Bangladesh Agron. J. 2022, 25(2): 43-49 GROWTH AND YIELD PERFORMANCE OF AUS RICE UNDER AGRONOMIC MANAGEMENTS M.H. Mahmud1, P.K. Biswas2, M.S. Islam2 and M.D. Hossain3 1Project Implementation Unit-BARC, National Agricultural Technology Program-Phase-II Project, BARC, Dhaka- 1215, 2Department of Agronomy, SAU Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh, 3Farm Superintendent, Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute, Regional, Station, Jamalpur Corresponding E-mail: h.mahmud193@gmail.com (Received: 02 August 2022, Accepted: 22 December 2022) Keywords: Agronomic management, growth, yield, Aus rice Abstract The experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka during the period from March to June, 2018 to study the effects of agronomic managements on growth and yield of Aus rice. The experiment comprised of split –plot design where varieties in the main plots viz., i) BRRI dhan65 (V1) and ii) Nerica (V2) and five agronomic managements in the sub- plots viz., i) No management-M0, ii) No weeding, but all other managements-M1, iii) No fertilizer application, but all other managements-M2, iv) No irrigation application, but all other managements-M3 and v) Recommended management-M4, respectively. Almost all the studied characters were found statistically significant due to variation in treatments. Significant variation was recorded different yield contributing characters and yield of Aus rice. At 30, 50, 70 DAS and harvest, the taller plant (24.61 cm, 41.27 cm, 60.23 cm and 80.28 cm, respectively), grain yield (0.96 t ha-1) and straw yields (2.75 t ha-1) were recorded from V2 compared to that of V1. Similarly, the tallest plant (27.11 cm, 49.66 cm, 71.49 cm and 91.07 cm at 30, 50, 70 DAS and harvest, respectively), grain yield (2.34 t ha-1) and straw yield (5.30 t ha-1) were observed from M4. In respect of interaction, the highest grain yield (2.43 t ha-1) and straw yield (5.31 t ha-1) were observed from V1M4 (BRRI dhan65 with recommended management), while the lowest grain yield (0.12 t ha-1) from V1M0 (BRRI dhan65 with no management) and straw yield (0.85 t ha -1) from V2M0 (Nerica with no management). Irrespective of variety with no management reduced 94-95% grain yield of Aus rice that was 84-89% for no weeding and no fertilizer application. Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important food in tropical and subtropical regions (Singh et al., 2012). It is the staple food of more than three billion people in the world, most of who live in Asia (IRRI, 2009). It is the driving force of Bangladesh agriculture covers about two-thirds of the cultivated land and constitutes 90% of the food grain production in Bangladesh (BBS, 2020). In Bangladesh, the geographical, climatic and edaphic conditions are favorable for year-round rice cultivation. Rice yields are either decelerating/stagnating/declining in post green revolution era mainly due to imbalance in fertilizer use, soil degradation, irrigation and weeding schedule, type of cropping system practiced lack of suitable rice genotypes/variety for low moisture adaptability and disease resistance (Prakash, 2010). The average yield of rice in Bangladesh is about 3.07 t ha-1 (BBS, 2018). 44 Mahmud et al. Appropriate agronomic management practices greatly influence the growth and yield of rice. Yield loss is occurred due to improper weeds, nutrient management and irrigation schedule. Therefore, these managements are a complete package for satisfactory any crop production specially rice production in Bangladesh. Weed free condition during the critical period of competition, recommendation doses of fertilizer application and appropriate amount of water are essential for obtaining optimum rice yield. Subsistence farmers in Bangladesh spend more time and energy on control of weeds; do not give proper dose of fertilizer and optimum amount of water for rice cultivation. Thus, the appropriate agronomic management practices need to be adopted by the farmers for maximizing rice yield. The present research work was, therefore, undertaken to find out the effect of agronomic management on growth and yield of aus rice. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted at experimental field of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (2377N latitude and 9033E longitude) which belongs to the Agro-ecological zone of The Modhupur Tract, AEZ-28 (Anonymous, 1988). The soil of the experimental field classified as Deep Red Brown Terrace Soils in Bangladesh soil classification system (UNDP and FAO, 1988). Split -plot design with three replications was followed where variety in the main plots and agronomic managements in the sub-plots. There were 10 plots of size 5.0 m × 2.0 m in each of 3 replications. There were two rice varieties viz. Nerica (V1) and BRRI dhan65 (V2) and five agronomic managements viz. (No management-M0, no weeding, but all other managements-M1, no fertilizer application, but all other managements-M2, no irrigation application, but all other managements-M3, and recommended management-M4. Seeds were sown in line in main plot after good tilt of land. The experimental area was fertilized with 120, 100, 80, 60 and 10 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5, K2O, S and Zn. The entire amount of TSP, MoP, Gypsum and Zinc sulphate were applied during the final preparation of land. Half of Urea was applied during final land preparation and rest half applied two equal installments at 30 DAS and 45 DAS. Plant height, number of tillers hill-1 and number of leaves hill-1 were calculated from randomly pre-selected 5 hills plot-1. Dry matter was recorded from the mean oven dry weight of plants from 2 hills plot-1. Filled grains panicle-1 and unfilled grains panicle-1 were counted from the average number of grains from ten panicles.1000-grain weight was measured at 12% moisture content. Grain yield and straw yield were determined and biological yield was calculated by summing up the grain and straw yield. Harvest index refers to the ratio of economic yield to biological yield and was computed with following formula (Gardner et al., 1985). All the data collected on different parameters were statistically analyzed by technique using MSTATC computer package program and the mean differences were calculated using least significant difference (LSD) test at 5 % level of probability. Results and Discussion Effect of variety Plant height, number of leaves hill-1, dry matter weight hill-1 and length of panicle varied significantly and number of effective tillers hill-1 and number of non-effective tillers hill-1 statistically identical a (Table 1). The higher plant height (80.28 cm) and panicle length (19.84 Growth and Yield Performance of Aus Rice Under Agronomic Managements 45 cm) was obtained from Nerica whereas, the higher value of dry matter content hill-1 (8.78 g), number of effective tillers hill-1 (5.24) and number of non-effective tillers hill-1 (1.72) was found from the BRRI dhan65. Due to genetic makeup of different varieties, plant height among the varieties might be varied (Murshida et al., 2017). Amin et al. (2006) revealed that the variation of dry matter among rice varieties. Number of filled grains panicle-1 and number of total grains panicle-1 varied significantly where number of unfilled grains panicle-1, weight of 1000-grain, grain yield, straw yield and biological yield varied numerically for BRRI dhan65 and Nerica (Table 2). Rice var. Nerica produced better in all aspect of the yield and yield contributing characters viz. the number of filled grains panicle-1 (49.09), number of unfilled grains panicle-1 (27.25), weight of 1000-grain (22.51g), grain yield (0.96 t ha-1), straw yield (2.75 t ha-1), biological yield (3.71 t ha-1) and harvest index (21.52%) compared to BRRI dhan65. Effect of agronomic management Different agronomic managements showed significant differences on plant height, number of leaves hill-1, dry matter weight hill-1, number of effective tillers hill-1, and panicle length except number of non-effective tillers hill-1 (Table 1). Both recommended management (M4) and no irrigation but all other managements (M3) gave the highest plant (91.07 cm), dry matter content hill-1 (14.12 g) and panicle length (21.91 cm) and number of leaves hill-1 (61.13), number of effective tillers hill-1 (8.50) and non-effective tillers hill-1 (2.33) was found from recommended management (M4) individually. On the other hand, no management (M0) produced lowest in all growth parameters which are similar to no weeding. Table 1. Effect of variety and agronomic management on growth parameters of Aus rice Treatments Plant height (cm) Number of leaves hill-1 Dry matter weight hill-1 (g) Number of effective tillers hill-1 Number of non-effective tillers hill-1 Panicle length (cm) V1 71.80b 44.63a 8.78a 5.24 1.72 17.53b V2 80.28a 34.80b 8.31b 4.92 1.71 19.84a SE (±) 0.99 1.98 0.99 NS NS 0.35 CV (%) 11.43 13.63 12.11 28.63 26.15 5.13 M0 60.31d 24.20d 4.55b 3.00c 1.00 15.41c M1 75.72b 38.30c 7.87b 3.50c 1.83 17.99b M2 66.77c 26.77d 5.39b 3.33c 1.83 17.57b M3 86.38a 48.17b 11.78a 7.00b 1.50 20.57a M4 91.07a 61.13a 14.12a 8.50a 2.33 21.91a SE (±) 1.78 1.48 0.81 0.65 NS 0.73 CV (%) 14.52 9.14 13.21 21.55 27.83 6.72 BRRI dhan65 (V1), Nerica (V2), No management -M0, No weeding but all other managements-M1, No fertilizer application but all other managements-M2, No irrigation but all other managements-M3, Recommended management-M4, Not significant –NS Means with dissimilar letters are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 at LSD test. Different agronomic managements showed significant differences on yield and yield contributing characters (Table 2). Recommended management (M4) gave highest value in attributes of yield and yield contributing characters, whereas no irrigation but all other managements (M3) 46 Mahmud et al. performed highest in number of unfilled grains panicle-1, and harvest index. Lowest performance was obtained from no management (M0) and no weeding but all other managements (M1) in all parameters except in number of unfilled grains panicle-1 and weight of 1000- grains for M1. No management reduced 94% grain yield of aus rice that followed by 87% for no weeding and 86% for no fertilizer application. Without irrigation reduced 32% yield that might be due to the contribution of rainfall during the growing period. Singh et al. (1999) reported that no weed management until maturity removed significantly higher amount of nitrogen through weeds (12.97 kg ha-1) and reduced the grain yield of rice by 49% compared to that of weed free crop up to 60 DAT. Table 2. Effect of variety and agronomic management on yield and yield contributing characters of Aus rice Treatments Number of filled grains panicle-1 Number of unfilled grains panicle-1 Weight of 1000- grains (g) Grain yield (t ha-1) Straw yield (t ha-1) Biological yield (t ha-1) Harvest index (%) Variety V1 36.58b 23.71 22.02 0.95 2.67 3.63 19.45 V2 49.09a 27.25 22.51 0.96 2.75 3.71 21.52 SE (±) 2.26 NS NS NS NS NS NS CV (%) 14.46 13.73 6.71 24.59 3.21 5.11 24.70 Agronomic Management M0 26.33c 19.33b 20.36c 0.14c 0.94c 1.08c 12.97c M1 27.83c 29.67a 21.96b 0.31c 1.45c 1.77c 12.90c M2 33.33c 19.67b 22.31b 0.33c 1.98c 2.29c 17.51b M3 55.33b 29.17a 23.11ab 1.62b 3.87b 5.48b 28.53a M4 71.67a 29.67a 23.56a 2.39a 5.30a 7.70a 30.51a SE (±) 6.20 3.10 0.51 0.24 0.37 0.58 1.37 CV (%) 25.03 21.28 3.99 22. 08 18.32 17.24 11.61 BRRI dhan65 (V1), Nerica (V2), No management -M0, No weeding but all other managements-M1, No fertilizer application but all other managements-M2, No irrigation but all other managements-M3, Recommended management-M4, Means with dissimilar letters are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 at LSD test. Interaction effect Interaction effect of variety and agronomic managements showed significant differences on all growth characters (Table 3). The tallest plant (94.48 cm) and panicle length (22.61 cm) were observed from the Nerica with recommended management which are 50.61% and 37.44% higher than no management of same variety. The highest number of leaves hill-1 (70.40), dry matter content hill-1 (14.48 g), number of effective tillers hill-1 (9.33) and number of non- effective tillers hill-1 (2.67) showed 60.41, 71.75, 71.38 50.19 and 65.72%, respectively lower performance observed from BRRI dhan65 with recommended management than no management.No weeding, but all management also reduced 41.66, 55.73, 64.31, 37.45 and 57.16%, respectively lower performance of same parameters. Suresh kumar et al. (2016) reviewed that weed flora under transplanted condition is very much diverse and consists of grasses, sedges and broad-leaved weeds causing yield reduction of rice crop up to 76 %. Growth and Yield Performance of Aus Rice Under Agronomic Managements 47 Table 3. Interaction effect of variety and agronomic management on growth parameters of Aus rice at harvest Treatments Plant height (cm) Number of leaves hill-1 Dry matter weight hill-1 Number of effective tillers hill-1 Number of non-effective tillers hill-1 Panicle length (cm) V1M0 57.88f 27.87e 4.09e 2.67d 1.33bc 14.36e V1M1 70.37d 41.07c 6.41cd 3.33d 1.67a-c 16.50d V1M2 61.11ef 30.40e 4.41de 3.00d 2.00ab 16.31d V1M3 82.03c 53.40b 11.46ab 7.67b 1.00bc 19.29c V1M4 87.66b 70.40a 14.48a 9.33a 2.67a 21.20b V2M0 62.73e 20.53f 5.02de 3.33d 0.67c 16.45d V2M1 81.07c 35.53d 7.33c 3.67d 2.00ab 19.47c V2M2 72.42d 23.13f 6.39cd 3.67d 1.67a-c 18.83c V2M3 90.73ab 42.93c 10.81b 6.33c 2.00ab 21.84ab V2M4 94.48a 51.87b 13.76ab 7.67b 2.00ab 22.61a SE (±) 2.543 2.09 1.14 0.63 0.57 0.73 CV (%) 5.79 9.14 25.64 21.55 57.83 6.72 BRRI dhan65 (V1), Nerica (V2), No management -M0, No weeding but all other managements-M1, No fertilizer application but all other managements-M2, No irrigation but all other managements-M3, Recommended management-M4, Means with dissimilar letters are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 at LSD test. Interaction effect of variety and agronomic managements showed significant differences on yield and yield contributing characters (Table 4). The highest number of filled grains panicle-1, weight of 1000- grain, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index were observed from the recommended management both the varieties except in number of unfilled grains panicle-1 for Nerica and weight of 1000 - grain for BRRI dhan65. The lowest performance gave BRRI dhan65 with no management combination. Nerica with no management reduced number of filled grains panicle-1 (56.25%), grain yield (93.64%), straw yield (83.75%) and biological yield (86.81%) and no weeding, but all management also reduced 58.93, 32.80, 83.90, 54.50 and 63.84%, respectively from recommended management. Jayadeva et al. (2009) and Subha and Ramana (2009) found that hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAT recorded highest plant height, dry matter production, tillers m-2, nutrient uptake by crop and highest grain and straw yield of rice crop. Table 4. Interaction effect of variety and agronomic management on yield and yield contributing characters of Aus rice Treatments Number of filled grains panicle-1 Number of unfilled grains panicle-1 Weight of 1000- grains (g) Grain yield (tha-1) Straw yield (tha-1) Biological yield (t ha-1) Harvest index (%) V1M0 20.00e 17.00ef 20.78e 0.12c 1.03de 1.15d 10.74f V1M1 25.00de 22.33de 21.62d 0.23c 1.58d 1.82cd 12.28ef V1M2 22.00de 16.33f 22.19cd 0.27c 1.32de 1.59d 15.82d V1M3 47.67c 29.67bc 22.59c 1.70b 4.12b 5.82b 28.06b V1M4 68.67ab 33.33ab 22.89bc 2.43a 5.31a 7.74a 30.38ab V2M0 32.67d 21.67d-f 19.95e 0.15c 0.85e 1.01d 15.19d V2M1 30.67de 37.00a 22.30cd 0.38c 2.38c 2.77c 13.53de V2M2 44.67c 23.00d 22.42cd 0.38c 1.58d 1.96d 19.20c V2M3 63.00b 28.67bc 23.63ab 1.53b 3.62b 5.15b 29.01ab V2M4 74.67a 26.00cd 24.22a 2.36a 5.23a 7.66a 30.65a SE (±) 4.20 3.13 0.51 0.237 0.365 0.576 1.373 CV (%) 20.03 16.28 3.99 22. 08 18.32 17.24 11.61 BRRI dhan65 (V1), Nerica (V2), No management -M0, No weeding but all other managements-M1, No fertilizer application but all other managements-M2, No irrigation but all other managements-M3, Recommended management-M4, Means with dissimilar letters are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 at LSD test. 48 Mahmud et al. 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