Bangladesh Agron. J. 2020, 23(1): 29-36 

INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHORUS LEVELS ON GROWTH AND 

YIELD OF FOUR LENTIL VARIETIES 

R.A. Sonet, M.H. Ali, A.K.M.R. Amin, M.N. Haque and S.M. Masum 

Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh 
Corresponding E-mail: smmasum607@yahoo.com  

(Received: 23 April, 2020, Accepted: 07 June, 2020) 

Keywords: Lentil, phosphorus, variety, nodule, AEZ 28 

 

Abstract 

An adequate supply of phosphorus (P) is important for the proper growth and yield 

of lentil, particularly in poor fertile soil. As such an experiment was carried out to 
evaluate the effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on growth, yield, and 
yield components of lentil at the agronomy research field of Sher-e-Bangla 
Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during 2013-201. Four lentil varieties 
(BARI Masur-4, BARI Masur-5, BARI Masur-6, and BARI Masur-7) and four levels 
of P (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1) were used in this experiment as treatment 

variables. Interaction of cultivar and P levels showed a significant influence on all the 
plant characters studied except plant height and branch production. The highest 
seed yield (1.98 t ha-1) was obtained from the combination of BARI Masur-7 with 
40 kg P2O5 ha-1, and the lowest (1.08 t ha-1) was from BARI Masur-5 with 0 kg 
P2O5 ha-1. Addition of P fertilizer beyond 40 kg ha-1 decreased seed yield 

irrespective of varieties. Results revealed that the application of P fertilizer offers a 
large scope for obtaining a higher yield of lentil in Bangladesh. However, the 
application of P fertilizer at the rate of 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 would be the optimum for 
achieving higher yield irrespective of varieties. 

 

Introduction 

Pulses are the basic component of a cropping pattern in Bangladesh as these crops suitable in 

crop rotation and diversified or intercropping systems followed under different agro-ecological 

regions. Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) locally known as Masoor, is an important winter crop that 

has been grown as an important pulse for over 8,000 years (Dhuppar et al., 2012). In 

Bangladesh, lentil placed first position among the pulses in 154680.56 hectares, and production 

MT168837 (BBS, 2017). Lentil share a rich source of dietary protein, macronutrients, 

micronutrients (Fe, Zn and Se), and vitamins for poor consumers who cannot afford animal 

products due to high prices. Despite its importance, the production of lentil in Bangladesh is 
characterized by low mean yield of 1.27 t ha-1 (BBS, 2017) due to lack of improved variety. 

Furthermore, variety plays an important role in producing a high yield of lentil because different 

varieties responded differently for their genotypic characters (Hussain et al., 2002). Among 

different released varieties of lentil in Bangladesh: BARI Masur-4, BARI Masur-5, BARI Masur-6, 

and BARI Masur-7 are mentionable for high yield potential and quality. 

Phosphorus (P) is a non-renewable and second most important macronutrient which is required 

for young tissues and performs several functions related to growth, development, and 

metabolism of the plant and also regulates many metabolic activities of the plant life. Phosphorus 

increases the hardiness of the crop and an adequate supply of phosphorus results in rapid 



30  Sonet et al. 

 

growth (Singh and Singh, 2016). Phosphorus is the key element for successful pulse production 

because it is involved in root development, stalk and stem strength, flower and seed formation, 

crop maturity and production, N-fixation, crop quality and resistance to plant diseases by 

enhancing the physiological functions. It plays an important role to stimulate biological activities 

like nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and nutrient uptake in soil and rhizosphere environment 

resulting in a higher yield of legume crops (Khanam et al., 2016). The effect of phosphorus 

fertilization was significant on the number of pods plant-1 and grain yield (Singh et al., 2003). 

The optimum phosphorus application enhances the yield attributes such as the number of pods 

plant-1, grains pod-1 and 1000-seed weight, resulting in high production (Singh and Singh, 

2016).  

Farmers usually grow lentil without any fertilizer. Lentil suffering from P deficiency stimulates the 

length of the primary root, length and number of lateral roots and root hairs (Sarker and 

Karmoker, 2009), the increment in lateral roots was more than the primary root and resulted to 

increase in root surface area. The increase in the root surface area enhances the phosphorus 

acquisition from phosphorus-deficient soils, however, the varieties having prolific root hair 

formation are better in the acquisition of those nutrients (P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo) which are 

less available in soil (Gahoonia et al., 2006). The majority of soils under lentil cultivation in AEZ 

28 of Bangladesh are low to medium in available phosphorus, therefore, they respond well to 

the recommended level of phosphorus fertilizers (Shil et al., 2016; Rashid et al., 2018). There 

was, therefore, a need to study the effect of P fertilizer levels on the growth and yield of lentil 

genotypes. 

 

Materials and Methods 

The field experiment was conducted at the research field of the Agronomy Department, Sher-e-

Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka (Tejgaon series under AEZ 28) during the period 

December 2013 to April 2014. The experimental site was located at 23º77' N latitude and 

903' E longitude with an elevation of 4.0 m from the sea level. The temperature during the 
cropping period ranged between 17.0ºC to 26.9ºC, the humidity 58.66% to 80.25% with 

10.5-11.0 hours day length, and very little rainfall was recorded. The soil of the experimental 

site was silt loam in texture, with pH 6.4, organic carbon 0.68%, total nitrogen 0.08%, available 

phosphorus 10.99 mgkg-1, available potassium 0.05 meq100 g-1 and available sulphur10.5 

mgkg-1. The climate of this area is subtropical with average monthly maximum and minimum 

temperature, rainfall, relative humidity of 27.34 C and 16.04 C, 62.34 mm, 66.53%, 
respectively. Four lentil varieties (V1 = BARI Masur- 4, V2 = BARI Masur-5, V3 = BARI Masur-6, 

V4 = BARI Masur-7) and four levels of phosphorus (P0 = 0 kg P2O5 ha-1, P1 = 20 kg P2O5 ha-1, 

P2 = 40 kg P2O5 ha-1, P3 = 60 kg P2O5 ha-1) were used. The experiment was laidout in a Split-

plot design with three replications. Different varieties of lentils were in the main plot and 

different levels of phosphorus in sub-plot. In this experiment phosphorus was applied as per 

treatment and urea (175 kg ha-1), MoP (125 kg ha-1), gypsum (75 kg ha-1) were used as a 

recommended doses (FRG, 2012). The whole amount of all fertilizers except P was applied as 

basal dose (during final land preparation). Rate of P in the form of Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) 

was used as per treatment and applied as a basal dose. Sowing was done on 18 November 

2013 in continuous rows at the rate of 35 kg ha-1. After sowing the seeds were covered with 

soil, slightly pressed by hand. The maturity of the crop was determined when 95% of the pods 

become brown. The data collected on different parameters were statistically analyzed and 

significant differences among the treatment means were compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range 

Test (DMRT) at 5% level of probability (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). 



Influence of Phosphorus Levels on Growth and Yield of Lentil 31 

 

Results and Discussion 

Plant height 

Plant height is a useful growth index that influences dry matter production and yield. Although 

plant height is controlled genetically it may be modified by different agronomic practices. Plant 

height was significantly influenced by variety and levels of phosphorus at 15 and 60 DAS but 
showed a non-significant effect at 30, 45, 75, and 90 DAS (Table 1). The plant height of lentil 

increased significantly up to 60 kg P2O5 ha-1. Variations in plant height due to varieties were 

also reported by Hasan et al. (2015) and Datta et al. (2013). Increment in plant height might be 

due to the stimulation of biological activities in the presence of a balanced supply of phosphorus. 

Similar results on the increased plant height with an increased level of phosphorus application 

have also been reported by other researchers (Barua et al., 2011; Datta et al., 2013). 

 

Table 1. Effect of variety and phosphorus on plant height of lentil at different days after sowing 

(DAS) 

Variety × P2O5 level 
(kg ha-1) 

Plant height (cm) at 

15 DAS 30 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS 75 DAS 90 DAS 

BARI Masur-4 0  10.57 a-c 12.52 17.70 19.47 b 27.67 29.10 

20  10.57 a-c 12.57 19.83 27.87 ab 29.40 31.77 

40  11.55 a-c 12.30 20.43 27.07 ab 30.20 32.07 

60  10.83 a-c 13.17 20.00 31.67 a 30.97 32.07 
BARI Masur-5 0  10.77 a-c 12.47 17.53 25.17 ab 26.87 29.97 

20  10.20 bc 12.53 19.27 27.63 ab 29.07 30.17 

40  10.89 a-c 13.50 20.17 26.73 ab 29.07 31.17 

60  11.33 a-c 14.93 21.13 25.77 ab 30.73 31.53 
BARI Masur-6 0  10.53 a-c 12.67 19.43 25.97 ab 27.30 26.97 

20  10.13 c 12.37 19.40 27.43 ab 27.40 28.17 

40  10.77 a-c 12.67 19.63 27.30 ab 28.43 30.43 

60  10.63 a-c 12.47 19.67 27.17 ab 28.63 30.53 
BARI Masur-7 0  12.60 a 12.87 19.83 27.10 ab 29.17 26.53 

20  11.50 a-c 14.50 20.07 27.40 ab 31.43 29.50 

40  12.30 ab 12.83 20.97 29.97 a 30.97 31.40 

60  10.83 a-c 14.50 21.23 27.40 ab 32.87 31.63 

SE(0.05) 0.61 1.18 1.39 2.45 1.74 1.76 

CV (%) 9.65 15.60 12.22 15.78 10.28 10.09 

Any two means not sharing the same letter differ significantly at 5% level of probability (DMRT) 

 

Nodule number plant-1 

Nodule production plant-1 was significantly influenced by varieties and different levels of 
phosphorus at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days after sowing (Table 2). At 60 days after sowing 

the highest number of the nodules plant-1 (13.33) was found from the combination of BARI 

Masur-6 with60 kg P2O5 ha-1. At 15 days the lowest number of the nodules plant-1 (0.333) was 

found from BARI Masur-4 with 0 kg P2O5 ha-1. The number of nodules increases as the plant 

grows, and normally reaches the maximum at the mid flowering stage when the plant needs N 

the most (Jindal et al., 2008). Datta et al. (2013) observed that numbers of nodule production in 

lentil increase with the increasing the phosphorus level. The symbiotic parameters i.e. 

nodulation, nodule dry weight, and leghaemoglobin content are positively influenced by 

phosphorus application (Rashid et al., 2018). So, proper application of P to lentil facilitates the 



32  Sonet et al. 

 

earlier formation of nodules, increasing their numbers which enhances the nitrogen fixation 

(Gahoonia et al., 2006). Thus, P increases the yield of lentil by stimulating physiological 

functions and root development that improve nodulation (Sharma and Sharma, 2004).  The 

increasing dose of P from 20 to 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 increased the nodules and their dry weight per 

plant (Jindal et al., 2008). The number of nodules per plant declined at the highest dose (80 kg 

ha-1) of P (Rasheed et al., 2010). 

 
Effective branches plant-1  

The number of effective branches plant-1 is one of the most important yield contributing 
characters in lentil. Effective branches plant-1 was significantly influenced by variety and different 

levels of phosphorus applications (Table 3). The highest number of effective branches plant -1 

(8.00) was found from BARI Masur-7 with 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 and the lowest number of effective 

branches (4.00) from BARI Masur-5 with 0 kg P2O5 ha-1. Patil et al. (2003) and Hussain et al. 
(2002) also reported that effective branches plant-1 also vary with variety and different levels      

of P. 
 

Table 2. Effect of variety and phosphorus on nodule production of lentil at different DAS 

Variety × P2O5 level 
(kg ha-1) 

Number of nodules plant-1at 

15 DAS 30 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS 75 DAS 90 DAS 

BARI Masur-4 0 0.33 d 1.00 c 2.00 b 6.00 cd 4.33 de 2.67 fg 

20 1.33 a-d 1.67 bc 2.33 ab 8.33 bc 5.33 b-e 4.33 c-g 

40 2.33 a 2.67 a 2.67 ab 10.67 ab 5.33 b-e 5.00 b-g 

60 1.67 a-c 1.67 bc 2.67 ab 11.67 ab 7.67 a-c 7.00 a-c 
BARI Masur-5 0 0.67 cd 1.33 bc 2.00 b 2.67 e 3.33 e 3.33 e-g 

20 1.00 b-d 1.00 c 2.67 ab 3.67 de 5.00 c-e 4.00 d-g 

40 1.67 a-c 2.00 ab 2.67 ab 6.33 cd 6.33 a-e 4.67 c-g 

60 1.67 a-c 2.00 ab 2.67 ab 9.00 bc 7.33 a-d 5.33 b-f 
BARI Masur-6 0 0.67 cd 1.33 bc 2.33 ab 8.33 bc 5.33 b-e 2.33 g 

20 1.33 a-d 1.67 bc 1.67 b 11.33 ab 6.00 a-e 4.33 c-g 

40 2.00 ab 2.00 ab 2.33 ab 11.33 ab 6.00 a-e 6.33 a-d 

60 2.00 ab 2.00 ab 3.33 a 13.33 a 8.33 ab 7.67 ab 
BARI Masur-7 0 1.33 a-d 1.67 bc 1.67 b 4.00 de 5.00 c-e 2.33 g 

20 2.00 ab 2.00 ab 2.33 ab 6.33 cd 7.67 a-c 5.67 b-e 

40 1.67 a-c 2.00 ab 2.67 ab 10.00 ab 8.00 a-c 6.67 a-d 

60 1.67 a-c 1.67 bc 3.33  a 10.00 ab 8.67 a 8.67 a 

SE(0.05) 0.304 0.236 0.323 1.042 0.923 0.835 

CV (%) 36.14 23.61 22.74 21.71 25.66 28.80 

Any two means not sharing the same letter differ significantly at 5% level of probability (DMRT) 

 

Number of filled pods plant-1 

Pods plant-1is an important parameter determining the seed yield of the crop. It is clear from the 

data given in Table 3 that number of filled pods plant-1 was significantly influenced by the 

combination of varieties and different levels of phosphorus application. The highest number of 
filled pod plant-1 (73.0) was found from BARI Masur-7 with 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 and the lowest 

filled pod plant-1 (26.33) from BARI Masur-5 with 0 kg P2O5 ha-1. Datta et al. (2013) 

mentioned that numbers of pod in lentil significantly varied due to var iations of variety and P 

levels. It might be the reason for moderate plant nutrients availability due to which the plant 

produces more pods plant-1 as compare to other treatments and also phosphorus strongly 



Influence of Phosphorus Levels on Growth and Yield of Lentil 33 

 

increases the reproduction of the plants i.e. flowering and fruiting. Furthermore, P fertilization 

might stimulate the plant for flowering and fruiting which leads to producing more pods 

(Maqsood et al., 2000).  

 

Number of seeds pod-1 

The number of seeds pod-1 is also an important yield contributing parameter which has a great 
effect on final yield. It was observed that the treatment combination of variety and phosphorus 

had a significant effect on number of seeds pod-1 (Table 3). The highest number of seeds pod-1 

(1.97) was found for the treatment BARI Masur-6 with 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 and BARI Masur-7 with 

40 kg P2O5 ha-1 while the lowest number of seeds pod-1 (1.64) from BARI Masur-4 with 0 kg 

P2O5 ha-1. The used plant materials are the modern variety of lentils in Bangladesh therefore 

variation was mainly due to application of different phosphorus levels. Hussain et al. (2002) 

reported that the number of seed pod-1 varied greatly with varieties in lentil. Zeidan (2007) 

reported that increasing phosphorus levels from 0 to 60 kg increased seeds pod-1. The numbers 

of seeds pod-1 are enhanced with a successive increase in P levels from 20 to 40 and 60 kg ha-1 

(Choubey et al., 2013). The increment in P accumulates the photosynthesis from growing 

organs to seeds leading to make them plump and bold, thus affect the seed size and weight.  

Hence, seeds pod-1can be improved by superior P fertilization. 

 

1000-seed weight  

Seed weight is an important quality parameter of crops which has a great effect on final yield. 
Although this character is genetically controlled, the growing condition also exerts considerable 

influence on its expression. It is observed that the treatment combination of variety and 

phosphorus had a significant effect on 1000-seed weight (Table 3). The highest 1000-seed 

weight (26.67 g) was found from BARI Masur-6 with 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 whereas the lowest 

(20.33 g) from BARI Masur-4 with 0 kg P2O5 ha-1.  
 

Table 3.  Effect of variety and phosphorus on yield contributing parameters and yield of lentil 

Variety × P2O5 level 
(kg ha-1) 

Effective 
branch plant-1 

(no.) 

Filled pods 
plant-1 
(no.) 

Seeds 
pod-1 

(no.) 

1000-seed  
weight 

(g) 

Seed yield 
(t ha-1) 

BARI Masur-4 0  4.33  fg 35.00 d-f 1.64 b 20.33 c 1.11 de 

20  5.33 d-g 53.00 b-d 1.77 ab 21.33 a-c 1.48 c-e 

40  6.33 a-e 61.00 a-c 1.91 ab 26.33 ab 1.56 bc 

60  6.33 a-e 55.67 a-c 1.78 ab 23.67 a-c 1.51 cd 

BARI Masur-5 0  4.00 g 26.33 f 1.66 ab 21.33 a-c 1.08 e 

20  5.00 e-g 48.67 c-e 1.74 ab 21.67 a-c 1.42 c-e 

40  6.00 b-f 62.67 a-c 1.90 ab 25.33 a-c 1.54 bc 

60  5.67 c-g 55.00 a-c 1.75 ab 21.33 a-c 1.44 c-e 
BARI Masur-6 

 
 

0  5.67 c-g 33.00 ef 1.74 ab 21.00 bc 1.37 c-e 

20  6.67 a-e 51.33 b-e 1.93 ab 23.00 a-c 1.74 a-c 

40  7.33 a-c 68.67 ab 1.97 a 26.67 a 1.79 a-c 

60  7.00 a-d 54.00 a-d 1.71 ab 24.00 a-c 1.79 a-c 

BARI Masur-7 0  5.33 d-g 35.67 d-f 1.69 ab 22.00 a-c 1.39 c-e 

20  7.33 a-c 53.00 b-d 1.89 ab 22.00 a-c 1.73 a-c 

40  8.00 a 73.00 a 1.97 a 26.00 ab 1.98 a 

60  7.67 ab 53.67 b-d 1.91 ab 25.33 a-c 1.95 ab 

SE(0.05) 0.569 5.734 0.095 0.124 0.124 

CV (%) 16.08 19.39 9.02 13.73 13.73 

Any two means not sharing the same letter differ significantly at 5% level of probability (DMRT)  



34  Sonet et al. 

 

Variation in 1000-seed weight in different varieties was also reported by Datta et al. (2013) in 

lentil. Saxena and Varma (1996) also obtained a significant effect on 1000-seed weight and the 

highest was recorded from 30 to 60 kg P2O5 ha-1which is conformity with the present results. In 

lentil increasing level of P from 20 to 80 kg ha-1 significantly increase the time of field maturity 

(Rasheed et al., 2010) because P stimulates the nitrogenase activity of root nodules and 

physiological processes (Khan et al., 2006). So, higher P rates application lengthen the period 

of crop maturity and consequently increase the seed yield, by improving 1000-seed weight 

(Rasheed et al., 2010). 

 

Seed yield  

Seed yield is the output of different treatments applied as well as the effect of different 

agronomic practices and the environment. The variation in seed yield might be due to 

differences in yield attributing parameters like the number of pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, and test 

weight among the varieties which are influenced by the phosphorus fertilizer application (Table 

3). The yield varied from 1.08 to 1.98 t ha-1 due to different levels of P and varieties. The 

highest seed yield (1.98 t ha-1) was found from BARI Masur-7 with 40 kg P2O5 ha-1. However, 

the increase in seed yield of BARI Masur-4, BARI Masur-5, BARI Masur-6 and BARI Masur-7 

were 40, 43, 31 and 43%, respectively compared to the controls. This indicates the fact that 

agronomic biofortification may have fostered the photosynthesis process and translocation of 

photosynthetic products to the seed as a result of an increase in enzymatic activity (Islam et al., 
2018). An increase in phosphorus fertilizer beyond 40 kg ha-1 tended to decrease seed yield 

irrespective of varieties. This might be due to the imbalance of other nutrients. Similar findings 
were also obtained by Singh et al. (2005) who reported that increased phosphorus application 

demonstrated a higher yield of lentil at a certain level.  

 

Conclusion 

The agronomic biofortification had influenced the plant height, branch plant-1, and importantly, 

the number of nodules plant-1. So, optimum management of P is necessary to harvest the full 

potential of the lentil crop cultivated on low to medium P status soils.  The combination effect 

revealed that  lentil var. BARI Masur-7 with 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 performed best in producing a 

higher  seed yield. Therefore, it could be concluded that var. BARI Masur-7 with 40 kg P2O5 ha-

1may be a promising practice for obtaining a higher seed yield of lentil under AEZ 28 of 

Bangladesh. 

 

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