Microsoft Word - 9 Bangladesh Agron. J. 2017, 20(2): 81-86 PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE OF OF OF OF SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATIONSYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATIONSYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATIONSYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION WITH WITH WITH WITH CONVENTIONAL METHOD OF RICE CULTIVATIONCONVENTIONAL METHOD OF RICE CULTIVATIONCONVENTIONAL METHOD OF RICE CULTIVATIONCONVENTIONAL METHOD OF RICE CULTIVATION A. P. Mondol, P. K. BiswasA. P. Mondol, P. K. BiswasA. P. Mondol, P. K. BiswasA. P. Mondol, P. K. Biswas**** and M. S. Islamand M. S. Islamand M. S. Islamand M. S. Islam Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka- 1207 *Corresponding author, E-mail: parimalbiswas@hotmail.com (Received:Received:Received:Received: 20 June 2017, Accepted: Accepted: Accepted: Accepted: 23 August 2017) Key words: Key words: Key words: Key words: SRI, Conventional method, Boro season, Rice varieties AbstractAbstractAbstractAbstract A field experiment was conducted in Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University research field of Bangladesh during December 2012 to May 2013. This experiment was tested for two planting method consisting CM planting method (P1) and System of Rice Intensification (SRI) planting method (P2) against five rice (Oryza sativa) varieties named BR 16 (V1), BRRI dhan29 (V2), BRRI dhan50 (V3), BRRI hybrid dhan2 (V4) and Heera 4 (V5). The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three replications. All yield parameters showed the highest for SRI with higher effective tillers hill-1 (41.13), longer panicle (28.15 cm), higher total grains panicle-1 (216.89), number of filled grains panicle-1 (166.82) as a result 10.17and 12.5% higher grain yield and straw yield, respectively were observed in SRI than the conventional method. IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction Most of the Asian countries accept rice as their staple food. Asian countries cover near about 75% of the world’s rice supply (Cabangon et al., 2002). SRI is a rice cultivation method developed in Madagascar which increase rice productivity with reducing the external inputs like fertilizers and herbicides (Thakur et al., 2009 and Vermeule, 2009). Sustainable rice production would be possible by increasing yields on the same piece of land reducing the input like water, chemicals, fertilizers and labor (Bouman et al., 2005; Mati and Nyamai, 2009). SRI consists of some principles including transplanting of younger seedlings (< 15 days) at wider spacing in square grid pattern, only one seedling hill-1, water management with alternate wetting and drying, mechanical weeding and use of organic compost fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer (Stoop et al., 2002). Use of younger seedlings, wider spacing and a single seedling hill-1 facilitate the utilization of the resource to develop stronger individual plants in the rice field.Younger seedling in transplantation provide a longer vegetative growth period and single seedling reduce the competition and help to minimize the shading effect of lower leaves, as such lower leaves remain photosynthetically active for longer time and root activity remain higher for longer period as the supply of oxygen and carbohydrate to the root is increased (Horie et al., 2005). Supply of Cytokinin to the lower leaves increase due to higher root activity, delay the senescence and help to maintain photosynthetic efficiency at the letter stage that result higher yield compared to CM (San-oh et al., 2006). But as AWD is practiced in SRI, it enhanced the supply of oxygen to the root zone that reducing the arenchyma and causing stronger, healthier root system to maximize the nutrient uptake (Stoop et al., 2002). Besides, the number of productive tiller is higher in SRI (217%) over the CM (Krishna et al., 2008). As such, the experiment was conducted to find out the proper method of sowing of rice in SRI and compare to conventional method 82 Mondol et al. Materials Materials Materials Materials aaaand Methodsnd Methodsnd Methodsnd Methods This experiment was conducted at the Agronomy field of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207 with three inbreed rice varieties viz., BR16, BRRI dhan29, BRRI dhan50 and two hybrid var. BRRI hybrid dhan4 and Heera4 in two planting system(SRI and CM). The experiment was accomplished in a split-plot design with three replications. A 34 day old seedlings were transplanted maintaining spacing 25 cm × 15 cm in CM with two seedlings hill-1, where for SRI, 16 day old seedlings with one seedlings hill-1. The unit plot size was 5m × 2.4m maintaining 30 cm × 30 cm spacing. Two hand weddings were done for conventional plots, first at 16 days after transplanting followed by second at 15 days after first weeding. In SRI plots, two hand rakings were done after hair line crack developed in the plots. In SRI plots, Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) was practiced and in conventional plots continues flood irrigation was applied as per need of plants. The 46 % N containing urea was top-dressed in three equal installments at the rate of 260 kg ha-1 and 266 kg ha-1 for inbreed and hybrid, respectively. The first one after seedling recovery, second at vegetation stage and another at 7 days before panicle initiation. Triple super phosphate (TSP), muriate of potash (MoP), gypsum and zinc sulphate, (100, 120, 110 and 10 kg ha-1 ) for the inbreed varieties and 125, 120, 110, 15 kg ha-1 for the hybrid was applied as basal. All other intercultural operations were done as and when necessary. Plants were infested with rice stem borer (Scirphophaga incertolus) and leaf hopper (Nephotettix nigropictus) to some extent which were successfully controlled by applying Diazinone @ 10 ml/10 liter of water for 5 decimal lands and by Furadan 5 G at the rate of 10 kg/ha. The grains were cleaned and sun dried to a moisture content of 14%. Straw was also sun dried properly. The collected data were analyzed by using MSTAT-C package and the mean differences were adjusted by LSD test. Results Results Results Results aaaand Discussionnd Discussionnd Discussionnd Discussion Number of effective and ineffective tillers hillNumber of effective and ineffective tillers hillNumber of effective and ineffective tillers hillNumber of effective and ineffective tillers hill----1111 The highest number of effective tillers hill-1 was produced in the planting method of SRI than the conventional method (Table 1) which was 250.04% higher than conventional method. Among the variety, highest no. of effective tiller/plant was obtained from BR16 (V1 ). In interaction showed that the variety BR16 with SRI gave highest tillers / plant than th other treatment. Krishna et al. (2008) was also found 217% higher number of effective tillers in SRI than CM. These might be due to use of tinny seedlings, wider spacing and efficient use of nutrients from the soil as the root system was well developed in SRI. Thakur et al. (2011) reported 38.5% increases in root length of SRI over CM. Wider spacing offered less interplant completion for resources. On the other hand, in SRI seedlings are transplanted at two leaves stage (at third phyllochron), first tillering start at the fourth phyllochron (Katayama,1951) that covers 40% of total tillering and get a chance of profuse tillering. As in CM transplanting is done after third phyllochron lead to a bigger loss in total tillers. Ginigaddara and Ranamukhaarachchi (2011) also supported that younger seedlings had ability to produce higher number of tillers hill-1 than older one. Number of ineffective tillers hill-1 was higher in SRI than the CM. This might be due to higher number of tertiary tillers in SRI and most of the tertiary tillers inactive for production. 83 Performance of System of Rice Intensification with Conventional Method Panicle lengthPanicle lengthPanicle lengthPanicle length SRI produced significantly longer panicle (28.15 cm) than the CM (25.77 cm). Panicle was 9.25% longer in SRI than the conventional system (Table 1). The V2 produced the longest panicle in SRI (30.53 cm) that was followed by V5 (29.12 cm) in SRI while V3 (23.52 cm) produced the shortest panicle in CM (Table 1). Among the interactions, P2V2 produced the longest panicle but all the five varieties produced longer panicle in SRI than CM. Biswas et al. (2013); Thakur et al. (2011) and Latif et al. (2005) also revealed the similar findings of higher panicle length in SRI. Longer panicle of SRI might be due to higher dry matter accumulation in the plant, higher photosynthetic rate and better utilization of the nutrients. Integration of limited irrigation and mechanical weeding in SRI, increase the aeration by dissolving oxygen from the irrigation water enhancing the root: shoot ratio (Uphoff and Randriamiharisoa, 2002). Total number of grains panicleTotal number of grains panicleTotal number of grains panicleTotal number of grains panicle----1111 The higher number of grains panicle-1 was produced in the planting method of SRI (216.89) than the CM (172.58). Which was 25.67% higher in SRI (Table 1). Each of the five varieties, V1, V2, V3, V4 and V5 produced 17.19, 25.63, 37.31, 22.24 and 26.25% higher grains panicle-1 in SRI than CM (Table 1). Thakur et al. (2011) also agreed that SRI produced higher number of total grains panicle-1 than standard management practice. Bozorgi et al. (2011) suggested that wider spacing gave maximum number of grains panicle-1. Filled grains panicleFilled grains panicleFilled grains panicleFilled grains panicle----1111 SRI (166.82) produced significantly higher number of filled grains panicle-1 than the CM (124.41) (Table 1) which was 34.09% higher in SRI than the CM. Maximum number of filled grains panicle-1 were produced by V5 (186.37) that was statistically similar with V2 (166.80), V3 (172.23) and V4 (182.97) in SRI planting system followed by V2 (157.70) and V5 (133.77) in CM and minimum number of grains panicle-1 by V3 (92.37) in CM. These result reveled that SRI produced higher filled grains panicle-1 than CM in respect of variety. Higher number of filled grins panice-1 in SRI might be due to maximum utilization of solar radiation, availability of nutrients on the root zone and better uptake of nutrients by the developed root system and long lasting lower leaves of each of the hill as photosynthetically active. Ali et al. (2013) observed higher number of filled grain panicle-1 from 15 day old seedling with intermittent irrigation, which was two important principle of SRI, than 30 day old seedling with continuous flooded plot. Thakur et al. (2011) also obtained the similar result of filled grain panicle-1 in SRI. Weight of 1000Weight of 1000Weight of 1000Weight of 1000---- grainsgrainsgrainsgrains The higher weight of 1000-grains (25.60 g) was obtained from CM and lower (24.13 g) from SRI (Table 1). The V5 produced maximum 1000- grains weight in CM that was followed by V5 (29.24 g) in SRI and V4 (28.64 g) in CM. Minimum 1000- grains weight was recorded for V3 (19.83 g) in CM that was statistically similar with V2 (20.67 g) and V3 (19.69 g) in SRI (Table 1). Mannan et al. (2009) also opined that heavier grain weight was found in early planted crop and grain weight decreased with the delayed transplanting. Grain yieldGrain yieldGrain yieldGrain yield SRI produced significantly higher (10.17%) yield (9.10 t ha-1) than CM (8.26 t ha-1) (Table 1). The V1, V2, V3, V4 and V5 produced 14.29, 8.31, 8.57, 10.22 and 9.70% higher grain yield in SRI than the CM with the respective varieties (Table 1). In SRI, plant received longer growth duration as it was transplanted in very tiny stage whereas in CM transplanted in old aged with shorter time. Due to longer vegetative growth, tiller production was higher in SRI than CM that 84 Mondol et al. ultimately leads to lower yield in CM. On the other hand, number of effective tillers hill-1, panicle length, number of total grains panicle-1, number of filled grains panicle-1 was higher in SRI than CM which might be the reason of higher yield in SRI. Ginigaddara and Ranamukhaarachchi (2011) assured that the transplanting with younger seedlings in water saving rice production system produced more effective tillers hill-1, filled grains plant-1, panicle length compared to CM. Suganthi et al. (2003) suggested that delayed transplanting significantly reduced the number of productive tiller which reduced the grain yield. Better yielding performance of SRI might be due to higher net photosynthetic rate of the fully expanded leaves at mid-tillering and improved utilization of photosynthates in the grain-filling stage (Song et al., 2013). Krishna et al. (2008) also observed that SRI produced 15.65% higher grain yield over traditional method. Straw yieldStraw yieldStraw yieldStraw yield Higher straw yield was produced in the planting method of SRI (9.48 tha-1) than conventional method (8.85 tha-1) (Table 1). The 12.19% higher straw yield was produced in SRI than conventional method. Among the interaction, V4 (10.02 t ha -1) produced maximum straw yield in SRI that was statistically similar for V2 in SRI (9.80 t ha -1) and CM (9.53 t ha-1) followed by V5 (9.36 t ha -1) in SRI. The minimum straw yield was produced in CM by V3 (8.38 t ha -1) which was statistically similar for V1 (8.64 t ha -1), V4 (8.83 t ha -1) and V5 (8.85 t ha -1) in CM. The higher straw yield might be due to higher amount of biomass production in extended vegetative growth period than the late transplanting in CM (Mannan et al., 2009). Das (2003) found 39 and 12% higher straw yield in SRI compared to the field practice. Table 1. Effect of planting method on yield contributing character of inbred and hybrid rice Treatments Effective tillers (no. hill-1) Ineffective tillers (no. hill-1) Panicle length (cm) Total grains panicle-1 (no.) Filled grains panicle-1 (no.) Unfilled grains panicle- 1 (no.) 1000- grains weight (g) Grain yield (t ha-1) Straw yield (t ha-1) P1 11.75b 4.33b 25.77b 172.58b 124.41b 48.17 25.60a 8.26b 8.85b P2 41.13a 11.60a 28.15a 216.89a 166.82a 50.07 24.13b 9.10a 9.48a LSD (0.05) 2.267 5.359 0.4 15.98 9.751 ns 0.889 0.619 0.25 V1 33.43a 6.67b 26.38 b 163.60c 123.30c 40.25b 25.97b 8.10d 8.87c V2 27.77c 4.17b 29.05a 229.40a 162.25a 67.10a 21.42c 8.64abc 9.67a V3 30.13b 6.00b 25.24c 173.00bc 132.30bc 40.70b 19.76d 8.52bc 8.75c V4 22.57d 7.83b 25.94bc 189.20b 150.17ab 39.05b 27.25b 9.16a 9.42ab V5 18.30e 15.17a 28.20a 218.60a 160.07a 58.48a 29.91a 8.97ab 9.11bc LSD (0.05) 2.169 4.897 0.8783 18.99 18.546 11.794 1.303 0.41 0.4596 P1V1 14.40e 3.67cd 25.72e 150.60ef 120.87d 29.73c 26.77c 7.56f 8.64ef P1V2 11.67ef 0.67d 27.57c 203.30c 157.70bc 45.60b 22.16d 8.30de 9.53abc P1V3 14.33e 8.00bc 23.52f 145.80f 92.37e 53.47b 19.83e 8.17e 8.38f P1V4 9.47f 3.67cd 24.77e 170.10ef 117.37de 52.73b 28.64b 8.71cde 8.83def P1V5 8.87f 5.67bcd 27.27c 193.10d 133.77cd 59.30b 30.58a 8.56cde 8.85def P2V1 52.47a 9.67bc 27.04c 176.50d 125.73d 50.77b 25.17c 8.64cde 9.10cde P2V2 43.87b 7.67bc 30.53a 255.40a 166.80ab 88.60a 20.67e 8.99bc 9.80ab P2V3 45.93b 4.00cd 26.96d 200.20c 172.23ab 27.93c 19.69e 8.87bcd 9.12cde P2V4 35.67c 12.00b 27.11c 208.30b 182.97ab 25.37c 25.86c 9.60a 10.02a P2V5 27.73d 24.67a 29.12b 244.00 a 186.37a 57.67b 29.24b 9.39ab 9.36bcd LSD (0.05) 3.067 6.925 1.242 26.85 26.228 16.679 1.861 0.58 0.65 P1 = Conventional method, P2 = SRI, V1 = BR 16, V2 = BRRI dhan29, V3 = BRRI dhan50, V4 = BRRI hybrid dhan2, and V5 = Heera 4 85 Performance of System of Rice Intensification with Conventional Method ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion The present study showed that rice cultivation adopting SRI (single seedling hill-1 and wide spacing) produced 10.17 % higher yield over the conventional method. 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