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Awka Journal of Research in Music and the Arts (AJRMA) Vol 17 June 2024 

TRENDS IN CONTEMPORARY COMPOSITIONAL TECHNIQUES: AN OVERVIEW 

 

Davou Bali Iliya 

Department of Music 

University of Jos 

davoub@unijos.edu.ng +2348065342919 

& 

Rev. Sis. Prof. Achikeh C. M. 

+2348120448282 cmachikeh@gmail.com 

 

Abstract  

Nigeria is known for its vibrant and diverse cultural heritage and its rich musical history that 

continues to evolve. Consequently, compositional techniques in music have experienced significant 

advancements by integrating deep learning and artificial intelligence (AI) methods. These 

advancements require some level of research interest and attention. Through consultation of related 

literature and participation, this paper tries to explore some of the various contemporary composition 

techniques used in Nigeria. These techniques are characterized by a fusion of traditional Nigerian 

elements with modern Western influences, experimentation with electronic music production, and 

interdisciplinary collaborations. The use of synthesizers, drum machines, and digital effects has 

allowed for the exploration of new sonic landscapes and the incorporation of electronic elements into 

traditional music. As a result, contemporary music composition techniques in Nigeria have become 

increasingly popular and have experienced a significant evolution in recent years. Findings show that 

there are some challenges related to maintaining human creativity and the evaluation the artistic 

quality of AI-generated Music. Future research should focus on addressing these challenges and 

finding a balance between the potentials of AI in music composition. 

 

Introduction 

Nigeria is a country located in West Africa and is the most populous country in Africa. It is a country 

with a rich cultural heritage and a vibrant music scene. Music in Nigeria is an important part of the 

culture and is used to express emotions, tell stories, and celebrate special occasions. Nigerian music 

has evolved over the years and has been influenced by many different genres, including traditional 

African music, African Art Music, hip-hop, Blues, R&B, reggae, Afro beats, and other numerous genres 

of music.  

 

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in contemporary composition techniques in Nigeria. 

As a result, contemporary composition techniques in Nigeria has become increasingly popular and has 

seen a significant evolution in recent years. It encompasses a wide range of approaches that have 

emerged in the past century. One advantage of these techniques is their ability to break free from 

traditional constraints and explore new sonic possibilities. Composers can experiment with 

unconventional harmonies, extended techniques, and unique timbres, resulting in fresh and innovative 

musical experiences. In recent times there has been a growing exploration of blending indigenous 

elements with modern Western influences. This fusion has resulted in a unique sound that reflects 

the diversity and vibrancy of Nigeria’s cultural landscape.  

 

mailto:davoub@unijos.edu.ng
mailto:cmachikeh@gmail.com


 

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Awka Journal of Research in Music and the Arts (AJRMA) Vol 17 June 2024 

Composers of the 21st Century have carefully explored new mediums and sources of materials to 

enrich their compositions.  This has resulted in composers taking different paths as they combine 

different creative idioms and tools while also showcasing diverse creative limits and endowments of 

different composers in oral and written forms (Onyeji, 2016). Nigerian composers have overtime 

created master pieces of their work exploring the use of different forms, idioms and resources at 

their disposal.  This paper will explore some of the various contemporary composition techniques used 

in Nigeria. Some of these mediums include: 

i. Technological Techniques 

ii. Sampling Techniques  

iii. Aleatory/Improvisation Technique  

iv. Composition using pre-existing Idioms Techniques 

Technological Techniques 

a. AI Methods 

Modern compositional techniques in music have seen significant advancements with the integration of 

deep learning and artificial intelligence (AI) methods. According to Burns (2023) Artificial 

intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer 

systems.  While Deep learning models according to Sejnowski (2020) are “Networks that have been 

programmed to recognize speech, caption photographs, and translate text between languages at high 

level performance.” These techniques have revolutionized the process of music generation, offering 

new possibilities and challenges. One of the key advantages of modern compositional techniques is the 

ability to generate music at different level of complexity. Deep learning models can generate music 

scores, add performance characteristics to the scores, and even convert them into audio formats (Ji, 

2020).  This multi-level approach allows for more nuanced and expressive compositions. Additionally, 

deep learning models can learn from vast amounts of musical data, enabling them to capture complex 

patterns and generate music that is both innovative and coherent (ji, 2020). 

 Another way that AI is in the frontline of modern compositional techniques is the integration 

of information retrieval and music information seeking. Online search tools, music search engines such 

as mp3juice.com, beemp3.com, mp3skull.com etc. and internet based reference services provide 

composers with a wealth of information and resources for their creative process (Lavranos et al., 

2015). These tools leverage modern information technology to facilitate the exploration of different 

musical styles, genres, and techniques. Composers can access music libraries, organizations, and 

stores, as well as connect with their social settings to gather inspiration and knowledge (Lavranos et 

al., 2015).  

b. Electronic Techniques  

A few centuries ago, in the times of Mozart, Bach, Beethoven etc., the tools for composers were 

pretty simple: a pen, a manuscript, and perhaps an instrument like the piano or any other one at their 

disposal. Technology beyond these simple tools didn’t exist at that time. Many great masterworks of 

the pre-historic times in western music history were written under the candle light or lamps. Today 

the story is different.   

Nigerian composers have been experimenting with electronic music productions techniques to create 

a more contemporary sound. The use of synthesizers, drum machines, and digital effects has allowed 

for the exploration of new sonic landscapes and the incorporation of electronic elements into 

traditional Nigerian Music. These experimentations have resulted in a fresh and innovative approach 

to composition.  



 

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Technology for composing music has progressed a great deal in recent years and is more 

accessible to music makers than ever before. Many software providers even create free or 

budget versions of their composition programs so that as users grow and improve, they can 

progress to the more advanced software.  (Sciarrotta, 2023) 

Here in Nigeria technology has had a major impact on the music industry in Nigeria. In the past, most 

Nigerian music was recorded on analog equipment, such as reel-to-reel tape machines. However, with 

the advent of digital technology, recording and production have become much easier and more 

affordable. As a result, many Nigerian musicians have embraced digital technology and are now using 

it to create their music. 

 

Depending on what they prefer for the composition process and recording requirements, composers 

today often use either music notation software or Digital Audio workstations (DAWs). Music notation 

software is frequently used in Art music Composition and other notation-intensive genres such as 

Jazz and Soul music where precise and thorough score preparation is necessary. However, in recent 

times, popular music composers and other genres have begun to explore the use of these notating 

software for composition. Some of the notating software include:  

i. Sibelius Ultimate 

ii. MuseScore 

iii. Notion 6 

iv. Steinberg Dorico 4 

v. Apple Logic Pro X 

vi. Finale 

vii. Forte Notation Forte 12 

viii. Neuratron PhotoScore Ultimate 

ix. Neuratron AudioScore Ultimate etc. 

The afore mentioned software are some notable software used in music notation in the 21st century 

here in Nigeria and the world at large.  

The second form of computer software is a DAW (Digital Audio Workstation), which is used to 

capture live performances, create MIDI-based synthetic instrument parts, mix audio, and master it.  

A digital audio workstation (DAW) is an electronic device or application software used to record, edit, 

and produce audio files. DAW comes in a variety of configurations from a single software program on 

a laptop or computer, to an integrated standalone unit, to highly complex configurations of various 

components controlled by the central computer.  (Fajar, 2020)  

 

There are now music applications that offer the functions of both categories fairly well, despite the 

fact that the majority of DAWs contain some rudimentary music notation functionality. In Nigeria, 

both music notation software and DAWs have become popular amongst composers. They are often 

used to create complex arrangements and to add effects to the music. In the words of Adams (2015) 

who states that “the Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) has undoubtedly been a massive advancement 

in the field of music composition. Whilst it is perhaps best known for expanding and creating numerous 

genres of electronic music, its impact upon composing for orchestra is lesser documented”. However, 

film composers are gradually moving away from using notating softwares to using DAWs. This allows 

them to utilize all the plugins in the DAWs.  With the DAWs, the composer can use live sample 

libraries, to compose and there’s no need for the music to be performed by an orchestra nor any 

other group as the music composed in DAWs are already made and ready for consumption. Many 

https://www.musicradar.com/reviews/steinberg-dorico-for-ipad


 

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Nigerian musicians use DAWs to create their music, as they are easy to use and allow for a great deal 

of creativity without any rudimentary knowledge in music theory. 

 

 

Sampling Technique 

There was this day I went to meet up with a composer friend and I met him parking his mobile 

recording equipment. He told me he was working on a film score which requires him to have live samples 

of the noises in the market square and motor parks. We drove out to one of the biggest market and 

set up in the middle of the market, recording all the sound that the market could give. Same was done 

for the motor park. When he finished working on the project, the results were astounding. This whole 

process is what is regarded as voice sampling. 

 

Sampling is another popular contemporary composition technique used in Nigeria. Sampling is the 

process of taking a portion of a sound recording and using it in a new composition. Youngblood (2019) 

defines Music Sampling as “a nearly ubiquitous practice among hip-hop and electronic producers.” The 

usage of drum breaks, or percussion-heavy sequences, ripped from soul and funk records has played 

a particularly critical role in the development of certain subgenres. Sampling is often used to create 

a unique sound or to add texture to a track. Sampling technique has become a very popular technique 

in Nigeria, as it allows musicians to create new music from existing recordings. 

 

Many Nigerian composers use samples from traditional African music, as well as from other genres, 

such as hip-hop and reggae. In the words of Onyeji (2008), who states that “in their compositions, 

contemporary Nigerian composers have tried to combine traditional ensemble techniques from their 

country with European styles. This synthesis has appeared in pieces that encapsulate the spirit and 

soul of numerous types of music.” We can therefore say that composers have resorted in using other 

idioms to enrich their works in which sampling has been often used to create a unique sound or to add 

texture to their compositions and it can also be used to create a bridge between different genres, 

allowing musicians to create a unique sound that is a blend of different styles. It is as a result of 

these sampling techniques that new genres of music are born.  It can be argued that technical 

developments in popular music since the advent of sampling as a mainstream activity have altered 

production practices in such a fashion as to shape the broader aesthetic of popular music and its 

creators’ sensibilities. 

 

Recording Using Sampled Libraries 

Sample libraries are pre-recorded sounds that are used in recorded sounds that can be used in music 

composition. it is a collection of sound instruments, vocals, synths, sound effects, and field recordings 

for use in music and video production. These sampled sounds are typically royalty-free and can be 

freely used by artists and producers in any way they see fit. (Lavoie, A. 2023) These libraries offer 

diverse sounds from various genres. Sample libraries have become an important tool in the 21st-

century composer’s toolkit. The beauty of sample libraries lies in their versatility. They cater to 

virtually every genre of music and offer an extensive range of instruments like complete orchestral 

instruments, guitars, vocals, sound effects, and atmospheric sounds (Hariharan, S. 2023). Some 

composers of the 21st Century prefer working with sound libraries than actual musicians because the 

samples in a sound effects library often contain many imaginative and diverse sounds, allowing content 

creators and editors to offer a more immersive experience when creating a piece of content. 



 

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Aleatory/Improvisation Technique  

In his doctoral thesis, Stephen Coyle (2019) states that “improvisation keeps a reference to every 

variety, including improvisation based on pre-existing materials, notated or not, improvisation 

controlled by specific rules, and entirely unrestricted free improvisation”. Improvisation forms a core 

component of the compositional processes composers used when writing music. It is a theme that 

concerns everyone who is active in music – be it as a performer, a teacher, a musicologist or an 

administrator. Every music practitioner is an actor when it comes to improvisation. Improvisation is 

the process of creating music spontaneously, without any prior preparation. It is often used to 

perform spontaneously without any prior knowledge of what the composer wants to perform. 

Improvisation is largely done by well experienced performers. In a recent research which states thus: 

it suggested that an Early Music performer and a professional pianist with a specialization in 

improvisation were given a variation task in their respective styles. The question under 

investigation was the extent to which improvisers repeat themselves after several trials. 

Performances were tape recorded, transcribed and analyzed. And the findings suggest that 

the Early Music performer, who could be called a novice improviser, was less inventive and 

more repetitive after fewer trials while the pianist improviser was able to generate many 

more non-redundant consecutive variations. We concluded that experienced improvisers have 

a large repertory of methods for varying material that allows them non-redundant playing. 

This facility corresponds to the training activities the individuals had engaged in. (Lehmann & 

Hoffmann, 2002). 

 

Musical improvisation is often seen as specific to jazz popular music, African traditional music. Many 

‘classical’ musicians never came across improvisation during their professional training. Sometimes 

improvisation is considered as ‘nonsense’ and as loss of time. But in fact, it trains skills that are crucial 

for every musician, be it in western classical music, in jazz, pop or rock music or in any other musical 

style of the large range of ‘world music’. Improvisation demands not only creativity, but also the 

knowledge and application of a given set of rules, carefully listening to other musicians and the ability 

to take over leadership at a given moment as well as to leave it to someone else. Turkenburg (2004) 

in a document titled “Improvisation in Music” opined that “improvisation is not only a tool to learn 

playing without sheet-music or to acquire social skills. It is also an art form of its own.” Therefore, 

when a performer acquires the technicality and virtuosity of their instrument or voice in competence 

and emotional artistic expression, it makes improvisation become an art form that needs to be 

respected and acknowledged. One prominent musician who often improvises not only on his instrument 

but with the audience as well is Five time Grammy Award winner Jacob Collier. Collier often conducts 

his audience and assigning different notes to be sang by different parts of the audience 

spontaneously and the result is incredible. 

 

Composition using pre-existing Idioms Techniques 

One prominent technique utilized by Nigerian composers is the incorporation of traditional rhythms 

and melodies into contemporary compositions. According to Onyeji (2016), who affirms that “The 

abundance of different types of indigenous music in Africa makes it imperative for art music 

composers to draw relevant material from such music types, if they intend to give their works cultural 

identity.”  

 



 

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These traditional elements, such as the polyrhythms of Afro-beat or the call and response patterns 

of Yoruba music, add a distinct flavor to the music and create a sense of rootedness in Nigerian 

culture. These techniques allow composers to pay homage to their heritage while also pushing the 

boundaries of musical expression and giving their compositions an identity.  

 

Some African composers have gone as far as integrating of traditional folk instruments alongside 

western instruments. Instruments such as the talking drum, the shekere, the kakaki, molo, and the 

Kalimba are often included in contemporary compositions to add a unique timbre and texture to the 

composition. This blending of traditional and modern instruments creates a rich sonic tapestry that 

reflects the fusion of old and new Nigerian music. 

 

Advantages of Contemporary Compositional techniques 

The language and aesthetics of music have advanced at an unprecedented pace throughout the 

twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It may be argued that compositional development has seen 

more innovation in the last 50 years than it has in the previous 400 years. Contemporary art music 

has been in the forefront of many facets of this musical revolution, including the development of new 

compositional methods, the expansion of instrumental techniques, and the adoption of computer 

technology. Unquestionably, this era has seen significant advances in both music and thought, and the 

music been composed as a result of these innovations is groundbreaking. Some of the advantages of 

contemporary compositional techniques are: 

1. Composers are beginning to adopt the use of Technology in their compositions as it gives the 

composer access to modern composition/production/recording technology. Composers don’t 

need to write their music using a pencil and a manuscript as it used to be but rather the 21st 

century composers have adopted the use of computers to write their music 

2. Using of sound libraries saves resources for composition saves a lot of resources. Some few 

decades ago, film composers or orchestral composers will have to painstakingly compose for 

the whole orchestra and invite a lot of musicians to perform the music while it is being 

recorded. But today, a composer will compose using Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) which 

contains live samples of sounds from the complete orchestra. There is little or no difference 

in the end result as to playing with the live orchestra vs recording with DAWs. Using sound 

libraries for composition saves time and resources. 

3. It gives room for innovation and creativity as this will ultimately result in creation of new 

sub-genres in music. Udo in his Master’s thesis writes that: 

  In this century and in Africa, for instance, new musical genres have emerged. 

Notably, we have had new forms of music. This include: those using western 

instrumental resources while employing African music idioms as much as possible, and 

those that are an encompassment of both African and western resources as well as 

their idiomatic context. (Udo, 2017) 

 

Disadvantages of Contemporary Compositional techniques 

1. One major challenge of contemporary compositional technique is the lack of tonal center. 

Modern compositional techniques often challenge traditional tonal structures, leading to the 

absences of a clear tonal center or melody. There is that potential for the music to become 

difficult for audiences to understand. The use of complex rhythms, dissonant harmonies, and 

unconventional structures can make it challenging for listeners to connect with the music on 



 

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Awka Journal of Research in Music and the Arts (AJRMA) Vol 17 June 2024 

an emotional or intellectual level. This can limit the potential for widespread appreciation and 

popularity of contemporary compositions. 

2. Another disadvantage is the risk of losing the sense of traditional and cultural heritage that 

is often associated with western art music. Some argue that contemporary techniques 

prioritize novelty over preservation of established musical conventions, leading to a 

disconnect with historical musical styles. This can be perceived as a loss of continuity ad a 

departure from the rich musical heritage that has shaped our indigenous music community in 

previous generations.  

3. Another concern about modern compositional techniques is the potential loss of human 

creativity and artistic expression. Critics argue that relying too heavily on AI-generated 

music may result in a lack of originality and emotional depth (Lavranos et al., 2015). While 

deep learning models can generate music that adheres to certain stylistic conventions, they 

may struggle to capture the subtleties and nuances that make human compositions unique. 

Furthermore, the evaluation and assessment of AI-generated music pose challenges. 

Traditional criteria for evaluating music, such as emotional impact and artistic merit, may not 

be easily quantifiable or measurable in the context of AI-generated compositions (Ji, 2020). 

Developing appropriately evaluation metrics and methodologies that capture the aesthetic. 

4. Another concern is that even those who are not knowledgeable in the act of composition can 

decide to become composers especially those that don’t have any form of musical training. 

They can just ask AI to write them a symphony in G minor and AI will generate it. This makes 

genuine composers look like failures as the former can create more elaborate compositions 

than some genuine composers will do. 

 

Summary/Conclusion 

Overall, contemporary music compositional techniques in Nigeria are characterized by a fusion of 

traditional Nigerian elements with modern Western influences, experimentation with electronic music 

production and interdisciplinary collaborations. These techniques have contributed to the vibrant and 

diverse music scene in Nigeria, showcasing the country’s rich cultural heritage while pushing the 

boundaries of musical expression. Contemporary music compositional techniques offer advantages 

such as the exploration of new sonic possibilities and interdisciplinary collaborations. However, they 

also present challenges, including potential inaccessibility to audiences and a departure from 

traditional musical styles, lack of tonal structure, and have limited commercial viability. However, a 

composer can choose to employ these techniques depending on the results the composer wants to 

achieve.  Balancing innovation with a connection to tradition is a crucial consideration for composers 

utilizing contemporary techniques. As discussed in this paper, Modern compositional techniques in 

music, driven by deep learning and AI methods, offer numerous advantages in terms of multi-level 

music generation and access to vast information resources. However, there are also challenges 

related to maintaining human creativity and evaluation the artistic quality of AI-generated Music. 

Future research should focus on addressing these challenges and finding a balance between human 

creativity and the potentials of AI in music composition. Although contemporary music composition 

techniques have its drawbacks and benefits, todays composers can use a variety of techniques to 

achieve different results and to ease the process of their compositions.  

 



 

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