


































Microsoft Word - knowledge, attitude and perception of Nigerian physiotherapists regarding the ethics of professional practice


Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2018; 10 (1): 11-20 

 

11 

 

Knowledge, attitude and perception of Nigerian physiotherapists regarding 

the ethics of professional practice 

 

Samuel O Bolarinde 1 Henry E. Mba 2 

1. PhD Ibadan, Physiotherapy Department, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State. Nigeria.  
Email: sobolarinde@yahoo.co.uk (Corresponding Author) 
2. BMR.PT. Ife, Physiotherapy Department, Federal medical Centre, Owo, Ondo - State. Nigeria.  
Email: Henryfresh14@gmail.com  

  

Abstract: Background of the study: Physiotherapists in Nigeria renewed their practicing license 

annually through the regulatory body and are provided with the professional code of ethics, 
which stipulate the appropriate conduct, behavior to guide and regulate the practice of their 
profession; however, the level of knowledge, attitude and perception of the ethical guidelines by 
Nigerian physiotherapists need to be investigated. Aim of Study: This study assessed the 
knowledge, attitude and perception of Nigerian physiotherapists about the ethics of their 
professional practice. Methodology: The cross-sectional study recruited 117 licenced 
Physiotherapists working in various health institutions in Nigeria. They were recruited for the 
study during the 2018 annual scientific conference of clinical and academic physiotherapists in 
Nigeria. Data on demographic, work experience, knowledge, attitude and perception of ethics of 
professional practice were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Data were 
summarized using descriptive statistics of percentage and frequency distribution. Results: All the 
participants 117 (100%) had copies of the code of ethics and oath of professional practice. 74.6% 
of participants had good knowledge of the code of professional ethics while 25.39% had poor 
knowledge. Only 40.8% (48) of the respondents demonstrated good attitudes toward the code of 
professional ethics. Similarly, only 43.4% (51) of the respondents demonstrated a good attitude 
towards the oath of professional practice. 57.0 % of the respondents have heard about ethical 
misconduct among colleagues while only 13.60% have been involved in ethical misconduct 
concerning colleagues or patients. A greater proportion of the respondents (78.2%) considered 
ethics in physiotherapy as very important while 43.4% supported the introduction of 
physiotherapy ethics as a course to physiotherapy students in year three of their undergraduate 
training. Conclusion: The majority of Nigerian physiotherapists have good knowledge of the 
professional code of ethics and oath of professional practice; however, their attitudes towards 
periodic updating their knowledge on the code of ethics and professional oath remain poor. 
Clinical implication and recommendation: Ethical matter are very important to the practice of 
physiotherapy; however, the poor attitudes of physiotherapy toward updating their knowledge on 
ethical matters call for the need for the regulatory body and the professional association to 
organise seminars and workshops on ethics in physiotherapy and introduce pre-renewal test on 
ethics before annual licence renewal. 

Keywords:  Physiotherapy, Knowledge, Ethics, Oath, Practice  

 

 

 



Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2018; 10 (1): 11-20 

 

12 

 

Introduction: Health ethics is a set of moral 
principles, beliefs and values that guide 
health care professionals in making choices 
about medical care.1 Health care 
professionals sometimes face difficult 
decisions about medical treatments that 
involve moral principles, religious beliefs, 
or professional guidelines therefore health 
ethics provide the health care practitioners 
with a thoughtful exploration of how to act 
well and make morally good choices, based 
on beliefs and values about life and health.1  
 
The practice of medical ethics globally has 
been established upon the four moral 
principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-
maleficence, and justice.2 Health care 
providers are; therefore, expected to not 
only have the skills and knowledge relevant 
to their field of professional practice but also 
possess adequate knowledge of ethical 
moral principles and legal expectations that 
arise out of the standard practices.3 The 
global trends in medico-legal issues and the 
growing public concern regarding the ethical 
conduct of healthcare professional demands 
a high level of professionalism among health 
care practitioners.4  
 
Physiotherapy as a profession in health care 
system provides services that develop, 
maintain, and restore maximum movement 
and functional ability throughout the 
lifespan of patients.5 Physiotherapists 
constitute part of the multidisciplinary team 
in the management of the sick and mobility 
impaired persons, offering services in 
various settings (inpatient, outpatient, 
hospice, home) in order to alleviate the 
physical and functional aspects of the 
patient’s suffering.6  

Physiotherapists make decisions that involve 
ethical judgment in the course of practice; 
however, such decision-making is not 
limited to the point of care, it often extends 
beyond treatment options. A conflict could 
arise  if a physiotherapist’s/ individual’s 
conviction conflicts with his/her concepts of 
the requirement of his professional role 
while some decisions may directly or 
indirectly be influenced by the web of 
his/her relationship with other health 
disciplines or the society.7  Dilemmas may 
arise when the attitude, values, and goals of 
the profession conflict with those of another, 
and if the ethos of the profession and that of 
the society in which the professional 
functions are in conflict.8  Therefore, the 
possession of adequate knowledge of ethical 
moral principles and legal expectations will 
be of great benefit.  
 
The profession of physiotherapy like other 
health professionals has a regulatory body 
that regulates and controls the professional 
practice of her registrants. The code of 
practice as written in the Medical 
Rehabilitation Therapists Board of Nigeria’s 
(MRTB) core standard of proficiency for 
registrants of medical rehabilitation 
therapists (physiotherapy inclusive) stipulate 
appropriate conduct and behavior 
expectation for professionals in medical 
rehabilitation9; hence, Physiotherapists 
decisions that involve ethical judgment in 
the course of practice should be guided by 
the code of professional behavior. 
 
The recent increase in the number of court 
cases against health care professionals in 
Nigeria may indicate a low level of 
awareness and inadequate basic knowledge 



Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2018; 10 (1): 11-20 

 

13 

 

of medical ethics.  All health care workers 
are provided by the professional code of 
ethics to regulate the practice of their 
profession.  Physiotherapists in Nigeria 
renewed their practicing license annually 
and are provided with the professional code 
of ethics/practice in addition to the renewed 
license; however, do Nigerian 
physiotherapists actually read, understand 
and apply the professional code of ethics in 
their daily clinical practice?  This 
background forms the basis of the present 
study with an attempt to evaluate the 
knowledge, attitude and perception of 
Nigerian physiotherapists in relation to the 
ethics of professional practice. 
 
Methods: The study utilized a descriptive, 
cross sectional research design of registered 
Physiotherapists working in both private and 
public institutions in Nigeria. The study 
protocol was approved by the Health 
Research Ethics Committee of Federal 
Medical Centre, Owo 
(FMC/OW/380/LXX1V/192). The rationale 
behind the study was explained to all 
participants and informed consent was 
granted from them before their participation. 

The survey instrument for the study was a 
four sectioned self-administered 
questionnaire. Section A obtained 
information on demographic characteristics 
and job history, section B on knowledge of 
ethics and the role of the regulatory body 
among physiotherapists, section C was on 
physiotherapist attitude towards ethics and 
oaths of physiotherapy practice while 
section D obtained data on the perception of 
professional ethics among physiotherapists. 
 

Data were summarized using the Statistical 
Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 
20.0 software. Descriptive statistics of 
means, percentages and   frequency tables 
were used to describe the result. 

Result: A total number of 117 licensed 
physiotherapists participated in the study. 
Eighty-one (68.9%) were males while 36 
(31.1%) were females. The highest 
percentage in the age distribution was in the 
range 21 -30 (56.2%) followed by 31-30 age 
group (28.1%), while 51-60 age group had 
the least percentage (2.6%). In terms of 
work experience, 1-5 years of working 
experience had the highest percentage 
(63.8%) among the respondents, while 16-
20 years was the year of experience with the 
lowest percentage (4.3%). The result also 
shows that the professional cadre with the 
highest percentage was a basic grade 
physiotherapist (58.7%), while the least was 
a chief physiotherapist and assistant director 
of physiotherapy services (5.1% each). The 
socio-demographic characteristics of 
participants is as shown in Table 1 

Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of Participants. 

N=117 

Variables N % 
(Percentage) 

Gender           
Male   (M)          
Female(F) 

 
81 
36 

 
68.9 
31.2 

Age                 21 -  30 
                        31 - 40   
                        41 - 50  
                          1 - 60 

66 
33 
15 
3 

56.2 
28.1 
12.8 
2.6 

Work Experience 
                         1-5    
                         6-10 
                        11-15 
                        16- 20 
                        20 and Above 

 
75 
15 
10 
5 

12 

 
63.8 
12.8 
8.5 
4.3 
10.2 

Designation 
Physiotherapist (PT) 
Senior Physiotherapist(SPT) 
Principal Physiotherapist(PPT) 
Chief Physiotherapist (CPT) 
Assistant Director (AD) 
Deputy Director/ Director 

 
69 
16 
11 
6 
6 
9 

 
58.7 
13.6 
9.4 
5.1 
5.1 
7.7 



Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2018; 10 (1): 11-20 

 

14 

 

Table 2 shows the knowledge level of 
physiotherapy regarding the ethics of 
physiotherapy and the role of the regulatory 
body.  On the self-rated scale, 18 (15.3%) of 

the respondents had excellent knowledge of 
ethics of physiotherapy practice, 36 (30.6%) 
good knowledge and 11(9.4%) fair 
knowledge. 

 

Table 2 : Knowledge of Ethics and Role of Regulatory Body Among Physiotherapists 
Questions and Response By Physiotherapists N Percentage (%) 

1. 1. How do you rate your knowledge of ethics in physiotherapy 
from 1 to 5 (1 being the lowest score and 5 the highest)? 

1 = Poor 
2 = Fair 
3 = Good 
4 = Very good 
5 = Excellent 

 
 

1 
11 
36 
51 
18 

 
 

0.9 
9.4 

30.6 
43.4 
15.3 

2. Does the MRTB regulate the relationships between 
physiotherapists and nurses, doctors and other professionals? 

Yes 
No 

 
 

9 
108 

 
 

7.7 
91.8 

3. Are physiotherapists, doctors, nurses and other health 
professionals subject to the MRTB? 

Yes 
No 

 
 

5 
112 

 
 

4.3 
95.2 

4. Is the MRTB punitive? 
Yes 
No 

 
40 
77 

 
34.0 
65.5 

5. Does the MRTB deal directly with professional confidentiality? 
Yes 
No 

 
49 
68 

 
41.7 
57.8 

6. Does the MRTB deal directly with physiotherapist’ strikes? 
Yes 
No 

 
10 

107 

 
8.5 

91.0 
7. Can Physiotherapists prescribe treatment without prior medical 

consultation? 
Yes 
No 

 
 

91 
26 

 
 

77.4 
22.1 

8. Does the MRTB deal directly with physiotherapy fees? 
Yes 
No 

 
33 
84 

 
28.1 
71.4 

 
9. When prescribing an exercise or completing a medical record 

form illegibly, does the physiotherapist hurt an article of the 
MRTB? 

Yes 
No 

 
 
 

52 
65 

 
 

 
 
 

44.2 
55.3 

 
 

10. Can physiotherapists consult or prescribe physiotherapy 
treatment without a face-to-face consultation? 

Yes 
No 
 
Overall adequate knowledge                                      74.6% 
Overall inadequate Knowledge                                  25.4% 

 

78 
39 

66.3 
33.2 



Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2018; 10 (1): 11-20 

 

15 

 

Regarding the regulatory role of the Medical 
Rehabilitation Therapist Board- the 
regulatory body of the physiotherapy 
profession.  Nine (7.7%) agreed that the 
relationship between physiotherapists and 
nurses, doctors and other health 
professionals are regulated by the board,  
professionals are regulated by the board, 
while 108 (91.8%) disagreed. 40 (34.0%) of 
respondents perceived the board as a 
punitive body while 77 (95.2%) disagreed. 

49 (41.7%) agreed that the board deals 
directly with professional’s confidentiality 
while 68 (57.8%) disagreed. The overall 
average knowledge shows that 74.6% of 
respondents have adequate knowledge of the 
regulatory role of the Medical Rehabilitation 
Therapist Board, while 25.4% have 
inadequate knowledge. 

Table 3 shows the participants’ attitudes 
towards the ethics of physiotherapy practice. 
The result shows that all the participants 117 

 

Table 3: Physiotherapists Attitude towards Ethics and Oath of Physiotherapy Practice  

Questions and Response By Physiotherapists N Percentage (%) 

 
1. Do you have a copy of MRTB Code of ethics? 

                Yes  
                No 
 

2. Have you read the MRTB Code of Ethics in the last three 
years? 

              Yes, Entirely 
              Yes but Partially 
               No 

 
 

117 
0 
 
 

48 
54 
15 

 
 

100 
0 
 
 

40.8 
45.9 
12.8 

3. How often do you update yourself regarding the subject? 
              Once in a Month 
              Once in 6 Months 
              Once in a Year 
              No Update  

 
10 
21 
48 
38 

 
8.5 

17.9 
40.8 
32.3 

4. Have you read the Oath of your physiotherapy practice in the 
last three years? 

      Yes , Entirely        
              Yes But Partially 
               No 

 
51 
23 
43 
 

 
43.4 
19.6 
36.6 

5. How often do you update yourself by reading through the 
Oath of physiotherapy practice? 

                Once in a Month 
             Once in 6 Months 
             Once in a Year 
             No Update 

 
 

5 
22 
34 
56 

 
 

4.3 
18.7 
28.9 
47.6 

 



Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2018; 10 (1): 11-20 

 

16 

 

 

Table 4: Perception of Professional Ethics among Physiotherapists 

Questions  and Response by Physiotherapist N Percentage (%) 

1. Do you think that professional attitudes involving 
ethics are determined exclusively by the character 
and personality of the individual? 

        Yes exclusively by Character and Personality 
        No, but Influenced by Character and Personality 

              No, Character and Personality are of  no concerns 
 

2. Regarding your peers, have you heard of or 
experienced any examples of what would be 
considered ethical misconduct on their part? 

               Yes, I have experienced it 
               Yes, I  have heard of it 
               No  

 
 
 

43 
65 
9 
 
 
 
 

31 
67 
19 

 
 

 
36.6 
55.3 
7.7 

 
 

 
 

26.4 
57.0 
16.2 

3. Have you ever done anything that could be 
considered ethical misconduct with respect to 
colleagues or patients? 

                  Yes 
                  No 

 
 
 

16 
101 

 
 
 

13.6 
85.9 

4. How important do you think is ethics in 
physiotherapy for your training as a physiotherapist? 
(1 being the lowest score and 5 the highest).        

               Not important 
               Less Important  
               Important  
               Very Important  

 
 
 

       0 
3 

22 
92 

 
 

 
0.0 
2.6 

19.6 
78.2 

5. At what time do you think the teaching of ethics in 
physiotherapy should be included / addressed in the 
undergraduate curriculum? 

               Year 1 
               Year 2 
               Year 3 
               Year 4 
               Year 5 
               All year 
 

 
 
 

1 
24 
51 
15 
1 

25 

 
 
 

0.9 
20.4 
43.4 
12.8 
0.9 

21.3 



Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2018; 10 (1): 11-20 

 

17 

 

(100.0%) have a copy of the code of 
professional ethics. 48 (40.8%) have read 
the entire copy while 15 (12.8%) have never 
read in their last 3 years.  Only 10 (8.5%) of 
the respondents update their knowledge on 
ethics of physiotherapy practice once in 
every month, 21(17.9%) once in 6 months, 
while 38(32.3%) never updated themselves. 
The result also shows that; 51(43.4%) have 
read the oaths of physiotherapy practice 
entirely, while 43(36.5%) have never read 
the oath of practice in their entire years of 
practice.  5(4.3%) update themselves by 
reading the oaths of physiotherapy practice 
once in a month, 56 (47.6%) never updated 
themselves by reading the oath of 
physiotherapy practice. 

Table 4 shows the perception of the 
respondent on professional ethics among 
physiotherapists. The result showed that 
43(36.6%) are of the opinion that 
professional attitudes involving ethics are 
determined exclusively by character and 
personality of individuals, while  9(7.65%) 
saw no role or involvement of character and 
personality in determining professional 
attitude towards ethics. 

31 (26.4%) have experienced ethical 
misconduct in their practice, 67 (60.0%) 
have only heard, and 19 (16.15%) have 
neither heard nor experienced ethical 
misconduct. 16(13.6%) have been involved 
in ethical misconduct with respect to 
patients / colleagues while 101 (85.85%) 
have not. 92 (78.2%) viewed ethics as very 
important in their training as 
physiotherapists while only 3(2.6%) saw 
ethics as less important to their training.  A 
greater proportion of respondents agreed 
that teaching of ethics should be introduced 

in the undergraduate curriculum at year 
three of their training, while 25(21.3%) 
suggested all the five years of training 

Discussion: The study revealed that the 
majority of the respondents had very good 
knowledge of ethics of professional 
practice and good knowledge of the 
regulatory roles of the Medical 
Rehabilitation Therapist Board- the 
regulatory body for the profession of 
physiotherapy. This finding is consistent 
with the findings by Barnie et al 4; Atila et 
al 10 and Arati and Bhagawati 11 that 
reported good knowledge of professional 
ethics among health workers, 
physiotherapists and nurses respectively.  

Findings from this study show that all the 
respondents have a copy of the code of 
professional ethics. This could be attributed 
to the annual distribution of the code to all 
physiotherapists on the annual renewal of 
practicing licence by the regulatory body. 
The proportion of respondents that have 
entirely read the code of professional ethics 
in the last three years was: however, less 
than half of the population while a greater 
proportion has only read partially. This 
finding corroborates the research of Vieira 
and Neves 12 and Almeida et al 13 in which 
a greater proportion of health professionals 
claim to have partially read the code of 
ethics of their profession.  

Regarding the oath of physiotherapy 
practice, the findings of this study indicated 
that less than half of the respondents have 
read the oath of physiotherapy practice 
once and entirely in the past three years, 
while only a negligible proportion of the 
respondents keep updating their knowledge 
about the oath monthly and biannually. It is 



Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2018; 10 (1): 11-20 

 

18 

 

worrisome: however, to observe from the 
findings of this study that a greater 
proportion of the respondents did not 
update their knowledge by reading through 
the oath of physiotherapy practice in the 
last three years. Contending with ethical 
dilemmas in clinical practice is a daily 
occurrence in almost all health institutions 
worldwide.14,15 The poor attitude 
demonstrated by the respondents toward  
the update of knowledge on ethical issues 
remains  serious professional negligence 
which could lead to unpleasant conflicts 
between the health care practitioners, 
patients and patients relatives which 
sometimes end in legal suits and litigations. 

The study shows that a greater proportion 
of the respondents (55.3%) perceived that 
professional attitudes involving ethics are 
not solely determined by a knowledge of 
ethics but are influenced by the character 
and personality of the professionals. These 
findings supported the findings of Coelho 16 

on ethics in physiotherapy and Atila et al10 
on perception, interest and knowledge of 
physiotherapy faculty regarding 
professional ethics. The two authors 
concluded that character and personality of 
the professionals have a higher level of 
influence over professional attitudes 
involving ethics than knowledge of ethics. 
Ethical misconduct among health care 
professionals may therefore be attributed to 
the professionals’ character and personality 
rather than poor or inadequate knowledge 
of professional ethics.  

 The findings of the study show that 60% of 
the respondents have heard about 
professional misconduct among 
physiotherapists, 26.4% have experienced 

ethical misconduct while 16.2% have been 
involved in ethical misconduct involving 
patients or colleagues. This result indicated 
that the respondents are aware of ethical 
misconduct in clinical practise.  These 
findings are similar to the findings of Atila 
et al 10 that reported 61% as the proportion 
of physiotherapists who had experienced 
some form of ethical misconduct by their 
colleagues.  This finding could be 
attributed to a low level of update of 
knowledge on ethics of professional 
practice among physiotherapists. A greater 
proportion of respondents (92%) viewed 
professional ethics as very important to the 
training of physiotherapists. This result 
corroborated the findings of Atila et al, 10 
Arati and Bhagawati11 who reported 78% 
and 90% level of importance among 
physiotherapists and nurses respectively. In 
this study, all the respondents agreed that 
ethics should be introduced as a course in 
the undergraduate curriculum of a 
university’s education. These findings 
supported the findings of Atila et al10 and 
Coelho et al16 which reported that the 
majority of respondents agreed to the 
introduction of ethics as a course in the 
undergraduate curriculum of physiotherapy 
training. Furthermore, nearly 44.0% of the 
respondent in the present study preferred 
the introduction of ethics in the third year 
of training, 20.4% in year two while 21.4% 
preferred all the five academic sessions of 
university’s training.  The reasons for 
higher preference for the third year of 
university training could be attributed to the 
fact that students begin clinical postings in 
the hospital where they have more contact 
not only with their classmates and lecturers; 
but mainly with patients. 



Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2018; 10 (1): 11-20 

 

19 

 

Conclusions: The majority of Nigerian 
physiotherapists have good knowledge of 
the professional code of ethics and oath of 
professional practice. They however, opined 
that professional attitudes involving ethics 
are not solely determined by a knowledge of 
ethics but are influenced by the character 
and personality of the professionals.  In 
addition, Nigerian physiotherapists have a 
positive perception of ethics of professional 
practice; however, their attitudes towards 
periodic updating their knowledge on the 
code of ethics and professional oath remain 
poor. 
 
Ethical matters are very important to the 
practise of physiotherapy; therefore, courses 
on ethics, improving professional character 
and personality should be included in the 
university training curriculum and be 
introduced before the clinical year of 
training. The observed poor attitudes of 
physiotherapists toward the periodic update 
of knowledge on ethical matters call for the 
need for the regulatory body and the 
professional association to organise 
seminars and workshops on ethics in 
physiotherapy and the possible introduction 
of pre-renewal test on ethics before annual 
licence renewal. 
 
Acknowledgement: The authors acknowledge the 
technical support received from the staff of the 
physiotherapy department, Federal Medical Centre, 
Owo, Ondo -State, Nigeria 

 

References: 

1.  Opoku, J.K and Peter Addai-Mensah   An 
Assessment of Perceptions and Knowledge of 
Health Care Ethical Principles among Health 
Care Practitioners in the Kumasi Metropolis.  
Global Journal of Arts Humanities and Social 
Sciences 2014 Vol.2(6) pp.77-92. 

2. Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of 
Biomedical Ethics 5th Edition, Oxford 
University; Oxford: 2001. Beauchamp, Tom L, 
and James F. Childress. Principles of Biomedical 
Ethics. New York, N.Y: Oxford University 
Press, 2001. 

3 Unnikrishnan B, Kanchan T, Kulkarni V, et al., 
Perceptions and Practices of Medical 
Practitioners Towards Ethics in Medical 
Practice - A Study from Coastal South India. J 
Forensic Leg Med. 2014; 22:51-6  

4 Barnie BA, Forson PK, Opare-Addo MNA, 
Appiah-Poku J, Rhule GP, et al.  Knowledge 
and Perceptions of Health Workers’ Training 
on Ethics, Confidentiality and Medico-Legal 
Issues. J Clinic Res Bioeth 2015.6: 205. 
doi:10.4172/2155-9627.1000205 

5 World Confederation for Physical Therapy. 
London: World Confederation for Physical 
Therapy; c2014. Available from: 
http://www.wcpt.org/policy/  

6 Kumar SP, Jim A. Physical Therapy in 
Palliative Care: From Symptom Control to 
Quality of Life: A Critical Review. Indian J 
Palliat Care 2010;16:138‑46. 

7 Westra AE, Willems DL, Smit BJ. 
Communicating with Muslim Parents: ‘the four 
principles’ are not as culturally neutral as 
suggested. Eur J Pediatr 2009; 168(11):1383- 
1387. 

 
8  Oyeyemi A. Ethics and Contextual Framework 

for Professional Behaviour and Code of 
Practice for Physiotherapists in Nigeria. 
Journal of the Nigeria Society of Physiotherapy, 
2011.(18 and 19) 

9. The Medical Rehabilitation Therapists Board of 
Nigeria. Professional Code of Ethics: Core 
Standards for Proficiency for Registrants of 
Medical Rehabilitation Therapists Board of 
Nigeria. Revised edition MRTB; 2018. 

10. Atila Barros Magalhães , Monique Natálle Silva 
Pereira , Bruno Nonato Pedroso Nascimento, 
Mardson Danilo Sousa de Lima, Rafaela Okano 
Gimenes, Renato da Costa Teixeira: 
Perception, Interest and Knowledge of 
Physiotherapy Faculty Regarding Professional 
Ethics .   Rev. bioét. (Impr.). 2016; 24 (2): 322-
31 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-
80422016242133 

11. Arati Timilsina; Bhagawati KC. Level of 
Knowledge and Practice of Patient Care 
Ethics Among Nurses In Pokhara  Janapriya.  
Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2017. (6) 
pp 17-28 

12. Vieira PSPG, Neves NMBC. Ética Médica e 
Bioética no Curso Médico sob o olhar dos   



Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2018; 10 (1): 11-20 

 

20 

 

Docentes e Discentes. O Mundo da Saúde. 
2009;33(1):21-5.  

13. Almeida AM, Bitencourt AGV, Neves NMBC, 
Neves FBCS, Lordelo MR, Lemos KM, et al. 
Conhecimento e interesse  em ética médica e 
bioética na graduação médica. Rev Bras Educ 
Med. 2008;32(4):437-44 

14.  Goldie J. Review of Ethics Curricula in 
Undergraduate Medical Education. Med Educ 
, 2000.34: 108-119. 

15. Eckles RE, Meslin EM, Gaffney M, Helft PR  
Medical Ethics Education: Where Are We? 
Where Should We Be Going? A Review. Acad 
Med, 2005. 80: 1143-1152. 

16.  Coelho PHS. Ética em Fisioterapia: Interesse, 
Percepção e níveis de conhecimento entre 
alunos do curso de fisioterapia em uma 
universidade no interior da Amazônia 

Brasileira [TCC]. Santarém: Universidade do 
Estado do Pará; 2014. 

 
Authors' contributions: Samuel O Bolarinde 
coordinated the study, conceived the study, and 
participated in its design and data analysis, 
interpretation and revised the manuscript. Henry E. 
Mba participated in data management and analysis, 
drafting of the manuscript and revised the 
manuscript. All authors read and approved the final 
manuscript. 
 

 
Conflicts of interests: The author(s) declare no 
conflicts of interests 

 

 
 


