Bangladesh Agron. J. 2019, 22(2): 83-89 GENOTYPE AND SOWING DATE EFFECTS ON SEED YIELD OF OLITORIUS JUTE IN LATE SEASON A.T.M.M. Alam and M.M. Haque1 Principal Scientific Officer Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Manik Mia Avenue, Dhaka-1207 1Professor, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur-1706 Corresponding E-mail: morshedbjri@gmail.com (Received: 06 January 2020, Accepted: 11 February 2020) Keywords: Genotype, sowing date, seed yield, jute, late season Abstract Feld experiments were conducted at four locations of Bangladesh (Manikgonj, Cumilla, Dinajpur and Joshore) to optimize sowing date for higher seed yield of jute in late sown condition. The experimental variables constituted with three genotypes (O-72, O-3820 and Acc.4311) and three sowing dates (31 July, 15 August and 30 August).Each experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatment combinations were assigned randomly and afresh randomization was followed in each replication. Results showed that the genotype Acc.4311, O-72 and O- 3820 produced maximum number of branches (5.40, 4.90 and 4.40, respectively) plant-1 on 15 August sowing at Manikgonj. The genotype Acc.4311 produced higher number of pods plant-1 than other two genotypes (O-72 and O-3820) in all sowing dates andat all the locations. The highest number of seedspod-1 (220.80) was found from the genotype Acc.4311grown at Manikgonj which was statistically similar (196.90) with that of the same genotype sown on the same date at Joshore. The highest thousand seed weight (2.478 g) was recorded from the seeds of genotype Acc.4311 sown on 15 August at Manikgonj followed by same genotype at Joshore.Finally, the genotype Acc.4311 sown on 15 August produced the highest seed yield (2.478 t ha-1) at Manikgonjwhich was significantly higher than those of sown on 31 July and 30 August at the same location. As the genotype Acc.4311 was found outstanding sown on 15 August over locations, this genotype may be considered promising for higher seed yield of olitorius jute in late season. Introduction Jute is the prime fibre crop in Bangladesh although its productivity is much low due to varied reasons. One of the key reasons is use of poor quality seed. High quality jute seed can be produced by sowing the crop in optimum time. Sowing time is one of the important production components and sowing before or after optimum date produces lower yield with poor seed quality. Sowing time is specifically important for late sown jute as it is short day photoperiod sensitive. The critical photoperiod of Corchorusolitorius L. is 12.5 hours (Johansen et al., 1985) although it may vary over the genotypes and other environmental parameters prevailing during whole growing season. Extreme late sowing, short photoperiod hastens flowering, reduces seed maturation period and provides adverse effect upon seed quality. Because of late sowing, temperature below 150C usually causes flower bud injury, restricts its number and affects on pod formation (Hossain etal., 1999). Further, high temperature convergently hastens maturity of seeds; pods turn brown and dry quickly before seeds attain proper physiological maturity. These plants produced more unfilled seeds with smaller seed size and low 86 Alam et al. germination percentage. At extreme early sowing, anthesis period is prolonged (Talukder and Akanda, 1994), but there is every possibility to damage seed crop by natural hazards during rainy season. Seed quality of jute further depends on harvesting stage of the crop. Harvesting the crop at an early stage makes relative losses due to threshing and gives enormous unfilled seeds. Besides, mature seeds store better than the immature seeds. Harvesting at a late stage may result in increased weather damage and losses due to shattering of seeds. Further, prevalence of weather damage is frequent in early planted crop, still, persistent foggy weather affects late jute seed crop and often contains pathogens and deteriorates health status of seed (Islam et al., 2007). As sowing time regulates appropriate stage of seed maturity,the present study was undertaken to optimize sowing date for higher seed yield of different genotypes of jute in late sown condition. Materials and Methods Field experiments were conducted at four locations of Bangladesh viz. Jute Agriculture Experimental Station, Manikgonj; Jute Research Regional Station, Chandina, Cumilla; Jute Seed Production andResearch Station, Noshipur, Dinajpur and Jute Research Sub Station, Monirampur, Joshore during 2011-12 late jute seed growing season. The climate of the experimental site was sub-tropical in nature having very little rainfall in the mid October and mid November with gradual fall in temperature from last week of October. Treatments consisted of three genotypes which were evaluated at three sowing dates (31 July, 15 August and 30 August) over four locations. Among these three genotypes, O-72 was a released variety but O-3820 and Acc.4311 were advanced breeding lines. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatment combinations were assigned randomly and afresh randomization was followed in each replication. The size of each unit plot was 3 m x 3 m. Each unit plot and blocks were separated by 1.0 m and 2.0 m, respectively. At each location and each sowing date, seeds were sown in lines at the rate of 3.0 kg ha-1 in 30 cm apart furrows made with country plough. Seeds were then properly covered with soil. The crop was fertilized with urea, triple super phosphate, muriate of potash, gypsum and zinc sulphate at the rate of 200, 100, 60, 100 and 10 kg ha-1 as per recommendation of BJRI (2006). One third of urea and whole amount of other fertilizers were applied as basal during final land preparation and rest of the nitrogen was top dressed in two equal splits at 20 and 40 days after sowing. First weeding and thinning were done at 25 days after sowing when the plants attained a height of about 8 to 10 cm. Second weeding was done at 45 days after sowing just before the top dressing of urea. Miticide, insecticide and fungicide were sprayed as precautionary measure by using recommended doses to protect the crop from insect-pests. For determination of yield contributing characters of jute seed crop, ten plants were randomly selected from each plot and branch plant-1, pod plant-1, seed pod-1 and 1000 seed weight were recorded. For yield, the crop was harvested by whole plot basis and dried in the sun for 5 days. Jute seeds were then threshed out by beating the pods with bamboo stick. It was cleaned and dried in the sun on the cemented floor. Yield of jute seed was converted into kg ha-1 at 9% moisture content. All data were subjected to statistical analysis by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Microsoft EXCEL and MSTAT software programs were used wherever appropriate and the means were compared according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Functional relationships among the parameters were established through correlation and regression analysis. Resultsand Discussion Yield attributes and seed yield Genotype and sowing dates interacted significantly in yield components and seed yield of late season jute and accordingly those parameters were discussed in subsequent headings. Genotype and Sowing date Effects on Seed yieldof Jute 87 Number of branch Number of branch plant-1of jute was significantly influenced by sowing date (Table 1). The genotype Acc.4311, O-72 and O-3820 produced maximum number of branches (5.40, 4.90 and 4.40, respectively) plant-1 on 15 August sowing at Manikgonj. The intermediate number of branches plant- 1(4.90, 4.40 and 3.80, respectively at Manikgonj; 4.50, 4.00 and 3.50, respectively at Joshore; 4.30, 3.80 and 3.30 respectively at Dinajpur and 3.70, 3.20 and 3.00, respectively at Cumilla) were observed in crops sown on 31 July and the lowest number of branches plant-1(3.60, 3.20 and 2.70, respectively at Manikgonj; 3.20, 2.70 and 2.20, respectively at Joshore; 2.30, 2.40 and 2.80 respectively at Cumilla; 1.80, 1.90 and 2.30, respectively at Dinajpur) were found from the crops sown on 30 August. The branching of jute plant occurred normally through bifurcation of plant top at the time of flower bud induction. Branching also occurs when plant top get injured at the early stage of the crop. At present study, the crops of 15 August sowing might have chances of producing higher number of branches because of better interception of sunlight and soil moisture and thus provided maximum number of branches plant-1. Table 1. Interaction effect of genotype and sowing dates on the number of branch plant-1of olitorius jute seed crop at four locations Treatments Locations Genotypes Sowing dates Manikgonj Cumilla Dinajpur Joshore O-72 31 July 4.40 cA 3.20 cdC 3.80 bB 4.00 cA 15 August 4.90 bA 4.00 bB 3.30 cdC 4.40 bcB 30 August 3.20 eA 2.40 efB 1.90 efC 2.70 eB O-3820 31 July 3.80 dA 3.00 dC 3.30 cdBC 3.50 dAB 15 August 4.40 cA 3.50 cB 3.00 dC 4.20 bcA 30 August 2.70 fAB 2.80 deA 2.30 eBC 2.20 fC Acc.4311 31 July 4.90 bA 3.70 bcC 4.30 aB 4.50 bAB 15 August 5.40 aA 4.50 aB 3.80 bC 5.10 aA 30 August 3.60 deA 2.30fB 1.80 fC 3.20 dA Means in a column followed by same small letter and in a row by same capital letter did not differ significantly by DMRT at 0.05 level. Number of pods Number of pods plant-1of olitorius jute resembled to that of branch number and it was higher in mid August sowings. In respective of genotypes, the highest number of pods plant-1was observed from the plants sown on 15 August sowing at all locations except Dinajpur (Table 2). The genotype Acc.4311 produced higher number of pods plant-1than other two genotypes (O-72 and O- 3820) in all sowing dates andat all the locations. The genotype Acc.4311 produced the highest number of pods (43.20) plant-1on 15 August sowing at Manikgonj and it was followed by the number of pods plant-1in the same sowing date at Joshore (37.10), Cumilla (33.80) and Dinajpur (27.80). The intermediate number of pods plant-1(37.20, 31.50 and 25.60, respectively at Manikgonj; 33.30, 28.80 and 21.50 respectively at Joshore and 31.50, 25.10 and 18.90 respectively at Cumilla) were observed in crops sown on 31 July for all genotypes at all the locations except Dinajpur. At Dinajpur, higher number of pods plant-1was obtained from the crops sown on 31 July for all genotypes and it decreased gradually with later sowings. The crops sown on 15 August had higher number of branches plant- 1which might be contributed to produce higher number of pods plant-1as there is positive relationship between branch number and numerof pods plant-1of jute (Figure1). The findings also accord with those of other authors (Talukder and Hossain, 1989; Khanet al.,1997) who reported that number of branch of jute is the main reason of increasing number of pods plant-1of jute. 86 Alam et al. Table 2. Genotype and sowing date effects on the number of pods plant-1 of olitorius jute seed crop at four locations Treatments Locations Genotypes Sowing dates Manikgonj Cumilla Dinajpur Joshore O-72 31 July 31.50 cA 25.10 bB 28.20 abAB 28.80 bcAB 15 August 37.60 bA 31.50 aB 25.50 bcC 31.80 bB 30 August 21.30 deA 15.50 deBC 13.10 dC 19.20 dAB O-3820 31 July 25.60 dA 18.90 cdB 24.80 bcA 21.50 cAB 15 August 31.80 cA 25.30 bB 22.10cB 25.90 cB 30 August 18.10 eA 13.50 eB 14.90 dAB 13.80 eB Acc.4311 31 July 37.20 bA 31.50 aB 31.30 aB 33.30 abAB 15 August 43.20 aA 33.80 aB 27.80 abC 37.10 aB 30 August 23.80 dA 18.20 cdBC 14.70 dC 20.70 dAB Means in a column followed by same small letter and in a row by same capital letter did not differ significantly by DMRT at 0.05 level. Fig. 1. Relationship between number of branch and pods plant-1of olitorius jute seed crop produced at four locations. y = 9.435x - 9.091 R² = 0.984 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 y = 9.415x - 7.058 R² = 0.838 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 y = 7.482x - 0.373 R² = 0.975 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 y = 7.920x - 3.956 R² = 0.944 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 Manikgonj Cumilla Dinajpur Joshore N u m b er o f p od s pl an t-1 Branch number plant-1 Genotype and Sowing date Effects on Seed yieldof Jute 87 Number of seeds Number of seeds pod-1 of tossa jute was also significantly affected due to the interaction of genotype and sowing date at different locations. Results revealed that number of seeds pod-1was the highest in crops sown on 15 August in all the genotypes (Table 3). As the number of seeds pod-1mostly depends on pod length and pod diameter (Alamet al., 2009), and the genotypes O-72, O-3820 and Acc.4311 gave higher number of seeds pod-1, which might be the resultant of long pod length of those genotypes. Table 3. Effect of genotype and sowing dates on the seedsnumber pod-1of jute at four locations Treatments Locations Genotypes Sowing dates Manikgonj Cumilla Dinajpur Joshore O-72 31 July 168.50 cdA 143.40 cdB 150.90 bB 155.40 cAB 15 August 195.80 bA 170.50 bB 140.70 cdC 178.90 bB 30 August 145.30 eA 120.30 efB 110.60 eB 124.10 efAB O-3820 31 July 154.40 deA 133.30 deB 148.00 bcA 140.60 dAB 15 August 172.30 cA 152.80 cB 133.50 dC 169.00 bA 30 August 135.70 eA 115.10 fB 117.80 eB 114.20 fB Acc.4311 31 July 192.70 bA 169.10 bB 165.30 aB 172.40 bB 15 August 220.80 aA 188.90 aB 157.30 abC 196.90 aB 30 August 149.70 eA 124.70 efB 110.20 eC 130.10 deB Means in a column followed by same small letter and in a row by same capital letter did not differ significantly The highest number of seeds pod-1(220.80) was found from the genotype Acc.4311grown at Manikgonj which was statistically similar (196.90) with that of the same genotype sown on the same date at Joshsore. Seeds pod-1of other two genotypes (O-72 and O-3820) were higher at other locations sown on the 15 August. Lower number of seeds pod-1(110.20 to149.70) of three genotypes was recorded from the crops of 30 August sowing. Seed weight The thousand seed weight of tossa jute was significantly differed due to the interaction effect of genotype and sowing date at four locations. The highest thousand seed weight (2.478 g) was recorded from the seeds of genotype Acc.4311sown on 15 August produced at Manikgonj followed by the thousand seed weight (2.391 g) of same genotype at Joshore (Table 4). The genotype O-72 recorded 2.383 g of thousand seed weight from the crops sown on 15 August. The lowest thousand seed weight (1.691 g) was found from the seeds of genotype Acc. 4311 sown on 30 August at Dinajpur. Table 4 revealed that all the three genotypes sown on 30 August produced small sized seeds at all the locations and then thousand seed weight decreased with delayed sowing of crop. Table 4. Genotype and sowing date effects on seed weight (g) of olitorius jute at four locations Treatments Locations Genotypes Sowing dates Manikgonj Cumilla Dinajpur Joshore O-72 31 July 2.157 dA 1.880 dC 2.103 aA 1.971 cB 15 August 2.383 bA 2.128 cB 1.901cC 2.177 bB 30 August 1.845 fA 1.715eB 1.720 eB 1.832 deA O-3820 31 July 2.056 eA 1.921 dB 2.036 bA 1.871 dB 15 August 2.295 cA 2.202 bB 1.835 dC 2.250 bAB 30 August 1.815 fA 1.732 eB 1.735 eB 1.807 eA Acc.4311 31 July 2.260 cA 2.175 bcBC 2.132 aC 2.218 bAB 15 August 2.478 aA 2.304 aC 2.035bD 2.391aB 30 August 1.897 fA 1.767 eC 1.712 eC 1.859 deA Means in a column followed by same small letter and in a row by same capital letter did not differ significantly by DMRT at 0.05 level. 86 Alam et al. Seed yield The seed yield of three jute genotypes varied from 460 to 1241 kg ha-1 over the location and sowing dates (Table 5). The genotype Acc.4311 sown on 15 August produced maximum seed yield at Manikgonjwhich was significantly higher than those of sown on 31 July and 30 August at the same location. Similar trend of yield was observed in the case of genotypesO-72 and O-3820 at all the locations. The lowest seed yield was recorded from the genotype Acc.4311 sown on 30 August at Dinajpur which was statistically similar with the seed yield of genotype O-72 and O-3820 grown at the same location and sown on the same date. Several authors (Hossain and Wahab, 1980; Talukder and Hossain, 1989; Bhattacharjee et al., 2000 and Alamet al., 2002) also reported that jute yield primarily dependent on the number of pod bearing branches plant-1and then other yield components of crop. Higher seed yield of jute sown on 15 August might have been due to its maximum number of pods plant-1and higher number of seeds pod-1.This result also agreed with the findings of Alom et al. (2010) who reported that August sowing is better for quality seed production of tossa jute in late season. Table 5. Effect of different genotypes and sowing dates on the seed yield (kg ha-1) of olitorius jute at four locations Treatments Locations Genotypes Sowing dates Manikgonj Cumilla Dinajpur Joshore O-72 31 July 1050 dA 910 bB 941 abB 960 cB 15 August 1161 abA 1031 aB 851 cdC 1060 bB 30 August 751 gA 551 dC 461 eD 641 fB O-3820 31 July 950 eA 821 cC 911 bcAB 865 dBC 15 August 1061 cdA 941 bB 821 dC 1041 bA 30 August 660 hA 541 dB 530 eB 556 gB Acc.4311 31 July 1141 bcA 1001 abB 996 aB 1020 bB 15 August 1241 aA 1061 aC 951 abD 1151 aB 30 August 841 fA 571 dC 451 eD 730 eB Means in a column followed by same small letter and in a row by same capital letter did not differ significantly by DMRT at 0.05 level. Conclusion From the results it may be concluded that sowing of olitoriusjute seed in the first fortnightof Augustis better for higher seed yield. 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