Bangladesh Agron. J. 2022, 25(2): 89-96 PERFORMANCE OF AMAN RICE VARIETIES UNDER DIFFERENT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT A. Mushtaree, M.A.R. Sarkar, M.S. Kabiraj, S.K. Sarkar, M.H. Rashid and S.K. Paul Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh -2202, Bangladesh Corresponding E-mail: skpaul@bau.edu.bd (Received: 21 November 2022, Accepted: 23 January 2023) Keywords: Nutrient, Aman rice, grain yield Abstract An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during July to December 2017 to investigate the combined effect of poultry manure with inorganic fertilizers on the yield of BINA developed transplant Aman rice varieties. The experiment comprised three varieties viz. Binadhan-15, Binadhan-16 and Binadhan-17 with five nutrient management viz. Control (no application of manures and fertilizers), 100% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer (Urea-TSP-MoP-Gypsum-Zinc sulphate @ 150-110-70-60-5 kg ha-1) (RF), Poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1, 75% RF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1, 50% RF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Number of total tillers hill-1 (13.37), number of effective tillers hill-1 (6.76), grains panicle-1 (107.86 cm), grain yield (6.97 t ha-1), straw yield (8.36 t ha-1), and harvest index (45.47%) were found to be the highest in Binadhan-17 and the highest weight of 1000-grain (27.32 g) was recorded in Binadhan-16. Among the nutrient management, 75% RF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 exhibited its superiority to other treatments in terms of number of total tillers hill-1(11.74), grains panicle-1 (115.26), 1000-grain weight (23.49 g), grain yield (6.57 t ha-1) and harvest index (48.20%). The highest grain yield (7.10 t ha-1) was found in Binadhan-17 with 75% RF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 and the lowest grain yield (5.32 t ha-1) was found in Binadhan-16 with control treatment. From the study, it can be concluded that Binadhan-17 fertilized with 75% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 appears as the promising practice to obtain the highest grain yield. Introduction Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy in terms of GDP as well as the improvement of livelihood of the majority people in Bangladesh. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food and has been being grown in this country from time immemorial. The production of milled rice reached around 38.78 million tons and it contributes to about 92% of the total food grains produced in the country (BBS, 2020). Rice is cultivated in 75.03% of our agricultural land (BBS, 2020) but the average yield of rice in Bangladesh is lower (3.04 t ha-1) than the highest rice-producing country China with 12.9 t ha-1 rice yield (Sinha et al., 2018). There are three rice-growing seasons in Bangladesh viz. Aus, Aman, and Boro. Among them, transplant Aman rice contributed the most to the total yield and it covers the second largest area of 56 lac hectares with a production of 131 lac tons of rice (BBS, 2020). In rice production, suitable variety selection is very important because, the higher yield depends mostly on the varietal performance. 90 Mushtaree et al. Bangladesh has a bright prospect for higher rice production but due to the lack of improved variety, judicious use of fertilizers, and different management practices could be responsible for the lower yield. The productivity of crops decreases due to nutrient mining, soil organic matter depletion, and reduction of soil aggregates (Rahman and Yakupitiyage, 2006). Excess fertilizer application influences nutrient loss, surface water and groundwater contamination, soil acidification or basification, reduction in useful microbial communities, and increased sensitivity to harmful insects. There are evidences that organic manures enhanced rice production and increased the yield and quality of agricultural produce with maintaining soil health more fertile (Nayak et al., 2020). Although compared to inorganic fertilizers, organic manures have some shortcomings such as supplying low nutrient content in a short time, slow decomposition etc. Therefore, a suitable approach to nutrient management is required to keep the production of rice to a notable amount and increase the nutrient use efficiency of soil (Paul et al., 2021). The combined application of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers in rice fields provides favorable soil physical conditions with favorable microbial activity and nutrient availability (Gill and Walia, 2014). Coupled application of chemical fertilizer with manure can curtail doses of the chemical fertilizers increasing grain yield of rice (Sarkar et al., 2014; Pal et al., 2016; Adhikari et al., 2018; Paul et al., 2019; Paul et al., 2020). The present study was undertaken to evaluate the yield-ability of three newly released Aman rice varieties under various nutrient management practices integrating organic manure with the chemical fertilizer application. Materials and Methods The investigation was carried out at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during July to December 2017. The experimental site is located at 24.75°N latitude and 90.50°E longitude at an altitude of 18 m. The site belongs to the non- calcareous dark grey floodplain soil under the Agro-ecological Zone of the Old Brahmaputra Floodplain (AEZ-9). The experiment comprised three varieties viz. Binadhan-15, Binadhan-16 and Binadhan-17 with five nutrient management viz. Control (no application of manures and fertilizer), 100% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer (Urea-TSP-MoP-Gypsum-Zinc sulphate @ 150-110-70-60-5 kg ha-1) (RF), Poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1, 75% RF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1, 50% RF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1. The method of the experiment was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The size of the unit plot was 10 m2 (4.0 x 2.5 m). Seeds of rice varieties of Binadhan-15, Binadhan-16 and Binadhan-17 were collected from Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA). Seeds were soaked in water for 24 hours and stored in gunny bags. The seeds started sprouting after 72 hours and were ready for sowing. The sprouted seeds were sown in the nursery bed on 12 July 2017. The field was prepared by power tiller with three times ploughing and cross ploughing followed by laddering. The layout of the field was made on August 16, 2017 according to the experimental specification immediately after final land preparation. Weeds and stubble were removed and cleaned from individual plots. The land was fertilized as per treatment specifications. At the time of final land preparation, respective unit plots were fertilized with different levels of fertilizers according to treatments. The poultry manure was thoroughly mixed with the soil. Triple super phosphate, muriate of potash, gypsum and zinc sulphate was applied at final land preparation as per treatment. Urea was applied at three equal instalments at 15, 30 and 45 days after transplanting (DAT). Thirty-five- Performance of Aman Rice Varieties Under Different Nutrient Management 91 day old seedlings were carefully uprooted from the nursery bed and transplanted in the well- puddled field on 17 August 2017 at the rate of three seedlings hill-1 maintaining 25 cm x 15 cm spacing. To ensure normal growth intercultural operations were done timely. The plots were kept weed free up to 40 DAT by hand pulling as and when needed but afterward no weeding was done. The bunds around the individual plots were repaired as and when necessary, so that water along with nutrient elements did not move between plots. At harvest, five hills (excluding border hills) were selected randomly from each unit plot excluding border rows and central 2.0 m × 2.5 m harvest area and uprooted to record data on crop characters and yield components. After sampling, central 2.0 m × 2.5 m area was harvested. Harvesting of three varieties was done at different dates. Harvesting of Binadhan-15, Binadhan- 16 and Binadhan-17 were done on 21 November, 24 November and 17 November 2017, respectively. The harvested crop was threshed separately and the threshing was done manually. The cleaned grains were dried at 14% moisture. Straws were also dried properly. Finally grain and straw yields were converted to t ha-1. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done to investigate the significant differences in the recorded parameters resulting from experimental treatments. Mean differences were adjudged by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) following Gomez and Gomez (1984). Statistical analyses were performed using the software package MSTAT-C. Result and Discussion The imposed treatment variety had significant effects on crop characters, yield and yield components of transplant Aman rice. The plant height (98.83 cm), number of total tillers hill-1 (13.37), number of effective tillers hill-1 (6.76), number of grains panicle-1 (107.86), and harvest index (45.47%) were recorded highest in Binadhan-17 (Table 1). Binadhan-17 produced the highest grain (6.97 t ha-1) and straw (8.36 t ha-1) yields followed by Binadhan-16 (Figure 1). However, Binadhan-15 showed lowest values of these parameters. Fig. 1. Effect of variety on grain and straw yield of T. aman rice Due to varietal characters plant height, number of total tillers hill-1, number of grains panicle-1, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index influenced significantly. Effect of variety on total number of tillers hill-1 was also reported by Sarkar et al. (2014) who observed that total number of tillers hill-1 differed among the varieties which might be due to varietal character or heredity. Sarkar et al. (2014) found varietal differences of aromatic fine rice in respect of straw yield. 92 Mushtaree et al. Number of effective tillers hill-1 and number of sterile spikelets panicle-1 were not significantly influenced in respect of different varieties. Numerically, the highest number of effective tillers hill- 1 (3.70), the longest panicle (21.53 cm) and the highest number of sterile spikelets panicle-1 (14.82) were produced by Binadhan-15, while the lowest results were observed by Binadhan1- 17. Islam et al. (2014) found variation these parameters based on variety and reported that the reason of difference is the genetic makeup of the variety, which is primarily influenced by heredity. Weight of 1000-grain was significantly affected by variety. The highest weight of 1000-grain (27.32 g) was recorded in Binadhan-16 followed by Binadhan-17 and the lowest 1000-grain weight (21.01 g) was found in Binadhan-15 (Table 1). Weight of 1000-grain varied due to variety was reported elsewhere (Bhowmik et al., 2011; Sarkar et al., 2014; Ray et al., 2015; Adhikari et al., 2018). Table 1. Effect of variety on crop characters and yield components of transplant Aman rice Variety Plant height (cm) Total tillers hill-1 (no.) Effective tillers hill-1 (no.) Non- effective tillers hill-1 (no.) Length of panicle (cm) Sterile spikelets panicle-1 (no.) Grains panicle-1 (no.) 1000- grain weight (g) Harvest index (%) Binadhan- 15 93.35b 10.08b 6.08 3.70a 21.53a 14.82 102.32b 21.01c 43.82ac Binadhan- 16 95.85ab 10.35b 6.36 1.96b 20.69bc 13.09 102.46b 27.32a 44.12b Binadhan- 17 98.83a 13.37a 6.76 1.44c 20.48c 11.34 107.86a 23.63b 45.47a Level of sig. * * NS * * NS * ** ** CV (%) 4.73 3.26 5.13 9.39 4.27 7.17 3.68 5.14 4.56 In a column, mean values with the same letter (s) or without letter do not differ significantly whereas mean values with dissimilar letter differ significantly (as per DMRT). ** = Significant at 1% level of probability, * = Significant at 5% level of probability, NS = Not significant Nutrient management played important role on crop characters, yield and yield components transplant Aman rice (Table 2 and Figure 2). Application of 75% RF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 resulted in the highest plant height (96.50 cm), the highest number of total tillers hill-1 (11.74), the highest number of grains panicle-1 (115.26), the heaviest 1000-grain (23.49 g), the highest grain yield (6.57 t ha-1) and the highest harvest index (48.20%) while the shortest plant (93.90 cm), the lowest values of total tillers hill-1 (9.24), grains panicle-1 (107.6), 1000-grain weight (21.78 g) and grain yield (5.66 t ha-1), were found in control treatment (Table 2 & Figure 2). In the previous reports, such combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers was observed to influence plants characters and the number of grains panicle-1 (Jahan et al., 2017, Sarkar et al., 2014 and Rahman et al., 2006). Number of effective tillers hill-1 and number of sterile spikelets panicle-1 were not significantly influenced by nutrient management and recorded the highest number of effective tillers hill-1 (6.78). The longest panicle (21.97 cm) in poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 and the highest number of sterile spikelets panicle-1 (15.91) was observed in control treatment. Nitrogenous fertilizer increased the effective tillers was reported by Ray et al. (2015). Hossain et al. (2010) reported the highest sterility due to lack of nitrogenous fertilizers. Numerically, the highest number of non-effective tillers hill-1 (5.22) was found in 50% RF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 while the lowest number of non-effective tillers hill-1 (1.44) was found in 100% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer treatment. The highest straw yield (7.08 t ha- 1) was found in 100% RF and the lowest one (6.09 t ha-1) was found in control treatment. Rahman et al. (2006) carried out an experiment and reported that nitrogen level significantly influenced yield components. Performance of Aman Rice Varieties Under Different Nutrient Management 93 Table 2. Effect of nutrient management on crop characters and yield components of transplant Aman rice Nutrient management Plant height (cm) Total tillers hill-1 (no.) Effective tillers hill-1 (no.) Non- effective tillers hill-1 (no.) Length of panicle (cm) Sterile spikelets panicle-1 (no.) Grains panicle-1 (no.) 1000- grain wt. (g) Harvest index (%) N1 93.90bc 9.24 6.67 1.95b 20.63c 15.91 107.6b 21.78cd 48.17 N2 94.08abc 10.00 6.56 1.44b 20.81bc 14.13 109.02b 23.24ab 46.76 N3 95.46ab 10.33 6.78 1.56b 21.97a 13.76 111.80b 22.29cd 47.09 N4 96.50a 11.74 6.44 1.67b 21.36ab 14.48 115.26a 23.49a 48.20 N5 94.61ab 10.63 6.74 5.22a 21.19abc 14.47 113.00ab 22.59bc 47.62 Level of sig. ** NS NS * ** NS * ** NS CV (%) 4.73 3.26 5.13 9.39 4.27 7.17 3.68 5.14 4.56 In a column, mean values with the same letter (s) or without letter do not differ significantly whereas mean values with dissimilar letter differ significantly (as per DMRT). ** = Significant at 1% level of probability, * = Significant at 5% level of probability, NS = Not significant. N1 = control, N2 = 100% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer, N3 = Poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1, N4 = 75% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1, N5 = 50% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 Fig. 2. Effect of nutrient management on grain and straw yield of T. aman rice The interaction effect between variety and nutrient management was significant on crop characters, yield and yield components of transplant Aman rice (Table 3 and Figure 3). Numerically, the tallest plant (99.78 cm), the highest number of total tillers hill-1 (13.22), the highest number of grains panicle-1 (125.63), the highest grain yield (7.10 t ha-1) and the highest straw yield (8.58 t ha-1) were obtained in Binadhan-17 × 75% RF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 treatment, but the shortest plant (89.33 cm) was found in Binadhan-16 × poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1, the lowest number of total tillers hill-1 (9.85) was produced in Binadhan-15 × control, the lowest number of grains panicle-1 (96.26) was produced in Binadhan-16 × 100% RF treatment and the lowest grain yield (5.32 t ha-1) was produced in Binadhan-16 × Control. The lowest values of effective tillers hill-1 (7.11) and straw yield (6.46 t ha-1) were produced in Binadhan-16 × Poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 (Table 3 & Figure 3). Pal et al. (2016) and Islam et al. (2014) depicted that combined application of chemical fertilizers with manures in a balanced amount influences yield components and yield. Similar trend was reported by Qian et al. (2011) who mentioned that combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers increased grain yield of rice. Number of non-effective tillers hill-1 was significantly influenced by the interaction of variety and nutrient management. The highest 94 Mushtaree et al. number of non-effective tillers hill-1 (2.78) was produced in Binadhan-17 × control treatment, while the lowest number of non-effective tillers hill-1 (1.00) was produced in Binadhan-17 × Poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1. No significant variation was found in panicle length, the number of sterile spikelets panicle-1, 1000-grain weight and harvest index by the interaction of nutrient management and variety (Table 3). Fig. 3. Effect of interaction between variety and nutrient management on grain and straw yield of T. aman rice Numerically, the longest panicle (22.22 cm) was observed in Binadhan-16 × 50% RF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 and the shortest panicle (20.98 cm) was found in Binadhan-16 × 100% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer. Table 3. Interaction effect of variety and nutrient management on crop characters and yield components of transplant Aman rice Variety× nutrient management (V×N) Plant height (cm) Total tillers hill-1 (no.) Effective tillers hill-1 (no.) Non- effective tillers hill-1 (no.) Length of panicle (cm) Sterile spikelets panicle-1 (no.) Grains panicle-1 (no.) 1000- grain weight (g) Harvest index (%) V1 × N1 94.41bcd 9.85c 7.33 1.52ab 21.62 21.92 107.07ab c 22.00 44.16 V1 × N2 94.11bcd 10.89bc 7.67 1.22b 21.3 22.33 98.22bc 23.00 43.72 V1 × N3 97.44ab 10.22bc 7.11 2.11ab 21.57 22.08 107abc 21.82 45.43 V1 × N4 98.89ab 11.33abc 8.89 1.44ab 21.83 19.17 100.78bc 22.75 43.72 V1 × N5 94.11bcde 10.22bc 8.00 2.22ab 21.26 20.50 98.52bc 22.30 44.75 V2 × N1 92.11bcde 10.33bc 8.78 1.56ab 21.89 22.42 107.33ab c 23.00 44.70 V2 × N2 96.78abc 10.78bc 8.89 1.89ab 21.28 22.17 96.26c 24.5 43.80 V2 × N3 89.33bcde 10.67ab 9.67 1.00b 22.04 21.00 108.6abc 25.30 44.55 V2 × N4 95.56bcd 11.67ab 10.33 1.33b 21.27 16.33 122.52a 26.93 44.54 V2 × N5 89.44bcde 10.56bc 8.11 1.44ab 22.22 20.25 103bc 27.07 42.68 V3 × N1 94.89bcd 11.56ab 8.89 2.78a 22.01 20.50 117.04ab 20.70 47.43 V3 × N2 95.00abc 12.33ab 10.11 2.22ab 20.98 16.75 122.59a 22.45 46.95 V3 × N3 97.44ab 12.01ab 11.56 1.56ab 21.03 16.33 120.11ab 22.10 47.27 V3 × N4 99.78a 13.22a 11.11 2.22ab 21.72 13.83 125.63a 23.20 45.28 V3 × N5 98.11de 12.11ab 10.11 2ab 21.16 15.58 119.44ab 22.89 47.11 Level of sig. * * NS ** NS NS * NS NS CV (%) 4.73 3.26 5.13 9.39 4.27 7.17 3.68 5.14 4.56 Performance of Aman Rice Varieties Under Different Nutrient Management 95 In a column, mean values with the same letter (s) or without letter do not differ significantly whereas mean values with dissimilar letter differ significantly (as per DMRT). ** = Significant at 1% level of probability, * = Significant at 5% level of probability, NS = Not significant. V1 = Binadhan- 15, V2 = Binadhan- 16, V3 = Binadhan- 17 N1 = control, N2 = 100% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer, N3 = Poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 , N4 = 75% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1, N5 = 50% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 And the highest number of sterile spikelets panicle-1 (22.42) was produced in Binadhan-16 × control treatment, but the lowest one (13.83) was produced in Binadhan-17 × 75% RF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1. The highest harvest index (47.43%) was observed in Binadhan-17 × control treatment, while the lowest one (42.68%) was found in Binadhan-16 × 50% RF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 treatment. Apparently, the highest weight of 1000-grain (27.07 g) was recorded in Binadhan-16 × 50% RF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 treatment and the lowest (20.70 g) weight of 1000-grain was recorded in Binadhan-17 × control (Table 3). 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