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Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2020; 11 (1): 35-43 

35 

 

Justice for Children in Bangladesh: Legal and Ethical Issues 

 

Nahid Ferdousi 

 

Professor of Law, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Languages 

Bangladesh Open University, Bangladesh 

Email: ferdousi329@gmail.comm      

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v11i1.49268   

 

Abstract: Reform of the child justice system has started with the enactment of the Children Act 2013 in 

Bangladesh. The Act adopted a number of institutional setups for child-friendly justice i.e. child help desks 

in the police station, separate children’s court, child development centres, national child welfare board etc. 

These all are interlinked and the responsibilities of concerned authorities have been focused on the law. In 

practice, most of the children are deprived of their fair justice in different phases i.e. police arrest, 

prosecution, court hearing, and correctional treatment as there is a lack of professional ethics of concerned 

personnel. Ethical approach, skill, and knowledge of personnel are major challenges for the treatment of 

offender children. Thus, code of ethics is important for professionals to provide value-based justice for the 

best interest of the children. The study focuses on the legal and ethical responsibility towards the child 

justice system in the country to protect child rights and their childhood. 

 

Keywords: children, justice, law, ethics, responsibility. 

 

Introduction: Law, ethics, morality and 

values form an integral part of society. Their 

combination is required for the protection 

and justice for the children. The 

consciousness is reflected in the international 

legal instruments as well as in the 

Constitution of Bangladesh to protect 

children against neglect, cruelty, exploitation 

and to provide equal opportunities for 

development. As per the international 

instruments, the rights for children are the 

right to be treated with dignity1,the right to 

life 2 , the right to be presumed innocent 3 , 

prohibition of torture and ill-treatment of 

children. Accordingly, the government of 

Bangladesh has been enacted a new legal 

framework with the commencement of the 

Children Act 2013 replacing the old Children 

Act 19744 to create a more effective justice 

for the children best interest. 

Child justice is a key component of child 

rights in terms of upholding their best 

interests when they involved with crime. The 

fundamental purpose of children law and 

child justice system is to control crime, to 

rehabilitate the children, and establish a fair 

justice. The Children Act 2013 paves the way 

for child welfare boards, child-specialized 

police officers, separate children’s court, 

child development centres, probation officers 

for the protection and welfare of the children. 

The age of the children has increased from 16 

to 18 in the law. Many of the justice aspects 

dealt with in the statute are interrelated so the 

judiciary, law-enforcing agents and other 

dealing authorities must be sensitized to the 

provisions of the children’s laws. In the 

justice system, all authorities of the justice 

system are bound by ethical rules in 

professional practice. Absence of a separate 



Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2020; 11 (1): 35-43 

36 

 

code of ethics, the children did not get 

improved social services from the judges, 

prosecutors, investigators and the other 

related authorities. 

 

The requirements of the concerned agency’s 

ethics and professional responsibilities assist 

in fair justice for the children. Lack of 

coordination among related ministries, 

absence of institutional accountability and 

regular monitoring system are major barriers 

to implementing the Children Act, 2013 

rightly and also these are hindering the 

existing legal system. Through many reforms 

in children’s law, children have many 

different paths of rehabilitation instead of just 

prison or jail time. But there are many 

children in the country who are detained for 

alleged wrongdoing without the protection 

they are entitled to. Throughout the country, 

children are charged and sentenced for 

actions as adults. Most of the law 

enforcement officials tend to mistreat 

underage individuals during cases while 

working through the lens of an adult. Unfair 

punishments are still handed down 

domestically, which is definitely a violation 

of law as well as ethics. It is ethical to allow 

courts dealing with child offenders to punish 

them for taking part in illegal activities. 

 

The latest change in children’s law attempts 

to expunge the children’s court system. Ever 

since the establishment of children courts, 

there has been controversy on the subject of 

how they should be run and what rules should 

be applied. As well with more children being 

tried as adults it weeds out the worst cases; 

therefore, making the children courts appear 

more effective. Many children get involved 

in unsafe activities and it is important that 

their actions are corrected. Laws regarding 

children’s justice modified many times to 

assist courts in the rehabilitation of offender 

children. It is ethical to allow courts to 

rehabilitate children from unsafe lifestyles5. 

 

The ethical and responsible professionals 

must strive to obey the law and safeguard the 

best interests of the children, while delivering 

competent services as a part of the justice 

system. Professionals like police officers, 

judges, probation officers and social workers 

must be committed with requisite skills, 

knowledge and ethical approach towards the 

child-oriented treatment of children. 

However, they must never simply assume 

this to be an ordinary case. It is the 

professional's duty to know and understand 

the legal obligations and responsibilities that 

apply when children in conflict with the law. 

Although there is no such code of ethics 

about treatment toward a child offender, they 

must treat the children offenders regarding 

their individual ethical values.  

 

An understanding of children's evolving 

capacities to make decisions, coupled with 

knowledge about emotional and social 

development, is critical to such work. In this 

context, ethics, values and morality have 

been playing a phenomenal role in nourishing 

and building good relations among concerned 

agencies. An ethical approach is important 

for all concerned to ensure the fulfillment of 

children’s rights. The study focuses on the 

legal and ethical issues towards the attitude 

of dealing authorities for improving the 

values basis justice system where children 

can enjoy their basic human rights. 



Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2020; 11 (1): 35-43 

37 

 

 

 

Method: The study was mainly qualitative in 

nature. It is designed mainly based on the 

existing laws relating to child protection and 

justice in Bangladesh. Necessary data are 

collected from secondary sources. Secondary 

data have been collected from different 

sources such as reading materials, journals, 

research articles, the internet, leading cases, 

international conventions, government 

statistics and so on. 

 

Legal Framework for Child Protection: 

Bangladesh has separate children laws that 

are applicable to establish different types of 

care and protection services for the offender 

children. The Children Act provides 

safeguards for the protection of children who 

come to contact with it as victims, witnesses, 

and offenders and focuses specialized system 

with a child’s dignity, age, gender, 

incapacities, maturity and so on. The 

concerned ministries are drafting the 

different laws on victim-witness protection, 

children’s rules and children’s policy for 

further activation of the justice system. It 

requires to mention here that after the 

ratification of the UNCRC 1989, the laws 

regarding children’s justice were not 

consolidated in Bangladesh. Most of the 

children are deprived from proper protection 

of their rights under the laws and usually they 

received the same treatment as the adults in 

the criminal justice proceedings. 

Consequently, children lost their childhood 

as they suffered adversely in the criminal 

justice system. 

Major Changes of the Law: In Bangladesh, 

the Act 2013 defines a child as anyone up to 

the age of 18 years while the age of children 

was 16 years in the Act 1974 and only for age 

disparity with international norms 

children did not get access to fair justice6. As 

per international instruments children are 

entitled the exclusive rights to get justice on 

the basis of their age, maturity into essential 

circumstances and needs. However, the Act 

2013 introduces a new provision regarding 

children age, specialized children courts, 

certified correctional institutions, probation 

service, diversion and alternative sentencing. 

 

Bangladesh introduced the right-based 

approach by the Act 2013 for the protection 

and wellbeing of the children. The law 

prohibits to arrest the children under the age 

of 9 years. If any child above age 9 is 

arrested, the use of handcuff and ropes are 

completely forbidden in the law. Moreover, 

the law covers many aspects of children’s 

vulnerability in detention stages such as, the 

new provisions regarding the child affairs 

police officer who maintains separate 

treatment of the offender children 7 . It 

prescribes the duties of the police officer such 

as contacting probation officer, informing 

parents and family members, and exploring 

appropriate diversion programs for justice 

involved children upon instruction from the 

children court8. 

Looking at the concept of children court, 

three juvenile courts were established under 

the Act 1974 in Bangladesh but the Act 2013 

requires that at least one children court be 

established in each district headquarter and 

metropolitan areas, which has the exclusive 

jurisdiction to deal with juvenile offenders9. 

The children court has the responsibility for 

the assessment and determination of age of 



Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2020; 11 (1): 35-43 

38 

 

the delinquent children 10 . The law strictly 

prohibits the joint trial and the trail shall be 

completed within 360 days from the day of 

the child’s first appearance before the court. 

 

Another angle of institutional service in the 

country, the Act2013 provides more 

comprehensive outlines for the establishment 

of certification and operational producers of 

child development centers as correctional 

institutions11.  The three correctional centers 

along with juvenile court has been 

established under the Act 1974. Later, the Act 

2013prescribes to establish and maintain a 

necessary number of child development 

centers or certified institutions for both male 

and female children12. Additionally, the Act 

2013 elaborately focuses the provision of 

probation officer with the appointment, 

responsibilities and duties for ensuring 

probation service in the centers13 . As per the 

law probation officer has important 

responsibilities in the time of arrest, trial and 

field inquiry of the children case 14 . The 

officer prepares and preserve a separate file 

for each detained child to follow the 

procedure for alternative care15. 

 

To extent the wellbeing services, the Act2013 

includes the provision of a child welfare 

board for monitoring the child development 

centers and certified institutes. The law 

prescribes the appointments, roles and 

activities of the board in detail. The main 

responsibilities of the board are to supervise 

and evaluate the activities of child 

development centers, provide guidelines for 

rehabilitation and reintegration, and review 

the development and implementation of all 

programs related to offender children. The 

board with the probation officer is 

responsible for finding out suitable 

alternative care and ensuring the children’s 

best interest16. The national level board are 

only entitled to provide guidance and 

instruction. Other district and city level 

boards can enforce the supervisory power 

and it would be played an important role for 

reducing delinquency17. 

 

Regarding the punishment of children, the 

Act 2013 moderated the punishment system 

of the offender children in line with 

international conventions in Bangladesh. As 

per the law children shall not be sentenced to 

death or imprisonment for life. The duration 

of the penalty of the children would not 

exceed the maximum period rather children 

can be detained in child development centers 

instead of jail until the age of 18. The law 

strongly is forbidden to detain children with 

adults in prison 18 . So, the law allows the 

imprisonment of the children for extreme 

cases is really uniformity with the 

international standards. 

 

The concepts of diversion and any types of 

alternative measures were not recognized in 

the 1974 Act, so the Act 2013 introduced the 

provision for a diversion program, family 

conferencing, restorative justice and 

alternative dispute resolution 19 . The 

Department of Social Service is mandated to 

design and implement diversion programs 

and cannot be used as legal document in court 

proceedings 20 . Both probation and police 

officer are assigned to take necessary steps to 

arrange this program for reformation of the 

detained children21. 



Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2020; 11 (1): 35-43 

39 

 

 

A drawback of the Legal Issues on Child 

Justice 

Absence of Children Rule: The Act 2013 

recognizes some administrative authorities 

and mentions their responsibilities for 

establishing a child-oriented justice system22. 

At present lack of Children Rules 23  these 

provisions of the Act 2013 yet to be 

implemented fully with child-friendly police 

desk, adequate number of probation officers, 

and child welfare boards. The child welfare 

board or the probation officer shall determine 

the most suitable alternative care for the 

child, taking into consideration for the best 

interest of the delinquent children 24 . The 

district or sub-district child welfare board 

shall review the information received and 

shall make recommendations to the 

concerned authority for the overall welfare of 

the child25. But there is no specific guideline 

or definite rule that how the methods would 

be applied or how alternative interventions 

would be conducted in the ground. However, 

district and sub-district level Boards do not 

have any functions dealing directly with 

offender children, despite having a mandate 

to inspect prisons, making their role in regard 

to these children unclear26. This is completely 

an ethical issue to deal with children welfare. 

In this context, establishment of child affairs 

police desk, child welfare board, family 

conferencing and other diversion programs 

seem to be most challenging tasks27. 

 

Insufficient Supportive Key Actors:The most 

significant components of child justice are 

the child affairs police officers and child 

development centres (CDCs) with adequate 

probation officers. The Act 2013 requires 

every police station to maintain a child affairs 

desk and to have a CAPO28 in that desk, till 

adequate child affairs desk has been set up. 

Rather it is often published in newspapers 

that children below the age of accruing 

criminal responsibility are being arrested by 

the police officers and detained with the 

adults. Additionally, Child Development 

Centres (CDCs) is clearly inadequate and as 

a result the child offenders therein do not 

have regular communication with their 

parents. There are at present only three CDCs 

and no other CDCs or rehabilitation center 

for the development of child offenders in the 

country. Lack of CDCs, the rights of the 

children is continuously being violated once 

they are kept in prisons 29 . It is clear that 

reformed Act 2013 has been in effect in 

Bangladesh for almost eight years now, key 

actors in charge of child justice (i.e., police 

officers, probation officers and judges) still 

lack clear understanding of child rights laws. 

 

Since there are only three specialized 

institutes for children correction under the  

Act1974and there are no child development 

centers established under the  Act 2013yet. 

The law prescribes the provision relating 

probation officers 30  who are prepare and 

preserve, a separate file for each child in child 

development centers and follow the 

procedure for alternative care of offender 

children 31 . The probation officer is also 

responsible to submit the social enquiry 

report about the offender children in the court 

as prescribed by the children rules 32 . The 

main problem is that there is no children rules 

and updated probation offenders’ law in the 

country rather the service has been executed 



Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2020; 11 (1): 35-43 

40 

 

by the Probation of Offenders Ordinance 

1960. 

 

Limited Children Court: Presently, except the 

three special children courts, there are no 

separate children courts which could ensure 

that children are separated and treated 

differently from the adults at all stages of the 

criminal proceedings33. As per the Act 2013, 

the children court will arrange for proper 

seating arrangements for the child and will 

provide special arrangements for challenged 

child, where necessary 34 . From 2014, the 

additional session judge court is performing 

responsibilities and working as a children’s 

court in each district and metropolitan area in 

the country. Although, the additional sessions 

judges have been empowered as the 

children’s court within their own respective 

jurisdictions, but the additional session judge 

court are arguably the busiest criminal courts 

in the country and therefore, either a 

children’s court exclusively dealing with 

child offenders should be established or a less 

busy should be empowered as children’s 

court for ensuring children justice.  

 

Although the Act2013 has brought a massive 

change in the field of child justice the child-

oriented specialized justice units have not 

been established in Bangladesh.  Due to the 

functional structure and resource constraints, 

law enforcement agencies, courts, and child 

development centers are not able to provide 

adequate services that reflect the interests of 

the juvenile. The law documented the 

functioning of specific children courts as one 

in each district but except for three children 

courts in the centers, the separate children 

courts have not been established yet. 

Thereafter, the Ministry Law Justice and 

Parliamentary Affairs determined by a 

gazette notification that the additional session 

judges court will be empowered as a children 

court35. 

  

It requires note that the Act 2013, further has 

been amended in 2018 to expand the 

children’s courts. The Act2018 (amended) 

contains the provision of establishing the 

children tribunals in each district. At present 

all tribunals of the women and children 

repression prevention are working as children 

tribunals for the operating trail procedure of 

children offenses. The majority of the 

children cases are tried by the criminal courts 

where no special procedure is followed 

which are mentioned in the Act 2013. Even 

the modernized judicial process is not nearby 

due to not having separate courts and 

specialized child-friendly courtroom 36 . In 

this regard, either the criminal court 

environment should be changed or the trial 

should be held in these separate courts which 

are made especially for juveniles. 

 

After reforms of child justice law, lack of 

proper implementation of the Act 2013, 

creates many limitations among key actors in 

the justice administration. Consequently, 

most of the children are not getting proper 

services from the dealing authorities. There 

are not enough resources in CDCs to develop 

into meaningful service for protecting the 

rights of a child offender. That's why 

protecting the rights of offender children is a 

major challenge in Bangladesh 37 . 

Consequently, a large number of children are 

subjected to physical, verbal, humiliating, 

and threatening by the concerned agencies. 



Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2020; 11 (1): 35-43 

41 

 

The underlying factors influencing offender 

children include low family income, social 

insecurity, inadequate awareness and 

reluctance of the duty bearers, poor 

institutional capacities for child protection. 

However, the above situations demand a 

national code of ethics regarding core values 

of authorities in child justice system. 

 

However, to reduce the detained children the 

child affairs police desk should be launched 

in all police stations. When new concepts are 

fully in place, fewer children cases will need 

to go to court. In the meantime, these desks 

have been already set up in some police 

stations in divisional levels and more are in 

the process. Additionally, independent 

national child welfare boards should be set up 

in each district for monitoring the condition 

of the physical, social, and mental 

development of the detained children. These 

institutions all together are able to implement 

the provisions of alternative care and 

diversions of the children. However, there are 

no children rules on how methods of 

diversions would be practiced in the ground. 

Thus, Bangladesh should act proactively to 

make the necessary children rules in line with 

international guidelines38. 

 

Ethical Issues of Concerned Authorities: 

Child justice system comprises the set of laws, 

policies, regulations, and services needed across 

all social sectors especially social welfare, 

education, health, security, and justice to support 

prevention and response to protection-related 

risks 39 In this context, ethical guideline is 

important part to build social relations and 

growth of society especially in the justice for 

children 40 . It is obligatory for all dealing 

authorities to be at least familiar with and 

preferably conversant with the ethical guidelines. 

Identifying responsibilities in laws is essential to 

address most of the children rights issues as they 

directly deal with children and the societies, they 

live in. it is crucial to protect children's rights, 

active participation from the individual, family, 

community and society as a whole along with the 

processes of law41. 

 

Often lack of professional ethics of police 

officers shows their rough attitude when they 

arrest offender children. Most of the children 

do not receive a child-friendly approach from 

child development centres. Moreover, the 

session court's environment and the trial 

procedure are not appropriate for the children 

dealing. Within the children justice system, 

ethics is relevant to most management and 

policy decisions relating to punishment. 

Hence, the part of the justice system that 

addresses the provision of protection of 

children should include ethics systems. 

 

In Bangladesh, a set of national standards for 

the protection of children has been developed 

to set the framework for the administration of 

child justice. Ethical standards are highly 

important for the country to provide value-

based treatment of child offenders in all 

stages of justice. Equally, the development of 

the code of ethics in the legal system is most 

needed and for that there is no other 

alternative but raising the knowledge of 

professional responsibility, legal 

accountability, and judicial professionals 

with regard to ethics42. 

 

In practice, child justice authorities are facing 

variety of dilemmas in the course of their 

career. Some will be personal, some will be 

social, and others will be legal. None of these 



Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2020; 11 (1): 35-43 

42 

 

is necessarily an ethical dilemma. A child 

welfare authority should remember that they 

are accountable for their actions to the law 

and court. Many of the duties of concerned 

authorities are imposed either by law or by 

court order. One should certainly consider 

that one has a responsibility to follow those 

duties. However, not everything legal is 

necessarily ethical 43 . The persons who are 

working with offender children have a 

responsibility for providing fair service to the 

children in their care and protection. They 

have also some responsibilities towards their 

immediate colleagues and other professionals 

with whom they need to collaborate in the 

interests.  

 

In this situation, child justice authorities draw 

on their knowledge, values, and skills to help 

children in need and to address social 

problems. They act honestly and responsibly 

to promote ethical practices on the part of the 

organizations with which they are affiliated. 

Code of ethics should spell out why children 

and meeting their needs are important, 

strengthening the motivation of childcare 

workers to carry out their work effectively 

and reinforcing their professional values, 

such as respect, care and concern for the 

children and families with whom they work. 

Therefore, ethics is crucial in decisions 

concerning discretion, force, and due 

process, because juvenile justice 

professionals can be tempted to abuse their 

powers44. 

 

Conclusion: Children are the most 

vulnerable who need special care and 

protection, especially in their justice system. 

Over the years, the justice system of the 

children has gradually improved in 

Bangladesh but still has a lot to do in this 

area. While comprehensive laws dealing with 

issues such as procedures and correctional 

systems for child offenders are being called 

by new circumstances. Governmental 

commitment to fulfill protection rights 

includes social welfare policies, adequate 

budgets, public acknowledgment and 

ratification of international instruments. The 

stakeholders, the court, the family, the 

detention facilities and programs, and the 

community are responsible for the adoption 

of the new change. A sound child justice 

system fundamentally requires improved 

social services, specialized assistance, child-

centered initiatives and committed personnel 

with requisite skills, knowledge and values. 

Finally, it is highly important to introduce 

some alternative measures such as, bail, 

conditional discharge, suspension of 

sentence, probation, community service, 

compensation. Modern rehabilitation 

programs with living guidance can be 

introduced for the children especially for 

trauma victims, psychological cases, drug 

and alcohol addicts to restore the delinquent 

back to normal living and to develop their 

personality. It is also important to train up the 

people associated with the child justice 

system so that proper implementation of the 

Children Act 2013 can be ensured. It is highly 

important for the country to have complete 

structured rules and regulations on the basis 

of international principles to provide value-

based treatment of the destitute children in all 

stages of justice. In terms of child protection 

and justice, the policymakers, the executives, 

the academicians, and the civil society should 



Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2020; 11 (1): 35-43 

43 

 

put their all effort for an effective juvenile 

justice system.  

 

References: 

1. The UN Standard Minimum Rules for the 

Administration of Juvenile Justice (The 

Beijing Rules) 1985;  Rule 13. 

2. The UN Convention on the Rights of the 

Child (UNCRC) 1989; Article 6. 

3. The UN Rules for the Protection of Juveniles 

Deprived of their Liberty1990;  Rule 17. 

4. The Children Act 2013 (Act no. 26 of 2013). 

5. Ferdousi, Nahid, The Establishment of 

Children’s Courts in Bangladesh: From 

Principle to Practice, Oxford  University 

Commonwealth Law Journal. 2015; 15 (2): 

211. 

6. The Children Act 2013, sec 4. 

7. Ibid.sec 14. 

8. Ibid.sec 52(4). 

9. Ibid. sec 19. 

10. Ibid., sec 21 (4). 

11. Ibid. sec 59-69. 

12. Ibid. sec 63. 

13. Ibid. sec 5. 

14. Ibid. sec 6. 

15. Ibid. sec 84. 

16. Ibid.sec 8. 

17. Ibid. sec 9. 

18. Ibid. sec 33. 

19. Ibid.  sec 48.  

20. Ali, M Imman,The Children Act 2013: A 

Commentary by Justice Imman Ali. Dhaka: 

Penal Reform International and Bangladesh 

Legal Aid and Services Trust;  2013: 63. 

21. The Children Act 2013, sec 37, 38. 

22. Ferdousi, Nahid, The Children Act, 2013: A 

Milestone of Child Protection in Bangladesh, 

The Daily Star. 24 September 2013: 12. 

23. The Children Act, 2013 has authorized the 

government to frame rules for attaining the 

objectives of the Act. 

24. Ibid. sec 86. 

25. Ibid. sec 93. 

26. Ibid. sec 7. 

27. Islam M. R. & Sikder, M. A. Effectiveness of 

Legal and Institutional Framework for 

Juvenile Justice in Bangladesh: A Critical 

Analysis,Social Research Reports.  2014(26): 

66-81. 

28. The Children Act 2013, sec 13. 

29. Hoque,  M Enamul, Best Interest of the 

Children, Academic Press and Publishers 

Library, Dhaka. 2009: 18. 

30. The Children Act 2013, sec 5. 

31. Ibid. sec 84. 

32. Ibid. sec 31. 

33. Borhan Uddin Khan & Muhammad 

Mahbubur Rahman, Protection of Children in 

Conflict with   the   Law in Bangladesh, 

Dhaka: Save the Children UK 2008: 66-67. 

34. The Children Act 2013, sec17 (4). 

35. Bangladesh Government official gazette 

notifications under the Ministry Law Justice 

and Parliamentary Affairs, 24 April 2014.  

36. Hossain, Md. Zakir. Legal Analysis towards 

Justice for Children, The Daily Sun, 17th 

March, 2020. 

37. Ferdousi, Nahid. The Establishment of 

Children’s Courts in Bangladesh: From 

Principle to Practice, Oxford University 

Commonwealth Law Journal, 2015; 15 (2): 

197. 

38. Ibid. 199. 

39. Ali, M. Imman, Towards a Justice Delivery 

System for Children in Bangladesh: A Guide 

and Case Law on Children in Conflict with 

the Law, UNICEF Bangladesh. 2010: 26. 

40. Ferdousi, Nahid. “The Children Act, 2013: A 

Milestone of Child Protection in 

Bangladesh”, The Daily Star, 24 September; 

2013: 12. 

41. Muncie,John.The United Nations Children’s 

Rights and Juvenile Justice, Youth Justice 

Handbook: Theory, policy and practice, 

Cullompton:  Willan; 2009:  20–21. 

42. Ferdousi, Nahid, Legislative Action for 

Protection of Juvenile Offenders in Malaysia 

and Bangladesh: An Overview, Journal of 

Malaysian and Comparative Law.2014; 

41(1): 125 - 140. 

43. Miah, Md. Abdul Kader,  Akter, Mahmuda & 

Kamruzzaman Md. The Effectiveness of 

Restorative Justice Practice in Bangladesh: 

An Analysis, Humanities and Social 

Sciences. 2017; 5 (5): 176-183. 

44. Islam, M. Rezaul and Sikder, Md. Anwarul 

Islam. Effectiveness of Legal and 

Institutional Framework for Juvenile Justice 

in Bangladesh: A Critical Analysis. Social 

Research Reports. 2014;26: 66-81. 

 

Author Contributions: Authorconceived 

the idea, literature review and wrote the 

manuscript. She checked the manuscript 

meticulously. 

 

Conflict of interests:  The authors declare no 

conflict of interest in this study. 



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