Bangladesh Agron. J. 2015, 18(1): 113-119 OPTIMIZATION OF HERBICIDE TEANA 9EC DOSE FOR CONTROLLING WEEDS IN BRINJAL S.K.Paul1, S.Mazumder2, T.A.Mujahidi3, S.K.Roy4 and S.Kundu5 1Agronomy Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh 2Sher-e-Bangla Nagar Adorsha Mohila College, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh 3Plant Breeding Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh 4Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh 5Planning and Evaluation Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh. Key words: Herbicide, weed management, brinjal Abstract An experiment was conducted at the research field of Agronomy Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur during the rabi season of 2013- 2014 to find out the optimum dose of herbicide (Teana 9 EC) to control weeds in brinjal field for getting higher yield. Six treatments, viz.: (i) Teana 9 EC @ 750 ml ha-1 spraying on 15 DAS and 45 DAS, (ii) Teana 9EC @1000 ml ha-1 spraying on 15 DAS and 45 DAS, (iii) Teana 9EC @ 1250 ml ha-1 spraying on 15 DAS and 45 DAS, (iv) Teana 9EC @ 1500 ml ha-1 spraying on 15 DAS and 45 DAS, (v) two hand weddings, and (vi) no weeding (control) were used in the experiment. Among the weed species, Bathua (Chenopdium album), Durba (Cynodon dactylon), Anguli (Digitaria sanguinalis), Helencha (Jussiaea repens), Hatishur (Heliotropium indicum), Shama (Echinochola crusgalli), Swetlomy (Gnaphalium japonicum), Mutha (Cyperus rotundus), Shaknote (Amaranthus viridis), Gaicha (Paspalum commersonii), Chapra (Eleusine indica), Bon Masur (Vicia sativa) were found dominant in wheat field. The result showed that the highest dry weight of weeds at 30 and 60 DAS were 12.24 and 24.12 gm-2 in control plot, whereas the lowest weed dry weight was observed in two hand weedings. The maximum weed control efficiency over control both at 30 and 60 DAS were 79.41 and 74.32%, respectively in the treatment with two hand weedings. The highest number of fruits plant-1, single fruit weight (g), fruit length (cm) and yield (t ha-1) was found in the treatment having two hand weedings and the lowest in no weeding (control). Though the weed control efficiency (WCE) was the highest in the treatment with two hand weedings due to higher labor cost but the maximum benefit cost ratio was the highest when Teana 9EC @ 1500 ml/ha was sprayed two times on 15 and 45 DAS. Introduction In crop production there are many causes of yield loss, of which weed is one of the most important one which also deteriorates the quality of crops (Hasanuzzaman et al., 2007). Weeds cause enormous losses to crops even more than other pests worldwide. Oerke and Dehne (1997) found that weeds cause around 33% of total crop loss in Asia and other countries. On an average, 37.3% of crop produce is damaged by weeds in Bangladesh (Karim et al., 1998) that valued approximately Tk. 59665.7 million (Karim, 2008). Production losses in Bangladesh due to weeds as 33.2% in food crops, 41.3% in cereals, 31.9% in pulses, 40.8% in oilseed crops, 34.2% in fibre crops and 40.3% in rice (Paul et al., 2015). Hossain et al. (2012a) reported that the eighteen different weed species of which ten majors were observed much more serious to the crop. 114 Paul et al. Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the most important, widely and round the year cultivated popular vegetable crop in Bangladesh. It grows well in winter season. But it can be grown in all seasons. Though it is grown well year round, but weed decreases the yield drastically. There are many factors responsible for low yield, of which weed reduces its yield if not properly controlled (Hasanuzzaman et al., 2008).Crop management practices play an important role in crop production of which weed control is an important task which involves a lot of production cost due to unavailability of human labor in the world as well as Bangladesh. As a result the alternate way to control weeds by the use of herbicide is gradually increased. The excess use of herbicide to control weeds is hazardous for health and causes environmental pollution. But lower doses cannot control the weeds properly. So, determination of optimum doses of herbicide is essential. The herbicides namely, Teana 9EC is a selective herbicide and effective for control of most broad leaf and sedge weeds in brinjal field. It is assumed that Teana 9EC may provide more effective, economic and easier solution for weed management in brinjal in comparison to manual weeding. Considering the above facts, the trial was undertaken to determine the optimum doses of herbicide (Teana 9EC) on weed control and subsequent growth and yield of brinjal. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy research field of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur during the period from November 2013 to May 2014. The land was medium high and the soil was clay loam in texture. Six treatments viz., (i) Teana 9EC @ 750 ml ha-1 spraying at 15 DAS (days after sowing) DAS and 45 DAS, (ii) Teana 9EC @ 1000 ml ha-1spraying at 15 DAS and 45 DAS, (iii) Teana 9EC @ 1250 ml ha-1spraying at 15 DAS and 45 DAS, (iv) Teana 9EC @ 1500 ml ha-1spraying at 15 DAS and 45 DAS, (v) Two hand weedings and (vi) No weeding were in the study. The unit plot size was 3m x 4m. The brinjal plant was transplanted on 26 November 2013. The brinjal field was fertilized with 80-60-40- 20 kg N- P2O5- K2O -S ha-1. Three irrigations were given at 21, 55 and 75 DAS. Brinjal (cv. BARI Begun 10) seedlings were transplanted maintaining 75cm x 60 cm spacing. Herbicides were sprayed with a Knapsack sprayer as per treatment and all other operations were done as and when required. Weed samples were collected at 30 and 60 DAS. Data on yield components were taken and analyzed statistically using MSTAT-C program. The Relative Density (RD) and weed control Efficiency (WEC) were calculated by the following formula. Relative Density (RD) = 100 of weeds no. Total species weedspecificof No Weed Control Efficiency (WEC) = 100 plot controlof wt.Dry plot specificof wt.Dry-plot controlof wt.Dry Results and Discussion Major weeds flora were found in the experiment plots i.e. Bathua (Chenopdium album), Durba (Cynodon dactylon), Anguli (Digitaria sanguinalis), Helencha (Jussiaea repens), Hatishur (Heliotropium indicum), Shama (Echinochola crus-galli), Swetlomy (Gnaphalium japonicum), Mutha (Cyperus rotundus), Shaknote (Amaranthus viridis), Gaicha (Paspalum commersonii), Chapra (Eleusine indica), Bon Masur (Vcia sativa) (Table 1). No. of weeds and relative density of 115 Optimization of Herbicide Teana 9EC Dose for Controlling Weeds in Brinjal weeds were found maximum from sps. shama in all treatments except two hand weeding where maximum from weed species helencha (Table 1). Table 1. Weed infestation in wheat field at 30 and 60 DAS during the 2013- 2014 Treatment Weeds species No. of weeds / m2 Relative Density (%) Local name Scientific name 30 DAS 60 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS T1= Teana 9EC @ 750 ml ha-1 spraying at 15 and 45 DAS Bathua Chenopdium album (L.) 2 6 2.74 5.77 Durba Cynodon dactylon 14 17 19.18 13.46 Anguli Digitariasa nguinalis 3 6 4.11 5.77 Helencha Jussiaea repens 3 7 4.11 6.73 Hatishur Heliotropium indicum 1 3 1.37 2.88 Shama Echinochola crus-galli 25 32 34.24 30.77 Bangchora 3 4 4.11 3.84 Swelomy Gnaphalium japonicum 0 1 0 0.96 Mutha Cyperus rotundus 3 7 4.11 6.73 Shaknote Amaranthus viridis 1 2 1.37 1.92 Gaicha Paspalum commersonii 2 1 2.74 0.96 Chapra Eleusine indica 16 18 21.92 17.31 Bon Masur Vicia sativa - 2 - 1.92 Total 73 104 100 100 T2 = Teana 9EC @ 1000 ml ha-1 spraying at 15 and 45 DAS Bathua Chenopdium album (L.) 1 2 2.13 2.78 Durba Cynodon dactylon 5 9 10.64 12.50 Anguli Digitaria sanguinalis 0 3 0 4.17 Helencha Jussiae arepens 6 12 12.76 16.67 Hatishur Heliotropium indicum 0 3 0 4.17 Shama Echinochola crus-galli 12 9 25.53 12.50 Bangchora 0 2 0 2.98 Swetlomy Gnaphaliumj aponicum 5 7 9.6 8.86 Mutha Cyperus rotundus 11 14 18.41 19.64 Shaknote Amaranthus viridis 3 7 5.38 9.92 Gaicha Paspalum comersonii 1 3 2.13 4.37 Chapra Eleusine indica 6 4 12.76 6.11 Bon Masur Vicia sativa 2 4 4.26 5.55 Total 52 79 100 100 T3 = Teana 9EC @ 1250 mlha-1spraying at 15 DAS and 45 DAS Bathua Chenopdium album (L.) 6 8 13.95 15.68 Durba Cynodon dactylon 5 6 11.65 11.76 Anguli Digitaria sanguinalis 2 3 4.65 5.89 Helencha Jussiae arepens 2 2 4.65 3.92 Hatishur Heliotropiu mindicum 2 3 4.65 5.89 Shama Echinochola crus-galli 10 8 23.25 15.68 Bangchora 4 7 9.30 13.72 Swetlomy Gnaphalium japonicum 1 2 2.27 3.84 Mutha Cyperus rotundus 2 3 4.65 5.89 Shaknote Amaranthus viridis 3 3 6.98 5.89 Gaicha Paspalum commersonii - 1 - 2.27 Chapra Eleusine indica 8 8 18.60 15.68 Bon Masur Vicia sativa 1 3 2.32 5.89 Total 45 54 100 100 T4 = Teana 9EC @ 1500 mlha-1spraying Bathua Chenopdium album (L.) 1 2 4.55 6.90 Durba Cynodon dactylon 1 3 4.55 10.34 116 Paul et al. Treatment Weeds species No. of weeds / m2 Relative Density (%) Local name Scientific name 30 DAS 60 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS at 15 DAS and 45 DAS Anguli Digitaria sanguinalis 1 3 4.55 10.34 Helencha Jussiaea repens 5 3 22.72 10.34 Hatishur Heliotropium indicum - 2 - 6.90 Shama Echinochola crus-galli 3 5 13.63 17.24 Bangchora 1 - 4.55 - Swetlomy Gnaphaliumj aponicum - 2 - 6.90 Mutha Cyperus rotundus 6 5 27.27 17.24 Shaknote Amaranthus viridis 4 - 18.18 - Gaicha Paspalum commersonii 2 - 6.90 - Chapra Eleusine indica - 5 - 17.24 Bon Masur Vicia sativa 1 2 4.55 6.90 Total 25 30 100 100 T5 = Two hand weeding Bathua Chenopdium album (L.) 1 3 3.57 9.67 Durba Cynodon dactylon 1 2 3.57 6.45 Anguli Digitaria sanguinalis 1 1 3.57 3.22 Helencha Jussiaea repens 11 8 39.29 25.82 Hatishur Heliotropium indicum 1 2 3.57 6.45 Shama Echinochola crus-galli - 1 - 3.22 Bangchora 4 3 14.29 9.68 Swetlomy Gnaphalium japonicum 1 2 3.57 6.45 Mutha Cyperus rotundus - 3 - 9.68 Shaknote Amaranthus viridis 4 - 14.29 - Gaicha Paspalum commersonii 1 - 3.57 - Chapra Eleusine indica 2 6 7.14 19.36 Bon Masur Vicia sativa 1 - 3.57 - Total 28 31 100 100 T6 = No weeding Bathua Chenopdium album (L.) 7 9 6.14 5.45 Durba Cynodon dactylon 7 9 6.14 6.36 Anguli Digitaria sanguinalis 10 15 8.77 14.55 Helencha Jussiaea repens 6 8 5.26 7.28 Hatishur Heliotropium indicum 4 8 3.51 6.36 Shama Echinochola crus-galli 31 26 27.19 22.73 Bangchora 14 2 12.29 1.81 Swetlomy Gnaphalium japonicum 1 2 0.88 1.81 Mutha Cyperus rotundus 8 12 7.01 10.91 Shaknote Amaranthus viridis 6 8 5.26 7.28 Gaicha Paspalum commersonii 2 2 1.75 0.91 Chapra Eleusine indica 12 10 10.54 10 Bon Masur Vicia sativa 6 8 5.26 6.36 Total 114 119 100 100 Dry weights of weeds were significantly influenced by different weeding methods (Table 2). The highest dry weight of weeds at 30 and 60 DAS were 12.24 and 24.12 gm-2 in control plot where lowest in two hand weedings. The maximum weed control efficiency over control both at 30 and 60 DAS were 79.41 and 74.32%, respectively in treatment two hand weedings. Though the weed control efficiency (WCE) was highest in two hand weedings but due to higher cost of labor, the maximum benefit cost ratio was highest in Teana 9EC @ 1500 ml ha-1 spraying at 15 and 45 DAS. Results were in agreement with Hossain et al. (2012a), Hossain et al. (2012b) and Islam (2014). 117 Optimization of Herbicide Teana 9EC Dose for Controlling Weeds in Brinjal Table 2. Dry weight and weed control Efficiency in brinjal field at 30 and 60 DAS as affected by different doses of Teana 9 EC Treatments At 30 DAS At 60 DAS Dry weight of weeds m-2 (g) Weed control Efficiency (%) Dry weight of weeds m-2 (g) Weed control Efficiency (%) T1 = Teana 9EC @ 750 ml ha-1spraying at 15 and 45 DAS 8.72 28.76 18.39 16.86 T2= Teana 9EC @ 1000 ml ha-1spraying at 15 and 45 DAS 5.64 53.92 12.24 44.66 T3 = Teana 9EC @ 1250 ml ha-1spraying at 15 and 45 DAS 3.12 74.51 7.76 64.91 T4 = Teana 9EC @ 1500 ml ha-1spraying at 15 and 45 DAS 2.88 76.47 6.57 70.29 T5 = Two hand weedings 2.52 79.41 5.68 74.32 T6 = No weeding 12.24 - 22.12 - The maximum number of fruits plant-1, single fruit weight (g), fruit length (cm), yield (t ha-1) was found in two hand weedings followed by T4 and T3 treatment and lowest in no weeding. There was trend to increase yield with the increase of herbicides dose upto 1250 ml ha-1 (Table 3). Hossain (2013) reported that due to improper weed management crop losses occur from 30- 80%. In cereals and vegetables, hand weeding and use of mechanical weeder are often used, but now a day’s use of herbicides are expanding quickly due to labour shortage and commercialization. Two hand weeding showed higher gross return but higher cost was involved in the treatment (Table 4). As a result higher gross return was incurred from treatment T4 with higher benefit cost ratio (1.26). So, sustainable weed management is very much effective for friendly-environment and biodiversity (control). Table 3. Fruit yield and yield contributing characters of brinjal as affected by different weed management practices Treatment Fruit plant-1 (no.) Single fruit weight (g) Fruit length (cm) Fruit yield (t ha-1) T1 = Teana 9EC @ 750 ml ha-1 spraying at 15 and 45 DAS 11.05 86.48 24.09 14.56 T2 = Teana 9EC @ 1000 ml ha- 1spraying at 15 and 45 DAS 14. 99 86.49 24.81 24.25 T3 = Teana 9EC @ 1250 ml ha-1 spraying at 15 and 45 DAS 16.85 86.88 24.92 27.52 T4 = Teana 9EC @ 1500 ml ha- 1spraying at 15 and 45 DAS 16.87 86.89 24.93 27.51 T5 = Two hand weedings 17.36 87.53 24.91 28.47 T6 = No weeding 5.85 86.11 24.65 8.31 LSD (0.05) 0.59 2.66 0.16 1.28 CV (%) 1.79 1.61 0.33 2.37 118 Paul et al. Table 4. Cost and Benefit analysis of brinjal as influenced by different weed control management practice Treatments Gross return (Tk. ha-1) Total cost (Tk. ha-1) Gross margin (Tk. ha-1) BCR T1 = Teana 9EC @ 750 ml ha- 1spraying at 15 and 45 DAS 107,000 92,300 14,700 1.16 T2= Teana 9EC @ 1000 ml ha- 1spraying at 15 and 45 DAS 111,000 92,500 18,500 1.20 T3 = Teana 9EC @ 1250 ml ha- 1spraying at 15 and 45 DAS 114,400 92,700 21,700 1.23 T4 = Teana 9EC @ 1500 ml ha-1 spraying at 15 and 45 DAS 116,600 92,900 23,700 1.26 T5 = Two hand weedings 118,300 95,000 23,300 1.24 T6 = No weeding 95,000 89,900 5,100 1.06 Conclusion From the above findings it may be concluded that Teana 9EC herbicide could be effectively control weeds of brinjal. Though the weed control efficiency (WCE) was the maximum in the treatment with two hand weedings but involved higher labor cost As such, the maximum benefit cost ratio was obtained from herbicides Teana 9EC @ 1500 ml/ha sprayed two times as on 15 and 45 DAS. References Hasanuzzaman, M., K. Nahar and M.R. Karim. 2007. Effectiveness of different weed control methods on the performance of transplanted rice. Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res. 13: 17-25. Hossain, M. S., M. M.Islam, A.T.M. M.Alam, I.Ahmed and M.J. Alam. 2012b. Species identification, density evaluation and green weight of weeds in Deshi jute (CorchoruscapsularisL.) growing areas of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Weed Sci. 3 (1&2): 47-52. Hossain, M. S., M. M.Islam, I. Ahmed, A.T.M.M.Alamand M.S. H. Bhuiyan. 2012a. Identification of species, density evaluation and green weight of weeds in Tossa jute (CorchorusolitoriusL.) growing areas of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Weed Sci. 3 (1&2): 19- 24. Hossain, S.T. 2013. Weed In Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges. (Key note paper), SOUVENIR, 4thConference of Weed Science Society of Bangladesh, Held on 03 May 2013 at Bangladesh Agril. Res. Council. pp. 22-28. http://www.ejournalofscience.org/Download_April14_pdf_4.php Islam, M. M. 2014. Research Advances of Jute Field Weeds in Bangladesh: A Review. ARPN J. Sci. Technol. 4(4): 254-268. Karim, S. M. R. 2008. Weeds and their impacts on biosecurity, environment and food security. Key note paper of 1st National Conference and Seminar on Weeds and Food Security, 8 November: 5-18. http://www.ejournalofscience.org/Archive_April_2014.php 119 Optimization of Herbicide Teana 9EC Dose for Controlling Weeds in Brinjal Karim, S.M.R., T.M.T. Iqbal and N. Islam.1998. Relative yields of crops and crop losses due to weed competition in Bangladesh. Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res. 41(6): 318-324. Oerke, E.C. and H.W. Dehne.1997. Global crop production and the efficiency of crop protection: current situations and future trends. European J. Plant Pathol. 103(3): 203-215. Paul, S.K., T.A.Mujahidi., M. H. Khan., S.K. Roy. and M.M. Rahman. 2015. Determination of the optimum doses of herbicide (Teana 9EC) to control weeds in wheat field. Bangladesh J. Weed Sci. 4 & 5:93-99.