Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 92 Vol. 8 No. 5, 2022 This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0 1 Sumy National Agrarian University, Ukraine (corresponding author) E-mail: bohdan.hnatkivskyi@lnu.edu.ua ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5146-9077 2 State Biotechnological University, Ukraine E-mail: poltavetsanatolii949@gmail.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3310-3271 3 Sumy National Agrarian University, Ukraine E-mail: volyk_s_v@i.ua ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7731-4882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2022-8-5-92-100 ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY IN THE USE OF LAND RESOURCES BY AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT Bohdan Hnatkivskyi1, Anatolii Poltavets2, Serhii Volyk3 Abstract. The subject of the study is the economic efficiency of the use of land resources by agricultural enterprises. Methodology. The research was conducted using general scientific methods, in particular: theoretical generalization, methods of positive and normative analysis, statistical analysis. The goal is to analyze the dynamics of economic efficiency of land use by agricultural enterprises. Research conclusion. The economic efficiency of reproduction processes is the ratio of the amount of newly created value to the amount of capital, the cost of all resources and some of their main types. The peculiarity of the reproduction of land resources is that they are combined with the stage of production of agricultural products, when the reproduction of soil fertility is carried out in a single technological process of growing crops. Analysis of the efficiency of use of land resources by agricultural enterprises in Ukraine, which has significant areas of land suitable for agricultural production. It should be noted that agricultural land should be used more efficiently than in other countries. The activity of agricultural enterprises in general and their use of land resources can be characterized as extensive – a large number of resources are involved, and the return from each resource unit is low. In addition, the fact that landowners are not in a hurry to sell their agricultural land, realizing that in a few years a completely different offer price will be formed, as agricultural companies will enter the game and the demand for agricultural land will be much higher. It is necessary to mention that there are some difficulties in the research process, because today it is impossible to reflect the total volume of the Ukrainian agricultural land market in monetary terms, since the transaction price is declared in only 55% of the concluded transactions. In 2022, the average price of buying and selling agricultural land in Ukraine will be 38,560 UAH/ha. This is 28% higher than the average normative monetary value of arable land in Ukraine, which is UAH 27,520/ha. Key words: economic efficiency, price of land, agricultural land, the efficiency of use of land resources, agricultural enterprises. JEL Classification: E20, H56, O10 1. Introduction Effectiveness and efficiency occur in various fields of human activity. These concepts are widely used in economics because they are closely related to the goals of economic development of society and market economy. Efficiency is a general scientific concept used in various scientific fields. It is derived from the concept of effect. An effect is a result of the consequences of actions. These concepts are usually considered independent, but they are closely related. Consider that the effect is the achievement of a result in material or other terms. In this case, effectiveness is the relative effect and efficiency of the process, and phenomena are determined as the ratio of the effect to the cost necessary to obtain it. Effect and efficiency occur in various areas of human activity. These concepts are widely used in the economy because they are closely related to the goals of the economic development of society and the market economy. After analyzing the works of foreign scientists, it is possible to select some relevant ones. For example, Qingmu Su and Xiaoqin Jiang (2021) attempted Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 93 Vol. 8 No. 5, 2022 to evaluate the economic and environmental efficiency of land use from the perspective of the subjective preferences of land management decision makers. Herzig A., Nguyen T. T., Ausseil A. G. E., Maharjan  G. R ., Dymond  J. R ., Arnhold S., Tenhunen  J. (2018) introduced an explicit indicator and the Land Use Management Support System to evaluate the resource use efficiency (RUE) of land use at the landscape scale. To estimate RUE, they related land use performance in terms of ecosystem service indicators to the maximum possible land use performance based on an optimized land use configuration. Fei, Rilong & Lin, Ziyi & Chunga, Joseph (2021) investigated how land transfer affects agricultural land use efficiency: Evidence from China's agricultural sector. Viana C.M., Freire D., Abrantes P., Rocha J., Pereira P. (2022) conducted a systematic review of the importance of agricultural land systems in supporting food security and sustainable development goals. The scientific discussion about the nature, criteria and other aspects of the economic efficiency of the use of land resources by agricultural enterprises does not weaken, which indicates the need for further research of this complex and multifaceted economic category under the conditions of market management. The purpose of the article is to analyze the dynamics of economic efficiency of land resources use by agricultural enterprises. 2. Requirements for the use of land resources by agricultural enterprises in the context of global development As a set of relations that arise between subjects of land law regarding ownership, use and disposal of land, including issues of ownership and management, turnover and land market, land prices and rents, land payments, management of land resources, regulatory rights and responsibilities of landowners and land users. The main principles of the system of land relations in modern conditions are: – equality of all forms of land ownership; – payment for land ownership and land use; – purposeful use of land of various categories; – state regulation, accounting, control, and monitoring of land; – accounting for regional characteristics of land use; – environmental sustainability of land tenure and land use. The choice of approach to land use planning depends on the political system of the country and the division of responsibilities between different parts of the administrative system. Some functions are performed at the national level, while others may be devolved to the local level. In addition, the approach to urban development is often quite different from the approach to rural development. Therefore, it is appropriate to manage land resources in terms of individual land holdings or land uses, i.e., agricultural enterprises. A wide range of land functions in agricultural production requires the agricultural producer to find scientifically based measures for rational and practical use of available land resources. Today it is generally accepted that land, as the basis of activity and the primary means of production in agriculture, requires constant reproduction of the highest quality of land – soil fertility. The economic efficiency of reproduction processes is the ratio of the amount of newly created value to the amount of capital, the cost of all resources and some of their main types. The peculiarity of the reproduction of land resources is that they are combined with the stage of production of agricultural products, when the reproduction of soil fertility is carried out in a single technological process of growing crops. The expanded reproduction of land resources implies an improvement in their quality, which is manifested in an increase in soil fertility, and an increase in the efficiency of land use. In turn, the reproduction of soil fertility is equivalent to the expansion of the area of agricultural land with a relative saving of material, financial and labor resources. Therefore, the improvement of the soil quality should become one of the main criteria when the agricultural producer chooses the most profitable, from the economic point of view, direction of development. 3. Analysis of the dynamics of economic efficiency of land use by agricultural enterprises Land transformations in Ukraine, which began more than thirty years ago, led to fundamental changes in land relations, the emergence of various forms of land ownership, and the complexity of management methods. The land reform mainly affected agricultural land, most of which was given to subjects engaged in commercial agricultural production (Figure 1). As it can be seen from Figure 1, the total number of economic units and enterprises engaged in agriculture tends to increase. Thus, the total number of economic entities increased from 306,470 units. In 2016, 373,897 in 2020, while in 2019, their number was 380,673 units, by 6,776 units more than in 2020. The number of enterprises engaged in agriculture increased from 44,998 units in 2016 to 49,452 units in 2020, but this is 787 units less than the previous year, 2019 (State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2021, Activity of business entities for 2020). Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 94 Vol. 8 No. 5, 2022 Agricultural lands have a special legal regime and are subject to special protection in order to preserve their area, prevent the development of negative soil processes and increase soil fertility. According to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, in 2022 the total area of agricultural land will amount to 41.33 million hectares, which is 69% of the total land area of Ukraine, having decreased in comparison with 2011 by 1.45 million hectares (about 2%) to 42.79 million hectares (71%) (State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2022, Statistical Yearbook of Ukraine for 2021). Consider the structure of agricultural lands. The central part of these lands is occupied by arable land – 79% (32757.3 thousand hectares), in the second place – pastures – 13% (5250.3 thousand hectares), hayfields – 6% (2283.9 thousand hectares), perennial plantations – 2% (852.7 thousand hectares), fallow land – less than 1% (166.7 thousand hectares) of the total area of agricultural land, which as of 2019 is 41310.9 thousand hectares (Table 1). Table 1 shows that during the analyzed period the total area of agricultural land has been constantly decreasing: from 41,827.0 thousand hectares to 41,310.9 thousand hectares, i.e., by 516.1 thousand hectares (almost by 1.5%). This means that the norms Table 1 Dynamics of changes in the area of agricultural land by species (2000–2019), thousand hectares Types of land 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 arable land 32563,6 32451,9 32476,5 32541,3 32543,4 32544,3 32698,5 32757,3 pastures 5521,3 5521,3 5481,9 5434,1 5430,9 5421,5 5282,6 5250,3 hayfields 2388,6 2429,2 2410,9 2406,4 2402,9 2399,4 2294,4 2283,9 perennial plantings 931,9 900,5 896,5 892,4 897,1 894,8 863 852,7 fallow land 421,6 419,3 310,2 233,7 230,6 229,3 190,5 166,7 Total agricultural land 41827,0 41722,2 41576,0 41507,9 41504,9 41489,3 41329,0 41310,9 Source: State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2022, Agriculture of Ukraine for 2021 306470 338341 355956 380673 373897 44998 50115 50504 50239 49452 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 the number of active business entities including in agriculture Figure 1. Dynamics of changes in the total number of economic entities and enterprises operating in the field of agriculture Source: State Statistics Service of Ukraine 2021, Activity of business entities for 2020 of the land legislation on the priority of the use of the land suitable for the needs of agriculture, primarily for agricultural use, are not fulfilled. Arable land is the most productive type of agricultural land. Arable land in agricultural enterprises in 2019 was located on the area of 32,757.3 thousand hectares, 79% of agricultural land. During the studied period, the growth of the area of these lands in Ukraine from 2000 to 2019 decreased by about 193.7 thousand hectares – from 32,563.6 thousand hectares in 2000 to 32,757.3 in 2019 (State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2022, Agriculture of Ukraine for 2021). This trend indicates the redistribution of area within agricultural lands: from Table 1 it can be seen that in 2019 compared to 2000 the area of pastures decreased by 271.0 thousand hectares – from 5521.3 to 5250.3 thousand hectares; hayfields on 104. 7 thousand hectares – from 2388.6 to 2283.9 thousand hectares; perennial plantations on 79.2 thousand hectares – from 931.9 to 852.7 thousand hectares; fallow land more than doubled – by 254.9 thousand hectares – from 421.6 to 166.7 thousand hectares. That is, the area of such types of agricultural land as pastures, hayfields, perennial plantations and fallows in 2019 in comparison with previous years decreased by 709.8 thousand ha, part of this land was converted Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 95 Vol. 8 No. 5, 2022 into arable land – 193.7 thousand ha, and part 516.1 thousand ha was withdrawn from agricultural use. A system of physical and value indicators characterizes the economic efficiency of land use in agriculture. The main ones are: – yield of crops, tons/ha; – cost of gross production, gross and net income, profit per hectare, hryvnias; – payback of costs for land resources, hryvnias per 100 hryvnias. material costs; – profitability of production, %. When determining the indicators of economic efficiency of land use, it is necessary to take into account the quality of the land, i.e., its cadastral value. The following can be used as additional indicators of land use efficiency; – specific weight of agricultural land in the total land area, %; – specific weight of arable land in the structure of agricultural land, %; – specific weight of sowing of crops in the arable area, %. The economic efficiency of land use should be understood as the level of management. The relatio- nship between the results of economic activity and the cost of resources always characterizes the economic efficiency. The economic efficiency of land use in agriculture is determined by a system of indicators. The most important is the yield of crops and the unit cost of produced products. In Ukraine in 2019, the total cultivated area of crops on farms of all categories amounted to 28,581 thousand hectares, which is 434 thousand hectares (1.5%) more than in the previous year. However, there were changes in the structure of cultivated areas of crops. The sown area of cereal crops amounted to 15,995 thousand hectares, which is 603 thousand hectares or 3.8% more than in the previous year, mainly due to the increase in wheat cultivation. A peculiarity is an appearance in the structure of significant cultivated areas of such crops as soybeans and rapeseed: in 2000, 65 and 214 thousand hectares of soybeans and rapeseed, respectively, were sown, and already in 2019, their areas increased to 1,066 and 1,311 thousand hectares, respectively, i.e., 16 times more soybeans and six times more rapeseed area (Table 2). As mentioned above, the most valuable component of land is arable land. The efficiency of the entire agricultural sector depends on how fully and rationally it is used. In 2019, the area of used arable land, i.e., occupied by agricultural crops, was 28,581 thousand hectares, while the total area of arable land was 32,757 thousand hectares. That is, the difference is 4,176 thousand hectares. (12.7%). It is logical to assume that couples occupy part of this area. In general, however, it can be concluded that arable land is used inefficiently, since in 2019 more than 12% of arable land was not used for agricultural production for various reasons (Figure 2). Productivity is a complex productive, quantitative and qualitative indicator, which allows to assess the general influence of natural, economic and climatic factors on the efficiency of land use. The conducted analysis showed that under the conditions of reduction of cultivated areas in the analyzed period, a trend of growth was outlined both in the gross harvest of the main zonal crops and their yield in agricultural enterprises (Table 3). Table 2 Sown areas of agricultural crops (2000–2021), thousand hectares Cultures 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Cereals and legumes: 13646 15005 15090 14739 14839 15318 15392 15995 Wintery 6324 7289 7904 7904 7455 7836 7600 8226 Including wheat 5316 6185 6137 6696 6417 6650 6429 6908 Spring crops 7322 7716 7186 6835 7384 7482 7792 7769 Technical: 4187 5260 7296 8350 9266 9130 9224 9244 Sugar beet 856 652 501 237 276 222 220 227 Sunflower 2943 3743 4572 5105 6117 5928 6457 6622 Soy 65 438 1076 2158 1716 1609 1351 1066 Rapeseed 214 207 907 682 1042 1282 1127 1311 Potatoes, vegetable and melon food crops 2277 2941 1967 1823 1825 1828 1854 1807 Fodder 7063 3738 2599 1990 1769 1725 1677 1535 In total 27173 26044 26952 26902 27699 28001 28147 28581 Table 3 The leading indicators of the effectiveness of land use in agriculture Indicators 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 gross collection, thousand tons 24459 38015,5 39270,9 60125,8 70056,5 75143,2 64933,4 86010,4 productivity, thousand tons/ha 19,4 26 26,9 41,1 47,4 49,1 42,5 53,9 collected area, thousand ha 12586,8 14605,2 14575,7 14640,9 14794,1 15291,9 15282,9 15948,4 Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 96 Vol. 8 No. 5, 2022 27173 26044 26952 26902 27699 28001 28147 28581 32564 32452 32477 32541 32543 32544 32699 32757 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 sown areas arable land Figure 2. Comparison of the dynamics of changes in cultivated area with the total area of arable land (2000–2019), thousand hectares Source: State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2022, Agriculture of Ukraine for 2021 Thus, in 2019, the highest yield of winter wheat was achieved in the region – 45.3 tons/ha. Meanwhile, data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine show that in European countries specializing in the cultivation of this crop, this indicator is several times higher than the level in Ukraine. For example, in the Netherlands 89.1 tons of wheat are produced per hectare, in Belgium – 88.3 tons, and in Ireland – 86 tons. Of course, in this comparison it is necessary to take into account the dependence of production conditions and results on random, first of all weather factors, but at the same time such a delay in Ukraine indicates a low level of organization of agricultural production, in particular, low efficiency of use of land resources by agricultural enterprises. In Figure 3 the average dynamics of yields of grain and leguminous crops is shown. As criteria of economic efficiency of use of land resources, scientists most often use the following indicators: the number of land payments to budgets (land tax, rent), the price of land, industrial indicators characterizing the final results of land use (gross agricultural production, inflow of investments), etc. In 2020, the price policy in European countries was formed as follows: the five leading countries that had the highest price for agricultural land are the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, Great Britain, and Ireland, the average price of which was $68.2 thousand/ha, $35.6 thousand/ha, $33.5 thousand/ha, $23.5 thousand/ha, $19.9 thousand/ha. 19,4 26 26,9 41,1 47,4 49,1 42,5 53,9 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Figure 3. Dynamics of changes in the average yield of cereals and legumes (2000–2019), tons/ha Source: State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2022, Agriculture of Ukraine for 2021 Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 97 Vol. 8 No. 5, 2022 However, there are several countries in which the price did not exceed $3 thousand/ha, and these are Croatia, Latvia, Estonia and Romania (respectively $3.0 thousand/ha; $2.9 thousand/ha; 2, $9 thousand/ha; $2.1 thousand/ha) (Table 4) (Land Directory of Ukraine 2020, 2022). In 2022, the average price of buying and selling agricultural land in Ukraine will be UAH 38,560/ha. This is 28% higher than the average normative monetary valuation of arable land in Ukraine, which is UAH 27,520/ha (Table 4) (Business Censor, 2022). As of 2022, 64,262 land sale and purchase agreements have been concluded in Ukraine. According to these agreements, agricultural land of the total area of 155.52 thousand hectares was sold, which is almost 0.38% of the total agricultural land in Ukraine. The most active buying and selling process was carried out in the Kharkiv region, where almost 7,000 transactions were concluded for the total area of 24,277 hectares, which is slightly more than 1% of the total volume of agricultural land in the region. On the contrary, the smallest number of transactions was carried out in the Ivano-Frankivsk region: 1,007 transactions with the total area of 464 hectares (0.07% of agricultural land in the region) (Business Censor, 2022). Some difficulties arise in the research process because today there is no possibility to reflect the full volume of the Ukrainian agricultural land market in monetary terms, since, according to the Center for Food and Land Use Research of the Kyiv School of Economics, the transaction price is declared in only 55% of the concluded transactions (Business Censor, 2022). The researchers of this institution modeled the value of land plots, taking into account their purpose, area, type of land and location of land plots to calculate the volume of the land market. Thus, the volume of the market in monetary terms is about 5.3 billion UAH. Analyzing the market structure, the most significant part of this market (3.2 billion UAH) is the so-called commercial land, the former moratorium land. About a third of the market (1.7 billion UAH) is land for personal agriculture. The third place in monetary terms is occupied by land for individual gardening, 2.4% of the market, with a total value of 127 million UAH (Business Censor, 2022). From October 2021, the Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 1013 initiated electronic auctions for the lease and sale of agricultural land (Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, 2021). In just four months, 63 auctions for the sale of agricultural land were held through the electronic auction system "Prozorro. Prodazhi"; most of these auctions involved land that was under arrest and sold to pay off the debts of the former owner. In total, in the electronic system, since the beginning of the war in February 2022, auctions for the sale of agricultural land were held in 15 regions of Ukraine, where a total of 172.8 hectares of land were sold for the total amount of UAH 17.3 million. According to the electronic auctions, the average price of one hectare of land in 15 regions of Ukraine where the sale took place through the "Prozorro.Prodazhi" system ranged from UAH 32,260/ha in Mykolaiv Oblast to UAH 1,792,590/ha in Lviv Oblast (Figure 5). Table 4 Prices for 1 ha of agricultural land after market opening Countries Price per 1 ha of land Years since start of liberalization 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Czech Republic $ 1561 1621 1625 1867 2375 2557 2807 2962 3253 3400 3825 4455 % to the previous year 3 4 0 15 27 8 10 6 10 5 13 16 Lithuania $ 406 536 734 831 1075 971 1138 1605 1608 1883 2171 2220 % to the previous year 4 32 37 13 29 -10 17 41 0 17 15 2 Estonia $ 583 894 1125 1056 1111 1111 1083 1333 1681 2111 2417 % to the previous year 107 53 26 -6 5 0 -3 23 26 26 14 Latvia $ 1001 2183 3786 3552 1940 1015 1503 1804 3287 4144 4818 % to the previous year 90 118 73 -6 -45 -48 48 20 82 26 16 Poland $ 1464 2051 2388 3210 3668 4083 4333 4833 6150 6333 % to the previous year 12 40 16 34 14 11 6 12 27 3 Hungary $ 1771 1853 1927 1987 2221 2403 2416 2544 2880 3216 % to the previous year 2 5 4 3 12 8 1 5 13 12 Romania $ 972 1408 1500 1727 1891 2182 3000 3182 3364 % to the previous year -3 45 7 15 9 15 37 6 6 Bulgaria $ 1202 1595 1519 1420 2092 2820 2930 3832 4558 % to the previous year 5 33 -5 -7 47 35 4 31 19 Slovakia $ 946 981 1017 1121 1211 1256 % to the previous year 4 4 4 10 8 4 Source: Land Directory of Ukraine 2020, 2022 Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 98 Vol. 8 No. 5, 2022 As it is shown in Figure 5, there is a great discrepancy between the prices of agricultural land even within the same region, especially in the case of the sale of land located near large cities or recreational areas with great development potential. For example, in the Lviv region through "Prozorro.Prodazhi" they bought an agricultural land with the area of 0.06 ha, which is located in the regional center on the territory of the garden association for 350,000 UAH, i.e., 1 ha of this land would cost 5, 5 million UAH. A similar increase in prices occurred at auctions in the Kyiv, Odesa, Ivano-Frankivsk and Zakarpattia Oblasts (Business Censor, 2022). In the conditions of global challenges, the effective use of land becomes the basis of military and economic recovery. Therefore, the study of the 24277 13602 12701 11861 11478 8368 8210 8051 7249 6971 6476 6253 4491 4386 3813 3711 3673 3569 2087 1282 982 805 763 464Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast Zakarpattia Oblast Chernivtsi Oblast Rivne Oblast Lviv Oblast Ternopil Oblast Volyn Oblast Odesa Oblast Cherkasy Oblast Zhytomyr Oblast Donetsk Oblast Luhansk Oblast Kyiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Chernihiv Oblast Khmelnytskyi Oblast Vinnytsia Oblast Sumy Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Kirovohrad Oblast Poltava Oblast Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Kherson Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Figure 4. Ranking of regions of Ukraine by the total area of agricultural land sold by 2022, ha Source: Business Censor 2022 1792590 1256640 836620 324020 73180 61090 61010 49030 46460 40730 40120 39830 36140 32260Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Chernihiv Oblast Sumy Oblast Kherson Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Vinnytsia Oblas Cherkasy Oblast Kirovohrad Oblast Odesa Oblast Kyiv Oblast Zakarpattia Oblast Lviv Oblast Figure 5. Average value of agricultural land sold at electronic auctions, UAH/ha Source: Business Censor 2022 Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 99 Vol. 8 No. 5, 2022 world experience of use and sale is promising for further research (Pryshchepa, Kardash, Yakymchuk, et al. 2020; Popadynets, et al. 2021; Irtyshcheva, Kramarenko, Sirenko, 2022). 4. Conclusions Analyzing the efficiency of land resources use by agricultural enterprises in Ukraine, which has significant areas of land suitable for agricultural production, it should be noted that agricultural land must be used more efficiently, also in comparison with other countries. The activity of agricultural enterprises in general, and their use of land resources in particular, can be characterized as extensive – a large number of resources are involved, and the return from each resource unit is low. In addition, it can be highlighted as a feature of the use of land resources that the owners of land plots are not in a hurry to sell their agricultural land plots, realizing that in a few years a completely different supply price will be formed, because agricultural companies will come into play and the demand for agricultural land will be much greater. It should also be noted that some difficulties arise in the research process, because today it is impossible to reflect the total volume of the Ukrainian agricultural land market in monetary terms, since the transaction price is declared in only 55% of the concluded transactions. In 2022, the average price of buying and selling agricultural land in Ukraine will be 38,560 UAH/hectare. This is 28% higher than the average normative monetary value of agricultural land in Ukraine, which is 27,520 UAH/ha. References: Su, Q., & Jiang, X. (2021). 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