 

(communicate) through browsing the internet, using the google, 

facebook, twitter, whatsApp and other electronic texting of 

messages which in most cases, are not in tandem with 

appropriate style of communication. This is because we want to 



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live up to the dictates of the new world order. Njoku sees this 

development though as commendable because 

the recent new world order has made it 

such that onlysocieties with the right 

information, skill and attitudes can be part 

of the world of automation as building of 

skyscrapers, jets, robots, underground rail, 

military arsenals etc. cannot happen 

throughchance. (12)  

Collaborating this statement, Ezenwa-Ohaeta N, contained that 

the dynamic nature of the society and results of recent researches 

suggest the need for the “transformation from industrial to 

information age (1). Recently, the Transparency International 

came up with an assessment of tertiary institutions in Nigeria 

using quality of research and I.C.T compliance, among other 

criteria, to rate the best institutions among Colleges of 

Education, Polytechnics and Universities. The implication here 

is that Nigeria cannot be left behind in the glamour and glitter of 

the new communication. However, the excesses of the average 

Nigerian, especially the youths, in embracing the new digital 

development and the attendant negative effect the action has 

caused on effective communication is a source of worry.  

That the average literate Nigerian can no longer communicate 

effectively and functionally has been attributed to the craze for 

I.C.T and its subsidiaries. It is important to state that effective 

communication is a function of appropriate use of language and 

style. If we recall that the media have been identified as 

influential users of the English language and if it is no longer in 

doubt that people look up to the media as conveyors of correct 

and standard forms of English (Ifechelobi, 52), we will 

understand why on-line digital style of communication is fast 

becoming a norm in the country.  



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Methodology 

To obtain the data for this study, a randomly selected staff and 

students of Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana were 

interviewed. In addition, excerpts of text messages and similar 

writings culled from the internet were examined and discussed. 

Findings 

Result of findings of this work show that the challenges 

encountered border on general and technical issues. The general 

challenges include epileptic power supply, occasional poor 

network problem and high cost of internet accessories like the 

Modem, Flash drive, and Mobile phone/computer laptops used 

for browsing. On the other hand, the technical challenges are 

specifically linguistic as can be confirmed from excerpts culled 

from the internet. 

Values of Digital Communication 

Digital communication by way of on-line interaction has a 

number of immeasurable values. According to Gambo, Ahmed, 

the emergence of the personal computers in the 1960s made a 

great positive impact on pedagogy. He identified four areas in 

which the personal computer has positively affected teaching 

and learning to include volume, speed, tone and accuracy (3). In 

general, the on-line communication through the social media is 

an innovation that has been embraced with enthusiasm (Weiss 

and Gerhson in Njoku, 18, Encyclopedia Americana, 114). The 

satellite now links the radio, T.V, internet and many others, and 

hence communication has become simplified. The internet and 

related network of computers have made the World Wide Web 

(www) a reality. The immeasurable benefit of the internet has 

made many to see it as the “super highway” and hence the belief 

that anyone who is out of the internet is far away from the 

information super highway of the world. Little wonder, a 

Covenant University graduate recently slammed graduates who 



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can hardly “attach a file to an e-mail” (#newsHub8/2/20). A 

onetime Honourable Minister of Education, Professor Ruqayatu 

Ahmed Rufai, at the investiture of former Governor Godswill 

Akpabio of Akwa Ibom State as Grand Patron of Science 

Teachers’ Association of Nigeria (STAN), remarked that an 

ICT-based functional education was the only way to meet the 

challenges of the 21st century. She assured STAN that the 

curriculum of science education at all levels would be reviewed 

to be ICT-driven, in line with international best practices (STAN 

Newsletter,11).  

A number of other benefits derivable from digital 

communication can be exemplified in the postings in the 

Twitter, YouTube, Facebook, WhatsApp, Gmail and Yahoo 

(among others), which enable ICT literate Nigerians to 

communicate with ease. By this way, communication is made 

faster, easier and more enjoyable than the earlier form of 

communicating through physical and mental abilities. Realizing 

the immeasurable place which the new digital development 

holds for the country, the Nigerian government formulated the 

National Policy for Information Technology (IT) in 2001 with 

the vision of making Nigeria an ICT capable country in Africa 

and a key player in the information society by the year 2005 by 

using ICT as the engine for sustainable development and global 

competitiveness. The mission was to use IT to facilitate 

education, create wealth eradicate poverty, create job 

opportunities and enhance competition of Nigerians globally 

(16).   

It is in recognition of the indispensable role of the new digital 

world order that the relevant authorities decided to make the 

acquisition of basic ICT skills and capabilities part of the 

national minimum standards for Teachers education. This is 

because the teaching profession is a communication one. These 



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are clearly stated in the National Minimum Standards of the 

National Commission for Colleges of Education  (NCCE 2000), 

the National Universities Commission (NUC 2004), Teachers’ 

Registration Council of Nigeria (TRCN 1993). Implicit of all 

these is that the era has gone when Nigerians cannot afford not 

to communicate digitally. Every literate Nigerian is now 

expected not just to be computer literate, but to be able to prove 

their e-capabilities in a crazy-driven digital Nigerian society.  

Challenges of Digital Communication on the Use of English 

Chukwu, Ephraim rightly observes that the essence of 

communication is to express ideas rather than impress the 

decoding audience “with dual or multiple interpretative 

expressions offering no specific message” (18).  The number of 

language ambiguities which he identifies in his paper is relevant 

in this work. The purpose for which communication exist are 

information, education and entertainment. Humans are always 

communicating; receiving and giving information and creating 

or solving problems through communication. Humans also 

communicate by reading and writing, watching television, 

listening and talking to people. It is important that 

communication is made simple, devoid of any ambiguity that 

may send false signal to the decoder or result in any form of 

misunderstanding. Simplicity and concreteness of the encoder 

make communication effective and helps in understanding a 

person, thing or situation and enables the communicating parties 

to resolve differences, build trust, respect and create 

environment where creative ideas, problem solving, affection 

and caring can flourish (www.Helpguide.org). In the digital 

information age, one is expected to send, receive and process 

huge numbers of messages which must be effective and 

functional. Effective communication is about more than just 

exchange of information. It is also about understanding the 

http://www.helpguide.org/


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emotion behind the information. Effective communication can 

improve relationship at work, home and social institutions by 

deepening one’s connection with others and improving 

teamwork, decision-making and problem solving. Effective 

communication enables one to pass even negative or difficult 

messages without creating conflict or destroying trust.  

According to Otagburuagu, E.J, the access of most Nigerians to 

the internet has made most youths to spend valuable time 

browsing in the internet and engaging in other communication 

chores on-line, to the detriment of studying the language skills 

for better communication(5). This goes to explain how e-

capabilities have challenged some Nigerians to be lazy in 

physical and mental communication because of the glamour of 

the social media. Ordinarily, the on-line is not supposed to 

constitute a threat but an addition to the traditional physical and 

mental form of communication. A number of writings which 

appear on-line in recent times are fraught with linguistic 

challenges arising from social and semantic factors. This makes 

one wonder if on-line communication has any provisions for 

proof-reading and editing. Unlike years back when on-line 

communication could only be assessed through the few cyber 

cafes in town, the reverse is the case now because of the 

computer and internet facilities which abound in most homes. 

An ICT baseline study by the National Information Technology 

Development Agency (NITDA) shows that there are 14,800 ICT 

organizations and institutions in Nigeria which offer ICT related 

services (7). Abbas, Mohamed contends that “by the year two 

thousand, there were over fifty million internet users and over 

two billion users projected for the year 2013(18). Currently in 

the year 2020, the figure must have been over doubled 

considering the quest for e-communication, coupled with the 

availability and affordability of other e-devices.  



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Achebe has rightly observed that the hunter learns to shoot 

without missing, the moment the bird-prey begins to fly without 

perching (22). This is the case with the situation in Nigeria 

where the most important agencies dealing with students now 

communicate with them online. The Joint Admissions and 

Matriculations Board (JAMB), West African Examinations 

Council (WAEC) National Examination Council (NECO), 

National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN), National 

Teachers’ Institution (NTI) and virtually all tertiary and selected 

private secondary schools in Nigeria now communicate with 

their prospective applicants and students on-line. The students 

who are part of the youths on their part, are enjoying the on-line 

experience as they get more interested in the opportunities 

provided by the web. How has this trend affected 

communication? According to www.helpguide.org “Effective 

communication is all about more than just exchanging 

information. It’s also about understanding the emotion behind 

the information (28/3/14). Widdowson is of the view that the 

difficulties which users of language encounter arise not so much 

from a defective knowledge of the system but from an 

unfamiliarity with language use (67). Other scholars who hold 

this view of functional language include Robinson, P; 

Hutchinson and Waters (1987) and Munby, J (1978). The 

challenges encountered in on-line communication can be 

physical or linguistic. Among the physical challenges are 

epileptic power supply, sporadic nature of internet network and 

high cost of internet accessories like the modem, flash drive and 

cellular phones for browsing. The linguistic challenges arise as a 

result of on-line digital writings which are fraught with a number 

of inadequacies as can be attested from the following excerpts 

culled from the internet which border on the extent to which 

they communicate to the internet reading audience.  

http://www.helpguide.org/


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 Good character is lyk a lite that illungnates. It leaves no 

room 4 dark thoughts. Airtel Network 1/2/14.  

 

Comment 
The preponderance of abbreviations in the excerpt above may be 

tolerated as it is assumed the writer is communicating in an 

informal situation. However the technical error “illungnate” 

(illuminates) obviously distorts meaning in the sentence.   

 Watch official Trailer. Visit http://youtube.be/tnRtor 

Deivk. sent 15-March- 2014. Glo Network 15/3/14 

Comment 
The writer here must have mistaken the spelling of Thriller as 

“trailer” which is a vehicle that can be pulled behind another 

vehicle, used for carrying heavy load (Longman, 1764). In 

addition, the last line containing the date the message was posted 

contains a mechanical error of inconsistency in writing of date.  

 GEJ Defends Suspension of Central Bank Governor as 

over 30 students killed in Nigerian Schools attack. To get 

more &enjoys FREE Text VOA @N30/wk. 

Comment 
GEJ is an abbreviation of a group or an organization the full 

meaning hopefully, will be disclosed in the body of the report 

since this is a headline. However, the killing of the over 30 

students is deceptive. The killings reported above took place in a 

single school in Nigeria, that is Federal Govt. College Buni-yadi 

in Yobe state. It is not a nation-wide attack on Nigerian schools 

as portrayed in the headline above. Therefore, the expression 

requires an appropriate marker “a Nigerian school attack”. 

Again, the last sentence is marred by errors of concord 

http://youtube.be/tnRtor%20Deivk.%20sent%2015-March-%202014
http://youtube.be/tnRtor%20Deivk.%20sent%2015-March-%202014


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“...enjoys” and absence of appropriate punctuations which 

created ambiguity in it.  

 Nigerian state declares Friday public holiday celebrates 

forgiveness day. Opera News online 7/2/20 

The body of the report reads...Governor Simon Lalong had in 

February 7 last year inaugurated... 

Comment 

The preposition “in” is wrongly used in the expression above. 

Assuming the exact date is not mentioned, “in” would be 

accepted. In this case, the appropriate options are: 

....Governor Simon Lalong had on February 7 2019 

inaugurated... 

                                                 or  

....Governor Simon Lalong had in February last year 

inaugurated...  

 

 Supreme Court: Fr. Mbaka called me on phone and 

pleaded – Emeka Ihedioha. On-line News Report 8/02/20  

The opera on-line news above is misleading and good example 

of fake news. The heading suggest that Fr. Mbaka pleaded for 

forgiveness from Emeka Ihedioda whose removal as governor of 

Imo state came shortly after Fr. Mbaka prophesied it.  

 Read on 

Fr. Mbaka equally pleaded with Ihedioha to stop 

seeing him as a political enemy, but a massager 

of truth from  the Almighty. Ihedioha’s statement 

was released by his spokesman, Chibuike 

Onyeukwu and made available on in the early 

hour of today. The former Governor said that the 

truth remains that Fr. Mbaka is quite convinced 



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that sacking redress from the supreme court is 

founded on clear illegitimacy, and nothing will 

stop him from reclaiming his  stolen mandate.  

 

Comment 

The entire report is misleading with preponderance of grammar 

errors. The report shows that Fr. Mbaka did not plead but gave 

Ihedioha a piece of advice. Hence he report should read:  

Fr. Mbaka equally advised Ihedioha to stop 

seeing him as .....but a messenger of 

truth.......Ihedioha’s statement was released by 

his........and made available in the early hours of 

today. 

 

Again the last paragraph beginning from “The former Governor 

said.....”lacks the consistency required in reported speech as the 

writer jumped from simple past “said that” to simple present 

“remains” etc while the word “sacking” is a corruption of 

“seeking”.  

 Pretty Corper Serving in Gombe State Dies in A 

GhastlyMotor Accident. Opera New 10/12/20.  

 

This is one of the peril of serving her father-land...By the time of 

filing this report the cause of the accident is yet to be 

ascertained, also the number of people dead was not ascertained 

while the injured were ferried to the hospital.  

 

Comment 
A ghastly accident is not as serious as fatal accident. Since the 

death of the corper  and others whose number could not be  

determined occurred in that single accident the appropriate word 

should be fatal Not Ghastly. The word “peril” is an uncountable 

noun so the correct usage rather than “one of the peril” is:  



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 This is the peril of ......... OR  

 This is one of the dangers of........  

By the time of filling this report......(wrong)  

By the time of filling in this report..... (correct)  

The cause of accident is yet......(wrong)  

The cause of the accident was yet....(correct)  

The injured were ferried to the hospital....(wrong)  

The injured had been taken to the hospital....(correct)  

    (This is based in the context of use).  

 

 Reactions as this covenant University Graduate blasts, 

condemns Graduate from public Universities. Opera 

online News 10/2/20.  

 

Editorial post 

This story may not go down well with Graduates from other 

universities especially those who went to publish universities.  

Read on 

“I’m a covenant university graduate. When I 

started at my PPA this year, I met other Corp 

members that had graduated from public 

universities and didn’t know how to attach a file 

to an e-mail, not talk of writing one.....” 

 

Comment 
Since the covenant graduate is referring to graduates of public 

universities generally, the heading of this report “Blasts, 

condemns Graduate from.......”  should read 

- Blasts, Condemns Graduates...  

Who went to publish universities.....(wrong) 

Who went to public universities ......(correct)  

.......met other Corp members that......(wrong)  

.......met other Corp members who.....(correct) 



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Moreover, a corp member is already a graduate and 

hence.....Corp members that had graduate.....is tautological 

.......and didn’t know (wrong) 

.......but didn’t know (correct)  

......Not talk of.........(wrong)  

......Let alone write......(correct)  

 

From the excerpts in the foregoing, it is clear that the new 

digital communication is not without linguistic blemish. 

Among the communication inadequacies identified in the 

new digital communication include fake news, sensational 

headlines that tend to mislead the reading audience and 

contradicts the content of the story, unnecessary 

exaggeration of issues linguistics ambiguities, poor 

expressions and weak technical control. Chuckwu has rightly 

advised encoders to write with the intention of expressing 

ideas rather than impressing the decoder “with dual or 

multiple interpretative expressions that offer no specific 

message (18-19). The good news however is that there exist 

avenues through which such ambiguous expressions can be 

disambiguated by editors and proof-readers of on-line 

communication before getting them posted. In addition, 

digital communication is an evolving trend and hence it will 

be difficult to expect a hundred percent perfection from it. 

Moreover, the traditional method of communication cannot 

be said to be free from these linguistic inadequacies of on-

line channel. Be that as it may, when the two methods are 

compared, one cannot but embrace the new digital online 

form of communication for number of reasons.  

 Digital communication has provision for reduction and 

elimination of technical errors as one can easily click on 



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the computer or google with an Android device to check 

and correct spellings.  

 It makes communication faster than the traditional 

method. It is faster and more convent  to type using the 

computer than writing using the pen, paper and mental 

abilities. Text messages can also be sent and received in 

the twinkling of an eye, not minding the distance.  

 The volume of what is communicated by the medium of 

the new technology is higher than that of the traditional 

method.  

 On-line communication helps in pedagogical tasks such 

as e-learning. This is because what is communicated 

visually tends to remain permanent in the mind.  

 E-communication through projectors and power point 

presentation appear concise, yet coherent than the 

traditional method of communication 

 Computer based examinations (C.B.E) as it is now 

adopted in most internal and external assessment of 

candidates helps to check examination malpractices.  

 

Conclusion 

Digital communication, as one of the products of I.C.T, is a 

welcome development despite its shortcomings. Evidence 

abound to prove that I.C.T and its subsidiaries assist in 

revitalizing education generally and communication in 

particular, when its usage is not abused. It is therefore expected 

and required of everyone to embrace the new technology with 

caution so as to ensure that positive results are derived from it.  

 

 

 

 

       



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