








































Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.09 No.4 Oct’10 

1. *Shafiqur Rahman, PhD Candidate, Macquarie University, Sydney. 
2. Sadia Jahan, Financial Analyst, Sydney. 
3. Nicholas McDonald, Management Consultant, Sydney. 
*Corresponds to: Shafiqur Rahman, PhD Candidate, Macquarie University, Sydney. Email: 
rahmanbangladesh@yahoo.com. 

Original article 

CSR by Islami Bank in healthcare – stakeholders’ perception 
 

R Shafiqur1, J Sadia2, M Nicholas3 
 
Abstract 

Background: In the Bangladesh society, a few organizations are contributing through their 
activities on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). It is a general belief that the 
contribution of Islami Bank Bangladeshi Limited in CSR is highest among the financial 
institutions. It is an observation that IBBL’s CSR contribution in the healthcare sector is 
very significant. Objective: This paper explores the stockholders’ perception of CSR 
contribution in the healthcare sector by Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL). Method: 
Authors used qualitative approach in doing the research. Data were collected through a 
survey. Likert scale was used to explore the significance of stakeholders’ perception. 
Results: This paper reports the findings of a qualitative study on perceptions of CSR by 
IBBL in the healthcare sector of a heterogeneous group of stakeholders. The findings 
reveal the perception of stakeholders towards the social contribution of Islami Bank 
Central Hospital (IBCH), an Institution for CSR in healthcare by IBBL. The stakeholders 
believe that this hospital is significantly contributing to the society through its support in 
the healthcare sector. It is also found that the hospital is proactive in providing healthcare 
support to the community through its highly standard human resources, world class 
medical equipment, outstanding management team and superb customer care support. 
Conclusion: This exploratory study makes a contribution to the relatively new body of 
work on CSR in Bangladesh, especially in the healthcare sector by IBBL and hopefully 
will encourage further research on the topic. This study will also contribute to improve the 
governance, social, ethical, and environmental conditions of the healthcare sector. 
 
Key words: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), healthcare sector, stakeholders’ 
perception. 

CSR by Islami Bank in healthcare – stakeholders’ perception
While a huge work has emerged during the 
past three decades on corporate social 
responsibility (CSR), the focus has been 
generally given on CSR in developed 
countries.1 Literature on CSR is 
Bangladesh is limited.  In this paper, the 
authors explore the perception of the 
stakeholders of CSR by the Islami Bank 
Bangladeshi Limited (IBBL) during 2009 
through a pilot study.  For the purpose of 
this paper, “CSR in developing countries” 
has been defined, borrowing from Visser at 
el2 as follows:  
 

“The formal and informal ways in which 
business makes a contribution to 

improving the governance, social, ethical, 
labour and environmental conditions of 
the developing countries in which they 
operate, while remaining sensitive to 
prevailing religious, historical and 
cultural contexts”. 

 
A number of businesses in Bangladesh are 
contributing in Healthcare CSR, but the 
CSR activities performed by IBBL in the 
healthcare sector seem to be the most 
significant.  IBBL is addressing the social 
concerns in the healthcare sector targeting 
the poor and middle income people of 
Bangladesh.   
 



Shafiqur R, Sadia J, Nicholas M 

209 

The first part of the paper provides the 
research context through a brief profile of 
Bangladesh; the second part provides a 
brief literature review to determine what is 
known about CSR in Bangladesh, and the 
third part discusses the main findings of 
the study carried out in 2009 to explore the 
perceptions of a divers group of 
stakeholders of Bangladeshi citizens in 
relation to CSR activities of IBBL.  
 
Research context: Bangladesh 
Bangladesh, with an area of 147,570 sq 
km, is a small South Asian country which 
borders the Bay of Bengal, Burma and 
India. 83% of Bangladeshis are Muslims, 
16% are Hindus, and 1% from other 
religions and ethnic groups.3 
 
Described as one of the most densely 
populated country in the world,4 
Bangladesh has a population of 160 
million.5 According to Bangladesh Bureau 
of Statistics6, 12,797,394 people live in the 
capital, Dhaka.  Bangladesh has an average 
GDP of approximately 5.7%7  mainly 
generated through its sizeable service 
sector.   
 
Improved economic performance   
Bangladesh has been gradually shifting 
towards parliamentary democracy since 
1990s, which prompted an increasing 
adoption of market economy principles and 
the rise of a private sector. “A private 
sector-led industrial development policy is 
being aggressively pursued with the aim of 
attracting as much foreign investment as 
possible”.8  This has led to amazing 
improvements in the economic 
performance of Bangladesh over the past 
two decades.  Investments have grown 
from an average of US$ 5 million during 
1985-1995 to US$ 460 million in 2004, can 
be a good example. Also Bangladesh’s 
export earnings rose from US$ 1994 
million during 1991/1992 to US$ 8655 
during 2004/2005.9  
 

Social, environmental and ethical issues 
in Bangladesh 
Having all the successes described above, 
child labour, equal opportunity and 
occupational health and safety are key 
issues of concern in the garment and textile 
sector.10 The majority of its employees are 
female and they are mostly forced to work 
12 hours a day with one day’s holiday a 
month and have mandatory overtime 
requirements. They are also subject to 
pregnancy tests and subject to undignifying 
body search at the entry and exit point of 
the factory. They further points out that, 
due to neglect of health and safety rules in 
workplaces, hundreds of workers have 
been killed in the last few years as a result 
of fire incidents.  
 
The economic growths in Bangladesh in 
recent times have also generated severe 
environmental problems, particularly in 
urban and industrialized areas. For 
example, industrial pollution is a serious 
environmental issue in the capital city of 
the country, and the Buriganga  river “has 
been declared ‘clinically dead’ because of 
the unscrupulous discharge of industrial 
wastes and effluents.”11  It is pointed out in 
a report12 that environmental degradation 
negatively impacts on poor households, as 
they are heavily dependent on natural 
resources and thus particularly exposed to 
environmental risks. The report concludes 
that Bangladesh is: 
 

…highly vulnerable to the projected 
impacts of climate change, which will 
increase the already high risk of disasters, 
exacerbating existing vulnerabilities both 
to flooding and drought, and threatening 
agricultural productivity in coastal areas 
that face increasing salinity.  

 
The Bangladeshi government has not been 
successful to provide an effective 
regulatory mechanism to address this 
country’s social and environmental 
problems, which has led to the emergence 
of an increasing number of pressure groups 



CSR by Islami Bank in healthcare – stakeholders’ perception 

210 

demanding greater accountability and 
transparency by local industries.13  There 
has also been pressure at an international 
level on domestic export-oriented 
companies who are operating as suppliers 
of large multinationals to adopt 
international labour standards and conduct 
their business in a responsible manner both 
socially and environmentally. As a result, 
the ground has been paved in Bangladesh 
for a stronger commitment to CSR which 
will hopefully lead to a widespread 
adoption of CSR principles in coming 
years.  The banking sector in Bangladesh is 
comparatively doing better in terms of 
CSR than any other sectors due to its 
financial ability and strong regulatory 
control. Especially IBBL has gone far than 
any other the financial institutions in 
Bangladesh and this study has explored the 
perception of the healthcare stakeholders 
of IBBL, which we explained below.  
However, before we go for the study, we 
present here what is known about CSR in 
Bangladesh.  
 
What we know about CSR in Bangladesh 
Most CSR studies conducted on 
Bangladesh focus on CSR reporting 
practices, where Belal has played the role 
of a prolific author on this topic.14 His 
work can be traced back to 1999 when he 
published the findings of a study which 
examined CSR reporting patterns in 
Bangladesh, where he found that 90% of 
the companies studied made environmental 
disclosures; 97 % made employee 
disclosures and 77 % made ethical 
disclosures.  
  
However, Sobhani15 expressed this study 
as “superficial and incomplete” because it 
provides only brief commentary on CSR 
practices in Bangladesh. In a later study 
focusing on annual reports published by 
large companies, Belal16 found that from a 
sample of 30 reports produced by 
companies listed on the Dhaka Stock 
Exchange and in the directory of Dhaka’s 
Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce, 

majority of them made social disclosures, 
but only a small amount of information 
was provided, and this information was of 
a descriptive nature. He summarises that 
the reasons for this were: lack of statutory 
requirements for social disclosures; the 
existence of very few organized social 
groups; very little social awareness; 
underdeveloped corporate culture, and the 
existence of a relatively new stock market 
in Bangladesh. 
 
Sobhani et al17 carried out a content 
analysis of 100 companies listed on the 
Dhaka Stock Exchange and Chittagong 
Stock Exchange, based on the work of 
Belal18.  Sobhani et al looked into CSR in 
relation to human resource; consumer and 
product; community; environmental and 
“general” and found that the “status of 
disclosure has improved over the last ten 
years”.  
 
The findings of Belal and Owen19 echo 
with those of Islam and Deegan’s,20 which 
also examined social and environmental 
reporting practices in Bangladesh in the 
context of a major garment export 
company. They conclude that stakeholders 
play a significant role in driving the 
industry's social policies and related 
disclosure practices in that country.  
 
In a more detailed manner, Quazi and 
O’Brien21 carried out a comparative study 
to develop a “two-dimensional model of 
corporate social responsibility” and test its 
validity in the context of a developed 
nation (Australia) and a developing nation 
(Bangladesh).  The two dimensions of the 
model were the span of corporate 
responsibility and the range of outcomes of 
social commitments of businesses.   
 
Naeem and Welford22 investigated levels 
of awareness in relation to CSR within the 
context of sustainable development in 
Bangladesh and Pakistan, in another 
comparative study. 
 



Shafiqur R, Sadia J, Nicholas M 

211 

We can finally draw a conclusion from this 
literature review that, albeit in its early 
stages, CSR is already present in the 
collective consciousness of the 
Bangladeshi’s business community.  
Though CSR is done by the multinationals 
due to the practice by its parent companies, 
local companies including the local 
financial institutions are also participating 
CSR in an increased manner nowadays.  
 
The next section will contribute to a better 
understanding of how CSR is perceived in 
Bangladesh by presenting the findings of a 
qualitative study on the perception of the 
stakeholders of CSR by Islami Bank in the 
healthcare sector carried out in Dhaka in 
2009 exploring the views of a diverse 
group of stakeholders in relation to CSR.  
 
CSR by IBBL in healthcare: 
stakeholders’ perception: the study 

Methodology 
This pilot study was carried out in Dhaka, 
Bangladesh during 2009 on the 
stakeholders’ perceptions of CSR by IBBL 
in healthcare sector.  The study had a 
qualitative design, which enabled the 
researchers to obtain richer data, and a 
deeper understanding of the stakeholders’ 
perception through an investigation.  In 
this study, non-random sampling method 
was used, which means that the researchers 
deliberately sought out a given population 
(in this case, the authors identified the 
stakeholders through convenience 
sampling). The professional networks of 
one of the researchers were used to recruit 
the participants from a CSR workshop held 
at a local private university in Dhaka, 
Bangladesh.   
 
The survey was participated by 37 (21 
male and 16 female) stakeholders 
(associated with IBBL’s CSR in the 
healthcare sector); 20 of them were direct 
beneficiaries; 3 social scientists; 4 
journalists; 4 employees (of Islami Bank 
hospital); 2 environmentalists and 4 
community members.  It should be taken 

into account that there could be a 
significant level of self-selection in these 
samples, as it is likely that the respondents 
attended the said workshop because of 
their interest in CSR.    
 
The survey was divided in two parts: the 
first contained three questions designed to 
explore the participants’ understanding of 
the notion of CSR by IBBL in healthcare 
sector.  It contained the following 
questions: 
 
1. What is your overall perception of 
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by 
IBBL in the Healthcare sector? 
2. What are the areas, IBBL can improve 
its CSR in healthcare?  
3. What are the strengths of CSR activities 
by IBBL you noticed so far?  
 
The second part of the survey used a Likert 
Scale, ranging from “Strongly Agree” to 
“Strongly Disagree”, to identify numerical 
patterns in the respondents’ reactions to the 
following statements: 
 
1. IBBL is playing a very significant role 
in CSR through its contribution in the 
healthcare. 
2. It is just a public relations exercise to 
make IBBL look good. 
3. CSR by IBBL goes against the bank’s 
business interests because it reduces the 
company’s profit margins. 
4. CSR by IBBL in the healthcare is really 
addressing the social concerns. 
 
The purpose of the second part of the 
survey was to obtain further information on 
the respondents’ perceptions of CSR by 
IBBL in the healthcare sector and 
associated principles and concepts, to 
supplement the information provided in the 
first part.  
 
The section below explores the 
stakeholders’ perception of CSR on 
IBBL’s contribution and its impact in the 
society.   



CSR by Islami Bank in healthcare – stakeholders’ perception 

212 

Perception of CSR by IBBL in the 
healthcare sector 
There were a variety of views regarding 
the CSR activities by IBBL in the 
healthcare sector and most of them are 
very positive, which indicate IBBL’s 
commitment to the society.  A few 
examples are given below: 
 
a) I am personally benefited by the low 
cost [and good quality] treatment at Islami 
Bank Central Hospital (IBCH), which 
otherwise, I would not be able to afford. I 
broke my leg last year and I am fully cured 
now. I appreciate this kind of CSR 
activities by IBBL (R1, male, beneficiary).  
 
b) My daughter got operated at the Islamic 
Bank Central Hospital; she is in good 
health now.  They got a caring team of 
healthcare professionals. I am grateful for 
having the opportunity for good medical 
treatment provided by IBBL (R5, female, 
beneficiary).  
 
c) CSR activities of IBBL are noticeable in 
the Bangladesh media.  However, the bank 
can concentrate on more media presence as 
it is doing enormous CSR activities in the 
healthcare sector (this would encourage 
other organisations to do CSR).  (R12, 
male, journalist).    
 
The above views against the 1st question 
reveal that the stakeholders found IBCH 
services are low cost (very suitable for 
poor and middleclass families) and they 
also care their patients a lot.  This is a real 
example of CSR activities that 
significantly contributing to the society by 
IBCH.    
 
What are the areas, IBBL can improve its 
CSR in healthcare?  
a) I had my daughter born at the Islami 
Bank Central Hospital.  In addition to their 
great customer support, they provided my 
daughter a ‘New Born Baby Kit’.  I think 
they are already doing (CSR) excellent in 

the healthcare sector (R10, female, 
beneficiary). 
 
b) I had a surgery at Islami Bank Central 
Hospital and found the doctors and other 
staffs are really supportive. But I had an 
attendant with me to communicate with the 
hospital staff to update me about the 
progress of the treatment.  I would expect, 
they develop a system so that every patient 
may stay in the hospital with out the 
support of an attendant, which became a 
culture in Bangladesh (R17, male, 
beneficiary).   
 
c) I am fully aware about the waste 
management system of Islami Bank 
Hospital. They are effectively disposing 
the clinical wastes (like, body fluid, 
drainage bags, vials, culture dishes, gauze, 
bandages, organs, tissues) as well as 
laboratory waste (like, slides, needles, 
blades, syringes; radioactive waste such as 
Iodine-125, iodine -131).  This 
accountability by Islami Bank Central 
Hospital clearly shows that they are in 
compliance with international norms and 
practices which conforms the pattern of 
CSR (R15, male, environmentalist).  
 
The stakeholders, in response to the 2nd 
question, express that the CSR activities by 
IBCH is of very high quality and there is 
little to improve in their services at this 
point. 
 
What are the strengths of CSR activities 
by IBBL you noticed so far?  
a) I got medical check-ups at different 
hospitals in last two decades. I found that 
the doctors and nurses of Islami Bank 
Central Hospital are of very high quality, 
pieces equipment are of international 
standard; the infrastructure is adequate. 
This is a real example of healthcare and 
real example of CSR (R19, male, 
beneficiary). 
 
b) Islami Bank Central Hospital is situated 
in my locality. It is a great support and 



Shafiqur R, Sadia J, Nicholas M 

213 

blessings for the community and the first 
place, where we rush for the emergency 
medical assistance.  We always found the 
emergency medical team very supportive 
and they really exhibit socially responsible 
behaviour (R25, male, community 
representative).  
 
c) As a patient of diabetics, I take my 
regular treatments and check-ups from the 
Islami Bank Central Hospital.  They 
response at the quickest possible time, 
whenever I arrive their.  The cleanliness is 
superb; security is very strong; monitoring 
is timely (R27, female, beneficiary).   
 
The above views responding the 3rd 
question exhibit that the Islami Bank 
Central Hospital (IBCH) is exhibiting 
socially responsible behaviour, 
contributing the community and always 
ready to provide world class service to the 
community.  
 
The CSR by IBBL is supported by Garriga 
and Meleé23 conceptual framework which 
has four major theories. The CSR by the 
IBCH conform the ethical and the 
integrative perspectives of Garriga and 
Melee’s theory. 
 
Likert Scale responses 
The Likert scale responses also revealed 
very positive attitudes to IBBL’s role in 
CSR through its contribution in the 
healthcare. All respondents agreed (100%) 
that IBBL’s contribution to CSR is very 
effective in healthcare support to the poor 
and middleclass families (29 strongly 
agreed and 8 agreed). An overwhelming 
majority of respondents (35/37; 95%) do 
not believe that IBBL is doing CSR as a 
public relation tool.   
 
Consistent with the findings discussed in 
the previous section, most respondents 
(31/37; 84%) disagreed with the 
instrumentally based statement that CSR 
goes against IBBL’s business’ interests 
because it reduces profit margins. Only 4 

participants agreed with this assertion, and 
2 ticked the “Indifferent” option.  
 
With regard to the statement that CSR by 
IBBL in the healthcare is really addressing 
the social concerns, almost all the 
respondents (36/37; 97%) agreed with it, 
and only one of them ticked “Indifferent.”  
This appears to reveal a good faith by the 
respondents towards IBBL’s social 
concerns in healthcare.  
 
In conclusion, the above responses exhibit 
generally variable attitudes and 
receptiveness of the stakeholders towards 
the CSR by IBBL in the healthcare sector. 
However, the participants who attended the 
survey, all of them attended the CSR 
workshop at a private university in 
Bangladesh;  therefore, they would be 
more likely to have positive attitudes 
towards CSR (and of the Central Hospital 
of Islami Bank, as it earned a reputation for 
its CSR in last few years).  
 
Summary and conclusions 
IBBL has established IBCH initially with 
philanthropic intention in mind.  However, 
very recently, IBBL has adopted the 
modern CSR concept.  Through IBCH, 
IBBL has not only giving opportunity for 
the low income people to get access to 
healthcare, it also generated substantial 
number of employment in the society.  One 
can debate that the low cost of service at 
IBCH might result in compromising in 
quality, but the patient satisfaction clearly 
shows that the service quality is 
comparable with other modern hospitals in 
Bangladesh.  It can also be argued that the 
low cost of IBCH may compel other 
hospitals to reduce their costs.  In fact, in 
an open market economy like Bangladesh, 
it is the freedom of the service providers to 
choose their own product/service costs.   
Moreover, the IBCH is serving only a 
small fraction of total patient population, 
due to which other hospitals will not get 
affected in price competition.  
 



CSR by Islami Bank in healthcare – stakeholders’ perception 

214 

IBCH is fully aware of its social 
responsibility and contributing to the 
society accordingly.  It provides ‘full free’ 
services to a certain number of needy 
patients.  It maintains modern clinical 
waste disposal system which is very 
essential for environment.  It makes a 
minimum profit as it does not have a target 
to distribute dividend rather it strives to 
provide high quality services to the 
patience.  IBBL’s experience from IBCH 
has encouraged IBBL to extend its 
Healthcare CSR Program to a number of 
districts outside the capital city and these 
initiatives are also equally successful and 
are making a great contribution in the 
Bangladesh Healthcare sector.  
 
This paper reports the findings of a 
qualitative study on perceptions of CSR by 
Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL) in 
the healthcare sector through 
heterogeneous stakeholders recruited at a 
CSR workshop held in a private university 
in Dhaka, Bangladesh.  The findings reveal 
the perception of stakeholders towards the 
social contribution of Islami Bank Central 
Hospital, an Institution for CSR in 
healthcare by IBBL. The stakeholders 
believe that this hospital is proactive in 

providing healthcare support to the 
community through its highly standard 
human resources, world class medical 
equipment, outstanding management team 
and superb customer care support.  These 
stakeholders (beneficiaries, Islami Bank 
employees, social scientists, 
environmentalists, community members 
and journalists) express their extreme 
satisfaction and positive attitude regarding 
IBBL’s CSR activities in healthcare. 
  
While the current study brings out the 
perceptions of the stakeholders of CSR by 
IBBL, the authors recognize that it has a 
number of limitations including the small 
sample size.  It is strongly recommended 
that future studies supplement surveys with 
in-depth face-to-face interviews for a 
richer perspective on the topic.  This 
exploratory study makes significant 
contribution to the relatively new body of 
knowledge on CSR in Bangladesh, 
especially in the healthcare sector.  This 
study will also contribute to improve the 
governance, social, ethical and 
environmental condition of the healthcare 
sector as well as will help the future 
researchers in this field. 

 
______________ 

 

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