Bangladesh Agron. J. 2022, 25(1): 7-14 FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATION FOR CHILLI-GARLIC INTERCROPPING SYSTEM I.S.M. Farhad1, E. Jahan2, R. Sen3, M.M.U. Chowdhury4 and S. Akhter5 1 & 3Soil Science Division, BARI, Gazipur, Bangladesh 2Regional Laboratory, SRDI, Tangail, Bangladesh 4On-Farm Research Division, BARI, Noakhali, Bangladesh 5TCRC, BARI, Gazipur, Bangladesh Corresponding E-mail: farhadsau@gmail.com (Received: 31 January 2022, Accepted: 28 February 2022) Keywords: Intercropping, optimum fertilizer, chilli equivalent yield, BCR Abstract An experiment was conducted at Central Research Farm, BARI, Gazipur and On Farm Research Division, BARI, Noakhali during Rabi season of 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20 to develop a fertilizer recommendation for chilli with garlic intercropping system. Six treatment combinations viz. T1= 100% RDCF of chilli + 0% RDCF of garlic, T2= 100% RDCF of chilli +10% RDCF of garlic, T3= 100% RDCF of chilli + 20% RDCF of garlic, T4= 100% RDCF of chilli +30% RDCF of garlic, T5= 100% RDCF of chilli +40% RDCF of garlic and T6= 100% RDCF of chilli +50% RDCF of garlic were tested. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Both chilli and garlic characters significantly influenced by different treatment combinations. The maximum yield of chilli (10.12 and 9.10 t ha-1 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) and garlic (3.70 and 3.55 t ha-1 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) were obtained from T6 treatments which were statistically similar with T5 treatment. Chilli equivalent yield progressively increased with the increase of inorganic fertilizers. The results showed that T6 provided the highest CEY (17.52 and 16.18 t ha-1 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) followed by T5 (17.47 and 16.14 t ha-1 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively). The highest gross margin (Tk. 339755 ha-1 and Tk 310198. ha-1at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) as well as BCR (4.50 and 4.32 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) were obtained from T5 treatment while the lowest net return (Tk. 266661 ha- 1 and Tk. 242264 ha-1at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) as well as BCR (3.92 and 3.76 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) were observed from T1 treatment. Though T6 treatment gave higher yield over all the treatments but it showed lower BCR compared to T5 treatment due to higher cost involvement for inorganic fertilizer. Introduction In Bangladesh, the majority of farmers are practicing monoculture rather than an intercropping system. However, intercropping use nutrients efficiently and gives greater yield stability over monoculture (Seran and Brintha, 2010). Moreover, mixed or intercropping can ensure maximum land utilization of the available resources and compared with each sole crop to increase productivity (Launay et al., 2009; Mucheru-Muna et al., 2010). Intercropping is an important tool for getting higher productivity per unit area by intensifying the use of land particularly densely populated countries which has limited per capita land for crop production. Chilli is one of the major spices cropin Bangladesh which generally grown in char land as a sole crop. Farmers of different region especially coastal and char areas grow chilli as a sole or sometimes intercropping with garlic and onion. From the previous research findings of Begum et al. (2015), chilli-garlic intercropping system was found very productive and profitable for the char land. Moreover, it is a promising practice in coastal saline area as both chilli and garlic can mailto:farhadsau@gmail.com 8 Farhad et al. tolerate salinity level up to 3 - 10 dS m-1 at fruiting stage (Amin et al., 2011). However, there is still no recommended fertilizer dose for chilli with garlic intercropping system. To get the maximum return and crop production, fertilizer management is the most logical way to raise total production. So, it is necessary to find out the optimum fertilizer dose for chilli-garlic intercropping system. Thus, this experiment was carried at Gazipur and Noakhali with the objective to develop a fertilizer recommendation for chilli with garlic intercropping system. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted at Central Research Farm, BARI, Gazipur (AEZ-28) and On Farm Research Division, BARI, Noakhali (AEZ-18) during Rabi season of 2017-2018, 2018-19 and 2019-20 to develop a fertilizer recommendation for chilli with garlic intercropping system. The experiment confined with intercropping where chilli was transplanted as main crop and garlic as companion crop. The variety of chilli was BARI Morich-3 and Local in Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively. The variety of garlic was BARI Garlic-2 in both the location. Before conducting the experiment, initial composite soil samples at a depth of 0-15 cm from the experimental plots were collected and analyzed following standard methods (Table 1). Table 1. Chemical properties of initial soil (0-15 cm depth) of the experimental field at Central Research farm, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur and OFRD, BARI, Noakhali during Rabi season Sample pH EC OM Total N K Ca Mg P S Zn B Cu Fe Mn dSm-1 (%) meq/100 g soil µg g-1 soil A t G az ip u r Average 6.1 - 1.36 0.08 0.18 3.8 2.2 12.0 16 1.6 0.17 4.0 72 8 Critical level - - - 0.12 0.12 2.0 0.5 7 10 0.6 0.2 0.2 4.0 1.0 In te rp re ta ti o n S li g h tl y a ci d ic - L o w V er y L o w L o w M ed iu m V er y h ig h M ed iu m M ed iu m O p ti m u m L o w V er y h ig h V er y h ig h V er y h ig h A t N o ak h al i Average 6.9 0.85 1.23 0.07 0.11 5.0 2.3 9.5 28 1.9 0.49 1.2 17 7.6 Critical level - - - 0.12 0.12 2.0 0.5 10 10 0.6 0.2 0.2 4.0 1.0 In te rp re ta ti o n N eu tr al N o n S al in e L o w V er y L o w L o w O p ti m u m V er y h ig h L o w O p ti m u m H ig h O p ti m u m V er y h ig h V er y h ig h V er y h ig h The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The unit plot size was 4.0 m  3.0 m. Chilli transplantation and garlic cloves dibbling were done on last week of November at Gazipur and 2nd week of December at Noakhali in all the three consecutive years. One row of garlic was sown in between two rows of chilli. Line to line spacing of chilli was 40 cm and chilli to garlic spacing was 20 cm. Plant to plant spacing of chilli and garlic was 40 cm and 10 cm, respectively. The experiment was set up with six treatments viz. T1= 100% RDCF of chilli + 0% RDCF of garlic, T2= 100% RDCF of chilli +10% RDCF of garlic, T3= 100% RDCF of chilli + 20% RDCF of garlic, T4= 100% RDCF of chilli +30% RDCF of garlic, T5= 100% RDCF of chilli + 40% RDCF of garlic and T6= 100% RDCF of chilli + 50% RDCF of garlic. Recommended fertilizer dose was estimated based on the soil test value. At Gazipur, recommended dose of chemical fertilizer (RDCF) for chilli was N99.5 P32.6 K64 S9.5 Zn0.2 B0.9 kg ha-1and garlic was N118 P27.5 K60 S28 Zn0.5 B2.8 kg ha-1 where as the Fertilizer Recommendation for Chilli-Garlic Intercropping System 9 recommended doses of chemical fertilizer for chilli and garlic were N104 P52 K89 S1.4kg ha-1 and N127 P44 K83.6 S4B0.7 kg ha-1, respectively at Noakhali. The whole amounts of P, S, Zn, B and 1/4th of K were applied at the time of final land preparation. Remaining K and whole amounts of N were applied in three equal installments at 25, 50 and 75 days after transplantation from 10-12 cm away from the base of the plant which would be beneficial for the growth and yield of garlic. Cowdung (5 t ha-1) were applied as a basal in all the plots. All the intercultural operations such as irrigation, weeding, insect control etc. were done as and when necessary. At Noakhali, Soil salinity level was measured by using Electrical Conductivity meter Adwa (AD 310) at 15 days interval from emergence to maturity stages of the crop in all the three consecutive years and similar trends were observed. Salinity level was 1.18 to 10.41 dS m-1, 1.12 to 9.75 dS m-1 and 1.15 to 8.19 dS m-1 in 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively over the whole growing period. Soil salinity gradually increased up to 2nd week of April and then declined due to heavy rainfall at the later stages of the crop growing period. Chilli was harvested five times at 15 days interval starting from 3rd week of March, at Gazipur and last week of March at Noakhali. Garlic was harvested in its maturity on 1st week of April and 3rd week of April at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively in all the three years. Ten plants from each plot were tagged at random to take records on different agronomic parameters of chilli and garlic. Data on yield and yield contributing parameters were recorded and statistically analyzed with the help of statistical package statistix 10 (Analytical Software. Tallahassee, Fla, USA) and mean separation was tested by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) (Steel and Torrie, 1960). Chilli Equivalent Yield (CEY) was calculated after Bandyopadhyay (1984): Chilli Equivalent Yield (kg/ha) = Yield of garlic(kg/ha ) x Price of garlic (Tk./kg) Price of chilli (Tk./kg) Methods of chemical analysis Soil pH was measured by a combined glass calomel electrode (Jackson, 1958). Organic carbon determination by wet oxidation method (Walkley and Black, 1934). Total N was determined by modified Kjeldahl method. Ca and Mg were determined by NH4OAc extraction method. K, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were determined by DTP Aextraction followed by AAS reading. Boron was determined by CaCl2 extraction method. Phosphorus was determined by Bray and Kurtz method (Acid soils) and Modified Olsen method (Neutral + Calcareous soils). S was determined by CaH4(PO4)2. H2O extraction followed by turbidimetric method with BaCl2. Results and Discussion Chilli The effect of chemical fertilizers on the yield and yield parameters of chilli are summarized in the Tables 2 & 3. Chilli yield and yield attributes like plant height, number of branches plant-1, number of fruits plant-1 and average fruit weight plant-1 of chilli were significantly influenced by different nutrient packages. The maximum plant height (65.7 cm and 61.9 cm at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) was obtained from T6 treatment (100% RDCF of chilli +50% RDCF of garlic) which was statistically similar with T5 treatment whereas the lowest plant height (59.8 cm and 56.3 cm at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) was obtained from T1 treatment (100% RDCF of chilli + 0% RDCF of garlic). No. of branches plant-1 positively affected by different fertilizer treatment. Significantly highest number of branches plant-1 (9.0 and 7.8 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) was obtained from T6 treatment whereas the lowest number of branches plant-1 (7.3 and 6.1 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) was recorded in T1 treatment. Number of fruits plant-1 progressively increases with the increase of inorganic fertilizers. The maximum number of fruits plant-1 (156.5 and 133.1 at Gazipur and 10 Farhad et al. Noakhali, respectively) was obtained from T6 treatment which was statistically similar with T5 treatment. While the minimum number of fruits plant-1 (127.1 and 101.5 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) was obtained from T1 treatment. The maximum average fruit weight plant-1 (232.1 g and 207.3 g at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) was obtained from T6 treatment which was statistically similar with T5 . The lowest average fruit weight plant-1 (177.6 g and 154.2 g at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) was recorded in T1 treatment. Table 2. Yield and yield components of chilli as influenced by different treatment combinations at Gazipur during Rabi season (Pooled data of 3-years) Treatments Plant height (cm) Number of branches plant-1 Number of fruits plant-1 Average fruit weight plant-1 (g) Fruit yield (t ha-1) T1 59.8d 7.3c 127.1d 177.6e 8.13e T2 60.7cd 8.1bc 131.7d 200.1d 8.40d T3 61.3cd 8.4ab 136.6c 207.3c 8.83c T4 62.5bc 8.4ab 142.4b 213.2b 9.19b T5 64.2ab 8.8ab 154.8a 229.5a 10.09a T6 65.7a 9.0a 156.5a 232.1a 10.12a SE (±) 1.25 0.98 3.16 2.95 0.19 CV (%) 6.25 5.83 3.87 3.26 7.23 Means followed by same letter (s) do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) Table 3. Yield and yield components of chilli as influenced by different treatment combinations at Noakhali during Rabi season (Pooled data of 3-years) Treatments Plant height (cm) Number of branches plant- 1 Number of fruits plant-1 Average fruit weight plant-1(g) Chilli yield (t ha-1) T1 56.3c 6.1d 101.5e 154.2e 7.26e T2 57.2c 6.5cd 106.3d 162.7d 7.58d T3 58.5bc 6.8bcd 114.8c 175.6c 7.99c T4 60.3ab 7.2abc 123.2b 193.4b 8.41b T5 61.7a 7.6ab 132.6a 205.5a 9.06a T6 61.9a 7.8a 133.1a 207.3a 9.10a SE (±) 1.62 0.81 3.54 3.10 0.22 CV (%) 5.46 6.66 4.84 3.52 7.64 Means followed by same letter (s) do not differ significantly at 5% level of significanceby Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) T1= 100% RDCF of chilli + 0% RDCF of garlic, T2= 100% RDCF of chilli +10% RDCF of garlic, T3= 100% RDCF of chilli + 20% RDCF of garlic, T4= 100% RDCF of chilli +30% RDCF of garlic, T5= 100% RDCF of chilli +40% RDCF of garlic and T6= 100% RDCF of chilli +50% RDCF of garlic. Yield of chilli progressively increases with the increase of inorganic fertilizers. The maximum yield of chilli (10.12 and 9.10 t ha-1 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) was obtained from T6 treatment (100% RDCF of chilli +50% RDCF of garlic)which was statistically similar with T5 treatment (100% RDCF of chilli +40% RDCF of garlic) and superior to all other treatments.The lowest yield of chilli (8.13 and 7.26 t ha-1 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) was observed in T1 treatment (100% RDCF of chilli + 0% RDCF of garlic).The result was similar to the findings of Jha et al. (2000) and Islam (2007) in maize + potato intercropping. Garlic The effect of chemical fertilizers on the yield and yield parameters of garlic are summarized in the Tables 4 and 5. The results indicated that most of the yield attributes of garlic were significantly Fertilizer Recommendation for Chilli-Garlic Intercropping System 11 influenced by different treatment combinations except plants m-2. The maximum plant height (52.4 cm and 51.2 cm at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) was obtained from T6 treatment (100% RDCF of chilli +50% RDCF of garlic) which was statistically at par with T4 and T5 treatment whereas the lowest plant height (47.3 cm and 46.1 cm at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) from T1 treatment (100% RDCF of chilli + 0% RDCF of garlic). Table 4. Effect of different treatments on the yield and yield attributes of garlic at Gazipur during Rabi season (Pooled data of 3-years) Treatments Plant population m-2 (No.) Plant height (cm) Clove bulb-1 (No.) Bulb diameter (cm) Individual bulb weight (g) Bulb yield (t ha-1) T1 24.4 47.3b 19.4c 3.38d 12.6c 3.09d T2 24.5 48.5b 21.6bc 3.43cd 13.2bc 3.16d T3 24.8 49.1b 21.2bc 3.49bc 14.1abc 3.35c T4 24.7 51.4a 22.8ab 3.54b 14.8ab 3.51b T5 24.7 52.3a 24.1a 3.62a 15.7a 3.69a T6 24.8 52.4a 24.3a 3.64a 15.8a 3.71a SE (±) 0.08 1.21 1.13 0.03 0.79 0.05 CV (%) 2.41 5.80 5.81 3.91 5.81 7.12 Means followed by same letter (s) do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) T1= 100% RDCF of chilli + 0% RDCF of garlic, T2= 100% RDCF of chilli +10% RDCF of garlic, T3= 100% RDCF of chilli + 20% RDCF of garlic, T4= 100% RDCF of chilli +30% RDCF of garlic, T5= 100% RDCF of chilli +40% RDCF of garlic and T6= 100% RDCF of chilli +50% RDCF of garlic. The maximum number of clove bulb-1 (24.3 and 23.8 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) was obtained from T6 treatment which was statistically similar with T4 and T5 treatment whereas the minimum number of clove bulb-1 (19.4 and 18.9 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) from T1 treatment (100% RDCF of chilli + 0% RDCF of garlic). Both of bulb diameter and individual bulb weight are progressively increases with the increase of fertilizers. The maximum bulb diameter (3.64 cm and 3.60 cm at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) and individual bulb weight (15.8 cm and 15.6 cm at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) were obtained from T6 treatment (100% RDCF of chilli + 50% RDCF of garlic) which was statistically significant with T5 treatment (100% RDCF of chilli + 40% RDCF of garlic). The lowest bulb diameter (3.38 cm and 3.32 cm at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) and individual bulb weight (12.6 cm and 11.9 cm at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) were obtained from T1 treatment (100% RDCF of chilli + 0% RDCF of garlic).Yield of garlic progressively increases with the increase of inorganic fertilizers.The maximum bulb yield of garlic (3.71 t ha-1 and 3.55 t ha-1 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) was obtained from T6 treatment (100% RDCF of chilli +50% RDCF of garlic)which was statistically similar with T5 treatment (100% RDCF of chilli +40% RDCF of garlic) and superior to all other treatments.The lowest yield (3.09 and 2.97 t ha-1 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) was obtained from T1 treatment (100% RDCF of chilli + 0% RDCF of garlic). Table 5. Effect of different treatments on the yield and yield attributes of garlic at Noakhali during Rabiseason (Pooled data of 3-years) Treatments Plant population m-2 (No.) Plant height (cm) Clove bulb-1 (No.) Bulb Diameter (cm) Individual bulb weight (g) Bulb yield (t ha-1) T1 24.0 46.1c 18.9c 3.32d 11.9d 2.97e T2 24.1 46.6c 20.8bc 3.41c 12.8cd 3.12d T3 24.1 47.7bc 21.2b 3.49b 13.5bc 3.28c 12 Farhad et al. T4 24.3 49.5ab 22.5ab 3.54ab 14.2b 3.37b T5 24.5 51.0a 23.6a 3.59a 15.4a 3.54a T6 24.5 51.2a 23.8a 3.60a 15.6a 3.55a SE (±) 0.07 1.16 0.97 0.04 0.45 0.03 CV (%) 2.21 5.91 5.38 3.46 5.54 7.42 Means followed by same letter (s) do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) T1= 100% RDCF of chilli + 0% RDCF of garlic, T2= 100% RDCF of chilli +10% RDCF of garlic, T3= 100% RDCF of chilli + 20% RDCF of garlic, T4= 100% RDCF of chilli +30% RDCF of garlic, T5= 100% RDCF of chilli +40% RDCF of garlic and T6= 100% RDCF of chilli +50% RDCF of garlic. Chilli Equivalent Yield (CEY) Chilli equivalent yield was progressively increases with the increase of inorganic fertilizers. The results showed that T6 provided the highest CEY (17.52 and 16.18 t ha-1 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) that was 22.43% and 22.57% higher over T1 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively (Figure 1). The treatment T5 also gave higher CEY (17.47 and 16.14 t ha-1 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) followed by T4, T3 and T2. The higher CEY was mainly attributed due to additional yield advantage resulted from fertilizer effect in chill-garlicinter cropping. The result was similar to the findings of Begum et al. (2016) who observed that there was a trend of increase in potato equivalent yield (PEY) with the increase of inorganic fertilizer level and decreased considerably towards lower fertilizer levels. Akhteruzzaman et al. (2008) also reported PEY increased towards higher fertilizer rates in potato hybrid maize intercropping. Cost and return analysis Cost and return of chilli with garlic intercropping have been described in the Tables 6 & 7. Among the treatments, the highest gross margin (Tk. 339755ha-1 and Tk. 310198 ha-1at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) as well as BCR (4.50 and 4.32 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) were obtained from T5 treatment (100% RDCF of chilli + 40% RDCF of garlic) whereas the lowest gross margin (Tk. 266661 ha-1 and Tk. 242264 ha-1at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) as well as BCR (3.92 and 3.76 at Gazipur and Noakhali, respectively) were observed in T1 treatment (100% RDCF of chilli + 0% RDCF of garlic). Though T6 treatment gave higher yield over all the treatmentsbutt it showed lower BCR compared to T5 treatment due to higher cost involvement for inorganic fertilizer. Table 6. Cost and return analysis of chilli with garlic intercropping system as influenced by different fertilizer treatment combinations at Gazipur during Rabi season (Pooled data of 3-years) Treatments Yield (t ha-1) Chilli equivalent Gross Total cost Gross Benefit 14.31 14.72 15.53 16.21 17.47 17.52 13.2 13.82 14.55 15.15 16.14 16.18 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 % C E Y i n cr e a se o v e r T 1 C h il li E q u iv a le n t Y ie ld ( t h a -1 ) Treatment Fig.1. Chilli equivalent yield (CEY) and % CEY increase over TI in different treatment combinations % Chilli Equivalent Yield increase over T1 Chilli Equivalent Yield Gazipur Noakhali Fertilizer Recommendation for Chilli-Garlic Intercropping System 13 Chilli Garlic yield (t ha-1) return (Tk. ha-1) (Tk. ha-1) margin (Tk. ha-1) cost ratio (BCR) T1 8.13 3.09 14.31 357750 91089 266661 3.92 T2 8.40 3.16 14.72 368000 92566 275434 3.97 T3 8.83 3.35 15.53 388250 94042 294208 4.12 T4 9.19 3.51 16.21 405250 95520 309730 4.24 T5 10.09 3.69 17.47 436750 96995 339755 4.50 T6 10.12 3.71 17.52 438000 98472 339528 4.44 Input and output price per Kg: Urea = Tk. 16, TSP = Tk. 22, MoP = Tk. 15, Gypsum = Tk. 12, Zinc sulphate =Tk.150, Boric acid = Tk.220, Chilli selling price = Tk. 25 and Garlic selling price = Tk. 50 Table 7. Cost and return analysis of chilli with garlic intercropping system as influenced by different treatment combinations at Noakhali during Rabi season (Pooled data of 3-years) Treatments Yield (t ha-1) Chilli equivalent yield (t ha-1) Gross return (Tk. ha-1) Total cost (Tk. ha-1) Gross margin (Tk. ha-1) Benefit cost ratio (BCR) Chilli Garlic T1 7.26 2.97 13.20 330000 87736 242264 3.76 T2 7.58 3.12 13.82 345500 89028 256472 3.88 T3 7.99 3.28 14.55 363750 90520 273230 4.01 T4 8.41 3.37 15.15 378750 91910 286840 4.12 T5 9.06 3.54 16.14 403500 93302 310198 4.32 T6 9.08 3.55 16.18 404500 94694 309806 4.27 Input and output price per Kg: Urea = Tk. 16, TSP = Tk. 22, MoP = Tk. 15, Gypsum = Tk. 12, Zinc sulphate =Tk.150, Boric acid = Tk.220, Chilli selling price = Tk. 25 and Garlic selling price = Tk. 50 Conclusion From the present study, it may be concluded that treatment package consists of 100% RDCF of chillialong with 40% RDCF of garlic is most profitablefor chilli with garlic intercropping systemin the study area (AEZ-28 and 18). 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