Microsoft Word - 14 Bangladesh Agron. J. 2017, 20(2): 123-133 EFFECT OF FERTILIZER AND MANURE ON THE MOVEMENT OFEFFECT OF FERTILIZER AND MANURE ON THE MOVEMENT OFEFFECT OF FERTILIZER AND MANURE ON THE MOVEMENT OFEFFECT OF FERTILIZER AND MANURE ON THE MOVEMENT OF NPKS IN NPKS IN NPKS IN NPKS IN RICE RICE RICE RICE SOILSOILSOILSOILSSSS OFOFOFOF MADHUPUR TRACT AND MEGHNAMADHUPUR TRACT AND MEGHNAMADHUPUR TRACT AND MEGHNAMADHUPUR TRACT AND MEGHNA RIVER FLOODPLAINRIVER FLOODPLAINRIVER FLOODPLAINRIVER FLOODPLAIN M. A. KhanM. A. KhanM. A. KhanM. A. Khan1111****, M. A. Islam, M. A. Islam, M. A. Islam, M. A. Islam1111, A. S. M. F. Bari, A. S. M. F. Bari, A. S. M. F. Bari, A. S. M. F. Bari1111 and and and and S. AkterS. AkterS. AkterS. Akter2222 1Department of Soil Science, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh 2Biotechnology Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *Corresponding author, E-mail: makhan_sau@ymail.com (ReceivedReceivedReceivedReceived:::: 21 December 2017, Accepted:Accepted:Accepted:Accepted: 29 January 2018) KeywordsKeywordsKeywordsKeywords: nutrient leaching, yield, nutrient accumulation, soil diversity AbstractAbstractAbstractAbstract The experiment was conducted in a net house of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,(23°35'N latitude and 90°35'E longitude) Dhaka, Bangladesh during November - May to study the effect of fertilizer and manure on the yield of boro rice and movement of nutrients through undisturbed soil columns. The experiment consists of 2 factors, i.e. soils and fertilizer plus manure. Two soils (S1= SAU Soil and S2= Sonargaon Soil) with 4 levels of fertilizer plus manure, as T0: Control, T1: 100% N120P20K45S20 (Recommended dose), T2: 50% NPKS + 5 t ha−1 cowdung, T3: 50% NPKS + 2.1 t ha−1 poultry manure were imposed during boro (winter) season. Boro rice (BRRI dhan29) was grown in the soil cores, and fertilizer and manure treatments were applied to the soils. Higher and statistically similar grain yields of boro rice were found from T1, T2, and T3 fertilizer treatments. The highest grain yield was found where 50% NPKS + 5 t ha-1 cowdung were used in the Sonargaon soil. Higher grain N, P and K concentrations were obtained in the treatment combination where fertilizer plus manure were applied in two soils. Higher leachate N, P and K concentrations were found in 100% chemical fertilizer treatment. The N leaching increased up to 45 DAT and then declined while the P and K leaching increased up to 35 DAT and then decreased. Higher pH values were found in the 10-20cm depth of post-harvest soils in comparison to 0-10 cm. The higher pH values were found in soils where 50% NPKS + 2.1 t ha−1 poultry manure applied. The level of P more increased in the depths of 0-10 cm of SAU soil where fertilizer or fertilizer plus manure were applied and the P concentrations more increased in the depth of 10-20 cm where fertilizer plus manure were applied in SAU soil. The level of S more increased in the depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm of S2T2 and S2T3 treatment combination where fertilizer plus manure applied in Sonargaon soil. Similar levels of N and K concentrations were observed in the initial and post-harvest soils. IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction The soil fertility depletion is a major problem to higher crop production in Bangladesh. The increasing cropping intensity has resulted in a great exhaustion of nutrients in soils. Rice-rice cropping system is the most important cropping pattern in Bangladesh. Among the three types of rice, boro rice covers about 56.66% of total rice area and it contributes to 43.24% of the total rice production in the country (BBS, 2008). The application of fertilizer and manure play an important role in the production of dry season winter rice (locally called, boro rice). It will, therefore, be necessary to place greater emphasis on strategic research to increase the 124 Khan et al. efficiency of applied nutrients through integration with organic manures, which will help in accomplishing twin objectives of sustaining soil health and ensuring food security and environmental protection. Application of manure and fertilizer affects the nutrient movement in soil. The available nutrient moves downward with percolated water. The bioavailability and movement of nutrients in the soil are dependent on some factors including the source and concentration of the nutrient, soil properties such as clay content, pH and redox conditions, ions and type and amount of organic matter. The mobility of nutrient through the percolated water was evaluated by this experiment and the effect of manure and fertilizer on the growth and yield of boro rice were evaluated. Organic matter decomposition and nutrients mineralization are greatly affected by the soil moisture level (Guntinas et al., 2012). Anaerobic condition in paddy soil leads to mobilization of some nutrients and thus affects nutrients bio availability to rice plants (Fageria et al., 2011). The transport of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulfur (S) in soil is governed by the difference of soil and the variation of added fertilizer. Application of chemical fertilizers with farmyard manure increased N, P and K uptake by rice plants and increased grain yield of rice (Yang et al., 2004). The mobility of N, P, K and S in soil is still not thoroughly understood. There is the possibility of preferential flow of K in the undisturbed soil cores due to lack of K sorption (Jalali and Rowell, 2009). Repeated application of organic forms of P could lead to significant leaching of P to ground water (Anderson and Magdoff, 2005). Little work has been done on the fate of applied fertilizer and manure during rice culture through undisturbed soil columns. To increase the efficiency of manure and fertilizer in rice cultivation, it is necessary to identify the suitable level and type of manure and fertilizer. The fate of added fertilizer in the soil column and estimation of nutrient leaching is important for plant nutrition and soil fertility. Soil is a heterogeneous system, and the study was undertaken to understand the effect of manure and fertilizer on yield and leaching loss of nutrients through undisturbed soil columns with rice culture. Materials and MethodsMaterials and MethodsMaterials and MethodsMaterials and Methods An experiment was carried out in a net house of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (23°35'N latitude and 90°35'E longitude) during July 2011 to May 2012 to evaluate the movement of nutrient in undisturbed soil columns with rice culture. Boro (winter) rice was grown in the core during December 2011 to May 2012 and transplanted aman (T. Aman) rice was grown in the same cores during July 2011 to November, 2011. The climate of the experimental area is characterized by a scanty rainfall associated with moderately low temperature in the rabi season (October to March, 2011-2012). Two different types of soils were collected in PVC pipes from the SAU farm and Sonargaon, Narayanganj during July, 2011. Twenty four (2 soils × 4 fertilizer treatment × 3 replication) undisturbed soil cores (25 cm diameter and 40 cm length) were collected in PVC pipes. Initial soil samples were collected from each site and analyzed for physico-chemical properties. The soil was taken from a rice cultivated farm with a homogenous soil. The polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe was pushed to the soil by creating pressure inside pipe wall and by adding water to the soil. The soil cores were transferred to the net house and processed for setting on the plastic container. Filter paper (Whatman No. 1), glass wool and a 4-cm layer of acid-washed silica sand (sieved to obtain a 1–2 mm particle diameter) were placed at the bottom of the plastic container that served as the base for the PVC soil core. Two holes in the plastic base 125 Effect of Fertilizer and Manure on the Movement of NPKS in Rice 40cm40cm40cm40cm Soil coreSoil coreSoil coreSoil core Rice plantRice plantRice plantRice plant Filter paperFilter paperFilter paperFilter paper Coarse sand layerCoarse sand layerCoarse sand layerCoarse sand layer GlassGlassGlassGlass---- woolwoolwoolwool Plastic pipePlastic pipePlastic pipePlastic pipe GlassGlassGlassGlass----TTTT CorkCorkCorkCork LeachateLeachateLeachateLeachate were connected using polypropylene tubes and a T tube to a conical flask that was used to collect column leachate (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Leachate collection from undisturbed soil core with fertilizer and manure application in boro rice. Two soils (Soil-1: SAU Soil, Soil-2: Sonargaon Soil) and four fertilizer treatments (T0: Control, T1: Recommended dose of fertilizer (N120P20K45S20), T2: 50% NPKS + 5 ton ha-1 cowdung, T3:50% NPKS + 2.1 ton ha-1 poultry manure) were used for rice cultivation in the PVC core. The differences between SAU and Sonargaon soils were in texture (silt loam and silty clay loam), pH (6.4 and 7.3), extractable K (0.05 and 0.06 cmolkg-1), P (19.85 and 12.00 ppm) S(14.40 and 16.00 ppm) and total N(0.06 and 0.07%). Sonargaon soil had higher organic carbon (1.01%) than SAU soil (0.69%). The treatment wise required amounts of manures and N, P, K and S fertilizers per core were applied by considering the soil weight of 0-15 cm depth. Poultry manure had elevated N (2.2%), P (1.99%), K (0.82%) and S (0.29%) in comparison to the N (1.46%) P (0.29%) K (0.74%) and S (0.24%) of cowdung. Full amounts of manure, TSP, MP and gypsum were applied at final land preparation before transplanting of rice seedlings. Urea was applied in 3 equal splits: one third was applied at basal before transplanting, one third at active tillering stage (30 DAT) and the remaining one third was applied at five days before panicle initiation stage. 126 Khan et al. Rice var. BRRI dhan29 was used as the test crop in this experiment which is recommended for Boro season. The experimental design was Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors and three replicates for each treatment. The distance maintained between core to core and row to row were 40 cm and 1m respectively. Thirty days old Boro seedlings were transplanted on the second week of December, 2011. Two seedlings for one hill were transplanted in the core. Traditional irrigation (2-3 cm continuous flooding) was applied during the growing period of Boro rice crop. Intercultural operations and plant protection measures were done to ensure normal growth of the crop. Leachate samples were collected at 25, 35, 45, 55, 65 and 75 days after transplantation of Boro rice and analyzed for N, P, K and S by using standard analytical methods. The Boro crop was harvested at full maturity when 80-90% of the grains were turned into straw colored on May, 2012. The crop was cut at the ground level. After harvest, the rice yield parameters and yield were recorded. Soil and leachate analysisSoil and leachate analysisSoil and leachate analysisSoil and leachate analysis Soil samples were analyzed for both physical and chemical characteristics viz. texture, pH, total N and available P, K, and S contents. Mechanical analysis of soil was done by hydrometer method (Bouyoucos, 1926) and the textural class was determined. Soil pH was measured with the help of a glass electrode pH meter (Jackson, 1962). The soil organic carbon was determined by wet oxidation method (Walkley and Black, 1935). Total soil N concentrations were determined by the Micro Kjeldahl method (Page et al., 1982). Available P was determined from the soil with 0.5 M NaHCO3 solutions, pH 8.5 (Olsen et al., 1954). Exchangeable K was determined by 1N NH4OAc (pH 7) extraction method. Available S content was determined by extracting the soil with CaCl2 (0.15%) solution as described by (Page et al., 1982). The leachate samples were analyzed for N, P, K and S by using similar methods. The data obtained for different parameters were statistically analyzed to find out the significant difference of different treatments on yield and yield contributing characters. The mean values of all the characters were calculated and analysis of variance was performed by the ‘F’ (variance ratio) test. The significance of the difference among the treatment means was estimated by the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of probability (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Results and DiscussionResults and DiscussionResults and DiscussionResults and Discussion Effect of soilEffect of soilEffect of soilEffect of soils, fertilizers, fertilizers, fertilizers, fertilizer and manureand manureand manureand manure on the yield parameters on the yield parameters on the yield parameters on the yield parameters and yield ofand yield ofand yield ofand yield of boroboroboroboro ricericericerice The effects of soil, fertilizer and manure on the yield parameters and yield of rice are presented in Table 1. The plant height, panicle length and filled grains panicle-1, grain and straw yields were not significantly influenced by the variation of soils. Sonargaon soil showed higher plant height, panicle length and number of filled grains panicle-1. The higher grain (29.67 g/core) and straw yield (34.13 g/core) were obtained in Sonargaon soil and lower in SAU Soil (Table 1). Plant height, panicle length, filled grains panicle-1, 1000 grain weight and grain yield were significantly affected by fertilizer and manure treatments. Among the different fertilizer doses, T3 (50% NPKS + 2.1 t poultry manure) showed the highest plant height (79.95 cm), which was closely followed by T1, (RDCF) T2 (50% NPKS + 5 t ha-1 cowdung) and lowest plant height (64.18 cm) was observed in the T0 treatment. Higher and statistically similar number of filled grains panicle-1 and 1000 grain weight were noticed in the T1, T2 and T3 fertilizer treatments. The higher straw yield (34.90 g/core) was recorded in T1 ((N120P20K45S20) treatment.) The 127 Effect of Fertilizer and Manure on the Movement of NPKS in Rice grain yield was significantly increased due to the application of manure and chemical fertilizers (Rahman et al., 2009). Table 1. Effects of soil, fertilizer and soil ×fertilizer on the yield parameters and yield of boro rice Treatments Plant height (cm) Panicle length (cm) No. of filled grain/ panicle 1000 grain wt. (g) Straw yield (g/core) Grain yield (g/core) Effect of Soil S1 70.27 21.16 83.01 20.23 28.05 24.58 S2 73.22 21.94 95.34 20.52 34.13 29.67 SE (±) NS NS NS NS NS NS Effect of Fertilizer and Manure T0 64.18 c 20.57 76.00 b 20.12 b 24.95 20.22 b T1 73.73 ab 22.26 100.00 a 20.75 a 34.90 30.67 a T2 69.12 bc 21.55 92.00 ab 20.27 ab 31.80 29.27 ab T3 79.95 a 21.84 89.00 ab 20.37 ab 32.72 28.33 ab SE (±) 1.629 NS 4.306 0.116 NS 2.1260 Interaction effect of fertilizer and soil S1T0 61.52 20.72 73.00 20.30 b 23.97 19.53 S1T1 73.48 21.86 95.00 20.43 ab 32.40 28.03 S1T2 69.12 21.22 76.00 20.13 b 28.23 24.23 S3T3 76.96 20.86 88.00 20.07 b 27.60 26.50 S2T0 66.84 20.42 79.00 19.93 b 25.93 20.90 S2T1 73.97 22.66 105.00 21.07 a 37.40 33.30 S2T2 69.13 21.88 108.00 20.40 ab 35.37 34.30 S2T3 82.94 22.82 90.00 20.67 ab 37.83 30.17 SE (±) NS NS NS 0.1633 NS NS In a column figure(s) having similar letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance as per DMRT. Different doses of fertilizers showed significant variations in respect of grain yield. The application of fertilizers and manure had a positive effect on the grain yield of boro rice. Among the different doses of fertilizers, T1 showed the highest grain yield/core (30.67 g core-1) which was statistically similar with the T2 and T3 treatment. On the contrary, the lowest grain yield/core (20.22 g core-1) was observed with T0 where no fertilizer was applied. Application of inorganic fertilizer and manure increased the rice yield in the findings of (Miah et al., 2006; Reddy et al. 2005; Xu et al., 2008). The combined application of different doses of fertilizer and soils had an insignificant variation on the plant height, panicle length, filled grains panicle-1, grain and straw yields of rice (Table 1). The higher plant height, panicle length and straw yields were recorded in S2T3 (Sonargaon Soil + 50% NPKS + 2.1 t ha-1 poultry manure) treatment. The highest number of filled grains per panicle of rice (108.00) was recorded with the treatment combination S2T2 (Sonargaon Soil + 50% NPKS + 5 t cowdung/ha). The combined effect of different doses of fertilizer and soils on the straw yield of rice was insignificant. The higher straw yield (37.83 g core-1) was recorded with the treatment combination S2T3 (Sonargaon soils +50% NPKS + 128 Khan et al. 2.1 t poultry manure ha-1) and the lowest straw yield (23.97 g core-1) was found in S1T0 (Soils SAU+ control treatment) treatment combination. The highest grain yield was recorded in (34.30 g core-1) S2T2 which was similar to S2T1 and S2T3 treatment combination. The results indicate that 50% nutrient from inorganic fertilizer and 50% from manure can be used for boro rice cultivation. NPKS concentration in grainNPKS concentration in grainNPKS concentration in grainNPKS concentration in grain Effect of soilsEffect of soilsEffect of soilsEffect of soils, fertilizer and manure, fertilizer and manure, fertilizer and manure, fertilizer and manure on Non Non Non N, , , , PPPP, , , , KKKK and and and and S concentration inS concentration inS concentration inS concentration in boro rice grain boro rice grain boro rice grain boro rice grain The grain N, P and K concentrations were not significantly affected by different soils. Similar grain N P and K concentrations were found in SAU and Sonargaon soils. Significant variation was observed in grain S concentration of rice grown in two different soils. Between these two soils, S2 showed the higher (0.117%) S concentration compared to grain S (0.103%) of S1 soil. Table 2. Effects of soil, fertilizer and Soil ×Fertilizer on the N, P, K and S concentration of boro rice grain Treatments Grain Nutrient Concentration (%) N P K S Effect of soil S1 1.155 0.248 0.269 0.103 a S2 1.153 0.242 0.282 0.117 b SE (±) NS NS NS 0.002 Effect of fertilizer and manure T0 1.050 0.223 0.231 d 0.095 d T1 1.178 0.248 0.286 c 0.125 a T2 1.205 0.261 0.296 a 0.105 c T3 1.183 0.249 0.291 b 0.115 b SE (±) NS NS 0.0073 0.0041 Interaction effect of soil and fertilizer S1T0 0.980 0.226 0.240 0.086 S1T1 1.210 0.258 0.276 0.112 S1T2 1.240 0.272 0.283 0.102 S1T3 1.190 0.237 0.279 0.112 S2T0 1.120 0.220 0.221 0.104 S2T1 1.147 0.238 0.296 0.139 S2T2 1.170 0.251 0.309 0.108 S2T3 1.177 0.261 0.303 0.117 SE (±) NS NS NS NS CV (%) 10.49 13.61 6.48 9.18 In a column figure(s) having similar letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance as per DMRT. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in grain of boro rice showed statistically insignificant variation due to the application of different doses of fertilizers and manure (Table 2). The similar levels of grain N concentrations were recorded in all the treatments except control. The higher N (1.205%) and P (0.261%) concentrations were recorded from T2 (50% NPKS + 5 t cowdung ha-1) which was closely followed by T3 (50% NPKS + 2.1 t poultry manure ha-1) Effect of Fertilizer and Manure on the Movement of NPKS treatments and the lowest level was found in the grain of T N and P content in rice grain due to the application of organic manure and fertilizers have been reported by investigators (Hoque, 1999). Potassium and sulphur (S) concentrations in grain of rice showed statistically significant variation due to the application of different doses of fertilizers and manure. The highest K concentration in grain (0.296%) was recorded in T increased due to combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers. The higher (0.125%) S concentration in grain was recorded from T followed (0.115%) by T3. The lower grain K (0.231%) and S (0.095%) concentrations we found from T0 treatment. The combined effect of different doses of fertilizer and soils on N, P, K and S concentrations in rice grain was insignificant (Table 2). (0.272%) were recorded with the treatment combination S ha−1 cowdung). The higher K (0.309%) treatment combination S2T2 (Sonargaon Soil + 50% NPKS + 5 grain N, P K and S concentrations were Effect of fertilizers and manure on the leachate NEffect of fertilizers and manure on the leachate NEffect of fertilizers and manure on the leachate NEffect of fertilizers and manure on the leachate N growing periodgrowing periodgrowing periodgrowing period The nutrient concentrations in the leachate were not significantly influenced while significantly affected by fertilizer treatments. no significant effect on leachate N, P, K and S concentrations in the leachate maximum dates of sampling. The applied fertilizer and manure resulted concentrations in the leachate. Higher N concentrations were found in the leachate of 100% recommended a dose of chemical fertilizer (T control treatment (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. Effect of fertilizer and manure on N and K conc. in the leachate of different dates of boro rice growing period. DAT The N leaching increased up to 45 DAT and concentration (5.36 ppm) was found in T treatments, higher concentrations of K were found in the leachate of 100% chemical fertilizer treatment compared to other fertilizer treatments (Fig. 2). The highest K concentration (5.24 ppm) in the leachate was found at 35 DAT with T 129 Effect of Fertilizer and Manure on the Movement of NPKS in Rice the lowest level was found in the grain of T0 treatment. A significant increase in N and P content in rice grain due to the application of organic manure and fertilizers have been 1999). rations in grain of rice showed statistically significant variation due to the application of different doses of fertilizers and manure. The highest K concentration in grain (0.296%) was recorded in T2 treatment. Potassium content in grain was e to combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers. The higher (0.125%) S concentration in grain was recorded from T1 as N120P20K45S20 which was closely . The lower grain K (0.231%) and S (0.095%) concentrations we effect of different doses of fertilizer and soils on N, P, K and S concentrations in ). The higher grain N (1.240%) and P concentrations (0.272%) were recorded with the treatment combination S1T2 (SAU Soil +50% NPKS + 5 The higher K (0.309%) and S (0.139%) concentrations were recorded with the (Sonargaon Soil + 50% NPKS + 5 t ha−1 cowdung). The lower were found in S1T0 and S1T0 treatment combination. Effect of fertilizers and manure on the leachate NEffect of fertilizers and manure on the leachate NEffect of fertilizers and manure on the leachate NEffect of fertilizers and manure on the leachate N, P, P, P, P,,,, KKKK and Sand Sand Sand S concentrations during boro rice concentrations during boro rice concentrations during boro rice concentrations during boro rice leachate were not significantly influenced by different soils while significantly affected by fertilizer treatments. The combined effect of soil and fertilizer had no significant effect on leachate N, P, K and S concentrations in the leachate samples of The applied fertilizer and manure resulted in higher NPKS Higher N concentrations were found in the leachate of 100% dose of chemical fertilizer (T1) and lowest concentration was observed in the 2. Effect of fertilizer and manure on N and K conc. in the leachate of different dates of . DAT (days after transplanting). The N leaching increased up to 45 DAT and after that decreased gradually and highest concentration (5.36 ppm) was found in T1 treatment at 45 DAT. Among the fertilizer treatments, higher concentrations of K were found in the leachate of 100% chemical fertilizer er treatments (Fig. 2). The highest K concentration (5.24 ppm) in the leachate was found at 35 DAT with T1 treatment and lowest K concentrations 129 treatment. A significant increase in N and P content in rice grain due to the application of organic manure and fertilizers have been rations in grain of rice showed statistically significant variation due to the application of different doses of fertilizers and manure. The highest K treatment. Potassium content in grain was e to combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers. The higher which was closely . The lower grain K (0.231%) and S (0.095%) concentrations were effect of different doses of fertilizer and soils on N, P, K and S concentrations in P concentrations (SAU Soil +50% NPKS + 5 t recorded with the The lower concentrations during boro rice concentrations during boro rice concentrations during boro rice concentrations during boro rice different soils effect of soil and fertilizer had samples of higher NPKS Higher N concentrations were found in the leachate of 100% tion was observed in the 2. Effect of fertilizer and manure on N and K conc. in the leachate of different dates of decreased gradually and highest DAT. Among the fertilizer treatments, higher concentrations of K were found in the leachate of 100% chemical fertilizer er treatments (Fig. 2). The highest K concentration (5.24 treatment and lowest K concentrations 130 Khan et al. were found from the control. Chemical fertilizer was more leachable from the soil solution than organic plus inorganic fertilizer treatments due to adsorption to organic and inorganic colloids and slow release of nutrient from manure. The higher K concentrations were found in the leachate of 35 DAT and then almost similar trend was observed. When fertilizer was app initially more leachable K was present in the leachate firstly, and after 35 days soluble K was fixed on the soil colloidal surface. The fertilizer application did not affect the leachate leachate-P concentrations were relatively low with all soils, fertilizer treatments and different time of sampling. Higher leachate P concentrations were found in the T where fertilizer and manure were applied (Fig.3). DAT and then decreased. Among the fertilizer treatments, higher levels of S concentrations were recorded in the leachate of two combined tre were used with 50% chemical fertilizer (Fig. obtained at 55 DAT from the T3 treatment wh manure ha-1 were applied. The lowest S concentration (0. control treatment. Fig. 3. Effect of fertilizer and manure on N and K conc. in the leachate of different dates of boro rice growing period Effect of soil, fertilizer and manure on pH and NPKS concentrations in postEffect of soil, fertilizer and manure on pH and NPKS concentrations in postEffect of soil, fertilizer and manure on pH and NPKS concentrations in postEffect of soil, fertilizer and manure on pH and NPKS concentrations in post Between two soils, Sonargaon soil showed higher pH (7 depth of post-harvest soil. Almost similar soil pH values were f harvest soils of SAU and Sonargaon. (0.08%) at 0-10 cm depth compared to in the depth of (0-10) cm and (10 concentrations varied significantly with soil and h SAU soil than Sonargaon soil. In both the soils levels of P decreased with increasing soil depth may be due to more applied P fixation with the top soil (26.77 ppm) was found at a depth of 0 depth of 10-20 cm of Sonargaon soil. the SAU soil compared to Sonargaon soil 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm of each soil soils. Available sulfur in the post-harvest soils and higher S concentrations were found in the Sonargaon soil compared to SAU soil. Lower and similar levels of S concentrat 10-20 cm depths of SAU soil but the level of S decreased with increasing depth of Sonargaon were found from the control. Chemical fertilizer was more leachable from the soil solution than organic fertilizer treatments due to adsorption to organic and inorganic colloids and slow release of nutrient from manure. The higher K concentrations were found in the leachate of 35 DAT and then almost similar trend was observed. When fertilizer was app initially more leachable K was present in the leachate firstly, and after 35 days soluble K was he fertilizer application did not affect the leachate-P concentrations significantly and the s were relatively low with all soils, fertilizer treatments and different Higher leachate P concentrations were found in the T1, T2 and T3 treatments fertilizer and manure were applied (Fig.3). The leachate P concentration increased at DAT and then decreased. Among the fertilizer treatments, higher levels of S concentrations were recorded in the leachate of two combined treatment where cowdung or poultry manure were used with 50% chemical fertilizer (Fig.3). The highest concentration of 4.21 ppm S was treatment where 50% inorganic fertilizer and 2.1 ton poultry d. The lowest S concentration (0.83 ppm) was obtained from the Effect of fertilizer and manure on N and K conc. in the leachate of different dates of Effect of soil, fertilizer and manure on pH and NPKS concentrations in postEffect of soil, fertilizer and manure on pH and NPKS concentrations in postEffect of soil, fertilizer and manure on pH and NPKS concentrations in postEffect of soil, fertilizer and manure on pH and NPKS concentrations in post----harvest soilharvest soilharvest soilharvest soil l showed higher pH (7.3) than SAU soil pH (6.8) at 0-10 harvest soil. Almost similar soil pH values were found at 10-20 cm depth of post harvest soils of SAU and Sonargaon. SAU soil showed the higher total N concentration cm depth compared to the soil of 10-20 cm depth. Similar N-conc. was found 10-20) cm of Sonargaon soil. The available P and K significantly with soil and higher levels of P concentrations were found both the soils levels of P decreased with increasing soil depth P fixation with the top soils. The highest available P concentration depth of 0-10 cm of SAU Soil and lowest (15.02 ppm) in the . The higher concentrations of available K were found in compared to Sonargaon soil and similar levels of K were obtained in the depth of may be due to higher mobility of applied K in both the harvest soil showed statistically significant variations in different and higher S concentrations were found in the Sonargaon soil in both the depths Lower and similar levels of S concentrations were found at 0-10 and but the level of S decreased with increasing depth of Sonargaon were found from the control. Chemical fertilizer was more leachable from the soil solution than organic fertilizer treatments due to adsorption to organic and inorganic colloids and slow release of nutrient from manure. The higher K concentrations were found in the leachate of 35 DAT and then almost similar trend was observed. When fertilizer was applied initially more leachable K was present in the leachate firstly, and after 35 days soluble K was and the s were relatively low with all soils, fertilizer treatments and different treatments P concentration increased at 35 DAT and then decreased. Among the fertilizer treatments, higher levels of S concentrations poultry manure ppm S was poultry ppm) was obtained from the Effect of fertilizer and manure on N and K conc. in the leachate of different dates of 10 cm cm depth of post- wed the higher total N concentration conc. was found and K igher levels of P concentrations were found in both the soils levels of P decreased with increasing soil depth concentration in the The higher concentrations of available K were found in and similar levels of K were obtained in the depth of may be due to higher mobility of applied K in both the different in both the depths 10 and but the level of S decreased with increasing depth of Sonargaon 131 Effect of Fertilizer and Manure on the Movement of NPKS in Rice soil (Table 3). The depth wise observed variability of S may be the cause of the difference of physico-chemical properties of soil. The pH of 0-10 cm depth of post-harvest soil showed insignificant variation due to the application of different doses of fertilizers (Table 3). The pH of 10-20 cm depth of post-harvest soil was significantly affected by different soils. Almost similar soil pH was found at 10-20 cm depth of post-harvest soil of SAU and Sonargaon soils. Total N, available P, K and S concentrations in post-harvest soil showed statistically significant differences due to the application of different manure and fertilizer in rice. The level of total N in post-harvest soil slightly increased due to combined application of fertilizer and manure. The slightly higher (0.09 and 0.08 %) total N concentrations were found in the post-harvest soils of (0-10) cm and (10-20) cm depths where T2 (50% NPKS + 5 ton cowdung/ha) treatment was applied during T.Aman and Boro season. Table 3. Effects of soil, fertilizer and Soil × Fertilizer on the pH, N, P, K and S content in post- harvest soil Treatments Soil pH Total N (%) Available P (ppm) Available K (ppm) Available S (ppm) (0-10) cm (10-20) cm (0-10) cm (10-20) cm (0-10) cm (10-20) cm (0-10) cm (10-20) cm (0-10) cm (10-20) cm Effect of soil S1 6.8 a 7.2 a 0.08a 0.07 26.77a 22.63a 17.79a 17.37a 19.82a 18.79a S2 7.3 b 7.6 b 0.07b 0.07 18.52b 15.02b 12.13b 12.29b 29.36b 24.42b SE (±) 0.042 0.015 0.001 NS 1.4383 0.751 0.833 0.712 0.790 0.796 Effect of fertilizer and manure T0 7.2 7.2 c 0.06d 0.06c 14.92b 13.87c 9.75b 10.58c 13.43c 13.88c T1 6.9 7.5 a 0.07c 0.07b 24.66a 16.74bc 16.25a 13.92bc 25.78b 20.94b T2 7.1 7.4 b 0.09a 0.08a 27.19a 23.56a 14.58ab 16.33ab 25.37b 25.05ab T3 7.1 7.5 ab 0.08b 0.07b 23.87ab 21.15ab 19.25a 18.50a 33.78a 26.54a SE (±) NS 0.021 0.002 0.001 2.034 1.067 1.178 1.007 1.117 1.126 Interaction effect of soil and fertilizer S1T0 6.9 6.9 c 0.060e 0.070b 19.58 17.04 9.50c 11.67 11.56e 12.69e S1T1 6.7 7.4 b 0.077b 0.070b 29.55 20.43 20.00ab 16.67 22.92d 19.79cde S1T2 6.8 7.1 c 0.097a 0.077a 28.52 26.37 16.67bc 20.83 14.58e 19.48cde S1T3 6.8 7.3 b 0.077b 0.077a 29.53 26.70 25.00a 20.33 30.21bc 23.19bc S2T0 7.5 7.4 b 0.070c 0.060c 10.25 10.70 10.00c 9.50 15.29e 15.06dc S2T1 7.2 7.6 a 0.067d 0.077a 19.78 13.05 12.50bc 11.17 28.65cd 22.08cd S2T2 7.4 7.6 a 0.077b 0.077a 25.85 20.74 12.50bc 11.83 36.15ab 30.63a S2T3 7.2 7.7 a 0.077b 0.070b 18.21 15.60 13.50bc 16.67 37.35a 29.90ab SE (±) NS 0.030 0.002 0.0018 NS NS 1.666 1.424 1.579 1.5923 CV (%) 2.08 0.72 3.56 4.28 21.99 13.81 19.29 16.62 11.12 12.77 In a column figure(s) having similar letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance as per DMRT. The level of available P, K and S in post-harvest soil increased due to the application of fertilizer and manure. The higher levels of post-harvest soil available P were recorded at 0-10 cm (27.19 ppm) and 10-20 cm (23.56 ppm) depths with T2 (50% NPKS + 5 t cowdung ha−1) treatment. The level P increased more only in the depth of 0-10 cm by using 100% chemical fertilizer but lower concentration was noticed in the depth of 10-20 cm due to more P fixation of chemical fertilizer in the upper layer soil. Higher amounts of P moved to 10-20 cm depth where fertilizer and manure were applied may be due to reducing the fixing capacity of soil by application of 132 Khan et al. manure. Avoola and Makinde (2009) found that application of chemical fertilizer with organic manure increase N and P content in post-harvest soil. The post-harvest soil of T3 (50% NPKS + 2.1 t poultry manure ha−1) treatment gave the higher levels of K and S concentration in the soils of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depths. Higher concentrations of N, P, K and S were found in different depths of post-harvest soils where fertilizer plus manure were applied due to positive effects of applied manure in combination with fertilizer (Table 3). The pH at 10-20 cm depth of post-harvest soil was significantly influenced by interaction effect of different soils and fertilizer and the pH values were more increased in the depths of 10-20 cm in comparison to 0-10 cm depth. The higher levels of pH of post-harvest soils were recorded in the fertilizer applied treatments of both the soils. The pH of SAU soil was more increased with the application of different fertilizer, manure may be due to increasing leaching losses of basic cations from the soil. The higher pH (7.7) of post-harvest soil was recorded with the treatment combination S2T3 (Sonargaon Soil + 50% NPKS + 2.1 t ha-1 poultry manure) treatment. Almost similar N concentrations were found at a depth of 0-10 and 10-20 cm, the higher (0.097%) total N concentration was found in S1T2 (SAU Soil + 50% NPKS + 5 t ha−1 cowdung) treatment combination and lowest (0.060 %) was obtained from S1T0 (SAU Soil + control treatment) treatment combination. Higher levels of P were found in the depths of 0-10 cm than 10-20 cm where chemical fertilizer was applied in SAU soil (S1T1). The level of P more increased in the depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm of SAU soil where inorganic fertilizer and manure were applied. The organic matter influenced the level of P increasing at 10-20 cm depth. The combined effect of fertilizer and soils significantly influenced the K and S content in post-harvest soil and higher levels of K were found in the SAU soil compared to Sonargaon soil where fertilizer and manure were applied. The highest available potassium concentration was obtained at 0-10 cm of S1T3 (SAU Soil + 2.1 t ha-1 poultry manure) treatment combinations and lowest (9.50 ppm) from S1T0 (SAU Soil + No fertilizer). Higher levels of S were found in the Sonargaon soil compared to SAU soil where fertilizer and manure were applied. In the soil of 0-10 cm, the highest available sulfur concentration (37.35 ppm) was obtained from S2T3 (Sonargaon Soil + 2.1 t poultry manure ha-1) treatment combinations and lowest (11.56 ppm) from S1T0 (SAU Soil + No fertilizer) treatment combination. Similarly in the depth of (10-20) cm, the higher (30.63 ppm) available S in post-harvest soils were obtained from S2T2 (Sonargaon Soil + 50% NPKS+5 t cowdung ha−1) and the lower (12.69 ppm) available S concentration was found from S1T0 (SAU Soil + No fertilizer) treatment combination. ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion Higher N and K leaching were obtained in the undisturbed column where chemical fertilizers were used for boro cultivation. Applications of organic plus inorganic fertilizer are recommended for reducing leaching, increasing soil fertility, nutrient accumulation and yield of boro rice. Higher N P and K leaching were observed during 30 to 45 days after transplantation of boro rice. The application of organic matter increased more the level of P and S at 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depths for increasing mobility. The almost similar levels of N and K were found in the initial and post-harvest soil due to higher leaching. AcknowledgementAcknowledgementAcknowledgementAcknowledgement The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Ministry of Science and Technology (Bangladesh) to conduct this research. 133 Effect of Fertilizer and Manure on the Movement of NPKS in Rice ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferences Anderson, B. H. and F. R. 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