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This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms 
of the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0

1 Odessa State University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine (corresponding author)
E-mail: alinadenysova99@gmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5551-9297
2 Odessa State University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine
E-mail: pavlutinyuriy@gmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3267-1389
3 Odessa State University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine
E-mail: defender_odzal@ukr.net
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0443-7168

DOI: https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2023-9-2-110-117

OVERCOMING CORRUPTION RISKS IN THE ACTIVITIES  
OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES IN THE CONTEXT  

OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
Alina Denysova1, Yurii Pavliutin2, Oleksandr Dubenko3

Abstract. The subject of the study is the conceptual, theoretical, empirical and methodological foundations 
of overcoming corruption risks in the activities of law enforcement agencies in the conditions of economic  
integration. Methodology. General and specific methods of knowledge were used in the research process.  
The dialectical method was used to study the nature of corruption at the legal and economic levels of its 
manifestation. The analysis created the conditions for a multifaceted study of all the characteristic features 
of corruption, corruption risk and corruption risk management in the context of economic integration.  
The synthesis created the conditions for generalising the characteristics of the above categories in the legal 
and economic fields. The formal legal method allowed to correctly interpret the content of normative legal 
acts that determine the general, special and local legal regime of corruption risk management in the activities 
of law enforcement agencies in the conditions of economic integration. The purpose of the article is to identify 
the economic and legal foundations of corruption as a socio-economic and legal phenomenon, as well as  
corruption risks and their management in the activities of law enforcement agencies, at a theoretical and  
empirical level. The results of the study showed that measures to overcome corruption risks in the activities of 
law enforcement agencies are components of the process of their management, which have the appropriate 
differentiation, organisational, legal and socio-economic basis. Conclusion. Corruption as a social, economic 
and legal phenomenon has a number of causes, including political, economic, legal, organisational and socio-
psychological. Corruption causes corresponding negative phenomena in the development of the economy both 
at the national and global, international level. Taking into account the position of international and Ukrainian 
legislation, the study of the nature of the risk of corruption was conducted, as a result of which the categories 
of assessment and management of the risk of corruption were distinguished in favour of the latter. The positive 
results of improving the legal regulation of corruption risk management were noted. Based on the results of 
the study of the content of corruption risks and the process of their management, proposals for amendments  
to the Law of Ukraine "On Prevention of Corruption" were made. It was concluded that the phenomenon 
of overcoming corruption risks in law enforcement bodies represents a system of appropriate measures,  
which can be divided into the following groups: 1) general; 2) special; 3) local. General measures are defined  
within the framework of the general provisions of the current international and domestic legislation, which  
applies to all subjects in the field of anti-corruption legal regulation, in particular to officials of state authorities. 
Special ones reflect the specifics of such measures within the limits of the respective law enforcement agency, 
which is reflected in the content of the anti-corruption programme for the respective period. Local ones  
appear within the framework of the relevant law enforcement body (police), which is mediated by the  
anti-corruption programme of this particular body.

Key words: corruption, corruption risks, overcoming corruption risks, law enforcement agencies, anti-corruption 
program, anti-corruption legislation.

JEL Classification: D73, F52, H56, K42



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1. Introduction
Corruption as a socio-economic phenomenon  

has roots that go back centuries, which is why it is  
divided into two important components of its 
manifestation – legal and economic. What is the  
order and priority of one or the other? Which  
factor is more important in overcoming such  
a negative phenomenon? Which set of circum- 
stances creates the risk of such negative behaviour  
for society? All of the above questions, and not 
only them, serve as a prerequisite for conducting  
theoretical and empirical research, which would be 
able to answer the general question of identifying  
the economic and legal conditions for the emergence  
of corruption risks, measures to detect, prevent and  
stop the relevant crimes that develop from them.

Available statistical data show that the GDP of 
a country, as a decisive criterion for the well-being 
of the respective population, is determined in 
inverse proportion to the level of corruption in such 
a country (Mazyarchuk and Fedko, 2016). That is,  
the higher the level of corruption, the lower the  
level of GDP of such a country. Statistical studies of 
international organisations indicate losses in global 
GDP at the level of about 2% per year (Corruption: 
Cost and Mitigating Strategies, 2016).

At the same time, the activities of law enforcement 
agencies are directly considered in international  
and national legislation as a subject of prevention  
and combating of corruption offences, and therefore 
there is an urgent need to identify and eliminate  
the conditions for their commission, which is  
reflected in overcoming corruption risks in the  
activities of law enforcement agencies.

The issue of overcoming corruption risks in the 
activities of law enforcement bodies in the conditions  
of economic integration has been addressed by  
a number of scientists from the point of view of 
the economic or legal component of its content. 
In particular, from the point of view of the impact  
of this phenomenon on the economy in the 
international and national context, the above issues 
were studied in relation to the threat of corruption  
to the economic development of the state (Parfentiy, 
2022), economic consequences of corruption in 
Ukraine (Vysotska et al., 2019), manifestation of the 
impact of corruption on the economy of Ukraine  
(Blank, Batrakova, 2016), determination of factors  
of influence of corruption on economic security  
and ways of solving relevant problems in public life 
(Hbur, 2017), influence of corruption on investments 
in certain segments of the national economy  
(Beekman et al, 2014) and others.

Legal scholars conducted research on the risks 
of corruption, directions and means of overcoming 
them in general and in the field of law enforcement, 

in particular, through the study of such issues as: 
international legal standards in the fight against 
corruption (Zadorozhnyi, 2016), the formation of 
the content and forms of countering manifestations 
of corruption in international regulatory acts  
(Prykhodko, 2018), the impact of corruption  
offences on the economy of the modern country 
(Korniienko et al., 2020), the place of corruption 
offences in the structure of crime in modern Ukraine 
and the world (Arkusha et al, 2019), corruption 
risks in the provision of administrative services and  
control and supervisory activities in Ukraine  
(Koliushko et al, 2009), countering corruption in 
the activities of the units of the National Police of  
Ukraine (Shatrava, 2017), etc.

The above contributes to the study of the issue of 
overcoming corruption risks in the activities of law 
enforcement agencies in the conditions of economic 
integration, which will be the subject of this work.

2. Corruption's impact on economic processes 
in the context of global integration

Corruption as a social, economic and legal 
phenomenon has a number of reasons for its  
occurrence, including political, economic, legal, 
organisational, socio-psychological and some others 
(Hbur, 2017). At the same time, it is necessary to 
agree that in the context of the subject of this study, 
the economic reasons, which indirectly consist in 
the lack of transparent rules for the functioning of  
certain economic processes, are quite significant. 
However, corruption itself generates corresponding 
negative phenomena in the development of 
the economy both at the national and global,  
international level, as evidenced by the above  
statistical data, which can be detailed in the following 
context.

In particular, in statistical studies on the subject  
of the influence of the level of corruption on the 
economy of a given country, it is appropriate to use 
the determining parameters of economic growth,  
including GDP per capita as a measure of the output 
per capita of the corresponding country in relation 
to its purchasing power; the level of literacy of the  
adult population as a ratio of the number of literate 
persons to the total population of such a country;  
life expectancy at birth, which characterises the  
level of general well-being, primarily economic, which 
provides a set of necessary benefits for the existence 
of a person as a physiological and social person with 
appropriate needs (Mazyarchuk and Fedko, 2016).

The Law of Ukraine "On Prevention of Corruption" 
(Law of Ukraine "On Prevention of Corruption" of 
October 2014, No. 1700-VII) defines the concept 
of corruption as the use of official powers or  
opportunities connected with them by a person with 



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a special legal status for the purpose of obtaining 
an unlawful advantage or accepting such an advantage 
or accepting a promise/offer of such an advantage  
for oneself or other persons or, similarly, the  
promise/offer or provision of an undue advantage  
to that person or, at his request, to any other natural  
or legal person, with a view to inducing that person 
to make undue use of his official position or  
of the opportunities associated with it.

Corruption as a phenomenon is directly related 
to the economic basis of existence of a person and  
society, its influence on the given parameters of  
economic development is undeniable, which is 
confirmed by the differentiation of corruption into 
types (domestic, political, business), the form of 
the benefit (receiving property or a corresponding 
service of property or non-property of a nature  
having a corresponding material value).

Correlating corruption as a negative social 
phenomenon with the given parameters that determine 
the level of economic growth of a community, the 
following is observed. As the level of corruption 
grows, GDP decreases due to the shadowy and unfair 
distribution of national wealth, when individuals 
misappropriate the national product at the expense 
of the rest of the population. An increase in the level 
of corruption has a negative effect on life expectancy, 
highlighting the inversely proportional relationship 
between these indicators, which is explained by the 
withdrawal of relevant public resources by corrupt 
manifestations for the benefit of a certain circle of 
individuals, resulting in a decrease in socio-economic 
opportunities to provide the main part of the  
population with the necessary benefits for a dignified 
existence, taking into account natural and social 
needs, during a given period of existence. Finally, 
the level of literacy among the adult population is 
inversely proportional to the level of corruption in 
society. Such dependence is explained by the fact  
that an educated society is endowed with cultural 
values that reproduce the appropriate level of  
thinking, decision-making, determining a person's  
place in society, clarifying legal, democratic, social 
values in the modern community, as a result, 
establishing the nature of justice and the appropriate 
order of distribution of humanity 's achievements.  
At the same time, corruption creates conditions for 
lowering the level of education and a person's lack 
of interest in implementing the established values 
(Corruption: Cost and Mitigating Strategies, 2016).

In addition, given the research presented and  
available, it will be appropriate to highlight such 
manifestations of the influence of corruption on 
economic processes in the state and society.

First, corruption in general affects the level of  
economic security of the state and the world 
community, creating obstacles in the development of 

individual national economic processes and global 
international relations. In particular, attention is  
drawn to the growth in such conditions of the 
level of spread of the phenomenon of legalisation  
(laundering) of the proceeds of crime (Parfentiy, 2022).

Second, the formation of a negative image  
background to the state's activities on the world 
stage, which results in a significant reduction of  
investment projects on its territory and a significant 
deterioration of the investment climate.

Third, the formation of the shadow economy at 
the national and international level. In the given 
context, the position is correct, according to which 
such manifestations of the mentioned shameful  
phenomenon are singled out as: informal economy, 
hidden economy, criminal economy (Blank,  
Batrakova, 2016).

Fourth, the loss of targeting of social payments, 
which are directed from the state budget instead  
of the relevant category of the population to finance 
corrupt expenditures of public authorities (Vysotska  
et al., 2019).

Fifth, the impact on fiscal policy in the country,  
which contributes to the growth of the budget deficit.

Sixth, it affects the efficient and equitable  
distribution of resources in society.

Seventh, limiting the content and scope of state 
support for relevant socio-economic processes in 
all areas of social life (education, medicine, law 
enforcement, etc.).

The above emphasises the decisive influence of 
corruption on all spheres of social and economic 
existence of society and the state. At the same 
time, in the conditions of global integration, such  
influence has global and local significance both  
within the world community and within a separately 
defined country. In the global context, the increase 
in the level of corruption is manifested, in particular, 
by a decrease in the level of GDP per capita,  
a decrease in the expected length of human life, 
a decrease in the level of literacy of the adult  
population, which has found an appropriate  
justification. In a more local sense, it is indicated  
by the influence of corruption on economic security, 
the level of investment in the state economy, the 
implementation of fiscal and budgetary policy,  
ensuring the social function of the state and the 
development of human resources.

3. Overcoming corruption risks  
in the activities of law enforcement agencies  
in the context of economic integration

The nature of the risk of corruption is defined 
directly in national legislation and indirectly in 
international legislation. Thus, according to the UN 
Convention against Corruption (UN Convention 



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against Corruption, 2003), the essence of  
corruption risk can be traced in several norms, 
the content of which indicates the transformation 
of this category in the area of 1) the formation of 
an anti-corruption culture among public figures;  
2) the management of the risks of corruption  
offences in the relevant sphere of social life;  
3) the publicity of the activities of the state aimed at 
the prevention of corruption manifestations in the  
state administration.

The Law of Ukraine "On Prevention of Corruption" 
(The Law of Ukraine "On Prevention of Corruption" 
of 14 October 2014, No. 1700-VII) uses the term 
corruption risk without defining it in relation to 
the normalisation of: 1) the powers of the central  
executive body with a special status, which ensures 
the formation and implementation of the state anti-
corruption policy; 2) the rights of the specified  
body; 3) the tasks of the authorised departments 
(authorised persons) on issues of prevention 
and detection of corruption; 4) the powers of 
the anti-corruption unit of the National Agency; 
5) the content of anti-corruption programmes;  
6) information specified in the declaration of  
persons authorised to perform functions of the state 
or local self-government; 7) full verification of such 
declarations; 8) additional financial control measures; 
9) special control of persons specified in this Law; 
10) general principles of prevention of corruption 
in the activities of a legal entity; 11) content of the  
anti-corruption programme of the legal entity.

A more detailed approach to the essence of  
corruption risk is contained in the Methodology 
for assessing corruption risks in the activities of 
government bodies adopted for the development  
of the specified law, which was approved by the 
decision of the National Agency for the Prevention  
of Corruption dated 02.12.2016 No. 126  
(On Approval of the Methodology for Assessment  
of Corruption Risks in the Activities of Public 
Authorities: Decision of the National Agency for 
the Prevention of Corruption of Ukraine dated  
02 December 2016, No. 126), which has already 
acquired a new embodiment in accordance with the 
decision of the National Agency for the Prevention  
of Corruption dated December 28, 2021 No. 830/21  
(On Improving the Process of Corruption Risk 
Management: Decision of the National Agency  
for the Prevention of Corruption of Ukraine of 
12 December 2021, No. 830/21).

Indeed, the latest regulatory act approved the 
methodology of corruption risk management 
and the procedure for submitting anti-corruption 
programmes, amendments to them for approval 
to the National Agency for the Prevention of  
Corruption and the implementation of their approval. 
Such a step is absolutely necessary in connection 
with the implementation of the content of the Law 

of Ukraine "On Prevention of Corruption" (The 
Law of Ukraine "On Prevention of Corruption" of  
14 October 2014, No. 1700-VII), which works  
with the concept of risk assessment in the activities 
of a body, institution, organisation, determining  
the causes that give rise to them and the conditions 
that contribute to them, as well as taking measures 
to eliminate the identified corruption risks, persons 
responsible for their implementation, terms and 
necessary resources. At the same time, the law 
itself contains a blanket provision that refers to the 
Methodology for assessing corruption risks in the 
activities of authorities, and the current decision  
of the National Agency for the Prevention  
of Corruption dated 12.28.2021 No. 830/21 (On  
Improving the Process of Corruption Risk  
Management: Decision of the National Agency for the 
Prevention of Corruption of Ukraine of 12 December 
2021, No. 830/21) approves the Methodology 
of Corruption Risk Management, which is more 
appropriate in connection with the following.

First, the methodology for assessing the risk of 
corruption in the activities of state bodies is limited 
to the specified bodies, while the methodology for 
managing the risk of corruption covers state bodies, 
local government bodies and other bodies whose 
activities are subject to legal regulation under the 
specified law.

Second, the methodology of corruption risk 
assessment had a narrow application, without 
determining the practical use of the obtained results 
directly in the management of corruption risks in  
the legal position of one or another subject, 
whose activity is the sphere of legal regulation of 
anti-corruption legislation. The methodology of 
corruption risk management has sufficiently detailed 
the conceptual apparatus in the field of corruption 
management and defined the basic principles of 
such activity. In particular, the concept of corruption 
risk has been correctly defined as the probability 
of committing a corruption or corruption-related  
offence that will have a negative impact on the  
activities of the organisation, the scope of  
corruption risk assessment as a set of functions  
of the organisation that are potentially vulnerable 
to corruption and processes in its activities, and 
the management of corruption risks as a targeted, 
coordinated activity of the organisation to identify, 
eliminate and minimise corruption risks in its activities.

Thirdly, the organisation of qualitative and 
quantitative indicators in the assessment of  
corruption risks in order to make an appropriate  
decision on their management was a significant 
achievement of the Corruption Risk Management 
Methodology. Thus, the following quantitative 
indicators are defined 1) the level of probability 
of corruption risk realization (from 1 to 4 points);  
2) the level of consequences of corruption risk  



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realization is determined by the highest score of 
potential losses of the organisation from corruption  
risk realization in one of the categories (from 
1 to 4 points); 3) the level of corruption risk: 
critical – from 12 to 16 points; high – from 
6 to 9 points; average – from 3 to 4 points; low –  
from 1 to 2 points.

Fourthly, the Corruption Risk Management 
Methodology provides the entity that manages 
corruption risks in the organisation with the  
appropriate toolkit, among which the methods 
and procedures for identifying corruption risks 
occupy an important place, including 1) analysis 
of legal and regulatory documents that govern the 
organisation's activities; 2) individual communication 
(interview) and focus group with external and internal 
stakeholders; 3) methods that are standardised at 
the legislative level (brainstorming, Delphi method, 
scenario analysis through appropriate modelling of 
certain scenarios, etc.).

Fifth, the Corruption Risk Management  
Methodology clearly outlines the formation of  
a set of measures to influence corruption risks.

Sixth, the organisational, legal and methodological 
foundations for the development of the anti- 
corruption programme are outlined.

Seventh, detailed procedural points regarding 
the adoption of the implementation of the anti-
corruption programme in the organisation,  
which led to the approval of the aforementioned 
procedure for submitting anti-corruption  
programmes, amendments to them for approval  
by the National Agency for the Prevention of  
Corruption and their approval.

Finally, a corruption risk management model 
has been introduced into the organisation's 
activities, which includes the following stages:  
1) preparation of corruption risk assessment;  
2) study of the organisation's environment and  
the scope of corruption risk assessment; 3) direct 
assessment of corruption risks (identification 
of corruption risks, analysis of corruption risks, 
determination of the level of corruption risks);  
4) determination of measures to influence  
corruption risks; 5) preparation and adoption of the 
anti-corruption programme; 6) implementation of 
the anti-corruption programme; 7) monitoring of  
the implementation of the anti-corruption programme; 
8) evaluation of the implementation of the anti-
corruption programme.

Taking into account the above, it is necessary to  
make amendments to the Law of Ukraine  
"On Prevention of Corruption" (The Law of Ukraine 
"On Prevention of Corruption" of 14 October 2014,  
No. 1700-VII), namely to amend clause 11 of the  
first part of Article 12 in the following edition:

"11) Approve the methodology of corruption 
risk management, analyse the anti-corruption  

programmes of the relevant organisations and make 
binding proposals for such programmes."

When analysing the special legislation on countering 
and preventing corruption in law enforcement 
agencies, then on the example of the Law of  
Ukraine "On the National Police" (The Law of  
Ukraine "On the National Police" of 02 July 2015,  
No. 580-VIII) it should be noted that special  
normative regulations have a blanket character, 
which refers to the anti-corruption legislation, which 
also applies to law enforcement officers as officials 
with a special status of public service. This explains,  
among other things, the inclusion of such persons in 
the content of the Law of Ukraine "On Prevention of 
Corruption" (The Law of Ukraine "On Prevention 
of Corruption" of 14 October 2014, No. 1700-VII). 
Thus, police officers, along with officials and  
officers of the prosecutor's office, the Security  
Service of Ukraine, the State Bureau of Investigation, 
the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine, 
the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine, the  
diplomatic service, the state forest protection, the 
state protection of the nature reserve fund, the  
central executive body that implements the state tax 
policy, the central executive body that implements 
the state customs policy, are classified as persons 
authorised to perform the functions of the state  
or local self-government.

In this regard, everything said about overcoming 
corruption risks in the activities of entities covered 
by the analysed anti-corruption legislation will be 
applicable to the settlement of similar issues in the 
activities of law enforcement agencies.

Interesting in the study of the nature of corruption 
risks is the examination of the conditions for  
providing relevant law enforcement services in  
relation to the nature of corruption risks of the 
following groups: 1) in general for the entire system 
of public administration; 2) in the field of providing 
administrative services; 3) within the scope of 
the control and supervisory function of public 
administration (Koliushko et al., 2009).

It should be noted that the corruption risks  
of the first group have been significantly mitigated  
by the reform of law enforcement agencies, in  
particular, the adoption of new principles for the 
functioning of these agencies based on the Law 
of Ukraine "On the National Police" (The Law  
of Ukraine "On the National Police" of  
02 July 2015 No. 580-VIII).

The reduction of corruption risks of the second 
group at the level of law enforcement bodies takes  
place in the form of: introduction of signs  
of openness in relations between law enforcement 
officers and citizens; provision of a wide range of 
information on obtaining law enforcement services; 
involvement of public control in all spheres of  
activity of the law enforcement body; simplification 



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of procedures for providing relevant administrative 
services, including law enforcement; expansion 
of citizens' access to relevant services and their 
diversification; shortening of terms for providing  
such services; refusal of monopoly in the provision  
of certain administrative services.

Accordingly, as part of the implementation of the 
control and supervisory function, the following 
measures may be proposed: limiting the powers to 
interfere with a particular type of public activity;  
clearly defining the rules on the possibility of  
restricting the rights and freedoms of citizens, 
including using international law-making experience 
and relevant court practice; narrowing the practice 
of imposing and collecting fines at the place of  
commission of an offence or securing means 
of recording and control; reorientation of law  
enforcement activities from punishment of offenders 
to prevention or elimination of offences; elimination 
of prerequisites for a wide scope for discretionary 
decisions; positive rulemaking, which consists in 
eliminating homogeneous corpus delicti that entail 
different legal consequences according to the degree  
of responsibility of the offender.

According to S. Shatrava, in the set of measures 
to overcome corruption risks in the activities of the 
National Police, one should distinguish between 
general and special measures (Shatrava, 2017). 
Among the special measures specific to this particular 
law enforcement body, he mentions such areas as: 
recruitment, training of personnel and completion 
of service in the National Police; provision of  
a complex of administrative services, primarily of 
a law enforcement content; the scope of judicial  
and supervisory functions of the National Police.

Considering the importance of the anti-corruption 
programme as a comprehensive anti-corruption 
document of a strategic nature, which defines  
the process of corruption risk management taking 
into account the identified corruption risks in the 
organisation and the state anti-corruption policy, the 
following should be stated.

Taking the example of the National Police,  
the existing practice of adopting and implementing 
anti-corruption programmes of the National Police 
of Ukraine and subordinate bodies and units has 
been available since 2017. A structural element of 
such programmes, in addition to the identification 
of corruption risks, is also a set of measures to  
overcome them.

Thus, within the framework of the Anti-Corruption 
Programme of the National Police of Ukraine 
for 2017 (On Approval of the Anti-Corruption  
Programme of the National Police of Ukraine for  
2017: Order of the National Police of Ukraine of 
24 February 2017, No. 176), the following measures  
to overcome the risks of corruption: 1) strengthening 
and improving control in the following areas: 

implementation of operational information 
by employees of criminal police departments; 
implementation of procedural actions by investigators 
at all stages of criminal proceedings; police decision-
making in the registration of administrative offences 
committed in public places; 2) strengthening 
control in the following areas: Issuance of permits,  
compliance with special rules and procedures for the 
storage and use of weapons, other objects, materials  
and substances subject to the permit system; 
compliance with the requirements of laws and 
other regulatory legal acts on guardianship, care of  
orphans and children deprived of parental care;  
Use of state property at the disposal of the bodies 
and units of the National Police; use of state funds by 
territorial police bodies; use of official information; 
3) Inspection of temporary detention facilities and 
convoy units for compliance with human rights 
and freedoms and elimination of corruption factors  
that may contribute to the commission of offences  
by the police.

In accordance with the Anti-Corruption  
Programme of the National Police of Ukraine 
for 2019–2021, a table of corruption risks and  
measures to overcome them was developed, which 
allowed to group them and determine appropriate 
measures (Table of Corruption Risks and Measures  
to Address Them: Order of the National Police of 
Ukraine of 07 May 2020, No. 341). The measures  
aimed at overcoming high-level corruption risks 
include the following: 1) conducting control 
measures to ensure that budget managers comply 
with the timeliness and targeted use of budget funds;  
2) checking the availability of documents and other 
data carriers containing proprietary information;  
3) hearing investigators in criminal proceedings to 
monitor their activities, developing draft regulations  
to simplify the investigation of certain categories 
of criminal offences; 4) conducting trainings on 
knowledge of anti-corruption legislation in the  
relevant area of activity of a particular unit of the 
National Police; 5) overseeing decisions made by 
the management and officials of the National Police; 
6) digitalising administrative activities of the police; 
7) conducting awareness-raising sessions on filing 
declarations.

The measures aimed at overcoming medium- 
level corruption risks include the following:  
1) reviewing the distribution of responsibilities 
of the National Police management; 2) introducing 
electronic recording of applications and reports;  
3) introducing procedures for internal and external  
audit of the activities of the National Police units; 
4) ensuring the creation of a healthy moral and 
psychological climate in teams where intolerance 
towards violators of anti-corruption legislation is 
formed; 5) introduction of external control measures 
in the units of the National Police; 6) examination 



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of the status of solving family and domestic issues 
of police officers; 7) ensuring the formation of  
personnel policy in the field of selection of 
members of relevant commissions, documentary 
support of such work in the units of the  
National Police.

Measures to overcome low-level corruption risks 
include: 1) involvement of the public in monitoring 
police activities; 2) creation of a separate unit  
to make decisions on mortgage lending to police  
officers and selection of its personnel;  
3) development of the procedure and conditions 
for providing police officers with compensation for 
renting housing; 4) development and dissemination 
of statistical and analytical materials on ensuring 
equal rights of women and men in law enforcement 
agencies; 5) establishment of units for prevention  
and detection of corruption in the territorial 
bodies of the National Police; 6) identification of 
persons responsible for verification of declarations;  
7) development of provisions that prevent discretion  
in decision-making by the management on the 
procedure and amount of financial assistance to  
police officers.

From the above it should be noted that the 
phenomenon of overcoming corruption risks in 
law enforcement bodies is a system of appropriate  
measures, which can be divided into the following 
groups: 1) general; 2) special; 3) local. The general 
ones are defined within the framework of the general 
provisions of the current international and domestic 
legislation, which applies to all subjects in the field 
of anti-corruption legal regulation, in particular to  
officials of state authorities. Special ones reflect the 
specifics of such measures within the limits of the 
respective law enforcement agency, which is reflected 
in the content of the anti-corruption programme for 
the respective period. Local ones appear within the 
framework of the relevant law enforcement body 
(police), which is mediated by the anti-corruption 
programme of this particular body.

4. Conclusions
The results of this study can be summarised  

as follows. Corruption as a social, economic and 
legal phenomenon has a number of causes, including  
political, economic, legal, organisational and socio-
psychological. Corruption causes corresponding 
negative phenomena in the development of 
the economy both at the national and global,  
international level.

As the level of corruption grows, GDP decreases 
due to the shadowy and unfair distribution  
of national wealth, when individuals misappropriate 
the national product at the expense of the rest of the 
population. An increase in the level of corruption  
has a negative effect on life expectancy, highlighting 

the inversely proportional relationship between  
these indicators, which is explained by the  
withdrawal of relevant public resources by corrupt 
manifestations for the benefit of a certain circle of 
individuals, as a result of which the socio-economic 
opportunities to provide the main part of the  
population with the necessary benefits for  
a dignified existence, taking into account natural and 
social needs during a certain period of existence, 
decrease. Finally, the level of literacy among  
the adult population is inversely proportional to the 
level of corruption in society.

The consequences of the influence of corruption  
on the economy are as fol-lows: decrease in the  
level of economic security of the state and the 
world community; formation of a negative image  
background in the activities of the state on the 
world stage; formation of the shadow economy at  
the national and international level in its various  
forms; loss of targeting of social payments from  
the state budget; influence on the fiscal policy in 
the state, which contributes to the growth of the  
budget deficit, as well as to the effective and fair 
distribution of resources in society; narrowing  
of the content and scope of state support of relevant 
socio-economic processes in all spheres of social life.

A study of the nature of the corruption risk was 
conducted, taking into account the position of 
international and Ukrainian legislation, as a result of 
which the categories of assessment and management  
of corruption risks were distinguished in favour  
of the latter. Among the positive achievements 
resulting from the improvement of the legal  
regulation of corruption risk management, the  
following were noted: 1) extension of this process to  
all subjects of anti-corruption activities; 2) spe-
cification of the definition of corruption risks and 
their management; 3) streamlining of qualitative 
and quantitative indicators in the assessment of 
corruption risks in order to make appropriate 
decisions on their management; 4) providing the 
entity managing corruption risks in the organisation 
with appropriate tools, including methods and ways to 
identify corruption risks; 5) forming a set of measures 
to influence corruption risks; 6) organisational, 
legal and methodological principles of developing 
an anti-corruption programme; 7) procedural 
aspects of making a decision on implementing an 
anti-corruption programme in the organisation;  
8) implementation of the corruption risk management 
model in the organisation's activities, including the  
relevant stages.

Based on the results of the study of the content 
of corruption risks and the process of managing 
them, proposed amendments to the Law of Ukraine  
"On Prevention of Corruption" (The Law of Ukraine 
"On Prevention of Corruption" of 14 October 2014,  
No. 1700-VII).



Baltic Journal of Economic Studies  

117

Vol. 9 No. 2, 2023 

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Received on: 11th of March, 2023
Accepted on: 29th of April, 2023
Published on: 23th of May, 2023

It was concluded that the phenomenon of  
overcoming corruption risks in law enforcement  
bodies represents a system of appropriate measures, 
which can be divided into the following groups:  
1) general; 2) special; 3) local. General measures 
are defined within the framework of the general 
provisions of the current international and  
domestic legislation, which applies to all subjects  
in the field of anti-corruption legal regulation, in 

particular to officials of state authorities. Special 
ones reflect the specifics of such measures within 
the limits of the respective law enforcement  
agency, which is reflected in the content of the  
anti-corruption programme for the respective  
period. Local ones appear within the framework of 
the relevant law enforcement body (police), which 
is mediated by the anti-corruption programme of  
this particular body.