Microsoft Word - 7. BAJ-226_Revised.docx Bangladesh Agron. J. 2016, 19(1): 49-57 INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR LIMING AND FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON YIELD OF CABBAGE AND CAULIFLOWER IN ACIDIC SOIL OF SYLHET M. I. Nazrul* and M. R. Shaheb On-Farm Research Division (OFRD), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Sylhet, Bangladesh *Corresponding authors: mi_nazrul@yahoo.com Key words: Acid soil, benefit cost ratio, cabbage, cauliflower, liming, dolomite Abstract An experiment was conducted at farming system research and development (FSRD) site, Jalalpur and multi location testing (MLT) sites, Moulvibazar and Zokigonj during 2013-2015 to study the effect of liming and fertilizers levels on the yield of cabbage and cauliflower in acidic soil of Sylhet. Trials were laid out in a factorial randomized block design with six dispersed replications. The treatments of fertilizer managements were M1: soil test based (STB) recommended fertilizer and M2: fertilizer dose practiced by the farmers (FP) and the level of limes were L1:0 t ha-1; L2: 1 t ha-1 and L3: 2 t ha-1. Results revealed that yields of cabbage and cauliflower responded significantly to fertilizer doses, levels of lime, and their combinations in all the locations. Soil test based fertilizer rate (M1-N201, P63, K65, S23, Zn0.5 for cabbage and M1-N157, P57, K116, S20, Zn0.5 Kg ha-1 for cauliflower) gave the maximum head and curd yields of cabbage and cauliflower, respectively. The levels of lime at the rate 2 t ha-1 (L3) provided the highest yields of cabbage and cauliflower in all locations. Dolomite lime @ 2 t ha-1 in combination with recommended fertilizer (M1L3) gave the highest yields and maximum economic returns of cabbage and cauliflower in all locations. However, it was identical with 1 t ha-1 of dolomite lime of similar dose of fertilizer nutrients. Therefore, application of lime at the rate 1 t ha-1 with STB recommended fertilizer management (M1) could be enough for profitable economic returns for cultivating cabbage and cauliflower in strongly acidic soil in Sylhet. Introduction Acidification of soils is an important challenge for some areas of Bangladesh because of their adverse effects on soil fertility, crop production and food security. At present more than 30 per cent lands of this country have acidity constraint for crop production which is either very strongly acidic (pH < 4.5), strongly acidic (pH 4.5-5.5) or slightly acidic (pH 5.5-6.5) (FRG, 2012). The Sylhet regions are mostly under the agro-ecological zone 20 (Eastern Surma Kushiyara Floodplain) and the soils of this region are strongly acidic. The climate of this region is suitable for potato, tomato, cabbage, aroids and other vegetable production (Nazrul and Shaheb. 2014; Nazrul et al., 2013a; Nazrul et al., 2013b; Shaheb et al., 2012; Sarker, et al., 2012). In addition, agriculture is the only economic activity of most small farmers in this region. But strong soil acidity is an important factor that adversely affecting crop production. Use of liming materials to correct the soil acidity is an important aspect of soil management practice. Thus, lime application improved crop yields by eliminating the production constraints and favoring the production factors related to nutrient availability (Shaheb et al., 2014; Rahman et al., 2013; Rahman et al., 2005). Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) are cole vegetables crops which are grown better in pH 6.0- 6.8 (Knott 1962), but Eastern Surma Kushiyara 50 Nazrul et al. Floodplain soil is non-calcareous grey which have low pH (<5) so, liming is needed to increase pH for better performance of the crops. Liming raises soil pH and reduces the toxic effect of Al, Fe and Mn and increases the availability of P, Mo, Ca, and Mg (Bodruzzaman, 2010; FRG, 2012). Several other reports (Mongia et al., 1998; Rahman et al., 2000; Rahman et al., 2002, and Rahman et al., 2004) also suggest that liming eliminated the toxic effect of aluminum and manganese and increased the availability of several plant nutrients, such as Ca, Mg, P, N, and Mo. Numerous researches have confirmed the positive impact of liming on yield of some crops (Rastija et al., 2010; Shaheb et al., 2014; Rahman et al., 2013; Rahman et al., 2005). At present, farmers in this area use agricultural lime or dolomite in different quantities to correct the soil acidity. But, initial high cost involvement in liming practice makes exploring the benefit of liming difficult for the marginal growers. The experiments were therefore, designed to find out the suitable levels of dolomite lime and fertilizer management options for better yield of cabbage and cauliflower in acidic soils under the AEZ 20 of Sylhet region. Materials and Methods An experiment was conducted under farmer’s fields located at FSRD site, Jalalpur and MLT sites, Moulvibazar and Zokigonj during 2013-2015 to study the effect of lime and fertilizer on the yield of cabbage and cauliflower in acidic soil of Sylhet. The study area lays 24070' N latitude and 91067' E longitude under the Surma‐Kusiyara Floodplain of Bangladesh. Before starting the experiment, initial soil samples were collected from each farmer’s field and analyzed in the laboratory of Soil Resource and Development Institute, Sylhet. Type of experimental soil is non-calcareous grey with low organic matter content (1.29%), low soil pH (4.2-5.1), very low total N (0.06%), low content of P (8.59µg/g soil), K (0.13meq/100g soil) and S (9.14 µg/g soil) where as Zn (1.22 µg/g soil) and B (0.48 µg/g soil) medium and optimum, respectively. Trials were laid out in a factorial randomized block design with six dispersed replications where 2 fertilizer managements levels were M1- soil test based (STB) recommended fertilizer and M2- Fertilizer dose practiced by the farmers (FP) and 3 level of limes viz., L1- 0 t ha-1, L2- 1 t ha-1 and L3- 2 t ha-1 as treatment variables. The dolomite lime (CaO = 30 %, MgO = 22% and CO2= 48%) was applied 15-20 days before planting with spread method on the top of the soil and then incorporate with the soil depth at 25 cm by plough. The crops wise fertilizers nutrients N P K S Zn (cabbage - M1: 201-63-65- 23-0.5, M2: 220-70-70-40-0 and cauliflower - M1: 157-57-116-20-0.5, M2: 170-43-136-0-0 Kg ha-1) were calculated as per the initial nutrient status of the experimental soil and average fertilizer doses practiced by 25 farmers. Fertilizers were applied in the form of Urea, TSP, MoP, Gypsum and Zinc sulphate, respectively. Half of urea and all other fertilizers were applied and mixed with soil at the time of final land preparation. Rest urea was top dressed at 25 days after transplanting. Seedlings of cabbage (var. Atlas-70) and cauliflower (var. Canditcharm) at the age of 30 days were planted on a plot size of 5 m x 4 m with plant spacing of 60 cm x 40 cm. The crops were harvested 80-95 days after planting (DAP). Twice irrigations one of each at 25 days interval from the transplant of seedlings; one weeding at 20 DAP; two sprayings of secure fungicide @ 1.5mL-1 of water for controlling blight of crops. All intercultural operations were done as when necessary. The head and curd yield of cabbage and cauliflower were recorded from 10 randomly selected plants from each plot and yield of crops were recorded from whole plot basis at harvest. The recorded data were statistically analyzed and mean values were separated by least significant difference test (LSD). All types of variable costs of production were recorded and cost-benefit analysis was carried out (Heady and Dhillon, 1988). 51 Integrated Approach For Liming And Fertilizer Application On Yield Of Cabbage And Cauliflower Results and Discussions Location: Jalalpur Head yield of cabbage: Results revealed that significant response was found on fertilizer management and application of lime and their interactions on the head and curd yields of cabbage and cauliflower respectively. The average maximum head yield of cabbage (65.01 t ha-1) was recorded in soil test based (STB) (M1) compared to fertilizer dose of the farmers (M2). the maximum head yield (66.22 t ha-1) of cabbage was found in 2 t ha-1 of dolomite (L3) that was followed by 1 t ha-1 (L2) of dolomite lime. Khandakhar et al., (2004) also reported that @2 t ha-1 of Ca (OH)2 along with 100 kg K ha-1 is recommended for potato cultivation under strongly acidic soil. whole non-liming treatment produced the lowest yield (56.04 t ha-1) of cabbage. The results revealed that combined effect of STB and 2 t ha-1 of dolomite lime (M1L3) provided the maximum average head yield of cabbage (70.90 tha-1) that was statistically followed by M1L2 with yield of 66.49 t ha-1(Table 1). Table 1. Effect of fertilizer management and levels of liming on the head and curd yield of cabbage and cauliflowerat Jalalpur, Sylhet (2013-2015) Head yield (t ha-1) Curd yield (t ha-1) Treatments 2013-2014 2014-2015 Average 2013-2014 2014-2015 Average A. Fertilizer management M1 67.71 62.30 65.01 44.39 60.40 52.4 M2 62.24 54.69 58.47 43.88 49.08 46.48 CV (%) 2.53 8.87 5.70 4.33 12.97 8.65 B. Level of liming L1 58.46 53.61 56.04 40.90 53.93 47.42 L2 67.16 58.75 62.96 43.59 53.71 48.65 L3 69.31 63.12 66.22 47.92 56.57 52.25 CV (%) 2.53 8.87 5.7 4.33 12.97 8.65 LSD (0.05) 2.48 7.82 5.15 5.81 NS 5.81 Fertilizer management × Level of liming M1L1 59.55 55.67 57.61 40.25 59.26 49.76 M1L2 70.50 62.48 66.49 43.25 58.32 50.79 M1L3 73.07 68.73 70.9 49.66 63.61 56.64 M2L1 57.37 51.55 54.46 41.55 48.61 45.08 M2L2 63.83 55.02 59.43 43.93 49.10 46.52 M2L3 65.54 57.50 61.52 46.17 49.52 47.85 CV (%) 2.53 8.87 5.7 4.33 12.97 8.65 LSD (0.05) 2.48 7.82 5.15 2.88 10.70 6.79 M1: Soil test based (STB) recommended fertilizer and M2: Fertilizer dose practiced by farmers (FP) and Level of limes L1: 0 t ha-1, L2: 1 t ha-1 and L3: 2 t ha-1 Curd yield of cauliflower: The STB fertilizer dose (M1) provided higher curd yield of cauliflower (52.40 tha-1) as compared to yield of the farmers (M2). Considering the application of lime doses, the highest average curd yield (52.25 t ha-1) of cauliflower was found in 2 t ha-1 of dolomite lime (L3) that was followed by L2 (48.65 t ha-1). But, the lowest 52 Nazrul et al. yield (47.42 t ha-1) was observed in L1 (zero liming). Application of dolomite could increase soil pH from 4.9 to 5.4 with increase Ca and Mg stock in the soil (Oliveira et al., 2003; Thompson and Kelly 1957). The situation made cauliflower to perform good vegetative growth because it is sensitive on pH level and high dose of Mg reported by Thompson and Kelly (1957). The combined application of STBand 2 t ha-1 of dolomite lime (M1L3) gave the maximum curd yield of cauliflower (56.64 t ha-1) which was statistically identical to M1L2 (50.79 t ha-1). However, the lowest curd yield (45.08 t ha-1) of cauliflower was produced by the treatment combination of M2L1 (Table 1). Cost and return analysis: The gross return, total cost and net return of different combinations are presented in Table 2. From the cost benefit analysis, it was exhibited that maximum gross return (Tk. 567200 and Tk. 566400 ha-1) and net return (Tk. 385777 and Tk. 401067 ha-1) was obtained from the combination of M1L3 for cabbage and cauliflower, respectively. The lowest values of the same economic parameters were observed in combination of M2L1 (Table 2). The economic analysis also revealed that the highest values (3.13 and 3.43) of benefit cost ratio (BCR) were obtained in case of both vegetables under the same treatment (M1L3). Table 2. Cost and return analysis of fertilizer management with levels of limes on the yield of cabbage and cauliflower at Jalalpur in Sylhet (2013-2015) Cabbage Cauliflower Treatments GR (Tk.ha-1) TC (Tk.ha-1) ( GM (Tk.ha-1) BCR GR (Tk.ha-1) TC (Tk.ha-1) GM (Tk.ha-1) BCR M1L1 460880 172123 288757 2.68 497600 156033 341567 3.19 M1L2 531920 177023 354897 3.00 507900 160933 346967 3.16 M1L3 567200 181423 385777 3.13 566400 165333 401067 3.43 M2L1 435680 166268 269412 2.62 450800 153638 297162 2.93 M2L2 475440 171168 304272 2.78 465200 158538 306662 2.93 M2L3 492160 175568 316592 2.80 478500 162938 315562 2.94 GR: Gross return (Tk.ha-1), TC: Total cost (Tk.ha-1) and GR: Gross margin (Tk.ha-1) Price of input and output (Tk.Kg-1): Dolomite lime- 5.00, Urea-20.00, TSP-22.00, MoP-15.00, Cowdung-1.00, Cabbage-8.00, Cauliflower-10.00 Location: Zokigonj It was observed that the doses of fertilizer management and dolomite levels and their interactions on the head and curd yield of cabbage and cauliflower were influenced significantly.(Table 3). Head yield of cabbage: The average head yield (66.58 t ha-1) of cabbage with STB fertilizer dose t was higher than cabbage fertilized with farmer’s practices. Among the dolomite levels, 2 tha-1 (L3) contributed the maximum head yield (68.05 t ha-1) of cabbage which was statistically identical to 1 t ha-1 (L2) of dolomite. Non liming treatment (L1) produced the lowest average head yield of cabbage (60.84 t ha-1). It was found that combination of STB recommended fertilizer management and 2 t ha-1 of dolomite limes (M1L3) gave the maximum head yield of cabbage (71.25 tha-1) that was statistically followed by M1L2 with yield of 65.92 t ha-1.It was reported that liming material increases the cation exchange 53 Integrated Approach For Liming And Fertilizer Application On Yield Of Cabbage And Cauliflower capacity of soil and also increase nutrient content such as P and K (Kisic et al., 2004b). It was assumed that application of dolomite lime increase soil pH; which helps to improve nutrients for the vegetables resulted increased the growth and yield of cabbage. Curd yield of cauliflower: The average higher curd yield of cauliflower (49.42 t ha-1) was recorded in STB recommended fertilizer (M1) compared to farmers practice (M2). On the contrary, significantly higher curd yield (50.83 t ha-1) of cauliflower was produced by L3 compared to L2 and without lime. Results of combined application of STB recommended fertilizer management and 2 t ha-1 of dolomite showed that the highest curd yield of cauliflower (54.90 t ha-1) was recorded that was statistically followed by M1L2 (47.93 t ha-1). However, the treatment combination (M2L1) was provided the lowest curd yield (40.69 t ha-1) of cauliflower (Table 3). Table 3. Effect of fertilizer management and level of liming on the head and curd yield of cabbage and cauliflower, respectively at Zokigonj in acidic soil of Sylhet (2013- 2015) Head yield Curd yield Treatment s 2013-2014 2014-2015 Average 2013-2014 2014-2015 Average A. Fertilizer management M1 63.72 69.44 66.58 50.03 48.81 49.42 M2 60.61 62.44 61.525 43.64 43.14 43.39 CV (%) 1.80 8.24 5.02 8.91 2.67 5.79 B. Level of liming L1 60.00 61.67 60.84 43.90 42.22 43.06 L2 62.58 64.00 63.29 46.33 44.33 45.33 L3 63.92 72.17 68.05 50.28 51.38 50.83 CV (%) 1.80 8.24 5.02 8.91 2.67 5.79 LSD (0.05%) NS 9.89 9.89 NS 2.23 2.23 Fertilizer management × Level of liming M1L1 61.17 64.00 62.59 46.43 44.43 45.43 M1L2 63.50 68.33 65.92 49.33 46.53 47.93 M1L3 66.50 76.00 71.25 54.33 55.47 54.90 M2L1 58.83 59.33 59.08 41.37 40.00 40.69 M2L2 61.67 59.67 60.67 43.33 42.13 42.73 M2L3 61.33 68.33 64.83 46.23 47.30 46.77 CV (%) 1.80 8.24 5.02 8.91 2.67 5.79 LSD (0.05%) 2.04 9.89 5.965 7.59 2.23 4.91 M1: Soil test based (STB) recommended fertilizer and M2: Fertilizer dose practiced by farmers (FP) and Level of limes L1: 0 t ha-1, L2: 1 t ha-1 and L3: 2 t ha-1 Cost and return analysis : Dolomite, 2 t ha-1 with fertilizer nutrients N201, P63, K65, S23, Zn0.5 and N157, P57, K116, S20, Zn0.5 Kg ha-1 was contributed the highest net returns (Tk. 426577 and Tk. 383667 ha-1) from cabbage and cauluflower, respectively (Table 4). Fertilizer package practiced by the farmers without lime application provided lowest economic profit of both vegetables. 54 Nazrul et al. Table 4. Cost and return analysis of fertilizer management with levels of limes on the yield of cabbage and cauliflower at Zokigonj, Sylhet (2013-2015) Cabbage Cauliflower Treatments GR (Tk.ha-1) TC (Tk.ha-1) GM (Tk.ha-1) BCR GR (Tk.ha-1) TC (Tk.ha-1) GM (Tk.ha-1) BCR M1L1 500720 172123 328597 2.91 454300 156033 298267 2.91 M1L2 527360 177023 350337 2.98 479300 160933 318367 2.98 M1L3 570000 181423 388577 3.14 549000 165333 383667 3.32 M2L1 472640 166268 306372 2.84 406900 153638 253262 2.65 M2L2 485360 171168 314192 2.84 427300 158538 268762 2.70 M2L3 518640 175568 343072 2.95 467700 162938 304762 2.87 GR: Gross return (Tk.ha-1), TC: Total cost (Tk.ha-1) and GM: Gross margin (Tk.ha-1) Price of input and output (Tk.Kg-1): Dolomite lime- 5.00, Urea-20.00, TSP-22.00, MoP-15.00, Cowdung-1.00, Cabbage-8.00, Cauliflower-10.00 Location: Moulvibazar Head yield of cabbage: Fertilizer application affected head yield of cabbage where maximum head yield (62.89 t ha-1) was produced by STB fertilizer management (M1) compared to farmers dose (M2). The head yield of cabbage was increased by increasing the rates of limewhere 2 tha-1 produced higher yield than the other rate of lime and no liming. The STB recommended fertilizer management with 2 t ha-1 of dolomite lime (M1L3) produced maximum head yield (65.49 t ha-1) that was followed by M1L2 (64.88 t ha-1), while the lowest head yield (51.59 t ha- 1) was gained in the treatment combination of M2L1 (Table 5). Sultana et al., (2009) reported that the grain yield of wheat was increased due to application of 2.0 t ha-1 lime at low soil pH (> 6.0). Curd yield of cauliflower: It was observed that the effect of fertilizer management on the curd yield of cauliflower was significant. The higher curd yield (45.31t ha-1) was recorded in STB recommended fertilizer management (M1) compared to farmers dose (M2) (39.33 tha-1) although yields were non-significant. The level of dolomite, 2 t ha-1 (L3) gave the maximum curd yield (45.67 t ha-1) which was statistically followed by 1 t ha-1 (L2) of dolomite lime. On the contrary, the lowest curd yield (39.57 t ha-1) of cauliflower was observed in without lime (L1).The interacxtion result showed that the maximum average curd yield (48.88 t ha-1) was recorded in M1L3 that was statistically followed by M1L2 (44.56 t ha-1)while lowest yield (36.66 t ha-1) from farmers practice without dolomite.(Table 5). Table 5. Effect of fertilizer management and level of liming on the head and curd yield of cabbage and cauliflower, respectively at Moulvibazar in acidic soil of Sylhet (2013- 2015) Head yield Curd yield Treatment s 2013-2014 2014-2015 Average 2013-2014 2014-2015 Average A. Fertilizer management 55 Integrated Approach For Liming And Fertilizer Application On Yield Of Cabbage And Cauliflower M1 66.16 59.62 62.89 50.00 40.61 45.31 M2 57.52 53.70 55.61 46.40 32.25 39.33 CV (%) 6.48 3.34 4.91 5.85 8.73 7.29 B. Level of liming L1 56.31 53.57 54.94 45.38 33.75 39.57 L2 65.13 56.17 60.65 47.67 35.77 41.72 L3 64.07 60.23 62.15 51.55 39.76 45.67 CV (%) 6.48 3.34 4.91 5.85 8.73 7.29 LSD (0.05%) 7.29 3.45 5.37 NS NS NS Fertilizer management × Level of liming M1L1 59.81 56.78 58.30 46.45 38.47 42.46 M1L2 60.27 59.48 59.88 49.43 39.69 44.56 M1L3 68.38 62.59 65.49 54.10 43.65 48.88 M2L1 52.81 50.37 51.59 44.30 29.02 36.66 M2L2 59.98 52.85 56.42 45.90 31.85 38.88 M2L3 59.76 57.87 58.82 49.00 35.87 42.44 CV (%) 6.48 3.34 4.91 5.85 8.73 7.29 LSD (0.05%) 7.29 3.45 5.37 5.13 5.78 5.455 M1: Soil test based (STB) recommended fertilizer and M2: Fertilizer dose practiced by farmers (FP) and Level of limes L1: 0 t ha-1, L2: 1 t ha-1 and L3: 2 t ha-1 Cost and return analysis : The cost benefit analysis exhibited that maximum gross return (Tk. 523920 and Tk. 488800 ha-1) and net return (Tk. 342497 and Tk. 323467 ha-1) was obtained from the treatment combination of STB recommended fertilizer management with dolomite 2 t ha-1 (M1L3) with higher benefit cost ratios (2.89 and 2.96) for cabbage and cauliflower, respectively. However, the treatment combinations without lime (M1L1, M2L1) contribute lower economic returns (Table 6). Table 6. Cost and return analysis of fertilizer management with levels of lime on the cultivation of cabbage and cauliflower at Moulvibazar, Sylhet (2013-2015) Cabbage Cauliflower Treatments GR (Tk.ha-1) TC (Tk.ha-1) GM (Tk.ha-1) BCR GR (Tk.ha-1) TC (Tk.ha-1) ( GM (Tk.ha-1) BCR M1L1 466400 172123 294277 2.71 424600 156033 268567 2.72 M1L2 519040 177023 342017 2.93 445600 160933 284667 2.77 M1L3 523920 181423 342497 2.89 488800 165333 323467 2.96 M2L1 412720 166268 246452 2.48 366600 153638 212962 2.39 M2L2 435360 171168 264192 2.54 388800 158538 230262 2.45 M2L3 470560 175568 294992 2.68 424400 162938 261462 2.60 GR: Gross return (Tk.ha-1), TC: Total cost (Tk.ha-1) and GM: Gross margin(Tk.ha-1) Price of input and output (Tk.Kg-1): Dolomite lime- 5.00, Urea-20.00, TSP-22.00, MoP-15.00, Cowdung-1.00, Cabbage-8.00, Cauliflower-10.00 Conclusion The results revealed that the maximum head yield of cabbage and curd yield of cauliflower was obtained with the application of STB recommended fertilizer (N201, P63, K65, S23, Zn0.5 for cabbage and N157, P57, K116, S20, Zn0.5 Kg ha-1 for cauliflower). 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