Microsoft Word - BAJ 349C__Press Bangladesh Agron. J. 2020, 23(1): 13-27 PERFORMANCE OF POULTRY LITTER BASED COMPOST ON MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS AND YIELD OF T. AMAN RICE AND SOIL FERTILITY A.K.M.M.B. Chowdhury1, T.S. Tudu1, M.A. Shohag1, M.A. Hossain1 and M.Z. Islam2 1Department of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU), Dinajpur, Bangladesh. 2Division of Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute(BWMRI),Dinajpur, Bangladesh. Corresponding E-mail: minarbari07@gmail.com (Received: 18 March, 2020, Accepted: 19 August, 2020) Keywords: Rice varieties, fertilization, soil health, yield, yield contributing characters Abstract An experiment was carried out at the Research Field of Crop Physiology and Ecology Department, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur from July to November 2018. The study evaluated the effects of poultry litter based composts on morpho-physiological, yield and yield contributing characters of transplanted aman rice (var.Binadhan-7, BRRI dhan56, BRRI dhan66) and soil fertility. The experiment was laid out in a two factorial complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Factor A included three varieties (Binadhan-7: V1, BRRI dhan56: V2, and BRRI dhan66: V3) and factor B comprised of three fertilization levels viz. control (inorganic)-F1, poultry litter based compost 20 ton ha-1: F2, and 30 ton ha -1: F3. The performances of plant growth parameters such as plant height, tiller number, leaf number, leaf area, SPAD value, as well as yield and yield contributing parameters, and soil chemical properties were measured. Varieties and fertilizer levels significantly influenced most of the morpho- physiological traits and yield and yield contributing characters. The tallest plant was recorded from V2 variety (BRRI dhan56). The highest leaf number hill -1 (80.89 at 30 DAT) was recorded from V3 (BRRI dhan66). The highest number of tiller was produced by the interaction of compost F2 (20 t ha -1) with V1 (Binadhan-7). The highest effective tiller number (13.67) hill-1wasrecorded from F2 (compost 20 t ha -1) with F1 (Binadhan-7) at maturity. The longest panicle (24.16 cm) was found in F1V1 (inorganic with Binadhan-7) treatment. The highest 1000-grain weight (23.57 g) was recorded from F3V3 treatment (compost-30 t ha -1 with BRRI dhan66). The maximum harvest index was recorded from F1 (inorganic) with BRRI dhan66. Soil fertility status increased with higher dose poultry litter based compost (30 t ha-1). Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the principal food crop in Bangladesh, and about 74.85% of the total arable lands are used for rice (aus, aman and boro) cultivation (BBS, 2018). Rice plays a dominant role in Bangladesh agriculture sinceit covers 74.85 percent of the total cropped area (BBS, 2018). The yield of rice is low (3.072 t ha-1) in Bangladesh compared to other rice- growing countries (BBS, 2018). It has already been reported that decreasing organic matter in farm soils has caused significant yield reductions (Shelly et al., 2016). Almost 85% of the population of Bangladesh lives in rural areas having the main occupation of farming. The 14 Chowdhury et al. government of Bangladesh has given the highest priority to increase food availability in the country (Saha et al., 2009). One of the methods to reach this goal regarding increasing the food sufficiency is the reduction of the yield gap of the food grain per unit area. A modern variety of transplant aman can be planted intensively to augment income and welfare for low-income farmers (Sarker et al., 2013). The depleted soil fertility is a major constraint to higher crop production in Bangladesh. Rice-rice is the most common cropping system in Bangladesh. Continuous practicing of this highly exhaustive cropping sequence in most irrigated fertile lands resulted in the decline of soil physio-chemical conditions in general, particularly soil organic matter (SOM) content (Liza et al., 2014 and Hossaen et al., 2011). It is known that inorganic fertilizers supply only nutrients in the soil, but organic manure supplies nutrients as well as improves soil quality. The long term impact of chemical fertilizers on soils and the environment is harmful (Tilahun et al., 2013, Diacono and Montemurro, 2010 and Golabi et al., 2007). The use of unbalanced nutrients in the soils may be harmful in the long run causing soils an unproductive one. Indeed, sustainable production of crops cannot be maintained by using only chemical fertilizers, and similarly, it is not possible to obtain higher crop yield by using organic manure alone (Saha, 2014 and Bair, 1990). A judicious combination of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients is necessary for sustainable agriculture that can ensure food production with high quality (Islam et al., 2014 and Nambiar, 1991). Integrated use of organic manure and chemical fertilizers would be quite promising not only in providing high stability in production but also in maintaining better soil fertility (Chowdhury et al., 2020 and Alam, 2017). Poultry manure is another good source of nutrients in the soil. Meelu and Singh (1991) showed that 4 t ha-1 poultry manure along with 60 kg N ha-1 as urea produce grain yield of crop similar to that with 120 kg Nha-1 as urea alone. But direct application of poultry manure has harmful effects on soil health (Urra et al., 2019). That’s why it needs to be composted. Poultry litter based compost can supply a substantial amount of plant nutrients and, therefore, can contribute to crop yields (Chowdhury et al., 2013, Kobra, 2016; Najafi and Abbasi, 2013). Therefore, it is necessary to use fertilizer and manure in an integrated way to obtain sustainable crop yield without declining soil fertility. Applications of both chemical and organic fertilizers need to be applied for the improvement of soil physical properties and supply of essential plant nutrients for higher yield. The present investigation was, therefore, undertaken to develop a suitable integrated dose of poultry litter based compost for rice (var.Binadhan-7, BRRI dhan56, BRRI dhan66) and to observe the effects of different levels of inorganic fertilizers and poultry litter based compost on the yield and yield components of rice (var. Binadhan-7, BRRI dhan56, BRRI dhan66) as well as soil fertility. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of fertilizer and manure on the yield of T. aman rice. It was conducted during the period from July to November 2018 in the wet season. The location of the site is Crop Physiology and Ecology Research Field, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU), Dinajpur. The experiment was laid out in a two factorial complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Factor-A: Three varieties were V1 = Binadhan-7, V2 = BRRI dhan56, V3= BRRI dhan66 and Factor-B: Three fertilization treatment were: F1 = Control (inorganic), F2 = compost 20 t ha -1, F 3 = compost 30 t ha -1 . The soil was collected from the arable land of Crop physiology and Ecology Research Field, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU), Dinajpur from a depth Performance of Poultry Litter Based Compost on Yield of T. Aman Rice 15 of l5 cm. The collected soil was sundried for a week, and the weeds were removed. Fifteen- kilogram soil was taken into each pot. Thus the pots were ready for planting. The pots were placed in the selected space of the research field of Crop Physiology and Ecology, HSTU, Dinajpur in 18 rows and 3 columns. The row to row and column to column distance was maintained properly. The amounts of N, P, K, S and Zn fertilizers required per pot (control) were calculated as per the weight of soil. The full amount of TSP, MoP, gypsum and zinc sulphate was applied as basal dose before transplanting of rice seedlings for F1 fertilization (control). Poultry litter based composts were applied150 g pot-1 for F2 fertilization and 225 g pot -1 for F3 fertilization. The compost used in this research was made by Kobra (2016). Composting material was poultry manure, sawdust, rice husk and ash. Chemical compositions of poultry litter based compost were N-1.6%, P-1.21%, and K-0.35% (Kobra, 2016). The seedlings of rice (var. Binadhan-7, BRRI dhan56and BRRI dhan66) were collected from BADC, Dinajpur. During seedling growing, no fertilizers were used. Proper water and pest management practices were followed whenever required. Forty days old seedlings of rice were carefully transplanted on July 23, 2018in well puddle pots. Three seedlings were sown in each pot. Intercultural operations were done to ensure the normal growth of the crop. Plant protection measures were followed as and when necessary. Soil N, P, K, S, pH, organic matter and organic carbon were measured. Soil analysis was done following standard methods at SRDI, Nashipur, Dinajpur. The data obtained for different parameters were statistically analyzed to find out the significant difference between chemical fertilizers and poultry litter based composts on the yield of transplant aman rice. The mean values of all the characters were calculated and analysis of variance was performed by MSTAT-C statistical software. The significance of the differences among the treatment means was estimated by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of probability (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Results and Discussion The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of fertilizer and manure on the yield of T. aman rice in different soil. The results are presented and discussed in the Tables and possible interpretations are given under the following headings. Plant height The effects of poultry litter based composts on plant height at different days after transplanting (DAT) were statistically significant (Table 1). Results showed that plant height increased with various doses of compost. The tallest plant was recorded in BRRI dhan56 at 30 DAT where the lengths were 74.22, 99.11, 101.3, 101.6 and 103.6 cm at maximum vegetative, booting, anthesis, and maturity stages, respectively. The shortest plant was recorded from Binadhan-7 where the lengths of the plants were 63.78, 78.78, 85.78, 88.78 and 91.22 cm at 30 DAT, maximum vegetative, booting, anthesis and maturity stages respectively. The tallest plant was recorded from F1fertilization (inorganic) (72.78 cm at 30 DAT). The tallest plant was recorded from F3fertilization (compost-30t ha -1) (92.22 and 101.1 cm at vegetative and booting stages, respectively. And the tallest plant was recorded from F1fertilization (inorganic) (95.44 and 98.11 cm at anthesis and maturity stages, respectively. The shortest plants were recorded from F2fertilization (compost-20 t ha -1) (64.67, 85.11, 88.00, 94 and 96 cm at 30 DAT, maximum vegetative, booting, anthesis and maturity stages, respectively). Plant height was significantly affected by the interaction between fertilization and different varieties (Table 1). Results indicated that the tallest plants (84.67, 104.7, 108, 105.3 and 107.3 cm at 30 DAT, maximum 16 Chowdhury et al. vegetative, booting, anthesis and maturity stages, respectively were found in F2 (compost 20 t ha-1) fertilization with variety V1 (Binadhan-7), and the shortest plants (61.33cm at 30 DAT) from F3V2. Inorganic fertilizer may help in initial plant height enhancement due to quick nutrient availability, but later on, similar results were found by the application of other treatments (poultry litter based composts). A similar result was also reported by Hosaain et al. (2010) and Buri et al. (2006). Number of leaves hill-1 The effects of poultry litter based composts on leaf number hill-1 at different days after transplanting (DAT) were statistically insignificant (Table 2). Results showed that leaf number hill- 1 increased with minimum different doses of compost. The highest leaf number hill-1 (80.89 at 30 DAT) was recorded from V3. The highest leaf number hill -1 at vegetative and booting were recorded from V2 (BRRI dhan56) and the highest leaf number hill -1 at anthesis was recorded from V1 (Binadhan-7). The lowest leaf number hill -1was recorded from V3 (54.56) at anthesis. The different fertilization doses influenced the leaf number hill-1. The highest number of leaves hill-1 was found from F3 and the lowest one was for F2 at anthesis. Leaf number hill -1 was insignificant. Number of tiller hill-1 The effects of poultry litter based composts on tiller hill-1at different days after transplanting (DAT) were statistically significant (Table 3). Results showed that the number of tillers hill-1 increased with various doses of compost. The highest number of tiller number hill-1 was recorded from V2 variety (BRRI dhan56) (15.33, 14.89, 15.56, 13.11 and 14.11 at 30 DAT, maximum vegetative, booting, anthesis and maturity stages, respectively). The shortest plant was recorded from V1 variety (Binadhan-7) (13, 13.44, 14.89, 12.78 and 13.44 at 30 DAT, maximum vegetative, booting, anthesis and maturity stages, respectively). The highest tillers number hill-1 were recorded from F1 (inorganic) (15.33, 15.33, 13.67 and 15.44 at 30DAT, maximum vegetative, anthesis and maturity stages respectively). The highest tillers number hill-1were recorded from F3 (compost-30 t ha -1) (16.22 at booting stage). The lowest tillers number hill- 1were recorded from F2 (compost-20 t ha -1) (12.56, 11.89 and 13.89 at 30 DAT, vegetative, booting stages, respectively). The lowest tiller number hill-1 was recorded from F3 (compost-30 t ha-1) (11.78 and 12.33 at anthesis and maturity stages, respectably). Table 1. Effect of fertilization on plant height of different rice varieties at different stages Treatments Plant height (cm) Varieties 30 DAT Vegetative Booting Anthesis Maturity V1=Binadhan-7 63.78b 78.78b 85.78b 88.78b 91.22b V2=BRRI dhan56 74.22a 99.11a 101.3a 101.6a 103.6a V3=BRRI dhan66 65.11b 90.67a 98.56a 94.22ab 97ab Level of significance ** ** * ** ** Fertilization F1=Inorganic 72.78a 91.22 96.56ab 95.44 98.11 F2=Compost 20 tha -1 64.67b 85.11 88.00b 94.00 96.00 F3=Compost 30 tha -1 65.67b 92.22 101.10a 95.11 97.67 Level of significance ** NS * NS NS Interaction V1 64.00bc 82.33bc 90.67ab 92.33cd 96.33bc Performance of Poultry Litter Based Compost on Yield of T. Aman Rice 17 Treatments Plant height (cm) F1 V2 62.67bc 72.00c 71.00b 86.33d 88.ood V3 64.67bc 82.00bc 95.67a 87.67d 89.33cd F2 V1 84.67a 104.7a 108.00a 105.3a 107.30a V2 70.00b 90.67ab 93.67a 101.7ab 103.7ab V3 68.00bc 102.0a 102.30a 97.67abc 99.67ab F3 V1 69.67b 86.67b 91ab 88.67d 90.67cd V2 61.33c 92.67ab 99.33a 94.00b-d 96.33bc V3 64.33bc 92.67ab 105.30a 100.00a-c 104.00ab Level of significance ** * * ** ** CV (%) 5.00 7.99 11.10 5.82 5.49 In a column, means followed by a different letter(s) differed significantly by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at P≤ 5% level of probability. NS indicates insignificant, *indicates significant at 5% level of probability **indicates significant at 1% level of probability Table 2. Effect of fertilization on leaf number of different rice varieties at different stages Treatments Leaf number Varieties 30 DAT Vegetative Booting Anthesis V1=Binadhan-7 67.56 85.56ab 90.11 54.56 V2=BRRI dhan56 69.56 94.33a 93.11 53.89 V3=BRRI dhan66 80.89 75.56b 91.56 51.67 Level of significance NS * NS NS Fertilization F1=Inorganic 77.11 90.22ab 95.56a 57.00 F2=Compost 20 tha -1 63.56 70.11b 81.78a 49.67 F3=Compost 30 tha -1 77.33 95.11a 97.44a 53.44 Level of significance NS * NS NS Interaction F1 V1 80.00 98.00 90.67 58.67 V2 54.67 68.33 89.33 54.67 V3 68.00 90.33 90.33 50.33 F2 V1 77.67 104.0 100.7 58.33 V2 59.00 76.67 78.67 45.67 V3 72.00 102.3 100.00 57.67 F3 V1 73.67 68.67 95.33 54.00 V2 77.00 65.33 77.33 48.67 V3 92.00 92.67 102.00 52.33 Level of significance NS NS NS NS CV (%) 28.98 23.32 17.94 15.78 In a column, means followed by a different letter(s) differed significantly by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at P ≤ 5% level of probability. NS indicates insignificant *indicates significant at 5% level of probability **indicates significant at 1% level of probability 18 Chowdhury et al. Number of effective tillers hill-1 The effects of varieties on the number of effective tillers hill-1 at different days after transplanting (DAT) were statistically significant (Figure 1). Results showed that the number of effective tiller hill-1 increased with various doses of poultry-based compost. The highest number of effective tiller hill-1 was recorded from V2 (BRRI dhan56) (11.44 and 12.33 at anthesis and maturity stage, respectively). The lowest number of effective tillers hill-1 was recorded from V3 (BRRI dhan66) (10.89 and 11.56 at anthesis and maturity stage, respectively). The number of effective tillers hill-1 was influenced by different fertilization presented in Fig. 2. It was observed that F1 (inorganic) produced the highest number of effective tillers hill-1 (11.89 at anthesis stage), and F2 (compost-20 t ha-1) showed the lowest result (12.33 at maturity stage). The number of effective tillers hill-1 was significantly affected by the interaction between varieties and fertilization (Fig. 3). Results indicated that the highest number of effective tillers hill-1 (12.67, 13.67) was found in the combination of V1F2 (Binadhan-7 with compost-20 t ha -1). Nitrogen availability may play an important role in the tiller generation. Inorganic fertilizer is a good source of available nitrogen with flooding irrigation as per Islam et al. (2014), Shaha (2014) and Hossain (2010). Alam et al. (2012) also stated similar findings. Table 3. Effect of fertilization on tiller number of different rice varieties at different stages Treatments Tiller number Varieties 30DAT Vegetative Booting Anthesis Maturity V1=Binadhan-7 13.00 13.44 14.89 12.78 13.44 V2=BRRI dhan56 15.33 14.89 15.56 13.11 14.11 V3=BRRI dhan66 13.67 13.22 15.56 12.11 12.78 Level of significance Ns NS NS NS NS Fertilization F1=Inorganic 15.33 15.33 15.89 13.67 15.44 F2=Compost 20 tha -1 12.56 11.89 13.89 12.56 12.56 F3=Compost 30 tha -1 14.11 14.33 16.22 11.78 12.33 Level of significance Ns * NS NS ** Interaction F1 V1 17.00a 16.33 14.67 14.00 15.33ab V2 8.33b 11.67 15.00 13.00 13.33abc V3 13.67ab 12.33 15.00 11.33 11.67c F2 V1 16.67a 17.33 17.00 14.00 16a V2 15.67a 12.00 13.00 13.00 12.67bc V3 13.67ab 15.33 16.67 12.33 13.67abc F3 V1 12.33ab 12.33 16.00 13.00 15ab V2 13.67ab 12.00 13.67 11.67 11.67c V3 15.00a 15.33 17.00 11.67 11.67c Level of significance * NS NS NS ** CV (%) 18.49 21.70 20.16 17.52 15.75 In a column, means followed by different letter(s) differed significantly by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at P ≤ 5% level of probability. NS indicates insignificant *indicates significant at 5% level of probability **indicates significant at 1% level of probability Performance of Poultry Litter Based Compost on Yield of T. Aman Rice 19 Fig. 1. Effect of different varieties on effective tiller/hill at anthesis and maturity stages Fig. 2. Effect of different fertilization on effective tiller/hill in rice at anthesis and maturity stages Fig.3. Interaction effect between different varieties and different fertilization on effective tiller/hill in rice at anthesis and maturity stages 11.67 11.33 12.33 11.44 11.56 10.89 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Maturity Anthesis N u m b e r o f e ff e c ti v e t il le r Varieties V1=Binadhan- 7 V2=BRRI dhan57 V3=BRRI dhan66 11.89 13.44 a 11 11.22 ab 10.78 10.89 b 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Anthesis Maturity N u m b e r o f e ff e c ti v e t il le r fertilization F1= Inorganic F2= 20 t/ha F3= 30 t/ha 1 1 .6 7 1 3 .3 3 1 1 .6 7 1 1 1 0 .6 7 1 0 .6 7 1 2 .6 7 1 3 .6 7 1 0 .6 7 1 1 .3 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 .3 3 1 3 .3 3 1 0 .6 7 1 1 .3 3 1 0 .6 7 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Anthesis Maturity N u m b e r o f e ff e c ti v e t il le r Variety and fertilization level F1V1 F1V2 F1V3 F2V1 F2V2 F2V3 F3V1 F3V2 F3V3 20 Chowdhury et al. Stem dry weight hill-1 Stem dry weight per plant was affected by the interaction between variety and fertilization presented in Table 4. At the maximum vegetative stage, the highest stem dry weight per plant (9.93g) was obtained in V3F2 (BRRI dhan66 with compost-20 t ha -1), and the lowest stem dry weight plant-1 (6.2 g) was obtained in V3F1 (BRRI dhan66 with inorganic). At the booting stage, the highest stem dry weight plant-1(15.29 g) was obtained in V3F3 (BRRI dhan66 with compost- 30 t ha-1) and the lowest stem dry weight plant-1(10.30 g) was obtained in V2F2 (BRRI dhan56 with compost-20 t ha-1). At the anthesis stage, the highest stem dry weight plant-1(42.14g) was obtained in V1F2 (Binadhan-7 with compost-20 t ha -1), which was statistically similar in V1F1 (Binadhan-7 with inorganic) (42.02 g), and the lowest stem dry weight plant-1(27.65 g) was recorded from V2F3 (BRRI dhan56 with compost-30 t ha -1). Leaf dry weight hill-1 Leaf dry weight plant-1 was affected by the interaction between variety and fertilization presented in Table 4. At the vegetative stage, the highest leaf dry weight plant-1 (8.26 g) was obtained in V3F2 (BRRI dhan66 with compost-20 t ha -1) and the lowest leaf dry weight plant-1 (5.50 g) was obtained in V1F3 (Binadhan-7 with compost-30 t ha -1). At the booting stage, the highest leaf dry weight plant-1 (9.86 g) was obtained in V3F3 (BRRI dhan66 with compost-30 t ha -1) and the lowest leaf dry weight plant-1 (6.65 g) was obtained in V2F3 (BRRI dhan56 with compost-30 t ha-1). Table 4. Effect of fertilization on stem dry weight and leaf dry weight of different ricevarieties at different stages Treatments Stem dry weight (g) Leaf dry weight (g) Varieties Vegetative Booting Anthesis Vegetative Booting Anthesis V1=Binadhan-7 7.44 11.93 37.28 6.91 8.18 4.66 V2=BRRI dhan56 9.24 13.17 37.29 7.52 8.18 4.52 V3=BRRI dhan66 7.38 13.29 34.87 6.22 8.23 4.33 Level of significance NS NS NS NS NS NS Fertilization F1=Inorganic 9.00 13.18 41.37a 7.28 8.44 4.91 F2=Compost 20 tha -1 6.62 11.47 30.57b 5.73 7.17 4.13 F3=Compost 30 tha -1 8.44 13.74 37.50a 7.64 8.98 4.47 Level of significance NS NS ** NS NS NS Interaction F1 V1 9.60 12.27 42.02a 8.12 8.23 4.81 V2 6.52 12.33 33.95a-c 5.63 7.80 4.91 V3 6.20 11.20 35.87a-c 7.00 8.51 4.27 F2 V1 10.83 14.47 42.14a 8.23 8.90 5.26 V2 6.96 10.30 30.09bc 6.06 7.08 3.70 V3 9.93 14.73 39.63a 8.26 8.57 4.61 F3 V1 6.56 12.80 39.96a 5.50 8.19 4.66 V2 6.40 11.77 27.65c 5.50 6.65 3.80 V3 9.19 15.29 37ab 7.66 9.86 4.52 Level of significance NS NS ** NS NS NS CV (%) 23.83 23.35 16.31 28.18 22.20 19.13 In a column, means followed by a different letter(s) differed significantly by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at P ≤ 5% level of probability. NS indicates insignificant *indicates significant at 5% level of probability **indicates significant at 1% level of probability Performance of Poultry Litter Based Compost on Yield of T. Aman Rice 21 At the anthesis stage, the highest leaf dry weight plant-1 (5.26 g) was obtained in V1F2 (Binadhan-7 with compost-20 t ha-1), and the lowest leaf dry weight plant-1 (3.7 g) was recorded from V2F2 (BRRI dhan56 with compost-20 t ha -1). Root dry weight hill-1 Root dry weight plant-1was affected by the interaction between variety and fertilization presented in Table 5. At the vegetative stage, the highest root dry weight plant-1(4.3g) was obtained in V3F2 (BRRI dhan66 with compost-20 t ha -1), and the lowest root dry weight plant-1(2.18g) was obtained in V2F2 (BRRI dhan56 with compost-20 t ha -1). At the booting stage, the highest root dry weight plant-1(3.86g) was obtained in V2F1 (BRRI dhan56 with inorganic), and the lowest root dry weight plant-1(2.65g) was obtained in V3F2 (BRRI dhan66 with compost-20 t ha -1).At the anthesis stage, the highest root dry weight plant-1(3.01g) was obtained in V1F1Binadhan-7 with inorganic), and the lowest root dry plant-1 (2.2g) was recorded from V2F3 (BRRI dhan56 with compost-30 t ha-1). Leaf area Leaf area evaluated for different varieties and fertilization is presented in Table 5. Leaf area was found with almost similar in each treatment. The maximum leaf area was recorded from V2 (BRRI dhan56) (5588 cm2 and 5229 cm2 at vegetative and booting stages, respectively) and the maximum leaf area was recorded from V1 (Binadhan-7) (3126 cm 2 and 3159 cm2 at anthesis and maturity stages, respectively). Table 5. Effect of fertilization on root dry weight and leaf area of different rice varieties at different stages Treatments Root dry weight (g) Leaf area (cm2) Varieties Vegetative Booting Anthesis Vegetative Booting Anthesis Maturity V1=Binadhan-7 2.79 3.05 2.67 5028 5151 3126 3159 V2=BRRI dhan56 3.29 3.29 2.61 5588 5229 2805 3119 V3=BRRI dhan66 2.92 3.35 2.46 4500 5210 2905 3116 Level of significance NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Fertilization F1=Inorganic 3.08 3.13 2.78 5305 5352 3096 3156 F2=Compost 20 tha -1 2.59 2.92 2.32 4227 4628 2675 3058 F3=Compost 30 tha -1 3.34 3.65 2.64 5585 5610 3065 3181 Level of significance NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Interaction F1 V1 2.93 2.82 3.01 5755 5169 3297a 2924 V2 2.66 3.86 2.52 4163 5135 3082ab 3458 V3 2.80 2.89 2.48 5167 5150 2997ab 3096 F2 V1 3.40 3.45 2.76 6095 5557 2989ab 3356 V2 2.18 3.58 2.25 4667 4356 2338b 2634 V3 4.30 2.65 2.84 6003 5774 3089ab 3367 F3 V1 2.90 3.65 2.58 4065 5331 3003ab 3188 V2 2.93 2.98 2.20 3850 4392 2603ab 3080 V3 2.93 3.22 2.60 5584 5908 3109ab 3081 Level of significance NS NS NS NS NS * NS CV (%) 21.69 21.44 22.90 23.83 18.06 18.80 17.18 In a column, means followed by a different letter(s) differed significantly by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at P≤ 5% level of probability. NS indicates insignificant *indicates significant at 5% level of probability **indicates significant at 1% level of probability 22 Chowdhury et al. The maximum leaf area was recorded from F3 (compost-30 t ha -1) (5585 cm2, 5610 cm2 and 3181 at vegetative, booting and maturity stages, respectively), and the maximum leaf area was recorded from F1 (Inorganic) (3096 cm 2 at anthesis stage). At the vegetative stage, the highest leaf area (6095 cm2) was obtained in V3F2 (BRRI 66 with compost-20 t ha -1) and the lowest leaf area (3850 cm2) was obtained in V2F3 (BRRI dhan56 with compost-30 t ha -1). At the booting stage, the highest leaf area (5908 cm2) was obtained in V3F3 (BRRI dhan66 with compost-30 t ha-1), and the lowest leaf area (4356 cm2) was obtained in V2F2 (BRRI dhan56 with compost-20 t ha-1). At the anthesis stage, the highest leaf area (3109 cm2) was obtained in V3F3 (BRRI dhan66 with compost-30 t ha-1) and the lowest leaf area (2338 cm2) was obtained in V2F2 (BRRI dhan56 with compost-20 ton ha-1). At the maturity stage, the highest leaf area (3458 cm2) was obtained in V2F1 (BRRI 56 with inorganic), and the lowest leaf area (2634 cm 2) was obtained in V2F2 (BRRI dhan56 with compost-20 t ha -1). SPAD value SPAD value was significantly influenced by poultry litter based composts, but the SPAD value was not significantly influenced in the case of varieties (Table 6). Result revealed that SPAD value was increased with the use of composts. The highest SPAD value (48.74) was recorded from F3and the lowest SPAD value (44.77) from F2 at vegetative stages in other stages SPAD value was not significant. The interaction effect of fertilization and different varieties was significantly influenced by SPAD value at vegetative and booting stages. Table 6. Effect of fertilization on SPAD value of different rice varieties at different stages Treatments Stages Varieties Vegetative Booting Anthesis V1=Binadhan-7 47.44 40.77 46.76 V2=BRRI dhan56 44.57 41.16 45.62 V3=BRRI dhan66 49.33 40.71 46.77 Level of significance NS NS NS Fertilization F1=Inorganic 47.83ab 41.48 45.53 F2=Compost 20 tha -1 44.77b 39.49 46.73 F3=Compost 30 tha -1 48.74a 41.67 46.88 Level of significance * NS NS Interaction F1 V1 47.57ab 42.13ab 46.60 V2 44.8b 39.73ab 46.17 V3 49.97ab 40.43ab 47.50 F2 V1 46.37ab 39.57ab 43.97 V2 43.27b 40.30ab 46.07 V3 44.07b 43.60a 46.83 F3 V1 49.57ab 42.73ab 46.03 V2 46.23ab 38.43b 47.97 V3 52.20a 40.97ab 46.30 Level of significance * * NS CV (%) 7.48 5.98 5.38 In a column, means followed by a different letter(s) differed significantly by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at P ≤ 5% level of probability. NS indicates insignificant *indicates significant at 5% level of probability **indicates significant at 1% level of probability Performance of Poultry Litter Based Compost on Yield of T. Aman Rice 23 The highest SPAD value (52.20) at the vegetative stage was recorded from F3V3 (compost -30 t ha-1 with BRRI dhan66), and the lowest SPAD value (43.27) was recorded from F2V2. The highest SPAD value (43.60) at the booting stage was recorded from F2V3. The lowest SPAD value (38.43) was recorded from F3V2 at the booting stage. SPAD value was significantly influenced by poultry litter based composts but the SPAD value insignificant in the case of varieties (Table 8). Result revealed that SPAD value was increased with the use of composts. The highest SPAD value (48.74) was recorded from F3 and the lowest SPAD value (44.77) from F2 at the vegetative stages, whereas in other stages SPAD value was not significant. The interaction effect of fertilization and different varieties was significantly influenced by SPAD value at vegetative and booting stages. The highest SPAD value (52.20) at the vegetative stage was recorded from F3V3whreas the lowest SPAD value (43.27) was recorded from F2V2 at the vegetative stage. The highest SPAD value (43.60) at the booting stage was recorded from F2V3 and the lowest SPAD value (38.43) from F3V2 at the booting stage. Zubaer et al. (2007) and Chowdhury et al. (2020) found a similar result at drought conditions that compost and nutrients increased chlorophyll contents in a crop plant. Panicle length Panicle length was not significantly influenced by poultry litter based composts but significantly influenced by different rice varieties (Table 7). The longest panicle length (22.9 cm) was produced by V1 (Binadhan-7), and the shortest panicle length (20.48 cm) produced by V3 (var. BRRI dhan66). Panicle length was not significantly influenced by poultry litter based composts (Table 9). Interaction between fertilizer and different rice varieties significantly influenced the panicle length. The longest panicle (24.16cm) found in F1V1 (inorganic with Binadhan-7) treatment and the shortest one (19.83cm) found in F3V3 (compost-30 t ha -1 with BRRI dhan66). Sarker et al. (2013) and Haque (2013) was found similar results of increased panicle length due to the application of manure on rice plants. 1000-grain weight Production of rice yield also depends on 1000-grain weight, which was significantly influenced by poultry litter based composts, but the 1000-grain weight was not significantly influenced by varieties (Table 7). Results revealed that the highest 1000-grain weight (22.23g) was recorded from F3and the lowest 1000-grain weight (19.66 g) was recorded from F2. This result was in agreement with the reports of Aziz (2008). The interaction effect of fertilizer and different varieties significantly influenced the 1000-grain weight. The highest 1000-grain weight (23.57 g) was recorded from F3V3 treatment and the lowest 1000-grain weight (19.27 g) was recorded from F1V2 (inorganic with BRRI dhan56). Grain yield Grain yield was significantly influenced by poultry litter based composts, but the grain yield (g pot-1) was not significantly influenced in the case of varieties (Table 7). Result revealed that grain yield was increased with the use of composts. The highest grain yield (23.61 g pot-1) was recorded from F1 (inorganic). The lowest grain yield (14.32 g pot -1) was recorded from F2 (compost-2 t ha-1). The interaction effect of fertilizer and different varieties was significantly influenced by grain yield. The highest grain yield (24.58 g pot-1) was recorded from F3V1 (compost-30 t ha-1 with Binadhan-7). The lowest grain yield (11.98 g pot-1) was recorded from F2V2 (compost -20 t ha -1 with BRRI dhan56).Islam et al. (2013) and Najafi and Abbasi (2013) also found a similar result in rice production. Saleque et al. (2004) reported that the application of compost increased the yield of rice. 24 Chowdhury et al. Straw yield The straw yield was significantly influenced by poultry litter based composts (Table 7). Result revealed that straw yield was increased with the use of composts. But the straw yield was not significantly influenced in varieties. The highest straw yield (18.19 g) was recorded from F1 (inorganic). The lowest straw yield (14.76 g) was recorded from F3. The combined effect of compost and different varieties significantly influenced the straw yield. The highest straw yield (18.6 g) was recorded from F2V1 (compost 20 t ha -1 with Binadhan-7). The lowest straw yield (13.5 g) was recorded from F3V3 (compost-30 t ha -1 with BRRI dhan66) treatment. Harvest index As a useful index of measuring the plant biomass converted into fruitful economic yield, the harvest index was significantly influenced by poultry litter based composts (Table 7). The harvest index was not significantly influenced by varieties. Results revealed that the harvest index was increased with the use of different composts treatment. The highest harvest index (58.2%) was recorded from F3 (compost 30t ha -1). The lowest harvest index (47.89%) was recorded from F2 (compost-20 t ha-1). The combined effect of poultry litter based composts and different varieties significantly influenced in harvest index. The highest harvest index (62.78%) was recorded from F1V3 (Inorganic BRRI dhan66). The lowest harvest index (45.04%) was recorded from F2V2 (compost 20t ha-1× BRRI dhan56). Table 7. Effect of fertilization on yield parameters of different varieties of rice Treatments Yield parameters Varieties Panicle length (cm) Grain yield g pot-1 1000 grain weight (g) Straw yield (g pot-1) Harvest index (%) V1=Binadhan-7 22.9a 21.63 20.80 16.09 57.03 V2=BRRI dhan56 22.49a 17.74 20.11 16.66 50.47 V3=BRRI dhan66 20.48b 19.49 22.26 15.50 54.79 Level of significance ** NS NS NS NS Fertilization F1=Inorganic 22.60 23.61a 21.28ab 18.19a 56.19a F2=Compost 20 tha -1 21.85 14.32b 19.66b 15.3b 47.89b F3=Compost 30 tha -1 21.42 20.92a 22.23a 14.76b 58.2a Level of significance NS ** ** ** * Interaction F1 V1 24.16a 24.28ab 20.9ab 18.17a 57abc V2 22.5abc 16.71bcd 19.27b 16.03abc 51.31abc V3 22.05abc 23.91ab 22.23ab 14.07bc 62.78a F2 V1 22.97ab 21.98ab 20.15ab 18.6a 53.54abc V2 22.11abc 11.98d 19.3b 14.67abc 45.04c V3 22.38abc 19.26abcd 20.89ab 16.7abc 52.82abc F3 V1 20.66bc 24.58a 22.8a 17.8ab 58.04ab V2 20.94bc 14.29cd 20.42ab 15.2abc 47.33bc V3 19.83c 19.59abc 23.57a 13.5c 59.01ab Level of significance ** ** ** ** ** CV (%) 7.14 19.16 7.66 15.72 13.26 In a column, means followed by a different letter(s) differed significantly by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at P ≤ 5% level of probability. NS indicates insignificant *indicates significant at 5% level of probability **indicates significant at 1% level of probability Performance of Poultry Litter Based Compost on Yield of T. Aman Rice 25 Soil chemical properties Results revealed that organic matter was increased with the use of different composts treatment (Table 8). The highest organic matter (2.328%) and the highest organic carbon (1.29%) were found in the case of F3 (compost 30 t ha -1).The lowest organic matter (1.03%) and the lowest organic carbon (0.49%) were found in the case of F1 (inorganic). The change of pH value was insignificant by the application of fertilization. Results revealed that N, P, K, S content of the soil was increased with the use of different composts treatment. The highest N (0.102%), P (130.0µg/g soil), K (0.449ppm/100g soil), S (62.04µg/g soil) was found in F3 (compost 30 t ha-1) treatment. The lowest N (0.0856%), P (110.0 µg/g soil), K (0.37 ppm/100g soil), S (39.92µg/g soil) was found in F1 (inorganic) treatment. A similar trend was also found by Liza et al. (2014) and Salaque et al. (2004) due to the application of organic manure. Table 8. Effect of fertilization on soil chemical properties Treatments Fertilization pH Organic matter (%) Organic carbon (%) N(%) P (µg/g soil) K (ppm/100 g soil) S (µg/g soil) F1=Inorganic 6.529 1.030c 0.49b 0.0856 110.0b 0.37b 39.92c F2=Compost 20 tha -1 6.650 1.912b 1.13a 0.090 126.4a 0.436a 49.24b F3=Compost 30 tha -1 6.618 2.328a 1.289a 0.102 130.0a 0.449a 62.04a Level of significance NS ** ** NS ** ** ** CV (%) 1.85 20.78 22.73 22.09 6.72 8.02 11.94 In a column, means followed by a different letter(s) differed significantly by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at P ≤ 5% level of probability. 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