




































 

264 
 

Awka Journal of Research in Music and the Arts (AJRMA) Vol 17 June 2024 

THE ROLE OF MUSIC AS A SOCIAL ADJUDICATOR 

 

Okafor, Enoh Justina (PhD) 

Performing Arts Department,  

University of Delta, Agbor 

justina.okafor@unidel.edu.ng 

& 

Onyenye, Temabor Peace (PhD) 

Department of Performing Arts, 

University of Delta, Agbor 

Abugupeace@gmail.com 

& 

Dibigbo, Deborah Oluchukwu 

Department of Performing Arts, 

University of Delta, Agbor 

odibigbo@gmail.com 

 

Abstract 

The paper examined the role of music as a social adjudicator.  The role of an adjudicator is to give 

judgment or to serve as a mediator between two parties.  Music as social adjudicator in this context 

plays so many roles in the society.  Music has served different functions in the society which houses 

individuals and institutions of various sectors in a colony.  Music has been used as an optical lens in 

wedging into societal issues.  To achieve the objectives of the paper, secondary source of information 

and internet including observation methods were used to validate evidences.  Some selected song 

texts were used as illustration.  Since music plays the role of an adjudicator, it is therefore necessary 

for music makers of all climes to carefully and thoughtfully craft music and texts that would benefit 

the society in no small measure. 

Keywords: Role, Music, Social, Adjudicator 

 

Introduction: 

Music is as old as man; man is a social being; man as a social being is associated with music from birth 

to death in one form of activity or the other.  Substantiating the claim that ‘music is as old as man’ 

Osele and Obiesie (2019:126,128) uphold that music is central to the cultural life and therefore is 

often perceived as central to social life; that, music has been in existence from time immemorial, and 

has been a natural phenomenon to mankind.  They also added that music can be played and sung in 

diverse ways.  From the pre-literate, literate and to more civilized societies, each culture develops 

its own style of music/singing as well as its own type of musical instruments.  

The adjudicating nature of music apart from the sound matrix can really be felt from the texts 

associated with each type, style and genre of music of all ages. The texts seal the type of message 

being communicated.  Music as societal adjudicator plays the abstract role of a judge, a juror, a 

mediator, intermediary etc in the society in order to praise, encourage, discourage, warn, and criticize 

positively, plead-with and also advice members of the society in order to influence positive changes. 

Thus, musicians and music composers/song writer uses music matrix and texts/lyrics to hold 

accountable individuals or government in the society.  Music is used to adjudge the society in vary 

ways - music adjudicates as the society’s lens; music adjudicates as society’s prophet; music 

mailto:justina.okafor@unidel.edu.ng
mailto:Abugupeace@gmail.com
mailto:odibigbo@gmail.com


 

265 
 

Awka Journal of Research in Music and the Arts (AJRMA) Vol 17 June 2024 

adjudicates as the society’s right advocate; music adjudicates as the society’s influencer.  Omuku 

(2019: 161) affirm that music is a dynamic force that by its very nature results or supports cultural 

memory and highlights power structures within society and can ultimately transform individuals and 

communities’ perceptions.  In connection with Omuku’s assertion, music in sound and texts can 

influence man’s decision greatly negatively or positively.  Music’s text associated with sound 

adjudicates as the society’s mirror.  Okafor (2020:249) citing Walter (1996) in Okwilagwe (2002:105) 

affirms that music has been one of the important and expressive human activities in all cultures 

around the world for thousands of years.  Music has been effectively coupled with words in chants 

and songs, and vocal music has been an important accompaniment to worship, work, recreation, and a 

broad spectrum of other activities. A major advantage of music is that it can reflect and enhance 

human moods, emotions and activities, even though it cannot communicate specific ideas or though 

without the help of words. But music with or without words has shown itself to be capable of providing 

specific and direct comment on the people and cultures from which it came.  

 

The society provides music and music shape the society.  The society provides the template with 

which musical evidence is drawn; musical arguments made, musical conclusion written and given.  The 

society in turn reflects and relies on musical conclusions to make and take informed decisions either 

to abide by or deviate from.  Music in the context of the discus is seen as the judge, the jury and 

the society including humans and social structures as the competing space and or competitors.  

 

Conceptualizing the term ‘Social’ 

The word/term ‘social’ comes from the Latin word ‘socius’ meaning ‘friend’.  The term is a broad and 

ambiguous term.  It can have several meanings depending on the context of usage.  Social means 

interacting and communicating with people.  The term social can be related to society or its 

organization; for instance, social structure or individuals’ interaction with one another within a 

community or group.  The term social can also relate to activities in which people spend time talking 

to each other for example communicating with one another (source: quora.com). In summary, the term 

social refers to anything that involves social structure, interactions, relationships or activities among 

people within a community or society.   

 

Conceptualizing the term ‘Adjudicator’ 

Adjudicator is a term related to the field of law.  An adjudicator is a person or group that makes an 

official decision about something especially about who is right in a disagreement. The term is also 

related to people who analyze and judge (https://dictionary.cambridge.org).  An adjudicator is also 

seen as a person who studies and settles conflicts and disputes (https://www.vocabulary.com).  An 

adjudicator is responsible for reviewing the facts of the case which may include pieces of hard 

evidence, personal statements, and the legal arguments of each side’s lawyers. Based on the relevant 

information, the adjudicator makes decision and a legally-acceptable judgment 

(https://www.ziprecruiter.com).  Finally, according to Hornby (2001:11) adjudicate (of law or court) 

means to give judgment or decision upon.  It also means to sit in judgment in order to decide on a 

question or to declare somebody to be. 

 

Conceptualizing the term ‘Music’ 

According to William and Timothy (2010:6), music is not a singular phenomenon and hence, not 

captured by one definition.  Music can be conceptualized as both an object and activity.  Okafor 

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/
https://www.vocabulary.com/
https://www.ziprecruiter.com/


 

266 
 

Awka Journal of Research in Music and the Arts (AJRMA) Vol 17 June 2024 

(2020:247), affirm that music is a worldwide phenomenon practiced all over the world.  Though not 

easy to define, yet historically most people have recognized the concept of music as generally agreed 

on whether or not a given sound is musical. That music is seen as being the art of arranging and 

manipulating tones melodically, rhythmically and harmonically in a systematic succession of notes in 

concord and discord, antecedent and consequent, conjunct and disjunct motions sequentially or in 

fragmentations including the inclusion of other musical elements such as duration, pitch dynamics and 

expression techniques, tone colour, texture and structure, texts and performance medium as inspired 

by the composer which when sung or played (vocally or instrumentally or both) appeal to the 

hears/listeners.  Here, Okafor elucidate music as an object. 

 To Onyekwelu (2012:293), music plays vital role in virtually every culture of the world.  It is 

essentially a human activity denoting or expressing human emotions and the relationship of the 

emotions to the environment or to life.  Not only is it a human activity in its truest sense, it cannot 

exist without man.  And so, man recognizes or seems to hear music in nature not only because the 

sound of nature appends to have close similarity with sound that man consciously organizes to express 

his ideas.  Here, Onyekwelu explicate music as both an activity and object; music as performed by 

man either with written texts or as instrumental and or both and music as composed by man applying 

music elements and techniques.  Omuku (2019: 168) citing from freemuse (2001) said that music is a 

free expression of the ideas, traditions and emotions of individuals and of peoples.  It may express 

musician’s hopes and aspirations, in their joys and sorrows, their very identity as a culture.  Okafor 

(2005:190) state that music is one of the principal aspects of human cultures.  According to 

Okechukwu, Ahanotu and Ekezie (2019:174), music has a special language of its own with unique and 

outstanding attributes set specifically to disseminate and spread information through songs, 

instruments and dance performances. 

 

Music as a Social Adjudicator 

Synonyms related to the term adjudicator include referee, judge, umpire, arbitrator, negotiator, 

arbiter, moderator, magistrate, jurist, mediator, intermediary, conciliator, justice, intermediate, 

peacemaker, reconciler, troubleshooter, decider and go-between (httpts://www.merriam-

webster.com), for example in a musical competition there is a judge who gives verdict. 

 Music 

                                      Object and activity          Sound and texts 

                          Composed/written             Adjudicate                     vocal  

   Performed      Instrumental 

                              Judge    Jury                          Mediator Referee  

                                               People                Society            Structures/Organizations  

 

In the above context the synonyms associated with the term adjudicator shall be used 

interchangeably when necessary. Music plays the role of a referee, a judge, an umpire, an arbitrator, 

a negotiator, an arbiter, a moderator, a magistrate, a jurist, a mediator, an intermediary, a conciliator, 

a justice transmitter, a peacemaker, a reconciler, a troubleshooter, a decider and a go-between in 

almost all activities engaged in by social beings or human beings.  Idamoyibo (2021) affirm that over 

the years, music has played very important roles in the society.  Still on the role music plays in the 

society, music is implicated with the life of people. According to Osele et al (2019:131) Music reflects 

and creates social conditions including the factors that either facilitate or impede social change.  

Music can influence our purchasing behaviour in subtle ways in a range of environments and can impact 



 

267 
 

Awka Journal of Research in Music and the Arts (AJRMA) Vol 17 June 2024 

on groups of people in social settings.  For instance, Redemption Song by Bob Marley; Equal Rights 

and Justice by Peter Tosh are music that calls for social change and advocacy for equity for all. 

 

Song Title – Redemption Song by Bob Marley 

Old pirates, yes, they rob I 

Sold I to the merchant ships 

Minutes after they took I 

From the bottomless pit 

But my hand was made strong 

By the hand of the Almighty 

We forward in this generation 

Triumphantly 

Won't you help to sing 

These songs of freedom? 

'Cause all I ever have 

Redemption songs 

Redemption songs 

 

Emancipate yourselves from mental slavery 

None but ourselves can free our minds 

Have no fear for atomic energy 

'Cause none of them can stop the time 

How long shall they kill our prophets 

While we stand aside and look? Ooh! 

Some say it's just a part of it 

We've got to fulfill the book 

 

Song Title – Equal Rights and Justice by Peter Tosh 

Everyone is crying out for peace 

None is crying out for justice 

I said, "if the one is crying out for peace" 

I said, "none is crying out for justice" 

But there will be no peace 

'Till men get equal rights 

Equal rights and justice 

Equal rights 

Equal rights and justice 

Equal rights 

Equal rights and justice 

Equal rights 

Equal rights and justice 

Everybody want to go up to heaven 

I say, "hell, nobody want to die" (and visits the Jesus) 

Everybody want to go up to heaven 

I say, "hey, but none of them want to die" 



 

268 
 

Awka Journal of Research in Music and the Arts (AJRMA) Vol 17 June 2024 

I don't know why 

But ain't gonna be no peace 

'Till men get the equal rights 

 

Ohwofasa (2003:86a) state that songs of social control play an important part in stabilizing the 

community.  This could be done through direct warning to erring member of the society.  It could also 

be designed to be instructive, calling attention to propriety and impropriety.  For instance Yellow 

Fever by Fela Anikulapo Kuti adjudicates social norms by advising African women about the danger of 

skin bleaching.  

 

Yellow Fever by Fela Anikulapo Kuti (an excerpt) 

Different fever na him dey 

Different fever na him dey 

Different fever na him dey 

Different fever na him dey 

Different fever na him dey 

Malaria fever nko? (He dey!) 

Jaundice fever nko? (He dey!) 

Hay fever nko? (He dey!) 

Influenza fever nko? (He dey!) 

Inflation fever nko? (He dey!) 

Freedom fever nko? (He dey !) 

Yellow fever nko? (He dey!) 

Na him dey bring the matter now he dey 

Yellow fever nko? (He dey!) 

Na him dey bring the matter now he dey 

 

I say tell them, make them hear (you say) 

All fever na sickness (you hear) 

Original sickness (you say) 

Hay fever na sickness (you say) 

Original sickness (you say) 

Maleria na sickness (you say) 

Original sickness (you say) 

Jaundice na sickness (you say) 

Original sickness (you say) 

Influenza na sickness (you say) 

Original sickness (you say) 

Inflation na sickness (you say) 

Original sickness (you say) 

Freedom na sickness (you say) 

Original sickness (you say) 

 

Yellow fever nko? (you say) 

Original and artificial, he dey 



 

269 
 

Awka Journal of Research in Music and the Arts (AJRMA) Vol 17 June 2024 

Yellow fever nko? (you say) 

One more 

Original and artificial, he dey 

Bom. Bom bom, tell me now 

 

Original catch you 

Your eye go yellow 

Your yansh go yellow 

Your face go yellow 

Your body go weak 

I say but later if you no die inside 

The yellow go fade away 

 

 

Artificial catch you 

You be man or woman 

Na you go catch am yourself 

Na your money go do am for you 

You go yellow pass, yellow 

You go catch moustache for face 

You go get you double colour 

You yansh go black like coal 

You self go think say you dey fine 

Who say you fine? 

Na lie, you no fine at all 

At all, na lie 

My sister, who sa you fine? 

Na lie, you no fine al all 

At all, na lie 

 

Yellow fever 

You dey bleach, o you dey bleach 

You dey bleach, o you dey bleach 

African mother 

You dey bleach, o you dey bleach 

Sissi wey dey go 

Yellow fever 

Stupid thing 

Yeye thing 

Fucking thing 

Ugly thing 

Yellow fever 

You dey bleach, o you dey bleach 

You dey bleach, o you dey bleach 

African mother 



 

270 
 

Awka Journal of Research in Music and the Arts (AJRMA) Vol 17 June 2024 

You dey bleach, o you dey bleach 

Sissi wey dey go 

Yellow fever 

Onyeji (2016:23) states that music in Africa is a certified agent valued for its role in the maintenance 

of social and political order.  It is also valued as the last resort of tackling difficult social situations 

in a community.  Its value as a policing agent in African societies finds great usage when addressing 

the high and mighty I the society.  He also point out that when dialogue fails to bring solution to a 

social situation music becomes the last resort.  Corroborating Onyeji (2016), Idamoyibo (2021) clearly 

outlined the adjudicating role of music in the society thus: 

 

The relevance of music is seen in the general functioning of the society.  Many musicians 

present issues of the moment and provide stimulus to re-thinking about behavious that are 

inimical and contrary to the norms of the society and such vices that could even be dangerous 

to those who indulge in them and the society.  They prompt members of society to examine 

and address facts about reality.  They deal with frank issues of life.  Igoru musicians warn 

and counsel their audiences against some wanton attitude and practices that could result in 

painful experiences. Some of this criticism, warnings and counsel are direct5ed to individuals, 

communities, leaders and the entire nation (p.26, 28).  

In addition, he said that Igoru musicians believe that everything that any human being does requires 

moderation, and even if it is permissible within the ethos of the land, they make efforts through 

their compositions and performances to criticize, correct some excesses of some community members 

and leaders. Some title examples include ‘Time Na Money’, ‘Take my Advice’, ‘ECN We Yono We ki Ru’, 

‘Blessed is the Hand’, ‘Message to the Youth’, ‘Wian’ etc.  Below is Lucky Dube’s ‘Blessed Is the Hand’ 

addresses addressing the rich in the society; Edna Ogholie’s ‘Message to the Youth’ advising youths 

to i. stand for their right and ii. Shun violence and stay focus; and Enoh J. Okafor’s Wian (Work) 

encouraging self-reliance.  Below are the texts of the songs.  

Blessed Is the Hand by Lucky Dube 

I say what a rich man are you 

 Who doesn’t care about poor people? 

 What type of a rich man are you 

 Who doesn’t care about the helpless people? 

 I say what a rich man are you 

 Who doesn’t care about poor people? 

 What type of a rich man are you 

 Who doesn’t care about the helpless people? 

 They’re reading the Bible and understand what it says 

 It says 

 Blessed is the hand that giveth 

 Than the hand that taketh 

 Blessed is the hand that giveth 

 Than the hand that taketh 

 Blessed is the hand that giveth 

 Than the hand that taketh 

 Are you feeling the pain? 

 When you see another man suffering 



 

271 
 

Awka Journal of Research in Music and the Arts (AJRMA) Vol 17 June 2024 

 Does it not make you feel pain, baby? 

 To see another man starving 

 Does it not make you feel pain, baby 

 To see another man with no food 

Message to the Youth by Edna Ogholie (an excerpt) 

This is my  

Message to the youth 

This is my  

Message to the youth 

Stand for your right 

And be careful in what you do 

Don’t forget, whatever we do today 

We will gain or lose tomorrow 

Let us rise  

 

Stop the fight 

You may lose your life 

Stop the fight 

You may lose your life 

Come, drop that stick 

You will injure your classmate 

Your father and mother all at home 

Praying for your success and your safe journey home 

 Children of today are tomorrow’s leader 

So let us not make the mistakes of yesteryears 

Don’t go to the city, its too full of people 

Life is hard too much of godfatherism 

 

 Wian (Work) by Enoh J. Okafor 

Wian, Wian, Wian, Wian, ku wo mre re 

Work, work, work, work, you’ll have to eat 

Wian, Wian, Wian, Wian, ku wo mre re 

Work, work, work, work, you’ll have to eat 

Wian, Wian, Wian, Wian, ku wo mre re 

Work, work, work, work, you’ll have to eat 

Emu e rho vwo ko’vwiere rhe 

There is no food for a lazy man 

Wian, Wian, Wian, Wian, ku wo mre re 

Work, work, work, work, you’ll have to eat 

Wian, Wian, Wian, Wian, ku wo mre re 

Work, work, work, work, you’ll have to eat 

Wian, Wian, Wian, Wian, ku wo mre re 

Work, work, work, work, you’ll have to eat 

Emu e rho vwo ko’vwiere rhe 

There is no food for a lazy man 



 

272 
 

Awka Journal of Research in Music and the Arts (AJRMA) Vol 17 June 2024 

Wian, Wian, Wian, Wian, ku wo mre re 

Work, work, work, work, you’ll have to eat 

Emu e rho vwo ko’vwiere rhe 

There is no food for a lazy man 

Wian omo me ku wo mre re 

Work my child and you’ll have to eat 

Wian oniovo ku wo mre re 

Work my brother you’ll have to eat 

Emu e rho vwo ko’vwiere rhe,  

There is no food for a lazy man 

Emu e rho vwo ko’vwiere rhe  

There is no food for a lazy man 

Emu e rho vwo ko’vwiere rhe, 

There is no food for an idle man  

Emu e rho vwo ko’vwiere rhe,  

There is no food for an idle 

Wian, Wian, Wian, Wian, ku wo mre re 

Work, work, work, work, you’ll have to eat 

Emu e rho vwo ko’vwiere rhe 

There is no food for a lazy man 

 

Ohwofasa (2003:86b), write that music, whether in songs or instrumental can convey messages to all 

and sundry irrespective of colour, race or creed.  Music can be employed as a medium of 

communication, in enforcing social norms, transmitting values and stabilizing cultures.  Taking a cue 

from Ohwofasa’s affirmations, music as social adjudicator has in so many ways influence actions of 

positivity or negativity due to its communicativeness.  Information are retained and or fixed firmly 

to the brain also due to the use of repetition techniques often employed by music writers; musical 

concepts and contexts (both sound and texts) which are affixed on the tabula rasa of individuals’ 

mind at the receiving end of the communication chain and process.  For instance the song texts ‘There 

Comes a Time’ by Sir Bob Geldorf was a song that gained global reception due its texts and musical 

expressions.   

 

There Comes a Time by Sir Bob Geldorf 

There comes a time 

 When we hear a certain call 

 When the world must come together as one 

There are people dying, oh and it’s time to lend a hand, to life, 

The precious gift of all….. 

We can’t go on, pretending day by day, 

That someone somewhere will soon make a change, 

We are all a part of, God’s great big family 

And the truth, we know, love is all we need 

 

Chorus: We are the world, we are the children 

We are the ones to make a better change 



 

273 
 

Awka Journal of Research in Music and the Arts (AJRMA) Vol 17 June 2024 

So lets start giving 

There’s a choice we’re making 

We’re saving our own lives 

It’s true, we make a better day 

Just you and me 

 

Oh, send them your heart 

So they’ll know that someone care 

And their lives will be stronger and free 

As God has shown us 

By turning stone to bread 

And the truth, we, love is all we need 

And when you are you’re down and out, 

There seems no hope at all….. 

But if you just believe, there’s no way we can fall 

Ooh, ooh, ooh, let us realize 

That a change will surely come 

When we, stand together as one….. 

Music has been at the forefront of almost every major social change in recent history.  You can’t 

have change without awareness, and music has served as a platform to express the thought and 

feelings of artists and communities when other forms of communication are neglected or not available 

(quora.com). The above statement reiterates Onyeji’s (2016) assertion previously cited that, music in 

Africa is a ‘certified agent’ valued for its role in the ‘maintenance of social and political order’ and 

that its value as a ‘policing agent’ in African societies finds great usage when addressing the high and 

mighty in the society.  Secondly, that music is valued as the ‘last resort’ of tackling difficult social 

situations in a community when dialogue fails to bring solution to a social situation. This form of 

music’s role as a social adjudicator is pictured in Egbobo-Yen-Ozighi by Sir Lucky Ogharisi; 

 

Egbobo-Yen-Ozighi Translation Put Violence Away 

  

Urhobo we biko, we se gbe’ghwo-o 

Urhobo people please, do not be angry 

O bo re rhueme, oye rhuemu 

What should be done properly should be done properly 

Ta’kpo ga re, ta’kpo ga re-e 

Whether things/life is difficult or not 

Erauwevwe ke se dio’kidiagbarha re  

Rat cannot be a chairperson in the 

Erharen re onogbo 

Presence of pussy-cat 

Na ye obo re etiye vwa 

That is how it is 

Ke’mu ke’mu ro ghwe ozighi cha evu’rhobo na Ebiko, ejea gbe obo na ye 

Whatsoever that is bringing fight or problem to Urhoboland, please let us desist from it 



 

274 
 

Awka Journal of Research in Music and the Arts (AJRMA) Vol 17 June 2024 

Kidie, ra vwa babaye ose me ve oni me vwo   vwie Ria’kpo na mi ni rim re uwevwi re ozighi borhe-

e   

Ever since I was born into this world by my mother and father, I have not seen a house built 

by fighting/trouble 

K’oye sorho, me vwo vwu’ne na na  

That is the reason, I am singing this song 

Ahwrerhe, siene e gbo’bo no’zighi 

Let us settle, so that we will leave fighting or trouble 

 

Suggestions 

Since music has the capacity to troubleshoot as one of the synonyms of an adjudicator, it is therefore 

necessary for; 

1. Music makers whether composers/song writers to diligently and carefully craft music that 

would be beneficial to all 

2. Music makers should keep doing the duty of an adjudicator to have a sane society 

3. Music makers should avoid unjust and negative judgment/criticism of people and institutions 

but rather gear towards positive criticism 

4.  Music makers should avoid being perceived as enemies of the society rather with the lucid 

weapon of music subdue unhealthy vices in the society 

5. Music makers should use the tool of music to continue rousing and adjudicating for justice, 

equity, equality and productivity in the society. 

 

Conclusion 

The role of music as a social adjudicator has been succinctly highlighted; the paper reiterate that 

music most especially texts/sound like an authority has voice in the society by acting as a judge, a 

jury, a mediator, an arbiter and an umpire of the society. The duty of an adjudicator is a tough one 

because balanced judgment is of essence in every case scenario - the society here being the case-

scenario. Since it has been established that ‘music’ ‘personified’ in both sound and texts interacts and 

communicate messages to people, institutions, and organizations within the society, it is therefore 

very important that music makers using music to adjudicate the society should prudently use and 

provide germane information to the building and development of the society – “words are marbles”. 

 

References 

Hornby, S. (2001). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (6th edition). Publishers: OUP Oxford 

Idamoyibo, O. I. (2021). Music, How Relevant Is It to Spirits, Humans and National Development. 

84th in the series of inaugural lectures of Delta State University Abraka 

Ohwofasa, J. E. (2003). The Place of Music Education in Achieving National Integration and

 Cohesion. National Association for the Advancement of Knowledge (NAFAK) 6 (2), 84

 88 

Okafor, R. C. (2005). Music in Nigeria Society. Enugu: New Generation Books 

Okafor, E. J. (2020). Music as Communication. Icheke Journal of Faculty of Arts, 18(1), 247 273. 

www.ichekejournal  

Okechukwu, I. P., Ahanotu, E, N, and Ekezie, L. N. (2019).  Music as an Agent of Socio

 Cultural Communication in Contemporary Nigeria.  Journal of Association of Nigeria

 Musicologists No. 13, 169-190 

http://www.ichekejournal/


 

275 
 

Awka Journal of Research in Music and the Arts (AJRMA) Vol 17 June 2024 

Omuku, P. A. (2019).  Music, A Non-violent Tool for Social Activism: A Case Study of Rivers State. 

Journal of Association of Nigeria Musicologists No. 13, 155-168 

Onyeji, C. U. (2016).  Composing art music based on African indigenous musical paradigms. 102nd 

inaugural lecture of the University of Nigeria Nsukka: University of Nigeria Press 

Onyekwelu, J. (2012).  Popular Music: A Satirical Weapon for the Fight against Social ills. Journal 

of Musical Arts Research (NJRMA) 1, 293-302 

Osele, A. A. and Obiesie, E. N. C. (2019).  Contemporary Issues in Music and Sociology in

 Nigeria.  Journal of Association of Nigeria Musicologists No. 13, 128-140 

William, G. R. and Timothy, J. O. (2010). What Is Sociological About Music? Annual Review of

 Sociology. https://www.roy-dowd-what-i...t-music-final.pdf 

 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228173833  Retrieved 8th June, 2024 

 

 

 

 

 

Other source(s) 

https://www.quora.com  Retrieved June 8th 2024 

Adjudicator - Merriam-Webster “Merriam-Webster.Com Thesaurus”, https://www.merriam-

webster.com/thesaurus/adjudicator. Retrieved 8th June, 2024 

https://dictionary.cambridge.org>adjudicator .  Retrieved 8th June, 2024 

https://www.vocabulary.com>adjudicator.  Retrieved 8th June, 2024 

https://www.ziprecruiter.com>career.  Retrieved 8th June, 2024 

(Source: Musixmatch).   https://genius.com>fela-kuti-and...  Retrieved 13th June, 2024 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

https://www.roy-dowd-what-i...t-music-final.pdf/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228173833
https://www.quora.com/
https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/adjudicator
https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/adjudicator

