bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 41 impact of university commitment and student ambition on graduate employability: a study on selected private universities in sylhet md. abdul muhith chowdhury assistant professor department of business administration leading university, ragibnagar, sylhet, bangladesh e-mail: muhith@lus.ac.bd abstract there is a growing concern in the areas of employability that has increased in the last few decades due to the increased growth process and global competition. this study is based on identifying the impact of university commitment and student ambition on graduate employability. the research aimed to investigate the job market scenario in bangladesh by reviewing the literature and provide suggestions to different stakeholders of employability. in total, the sample comprises 100 responses from students who are in their final year of study. different international and local studies on this topic have been reviewed, and a structured questionnaire was used for collecting data from the respondents. the multiple linear regression method was used to analyze the data statistically. the result indicates that a one percent increase in the commitment by the university will increase graduate employability by 45 percent, while a one percent rise in student ambition will help to rise graduate employability by 31 percent. keywords: graduate, labor market, employability, university, commitment, ambition. introduction though employability was once seen as a western concept, nowadays it is essential for the underdeveloped and developing countries for their sustainability. the concept of employability can be viewed from the perspectives of the workforce, as a human resource strategy, and perspectives of individuals (rothwell et al., 2008). behle and atfield (2013) identified that students' perception of employability often differs from the perception of employers. the students need to understand the concept of self-perceived employability for devising overall career development (redmond, 2010). employability can be measured as a 'psycho-social construct' that helps individuals to cope up in a rapidly changing environment. the first part of this paper sets the context of the study by stating the problem and reviewing appropriate literature; followed by the next part as the development of objectives and setting the hypothesis. afterward, the research methodology section states the research design and data analysis tools, and based on that analysis was done. lastly, the concluding remarks have been drawn. literature review the graduates need to understand the concept of self-perceived employability for overall career development and management (redmond, 2010). there is a lack of research that has been done in bangladesh to identify what it takes to make the graduates more employable (chisty et al., 2007). the university education system in bangladesh has faced a dramatic change for so many years because of political turmoil in public universities, and a quest for good quality by private institutions (ahmed & crossman, 2014). the youth unemployment rate has been doubled with a limited period of only 7 years between the years 2010 to 2017 (chowdhury, 2020). all the https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 42 stakeholders (policymakers, heis, and universities) need to take appropriate action to enhance the employability of graduates. problem statement graduate employability and overall employment levels that exist throughout the country are a matter of growing concern for the government and policymakers in bangladesh. the labor market in bangladesh is still not being able to produce skilled manpower as per the expectation of the employers. the issue of employability should be considered with the highest priority by all stakeholders involved for their existence. there is still a mismatch in the unemployment and underemployment situation in bangladesh. the present study aimed at highlighting the following questions: what extent of the effect the university commitment and student ambition have on the employability of graduates from the viewpoints of graduates. objectives of the research the main objective of this research paper is to analyze the impact of university commitment and student ambition on the employability of graduates. however, the specific objectives are to explore the following aspects:  to identify the problems in the job market in bangladesh in relation to employability.  to highlight the implications of this research for future policy development. hypothesis development with a view of fulfilling the objectives, two relevant hypotheses have been developed for this study:  h1: university commitment has a significant positive impact on graduate employability.  h2: ambition of the student has a significant positive impact on graduate employability. research methodology the study is empirical in nature where the convenience-sampling method has been used to collect responses from 100 students from four private universities in the sylhet region of bangladesh by using a structured questionnaire. the study used the employability scale developed by rothwell et al. (2008) which covered 30 variables some of which were adapted from other studies in employability. variables were measured on a 5-point likert scale (1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree). multiple regression analysis was done to test the hypothesis. a series of tests was conducted beforehand to authenticate the appropriateness of using regression analysis. results and discussion the skewness and kurtosis of the dependant variable graduate employability were -.588 (s.e=.24) and .670 (s.e=.47) respectively. from the matrix scatterplot, it was evident that a linear relationship exists among the dependant variable (graduate employability) with the independent variables. then, the scatterplot between regression standardized residual and regression standardized predicted values (shown in the appendix) proved the non-violation of homoscedasticity (pryce, 2002). with a tolerance value of .870 (>.1) and vif 1.150 (<10), multicollinearity was approved (hills & adkins, 2001). table 1. summary hypothesis statements standardized coefficients significance result h1 the commitment of the university has a positive significant impact on graduate employability https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 43 university commitment > graduate employability .451 .000 accepted h2 the ambition of the student has a positive significant impact on graduate employability student ambition -> graduate employability .313 .000 accepted from the result of the regression it is evident that university commitment and student ambition explained 39.1% of the variance in the employability of the graduates (r2=.391, f(2,97)=32.84, p<.001). university commitment has a significant impact on the employability of graduates (β = .45, p<.001). likewise, there is also a significant influence of student ambition on graduate employability (β = .31, p<.001). the result indicates that a one percent increase in the commitment by the university will increase graduate employability by 45 percent, and likewise, a one percent rise in the student ambition will increase graduate employability by 31 percent. conclusion this study has the potential for contributing to further research in the areas of university commitment, student ambition, and graduate employability. the collaborative view of graduates, government policymakers, heis, and employers should be sought together for augmenting employability in general. government policymakers, academicians, universities, and business organizations should work collaboratively. the heis should offer work-oriented courses to orient their graduates in a competitive job market. they should design their course curriculum based on industry needs by emphasizing fieldwork, job shadowing, case studies, presentation skills, and group discussion. they can also introduce short courses on ict knowledge, english, and communication skills. the universities should encourage students to participate in extracurricular activities, which results in the development of self-employability. the existing gap between study and employment can be minimized through employer engagement in education, training, and course content development. the government should upgrade education policy based on international benchmarking of competency-based curricula. references ahmed, r., & crossman, j. (2014). significance of employability factors: bangladesh perspectives. retrieved from http://www.researhgate.net/publication/228597908 behle, h., & atfield, g. (2013). employability, key skills and graduate attributes the global student experience: an international and comparative analysis. c. kandiko and m. weyers. oxon and new york. chisty, k. k. s., uddin, g. m., & ghosh, s. k. (2007). the business graduate employability in bangladesh: dilemma and expected skills by corporate world, brac university journal, iv(1), 1-8. chowdhury, f. (2020). work integrated learning at tertiary level to enhance graduate employability in bangladesh. international journal of higher education, 9(4), 61-68. hill, r. c., & adkins, l. c. (2001). collinearity. a companion to theoretical econometrics, 25778. pryce, g. (2002). heteroscedasticity: testing and correcting in spss. university of glasgow. http://www.researhgate.net/publication/228597908 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 44 redmond, p. (2010). the graduate jobs handbook: how to land your dream career. trotman. rothwell, a., herbert, i., & rothwell, f. (2008). self-perceived employability: construction and initial validation of a scale for university students. journal of vocational behavior, 73(1), 1-12. rothwell, a., jewell, s., & hardie, m. (2009). self-perceived employability: investigating the responses of post-graduate students. journal of vocational behavior, 75(2), 152-161. appendices appendix a. figure 1. histogram and normal q-q plot of graduate employability data extracted from spss https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 45 appendix b. figure 2. histogram and normal q-q plot of university commitment data extracted from spss https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 46 appendix c. figure 3. histogram and normal q-q plot of student ambition data extracted from spss https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 47 appendix d. figure 4. correlations correlations employabil ity student ambition university commitment pearson correlation employability 1.000 .476 .564 student ambition .476 1.000 .361 university commitment .564 .361 1.000 sig. (1-tailed) employability . .000 .000 student ambition .000 . .000 university commitment .000 .000 . n employability 100 100 100 student ambition 100 100 100 university commitment 100 100 100 data extracted from spss appendix e. figure 5. scatterplot between the regression standardized residual and regression standardized predicted value data extracted from spss copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research; vol. 1, no. 2 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 july-september; 2019 published by centre for research on islamic banking & finance and business 19 a comparisonal study on circle detection for real-world images md. omar faruq lecturer department of computer science and engineering bangladesh army university of engineering & technology, natore, bangladesh e-mail: omarfarukcse10@gmail.com md. almash alam lecturer department of computer science and engineering bangladesh army university of engineering & technology, natore, bangladesh e-mail: almash.anik.61@gmail.com md. muktar hossain lecturer department of computer science and engineering bangladesh army university of engineering & technology, natore, bangladesh e-mail: muktar.hossain@bauet.ac.bd abstract real-life objects have different characteristics such as form characteristics, texture characteristics, and color characteristics and so on. the circular objects are the most common shape in our day to day lives and industrial production. so circle detection algorithm is ever ending research today. the most common algorithm is circular hough transform which is used to detect a circle in an image. it is not very robust to noise so a simple approach to modified circular hough transform algorithm is applied to detect the circle from an image. the image is pre-processed by edge detection. a comparison between circular hough transform and modified circular hough transform algorithm is presented in this research. keywords: circle detection, hough transform, modified hough transform. 1. introduction the circle is one of the most common shapes in our daily life, and indeed the universe. planets, the movement of the planets, natural cycles, and natural shapes there are circles everywhere. the circle is one of the most complex shapes, and indeed the most difficult for a man to create, yet nature manages to do it perfectly. the centers of flowers, eyes, and many more things are circular and we see them in our everyday life. detection of circles is very important for us. usually, detect the object by detecting the object characteristics in the machine vision field. for these reasons, circle detection is an ever ending research application in the real world.each circle detection should be accurate. the object including circle characteristics exist widely in our daily lives and industrial production, such as iris of eye automatic detection in face recognition, the inhibition halos of antibacterial activity detection (silveira, 2004) in food industry, the camera calibration in optical study (jiang & quan, 2005) concentric circles precise identify of printed circuit board (pcb) round hole photoelectric image i. e. reflector in industrial production (qiao et al., 2010) concentric circles ring recognition of targeting system (wang et al., 2008) and pet bottle of online inspection in blowing machines and beverage packaging industry and so on, are all need to use concentric circles detection technology. the circular shape when detected perfectly then recognition for iris of the eye in identifies the purpose, people counting, industrial production, etc. the goal of this thesis to find the circle or a set of circles includes its radius and center from an image. 2. literature review digital image processing is the use of the computer algorithm to perform image processing on digital images. image processing operations can be roughly divided into three major categories: image compression, image enhancement, and restoration, image segmentation (gonzalez et al., 2005). copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 20 input image edge detected image compression: image compression means reducing the amount of data required to represent an image. this technique is used for converting an image to a discrete signal for computer processing and compressing it to economize on storage capacity or communication bandwidth for transmitting purpose. image enhancement and restoration: whenever an image is converted from one form to another, such as digitizing, transmitting, scanning, etc, some form of degradation occurs at the output. improvement in the quality of these degraded images can be achieved by the application of restoration and/or enhancement technique. image enhancement improves the quality (clarity) of images for human viewing. removing blurring and noise, increasing contrast and revealing details are examples of enhancement operations. the image signals are sometimes degraded by noise, low contrast or blurring. to obtain the original image or to improve it for analysis purposes, image enhancement, restoration or reconstruction techniques are used depending on the objective. image segmentation: segmentation subdivides an image into its constituent regions and objects. when images taken by different sensors or at different times are to be compared, we use matching or registration techniques. this analysis includes segmentation of an image, measuring the properties of different parts and obtaining a relationship between the parts and comparing. the resulting descriptions are examined using certain models. the ultimate goal of the above techniques is to help an observer translate the contents of an image into useful information. edge detection is part of image segmentation. edge detection is very useful in some contexts. edge characterizes object boundaries and is, therefore, useful for segmentation, registration, and identification of objects in scenes. the output of edge detection should be an edge image, in which the value of each pixel reflects how strong the corresponding pixel in the original image meets the requirements of being an edge pixel. many edge detectors have been proposed, such as sobel, robert, and prewitt. 3. research methodology 3.1 circular hough transform the circle hough transform (cht) is a feature extraction technique for detecting circle. detecting circles in an image are one of the problems that are discussed in this paper. many algorithms, such as linear square method (hsiao et al., 2006), hough transform, and canny edge detection algorithms have been proposed to detect circles. these algorithms detect circles from the edge detected images. among these algorithms, early circular hough transform has been widely successful in meeting the realtime requirement of being able to detect the circles in noisy environments. modified circular hough transform discussed in the next section. and also discussed modified cht is the best algorithm to detect circle as compared to circular hough transform. hough transform was introduced by paul hough in 1962 and patented by ibm. in 1972 (shapiro & george, 2002) modified hough transform, which is used universally today. figure 1. circular hough transform algorithm (nitasha, et al., 2012) the equation of the circle is : r2 = (x-a)2 + (y-b)2 (1) as it can be seen the circle to get three-parameter r, a and b, where a & b are the center of the circle in the direction x & y respectively and r is the radius. the parameter representation of the circle is: x=a +r*cos(θ) (2) y=b + r*sin(θ) (3) thus the parameter space for a circle will belong to r3. as the number of parameters needed to describe the shape increase as well as the dimension of the parameter space r increase so do the complexity of the hough transform. output circle detected image accumulator parameter representation copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 21 4. accumulator in this way, we sweep over the energy edge point in the input image drawing circle with the desired circle with desired radii and incrementing the value in our accumulator. when every edge point and every desired radius is used we can turn our attention to accumulator ill now contain numbers corresponding to the number of circles passing through the individual coordinate. thus the highest number corresponds to the circle of the circle in the image. figure 3. coins image input of cht algorithm (virtanen, 2019) figure 4: circle detected image copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 22 table1: data points of the detected circle since the parameter space of cht is three dimensional, it may require lots of storage and computation. also, cht is not very robust to noise. circle detected but redundant and spurious circles frequently occur. 5. modified cht algorithm the first stage noise is removed from the image by using a gaussian filter. after that edge strength and edge direction is found out at each pixel by using sobel operator. then non-maximum suppression. it is a process for marking all pixels whose intensity is not maximal as zero within a certain local neighborhood. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 23 multiple circle’s images with different radius figure 5. bicycle image figure 6. circle detected image table 2. data of the above result copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 24 here seen the result with long radius figure 7. circle image with long radius figure 8. circle detected image table 3. represents data of the above result 6. comparison between cht and modified cht the cht algorithm is implemented in the previous section where circle detected but redundant and spurious circles frequently occur and also cht is not very robust to noise. in modified cht algorithm, multiple circles with different radius and circle with long radius are detected in this section in figure 4.2 and figure 4.4 were redundant and spurious circles are not occurring and the modified circular hough transform algorithm needs less storage and computation. table 4. comparison between cht and modified cht algorithm parameters cht algorithm modified cht algorithm robustness not very robust to noise very robust to noise redundant and spurious circles frequently occurs not occur processing time more time required ten timeless than cht 7. conclusion the hough transform has attracted a lot of research efforts over the decades. the circle is one of the most complex shapes, and copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 25 indeed the most difficult for a man to create, yet nature manages to do it perfectly. for these reasons, it is often non-trivial to group the extracted edge features to an appropriate set of circles. each circle detection should be accurate. the main motivations behind such interest are the noise immunity, the ability to deal with occlusion, and the expandability of the transform. many variations of it have evolved. the comparison between cht and modified cht performed successfully. the modified circular hough transform algorithm requires less storage and computation. 8. acknowledgment authors are sincerely grateful department of computer science & engineering, bangladesh army university of engineering & technology. 9. references gonzalez, r. c., woods, r. e., & eddins, s. l. (2005). digital image processing using matlab (beijing: publishing house of electronics industry): p252. hsiao, p. y., chen, c. h., chou, s. s., li, l. t., & chen, s. j. (2006, may). a parameterizable digital-approximated 2d gaussian smoothing filter for edge detection in noisy image. in 2006 ieee international symposium on circuits and systems (pp. 4-pp). ieee. jiang, g., & quan, l. (2005, october). detection of concentric circles for camera calibration. in tenth ieee international conference on computer vision (iccv'05) volume 1 (vol. 1, pp. 333-340). ieee. nitasha, s. s., sharma, r., & sharma, r. (2012). comparison between circular hough transform and modified ccanny edge detection algorithm for circle detection. int j eng res technol (ijert), 1(3), 15. qiao, n. s., ye, y. t., mo, c. h., wu, y. f., & liu, l. (2010). method for the detection of concentric circles of photoelectric image of circular hole in printed circuit board. acta optica sinica, 30(1), 75-78. silveira, m. (2004, may). antibacterial activity detection and evaluation based on the detection of multiple concentric circles with the hough transform. in first canadian conference on computer and robot vision, 2004. proceedings. (pp. 329-335). ieee. shapiro, l., & george, c. (2002). an introduction of computer vision. prentice-hall, inc. virtanen,m.(2019).myymälän aktiivinen varastosaldojen seuranta. retrieved from https://www.cis.rit.edu/class/simg782.old/talkhough/houghleccircles.html wang, h., niu, j., liu, s., & wang, d. (2008). a concentric circles adaptive detection algorithm of measured imagery target surface. acta photonica sinica, 37(10), 2094-2098. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research; vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by centre for research on islamic banking & finance and business, usa 48 40 a review on artificial neural networks and its’ applicability mustafa nizamul aziz senior lecturer east west university dhaka, bangladesh e-mail: mustafa.nizamul@gmail.com abstract the field of artificial neural networks (ann) started from humble beginnings in the 1950s but got attention in the 1980s. ann tries to emulate the neural structure of the brain, which consists of several thousand cells, neuron, which is interconnected in a large network. this is done through artificial neurons, handling the input and output, and connecting to other neurons, creating a large network. the potential for artificial neural networks is considered to be huge, today there are several different uses for ann, ranging from academic research in such fields as mathematics and medicine to business-based purposes and sports prediction. the purpose of this paper is to give words to artificial neural networks and to show its applicability. documents analysis was used here as the data collection method. the paper figured out network structures, steps for constructing an ann, architectures, and learning algorithms. keywords: artificial neural networks, artificial neural network architectures, artificial neurons. 1. introduction as early as 1943 a model was created by warren mcculloch and walter pitts called mcculloch-pitts neuron which tried to mimic the structure of a biological neural network. this model was divided into two parts, one consisting of a summation of weighted input and the other consisting of an output function of the sum. the neural network model created consisted of several binary neurons interconnected in a large network (yegnanarayana, 2009). artificial neural networks became a popular research topic in the late 1950s and early 1960s. the first computational trainable neural networks were created by frank rosenblatt and others in the late 1950s. called perceptron, this neural network consisted of two computational nodes and a single layer of interconnections and was used solely to solve linear problems. during the 1970s the interest for artificial neural networks faded, one reason was the book written by minsky & papert in 1969, in which a somewhat pessimistic view of the future of the field was presented (turban et al., 2011). since the 1980s interest for artificial neural networks increased with more funding to research in the field in several countries, especially in japan and the usa after a joint conference being held in kyoto, japan on neural networks. this newfound optimism stemmed from discoveries in the field which overcame some of the obstacles earlier encountered in creating artificial neural network and progress in the fields of neuroscience and cognitive science (anderson & mcneill, 1992). successful implementations of artificial neural networks have in recent times invoked interest from several agents outside the academic sphere, such as industry and business (turban et al., 2011) 2. findings from the literature study 2.1 neural networks a neural network is described as a system built of several processing elements operating in parallel whose function is determined by network structure, connection strengths, and the processing performed at computing elements or nodes (nemadi, 2012). the neural structure of the brain consists of approximately 100 billion cells, called neurons, which all are interconnected to several thousand other neurons through a huge network. a biological neuron consists basically of four components; dendrites which are accepting the input, soma which is processing the input, the axon which turns the processed input into output and synapses which is connecting the neuron to other neurons, allowing the neurons to communicate with each other. the communication between the different neurons takes place in the axon and dendrites of each neuron. the sheer number of cells, and the fact that the neurons seemingly are the only cells not regenerating, thus enabling humans to remember and use the experience to actions, are what often is regarded as the strength of the brain (anderson & mcneill, 1992). copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 49 2.2 artificial neural networks while computers can keep ledgers and perform complex mathematical calculations, they often fail when faced with tasks involving recognizing patterns and learning by experience, tasks the brain manages far superior (anderson & mcneill, 1992). artificial neural networks are computational methodologies or models inspired by the networks of biological neural structures of the brain. however, these networks use mostly the main idea of a biological neural network, and should not be regarded as a correct model of the actual brain’s neural structure, since this neural structure is considered vastly more complicated. like their biological counterpart, artificial neural networks consist of several small elements called artificial neurons which are responsible for processing information. the neurons of an artificial neural network work parallel and together while using some of the abilities of biological neural networks, such as self-organizing and learning. just as the dendrite of the biological neuron receives input from other neurons by electrochemical impulse, the artificial neuron receives input from other neurons by analog signals. 2.2.1 network structure in translating the basic structure of the biological neuron to an artificial equivalent the names of the neurons different parts are translated to names more associated with computer science. the dendrites and axons are known as the input and output, the soma known as a node and the synapse translates to connection weights (turban et al., 2011). the basic processing element of the neural network, which forms the neural network’s structure by being set up in different formations, is the neuron. in a network structure the processing element, the neuron, receives input either consisting of raw data or data processed in another neuron, processing the input, and delivers the output, which could be a final result or serve as input to other processing elements. generally, an artificial neural network consists of groups of neurons, clustered together to different layers. typically, these layers are the input layer, the hidden layer, and the output layer. the hidden layer is the layer of neurons responsible for transforming the input data from the input layer to suitable data for the output layer. depending on the complexity of the application the number of the hidden layer varies, usually in the commercial system from one to three hidden layers, with each potentially containing thousands of processing elements (turban et al., 2011) in a similar process of the brain, the different processing elements of the artificial neural network perform their computations simultaneously, known as parallel processing, a process that differs a lot from the traditional serial programming. the main practice of network information processing in artificial neural networks consists of some important concepts such as input, output, and connection weight. often each input relates to a specific attribute or variable, describing a specific condition. the output of artificial neural networks is what’s considered the solution to the problem. for instance, if the problem at hand is a decision-making system the solution often can consist of a simple yes or no answer. connection weights describe the amount a specific input affects another processing element and, in the end, the output. by adjusting the values of the weights, the network can learn patterns of information and store these (turban et al., 2011). each input value is multiplied with its weight to calculate a total weighted sum in a summation function. this calculation serves later as an activation level for the input, which determinates whether a neuron should produce an output or not. 2.2.2 constructing an artificial neural network when constructing an artificial neural network nine steps are usually followed and repeated. these are: ▪ collecting data. ▪ separating the data into subgroups; training, validation, and testing sets. ▪ deciding on suitable architecture and structure of the proposed network. ▪ selecting a learning algorithm. ▪ setting network parameters and their initial values. ▪ setting the initial values of the weights, and start committing training. ▪ training is committed, check ▪ training stops, weights are adjusted and the training process is iterated ▪ a stable set of weights have been found; the network can be used on new non-training-based cases. much of the process of constructing an artificial neural network consists of collecting data that are appropriate and have enough information for creating test sets for the system to train on. the choice of structure and architecture consists of copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 50 establishing input nodes, output nodes, number of hidden layers, and hidden nodes. choosing a learning algorithm is done to find sets of connection weights that are deemed to have the best predictive accuracy and best suited for the training data. testing is done in the 8th step by using the testing data set to verify that the input produces suitable output (turban et al., 2011). 2.2.3 artificial neural network architectures there are several different types of neural network architectures being used in a different context, mainly depending on the actual task at hand. another important aspect of the architecture of the networks is the learning process. supervised learning in artificial neural networks is a concept where a training set is used to teach the network of the problem and its domain, unlike unsupervised learning where the neural network is working with a more self-organizing approach by learning pattern through repeated exposure (turban et al., 2011). one of the most popular artificial neural network architectures is the multilayer architecture, which consists of several layers of neurons. often the feedforward approach, where the output of a node in one layer is not connected to the input of a node in a previous layer nor the same layer, but only to nodes in subsequent layers, is used on this type of architecture. other popular architectures are kohonen’s self-organizing feature maps and hopfield networks. kohonen’s selforganizing feature maps, also known as som, is one of the most popular neural networks for use in data mining. in the som architecture, the network uses a type of unsupervised learning to produce a low-dimensional representation of the input which often is consisting of high dimensional data sets. hopfield networks are known as recurrent neural networks, which mean that it consists basically of a single layer of a neutron in which every neuron is connected. this differs from the feedforward type of networks where neurons are not connected in the same layer. the neutrons in a hopfield network are all binary units, which are either active or inactive. initially, all the neutrons have random values but change through iteration by checking the connection weight between neurons. this goes on until the neurons reach a stable state, which is deemed to be the final state (turban et al., 2011). 2.2.4 learning algorithms a learning algorithm is used to help the neural network specify how it learns the relationship between inputs, or between inputs and outputs. one of the most used learning algorithms is the back-error propagation, often called backpropagation. this algorithm is often used on neural networks with a feedforward approach. a supervised learning algorithm, the backpropagation algorithm is trained with correct patterns being provided, with the weights of inputs being adjusted to match the patterns. the algorithm follows a few steps; firstly, the weights are given random values, the input and the desired output are read, calculate the actual output, compare the actual output to the desired output, and finally changing the weights. these steps are then repeated until the desired output and the actual output is consistent to a predetermined degree (turban et al., 2011). to help with the process of the learning some learning laws or rules have been stated. one of the best known is hebb’s rule. this says that if a neuron receives input from another neuron, which approximately the same value, the weight between the neurons should be increased. hopfield law is in many ways similar to hebb’s rule but states that if the desired output and the input have the same value, the weights should be increased by the learning rate of the network. if not the case, the weights should be decreased by the learning rate. one of the most used learning laws is delta rule. this rule is based on continuously modifying the connection weights to reduce the difference, or delta, between the desired output and input (anderson & mcneill, 1992). 3. discussion and conclusion today there are several different areas of use for artificial neural networks, in both research and business settings. neural networks are suitable for data mining problems with categorical and numerical data where the relationship between output and input is nonlinear, problems in which traditional statistical tools often return unreliable results. usually, the areas of use for neural networks fall into one or more of five categories of tasks: classification, regression, clustering, association, and prediction. classification is an action in which patterns are recognized that describes the group of that a certain item belongs to. this is done by setting a set of rules based on already classified items. with clustering, groups consisting of elements that are deemed to have attributes similar to each other are created. when using prediction, the value of an item is set depending on previous set values (singh & chauhan, 2005). attempts have been made to use artificial neural networks in the financial sphere, especially in trying to predict the stock market, with some results are successful in developing trading strategies. banks have benefited from artificial neural networks by using systems that determine if loan applications should be approved, predicting solvency of mortgage applications and credit card fraud detection. neural networks have also been used in predicting bankruptcy by being trained with several examples of failed banks (nemadi, 2012). copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 51 neural networks have in some cases been shown to be able to predict sports results. in a study, a neural network application was given data from the national football league, to predict match results in american football. the result of the study showed that the system could predict the correct result in 75 % of the games, compared to experts who predicted the correct result in 63 % of the games (kahn, 2003). the process of forecasting is another field where artificial neural network are considered to apply to. traditionally statistical tools have been used when creating forecasting models. however, these tools often have limitations in estimating the underlying relationship that exists between an input, consisting of past values, and an output, consisting of future values. statistical methods often make assumptions of data distribution, which could make them unreliable in cases where the input is not normally distributed. furthermore, the non-linear nature of many artificial neural networks has in many instances being deemed to better represent the often-non-linear nature of the problem at hand (zhang et al., 1998). diagnosis and pattern recognition in the fields of health care and medicine are areas where artificial neural networks are successful. several studies have shown how neural networks can improve diagnostics and lead to more rapid decision making, which could potentially help save lives (turban et al., 2011). references anderson, d., & mcneill, g. (1992). artificial neural networks technology, rome laboratory, new york. kahn, j. (2003). neural network prediction of nfl football games, university of wisconsin-madison. retrieved from http://homepages.cae.wisc.edu/~ece539/project/f03/kahn.pdf nemadi, h. (2012). introduction to data mining using artificial neural networks. retrieved from http://www.uncg.edu/ism/ism611/neuralnet.pdf singh, y., & chauhan, a. s. (2005). neural networks in data mining. journal of theoretical & applied information technology, 5(1). turban, e., sharda, r., & delen, d. (2011). decision support and business intelligence systems, prentice hall press, nj, united states. yegnanarayana, b. (2009). artificial neural networks, phi learning pvt. ltd. zhang, g., patuwo, b. e., & hu, m. y. (1998). forecasting with artificial neural networks: the state of the art. international journal of forecasting, 14(1), 35-62. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). http://homepages.cae.wisc.edu/~ece539/project/f03/kahn.pdf http://www.uncg.edu/ism/ism611/neuralnet.pdf copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research; vol. 1, no. 2 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 july-september; 2019 published by centre for research on islamic banking & finance and business 41 finding shortest path for road network using dijkstra’s algorithm md. almash alam lecturer department of computer science and engineering bangladesh army university of engineering & technology, natore, bangladesh e-mail: almash.anik.61@gmail.com md. omar faruq lecturer department of computer science and engineering bangladesh army university of engineering & technology, natore, bangladesh e-mail: omarfarukcse10@gmail.com abstract roads play a major role to the people live in various states, cities, town and villages, from each and every day they travel to work, to schools, to business meetings, and to transport their goods. even in this modern era whole world used roads, remain one of the most useful mediums used most frequently for transportation and travel. the manipulation of shortest paths between various locations appears to be a major problem in the road networks. the large range of applications and product was introduced to solve or overcome the difficulties by developing different shortest path algorithms. even now the problem still exists to find the shortest path for road networks. shortest path problems are inevitable in road network applications such as city emergency handling and drive guiding system. basic concepts of network analysis in connection with traffic issues are explored. the traffic condition among a city changes from time to time and there are usually huge amounts of requests occur, it needs to find the solution quickly. the above problems can be rectified through shortest paths by using the dijkstra’s algorithm. the main objective is the low cost of the implementation. the shortest path problem is to find a path between two vertices (nodes) on a given graph, such that the sum of the weights on its constituent edges is minimized. this problem has been intensively investigated over years, due to its extensive applications in graph theory, artificial intelligence, computer network and the design of transportation systems. the classic dijkstra’s algorithm was designed to solve the single source shortest path problem for a static graph. it works starting from the source node and calculating the shortest path on the whole network. noting that an upper bound of the distance between two nodes can be evaluated in advance on the given transportation network. keywords: shortest path; dijkstra’s algorithm; breadth first search; maximum number of nodes. 1. introduction this paper involved in illustrating the best way to travel between two points and in doing so, the shortest path algorithm was created. dijkstra‘s algorithm is a graph search algorithm that solves the single-source shortest path problem for a graph with nonnegative edge path costs, producing a shortest path tree. this algorithm is often used in routing and other network related protocols. for a given source vertex (node) in the graph, the algorithm finds the s finding costs of shortest paths from a single vertex to a single destination vertex by stopping the algorithm once the shortest path to the destination vertex has been determined. for example, if the vertices of the graph represent cities and edge path costs represent driving distances between pairs of cities connected by a direct road, dijkstra's algorithm can be used to find the shortest route between one city and all other cities. a large amount of work has been done on finding shortest paths through abstract. dijkstra‘s algorithm is a shortest path finding algorithm which is applicable on a graph which is directed and got the edges weighted with non-negative weights. if we have an undirected graph with edges unweighted, we can solve the problem with the implementation of breadth first search (bfs) algorithm. as we know we are unable to use bfs algorithm in case of a weighted and directed graph, but we can modify our algorithm of bfs in such a way that we can handle the above stated issues (weights and direction). we will later know that dijkstra‘s algorithm is asymptotically the fastest known single-source shortest-path algorithm for arbitrary directed copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 42 graphs with unbounded nonnegative weights. these are the motivations those will help us to know about the dijkstra’s algorithm more in future. 2. related works the indoor navigational assistance for this type of users presents additional challenges not faced by convention alguidance systems, due to the personal nature of the interactions. the algorithms are part of an overall indoor navigation model that is used to provide assistance and guidance in unfamiliar indoor environments. path planning guses the dijkstra's shortest path algorithms, to operate on an "intelligent map", that is based on a new data structure termed "cactus tree" which is predicated on the relationships between the different objects that represent an indoor environment. this research explores the potential to design an application for the visually impaired even when todate' positioning and tracking' system cannot offer reliable position information that highly required by this type of application. the best-path problem for public transportation systems, we found that the nature of transfer is that it requires extra costs from an edge to its adjacent edge. so,we use the direct/indirect adjacent edges weighted directed graph as a public transportation data model and improve the storage of an adjacency matrix. we introduce the spaces to rage structure in order to store the scattered information of transfer in indirect adjacent edges lists. thus, we solve the problem of complex network graphs' storage and design a new shortest path algorithm to solve transit problem based on the data model. algorithm analysis exhibits that the data model and the algorithm we propose are prior to a simple graph based on the dijkstra's algorithm in terms of time and space. today, the increased traffic and complex modern road network have made finding a good route from one location to another a non-trivial task. many search algorithms have been proposed to solve the problem, and the most well-known being dijkstra's algorithm, johnson's algorithm. while these algorithms are effective for path finding, they are wasteful in terms of computation. in this paper, we present a study to examine both uninformed search and heuristic search based on some major cities and towns. efficient usage of routing algorithms can significantly reduce travelling distance and transportation costs as well. usage of the shortest-path algorithm in this case dijkstra's algorithm for inner transportation optimization in warehouses. the model integrates data such as: 2d graph of warehouse layout, its 3d extension, historical data, abc analysis and business process model. the prototype of proposed application is tested with sample data and by simulating different working conditions. 3. graph theory a graph g is a collection of two sets v & ewhere v is the collection of vertices v0,v1,................vn-1 also called nodes and e is thecollection of edges e1, e2,...............en where anedge is an area which connects two nodes. this can be represented as – g=(v,e) v(g)=(v0,v1,.........vn)or set of vertices e(g)=(e1,e2,..........en)or set of edges 4. overview of shortest path algorithm there are several cases in graph where we have a need to know the shortest path from one node to another node. general electric supply system and water distribution system also follow this approach. the best example we can take is of a railway track system. suppose one person wants to go from one station to another then he needs to know the shortest path from one station to another here station to another. here station represents the node and tracks represent edges. in computers, it is very useful in network for routing concepts. there can be several paths for going from one to another node. but the shortest path is that path in which the sum of weights o the included edges is the minimum. 4.1 dijkstra’s algorithm let the node at which we are starting be called the initial node. dijkstra's algorithm will assign some initial distance values and will try to improve them step by step. for the first iteration, the current intersection will be the starting point and the distance to it will be zero. for subsequent iterations (after the first), the current intersection will be the closest unvisited intersection to the starting point—this will be easy to find.from the current intersection, update the distance to every unvisited intersection that is directly connected to it. this is done by determining the sum of the distance between an unvisited intersection and the value of the current inters section and relabeling the unvisited intersection with this value if it is less than its current value. in effect, the intersection is relabelled if the path to it through the current intersection is shorter than the previously known paths. to facilitate shortest path identification, in pencil, mark the road with an arrow pointing to the relabeled intersection if you label/relabel it, and erase all others pointing to it. after you have updated the distances to each neighbouring intersection, mark the current intersection as visited and select the unvisited intersection with lowest distance (from the starting point) – or the lowest label—as the current intersection. nodes marked as visited are labelled with the shortest path from the starting point to it and will not be revisited or returned to. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 43 4.2 algorithm // direction line between p1 and p2 dx = node[p2].x-node[p1].x; dy = node[p2].y-node[p1].y; // distance between p1 and p2 l = (float)(math.sqrt((float)(dx*dx + dy*dy))); dir_x[p1][p2]=dx/l; dir_y[p1][p2]=dy/l; // calculate the start and endpoints of the arrow, // adjust startpoints if there also is an arrow from p2 to p1 if (weight[p2][p1]>0) { startp[p1][p2] = new point((int)(node[p1].x-5*dir_y[p1][p2]), (int)(node[p1].y+5*dir_x[p1][p2])); endp[p1][p2] = new point((int)(node[p2].x-5*dir_y[p1][p2]), (int)(node[p2].y+5*dir_x[p1][p2])); } else { startp[p1][p2] = new point(node[p1].x, node[p1].y); endp[p1][p2] = new point(node[p2].x, node[p2].y); } // range for arrowhead is not all the way to the start/endpoints intdiff_x = (int)(math.abs(20*dir_x[p1][p2])); intdiff_y = (int)(math.abs(20*dir_y[p1][p2])); // calculate new x-position arrowhead if (startp[p1][p2].x>endp[p1][p2].x) { arrow[p1][p2] = new point(endp[p1][p2].x + diff_x + (math.abs(endp[p1][p2].xstartp[p1][p2].x) 2*diff_x )* (100-w)/100 ,0); } else { arrow[p1][p2] = new point(startp[p1][p2].x + diff_x + (math.abs(endp[p1][p2].x-startp[p1][p2].x) 2*diff_x )* w/100, 0); } // calculate new y-position arrowhead if (startp[p1][p2].y>endp[p1][p2].y) { arrow[p1][p2].y=endp[p1][p2].y + diff_y + (math.abs(endp[p1][p2].y-startp[p1][p2].y) 2*diff_y )* (100-w)/100; } else { arrow[p1][p2].y=startp[p1][p2].y + diff_y + (math.abs(endp[p1][p2].y-startp[p1][p2].y) 2*diff_y )* w/100; 5. experimental results in this section, we conduct an experiment to compare the paths between the nodes. in that paths, the shortest path was done by using dijkstra‘s algorithm. here the shortest path it means low cost was found by the shortest path algorithm. here java code uses the applets so that applet viewer shows how the shortest path was done. with the use of java software the result was shown in the report. we have got successful result. the experiment was successfully complete. the result of this project finding the shortest path for a single source to all pairs of vertices by using the dijkstra’s algorithm. it gives the cheapest cost and its implementation is easy. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 44 5.1 initial algorithm running: red arrows point to nodes reachable from the start node. the distance to: b=55, d=50, f=100. node d has the minimum distance. there is no other arrows coming in to d. node d will be colored orange to indicate 50 is the length of the shortest path to d. 5.2 final orange arrows point to nodes reachable from nodes that already have a final distance. the distance to: c=68.there are no other arrows coming in to c. node c will be colored orange to indicate 68 is the length of the shortest path to c. algorithm has finished, follow orange arrows from start node to any node to get the shortest path to the node. 6. conclusion we have proposed a practical algorithm for the shortest path problem in transportation networks. the proposed algorithm can limit the search in a sub-graph based on the given nodes of the distance between the two nodes. as a b result, the calculation for the shortest path has been simplified. experimental results on a real-world road network reflect the potential characteristic of the proposed algorithm in comparison to the existing works. b applets can prove to be very helpful to all the students, in general. every student who wishes to learn one of the algorithms, implemented in this tool, may use the proposed applet from any remote place, probably his home. it doesn’t matter what his system is. it only requires that the java virtual machine, (jvm), is installed into his system. it should be pointed out that jvm is freely available for download from sun microsystems. moreover there is an intention to enhance the graph editor, in order that the user would be able to draw undirected graphs, or networks, as well. yet this applet could be further enriched, and possibly visualize more algorithms for digraphs. directed networks such as the primal simplex algorithm which solves the minimum cost network flow problem (mcnfp). besides more algorithms will be added for undirected graphs such as the kruskal’s and prim’s algorithms which solve the minimum spanning tree (mst) problem. future work in future release the applet will be modified, in order to be executed as standalone java application as well. in addition, certain questionnaires will be given to the students of our department to be filled in, in order to get feedback. this is very important, to improve and evaluate the teaching effectiveness of our applet in real instruction environment. students will also be encouraged to construct their own applets. references aghaei, m. r. s., zukarnain, z. a., mamat, a., & zainuddin, h. (2008, december). a hybrid algorithm for the shortest-path problem in the graph. in 2008 international conference on advanced computer theory and engineering (pp. 251255). ieee. abbas, m. a., chumachenko, s. v., hahanova, a. v., gorobets, a. a., & priymak, a. (2013, september). models for quality analysis of computer structures. in east-west design & test symposium (ewdts 2013) (pp. 1-6). ieee. alzahrani, a. s., & woodward, m. e. (2008, november). end-to-end delay in localized qos routing. in 2008 11th ieee singapore international conference on communication systems (pp. 1700-1706). ieee. dobrilovic, d., jevtic, v., beker, i., & stojanov, z. (2012, may). shortest-path based model for warehouse inner transportation optimization. in 2012 7th ieee international symposium on applied computational intelligence and informatics (saci)(pp. 63-68). ieee. fuhao, z., & jiping, l. (2009, august). an algorithm of shortest path based on dijkstra for huge data. in 2009 sixth international conference on fuzzy systems and knowledge discovery (vol. 4, pp. 244-247). ieee. guo, l., yang, q., & yan, w. (2012, september). intelligent path planning for automated guided vehicles system based on topological map. in 2012 ieee conference on control, systems & industrial informatics (pp. 69-74). ieee. jan, g. e., lee, m. c., hsieh, s. g., & chen, y. y. (2009, july). transportation network navigation with turn penalties. in 2009 ieee/asme international conference on advanced intelligent mechatronics (pp. 1224-1229). ieee. jigang, w., han, p., jagadeesh, g. r., & srikanthan, t. (2010). practical algorithm for shortest path on large networks with time-dependent edge-length. in 2010 2nd international conference on computer engineering and technology. jain, a., datta, u., & joshi, n. (2016). implemented modification in dijkstra‟ s algorithm to find the shortest path for n nodes with constraint. international journal of scientific engineering and applied science, 2(2), 420-426 wu, h., marshall, a., & yu, w. (2007, july). path planning and following algorithms in an indoor navigation model for visually impaired. in second international conference on internet monitoring and protection (icimp 2007) (pp. 38-38). ieee. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 45 wang, h., hu, m., & xiao, w. (2010, march). a new public transportation data model and shortest-path algorithms. in 2010 2nd international asia conference on informatics in control, automation and robotics (car 2010) (vol. 1, pp. 456-459). ieee. xiao, j. x., & lu, f. l. (2010, february). an improvement of the shortest path algorithm based on dijkstra algorithm. in 2010 the 2nd international conference on computer and automation engineering (iccae) (vol. 2, pp. 383-385). ieee. yin, c., & wang, h. (2010, june). developed dijkstra shortest path search algorithm and simulation. in 2010 international conference on computer design and applications (vol. 1, pp. v1-116). ieee. zhang, z., jigang, w., & duan, x. (2010, december). practical algorithm for shortest path on transportation network. in 2010 international conference on computer and information application (pp. 48-51). ieee. zhan, f. b., & noon, c. e. (1998). shortest path algorithms: an evaluation using real road networks. transportation science, 32(1), 65-73. zhou, w., qiu, q., luo, p., & fang, p. (2013, june). an improved shortest path algorithm based on orientation rectangle for restricted searching area. in proceedings of the 2013 ieee 17th international conference on computer supported cooperative work in design (cscwd) (pp. 692-697). ieee. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research; vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by centre for research on islamic banking & finance and business, usa 40 40 six-pointed star motif in muslim architecture of bangladesh (past bengal) and turkish influence: an historical study1 sk. zohirul islam research assistant center for heritage studies (cenherst), dinajpur, bangladesh and curriculum coordinator siddiqui's international school, dhaka, bangladesh e-mail: zohirulbgsjpo@gmail.com abstract with the rise of islamic states as the dominant powers of india and indian subcontinent (india, pakistan and bangladesh) and south asia sultanate and mughal period (1200-1800 a.d.), by turkish heroic figure (horsemen), indian art was subjected to islamic influence, resulting in a hybrid aesthetics as well as indoislamic art which flourished to varying extends across south and southeast asia. bangladesh is world third largest muslim majority country and situated in south asia. so the main and primary identity of the notion is mosque architecture and then languages via culture in bangladesh (past bengal). moreover, traditional history called mughal and ottoman was the center of all traders and referred as the “middle man” due to access to water routes between asia and europe. the ottoman and mughal empires were all founded with art and architecture by members of the same ethnically turkic tribe and originated from oghuz tribe. firstly, in the early 14th century, osman bey established a small principality in the northeast corner of anatolia. despite these many similarities, there are some key difference within the approach to islamic art and architecture from miniatures illustrations in indian sub-continent to mosque architecture in turkey and the levant the mughal and ottoman empires left their indications. turkish military ikhtiyar uddin bin muhammad bhaktiyer khilji and his turkish followers captured bengal in 1204 a.d. and after then ruled by turkic. besides these many sufis saint-like khan jahan ulugh khan, burhan khan, gharib shah, came here and spread islam and turkish culture with languages too. the ilyas shahi dynasty was the first independent turkic muslim ruling dynasty in late medieval bengal, which ruled from the 14th century to the 15th century. it was founded in 1342 by shamsuddin iliyas shah. as follows still presence many turkish words which used in the bengali language as barood, nishan, chaku, bahadur, begum, chadar, surma, bavarchi, kiyma, korma, and so on. and then showed their power through art and architecture as mosques and tombs follows adina masjid at pandua in 1368 a.d.; eklakhi mausoleum, pandua; tomb of shah rukn-e alam in multan, sixty domed mosque at bagherhat of bangladesh, etc. based on all evidence present, it can be found that the turks contributed significantly to bengali languages and culture as well as art and architecture (mosques and tombs). besides many jewish people came in here through missionary and business purposes. and also we see that there have been found many designs in mosque architecture especially six-point stars which is mentioned as a david symbol. so my focus is the connectivity between turkish and bangladesh through islamic architecture and jewish with six point star/hexagon/seal of solomon. it is a historical study with a journalistic approach. keywords: six-pointed star, bangladesh, jewish, architecture, connections, mediaeval period, turkish. 1. introduction with the rise of islamic states as the dominant powers of india and indian subcontinent (india, pakistan and bangladesh) and south asia sultanate and mughal period 13th and 18th century, by turkish heroic figure as horsemen, indian art was subjected to islamic influence, resulting in a hybrid aesthetics as well as indoislamic art which flourished to varying extends across south and southeast asia. among officially the people's republic of bangladesh is world 3rd largest muslim majority country and situated in south asia. it shares land borders with india and myanmar. the country's maritime territory in the bay of bengal in the southern part of its. dhaka is its capital and largest city. islam is the official religion of bangladesh. so the main and primary identity of the notion is mosque architecture and then languages via culture in bangladesh (past bengal). besides many jewish 1 published in the proceedings of second international conference on israel and judaism studies (icijs)-2018 at turkey. mailto:zohirulbgsjpo@gmail.com copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 41 people came in here through missionary and business purposes from mughal emperor jahangir's. and also we see that there have been found many designs in mosque architecture especially the six-pointed star motif which is mentioned as david symbol and seal or signet of solomon. so my focus is the connectivity between turkish and bangladesh through islamic architecture and jewish with six-pointed star/hexagon/seal of solomon. it is a preliminary historical study with a journalistic approach. 2. background bangladesh geography bangladesh covers an area of 147,570 sq km. it extends from 20'34n to 26'38n latitude and from 88'01e to 92'41e longitude. the indian states of west bengal, assam, meghalaya and tripura border bangladesh in the west, north, and east respectively. myanmar forms the southern part of the eastern frontier. the total length of the land border is about 4,246 km, of which 93.9% is shared with india and about 6.1% with myanmar. the country is bounded in the south by the bay of bengal. although the length of the coastline is more than 580 km. the territorial waters of bangladesh extend 12 nautical miles (22.22 km) and the area of the high seas extending to 200 nautical miles (370.40 km) measured from the baselines constitutes the economic zone of the country. bangladesh is fringed on the southwest by the huge expanse of mangrove forest known as the sundarbans, the abode of the famous royal bengal tiger (banglapedia, 2004). 3. six-pointed star symbol used in bangladesh architecture six-pointed star depicted as motif in muslim architecture of bangladesh as follows: ▪ moazzampur shahi mosque, sonargaon, narayanganj, 1431/32 a.d. sultanate era. ▪ baba adam mosque, munshiganj, sultanate era. ▪ bajra shahi mosque, begumganj, noakhali, 1741/42 a.d. mughal era. ▪ sarail bridge, sarail, brahmanbariya, mughal era. ▪ arifail mosque, sarail, brahmanbariya, late 17th century, mughal era. ▪ laldighi mosque, badarganj, rangpur, late 17th century, mughal era. ▪ sitara mosque, armanitola, old dhaka, 19th century, mughal era. 3.1 moazzampur shahi mosque: moazzampur shahi mosque is situated in sonargaon (past it was a capital city of bengal during sultanate period) under narayanganj district of bangladesh in 1431/32 a.d. it is remaining early sultanate era architecture built reign of shams al–din-ahamad shah. here we have seen this motif used in the meherab. 3.2 baba adam mosque: baba adam mosque, munshiganj, sultanate era. here we have been found the same decoration as moazzampur shahi mosque of bangladesh. 3.3 the bajra shahi mosque: the bajra shahi mosque (photo 1 & 2) is situated at begumganj upazila in noakhali district of bangladesh and dated 1741/42 a.d (recorded by inscription 1154 a. h.) during the reign of muhammad shah and builder name is amanullah. 3.4 sarail bridge: sarail bridge (photo 4), sarail upazila, brahmanbariya district, mughal era: here on the spandrel of the arch medallion designs are found where used six-pointed star with flower-shaped. 3.5 arifail mosque: arifail mosque (photo 5) is situated sarail upazila under the brahmanbariya district. it is built by saint shah arif in the late 17th century. it is a three-domed mughal mosque. here we have been found in the central doorway which shows an outward projection and internally embellished with the squinch nets and with hexagram or six-pointed star. 3.6 laldighi mosque: laldighi mosque (photo 6) is situated in the village of mougacha under badarganj upazila of the rangpur district. the mosque was built in circa late 17th century. the central entrance archway has been found plastered decoration through six-pointed star similar arifail mosque. 3.7 sitara mosque: sitara mosque (photo 7), armanitola, old dhaka, 19th century, mughal era. it is built by mirza ghulam pir first half of the 19th century, generally, called tara masjid (star mosque), here we wonderfully have been found all dome decorated by several blue color stars. 4. turkey influence moreover, traditional history called mughal and ottoman was the center of all traders and referred to as the “middle man” due to access to water routes between asia and europe. actually, the ottoman and mughal empires were all founded with art and architecture by members of the same ethnically turkic tribe and originated from the oghuz tribe. firstly, in the early 14th century osman bey established a small principality in the northeast corner of anatolia. despite these many similarities, there are some key difference within the approach to islamic art and architecture from miniatures illustrations in indian sub-continent to mosque architecture in turkey (photo 12) and the levant the mughal and ottoman empires left their indications. turkish military ikhtiyar-uddin-bin muhammad bhaktiyer khilji and his turkish followers captured bengal in 1204 a.d. and after then ruled by turkic. besides these many sufis saint-like khan jahan ulugh khan, burhan khan, came here and spread islam copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 42 and turkish culture with languages too. the ilyas shahi dynasty was the first independent turkic muslim ruling dynasty in late medieval bengal, which ruled from the 14th century to the 15th century. it was founded in 1342 by shamsuddin iliyas shah. as follows still presence many turkish words which used in the bengali language as barood, nishan, chaku, bahadur, begum, chadar, surma, bavarchi, kebab, kiyma, korma, and so on. and then showed their power through art and architecture as mosques and tombs follows adina masjid at pandua in 1368 a.d.; eklakhi mausoleum, pandua; tomb of shah rukn-e alam in multan, sixty domed mosque at bagherhat of bangladesh, etc. based on all evidence present, it can be found that the turks contributed significantly to bengali languages and culture as well as mosques and tombs architecture. 5. six-pointed star symbol and its meaning there have many type of the six-pointed star motif shape as follows: hexagonal, polygon, pentagonal, five-pointed star, seal of solomon, star of david. besides, many religion used it’s like islam, christian, judaism, hinduism, buddhism, occultism. the star of david is a six-pointed star or hexagram. it is the universal symbol for judaism today, but only became aligned with judaism in the 17th century when jewish houses of worship were identified by placing the hexagram outside. in 1897 the hexagram was adopted by the zionist movement for a jewish homeland and today the star graces israel's flag (photo 10). the six-pointed star is a common symbol throughout many different religions, including islam. muslims know the hexagram as the seal of solomon -both solomon and david were prophets, and both are mentioned in the islamic holy book, the quran. the hexagram appears in islamic artifacts and mosques worldwide. a crescent moon and five-pointed star appear on the flags of muslim-majority countries like pakistan and turkey. the symbols decorated mosques for centuries. 6. jewish connection there is no official diplomatic relationship between bangladesh and israel. yet, the history of the jewish community in bangladesh dates back to the 17th-century. very few jews from iran and iraq settled in east bengal (present bangladesh) in the 1800s in what was then british india (zetler, 2011). shalom cohen (1762-1836) founded the calcutta jewish community in west bengal and also the east bengal jewish community. they included a baghdadi jewish merchant community that settled in dhaka during the 17th-century (weil, 2015). the jewish population in east bengal was only about 135 jews (weil, 2012) at the time of the partition of british india in 1947. by the late 1960s, much of the jewish community had left for calcutta. members of the bene israel community from bombay (today mumbai) also resided in dhaka in the 1960s. the jews in east pakistan (bangladesh in pakistan period 1947-1971) were never numerous and kept a very low profile in this muslim country. it is assumed that a few jews remain, but they are quite assimilated. there is no synagogue today in bangladesh. in research, dr. shalva weil found that two families of jewish descent do still live in dhaka, but they have converted to catholicism (weil , 2012). we need further research about this matter. 7. comparative study this is very imprecise to say that there have been found eight muslim architecture in bangladesh where used a six-pointed star motif with decoration but no connection with jewish or star of david because there have no direct documents about this fact. although after emperor jahangir’s, some jesuit people came with portuguese and armenian but they were just businessmen and in bangladesh's perspective that was very little trade work. bangladeshi continues to hold state policy of demonizing israel and the country maintains a total ban on the jewish state for decades. travel by any bangladeshi citizen to israel is seen as an offense according to bangladeshi law. although ironically, a jewish architect from philadelphia, louis kahn, designed the most important building in east pakistan, the jatiyo sangsad bhaban (photo 15), the national assembly building. ranked as the world's largest legislative complex, this national assembly was begun in 1961 and was only completed in 1982, eight years after kahn's death. in 1971, the bangladesh liberation war took place. interestingly, it was another famous jew, lieutenant general j f r jacob, who liberated east pakistan during this war. general jacob, as he is known, was formerly governor of the punjab and goa. he was born into a baghdadi jewish family in calcutta, and never hid his jewish ancestry. in seljuk or ottoman mosque there are some geometric patterns based on constructive polygons, such as the hexagon and octagon. one of them is star/ shield of david or solomon's seal ( سليمان خاتم و داوود مجن/نجمة ) (dergipark.gov.tr). “the seal of solomon was used by muslims from india to spain to adorn and decorate the bottom of drinking vessels, coins issued by various dynasties, decorations on mosques and other buildings, and elsewhere. we have seen the same decoration in mughal architecture as tomb of humayun at agra of india (photo 9), tomb of itim-uddaula at agra of delhi (photo 13), shah mosque at isfahan in iran (photo 14) and so on. 8. concluding remarks the hexagram was not always an exclusively jewish symbol, apart from the last century and a half. it was used by many cultures, including arab and islamic ones. islamic decoration, which trends to avoid using figurative images according to the holy quran, makes frequent use of geometric patterns that have developed over the centuries by muslims. this is a preliminary study survey copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 43 on the connectivity between turkish and bangladesh through islamic architecture and jewish with a six-pointed star symbol as well as its characteristics features revisited with a journalistic approach. we have to need more research about this matter for clear understanding. references banglapedia. (2004). a national encyclopedia of bangladesh, 2004, sirajul islam (ed.), asiatic society of bangladesh, dhaka. weil, s. (2015). the extraordinary story of the bangladesh jews. the jewish chronicle. london. archived from the original on 2015-10-16. retrieved 2016-03-08. weil, s. (2012). the unknown jews of bangladesh. asian jewish life (10). retrieved 2016-03-08. zetler, d. (2011). bangladesh – with jewish connections. the jerusalem post. archived from the original on 2016-03-04. retrieved 2016-03-08. appendix photo 1: bajra shahi mosque, begumganj, noakhali, 1741/42 a.d. courtesy: after hasan, s m photo 2: bajra shahi mosque, begumganj, noakhali, 1741/42 a.d. courtesy: babu copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 44 photo 3: modern tiles and scientifically ray design photo 4: sarail bridge, sarail, brahmanbariya, mughal era, courtesy: babu photo 5: arifail mosque, sarail, brahmanbariya, late 17th century, courtesy: babu copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 45 photo 6: central entrance archway, laldighi mosque, badarganj, rangpur, late 17th century, courtesy: babu photo 7: dome, sitara mosque, armanitola, old dhaka, courtesy: babu photo 8: first book publication in 2013 at bangladesh, bengali language copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 46 photo 9: tomb of humaun, agra, india, courtesy: photo taken from internet photo 10: flag of israel, used six pointed star symbol, courtesy: photo taken from internet photo 11: decorated quran through hexagon, courtesy: photo taken from internet photo 12: turkey flag, courtesy: photo taken from internet copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 47 photo 13: tomb of itimud-ud-daula, agra, india, courtesy: photo taken from internet photo 14: shah mosque, isfahan, iran, courtesy: photo taken from internet photo 15: jatiyo sangsad bhavan,(the national parliament house) dhaka, bangladesh, courtesy: photo taken from internet copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research; vol. 1, no. 2 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 july-september; 2019 published by centre for research on islamic banking & finance and business 46 application of single-server queue system in performance analysis of shuttle bus operation: a case study of federal university of technology akure kanyio olufunto adedotun department of transport management technology the federal university of technology,akure ondo state, nigeria e-mail: oobembe97@gmail.com abstract this study has examined the performance of university transport bus shuttle based on utilization using a single-server queue system which occur if arrival and service rate is poisson distributed (single queue) (m/m/1) queue. in the methodology, singleserver queue system was modelled based on poisson process with the introduction of laplace transform. also, pasta was introduced in queuing systems with poisson arrivals. it is concluded that the performance of university transport bus shuttle is 93 percent which indicates a very good performance such that the supply of shuttle bus in futa is capable of meeting the demand. this study can be improved upon by examining the peak and off-peak period of traffic in the two major corridors (north gate and south gate) of futa, the economic cost of operating bus shuttle services can also be examined. keywords: single-server queue system; transit shuttle buses; futa 1.introduction the issues arising from transportation has continually subjected to various debates in the urban societies. globally, several attempts have been made to tackle the challenges, although the situation is not getting much better (aderamo, 2012; adanikin, olutaiwo, and obafemi, 2017; sidiq, 2019). managing transport infrastructures is crucial to facilitate accessible, affordable, reliable, safe, and efficient that movement of people and goods, which can be achieved by continous assessment of transport performance indicators. among the various modes of transport, the road transport is highly predominant which offers door-todoor service as in the case of the federal university of technology akure (futa). road transport infrastructure in the university is commonly plied by shuttle buses for the movement of the students, staff, members and non-members of the institution to and from the university on a daily basis. among the noticeable transportation problems in the university are traffic congestion; longer commuting; public transport inadequacy; difficulties for tricycles to have access to routes being plied by shuttle buses, challenge of freight distribution from one end of the university to another end, and other challenges which all impacts the performance of the university transport shuttle. this study concentrates on the performance of university transport bus shuttle with the aim of examining the bus shuttle efficiency based on utilization. adeniran and kanyio (2019) have laid a foundation of model on single-server queue system which this study will absolutely rely on. a similar study was conducted by adanikin, olutaiwo, and obafemi (2017) on the performance study of university of ado ekiti (unad) transit shuttle buses. they adopted traffic volume, speed, density and revenue as main parameters of performance of transport shuttles, and find that the morning peak period (8.00am to 9.00am) has 234 vehicles/hr, evening peak period (2.00pm to 3.00pm) has 284 vehicles/hr, while the off-peak period (11.00am to 12.00pm) has 156 vehicles/hr. also, the average stopping time was 6.55 minutes, average interval between arrivals of motorists was 16.40 seconds, the average queue length was 14.23 people, and the average waiting time at the bus-stop 4.17 minutes. these values were obtained using the queuing theory and shows much commuters time is lost on transit queues. this study focuses on the performance of bus terminal in futa, and does not factor in other parameters such as peak period, traffic volume, traffic speed, density, and others. a very close study was examined by sidiq (2019) on single-server queue system of shuttle bus performance in the federal university of technology akure. in his study, single server queue system was modelled based on poisson process with the introduction of laplace transform which was culled from adeniran and kanyio (2019). the study finds that the performance of university transport bus shuttle is 96.6 percent which indicates a very good performance such that the supply of mailto:oobembe97@gmail.com copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 47 shuttle bus in futa is capable of meeting the demand. this present study was conducted barely two weeks after the study of sidiq was conducted, and will replicate the methodology of sidiq as culled from adeniran and kanyio (2019). 2. methodology 2.1 concept of queuing the concept of queue was first used for the analysis of telephone call traffic in 1913 (copper, 1981; gross and harris, 1985; bastani, 2009). in a system that deals with the rate of arrival and service rate, waiting time is inevitable and it is always influenced by queue length. it is therefore crucial to minimize the waiting time to the lowest level in the bus terminal (jain, mohanty and bohm, 2007). this is referred to as queuing system (adeniran and kanyio, 2019). the basic application of queue is shown in figure 1, also the basic quantities are: i. number of customers in queue l (for length); ii. time spent in queue w for (wait) figure1: basic application of queue source: adeniran and kanyio (2019) examples of queue system are: 1. single-server queue system: this is also referred to as single queue, single server. it is simple if arrivals and services are poisson distributed (m/m/1) queue. it has limited number of spots and not difficult. figure 2 depicts single-server queue system. figure 2: single-server queue system source: adeniran and kanyio (2019) 2. multi-server queue system: this is comprises of single queue, many servers (m/m/c) queue. the c is referred to as poisson servers. figure 3 depicts multiple-server queue system. figure 3: multiple-server queue system source: adeniran and kanyio (2019) copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 48 in single-server queue system, arrival and service processes are poisson such that a. customers arrive at an average rate of λ per unit time; b. customers are serviced at an average rate of µ per unit time; c. interarrival and inter-service time are exponential and independent; d. hypothesis of poisson arrivals is reasonable; and e. hypothesis of exponential service times are not so reasonable (adeniran and kanyio, 2019) in order to explain how the queuing system works, there is need to first introduce the poisson process (pp). it has exceptional properties and is a very important process in queuing theory. to simplify the model, we often assume customer arrivals follow a pp. the laplace transform (lt) is also a very powerful tool that was adopted in the analysis (trani, 2011). apart from pp and lt, there is focus on the queue model itself (adeniran and kanyio, 2019). 2.2 modelling of single queue system 2.2.1 queuing system from poisson process and “pasta” the poisson process (pp) is important in queue theory due to its outstanding properties. according to adan and resing (2015), queuing system is achieved as “let n(t) be the number of arrivals in [0, t] for a pp with rate λ, i.e. the time between successive arrivals is exponentially distributed with parameter λ and independent of the past. then n(t) has a poisson distribution with parameter λt. this is culled from adeniran and kanyio (2019). p(n(t) = k) = (λt)k k! e−λt, for k = 0, 1, 2………………… equation 1 the mean, and coefficient of variation of n(t) are mean: e(n(t)) = λt; coefficient of variation: c2n(t) = 1 λt ………………… equation 2 by the memoryless property of poisson distribution, it can be verified that p(arrival in (t, t + ∆t]) = λ∆t + 0(∆t) ………………… equation 3 hence, when ∆t is small, p(arrival in (t, t + ∆t)) ≈ λ∆t ………………… equation 4 in each small time interval of length ∆t the occurrence of an arrival is equally likely. in other words, poisson arrivals occur completely randomly in time. the poisson process is an extremely useful process for modelling purposes in many practical applications. an important property of the poisson process is called “pasta” (poisson arrivals see time averages). pasta is meant for queuing systems with poisson arrivals, (m/./. systems), arriving vehicles find on average the same situation in the queuing system as an outside observer looking at the system at an arbitrary point in time. more precisely, the fraction of vehicles finding on arrival the system in some state a is exactly the same as the fraction of time the system is in state a. 2.2.2 laplace transform the laplace transform lx(s) of a nonnegative random variable x with distribution function f(x) is define as: lx(s) = e(e−sx) = ∫ e−sx∞ x=0 f(x)dx ………………… equation 5 it can be noted that lx(0) = e(e−x .0) = e(1) = 1 ………………… equation 6 and l1 x(0) = e((e−sx)1)|s=0 = e(−xe−sx)|s=0 copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 49 = −e(x) ………………… equation 7 correspondingly, l (k) x (0) = (−1)ke(xk) ………………… equation 8 there are many useful properties of laplace transform. these properties can make calculations easier when dealing with probability. for instance, let x, y, z be three random variables with z = x +y and x, y are independent. then the laplace transform of z can be found as: lz(s) = lx(s) · ly (s) ………………… equation 9 moreover, when z with probability p equals x, with probability 1 − p equals y, then lz(s) = plx(s) + (1 − p)ly (s) ………………… equation 10 laplace transforms of some useful distributions can now be introduced. a. suppose x is a random variable which follows an exponential distribution with rate λ. the laplace transform of x is lx(s) = (λ) λ + s ………………… equation 11 b. suppose x is a random variable which follows an erlang − r distribution with rate λ. then x can be written as: x = x1 + x2 + · · · + xr ………………… equation 12 where xi are i.i.d. exponential with rate λ. therefore, we have lx(s) = lx1(s) · lx2(s)… lxr(s) = ( λ λ + s ) n ………………… equation 13 c. suppose x is a constant real number c, then lx(s) = e(e−sx) = e(e−sc) = e−sc ………………… equation 14 (culled from adeniran and kanyio, 2019) 2.2.3 basic queuing systems kendall’s notation shall be used to describe a queuing system as denoted by: a/b/m/k/n/d …………………. equation 15 (adan and resing, 2016) where a: distribution of the interarrival times b: distribution of the service times m: number of servers k: capacity of the system, the maximum number of passengers in the system including the one being serviced n: population size of sources of passengers d: service discipline g shall be used to denote general distribution, m used for exponential distribution (m stands for memoryless), d be used for deterministic times (sztrik, 2016). a/b/m is also used to describe a queuing system, where: a stands for distribution of interarrival times, b stands for distribution of service times and m stands for number of servers. hence m/m/1 denotes a system with poisson arrivals, exponentially distributed service times and a single server. m/g/m denotes an mserver system with poisson arrivals and generally distributed service times, and so on. in this section, the basic queuing models (m/m/1 system), which is a system with poisson arrivals, exponentially distributed service times and a single server. the following part is retrieved from queuing systems (adan and resing, 2016). firstly, it is assumed that inter-arrivals follows an exponential distribution with rate λ, and service time follows the exponential distribution with rate µ. further, in the single service model, to avoid queue length instability, it is assume that: according to adanikin, olutaiwo and obafemi (2017), copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 50 utilization (r) = average arrival rate (λ) average service rate (μ) < 1 …………………….. equation 16 here r is the fraction of time the server is working (called the utility factor). time-dependent behaviour of this system will be considered firstly, then the limiting behaviour. let rn(t) denote the probability that at time t there are n passengers in the system. then by equation 3, when ∆t → 0, r0(t + ∆t) = (1 − λ∆t)r0(t) + µ∆tr1(t) + 0(∆t) …………………….. equation 17 rn(t + ∆t) = λ∆trn−1(t) + (1 − (λ + µ)∆t)rn(t) + µ∆trn+1(t) + 0(∆t) ……………….. equation 18 where n = 1,2, ... hence, by tending ∆t → 0, the following infinite set of differential equations for rn(t) will be obtained. r1 0 (t) = −λr0(t) + µr1(t) …………………….. equation 19 r1 n(t) = λpn−1(t) − (λ + µ)rn(t) + µrn+1(t), n = 1,2, …………………….. equation 20 it is very difficult to solve these differential equations. however, when we focus on the limiting or equilibrium behaviour of this system, it is much easier. it was revealed by (sztrik, 2016) that when t →∞, r1 n(t) → 0 and rn(t) → rn. it follows that the limiting probabilities rn satisfy equations 0 = −λr0 + µr1………………………….. equation 21 0 = λrn−1 − (λ + µ)rn + µrn+1, , n = 1,2, ……………………… equation 22 moreover, rn also satisfy ∑ rn = 1∞ n=0 ………………………….. equation 23 which is called the normalization equation. we can also use a flow diagram to derive the normalization equations directly. for an m/m/1 system, the flow diagram is shown in figure 4: figure 4: process diagram for m/m/1 queue, k=1,2,3,... (ademoh and anosike, 2014; adeniran and kanyio, 2019) the rate matrix of the system is: q = −λ λ 0 0 0 . . . µ −(µ + λ) λ 0 0 . . . 0 µ −(µ + λ) λ 0 . . . 0 0 µ −(µ + λ) λ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………….. equation 24 notice that the sum of each row equals 0. in order to determine the equations from the flow diagram, a global balance principle was adopted. global balance principle states that for each set of states under the equilibrium condition, the flow out of set is equal to the flow into that set. based on figure 1, copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 51 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑂𝑢𝑡 0 µ𝑅1 = 𝜆𝑅0 1 𝜆𝑅0 + µ𝑅2 = (𝜆 + µ)𝑅1 2 𝜆𝑅1 + µ𝑅3 = (𝜆 + µ)𝑅2 this is exactly the normalization equation. to solve the equation, firstly, it was assume that (r) = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝜆) 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝜇) which is known as the utilization factor. from the equilibrium equation of state 0, we have: r1 = rp0 …………………………. equation 25 when equation 25 was substituted into the equilibrium equation of state 1, then: λp0 + µp2 = (λ + µ)rp0 = 𝜆2 𝜇 p0 …………………………….. equation 26 that is µp2 = 𝜆2 𝜇 p0 ……………………………. equation 27 therefore, p2 = r2p0 …………………………. equation 28 generally, pk = rkp0 …………………………. equation 29 since ∑∞ 𝑛=0 pn = 1 …………………………………. equation 30 using (1.29), we can replace pk by r0. then ∑∞ 𝑛=0 rnp0 = 1…………………………….. equation 31 that is 1 1−𝑅 p0 = 1 p0 = 1 – r………………………………………. equation 32 moreover, for any k, pk = rk(1 −r) …………………………………. equation 33 finally is the limiting probability pk in the m/m/1 system. the expected queue length l is given by e(l) = ∑ i. pi ∞ i=0 = ∑ i. ri ∞ i=0 (1 − r) = r(1 − r) ∑ i. ri ∞ i=0 = r(1 − r) (∑〖i. ri)i ∞ i=1 〗 = r(1-r) ( 1 1−r )i = r 1−r ..............................equation 34 (culled from adeniran and kanyio, 2019) 3. results and discussion 3.1. traffic survey 3.1.1 stopping time of shuttle bus stopping time refers to the total time duration the shuttle bus spends at the bus stop. the stopping time is made up of: a) the boarding stop time “a”: this is also made up of the time taken to close the door = 12 seconds; time taken by the driver to check the traffic before take-off = 5 seconds; and time taken to park the bus and open the bus for commuters = 5 seconds. a = (12+5+5) = 22 seconds b) the average boarding time per passenger = “b1” = 17 seconds c) number of passengers boarding = n1 = 18 passengers. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 52 mathematically, stopping time t = a + b1* n1 stopping time = (22 + (17*18)) = (22+306) = 328 seconds stopping time = 5.47 minutes 3.2 waiting time this is the length of time spent by the passengers at the bus stop before boarding a bus. it is also referred to as delay. the queuing theory is employed in this study. a) average arrival rate (λ) = 226 passengers/hour λ = 226 3600 = 0.0628 b) average service rate (μ) = 243 passengers/hour μ = 243 3600 = 0.0675 c) average interval between arrival = 1 λ = 1 0.0628 = 15.924 seconds d) average interval between service rate = 1 μ = 1 0.0675 = 14.815 seconds e) average queue length = 𝜆2 𝜇(𝜇−𝜆) = 0.06282 0.0675(0.0675−0.0628) = = 0.0039 0.00032 = 12.19 passengers f) average waiting time in the queue = λ 𝜇(𝜇−𝜆) = 0.0628 0.0675(0.0675−0.0628) = = 0.0628 0.00032 = 196.25 seconds = 3.27 minutes g) average time spent in the system (bus stop) = 1 μ−λ = 1 0.0675 − 0.0628 = 212.76 seconds = 3.55 minutes h) efficiency of shuttle bus operation based on bus stop utilization (r) = 𝜆 𝜇 r = 0.0628 0.0675 = 0.93 it is important to note that the utilization factor is less than 1(r< 1), hence the performance of university transport bus shuttle is 93 percent which indicates a very good performance such that the supply of shuttle bus in futa is capable of meeting the demand. 4. conclusion and recommendation this study has examined the performance of university transport bus shuttle based on utilization using a single-server queue system which occur if arrival and service rate is poisson distributed (single queue) (m/m/1) queue. it is concluded that the performance of university transport bus shuttle is 93 percent which indicates a very good performance such that the supply of shuttle bus in futa is capable of meeting the demand. this result is very close to that of sidiq (2019) which finds that the performance of university transport bus shuttle is 96.6 percent. this study can be improved upon by examining the peak and off-peak period of traffic in the two major corridors (north gate and south gate) of futa, the economic cost of operating bus shuttle services can also be examined. references adan, i., and resing, j. (2015). queuing systems. department of mathematics and computer science, eindhoven university of technology, netherlands, 2015. adanikin, a., olutaiwo, a., and obafemi, t. (2017). performance study of university of ado ekiti (unad) transit shuttle buses. american journal of traffic and transportation engineering, 2(5): 67-73 doi: 10.11648/j.ajtte.20170205.12. ademoh, n. a., and anosike, e. n. (2014). queuing modelling of air transport passengers of nnamdi azikiwe international airport abuja, nigeria using multi server approach. middle east journal of scientific research 21 (12): 2326-2338, 2014 doi: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2014.21.12.21807. adeniran, a. o., and kanyio, o. a. (2019). quantitative model of single-server queue system. indian journal of engineering, 16, 177-183. aderamo, a. j. (2012). urban transportation problems and challenges in nigeria: a planner’s view. prime journals. 2(3), 198203. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 53 bastani p. (2009). a queuing model of hospital congestion. msc. thesis submitted to department of mathematics simon fraser university copper, r. b. (1981). introduction to queuing theory, 2nd edition north holland. gross, d., and harris, c. m. (1985). fundamentals of queuing theory, 2nd ed. john wiley & sons: new york. jain, j. l., mohanty, s. g., and bohm, w. (2007). a course on queuing models, statistics: a series of textbooks and monographs, chapman & hall/crc, taylor & francis group. sidiq, o. ben. (2019). single-server queue system of shuttle bus performance: federal university of technology akure as case study. american international journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 5(3), 9-14 sztrik, j. (2012). basic queuing theory. university of debrecen, faculty of informatics. trani, a., a. (2011). introduction to transportation engineering, introduction to queuing theory. virginia polytechnic institute and state university, us, pp: 2-46. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research; vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 10 performance of internet of things (iot) potential applications in education tanjea ane lecturer department of computer science & information technology bangabandhu sheikh mujibur rahman agricultural university, gazipur-1706, bangladesh e-mail: tanjea@bsmrau.edu.bd masum billah assistant professor department of computer science & information technology bangabandhu sheikh mujibur rahman agricultural university, gazipur-1706, bangladesh e-mail: masumb06@bsmrau.edu.bd tabatshum nepa lecturer department of politics and governance gono bishwabidyalay, savar, dhaka-1344, bangladesh e-mail: niipa.ju35@gmail.com received: april 29, 2020 accepted: may 30, 2020 online published: july 10, 2020 doi: 10.46281/bjmsr.v2i2.653 url: https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v2i2.653 abstract internet of things (iot) very fast growing interaction that has connected real and virtual objects anytime, anywhere though network. a variety of various connected objects influence the applications of education process which is like a new change with research opportunities and possibilities. in education ecosystem iot emerges as rapidly dynamic technology for the improvement of traditional education system. this paper consists of five parts: firstly an overview of iot use, secondly iot application in education system, thirdly recent survey iot work then discusses iot impacts in the higher education and concludes the paper. keywords: iot, smart education, smart classroom, future learning. 1. introduction cloud computing is an intelligent computing technology and distributed application, over the internet many users can get access data centers that is available for the user. internet connectivity has increased for being part of iot and the most crucial part of iot is cloud computing applications are made on the demand of mobility and extended networking, the cloud is important part for iot’s applications. example: now days we feel the need working with big data, cloud is helpful to store data and other interrelated companies can easily access the data for processing through iot. iot generates lots of data on the other hand, cloud computing paves way for this data to make easier to access for end user. cloud computing and internet of things are working to increase the efficiency of everyday task. iot will be totally reliant on the cloud computing, can assist iot for a very large-scale application. there are many technologies that enable the iot in both wired and wireless communication technology. for short range communication bluetooth, zigbee, wi-fi etc. technology is used. vsat technology is available for long range communication and wired communication ethernet, plc have more usability (farooq, waseem, mazhar, khairi, & kamal, 2015). technology companies (arris, cablelabs, cisco, electrolux, ge digital, intel, microsoft, qualcomm and samsung) have started working with the internet of things (iot). another paper (miraz, ali, excell, & picking, 2015), reviewed iot, ioe (internet of everything) and iont (internet of nano things). both cisco and qualcomm have analyzed the meaning and showed their technical scenario in paper. four layers e.g., people, data, process and things are discussed for future expansion for internet of things that enriches the internet activity incorporating machine-to-machine, person-to-machine and person-to-person systems. ioe is being implemented with iont incorporating nano-sensors this provides access to data from remote places that mailto:masumb06@bsmrau.edu.bd https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v2i2.653 https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v2i2.653 copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 11 was nearly impossible to be detected, supporting the advanced processing and better clarification. as iot includes big data analysis and have created more reliant technology on which our daily applications are dependent. internet services may face newly challenges and hence online platform requires safety to protect analyzed data in global environment. paper (riahi, natalizio, challal, mitton, & iera, 2014) referred the ‘the internet of things (iot)’ is an active participant and where people interact in a technological ecosystem. iot is complex paradigm including complex processing system and parallelly connecting global things in presence of critical threats. paper discussed the interactions among four iot components: intelligent object, technological ecosystem, person as well as process and mentioned how to protect the third-party attack in the large dimension of critical issues in the purpose to make a security system for iot. how would be future internet architecture, possible applications and challenges are discussed in paper (khan, khan, zaheer, & khan, 2012). present internet communications between human to human but next internet is going towards machine to machine communication. (ray, 2018) internet of things used to refer things is becoming smarter; processing becomes more intelligent and provides smart solution. internet of things (iot) makes a strong connection with digital world where a number of networks are working together simultaneously. internet of things architectures is discussed in this survey paper also showed the data exchange formats, data encoding, and addressing schemes of packets for data communication. it surveyed iot cloud solution is capable of analyzing real time data and managing the central server from remote distance. social internet of things (siot) platform for newly social connection is proposed here. internet of everything (ioe) tells the benefits of connecting people, process, data, and things (mitchell, villa, stewart-weeks, & lange, 2013). iot and ioe are related and their relationship is drawn according to working principle and smart things becoming smarter and it highlighted internet of things (iot) and the wider ioe. both are getting efficiency for not only data transfer but also getting better secured communication policy. a distributed architecture is discussed, where data can be applied in real time at the edge of the network, as well as in batch-mode in the cloud ensures better computing capability and data analysis. (sundmaeker, guillemin, friess, & woelfflé, 2010) reviewed few key drivers having great impact at internet of things e.g., energy, intelligence, communication, integration, interoperability. in order to clear identification system there is a demand to have a technically sound solution than can guarantee to make a strong privacy and user will get secured data communication over worldwide internet. (huang & li, 2010) showed the internet applications and their similarity model and why their services are comparable with traditional model. the properties of world based new internet with attributes are shown here including the three properties of product information e.g., electronic tag form, standardizing restraint as well as ontology supporting. (chen et al., 2011) described a common fabric for integrating iot with cloud computing. for upcoming future internet generation, it will be more suitable platform for sensing and data communication technology also provides a possible solution of privacy protection mechanism. only the internet of things (iot) can change us with existing system. now, iot is everyday networking like in our education, communication, business, science, government, agriculture and humanity. iot becomes very essential part for our education ecosystem and iot is presenting future education with high quality for gathering, analyzing and distributing knowledge. 2. iot application in education ecosystem 2.1 smart teaching traditional teaching approach that has come to end with smart education system. education system is being replaced ‘chalk-talk’ method by new technological devices (finger touch, pen based, teaching pointer etc.). iot education refers as ‘seven daystwenty four hours teaching center’ for interested learners. as shown in the figure 1 below smart teaching is about the objects, classrooms are connected with technology. in higher education students need an environment where they will have diversity of knowledge, study space, research opportunities, internet availability in lab. iot creates an adaptable learning area to help them knowledge sharing from each other. figure 1. smart teaching source: smart teaching (2015) copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 12 moreover, iot offers novel electronic teaching and learning area while objects teach other objects creating electronic groups in collaboration with teachers and students. quality of education strongly has been made sure for education platforms. in addition, education ecosystem is networking among virtual physical objects with smart technology. 2.2 smart learning educational experts appraise smart learning as self-education in order to encouraging the learners to work besides their textbooks contents. this motivates learners in independent research work without formal analog education steps. student gets answers from online source. they are not waiting for others assistance to step out in research experiments. anytime, anything from anywhere research resources are available that they need to work. in iot lab interacts with objects, sensors, data bandwidth and connects component with cloud computing, it makes faster learning. now learners can monitor and observe their lab experimental actions within real time by using smart monitoring technology devices i.e. indoor camera, smart voice controller, tracking devices, bluetooth tracking sensors, smart alert clock. smart learning environments pave the way to adapt learners to take information and processing it as digital learning formats. 2.3 smart classroom smart classroom is a place of learning, teaching and assessment happens in an intellectual environment. education activities are involved differently but still in effective and interactive way, used as useful and beneficial for both faculty and students. smart classroom makes the teaching learning system easier way that provides better classroom management. teacher and students may know what is the objective and purpose of education in technological based way in smart classroom management system. teachers take actions according to the students’ performance. they take up possible decisions for improvement the quality of higher education performance. smart technological tools i.e. document camera, interactive whiteboard, interactive projector, simple projector, digital camera; graphic tablets are being used in smart classroom. as shown in the figure 2 below smart classroom concept is about the wired and wireless medium are connected with technology. figure 2. smart classroom view source: smart classroom (2015) copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 13 most of recent studies show smart classroom concept for smart education which can be useful to enrich teaching, learning and assessment processes. 3. recent work of iot in education 3.1 green iot impact virtual, smart classroom benefit the learners in divisive way. previous study tools are replaced and scale up by smart devices. the aim of g-iot (green-internet of things): iot applications in education are being extended. it supports engineering education learning platform. engineering education formerly was class-content oriented design, students work on lab passed full day, these lab experiments were online based but used just for information and was very difficult to implement. g-iot at engineering education now connected classroom, lab with students via technology. students are allowed to perform the lab experiment reactions from anywhere. open source projects, online training are available which brings them real world experiences. future education is enduring problem solving knowledge sharing education system that guarantees improved teaching, learning quality and supported by iot vision (maksimovic, 2017). figure 3 presents future education for 2030. figure 3. technology vision for future education for 2030 source: future education skill (2018) figure 3. technology vision for future education for 2030 source: future education skill (2018) with help of iot and g-iot the vision of education ensures a sustainable education system. it provides the ict resources sustainability with greener behavior of teachers, students and staff. g-iot leads optimal resources utilization, ict equipment’s reuse, increase of g-iot practice, decreases expenditure in education. 3.2 iot in higher education ecosystem impact a result of questionnaire based statistical report was revealed, data were collected for the survey from university students and teachers (abbasy, 2017).teacher perception result shows, they are satisfying with iot application in education. about (80 to 90) percentage of instructors are agree that iot has a great influence at learning is shown in figure 4 while figure 5 depicts the perception of students view. some cases from student perception view, they agree with instructors in three cases i.e. e-learning, research and hyper connectivity. from statistical graphical perception view results are varied less in few criteria and highly match in particularly three parameters. so teachers and student have trust on iot technology in education system that proved iot has implied great factors in education ecosystem. copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 14 figure 4. teacher perception result figure 5. student perception result 4. iot in higher education there is a prediction iot directly and indirectly will affect teaching and learning process in future. iot broadly affects teachinglearning system to upgrade the quality of education so that in more appealing and quantifiable environment teacher will perform 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 e ng ag em en t c re at iv it y e l ea rn in g se lf -l ea rn in g r es ea rc h o p p or tu ni ty c ol la bo ra ti o n h yp er c on ne ct iv it y sc al ab il it y p er fo rm an ce b ig d at a c og ni ti ve as pe ct e n g ag em en t c re at iv it y e l ea rn in g s el fl ea rn in g r es ea rc h o p p o rt u n it y c o ll ab o ra ti o n h y p er c o n n ec ti v it y s ca la b il it y p er fo rm an ce b ig d at a c o g n it iv eas p ec t p er ce n ta g e (% ) p er ce n ta g e (% ) copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 15 the duties to fulfill the variant needs of students. this paper takes three aspects to be improved: teaching, learning and assessment. 4.1 improve learning efficiency in higher education system their needs individual stakeholders for better management. various devices are connected in iot communications to help learning process in efficiently that reduces individualized management and will lead rapid and better progress of higher learning experiences. 4.2 mobile learning applications iot is strongly connected network with smart mobile technology .students can keep a track of audios/videos to help themselves in study on mobile storage as needed. teachers can provide assignment task on mobile used applications and at anytime both can login mobile system then take a review of progressive report. mobile technology can be accessed at anytime from anywhere. use of iot with smart mobile system will be a new massive chance for better higher learning approaches. 4.3 research computing and opportunity iot continues to confirm its benefits for research work in higher education, it will make big data available so that faculty of universities and students may increase interdisciplinary research by analyzing big data in high quality computing platform. to upgrade system iot will put sensor, audio/video smart technology, distributed network that will link up researchers in online wireless medium to share knowledge based dialogue in faster process both for input and output. iot technology will provide huge possibilities among the research learners in higher education. 5. conclusion this paper shows the possible progress in higher education with the advancement iot i.e. internet of things. iot system has many challenges while moving traditional teaching, learning process to smart one system that positively affects entire teachinglearning and assessment process in higher education. higher education will have a tremendous success that increase learning speed. based on reality, our future work will highlight how the existing iot implementations make sustainable education ecosystem in higher teaching learning process. references abbasy, m. b., & quesada, e. v. (2017). predictable influence of iot (internet of things) in the higher education. international journal of information and education technology, 7(12), 914-920. chen, c. y., chao, h. c., wu, t. y., fan, c. i., chen, j. l., chen, y. s., & hsu, j. m. (2011). iot-ims communication platform for future internet. international journal of adaptive, resilient and autonomic systems (ijaras), 2(4), 74-94. farooq, m. u., waseem, m., mazhar, s., khairi, a., & kamal, t. (2015). a review on internet of things (iot). international journal of computer applications, 113(1), 1-7. future education skill. (2018). retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/the-future-of-education-and-skillsoecd-education-2030-framework-knowledge-skills_fig7_326032010 huang, y., & li, g. (2010, may). a semantic analysis for internet of things. in 2010 international conference on intelligent computation technology and automation (vol. 1, pp. 336-339). ieee. khan, r., khan, s. u., zaheer, r., & khan, s. (2012, december). future internet: the internet of things architecture, possible applications and key challenges. in 2012 10th international conference on frontiers of information technology (pp. 257-260). ieee. miraz, m. h., ali, m., excell, p. s., & picking, r. (2015, september). a review on internet of things (iot), internet of everything (ioe) and internet of nano things (iont). in 2015 internet technologies and applications (ita) (pp. 219-224). ieee. maksimovic, m. (2017). green internet of things (g-iot) at engineering education institution: the classroom of tomorrow. green internet of things, 270-273. mitchell, s., villa, n., stewart-weeks, m., & lange, a. (2013). the internet of everything for cities. connecting people, process, data, and things to improve the ‘livability’of cities and communities, cisco. riahi, a., natalizio, e., challal, y., mitton, n., & iera, a. (2014, february). a systemic and cognitive approach for iot security. in 2014 international conference on computing, networking and communications (icnc) (pp. 183-188). ieee. ray, p. p. (2018). a survey on internet of things architectures. j king of saud univ comput inf sci. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/the-future-of-education-and-skills-oecd-education-2030-framework-knowledge-skills_fig7_326032010 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/the-future-of-education-and-skills-oecd-education-2030-framework-knowledge-skills_fig7_326032010 copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 16 sundmaeker, h., guillemin, p., friess, p., & woelfflé, s. (2010). vision and challenges for realising the internet of things. cluster of european research projects on the internet of things, european commision, 3(3), 34-36. smart teaching. (2015). retrieved from https://edtechnology.co.uk/blog/new-classrooms-smart-teaching/ smart classroom. (2015). retrieved from http://edulis.pgwc.gov.za/index.php/smart-classroom/e-learning/smart-classrooms copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). https://edtechnology.co.uk/blog/new-classrooms-smart-teaching/ http://edulis.pgwc.gov.za/index.php/smart-classroom/e-learning/smart-classrooms copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research; vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 31 performance of mulching to the stimulation on the growth of cucumber (cucumis sativus) production daliya akter department of agriculture noakhali science and technology university, noakhali3814, bangladesh e-mail: daliyaakter26@gmail.com mohammad shafiqul islam assistant professor department of agriculture noakhali science and technology university, noakhali-3814, bangladesh e-mail: safi.agri21@gmail.com roksana aftab ruhi ms student department of plant pathology faculty of agriculture sher-e-bangla agricultural university, dhaka-1207, bangladesh e-mail.: ruhi435@outlook.com md istiak hossain joy department of agriculture noakhali science and technology university, noakhali-3814, bangladesh e-mail: istiakjoy40@gmail.com fariha ahmed trina department of agriculture noakhali science and technology university, noakhali-3814, bangladesh e-mail: farihaahmedtrina@gmail.com received: august 21, 2020 accepted: september 13, 2020 online published: september 21, 2020 doi: 10.46281/bjmsr.v2i2.777 url: https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v2i2.777 abstract a field experiment was conducted at noakhali ,chittagong during the season in 2019, to determine the effect of mulching on cucumber (cucumis sativus) production where alavy green variety was used. the study was laid out in rcbd (randomized complete block design) method having three replications. the treatment used in this study consists of t1=black plastic mulching, t2=water hyacinth mulching, t3=rice straw mulching, control= no mulching. the plant showed significant differences after application of various treatments. the maximum average length of vine (113 cm), number of branch per plant (8.33), number of leaves per plant (28.44), number of tendrils per plant (11.52), number of flowers per plant (16.33), number of fruits per plant (9), length of fruit (18 cm), weight of individual fruit (239.67 g) were obtained from t1 treatment (black plastic mulching) .on the other hand, minimum average length of vine (103.91 cm), number of branch per plant (4.33), number of leaves per plant (22.67), number of tendrils per plant (7.33), number of flowers per plant (12.33),number of fruits per plant (4.33), length of fruit (9 cm), weight of individual fruit (173.67 g) were obtained from t0 control (no mulching). among organic (water hyacinth and rice straw) and inorganic mulches (black plastic), inorganic mulches gave better performance over organic mulches. keywords: cucumber, mulching, growth, development, yield. mailto:ruhi435@outlook.com https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v2i2.777 https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v2i2.777 copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 32 1. introduction in bangladesh, to meet the vegetable deficiency during the scarce period cucumber plays a great role which ultimately diminishes the malnutrition problem. total cultivable land of cucumber is about 22286 acres and total production is approximately 54854 metric tons (bangladesh bureau of statistics, 2014) gained in bangladesh. it was found effective against human constipation and improvement in digestion. it is eaten as a cooling food in summer and a fresh cucumber provides vitamin c, niacin, iron, calcium, thiamine, fibre sand phosphorus (maurya, pal, singh, & meena, 2015). in general, cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) is one of the most popular vegetable of the cucurbitaceae family (lower & edwards, 1986; thoa, 1998). after tomato, cabbage and onion in asia (tatlioglu, 1997) this crop is the fourth vegetable crop. it is a annual crop which leaves are alternate, simple and triangular-ovate with 3-7 lobed leaf blades ,deeply chordate at the base. besides the vines that are sparingly branched are produced from stem that are certainly creeping type which roots in the ground grows up trellises or other supporting frames, wrapping around supports with thin, spiralling tendrils (mariod, mirghani, & hussein, 2017). the cucumber plant can also root in a soilless medium and sprawl along the ground if it does not have supports around it. the farmers of cumilla, bogra, rangpur, noakhali, faridpur, chittagong and mymensingh districts in bangladesh are grow cucumber commercially. it is enlisted as a profitable business due to it’s relatively higher net return per hectare cost. since the soil and climatic condition of bangladesh are compatible to cultivate cucumber exponentially, it is expected the selection of high yielding varieties will augment the yield considerably. indeed there is a vast scope to increment production with the introduction of high yielding varieties. mulching is a technique that has been applied by vegetable growers for many years and prescribed to use either organic or inorganic materials. to help farmers to obtain their production goals such as earliness, soil moisture retention, improved quality, weed control and increased yields several kinds of soil and plant mulching materials are available (mutetwa & mtaita, 2014) .besides, mulches, as a natural or synthetic substances cover the soil surface to protect and flourish it’s quality in landscapes (cregg & schutzki, 2009). however, the bare soil revealed to heat and the wind loses water through evaporation while using mulches increases the soils water retention capacity, reduces evaporation and number of weeds as well (plekhanova & petrova, 2000) even it moderates soil moisture and temperature (skroch, powell, bilderback, & henry, 1992) also. usage of different kinds of mulches such as black polythene, rice straw, water hyacinth, saw dust, leaves, hay, shredded bark, shells, woodchips , newspaper, cardboard etc. has been reported to have developed fruit quality (brown & channell-butcher, 2001), increased growth and subsequent yield. among all of the mulching materials black polythene and rice straw water hyacinth are profitable and available in our country, bangladesh. black plastic mulch is the most popular one because it suppresses weed growth and warms up the soil during the spring. moreover the black plastic mulch helps in the harvesting earlier in addition to reduce soil water losses. thus the study was conducted to found out the effects of these several mulching on cucumber production mainly on its growth, development and yield performances. 2. methodology 2. 1 experimental site on the basis of the potentiality, the experiment had been done at navogram farm in mannan nagar union which is situated at sadar upazila in, noakhali 2019 that is fall under the agroecological zone (aez) 18 i.e. young meghna estuarine floodplain, annually inundated and fertilized by silt deposit from the meghna estuary (figure 1). as it was located in the tropical climatic zone where the average annual temperature is 25.6°c and about 2980 mm precipitation falls annually. the average maximum temperature during september to december is 28.1°c which was suitable for cucumber production at that region in bangladesh. (table 1) .the soil of the experimental plots was sandy loam in texture, medium high land and it was moderately alkaline with ph value 7.3 8.3 with salinity >2 ds/m, organic matter 0.64%, ,nitrogen 0.04%, phosphorus 27.27%,potassium 0.18% individually. physical and chemical characteristics of soil in research plots were noted from soil resource and development institute (srdi) copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 33 figure 1. map showing the research site table 1. monthly average climatic condition of the experimental site during the research month temperature (0c) relative humidity % total rain fall (mm) maximum minimum average september 32 26 29 89.25 60.5 october 34 25 28 83.75 100.25 november 32 17.9 28 80 3.25 december 26.1 15.5 20.8 56.5 00 source: weather station of noakhali district, bangladesh 2.2 experimental materials the material used in the research was alavy green variety of cucumber which was collected from bangladesh agricultural research institute (bari). for mulching certainly three types such as black plastic, water hyacinth, rice straw were used. organic and inorganic fertilizer, pesticide and other materials were collected from dotterhat seed ghor in noakhali. 2.3 experimental design and treatment the experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design (rcbd) with three replications. in this experiment, four treatments were considered as following t0 (control): no mulching t1: black plastic mulching. t2: water hyacinth mulching. t3: rice straw mulching. 2.4 land preparation the selected land for the experiment was ploughed at first day of september in 2019 than it was kept open to sun for 4 days prior to further ploughing. eventually, the land was prepared well by ploughing and cross ploughing followed by well laddering .the unit plots were prepared by keeping l m spacing in between two plots and 50 cm draining channel was dug around the copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 34 land. there were three pits in every plot. the length and breadth of each pit was 30 cm and 30 cm respectively. pits were 20 cm depth and 45 cm distance from the border of the plots. 2.5 seed sowing and fertilizers application the seeds were sown directly in the pit where three seeds were sown in each pit at 2 to 3 cm depth. different mulching materials were applied after 10 days of seed emergence. manures and fertilizers applied uniformly in the experimental plots and pits as per following doses (table 2) in accordance with the recommended dose. table 2. fertilizers doses applied on the research field 2.6 intercultural operations weeding was done whenever necessary to keep the crop free from weeds. when the seedlings were established, staking was given to each plant. for proper growth and development of the plants the vines were managed upward by hand and with the help of iron rope and nylon net. light over-head watered were provided with a watering can to the plots immediately after germination of seedlings. the un-mulched plot had to be watered more frequently than the mulch plots. 2.7 data collection length of main vine, no. of lateral branches/ plant, no. leaves/ plant, no. tendrils/plant, no. of flowers/plant, no. of fruits/plant, individual fruit weight, fruit length parameters data were recorded from the experimental plot (from the plant with: black plastic mulching, water hyacinth mulching, rice straw mulching, no mulching and pruning) 2.8 experimental design the experiment was laid in the randomized complete block design (rcbd) with one variety and 4 treatments and the experiment was replicated 3 times. 2.9 statistical analysis the recorded data on the different parameters of the study were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (anova) procedure by f test (gomez & gomez, 1984) p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. 3. result and discussion 3.1 length of main vine (cm) length of main vine varied significantly due to the application of treatments on cucumber plant. average lengths of main vine were 113 cm, 107.97cm, 105.98cm and 103.91cm respectively for t1, t2, t3 and t0. the highest value recorded at t1 treatment which was 113cm whereas the lowest value observed in t0 treatment (figure 2). similar results were found where ajibola and amujoyegbe (2019) recorded highest length of cucumber (113.21 cm) after application of black plastic mulch in their works. fertilizers recommended dose dose per plot dose per pit cowdung 6 kg 1 kg urea 90 g 15 g triple super phosphate 75 g 12.5 g murate of potash 60 g 10 copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 35 figure 2. effects of different treatments on the length of main vine (cm) 3.2 no. of branches per plant application of different treatments (black plastic mulching, water hyacinth mulching, rice straw mulching and no mulching show significant (p< 0.05) variation on the number of branches produced in each plant. from figure.3, the average no. of branches was 8.33, 6.83, 5.50 and 4.33 respectively for the treatment of t1, t2, t3 and t4. . the topmost value was observed for t1 i.e. 8.33 and minimum value obtained for t0 that was 4.33.this agreement is similar to the experiment of ajibola and amujoyegbe (2019) where they got highest number of lateral branches (5.68) after application of black plastic mulch. figure 3. effects of different treatments on the number of branches per plant 3.3 no. of leaves per plant figure.4 was illustrated that the maximum value obtained for t1 (black plastic mulching) was 28.33 while the minimum value found from t0 (no mulching method) treatments which was 22.67. ajibola and amujoyegbe (2019) support the current result as they also found highest number of leaves in each plant after application of black plastic mulch. 113.00 107.97 105.98 103.91 96.00 98.00 100.00 102.00 104.00 106.00 108.00 110.00 112.00 114.00 116.00 t1 t2 t3 control l e n g th o f m a in v in e (c m ) treatments 8.33 6.83 5.50 4.33 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 t1 t2 t3 control n o . b ra n ch es p er p la n t treatments copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 36 figure 4. effects of different treatments on leaves number per plant 3.4 number of tendrils per plant in case of tendrils number different mulching materials exhibited significant (p< 0.05) variation. figure 5 showed that the highest number of tendril observed for t1 i.e. 11.52 whereas lowest obtained for t0 treatment that was 7.33. similar result revealed in ajibola and amujoyegbe (2019) studies. 3.5 number of flowers per plant a significant (p< 0.05) different was observed on the production of flower per plant where the average number of flowers per plant were 16.33, 15.67, 14.00 and 12.33 individually for all treatments (figure 6). .however, the treatment of t1 produced maximum number (16.33) in comparison with other treatments and the minimum (12.33) was recorded in t0 treatment (no mulching). it was confirmed by wien, minotti, and grubinger (1993) who reported that mulching increased number of flower cluster on main branches and secondary branches compared with no mulch. figure 5. effects of different treatments on tendril numbers per plant 28.44 26.07 25.78 22.67 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 t1 t2 t3 control n o . l e av e s p e r p la n t treatments 11.52 9.15 7.83 7.33 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 t1 t2 t3 control n o . o f te n d r il s p e r p la n t treatments copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 37 figure 6. effects of different treatments on flower number per plant 3.6 no. of fruits per plant significant variation (p< 0.05) was seen due to the application of mulching materials in case of fruits number. the maximum fruits obtained for t1 treatment which was 8.78 and minimum number found from t0 treatment (no mulching method) that was 4.17 (figure.7) nair, carpenter, and weieneth (2013) were agreed with the provided result as they also got similar outcome by using black plastic mulch which gave maximum fruits in their research works. 3.7 weight of individual fruit (g) the average weight of individual fruit were 239.67 g, 212.00 g, 192.67 g and 173.67 g respectively for black plastic mulching (t1), water hyacinth mulching (t2), rice straw mulching (t3) and no mulching (t0) treatments used in the experiment. the highest weight obtained 239.67 g for t1 and on the other hand the lowest weight was found from t0 treatment which was 173.67g (figure 8) which is clarified by nair et al. (2013) where they claimed that using of black plastic mulch gave highest weight of fruit. figure 7. effects of different treatments on the number of fruits per plant 16.33 15.67 14.00 12.33 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 t1 t2 t3 control n o . o f fl o w e r p e r p la n t treatments 8.78 6.67 5.15 4.17 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 t1 t2 t3 control n o . o f fr u it p er p la n t treatments copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 38 figure 8. effects of different treatments on weight of individual fruit (g) 3.8 length of fruit (cm) length of each fruit varied significantly due to the application of different mulching materials on cucumber plant where the highest length obtained18cm for t1treatment and lowest length recorded 9 cm for t0 (figure 9). both ajibola and amujoyegbe (2019) and nair et al. (2013) conducted research were agreed with the results of the current experiment as they also found black plastic mulch was better than other materials to get highest length of fruits in cucumber. figure 9. effects of different treatments on the length of individual fruit (cm) 4. conclusion some cultural practices such as mulching can be used for cucumber production. it is the practice of covering the soil to make more favourable condition for plant growth, development and efficient crop production. water hyacinth, straw, saw dust, rice husk and black polythene are available to the farmers and resulted in reduced soil water loss by evaporation and controlling weeds. all treatments used in the experiment showed significant variation on the growth and yield contributing parameters. after the study, it can be said that if farmers used proper mulching, it will give maximum growth and yield per stated area. from the study it can be recommended that application of different mulches in cucumber production will provide economically viable results as compared to no mulch condition. 239.67 212.00 192.67 173.67 0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 t1 t2 t3 control w e ig h t o f in d iv id u a l fr u it (g ) treatments 18.0 14.1 11.7 9.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 t1 t2 t3 control le n gt h o f in d iv id u al fr u it (c m ) treatments copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 39 references ajibola, o. v., & amujoyegbe, b. j. (2019). effect of seasons, mulching materials, and fruit quality on a cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) variety. asian journal of agricultural and horticultural research, 111.https://doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2019/v3i229996 bbs (bangladesh bureau of statistics). (2014). yearbook of agricultural statistics: ministry of planning, government of the people’s republic of bangladesh, dhaka, bangladesh. brown, j. e., & channell-butcher, c. (1999). effects of row cover and black plastic mulch on yield of ‘au producer’ watermelon on hilled and flat rows. journal of vegetable crop production, 5(1), 6771.https://doi.org/10.1300/j068v05n01_07 cregg, b. m., & schutzki, r. (2009). weed control and organic mulches affect physiology and growth of landscape shrubs. hortscience, 44(5), 1419-1424.https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.5.1419 gomez, k. a., & gomez, a. a. (1984). statistical procedures for agricultural research. john wiley & sons. lower, r. l. (1986). cucumber breeding. breeding vegetable crops.westport, connecticut usa: avi publishing co.173-203. mariod, a. a., mirghani, m. e. s., & hussein, i. h. (2017). unconventional oilseeds and oil sources. academic press. ebook isbn: 9780128134337/paperback isbn: 9780128094358 maurya, g. p., pal, v. i. v. e. k., singh, g. p., & meena, l. k. (2015). an economic analysis of cucumber cultivation in sultanpur district of uttar pradesh (india). int j agricsci res, 5, 23-27. mutetwa, m., & mtaita, t. (2014). effects of mulching and fertilizer sources on growth and yield of onion . nair, a., carpenter, b. h., & weieneth, l. k. (2013). effect of plastic mulch and trellises on cucumber production in high tunnels. iowa state university research and demonstration farms progress reports, 2012(1).http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/farms_reports/1909 plekhanova, m. n., & petrova, m. n. (2000). influence of black plastic soil mulching on productivity of strawberry cultivars in northwest russia. in iv international strawberry symposium 567 (pp. 491494).https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2002.567.104 skroch, w. a., powell, m. a., bilderback, t. e., & henry, p. h. (1992). mulches: durability, aesthetic value, weed control, and temperature. journal of environmental horticulture, 10(1), 43-45.https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-10.1.43 tatlioglu, t. (1997). cucumber (cucumissativus l.) in: kailov, g and bo bergn, (eds.). genetic improvement of vegetable crops. oxford pergamon press. pp. 197-227. thoa, d.k. (1998). cucumber seed multiplication and characterization. avrdc/arc training thailand, pp.5-10. wien, h. c., minotti, p. l., & grubinger, v. p. (1993). polyethylene mulch stimulates early root growth and nutrient uptake of transplanted tomatoes. journal of the american society for horticultural science, 118(2), 207211.https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.2.207 copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). https://doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2019/v3i229996 https://doi.org/10.1300/j068v05n01_07 https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.5.1419 http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/farms_reports/1909 https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-10.1.43 https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.2.207 bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 24 effect of microfinance adoption on rural household income in selected upazila of kushtia district of bangladesh bilkish banu assistant professor department of economics hajee mohammad danesh science & technology university dinajpur-5200, bangladesh e-mail: bilkishbanuu@gmail.com mohammad mukul hossain mba student department of management studies university of rajshahi, bangladesh e-mail: mukul101ru@gmail.com mohammad samiul haque mba student department of finance and banking hajee mohammad danesh science & technology university dinajpur-5200, bangladesh e-mail: samiulhaque445@gmail.com babor ahmad mss student department of economics hajee mohammad danesh science & technology university dinajpur-5200, bangladesh e-mail: baboraswapon@gmail.com abstract this present study aims at analyzing how microfinance affects household income of its participants as well as to find out the factors that influence the participants to adopt loan for which a logit model was applied. this study was run on three villages of daulatpur upazila of kushtia district namely khalishakundi, malipara and silimpur from which 350 respondents were chosen randomly. the result reveals that age (p<0.05), household size (p<0.01) and credit amount (p<0.05) from microfinance had significant negative impact on average household income and spouse’s income had a positive sign with coefficient of 0.867 which was significant (p<0.01). logit model expresses that average income, age of respondent and household size all had negative sign implying that an increase of one of them will discourage the respondents tending towards borrowing loans from microfinance which were also significant (p<0.01). this study also found several problems faced by the participants of microfinance such as high interest rate, delay of credit, rude behavior of representatives, short recovery time, influence of old members etc. as well as recommend the policy implication regarding them. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 25 keywords: microfinance, household income, credit, logit model, policy implication. jel classification codes: g21, q52, o18, d13 introduction microfinance is the provision of savings, credit, deposit, insurance and repayment services to the low-income households to enable them to create employment opportunities and reduce poverty by starting their own businesses and thus generating income. in bangladesh there are mainly four types of institutions involved in microfinance activities. these are grameen bank (gb), around 1500 non-government organizations (ngo), commercial and specialized banks like bangladesh krishi bank (bkb), rajshahi krishi unnayan bank (rakub), and government-sponsored microfinance projects (bangladesh bank). the ngos started credit programme in the mid-1980s and their activities increased noticeably after 1990. with the increasing number of collateral-free micro credit disbursement by the mfis, some nationalized commercial banks (ncbs), and specialized banks were encouraged to provide a considerable amount of their rural credit to the poor without security. today, some of the private commercial banks (pcbs) have also started direct and linkage programmes with the ngos. microfinance provides households with loan to group of borrowers with peer monitoring to secure loan for exchange of physical collateral. lowincome households take loan for accumulation assets, emigration assets, emigration to abroad, small business, cultivation, reinvestment, betroth, education for children, dowry, smooth consumption, land purchase, health and housing, women empowerment and employment opportunities for the borrowers households. microfinance improves the standard of living of the poor by creating income and employment opportunities. microfinance gives not only loan but also training and social activities to the household for support self-employment and small business. however, transformation of the mfis was inevitable considering rural economic growth and financial inclusion requirements of bangladesh where some 50 per cent of the adult population remain unbanked. microcredit regularity authority' (mra) was formed in 2006 to ensure transparency in activities of the micro-lending institutions. the high interest rates of microcredit were widely criticised at home and abroad. the government fixed the interest ceiling at 27 per cent in 2010. it was said that gradually the rates would be reduced further, but nothing has been done about this over the last one decade. the government has recently decided to slash down interest rates on microcredit provided by the ngos by 3.0 per cent in order to attain the sustainable development goals (sdgs). the finance ministry approved the interest rates at 24 per cent after the authorities introduced the recommendation. overall, microfinance increases household income and the standard of living of the poor households (the financial express). the study found out that the microcredit programmes of asa helps both rural and urban poor households to improve their standard of living by increasing income, expenditures, saving and poverty reduction. besides, the microcredit institutions gain competitive advantage by providing both micro financing and other various services such as education, skill-based programmes, and training sessions (ariful et al., 2017). mfi loans impact on both household income and food consumption. a productive loan reduces the income poverty trends of households and non-productive loans minimize consumption poverty and bmi (imai & azam, 2012). microfinance access improves the consumption, household income and poverty status but microfinance members take loans to smooth consumption rather than investing in petty business (bhuiya et al., 2016). microfinance has a significant positive impact on increasing household income label and reducing widespread poverty from the rural areas of bangladesh and age, family member and loan amount role in household income determination (basu et al., 2020). the https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 26 microfinance of brac has diverted borrowers (93% of respondents) to self-employed activities which develop high income and the contribution to the family expenditure and 7% of respondents have employed in low paid works after joining. (hossain, 2012). despite higher loans to cumulative borrowing microfinance continues to reduce poverty among poor borrowers and increase per capita household consumption within the local economy for participation and non-participants (khandker, 2005). a utilized extensive microfinance operation helps increasing informal employment and achieving goals of poverty reduction as well as leading of greater economic development (shahnaz et al., 2018). microfinance empower the poor, reduces catastrophic income loss and poverty, increase employment by diversifying their income source (wright, 1999). microcredit mostly impresses the poor for poverty reduction, savings, microfinance and training in bangladesh (chowdhury et al., 2020). microfinance increases household income after persistence, participation in the programmes. all households both participants and non-participants of microfinance registered increases in household welfare (islam, 2016). the age, monthly income, of borrowers, interest rate and loan duration help the credit accessibility of rural households in bantul. borrower’s income, total household assets and changes in expenditure measure the assessment relates to the credit impacts. microfinance reduces poverty and increases consumption but microcredit borrowers have higher consumption than non-borrowers, besides microfinance influences the standard of living and property level. materials and methods this present study used data collected from three villages of daulatpur upazila in kushtia district namely khalishakundi, malipara and silimpur. the questionnaire was prepared in english and filled up with face to face interview and collected from september 2020 to december 2020. the study considered each household as the unit of analysis for evaluating the effect of microfinance on household income (zewde & tollens, 2008; panda & atibuddi, 2010). following panda and atibuddi (2010) two group was made one is treatment group indicating those who adopted microfinance as beneficiary households from undertaking microfinance (more than two years till this survey) and the second is controlled group indicating those who are new entrants in microfinance programme and did not receive any loan (kondo et al., 2008 & alazzam, 2006). to analyze the effect of microfinance the multivariate regression model with double logs was used as below. lnyi = lnα0 + lnβ1x1i + lnβ2x2i + lnβ3x3i + lnβ4x4i + lnβ5x5i + lnβ6x6i + lnβ7x7i + i where, ln = natural logarithm; y = monthly average income measured in taka; x1 = age of the respondent measured in years; x2 = adoption of microfinance loan by participant measured by dummy variable as 1 for adopt loan and 0 for otherwise; x3 = education level of participant measured by years of schooling; x4 = size of household measured in numbers; https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 27 x5 = spouse’s income (monthly) measured in taka; x6 = amount of credit measured in taka; x7 = agricultural holdings measured in hectare. α and β’s are the unknown parameters to be estimated,  refers to error term and i indicates 1,2,3,……., n. there are several factors influencing the farmers to participate microfinance that were analyzed with limited variable model namely logit model. li = ln⁡ pi 1−pi = zi = β1 + β2x2 +…….…+ βnxn here, 𝑃𝑖 1−𝑃𝑖 is the odd ratio in favor of occurring an event (gujarati, 2009). then for our study, li = ln⁡ pi 1−pi = ln β0 + β1 ln x1i + β2 ln x2i + β3 ln x3i + β4 ln x4i + β5 ln x5i + β6 ln x6i + ui where, 𝑃𝑖 1−𝑃𝑖 is the odd ratio in favor of adopting loan from microfinance by the respondent measured by 1 for took a loan and 0 for otherwise. x1 = average income of household measured in taka; x2 = age of respondent measured in years; x3 = educational level of the respondent measured by years of schooling; x4 = household size measured in numbers; x5 = land holdings by respondent measured in hectare; x6 = availability of credit taken as dummies measured by 1 for easier to grant a loan compared to banks and 0 for otherwise. u was the stochastic disturbance term including all other factors that may affect the model and in equation (5), i represented number as 1,2,3,….,n. pseudo r 2 (mcfadden’s) was computed as r2 = 1 − 𝐿 𝑀𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿 𝑀𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 where, 𝑀𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 = model with predictors; 𝑀𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = model without predictors and 𝐿 = estimated likelihood. this represents the strength of the offered model. the higher the value of pseudo r 2 , the more fitted model is. result and discussion effect of participation in microfinance on income participation in the microfinance has a great impact on the household income shown in table 2 by comparison of average income between control and treatment group where the average income of control group is higher than that of the treatment group indicated by the mean difference of 2161.50 which was statistically significant (p<0.01) recorded by t ratio of 4.786. this result was https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 28 similar with the findings of jasmine (2008); panda and atibudhi (2010); kundu, (2012); sharma (2008); and sarania (2015). table 1. descriptive statistics (n=350) variables measurement mean std. dev. min. max. marital status measured in three points; 1 for single, 2 for married and 3 for widow 2.022 0.149 2 2 age measured in years 32.442 8.599 18 56 educational level years of education 5.845 3.465 0 12 family size numbers of persons 3.605 1.042 1 6 average income taka (monthly) 5675.262 3155.258 1000 43333.33 spouse income taka (monthly) 19612 10682.38 5000 130000 land holdings hectare 0.135 0.216 .01 1.32 membership of microfinance measured in months 68.240 60.255 .12 360 loan dummy variables as 1 for took load and 0 for otherwise 0.282 0.451 0 1 loan amount taka 39934.29 32774.56 3000 200000 loan availability dummy variables as 1 for easier compared to government and private banks and 0 for otherwise 0.888 0.315 0 1 interest rate dummy variables as 1 for lower compared to government and private banks and 0 for otherwise 0.034 0.182 0 1 source: authors’ own computation from survey data of 2020 table 2. comparison of average income (monthly) between control and treatment group variable treatment group control group mean differences tratio average income 6527.50 4366.00 2161.5*** 4.786 standard deviation 4222.961 2052.52 standard errors differences 451.586*** *** refers to 1 % level of significance. table 3 represents how much income of household was affected by microfinance participation analyzing with ordinary least squares (ols) where average income was positively affected having significant at 5% level with catirus paribus that is if all the other factors were held constant. age, household size and credit amount all had significant negative impact on average income implying that an increase of one of them will reduce the average income of the https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 29 household and vice versa where household size was significant at 1% level and the rests were at 5% level. on the contrary spouse’s income had a positive sign with coefficient of 0.867 indicating an 1% increase of spouse’s income will raise the average family income by 86.7% which was significant (p<0.01). table 3. effect of microfinance participation on the household income (n=350) variables parameters coefficients standard errors tratios constant α0 2.516** 1.026 2.45 age of respondent β1 -0.332** 0.159 -2.09 education level β2 0.054 0.049 1.11 size of household β3 -0.912*** 0.095 -9.58 spouse’s income β4 0.867*** 0.071 12.16 amount of credit β5 -0.022** 0.009 -2.40 agricultural holdings β6 -0.004 0.026 -0.16 f 100.18*** r-squared 0.320 number of observations 350 note: *, ** and *** asterisks refer 1%, 5% and 10% level of significance respectively. factors influencing participants to adopt loan table 4 shows the determinants of adopting microfinance loan by its participants. pseudo r 2 represents how the model is fitted similarly as of r 2 in case of ols. lr chi 2 of 108.06 shows that the model is statistically significant (p<0.01).the result reveals that 242.9 percent loan adoption rises with catirus paribus at 1% level of significance. it is also seen that the average income, age of respondent and household size all had coefficient with negative sign implying that an increase of one of them will discourage the respondents tending towards borrowing loans from microfinance and all of them were significant at 1% level. the other factors such as educational level, land holding and availability of credit were not significant. table 4. factors affecting participants in adopting loan variables coefficients standard errors zstatistics constant 24.296*** 4.028 6.03 average income (tk./monthly) -1.774*** 0.311 -5.69 age of respondent (years) -2.005*** 0.744 -2.69 educational level (years of schooling) -0.110 0.244 -0.45 household size (no.) -2.776*** 0.5004 -5.55 land holding (hectare) -0.042 0.131 -0.33 availability of credit (dummy measured as 1 for easier to grant a loan compared to banks and 0 for otherwise) 0.425 0.485 0.88 log likelihood -155.365 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 30 lr chi 2 108.06*** pseudo r 2 0.2580 number of observations 350 note: *** asterisk refers 1% level of significance respectively. from our field surveys and findings, several problems related to the microfinance participation have been identified such as  high interest rate of microcredit  those who earn low income, mfis don’t provide large amount of loans.  those who are referenced by old borrowers, they can get loan early.  generally, allowable loan repayment time is too short.  educated persons get loan easier than uneducated persons.  those who have no income mfis don’t give loan to them.  dps can be formed by the borrowers to get loan from mfis. after opening dps, they are forced/ propelled to withdraw loan from mfis.  most of the time, borrowers expect as much as loan but they can’t get the expected amount.  the family which has no male income person, mfis don’t want to access female into microcredit  sometimes, the uneducated borrowers are fraud by field workers.  unmarried girls cannot allow getting loan by self-reference.  most of the time, mfis collect their loan amount weekly basis. conclusion and recommendation from the findings of this study it was clear that the participation in microfinance was recorded as a positive significant effect on the average income in its participants. this study also identified several factors which had negative effect on average household income and spouse’ income was found as a key contributor on family income that could not be ignored. this study found that age, household size and other factors which had great influence on the decision of participants whether to adopt a loan or not. however several problems were recorded facing by the participants and arose by the system of microfinance whose overcoming might make microfinance closer to its goals. this study suggests the following policies to better the management and credit policy of the microfinance.  reduction of interest rate of microcredit.  providing education loan at low interest rate.  mfis should provide the unemployed young people of the society with credit to make them self-employed.  mfi should give the widows loan.  mfis should give loan to the unmarried girl to make them employed.  most of the borrowers want to repay their loan monthly basis.  mfis authority should supervise the field workers’ activity and communicate the borrowers separately to avoid the chances of frauds.  mfis should increase the loan amount as well as loan repayment time to the low income borrowers. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 31  loan providing criteria should be minimized including educated persons with fewer deposits. after having all of the above mentioned policies adoption, we can hope to have a better credit management of microfinance for the wellbeing’s of general people and another well managed movement towards its goals. references al-azzam, m. 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(2015) impact of group-based microfinance on rural household income: an empirical analysis. shahnaz, f., rahman, g. s., & sadaf, b. h. (2018). impact of microfinance on informal employment: the case of bangladesh. journal of accounting, 8(3). sharma, h. r. (2008). functioning and impact of microfinance: evidence from himachal pradesh. in s. k. bhaumik, reforming indian agriculture: towards employment generation and poverty reduction (pp. 269-290). new delhi: gage publications. wright, g. a. (1999). the impact of microfinance services-increasing income or reducing poverty?. small enterprise development, 10, 38-47. zewde, z. n., & tollens, e. (2008). microfinance impact evaluation at household level. in d. d. lasar, & p. p. palanichami (eds.), microfinance and poverty eradication: indian and global experience (pp. 294-320). new delhi, india: new century publications. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research; vol. 1, no. 2 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 july-september; 2019 published by centre for research on islamic banking & finance and business 54 causal factors of flight delay in nigerian airport: a case study of murtala muhammed international airport ayo-agunbiade oluwafisayo t. department of transport management technology federal university of technology akure, nigeria e-mail: ayofisayo90@gmail.com stephens mobolaji s. department of transport management technology federal university of technology akure, nigeria e-mail: msstephens@futa.edu.ng abstract delay is a prominent event mostly experienced at the airport by both airline and passengers. globally delay is permitted at 15mins later than the scheduled time. assessing the level of delay in the airport is a major criterion for measuring airport performance. aircraft not adhering to schedule flight results in increased airport congestion, cancellation flight and flight delay. this study made use of primary data through well-structured questionnaires to obtain information from selected nama staff at the murtala muhammed international airport (mmia). operational delay report for a month and airlines flight were examined for two months under the mma2 to know the deviation of scheduled flight time from actual flight time. descriptive analysis, wilcoxon rank test, factor analysis and step wise regression were the statistical tools deployed for this research. findings showed that on a monthly base, 63% of the domestic traffic flows are delayed. some factors responsible for delay were considered: aircraft damage, bad weather, aircraft maintenance, vip movement and fueling are the major factor responsible for delay of aircraft movement. keywords: flight delay, factor analysis, congestion, scheduling. 1. introduction flight planning requires accurate weather forecasts, enhances safety regulations, whereby adequate or excess fuel are carried beyond the minimum needed to fly from origin to destination (simpson, bashroum and carr, 1965). scheduling process is where many of the implications that stem from the earlier work come together. the scheduler allocates each aircraft to each service, taking into account: turnaround time; the minimum time needed to empty and refill an aircraft when it passes through an airport where aircraft will be overnight, as not all aircraft will necessarily be at the hub on every night of the week. with each schedule, the airline defines its daily operations and commits its resources to satisfying its customers’ air travel needs. therefore, one of the basic requirements all airlines place on the ground handling is to ensure high efficiency of handling activities, avoiding delays. this approach of a flight schedule will reduce delay and improve the operation of the airport. jianfeng (2012) observed that a delayed air flight which might have occurred out of positive and negative circumstances tends to have resultant effects on the passengers, airlines and airport running costs and on other flights arrivals and departures. lack of adherence to the schedule designed by airport results in increased airport costs, congestion, flight delays and cancellations will have medium and long term reduced patronage effects, fewer passenger will want to fly through such airports as well as fewer airliners will want to fly airport prone to disruptions. some flights are also affected by reactionary delays, due to late arrival of previous flight. flight delays not only annoy air travelers and disrupt their schedules, but they incur costs to the airlines when flight connections are missed, or flight crews and aircraft need to be reallocated due to maintenance problems or crew duty time limits. flight delay can have subsequent effect on those on board and the operation of the flight and other scheduled flight at an arrival and departure airport. aircraft schedule recovery and crew re-assignment, taking into account all constraints, factors and regulations, while trying to find solutions in a few minutes. the problem is to keep the effects of disturbances as low as possible and to return to regular operations. (mueller & chattigi, 2002). many major airports around the world have significant delay problems as a result of an imbalance between capacities and demand. delay often results in the increase in fuel consumption of aircrafts, affects passengers getting to their destination on time (boye, 2015). when traffic occurs in bunches or peaks, there may be delays even when the number of aircraft using the airport is less than the capacity for that peak time period. some amount of delay arises every time two aircraft are scheduled to use mailto:ayofisayo90@gmail.com mailto:msstephens@futa.edu.ng copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 55 a runway at the same time. the probability of simultaneous arrivals increases rapidly with traffic density, so that average delay per aircraft increases exponentially well before traffic levels reach capacity levels. having considered all these, there are various factors instituting delay in airline operation such as the relationship of demand to available capacity of an airport causes delays to aircraft movements as a result of limited runway capacity. in developing economy like nigeria, delay experienced by passengers is a point of consideration in the development of a nation as a whole as it affects personal expenses. developing countries need to focus on the delay of aircraft movement at their airport to ensure increased patronage by airliners. in summary, an accurate overview of the literature related to aircraft flight scheduling and delay has been x-ray by building upon the sections addressing this topic in the literature reviews by mueller and chatterji (2002), the effects of not adhering to schedules are increased airport costs, congestion, cancellation of flights and flight delay. studies such as mohleji (2001), schaefer and miller (2011), hansen (2002), mueller and chatterji (2002) and rosen (2002)) on airport congestion have identified several factors which generate flight delays: saturation of airport capacity (including air transportation control activities), airline problems, reactionary delays, passengers and cargo, weather and other unpredictable disruptions (e.g. strikes). this research considered the major factor(s) responsible for delay of scheduled flight by considering the capacities utilizations, runway usage, and deviations in departures and arrivals. grigoriy (2014), opines that there is acceptable level of flight delay, which might have positive effect on the overall operation of the airport system. the study was on flight delay performance at hartsfield jackson atlanta international airport with objective of determine the delay at the airport. this research was carried out at hartsfield jackson atlanta international airport and not muritala mohammed nigeria airport nigeria. the researchers conducted a field based qualitative research and quantitative research, based at murtala mohammed airport, in other to analyse the delay of aircraft at the airport. the various possible factors responsible for delay were also addressed. for the purpose of this study the mmia is chosen as the case study. this is because this airport serves main aviation hub in the nigerian aviation industry for domestic and international traffic (cargo and passengers). the aim of the paper is to analyze aircraft delay of selected airline at the airport. a case study of muritala muhammed international airport, lagos, nigeria. to achieve this aim, the following objectives are delineated as to estimate the average rate of deviation of actual arrivals, and departures from scheduled arrivals and departures; and evaluate the factors causing delay of scheduled flights. 2. theoretical framework 2.1 time space analysis time space analysis is a simple technique to assess runway and airspace capacity if the headway between aircraft is known. it is a method to ascertain the time complexity and space complexity of an algorithm. time complexity is a measurement of how much computational time an algorithm uses as its input size changes. analyzing algorithms in this way provides an indicator as to how quickly the runtime increases, how it does so in relation to the input and weather the algorithm is costly for small/large inputs (trani, 2013). 2.2 the basic queuing process queuing theory is concerned with the issue of waiting; it is important to note that waiting can be quite boring, hence queuing theory examines how customers (vehicles) arrive to receive service by servers which is between arrivals of vehicles, start of service, and wait in queue. the basic applications of queue are: ▪ number of customers in queue l (for length); ▪ time spent in queue w for (wait) (adeniran and kanyio, 2019). the basic process assumed by most queuing models is the following. customers (passengers) requiring service are generated over time by an input source. these customers (passengers) enter the queuing system and join a queue. at certain times, a member of the queue is selected for service by some rule known as the queue discipline. the required service is then performed for the customer by the service mechanism, after which the customer leaves the queuing system (fredick, 2001). queues are called infinite or finite, according to whether this number is infinite or finite. the assumption of an infinite queue is the standard one for most queuing models, even for situations where there actually is a (relatively large) finite upper bound on the permissible number of customers, because dealing with such an upper bound would be a complicating factor in the analysis. at a high level, we can view this problem from the perspective of queuing theory. delays are fundamentally related to one of several issues: (a) higher scheduled demand than capacity or over-scheduling (b) a larger arrival rate than scheduled, (c) a lower service rate than scheduled, or (d) a smaller number of servers than scheduled. in the context of this paper, the gates are the servers and the service rate are the rate that aircraft can be turned at the gate. for example, if an aircraft has a longer turnaround time than scheduled, this is effectively a reduction in the service rate of the gate. the model adopted to assess this research is queue theory, it is the process whereby customer enters a system and service is being rendered. for this research the customer is aircraft (both passengers and freight), the input source is the gate, the queue discipline is mostly first come first serve, last in last out and emergency and the size is the total number of the aircraft per day for a period of 2 months. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 56 2.3 flight delay wu (2005) states that flight delay is a complex phenomenon, because it can be due to problems at the origin airport, at the destination airport, or during airborne. a combination of these factors often occurs. delays can sometimes also be attributable to airlines. some flights are affected by reactionary delays, due to late arrival of previous flights. these reactionary delays can be aggravated by the schedule operation. mueller and chatterji (2002) states the flight schedules are often subjected to irregularity. due to the tight connection among airlines resources, delays could dramatically propagate over time and space unless the proper recovery actions are taken. even if complex, flight delays are nowadays measurable. and there exists some pattern of flight delay due to the schedule performance and airline itself (wu, 2005). flight delay might be initiated by the airline, when airplane is not field to capacity and have might resultant effect on subsequent arrivals. the delay can be attributed to the airport, when there are limited ground-handling facilities, with increase demand. failure of an aircraft to be cleared and failure to take off within 15mins of scheduled timing is delay. there are general arrival and departure delays. this usually indicates that arrival traffic is doing airborne holding or departing traffic is experiencing longer than normal taxi times or holding at the gate. these could be due to a number of reasons, including thunderstorms in the area, a high departure demand, or a runway change. in order to understand flight delay, it is useful to consider the phenomenon of scheduled delay. the simplest way of reducing delays is not to increase the speed and efficiency of the system to meet the scheduled time, but to push back the scheduled time to absorb the system delays (bai, 2006). figure 1. factors influencing departure delay source: yufeng, michael and wolfgang (2005) 2.4 disruption management this section of the literature review focuses on the review of some decision support tools. the following papers are approaches that aim to aid airline controllers rather than replace them with an automated decision maker. teodorovic and stojkovic (1995), describe an approach to the operational daily airline scheduling problem. their research provides airline dispatchers with a decision support tool to aid their rules of thumb and enable them to make globally informed recovery decisions. also their approach generates new airline schedules in response to disruptions provides the airline dispatcher with automatically generated recovery decisions which can be manually overridden. 3. method of data collection this study relies on secondary data sourced from the federal airport authority of nigeria (faan), nigeria airspace management agency (nama) and nigeria civil aviation authority (ncaa). the data obtained were records of flights over a period of sixteen (16) years. to address the first objective, the installed airside capacity, and the hourly and daily traffic movements were examined. daily traffic flow for two months and report of flight delay for a month were obtained. daily traffic flow, for two months was gotten and report of flight delay. descriptive analysis, wilcoxon rank test, factor analysis and step wise regression were employed for the analysis. 198 respondents were given questionnaire and 160 were retrieved, the sample size where obtained according to cochran’s sample size formula. for the first objective, the traffic flow of aircraft for standard at mma2 was worked on, the standard and actual time of arrival and departure was analysed with the use of wilcoxon, descriptive analysis, also with the aid of excel sheet. secondly, several factors affecting delay where analysed through the use of factor analysis where the factors were categorized into three categories. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 57 4. results and findings 4.1 estimation of deviation arrival and departure rate table 1: executive summary on international and domestic flight operations routes number of airlines in operation total flights operated no. of delays flight cancellations remarks international airlines 29 1,478 587 14 cancelled flights: africa world (7), british airways (3), air peace (1), arik air (1), asky (1), egypt (1) air/ramp return: air peace (1) domestic airlines 8 5,168 3,244 29 cancelled flights: arik air (10), air peace (7), overland air (4), medview air (3), aero (2), azman (2), dana (1) air/ramp return: arik air (2), dana air (1) source: nigerian civil aviation authority, august 2018 for the period under review, a total number of 1,478 flights were operated on international routes while 5,168 flights were operated on domestic routes. 587 flights out of 1478 were delayed for international flight and 3244 out of 5168 flights were also delay, so therefore delay is evident for both. table 2: flight delay occurrences table 3: wilcoxon rank test of difference between group group observe rank sum expected arrival 8 75.5 68 departure 8 60.5 68 combined 16 136 136 wilcoxon statistic 0.791 p value 0.4292 source: authors’ compilation, 2018 𝑯𝟏: 𝑨𝒓𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝑫𝒆𝒍𝒂 ≠ 𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆𝑫𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒚 we reject 𝑯𝟎 if the probability value is less than 𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓. since the p value is not less than 0.05, this gives a numerical evidence to conclude that the delay caused by flight departure is relatively the same for delay caused by flight arrival. it can be seen that flight delay was most experienced on the 29th april to 5th may 2018 during the month of april to may. it has been observed that 53.08% of the total flight arrivals experienced delay within the space of two months at 15mins beyond the scheduled time. table 3 shows the weekly occurrence of flight delay in the airport within the period of two months, april to may. it can be observed that flight delay is evident and occur often in arrival and departure of aircrafts. this might be due to bad weather after take-off. arrival departure total arrival and take-off 8-14/04/2018 65 58 137 15-21/04/2018 71 70 155 22-28/04/2018 85 90 196 29/04/2018-5/05/2018 81 78 129 6-7/05/2018 16 25 38 13-19/05/2018 70 58 117 20-26/05/2018 83 58 123 27-30/05/2018 45 28 77 total 516/1132 465/1132 972 total flight activity 972 % flight delay 53.08% 47.83% source: murtala muhammed airport terminal 2, 201 copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 58 4.2 factors causing delay factor analysis was conducted on the nine variables using the principal component analysis method of varimax rotation with kaismer normalization. the principal components grouped the factors causing delay in both international and local flight by ensuring the variables were not inter-correlated and that the variables were grouped properly. table 4: total variance explained component initial eigenvalues extraction sums of squared loadings total % of variance cumulative % total % of variance cumulative % 1 4.951 55.016 55.016 4.951 55.016 55.016 2 1.305 14.502 69.518 1.305 14.502 69.518 3 1.011 11.237 80.754 1.011 11.237 80.754 4 .804 8.932 89.686 5 .439 4.875 94.561 6 .189 2.103 96.664 7 .134 1.486 98.150 8 .121 1.341 99.492 9 .046 .508 100.000 source: authors’ compilation, 2018 table 4. shows the variance in flight delay accounted for by the first three principal components, extracted by principal component method using spss. it can be seen that about 81% variation causing flight delay was accounted for by three components. about 19% of variation was accounted for by the remaining six components. the initial eigen values are flight delay variations accounted for by the entire components, while the extraction loadings are those variation accounted for by the factors extracted. table 5: kmo and bartlett's test kaiser-meyer-olkin measure of sampling adequacy. .691 bartlett's test of sphericity approx. chi-square 395.315 df 36 sig. .000 source: authors’ compilation, 2018 only factors with eigen values equal to or greater than 1 were considered as significant. the eigen value of a factor represents the amount of the total variance explained by that factor. the results lead to three categories for the factors causing delay. these factors that causes delay can be attributed to aircraft course as component one, processing factor as component two and customer factor as component three. we can generally conclude from the study that delay is evident in the airport and may be as a result from the airplane maintenance, delay due to customer arrival or attitude and the method of processing information. 4.3 step wise regression table 6: step wise regression model summary model r r square adjusted r square std. error of the estimate 1 .379a .143 .081 .727 2 .378b .143 .088 .724 3 .378c .143 .095 .722 4 .370d .137 .096 .721 5 .361e .131 .097 .721 6 .353f .124 .097 .721 source: authors’ compilation, 2018 from table 6, above where the analysis of factor causing delay is represented. factors with little or no effect are baggage handling, aircraft fueling, vip movement, congestion of airspace and flight documentation. the factor retained by the analysis has the most important factors are aircraft damage, bad weather, aircraft maintenance and late boarding. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 59 5. conclusion the delay experienced by aircraft out of every schedule is high, because most aircraft don’t takeoff at the scheduled time which might be as a result of disruption. aircraft damage, bad weather, aircraft maintenance, aircraft fuelling, congestion of the airspace, flight documentation, late boarding, baggage handling and vip movement with the aid of factor analysis these factors were categorized into 3 components; aircraft causes, processing and customer factor which implies that the first was noted to be the major cause of delay. in addition, all contingencies must be incorporated into the schedule plan to give allowances for all forms of disruptions. the research recommends that schedule disruption has impact on the turnaround operation considering the effects on the overall performance of airport, gates and slots restriction, operational restriction, airports restrictions and other factors make planning difficult but they must be considered in the process. airlines should be realistic in their flight planning/schedules. airlines should develop responsive crisis management systems and file their operation disruption manuals with ncaa as required by law. airlines should also adhere to the nigerian civil aviation regulations and passengers bill of rights in their dealings with passengers. this will motivate passengers, by getting value for their money. considering the factors causing delay, the resultant effect can be on passengers, consideration should be given in case of missed connection flight, so airlines to ensure they provide right to care to passengers in times of delays/cancellations. references adeniran, a. o., and kanyio, o. a. (2019). quantitative model of single-server queue system. indian journal of engineering, 16, 177-183. ayantoyinbo, b. (2015). preferences for nigerian domestic passenger airline industry: a conjoint analysis. journal of academia. mike, h. (2008). the air transport system. england woohhead publishing limited. mueller e.r and g. b. chatterji. . (2002). analysis of aircraft arrival and departure delay characteristics. aiaa's aircraft technology, integration, and operations (atio), los angeles, california. stephens, m. s., and ukpere, w. i. (2011). airport capacity utilization in nigeria: a performance and efficiency analysis. african journal of business management, pp. 11104-11115. mohleji, s. (2001). terminal airspace/airport congestion problems in us and fms/rnav applications to reduce delays. the mitre corporation , 9-10. schaefer l, m. d. (2011). flight delay propagation analysis with the detailed policy assessment tool. proceedings of the 2001 ieee systems, man and cybernetics conference . hansen, m. (2002). micro-level analysis of airport delay externalities using deterministic queuing models: .a case study . . journal of air transport management, 8 (2):73-87. jianfeng, john f. shortley; juan wangz and lance sherry. (2012). analysis of gate-waiting delays at major us airports. center for air transportation systems research, george mason university, fairfax, va, 22030, usa. grigoriy, y., richard, s., denis, c., john, f., damon, l., & manoj. (2014). flight delay performance at hartsfield-jackson atlanta international. journal of airline and airport management, 78-95. trani, a. a. (2003). review of airport runway capacity. airport capcity . wu, c. (2005). inherent delays and operational reliability of airline schedules . journal of air transport management, volume 11, issue 4, pages 273-282. yufeng, t., michael, b., & wolfgang, j. (2005). estimating flight departure delay distributions a statistical approach with longterm trend and short-term pattern. robert h. smith school research paper no. rhs 06-034. yuqiong., b. (2001). analysis of aircraft arrival delay and airport on-time performance. . huazhong university of science and technology, china, 1-119. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research; vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 1 guidelines for freshwater pond management in bangladesh ibrahim rashid assistant professor department of fisheries biology and aquatic environment bangabandhu sheikh mujibur rahman agricultural university, gazipur-1706, bangladesh e-mail: ibrahim@bsmrau.edu.bd mahmudul hasan mithun ms student department of fisheries biology and aquatic environment bangabandhu sheikh mujibur rahman agricultural university, gazipur-1706, bangladesh e-mail: mithun3622bsmrau@gmail.com received: april 29, 2020 accepted: may 30, 2020 online published: june 28, 2020 doi: 10.46281/bjmsr.v2i2.645 url: https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v2i2.645 abstract the pond aquaculture sector in bangladesh expands rapidly. total fish production from pond aquaculture increasing day by day. bangladesh ranks fifth in aquaculture production and becomes fourth in the tilapia production in the world. total fish production in bangladesh was about 4.27 million mt in 2017-18 fiscal years and the pond aquaculture production was about 1.9 million mt which contributes about 44.43% of the total fisheries production in 2017-18. that means pond aquaculture contributes a lot in bangladesh fisheries sectors. for getting proper outcome from the pond aquaculture some basic guidelines should be followed during pre-stocking, stocking, and post stocking management of freshwater pond. firstly, pond should be prepared properly before stocking of fish seed like aquatic weeds and predators should be eradicated with properly constructed the pond bottom and dike and then liming and fertilization should be done for making a better culture environment for fish. good quality fish seed should be sock to the pond and feeding should be done properly. periodic sampling for examining the proper growth and any disease infestation occurs should be done. liming and fertilization should be done after stocking of fish seed if needed. harvesting and marketing of fish should be done by considering some factors to get good profit. keywords: pond aquaculture, present status, pre-stocking, stocking, post stocking, management, bangladesh. 1. introduction bangladesh is riverine and located in south asia between 20°34' to 26°38' n latitude and 88°01' to 92°42' e longitude with an area of 147570 sq. km (sunny et al., 2020a). according to the world bank report (2018) the total population of bangladesh is about 161.4 million. inland open water captures fisheries production bangladesh ranks third and fifth in aquaculture production in the world (sunny et al., 2020b). at present, bangladesh ranks 4th in the world in tilapia production and 3rd in asia (dof, 2018). fisheries sector contributing 3.57% to the country’s gross domestic product (gdp) and contributing to the agricultural gdp, almost one-fourth (25.30%) (dof, 2018). fisheries sectors play an important role in fulfilling the demand for animal protein and socio-economic improvement of the country. more than 11% of the total population of bangladesh is involved in this sector in full time and part-time basis for their livings (fao, 2018). about 60% of animal protein consumption comes from fish (dof, 2018). inland open water and inland closed water covers approximately 3.92 and .79 million ha respectively but the total fisheries production was 1.2 and 2.4 million metric tons (mt) respectively which indicates inland open water body is about 4.9 times more than the inland closed water body but the total culture fisheries production is double than the inland capture fisheries production (dof, 2018). in 1983-84, inland capture and culture fisheries shared to the total fish production about 62.59 and 15.53 percent, respectively; whereas in 2017-18, inland capture and culture mailto:mithun3622bsmrau@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v2i2.645 https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v2i2.645 copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 2 fisheries share to the total fish production were 28.45 and 56.24 percent, respectively (dof, 2018). pond aquaculture contributes about 1.9 million mt (44.43%) in the fisheries sector in 2017-18 which is almost half of the total fisheries production. in 2017-18 fiscal years bangladesh exported around 4309.94 crore taka and shrimp aquaculture is notable in export sector as it is a second export-oriented product in bangladesh (dof, 2018). that means pond aquaculture contributes a lot to our economy and fulfills the nutritional demand of our extended population. day by day pond aquaculture sector expands in our country. now a day’s different scientific technology is applied in pond aquaculture for the better fish growth and production . without a scientific approach, it is difficult to expand aquaculture and increase fish production. in this paper, scientific guidelines of freshwater pond management are stated by which a fish farmer can be scientifically practiced the pond aquaculture. 2. present status of the fisheries sector in bangladesh the fisheries sector in bangladesh is broadly divided into three sub-sectors: inland capture, inland culture, and marine fisheries (dof, 2018). the inland fishery is further divided into two subsectors: the inland capture fishery and inland culture fishery. the total fish production in 2017-18 was about 4276641 mt, on which total inland capture fisheries production was 1216539 mt, total inland culture fisheries production was 2405415 mt and the total marine fish production was about 654687 mt (figure 01) which indicates inland culture fisheries production is about double then the inland capture fisheries and 3.5 times than the marine fisheries production (dof, 2018). figure 1. bangladesh fisheries production (mt) 2017–2018 (dof, 2018). the total inland fisheries production from both capture and culture is about 3621954 mt on which pond aquaculture itself contributes about 1900298 mt which is about 44.43% of the total fisheries production in 2017–2018 of bangladesh (dof, 2018). among different sectors of inland culture fisheries production, pond aquaculture contributes several folds more than the other sectors. the shrimp aquaculture contributes about 254367 mt and then the seasonal culture contributes about 216353 mt in inland culture fisheries production and the contribution of other cultural sectors are so negligible (figure 2). figure 2. sector-wise inland culture fisheries production in 2017-18 (dof, 2018). inland open water (capture), 1216539 inland open water (capture), 2405415 marine fisheries, 654687 1900298 216353 8072 254367 11787 10285 4253 1. pond 2. seasonal culture 3. baor 4. shrimp 5. crab 6. pen culture 7. cage culture total production (mt) copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 3 3. freshwater pond management for culturing fish in the pond, there are usually three stages of management: ▪ pre stocking management ▪ stocking management ▪ poststocking management 3.1 pre-stocking management as pre-stocking management practice, the ponds should be dewatered completely and therefore the bottom should be sun-dried so that the pond is often cleared off the undesirable weeds, predatory and weed fishes also as insects and crustaceans. when complete draining isn't possible, the following steps should be followed. 3.1.1 removal of aquatic weeds and construction of the pond dike and pond bottom balanced biomass of submerged vegetation and algal growth is requisite for the ecosystem of a composite culture pond. excessive infestation is harmful. clearance of weeds is the primary consideration just in case of the reclamation of old ponds for fish culture. water hyacinth, ipomoea, sedges, rushes, lotus, lilies, italia, vallisneria, pistia, salvinia, other aquatic grass, and planktonic and filamentous algae are the main menace to fish culture ponds. ponds should be kept free from these aquatic weeds. predatory animals can take shelter in the bushes, aquatic weeds and they can predate fishes from the pond. there are usually two methods of eradication of aquatic weeds like physical method (manual or mechanical) and chemical method. when aquatic vegetation is scanty and scattered or water body is small, weeds are often removed by handpicking or uprooting. mechanical winches can also be used for cutting dense submerged weed. if the water body is large with heavy infestation are often cleared by applying chemical weedicides. dead weeds generally calm down to rock bottom and decompose. common weedicides, the weeds on which they affect their dose and method of application are given in table-1. table 1. some doses and methods of herbicides to remove aquatic weeds. types of weeds herbicides doses method of application aquatic grasses paraquat 2kg/ha foliar spraying aquatic grasses diuron 4kg/ha root zone treatment all submerged weeds ammonia 10-15 ppm root zone treatment dispersal in the water column pistia ammonia 1% aqueous solution with 0.25% wetting agent foliar spraying source: agropedia (2012) excess mud in the pond bottom can produce harmful gases. if the pond dike becomes broken then polluted water, unwanted animals can enter into the pond and fish can also escape from the pond. embankments and sides should be repaired while removing the muck. hard soil should be used for repairing the side slopes. if the pond bottom becomes bumpy then it creates problems during fish harvesting by netting. bottom soil should be turned up for recovering the pond properly. plough can help in releasing many obnoxious gases and in making the soil soft and bottom should be treated with lime so for the better pond environment, it is needed to remove the aquatic weeds and unwanted plants from the pond during march and april. pond dike and bumpy bottom need to repair. if the hole is present in pond bottom and dike then it needs to be filled. excess mud needs to remove from the pond bottom. 3.1.2 eradication of predatory fish boal, shoal, gojar, taki, chanda, kaki la, bele, chital, foil, etc. are the predatory fishes. if the predatory fishes remain in the pond then they eat fish seeds and fish feed. so before stocking of fish fry, all predatory fishes should be removed from the culture pond. 3.1.2.1 procedures to remove predatory fish from the pond it is better to dry the pond for removing predatory fishes. from one side it is removed predatory fishes from the pond and another advantage, it is also removing harmful gases from the pond bottom. if pond drying is not possible then use small mesh net for frequent netting to remove predatory fishes. bleaching powder (calcium hypochlorite) can be applied at the rate of 2530 ppm for this purpose. the required quantity is dissolved in water and sprayed over the water surface. after 3-4 hours of spraying, the killed and distresses fishes are removed by repeated netting. bleaching powder is effective only when it is fresh and copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 4 kept in an airtight container. toxicity lasts for 7-8 days. fishes killed by this method are edible. the dose of bleaching powder can be reduced to half if it is applied 24 hours after the application of urea at the rate 100 kg ha-1. 3.3 liming liming is very important for the preparation of ponds before fish stocking. lime makes pond water clean and also remove harmful gases from the bottom of the pond. lime always balances the ph of the pond which makes the pond more productive. application of lime depending upon the soil ph should be done. if the analysis of ph is not possible, a general rate of quick lime 1-1.5/decimal after eradication of weed fishes should be applied as a preparatory dose. in subsequent operations, a monthly dose of 0.5kg/decimal should be applied during the entire seed raising period to maintain the ph level. liming in proper dose raises the soil and water ph to a desirable level to achieve the benefit of available nutrients for biological productivity. so it is necessary to liming the pond when it is needed. precautions of liming some basic precautions should be followed during liming the pond. they are as follows ▪ lime should be sprinkled in windward direction to facilitate the slow melting of lime over a while and gradual mixing with water. ▪ lime should be added to the water; water should not be mixed with lime ▪ for lime mixing and application, a plastic drum should not be used; it is better to use mud or cement pot or drum to mix the lime with water. ▪ lime should be applied in a split-up dose and it is dangerous for fish if the amount for the year is applied as a single dose. normally 25-30% of the total requirement is applied during pond preparation to dry bottom raked wet bottom soil. remaining quantities of lime are applied in equal monthly installments and 7 days before the application of manures, especially phosphate fertilizers. ▪ dry bottom of ponds is treated with powdered slaked or quick lime to disinfect and reduce the acidity of the soil. in the case of water-filled ponds if these two liming materials are used, they should be pre-dissolved to a liquid state in a container and after the exothermic reactions, dispersed over the water surface. 3.4 fertilization if optimum fertilization is done in the pond, then it makes the pond fertile. it will initiate natural food production which will reduce the application of supplementary feed and ultimately the production cost of fish production will be reduced. so after 5-7 days of liming 240gm urea/decimal and 116gm tsp/decimal should be used to the pond. for this, the required amount of tsp should be mix with water into a drum to the whole night and then the next day required amount of urea should be mixed with tsp and water and should be sprinkled to the whole pond. cow dung should be applied 20-25 kg/decimal, after 5-7 days of application of lime and 15 days before the anticipated date of stocking by mixing with water and broadcasting all over the pond which increases the plankton production in due course for the stocked spawn (baishya, 2018). 3.5 natural food testing after 5-7 days of fertilization, the natural food production in the pond should be tested. if the pond watercolor turns into green or brown then it should be understood that natural food started to produce. there are some methods of testing natural food in the pond. secchi disc method the secchi disc is a very simple tool that can be used to give a better estimate of turbidity. it is particularly useful in greencolored ponds to estimate plankton turbidity. this measurement is called the secchi disc transparency. if the secchi disc transparency is: ▪ less than 40 cm, there is too much plankton and your fish are in danger during the night when oxygen is not produced by photosynthesis and when too much oxygen is consumed by the respiration of this plankton; ▪ 40 to 60 cm, the fish production will be the best; ▪ if transparency becomes over 60 cm, there is too little plankton, and fish do not have enough natural food to eat. hand method this is a very simple method which does not require any special equipment. stretch one arm, and immerse it vertically into the water until your hand disappears and it should be done towards facing the sun. copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 5 ▪ if it is well below your elbow, plankton turbidity is very high; ▪ if it reaches to about your elbow, plankton turbidity is high; ▪ if it reaches well above your elbow, plankton turbidity is low the re-fertilization is needed for more natural food production. towel-glass method ▪ the pond water should be filtrate with a towel and taken into a clear glass. ▪ the glass should be examined with the help of sunlight. ▪ if very small-sized plankton is seen into the glass water then we have to understand that natural food is produced. 3.6 water toxicity test if the pond water becomes toxic then fish fry can be dying. so, it is needed to test the toxicity of the pond water before stocking of fish fry. methods of toxicity test ▪ before 1-2 days of fish stocking, a hapa should be set into the pond and preliminarily 10-15 fish fry need to stock for demonstration. ▪ if all the fish fry dies then we have to understand that the pond water is toxic. in these cases, after 3-4 days fry should be stocked into the pond after proper treatment to reduce the toxicity of the water. 4. stocking management 4.1 species selection and stocking density determination species selection should be done by considering the upper layer, middle layer and bottom layer of the pond and fry need to stock into 1:1:1 ratio. by considering the pond model and water salinity the appropriate culture model should be selected by table 1 and then fry should be stocked. table 1. different fish species and their stocking density species (scientific name) size (inch) stocking density/decimal mod 1 mod2 mod 3 mod 4 mod 5 mod-6 mod-7 gibelion catla 4-6 5-8 5-8 10 13 hypophthalmichthys molitrix 3-5 15-18 10-12 labeo rohita/ aristichthsy nobilis 6-8 20-25 20 10 13 barbonymus gonionotus 2-3 15-20 20 cirrhinus mrigala/ cyprinus carpio 6-8/3-4 20-25 15-20 10 14 tilapia mossumbicus 3-4 80 80 30 40 pangasius hypothalmus 6-8 200 amblypharyngodon mola 100 total 60-76 200 45-60 100 200 60 80 source: zahura & islam (2017) model1, 2, 6 and 7: the pond where 3 feet water remains available all the year-round. model-3: only for seasonal pond model-4: coastal region saline water pond model-5: those who have the ability to by commercial feed tor fish culture 4.2 quality fish seed selection the seed which is active, healthy in appearance, uniform in size, with potential for high survival, better growth, less or no disease usually fit this definition of good quality seed, irrespective of the species. according to mohan (2007) there are several factors that could contribute to the quality of seed. some of the important factors which are perceived to have a significant impact on quality include: copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 6 ▪ brood-stock ▪ husbandry (hatchery and nursery) ▪ seed movements and availability (transport, holding, and distribution, trans-boundary movements) ▪ pathogens and diseases (important parasitic, bacterial, fungal and viral diseases) for better fish production fish seed need to collect from a reliable hatchery or other sources. common features of good quality seeds are ▪ the body should be bright, shiny and slimy ▪ spontaneous movement into the water ▪ always try to move against the current ▪ fry quickly shakes the head when pressing in the tail 4.3 fry transportation it is needed to transport fish fry with great care to reduce the fry mortality rate. it is needed to know whether fish fry is conditioning for sale. during fry transportation, the following guidelines should be followed ▪ it is better to transport fry of one species in a bag rather than different species ▪ transportation early in the morning is better (cool hour). ▪ the water used in transportation should be cool and clean. ▪ the number of fish seeds per transportation unit should be maintained, over number may lead to the death of fishes. ▪ oxygen packing is the best method of transportation. ▪ anesthetics can be used while transportation to minimize the metabolic activities of the fish seeds. thereby, excretion of the nitrogenous compounds can be avoided. ▪ care should be taken so that no direct sunlight falls in the packing bags during transportation. ▪ the seed packing bags should be covered with wet gunny bags. so that, the temperature of the seed packing bags will be maintained low. ▪ if the transporting distance is long, glucose powder can be added to the seed packing bags. ▪ to remove the toxic ammonia from the media to safeguard the seedlings from the mortality, the absorbent is added which can reduce 50 % of ammonia for 24 hours transportation. 4.4 fry acclimatization when the pond is stocked with seeds without proper acclimation, the fish seed may die due to stress and, actual stocking density would be less than expected would lead to lower production. acclimation aims is to minimize stress to fish seed through a gradual change in salinity, temperature, and ph of transport water to that of pond water. for this, before 24 hours of seed transportation, they have put into a hapa without giving any feed. sometimes water splashes should be given to evacuating the belly of fish seed. by following this process easily fish seed can be transported to a longer distance without less seed mortality. 4.5 fry conditioning and stocking fish seed should stock on sunny days either in the morning or in the evening when the water temperature becomes low. the fish seed must be conditioning before stocking to the pond. for this, the following steps should be followed to stock fish seed ▪ the transportation bags should be kept in the pond water for an hour before stocking so that the water temperature between transportation bags and pond becomes balance. ▪ then pond water should be entered into the transportation bag slowly and recline the bags towards the pond so that fish seed willingly enters into the pond. 5. post-management practice post stocking management in the fish culture at the very beginning depicts the importance of providing nutrition to the cultured species along with feeding management practices. secondly the application of lime and fertilizers in regular installments at periodic intervals for the production of natural fish food organisms is relished upon by the cultured species. while carrying out these management practices, the environment where the fish lives must be made congenial for its healthy growth, and thus emphasis should be given to water quality management. after all the necessary technical interventions that in made during post stocking management practices periodical monitoring of the fish pond is of utmost importance in terms of whether the supplementary feed is being utilized properly and also ascertain the effect of lime and fertilizers after it applies for the maintenance of optimum water quality parameters required for the good and healthy growth of fishes. if periodical monitoring is copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 7 done any deviations from the optimum can be worked upon and made favorable for the cultured fishes which otherwise can affect the growth of fishes (baishya, 2018). 5.1 liming liming is a universal treatment for pond even after stocking of fish seed liming is necessary for increasing the productivity in the pond. liming improves the cultural environment for fish. it also encourages natural food production in the pond. for this 250300gm limestone/decimal should be applied by mixing with water into the pond every 1.5-2 months later. 5.2 fertilization pond fertilization for herbivorous fish culture is a must to increase productivity at various levels. organic and inorganic fertilizers are used the world over and a combination of both have been found more suitable and economic for carp fish culture. fertilization in the pond water is needed for continuous natural food production. after stocking of fish seed 250gm urea and 130gm tsp per decimal should be applied every 15 days later but a combination of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers has been considered as the most effective way to increase primary productivity of carp culture ponds. cow-dung, plant material, rice bran, wheat bran, molasses, cottonseed meal, tea seed cake, oilseed cakes, etc. can be used as organic fertilizer. cow-dung can be used in a 10-12kg/decimal rate every month later. before fertilization, the natural food condition in the pond should be tested. if there is enough natural food in the pond then there is no need for fertilization. 5.3 supplementary feed the supplementary feed should be used for rapid fish growth. supplementary feed need not use for other fishes without pangas, rice bran is enough for them for proper growth. for better production of pangas, supplementary feed should be used. otherwise the expected outcome will not come. the supplementary feed should be used to the fish according to table 02 table 2. supplementary feeding rate of fish month (after stocking) daily feeding rate (% body weight) for catfish for carp fish 1st month 22% 7% 2nd month 15% 6% from 3rd to until harvest 7% 4% the feed is better utilized if the fish are fed twice daily – morning and evening. every day the feed which is given to fish should be divided into two portions. one portion should be given in the morning (from 8-10 a.m.) and another portion should be given in the late afternoon (from 3-5 p.m). the following guidelines should be followed during application of supplementary feed to the pond ▪ if the feed is given more than the optimum level then the uneaten feed will decompose into the pond and will make the water polluted. ▪ the feeding rate should make half during the winter season than in the summer season. ▪ if there is barbonymus gonionotus (thai sarputi) into the pond then green grass and vegetable leaves should be cut into slices and given on the bamboo frame ▪ if mustard oil cake and rice bran are used as supplementary feed then both mustard oil cake and rice bran should be mixed and made into dough. then the feed is kept in a bamboo tray and placed at a particular depth of the pond. the feeding tray is tied to a pole fixed on the embankment with the help of a rope to avoid displacement of the tray. for 1 ha of a fish pond, 10 to 15 trays are sufficient. depending upon the depth of the pond, the feeding trays are adjusted to different depths by shortening or lengthening the rope. ▪ during rain, the feeding rate should be reduced 5.4 fish health test the health of fish needs to be checked regularly by periodic netting at least once in two months. healthy fish grow well and feed voraciously. if it is observed that the feed provided is not being consumed, either the fish is suffering from some disease or the water quality is deteriorated. a check on the water quality and hygiene of the pond and the health of the fish is necessary to take remedial measures. copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 8 5.5 fish harvesting normally in stocking ponds fish is allowed to grow for 12 months and during this period catla attains a weight of 800 gm – 1 kg; rohu 600 – 800 gm; mrigal 400 – 600 gm; silver carp 1.0 – 1.2 kg; grass carp 1.0 – 1.5 kg and common carp 800 gm – 1.0 kg. but if fish culture condition is favorable then after 1.5-2 months some fish will be consumable sizes. larger fish can be harvested for home consumption or for selling into the market to fulfill the demand. during fish harvesting, the following points should be taken into consideration ▪ fish weight: fish should be table size ▪ market price: during any festival the price become high ▪ risks: flood, drought, winter, pouching are the risks for fish culture ▪ seed availability: after partial harvesting for restocking of seeds into the pond during fish harvesting, two methods should be followed by the fish farmers. like: ▪ partial harvesting and restocking, and ▪ complete harvesting 5.5.1 partial harvesting and restocking by partial harvesting and restocking of fish seed, fish production can be increased. in the case of partial harvesting, 15-20% more fry should be stocked than the number of species to be caught. 5.5.2 complete harvesting complete harvesting can be done by pond drying or by surrounding netting. complete harvesting is done at the end of the desired period. the pond makes ready again for fish culture after the complete harvesting of fish. some guidelines during fish harvesting ▪ the dry and clean net should be used for harvesting; this will ensure less probability of spread diseases ▪ during partial harvesting undersize fishes should be immediately released into the water ▪ during harvesting, fish should not be stressed; it will make the fish tired and encourage decomposition. 5.5.3 marketing fish should be marketed early in the morning or local market time. fish should be marketed after properly cleaning to reduce the chance of decomposition. live fishes have high market demand and prices. so, if it is possible to live fish should be marketed for getting better prices and profit. 6. conclusion the fisheries sector is the most emerging and potential sector in bangladesh. it has a great contribution to livelihood development and nutrition for rural people of bangladesh. but in some cases, the immense potential of this sector has remained largely unutilized due to ignorance of such potential resources and lack of technical knowledge in this respect in bangladesh. nevertheless, proper aquaculture system design, good stocking, and water quality management are essential to successful and quality fish production. consequently, maintaining a good culture environment through the use of proper management practices will reduce the risk of disease and increase production, fish quality, and marketability. therefore, it is essential to implement and follow good aquaculture management practices to ensure quality and quantity yield. aquaculture business is viable in bangladesh from all indications but needs more efforts from the both public and government to increase its local production to bridge the gap between the fish demand and supply in the country. references agropedia. (2012). retrieved from http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/removal-aquatic-weeds-fish-rearing-ponds/ baishya, s. (2018). pre stocking and post stocking management practices in carp culture. apart (cof, aau). dof. (2018). yearbook of fisheries statistics of bangladesh, 2017-18. fisheries resources survey system (frss), department of fisheries. bangladesh: ministry of fisheries, volume 35: p. 129 fao. (2018). fisheries and aquaculture department. retrieved from http://www.fao.org. mohan, c.v. (2007). seed quality in freshwater fish production. pp. 499–517. in: m.g. bondad-reantaso (ed.). assessment of freshwater fish seed resources for sustainable aquaculture. fao fisheries technical paper. no. 501. rome, fao. 628p. http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/removal-aquatic-weeds-fish-rearing-ponds/ http://www.fao.org/ copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 9 sunny, a.r., masum, k.m., islam, n., rahman, m., rahman, a., islam, j., rahman,s., ahmed, k.j., prodhan, s.h. (2020a). analyzing livelihood sustainability of climate-vulnerable fishers: insight from bangladesh. journal of aquaculture research and development, 11(6). sunny, a.r., sazzad, s.a., datta, g.c., sarker, a.k., ashrafuzzaman, m., prodhan, s.h. (2020b). assessing impacts of covid-19 on aquatic food system and small-scale fisheries in bangladesh. the world bank. (2018). retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sp.pop.totl?locations=bd/ zahura, i., & islam, m.s. (2017). ecofish-bd. dhaka, bangladesh: worldfish, manual. pp. 20 copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research; vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by centre for research on islamic banking & finance and business, usa 33 33 counsellors’ competence in managing school related crises in southwestern nigerian universities, nigeria lawal oluwabukola esther department of educational foundations and counselling obafemi awolowo university, ile-ife, nigeria atoyebi adeola olusegun department of educational foundations and counselling obafemi awolowo university, ile-ife, nigeria e-mail: adeola671@gmail.com abstract the study ascertained the availability and adequacy of trained guidance counsellors in south-western nigerian universities. it also investigated the common crises in the universities; determined and examined the level of counsellors’ competence in managing crises in south-western universities. these were with a view to providing information on some factors that could influence crises management in the universities by universities guidance counsellors. the study adopted a descriptive survey research design. the population for the study comprised all guidance counsellors in southwestern nigerian universities. the sample size comprised 128 respondents in southwestern universities and three states (osun, oyo and ogun) were also selected from six states (oyo, osun, ogun, ekiti, ondo and lagos) in southwest nigeria using simple random sampling technique. two instruments were used to elicited information for the study, namely: checklist of availability & adequacy of counsellors (caac) and counsellors’ competence scale (ccs) data collected were analyzed using percentage, chis-square and multiple regressions. the result showed that the availability and adequacy of trained guidance counsellors in southwestern nigeria universities were not adequate, federal 27(93.1%) state 19(100.0%) and private 35(97.2%). the result also revealed common crises in the southwestern nigerian universities showing truancy has the commonest crisis in the school with 3(4.0%), followed by drug abuse 9(10.9%) , cultism is the third one 9(10.9%)and so on. furthermore, the result of this study showed how competent school counselors are, with federal universities having the most competent counselors 8(27.6%), followed by state university with 4(21.0%) and private university with 7(19.4%). the result showed the difference in the competence of the universities counsellor based on the institutions f-ratio (f = 3.409 and sig = 0.035), the difference in the competence of the universities counsellor based on the institutions is significant at p < 0.05.it was concluded that counselor competence had significant relationship with school crises management. keywords: crises management, counselor competence. 1. introduction crisis is a temporary emotional condition wherein one’s usual coping strategies have failed in face of a perceived challenge or threat in the school (i.e. university). school related crises refer to the unrest, riot health hazards, religious crises, cultisim, rape, bullying, truancy etc that do come up within the school. disturbing school events have the potential to erupt in schools at any time. these deleterious situations may range in scope from the riot, protest or natural catastrophes such as tornadoes or floods, to emergencies such as the death of a student, damages to properties or man-made disasters such as school shootings or suicides. school crises bring chaos that undermines the safety and stability of the school and may make it difficult to protect students and staff (allen, 2002). furthermore, crises put individuals in a state of psychological disequilibrium with feelings of anxiety, helplessness, and confusion. where crises do occur, impairment in problem solving abilities and academic growth has the potential to occur (allen, 2002). some of the examples of school related crises are; students riots, staff protest may be as a result of and non-promotion of staffs, increment in students school fees and so on. for instance, in 2018, bowen university unrest that occurred on the 04/12/2018 where one hundred students were rusticated because they were tested on drugs use by the university management and they were found guilty of the offence and their studentship were terminated and because of this, their colleagues started burning hostels within the university in solidarity and the school was shut down immediately. managing school related crises may be referred to ways and methods that school counsellors have laid down to control and quench crises whenever they may occur in the university. schools and school system are increasingly expected and legally obligated to be prepared for and respond to crises impacting school communities. however, there have been few systematic efforts to develop training programs designed to increase the crisis preparation and response abilities of school based copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 34 professionals (competent counsellor). in addition to this general obligation to provide a safe learning environment, school systems are beginning to be held accountable for crisis prevention, preparation, and response. management of school related crises may refer to the act of handling and controlling students’ disorderliness in an educational institution by the management of such institutions through the help of competent and prepared counsellor. when school related crises are properly managed, there may be smooth academic calendar, secured lives and properties may be guaranteed and peace will rain in the institution. scholar such as alabi (2002), have written on the management of school related crises in nigeria. according to this scholar, efforts at managing school related crises by the concerned authorities (government and institutions) often take the form of immediate closure of institutions with an ultimatum instructing students to vacate their halls of residence and premises; suspension or dissolution of students’ unions and their executives. and when the crises have a national impact, the government often reacts by proscribing the students’ union organization at the national or state level. other strategies mentioned by this scholar (alabi, 2002) include rustication or outright expulsion of student leaders and the use of security forces like the police/army to maintain law and order in the affected institution. the researcher observed that in recent times in southwestern universities in nigeria, school crises are at a high rate and this has been resulting in loss of lives, properties, distortion of the academic calendar, school activities and it seems school counsellors may not know how to manage those crises. the frequency with which these crises occur is alarming, leading many to believe that it is not a matter of crisis will occur in a school or school district but instead a question of when a crisis will occur, overall effects and how to manage school related crises whenever it occurs (brock, 2002). this has become worrisome to all and sundry and this formed the premise for this study and the need for this study in the southwestern universities nigeria. over the last decade, there has been an increasing focus throughout the country on managing school related crises. in addition to the highly publicized incidences of school violence, other school crises have included the sudden, unexpected loss of a child or staff member due to injury or violence, serious injuries at school or in the community, anticipated deaths due to longterm illness, natural and industrial disasters, and acts of war and terrorism (brock, 2002; brock & jimerson, 2004). other factors such as teacher’s factors, students’ factors, environmental factors, peers’ factors, family factors and so on may play good roles in managing school related crises. differences in managing school related crises can surely be explained by differences in cognitive aptitude of school counsellors, but variables like counsellors’ competence and preparedness may also be explored. the ability of a school counsellor to manage and control school crises is called counsellor competence. it is expected of a counsellor to be competent in order to discharge the required professional duties without breach of ethics. they also bring with them varying levels of confidence to complete those duties. however, some universities counsellors may find it easy to succeed in dealing with students and riots in the school. that is they are competent. counsellor competence is one of the variables that measure an individual’s success or failure in counselling the undergraduates and handling students’ unrest in the school. counsellor’s competence may be referred to as use of a set of related knowledge and skills required to successfully perform a task, handling students, students’ unrest in the school and other disasters in southwestern nigeria university. competencies often serve as the basis for skills standards that specify the level of knowledge, skills and abilities required for success in the task (rajesh, 2014). counsellor competence is the capability of counsellors to apply or use a set of related knowledge, skills and abilities required to be successful in a counselling task and managing school related crises. counsellor competence may be related to abilities, skills, knowledge and dispositions of cognitive and non-cognitive nature that allow counsellors to perform their duties. this field of counsellors education has evolved over the year of practice, more recently guided by the accreditation standards created by cacrep (council for accreditation of counselling and related educational programs). cacrep are those standards of preparation for professional practice, the latest being dated 2016, that specify the knowledge and skills needed to offer professional counselling and managing crises that may occur at working place. from these standards, so far it has been observed that knowledge and skills comprise only two aspects of the professional practice; the third aspect being the personal qualities of the provider of those competencies of the professional counsellors. this means that the qualities of the counsellor are vital to the success of counselling and management of school crisis. previous researches such as corey & corey (2003); campbell & christopher (2012); neukrug (2012) have identified several personal characteristics that exemplify an effective and competent counsellor. professional school counsellors demonstrate competence as instructors and understand the dynamics of the classroom and the school setting. this initial experience provides the background for their understanding of school-related situations and problems and an understanding of the opportunities available in the school system. competencies, in the most general terms, are “things” that an individual must demonstrate to be effective in a job, role, function, task, or duty. these “things” include jobrelevant behavior (what a person says or does that results in good or poor performance), motivation (how a person feels about a job, organization, or geographic location), and technical knowledge/skills (what a person knows/demonstrates regarding facts, technologies, a profession, procedures, a job, an organization, etc.). competencies may be identified through the study of jobs and roles. copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 35 professional school counsellors accept responsibility for self-directed professional development through continuous efforts to improve their competence in meeting and exceeding standards in performing their jobs. professional behavior also entails the expectation that counsellors have a responsibility to improve the inclusivity of the school environment, to maintain collaborative inter-professional relationships and make sure that law and order are maintained in the universities. professional school counsellors demonstrate professional behavior in all components of a comprehensive, developmental guidance and counselling program; however, accountability for the time dedicated to these activities applies to the system support component. (allen, burt., bryan carter, orsi, & durkan, 2002) school counsellors are expected to be involved in managing these crises. successful management of such crises may require that the counsellor be competent. the effect of competence of the counsellors in universities today is not known because most universities still experience crisis. the persistence of this might be unconnected to the level of competency of the counsellors and also their preparedness in the management of these crises. there is the need for a research to establish the connectivity and inter-connectivity of counsellors’ competence in managing school related crises in the university; hence this study. 1.1 purpose of the study the purpose of this study is to:  establish the availability and adequacy of trained guidance counsellors in south-western nigerian universities;  investigate the common crises in the universities;  examine the level of counsellors’ competence in managing crises in south-western universities. 1.2 research questions the following questions were raised to guide the study  how available and adequate are trained counsellors in southwestern nigerian universities?  what are the common crises in the universities?  what is the level of counsellors’ competence to manage crises in south western 1.3 research hypotheses the following hypotheses were postulated  there is no significance relationship between the level of counsellors competence and prevalence of crises in south western universities.  the difference in the competence of counsellors to manage school crises based on the institution (federal, state and private) is not significant. 2. methodology the study adopted the descriptive survey research design. this entails the process of gathering information from a representative sample of a population. the descriptive survey design studies characteristics and opinions of relatively small samples of a population through which it seeks to determine the incidence and distribution of such characteristics and opinions in the population. this study adopted this research design because it sought to obtain information from a representative sample of the population. the dependent variable was school related crises management. the independence variable was counsellor competence. this study seeks to find out the availability of counsellors, competence in managing school related crises in southwestern universities in nigeria, using a questionnaire to collect data, the descriptive survey is therefore considered appropriate for the study. school related crises management was measured using checklist on availability and adequacy of councellors scale to establish the levels availability and adequacy of aouncellors. also, the independence variable, counsellors competence was measured using counsellors competence scale of chen and gully (2001) to establish counsellors’ competence. this consists of three sections: section a is the bio-data of the respondents while section b and c were checklist on availability and adequacy of councellors and counselor competence scale respectively. the instruments were validated with the help of experts in tests and measurement and psychology of education at obafemi awolowo university, ile-ife. kaiser-olkin measure of sampling adequacy (kmo) and bartlett’s test of sphericity (bts) were carried out to ascertain the usability of factorial validation for the validation of the items in each section of the questionnaire and each item yielded uniform data. the kaiser-meyer-olkin measure of sampling adequacy (kmo) value for stigma consciousness and self-image scale were 0.85 and 0.925 respectively which is greater than critical value at 0.05 level of significance and so is acceptable. the cronbach’s alpha approach was adopted in determining the reliability of the scale and it yielded a coefficient of 0.8216and 0.756. copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 36 3. results research question 1: what is the availability and adequacy of trained guidance counsellors in southwestern nigeria universities? to answer this question, sampled counsellors’ response to section b of the study instrument was compiled and coded and the data collected were analyzed with the use of frequency count and percentage. the result is as presented in table 1. table 1. availability and adequacy of trained guidance counsellors in southwestern nigeria universities institution availability of trained counsellors adequacy of trained counsellors not trained trained not adequate adequate federal 2(6.9%) 27(93.1%) 19(65.5%) 10(34.5%) state 0 19(100.0%) 15(78.9%) 4(21.1%) private 1(2.8%) 35(97.2%) 8(22.2%) 28(77.8%) total 3(3.6 %) 81(96.4%) 42(50.0%) 42(50.0%) the result as presented in table. 1. showed that while 6.9% of sampled counsellors in the federal universities reported that they were not trained counsellors 2.8% of sampled counsellors in private universities reported not to be trained that is 93.1%, 100% and 97.2% of employed counsellors in southwestern federal, state and private universities were trained counsellors. however, 65.5%, 78.9% and 22.2% of the sampled southwestern state federal, state and private universities guidance counsellors respectively were of the opinion that the available trained guidance counsellors in the universities were not adequate. research question 2: what are the common crises in the study area? to answer this question, sampled guidance counsellors’ response to section c of the study instrument were coded and analyzed using frequency count and percentage to establish the occurrence of the identified common crises. this was followed by determining the most to the least common of the identified crises us rsi. the result is as presented in table 2. table 2. counsellors identified common crises in the study area identified common crises no yes rsi rank health hazard 15(17.8%) 69(82.2%) 0.910931 8 religious crises 24(28.3%) 60(71.7%) 0.8583 11 rape 22(26.3%) 62(73.7%) 0.868421 10 harassment 11(13.0%) 73(87.0%) 0.935223 7 cultism 9(10.9%) 75(89.1%) 0.945344 3 emotional distress 11(13.0%) 73(87.0%) 0.935223 6 bullying 11(12.6%) 73(87.4%) 0.937247 4 psychological disequilibrium 19(22.7%) 65(77.3%) 0.88664 9 drug abuse 9(10.9%) 75(89.1%) 0.945344 2 truancy 3(4.0%) 81(96.0%) 0.979757 1 sexual violence 11(13.0%) 73(87.0%) 0.935223 5 the result as presented in table 2 showed that 96.0% of the sampled counsellors were of the opinion that “truancy” is the most common crises in the study area and its rank first among the identified crises. ‘drug abuse and ‘cultism were ranked second and third of the common crises in the study area respectively while ‘bullying’ and ‘sexual violence’ were ranked fourth and fifth with 89.1% and 87.4% of the guidance counsellors respectively reporting them as common crises. table 2 also showed that guidance counsellors ranked ‘psychological disequilibrium ‘rape’ and ‘religious crises’ as ninth, tenth and eleventh mos t common crises in the southwestern nigerian universities respectively. research question 3: how competent are southwestern nigeria universities counsellor in the management of school crises? to answer this question, sampled counsellors’ responses to section d items of the study instrument were scored and the scores were used to determine the level of competence. on the scale the minimum and maximum scores obtained were 35 and 53 with a mean and standard deviation ( x = 45.40, sd = 5.42) scores. counsellors with scores that ranged between the minimum and copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 37 the mean minus one standard deviation (35-40) were categorized as ‘not competent’ while counsellors with scores that is greater than the mean minus one standard deviation but less than the mean plus one standard deviation (41-50) were categorized to be ‘averagely competent’ and those with scores that ranged between the mean plus one standard deviation and the maximum score (51-52) were categorized to be at ‘highly competent’. with the use of frequency count and percentage, a number of counsellors in each preparedness level was determined and presented in table 3. table 3. competency of southwestern nigeria universities counsellor in the management of school crises competency of university counsellors total institutions not competent averagely competent highly competent federal 6(20.7%) 15(51.7%) 8(27.6%) 29 state 6(31.6%) 9(47.4%) 4(21.0%) 19 private 9(25.0%) 20(55.6%) 7(19.4%) 36 total 21(21.0%) 44(52.4%) 19(22.6%) 84 table 3 showed that while 21.0% of the sampled counsellors were not competent to manage occurring school crises, 52.4% and 22.6% of them were averagely and highly competent for the management of school crises. table 3 also showed that 27.6% of counsellors in the federal universities were highly competent while 21.0% and 19.4% of counsellors in state and private universities respectively were highly competent for the job of managing school crises as they occurred. hypothesis 3: the difference in the competence of counsellors to manage school crises based on the institution (federal, state and private) is not significant to test this hypothesis, the difference in sampled counsellors’ scores on section d items of the study instrument was determined using one-way analysis of variance (anova) and the result is as presented in table 4. table 4. difference in southwestern nigeria universities counsellors’ competence in managing school crises based on ownership (federal, state and private) sum of squares df mean square f sig. between groups 196.512 2 98.256 3.409 .035 groups 2363.404 82 28.822 total 2559.916 84 the result as presented in table 4 showed that with the f-ratio (f = 3.409 and sig = 0.035), the difference in the competence of the universities counsellor based on the institutions is significant at p < 0.05. therefore a post hoc test of multiple comparisons was carried out to identify where the difference lies between the institutions. the result is presented in table 4. 4. discussion of findings counsellors are expected to be endowed with school crises management skills which requires competency and adequate preparedness. however, the preparedness and competency of most university counsellors are not ascertained at the point of employment and even in the course of discharging their duties. this study therefore established the connectivity and interconnectivity of counsellors’ competence and preparedness in managing school related crises in the university across southwestern states of nigeria. the findings of the study with respect to research question one showed that majority of employed counsellors in southwestern federal, state and private universities were trained however, the available university counsellors were not adequate in relation to students’ population. the inadequate availability of counsellor as discovered in this study is in line with tambawal (2007) report of inadequate availability of relevant equipment and facilities needed for running counselling services in the schools. the inadequacy in the availability of counsellor may be as a result of okere (2005) observation of improper funding of counselling services in schools. though there is an inadequate availability of counsellors in the southwestern universities as reported in the study, the available counsellors in the southwestern universities were found to be less prepared but competent for the job of managing school crises as they occurred. these findings were in line with brock, (2002) findings which said that counsellors are usually copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 38 prepared to manage school related crises and maxwell (2014) who found out that, school counsellors demonstrated above average level of competencies, while non-school setting counsellors demonstrated below average competencies in the areas of human development and growth physical, cognitive, and psychosocial aspect of human development. school counsellors demonstrated above average in competencies relating to theories of learning and personality development, while non-school setting counsellors demonstrated below average. which means that counsellors in the school and non-school settings are professional in the field of counselling, and are expected to have competencies in the areas of helping relationship, client assessment, human growth and development, and professional orientations and ethical practice. furthermore, the findings collaborate with the studies of anagbogu & nwokolo (2010) and oraegbunam (2008) who had earlier listed similar challenges in their previous work. the respondents, however, disagreed totally with the item which stated “incompetence on the part of the counsellors”. the disagreement on the part of the respondents probably may be due to the fact that they do not want to underrate their ability to deliver effective counselling skills and techniques. when counsellor is competent, this means that the counsellor possessed the needed skills, knowledge and methods to curb and manage school related crises whenever they occurred and this is in line with (brock & brock 2002; 2004) study which stated that crises related will be well managed and prevented when a counsellors is competent, and competence of a counsellors means that possessing required skills, knowledge and abilities to manage crises. the finding of the present study also showed that truancy, drug abuse, cultism, bullying and sexual violence were the common crises in the southwestern nigerian universities. the finding was in agreement with nwadiani (1994), oghuvbu (2006) and ogbuvbu (2010). they found out that truancy, drug abuse and sexual violence could result into poor academic achievement, loosing friends and parties and disruption in class. however, this finding was contrary to the findings of (allen, 2002) which stated that indiscipline is the common crises that usually occur in the school. 5. conclusion the present study established that majority of guidance counsellors in the tertiary institutions in southwestern nigerian universities possessed a moderate level of competence and are ready for crises management in the school. it further showed that ‘truancy’ is the most common crises in the study area. the study also concluded that counsellor competence could enhance crises management. finally, it was concluded that crises management depended on the influence of counsellor competence. 6. recommendations arising from the findings and conclusion of this study, following recommendations were proposed to further enhance crises management in southwestern nigerian university, which will result to crises free in the universities, smooth academic calendar and secured lives and properties within the school. therefore, this study should be applied to various educational and counselling settings. these recommendations are given subsequently. there is a need for university guidance counsellors to make realistic commitments to their duties with the intension to be successful in managing school crises. it is also important that university guidance counsellors should be competent and prepared to manage crises within the school whenever it occurs. counsellors’ associations should organize periodic academic seminars for university guidance counsellors on how to be competent, prepared and these will help them in managing school crises whenever they occur. government and owners of private universities should also encourage university guidance counsellors to possessed competence skills and get prepared to manage crises within the school whenever they occur and this will make them be successful at it. references allen, m., & ashbaker, b. y. (2004). strengthening schools: involving paraprofessionals in crisis prevention and intervention. intervention in school and clinic, 39, 139-146. allen, m., burt, k., bryan, e., carter, d., orsi, r., & durkan, l. (2002).school counsellors’ preparation for and participation in crisis intervention. professional school counselling, 6, 96-102. allen, m., jerome, a., white, a., marston, s., lamb, s., pope, d., & rawlins, c. (2002). the preparation of school psychologists for crisis intervention. psychology in the schools, 39, 427-439. alabi g. g. (2002). crisis response in the public schools: a survey of school psychologists’ experiences and perceptions . psychology in theschools, 44, 749-763. anagbogu .z.a, et.al nwokolo. (2010) & oraegbunam. (2008). managing in a pareto world calls for thinking. management, 14(2), 89-118. brock, s. e. & poland, s. (2002). school crisis preparedness. in s. e. brock, p. j. lazarus, & s. r. jimerson (eds.), best practices in school crisis prevention and intervention (pp. 273-288). bethesda, md: national association of school psychologists. copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 39 brock, s. e., & jimerson, s. r. (2004a). characteristics and consequences of crisis events: a primer for the school psychologist. in e. r. gerler jr. (ed.), handbook of school violence (pp. 273-284). new york: hawthorn reference press. brock, s. e. (2002a). crisis theory: a foundation for the comprehensive crisis prevention and intervention team. in s. e. brock, p. j. lazarus, & s. r. jimerson (eds.), best practices in school crisis prevention and intervention (pp. 5-18). bethesda, md: national association of school psychologists. corey, g., corey, m. s., & callanan, p. (1998). issues and ethics in the helping professions (5th ed.). pacific grove, ca: brooks/cole. corey, m.s., & corey, g. (2002). groups: process and practice (6th.ed.). pacific grove,ca: brooks/cole. corey, m.s., & corey, g. (2003). becoming a helper.(4th.ed). pacific grove. ca.brooks/cole. maxwell. d. e. (2014). professional competency among school and non-school counsellors in rivers state, nigeria. singaporean journal of business economics, and management studies, 3(4). nwadiani m. (1994). managing pupil’s attendance data for computerization. a paper presented at the niera – computerization of educational data conference, university of benin, 21-24 june. okere a. (2005). the effective school counsellors: perception of students, teachers and counsellors. j. educ. foundations, 1, 147-152. tambawal, m.u. (2007). counselling for effective management of human resources. paper presented at the 2007 casson conference at ota, ogun state. august. 14 – 17. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1 april-june; 2019 published by centre for research on islamic banking & finance and business 19 l1 norm solution of overdetermined system of linear equations bijan bidabad b.a., m.sc., ph.d., post-doc. professor economics and chief islamic banking advisor bank melli, iran e-mail:bijan@bidabad.com abstract in this paper, three algorithms for weighted median, simple linear, and multiple m parameters l1 norm regressions are introduced. the corresponding computer programs are also included. keywords: l1 norm, regression, algorithm, computer program 1. introduction l1 norm criterion is going to find its place in scientific analysis. since it is not computationally comparable with other criteria such as l2 norm, it needs more work to make it a hand tool. the closed form of the solution of the l1 norm estimator has not been derived yet, and therefore, makes further inferences of the properties of this estimator difficult. any attempt to give efficient computational algorithms which may introduce significant insight into the different characteristics of the problem is desirable. in this regard, bidabad (1989a,b) gives a general procedure to solve the l1 norm linear regression problem. the proposed algorithms are based on a special descent method and use a discrete differentiation technique. primary designs of the algorithms have been discussed by bidabad (1987a,b,88a,b). by manipulating the algorithms, more efficient ones were introduced by bidabad (1989a,b), which has been shown to have better performance than other existing algorithms. consider the following regression model, m yi = σ ßjxij + ui i=1,...,n (1) j=1 where ßj, j=1,...,m are unknown population parameters to be estimated, yi, xij, and ui are dependent, independent and random error variables respectively. we wish to estimate ß j's by minimizing the sum of absolute errors given by the following expression: n n m s = σ │ui^│ = σ │yi σ ßj^xji│ (2) i=1 i=1 j=1 where ßj^ is the estimated value of ßj. when m=1, we are confronted with a weighted median problem. 2. weighted median computation (restricted one parameter model) let us now consider a simple restricted linear model in which m=1 namely, yi = ß1xi1 + ui (3) for the model given by (3), the l1 norm objective function s to be minimized will be, n n s = σ │yi ß1xi1│ = σ │xi1││yi/xi1 ß│ (4) mailto:bijan@bidabad.com copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 20 i=1 i=1 two series of computations are necessary to compute the weighted median. one sorting algorithm is essential to sort the ratio array (yi/xi1) and restoring the corresponding subscripts for the second part of the calculation to find the left and right weights (│xi1│) sequences. efficient sorting algorithms exist for the first part of the computation. the algorithms 'quicksort' of hoare (1961,62), 'quickersort' of scowen (1965) and 'sort' of singleton (1969) have desirable performances and efficiencies. for the second part of the computation, there is no special purpose procedure, but bloomfield and steiger (1980) used the partial sorting of chambers (1971) to give an efficient way to combine the two steps of sorting and finding the optimal observation. the superiority of this procedure is in sorting the smaller segments of the array rather than all its elements. with some modification, this procedure is used by bidabad (1989a,b). the procedure can be stated as the following function. function lwmed (n,ys,w,l) step 0) initialization. real: ys(n), w(n). integer: l(n), hi. set: ii=0, shi=0, slo=0, sz=0, sp=0, sn=0. step 1) compute left, the middle and right sum of weights. do loop for i=1,n: w(i)=│w(i)│; if ys(i)<0, then sn=sn+w(i), if ys(i)>0, then sp=sp+w(i), if ys(i)=0 then sz=sz+w(i); end do. if shi≤slo then go to step 2.b, otherwise go to step 2.a. step 2) assign subscripts for arrays. a. let: shi=0. do loop for i=1,n: if ys(i)≤0 go to continue, otherwise ii=ii+1, l(ii)=i, continue, end do. go to step 2.c. b. let: slo=0. do loop for i=1,n: if ys(i)>0 go to continue, otherwise ii=ii+1, l(ii)=i, continue, end do. c. let: lo=1, hi=ii. step 3) check for solution. if hi>lo+1 then go to step 4, otherwise lwmed=l(lo). if lo=hi return, otherwise if ys(l(lo))≤ys(l(hi)) go to step 3.a, otherwise lt=l(lo), l(lo)=l(hi), l(hi)=lt, lwmed=l(lo). a. if shi+w(l(hi))>slo+w(l(lo)) then set lwmed=l(hi), otherwise return. step 4) divide the string into two halves then sort. set: mid=(lo+hi)/2, lop=lo+1, lt=l(mid), l(mid)=l(lop),l(lop)=lt. a. if ys(l(lop))≤ys(l(hi)) then go to step 4.b, otherwise lt=l(lop), l(lop)=l(hi), l(hi)=lt. b. if ys(l(lo))≤ys(l(hi)) then go to step 4.c, otherwise lt=l(lo), l(lo)=l(hi), l(hi)=lt. c. if ys(l(lop))≤ys(l(lo)) then go to step 5, otherwise lt=l(lop), l(lop)=l(lo), l(lo)=lt. step 5) compute the accumulation of weights. let: lwmed=l(lo), i=lop, j=hi, xt=ys(lwmed), tlo=slo, thi=shi. a. set: tlo=tlo+w(l(i)), i=i+1. if ys(l(i))<xt then go to step 5.a, otherwise go to step 5.b. b. let: thi=thi+w(l(j)), j=j-1. if ys(l(j))>xt then go to step 5.b, otherwise if j≤i then go to step 6, otherwise lt=l(i), l(i)=l(j), l(j)=lt, go to step 5.a. step 6) test for solution. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 21 let: test=w(lwmed). if i≠j then go to step 6.a, otherwise test=test+w(l(i)), i=i+1, j=j-1. a. if test≥│thi-tlo│ then return, otherwise, if tlo>thi then step 6.b, otherwise slo=tlo+test, lo=i, go to step 3. b. let: shi=thi+test, lo=lop, hi=j. go to step 3. end 3. unrestricted simple linear regression let us now consider a simple unrestricted linear model in which m=2 and x1i=1 for all i=1,...,n; namely, yi = ß1 + ß2xi2 + ui (5) for the model given in (5), the l1 norm objective function s to be minimized will be, n s = σ │yi ß1 ß2x2i│ (6) i=1 program bl1s step 0) initialization. parameter: n. real: y(n), x2(n), z(n), w(n). integer: l(n). set: k1=arbitrary, k1r=0, k1s=0, iter=0. read (y(i), x2(i), i=1,n) step 1) compute weights and ratios. do loop for i=1,k1-1: w(i)=x2(i)-x2(k1), z(i)=(y(i)-y(k1))/w(i), end do. set: w(k1)=0, z(k1)=0. do loop for i=k1+1,n: w(i)=x2(i)-x2(k1), z(i)=(y(i)-y(k1))/w(i) end do. set: iter=iter+1. step 2) compute weighted median. let: lm=lwmed(n,z,w,l). step 3) check for optimality. set: k1s=k1r, k1r=k1. if lm=k1s then go to step 4, otherwise k1=lm. go to step 1. step 4) compute the solution. let b2=z(lm), b1=y(k1)-b2*x2(k1). print b1, b2, k1, lm, iter. stop. end 4. general linear model for the general m parameter model, the following algorithm is proposed. program bl1 step 0) initialization. parameter: n, m, m1=m-1, m2=m-2. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 22 real: y(n), x(n,m1), xsk(m1), yw(n), xkw(n), w(n), ys(n), xs(n,m1), b(m), xw(n,2:m1), ysol(m1), xsol(m1,m1). integer: l(n), kk(m1). common: /c1/i1,i2. read: (y(i),(x(i,j),j=1,m1),i=1,n). let: iter=0, kr=0, mm=1, (kk(j)=arbitrary,j=1,m1). step 1) refill working arrays. do loop for i=1,n: ys(i)=y(i), do loop for j=1,m1: xs(i,j)=x(i,j), end do, end do. step 2) store weights and ratios for next iteration. do loop for i=1,n: w(i)=xkw(i), ys(i)=yw(i), do loop for j=1,m1: xs(i,j)=xw(i,j), end do, end do. step 3) compute the arguments for weighted median. a. set: jj=mm, k=kk(jj), ysk=ys(k), i1=1, i2=k-1. do loop for j=jj,m1: xsk(j)=xs(k,j), end do. b. do loop for j=jj,m1: call col1(xsk(j),xs(1,j)) end do. call col2(ysk,jj,w,ys,xs(1,jj)). if i2=n go to step 3.c; otherwise set: i1=k+1, i2=n, go to step 3.b. c. set: w(k)=0. if jj=m1 go to step 4; otherwise i1=1, i2=k-1, go to step 3.d. d. do loop for j=jj+1,m1: call col3(xs(1,j),xs(1,jj)), end do. if i=n go to step 3.e; otherwise i1=k+1, i2=n, go to step 3.d. e. if jj≠mm jj=jj+1, go to step 3, otherwise do loop for i=1,n: xkw(i)=w(i), yw(i)=ys(i); do loop for j=jj+1,m1: xw(i,j)=xs(i,j), end do; end do. set: jj=jj+1, go to step 3. step 4) compute the weighted median. set: ys(k)=0, iter=iter+1, lm=lwmed(n,ys,w,l). step 5) test for optimality. if lm=kr go to step 5.b; otherwise iopt=0 go to step 5.a. a. if mm=m1 set mm=1, kr=kk(mm), kk(mm)=lm, go to step 1; otherwise set mm=mm+1, kr=kk(mm), kk(mm)=lm, go to step 2. b. set: iopt=iopt+1. if iopt≠m1 go to step 5.a, otherwise go to step 6. step 6) compute the solution. set: b(m)=ys(lm). do loop for i=1,m1: ysol(i)=y(kk(i)); do loop for j=1,m1: xsol(i,j)=x(kk(i),j), end do; end do. set: jj=1. a. set: ysk=ysol(jj). do loop for j=jj,m1: xsx(j)=xsol(jj,j), end do. do loop for i=jj,m1: if i=jj go to continue; otherwise ysol(i)=ysol(i)-ysk, do loop for j=jj,m1: xsol(i,j)=xsol(i,j)xsk(j), end do; set ysol(i)=ysol(i)/xsol(i,jj), continue, end do. b. do loop for i=jj,m1: if i=jj go to continue, otherwise, do loop for j=jj+1,m1: xsol(i,j)=xsol(i,j)/xsol(i,jj), end do; continue; end do. c. if jj=m2 go to step 6.d; otherwise go to step 6.a. d. do loop for i=1,m2: k=m-i, s=ysol(k); do loop for j=k,m1, s=sb(j+1)*xsol(k,j) end do, b(k)=s, end do. set: s=y(kk(1)). do loop for j=1,m1: s=s-b(j+1)*x(kk(1),j), b(1)=s, end do. print: ((b(j),j=1,m),(kk(j),j=1,m1),lm,iter). copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 23 stop. end the major portion of computation in this program is the transformation of two-dimensional arrays. passing columns of these arrays to other subroutines which involve only one-dimensional arrays saves the time of computation (see, barrodale and roberts (1974)). subroutine col1, col2, and col3 have been coded to do this task for subtraction, multiplication, and division, and for only division respectively. function lwmed, which is used to compute the weighted median has been introduced in section 2.1. subroutine col1(v1,v2) step 0) initialization real: v2(1). common /c1/i1,i2. step 1) subtraction. do loop for i=i1,i2: v2(i)=v2(i)-v1, end do. return. end subroutine col2(ysk,jj,v1,ys,v2) step 0) initialization. real: v1(1),v2(1),ys(1). common /c1/i1,i2. step 1) compute weights and ratios. if jj≠1 go to step 1.a,; otherwise do loop for i=i1,i2: v1(i)=v2(i), ys(i)=(ys(i)-ysk)/v2(i). return. a. do loop for i=i1,i2: v1(i)=v1(i)*v2(i), ys(i)=(ys(i)-ysk)/v2(i), end do. return. end subroutine col3(v1,v2) step 0) initialization. real: v1(1),v2(1),ys(1). common /c1/i1,i2. step 1) division. do loop for i=i1,i2: v1(i)=v1(i)/v2(i), end do. return. end 5. computer programs function lwmed(n,ys,w,l) c n number of observations (input). c ys(i) the array to be sorted (yi/xi1) (input). c w(n) the weight array (xi1) (input). c l the index of location of weighted median in the unsorted arrays (outpot). real ys(n),w(n) integer l(n),hi copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 24 ii=0 shi=0. slo=0. sz=0. sp=0. sn=0. do 4 i=1,n w(i)=abs(w(i)) if(ys(i))3 ,2 ,1 1 sp=sp+w(i) go to 4 2 sz=sz+w(i) go to 4 3 sn=sn+w(i) 4 continue shi=sp+sz slo=sn+sz if(shi.le.slo) go to 6 shi=0. do 5 i=1,n if(ys(i).le.0.) go to 5 ii=ii+1 l(ii)=i 5 continue go to 8 6 slo=0.0 do 7 i=1,n if(ys(i).gt.0.) go to 7 ii=ii+1 l(ii)=i 7 continue 8 lo=1 hi=ii 10 if(hi.gt.lo+1)go to 30 lwmed=l(lo) if(lo.eq.hi) return if(ys(l(lo)).le.ys(l(hi))) go to 20 lt=l(lo) l(lo)=l(hi) l(hi)=lt lwmed=l(lo) 20 if(shi+w(l(hi)).gt.slo+w(l(lo))) lwmed=l(hi) return 30 mid=(lo+hi)/2 lop=lo+1 lt=l(mid) l(mid)=l(lop) l(lop)=lt if(ys(l(lop)).le.ys(l(hi))) go to 40 lt=l(lop) l(lop)=l(hi) l(hi)=lt 40 if(ys(l(lo)).le.ys(l(hi)))go to 50 lt=l(lo) l(lo)=l(hi) l(hi)=lt copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 25 50 if(ys(l(lop)).le.ys(l(lo))) go to 60 lt=l(lop) l(lop)=l(lo) l(lo)=lt 60 lwmed=l(lo) i=lop j=hi xt=ys(lwmed) tlo=slo thi=shi 70 tlo=tlo+w(l(i)) i=i+1 if(ys(l(i)).lt.xt) go to 70 80 thi=thi+w(l(j)) j=j-1 if(ys(l(j)).gt.xt) go to 80 if(j.le.i) go to 90 lt=l(i) l(i)=l(j) l(j)=lt go to 70 90 test=w(lwmed) if(i.ne.j) go to 100 test=test+w(l(i)) i=i+1 j=j-1 100 if(test.ge.abs(thi-tlo)) return if(tlo.gt.thi)go to 110 slo=tlo+test lo=i go to 10 110 shi=thi+test lo=lop hi=j go to 10 end program bl1s c n number of observation (input). c y(n) dependent variable observations array (yi) (input). c x2(n) independent variable observations array (x2i) (input). c z(n) working array for (yi/xi2). c w(n) working array for index of sorted array of (yi/xi1). c l(n) working array for weights (xi1). parameter (n=1000) dimension y(n),x2(n),z(n),w(n),l(n) do 10 i=1,n 10 read(5,20) y(i),x2(i) 20 format(2f10.3) k1=n/2 k1r=0 k1s=0 30 do 40 i=1,k1-1 w(i)=x2(i)-x2(k1) 40 z(i)=(y(i)-y(k1))/w(i) w(k1)=0. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 26 z(k1)=0. do 50 i=k1+1,n w(i)=x2(i)-x2(k1) 50 z(i)=(y(i)-y(k1))/w(i) iter=iter+1 lm=lwmed(n,z,w,l) k1s=k1r k1r=k1 if (lm.eq.k1s) goto 60 k1=lm goto 30 60 b2=z(lm) b1=y(k1)-b2*x2(k1) print 70,b1,b2 70 format(1x,'b1=',f13.5,3x,'b2=',f13.5) stop end program bl1 c n number of observation (input). c m number of parameters (ß) (input). c y(n) dependent variable observations array (yi) (input). c x(n,m1) independent variable observations matrix (x2i,...,xmi) (input). c w(n) working array for index of sorted array of (yi/xi1). c l(n) working array for weights (xi1). c other arrays are working arrays. parameter (n=1000,m=5,m1=m-1,m2=m-2) dimension y(n),x(n,m1),xsk(m1),yw(n),xkw(n) dimension w(n),ys(n),xs(n,m1),b(m),xw(n,2:m1) dimension l(n),kk(m1),ysol(m1),xsol(m1,m1) common /c1/i1,i2 do 10 i=1,n 10 read(5,20) y(i),(x(i,j),j=1,m1) 20 format(10f10.3) iter=0 kr=0 mm=1 do 30 j=1,m1 30 kk(j)=j*n/m 40 do 50 i=1,n ys(i)=y(i) do 50 j=1,m1 50 xs(i,j)=x(i,j) go to 80 60 do 70 i=1,n w(i)=xkw(i) ys(i)=yw(i) do 70 j=mm,m1 70 xs(i,j)=xw(i,j) 80 jj=mm 90 k=kk(jj) ysk=ys(k) do 100 j=jj,m1 100 xsk(j)=xs(k,j) i1=1 i2=k-1 copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 27 110 do 120 j=jj,m1 120 call col1(xsk(j),xs(1,j)) call col2(ysk,jj,w,ys,xs(1,jj)) if(i2.eq.n) go to 130 i1=k+1 i2=n go to 110 130 w(k)=0. if (jj.eq.m1) go to 190 i1=1 i2=k-1 140 do 150 j=jj+1,m1 150 call col3(xs(1,j),xs(1,jj)) if(i2.eq.n) go to 160 i1=k+1 i2=n go to 140 160 if(jj.ne.mm) go to 180 do 170 i=1,n xkw(i)=w(i) yw(i)=ys(i) do 170 j=jj+1,m1 170 xw(i,j)=xs(i,j) 180 jj=jj+1 go to 90 190 ys(k)=0. iter=iter+1 lm=lwmed(n,ys,w,l) if(lm.eq.kr) go to 220 iopt=0 200 if(mm.eq.m1) go to 210 mm=mm+1 kr=kk(mm) kk(mm)=lm go to 60 210 mm=1 kr=kk(mm) kk(mm)=lm go to 40 220 iopt=iopt+1 if (iopt.ne.m1) go to 200 b(m)=ys(lm) do 230 i=1,m1 ysol(i)=y(kk(i)) do 230 j=1,m1 230 xsol(i,j)=x(kk(i),j) jj=1 240 ysk=ysol(jj) do 250 j=jj,m1 250 xsk(j)=xsol(jj,j) do 270 i=jj,m1 if(i.eq.jj) go to 270 ysol(i)=ysol(i)-ysk do 260 j=jj,m1 260 xsol(i,j)=xsol(i,j)-xsk(j) ysol(i)=ysol(i)/xsol(i,jj) copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 28 270 continue do 290 i=jj,m1 if(i.eq.jj) go to 290 do 280 j=jj+1,m1 280 xsol(i,j)=xsol(i,j)/xsol(i,jj) 290 continue if (jj.eq.m2) go to 300 jj=jj+1 go to 240 300 do 320 i=1,m2 k=m-i s=ysol(k) do 310 j=k,m1 310 s=s-b(j+1)*xsol(k,j) 320 b(k)=s s=y(kk(1)) do 330 j=1,m1 330 s=s-b(j+1)*x(kk(1),j) b(1)=s print 340,(b(j),j=1,m) 340 format(1x,f13.5) print 350,(kk(j),j=1,m1),lm,iter 350 format(1x,i13) stop end subroutine col1(v1,v2) dimension v2(1) common /c1/i1,i2 do 1 i=i1,i2 1 v2(i)=v2(i)-v1 return end subroutine col2(ysk,jj,v1,ys,v2) dimension v1(1),v2(1),ys(1) common /c1/i1,i2 if (jj.ne.1) go to 2 do 1 i=i1,i2 v1(i)=v2(i) 1 ys(i)=(ys(i)-ysk)/v2(i) return 2 do 3 i=i1,i2 v1(i)=v1(i)*v2(i) 3 ys(i)=(ys(i)-ysk)/v2(i) return end subroutine col3(v1,v2) dimension v1(1),v2(1) common /c1/i1,i2 do 1 i=i1,i2 1 v1(i)=v1(i)/v2(i) return end copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 29 references barrodale, f.d.k. roberts (1974) algorithm 478: solution of an overdetermined system of equations in the l1 norm. commun. acm, 17, 319320. bijan bidabad (1987a) least absolute error estimation. the first international conference on statistical data analysis based on the l1‎‎ norm and related methods, neuchatel, switzerland. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/lae-i.pdf bijan bidabad (1987b) least absolute error estimation, part ii. submitted to the first international conference on statistical data analysis based on the l1‎‎ norm and related methods, neuchatel, switzerland. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/lae-ii.pdf bijan bidabad (1988a) a proposed algorithm for least absolute error estimation. proc. of the third seminar of mathematical analysis. shiraz univ., 24-34, shiraz, iran. bijan bidabad (1988b) a proposed algorithm for least absolute error estimation, part ii. proc. of the third seminar of mathematical analysis, shiraz univ., 35-50, shiraz, iran. bijan bidabad (1989a) discrete and continuous l1‎‎ norm regressions, proposition of discrete approximation algorithms and continuous smoothing of concentration surface, ph.d. thesis, islamic azad univ., tehran, iran. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-norm-thesis-en.pdf bijan bidabad (1989b) discrete and continuous l1‎‎ norm regressions, proposition of discrete approximation algorithms and continuous smoothing of concentration surface, ph.d. thesis, islamic azad univ., tehran, iran. farsi translation. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-norm-thesis-fa.pdf bijan bidabad (2005). l1 norm based computational algorithms. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article6.pdf bijan bidabad (2005). l1 norm solution of overdetermined system of linear equations. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1article5.pdf bijan bidabad (2005). l1 norm based data analysis and related methods. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-articl1.pdf bijan bidabad (2005). new algorithms for the l1 norm regression. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article2.pdf bijan bidabad (2005). comparative study of the l1 norm regression algorithms. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-articl3.pdf bijan bidabad (2005). continuous l1 norm estimation of lorenz curve. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-articl4.pdf bijan bidabad (1993). estimating lorenz curve for iran by using continuous l1 norm estimation, economics and management journal, islamic azad university, no. 19, winter 1993, pp. 83-101. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/iraninc-l1.pdf bijan bidabad (2005). continuous l1 norm estimation of lorenz curve when probability density function is known. bijan bidabad (2005). usa income distribution counter-business-cyclical trend (estimating lorenz curve using continuous l1 norm estimation). first meeting of the society for the study of economic inequality (ecineq), palma de mallorca, spain, july 20-22, 2005. http://www.uib.es/congres/ecopub/ecineq/general.html http://www.uib.es/congres/ecopub/ecineq/papers/039bidabab.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/estimating-lorenz-us.pdf bijan bidabad, hamid shahrestani. (2008) an implied inequality index using l1 norm estimation of lorenz curve. global conference on business and finance proceedings. mercedes jalbert, managing editor, issn 1931-0285 cd, issn 1941-9589 online, volume 3, number 2, 2008, the institute for business and finance research, ramada plaza herradura, san jose, costa rica, may 28-31, 2008, pp. 148-163. global journal of business research, vol. 4, no. 1, 2010, pp.29-45. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-implied-inequality-index-4.pdf http://www.theibfr.com/archive/issn-1941-9589-v3-n2-2008.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/ssrn-id1631861.pdf p. bloomfield, w. steiger (1980) least absolute deviations curve fitting. siam j. sci. stat. com.1,290-301. j. chambers (1971) algorithm 410: partial sorting. commun. acm, 14, 357358. c.a.r. hoare (1961) algorithm 63 partition; 64, quicksort; and 65, find., comm. acm, 4, july, 321-322. c.a.r. hoare (1962) quicksort. comput. j., 5, 10-15. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/lae-i.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/lae-ii.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-norm-thesis-en.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-norm-thesis-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article6.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article5.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article5.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article1.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article2.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article3.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article3.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article4.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/iraninc-l1.pdf http://www.uib.es/congres/ecopub/ecineq/general.htm http://www.uib.es/congres/ecopub/ecineq/papers/039bidabab.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/estimating-lorenz-us.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-implied-inequality-index-4.pdf http://www.theibfr.com/archive/issn-1941-9589-v3-n2-2008.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/ssrn-id1631861.pdf copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 30 s. scowen (1965) algorithm 271 quickersort. commun. acm, 8, 669-670. r.s. singleton (1969) algorithm 347 sort. comm. acm, 12, 185-186. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1 april-june; 2019 published by centre for research on islamic banking & finance and business 41 continuous l1 norm estimation of lorenz curve bijan bidabad b.a., m.sc., ph.d., post-doc. professor economics and chief islamic banking advisor bank melli, iran e-mail:bijan@bidabad.com abstract in this paper, the l1 norm of continuous functions and corresponding continuous estimation of regression parameters are defined. the continuous l1 norm estimation problem of one and two parameters linear models in the continuous case is solved. we proceed to use the functional form and parameters of the probability distribution function of income to exactly determine the l1 norm approximation of the corresponding lorenz curve of the statistical population under consideration. keywords: l1 norm, lorenz curve, continuous estimation 1. introduction the skewness of income distribution is persistently exhibited for different populations and at different times. it is discussed that pearsonian family distributions are rival functions to explain income distribution. lorenz curve is a method to analyze the skew distributions. there is a relation between the area under the lorenz curve and the corresponding probability distribution function of the statistical population (see, kendall and stuart (1977)). that is, when the probability distribution function is known, we may find the corresponding gini coefficient as the measure of inequality. estimation of the lorenz curve is confronted with some difficulties. for this estimation, we should define an appropriate functional form which can accept different curvatures (see, bidabad and bidabad (1989a,b)). there is another problem, that is , to create the necessary data set for estimating the corresponding parameters of the lorenz curve, a large amount of computation on raw sample income data is inevitable. obviously, these problems, despite their computational difficulties, make the significance of the estimated parameters poor (see, bidabad and bidabad (1989a,b)). to avoid this, we try to estimate the functional form of the lorenz curve by using continuous information. in this paper, we use the probability density function of population income to estimate the lorenz function parameters. the continuous l1 norm smoothing method, which will be developed for estimating the regression parameters is used to solve this problem. however, we concentrate on two rival probability density functions of pareto and log-normal. since the former is simply integrable, there is no general problem to derive the corresponding lorenz function, and the function is uniquely derived. but in the latter case, the log-normal density function (which has better performance for full income range) than pareto distribution (which better fits to higher income range, (see, cramer (1973), singh and maddala (1976), salem and mount (1974)), is not integrable and we can not determine its corresponding lorenz function. in this regard, we should solve the problem by defining a general lorenz curve functional form and applying the l1 norm smoothing to estimate the corresponding parameters. in this paper, continuous l1 norm estimation is developed by using a similar method proposed in bidabad (1987a,88a,89a,b) for the discrete case. then the method is applied to the estimation of the lorenz curve functional forms which have been proposed by gupta (1984) and bidabad and bidabad (1989,92). in the end, we use our formulation to estimate gini ratio and kakwani length indices of inequality for the united states for the period of 1971-1990, based on the assumption that income is distributed log-normally. 2. l1 norm of continuous functions generally, lp norm of a function f(x) (see, rice and white (1964)) is defined by, ||f(x)||p = ∫xεi |f(x)|pdx)1/p (1) where, "i" is a closed bounded set. the l1 norm of f(x) is simply written as, ||f(x)||1 = ∫xεi |(x)|dx (2) suppose that the non-stochastic function f(x,β) of "x", is combined with stochastic disturbance term "u" to form y(x) as follows, y(x) = f(x,β) + u (3) mailto:bijan@bidabad.com copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 42 where, β is unknown parameters vector. rewriting u as the residual of y(x)-f(x,β), for l1 norm approximation of "β" we should find "β" vector such that the l1 norm of "u" is minimum. that is, min: s=||u||1=||y(x)-f(x,β)||1=∫xεi |y(x)-f(x,β)|dx (4) β 3. linear one parameter l1 norm continuous smoothing redefine f(x,β) as βx and y(x) as the following linear function, y(x) = βx + u (5) where, "β" is a single (non-vector) parameter. expression (4) reduces to: min: s = ||u||1 = ||y(x)βx||1 = ∫xεi |y(x)-f(x,β)|dx (6) β the discrete analog of (6) is solved by bidabad (1987a,88a,89a,b). in these papers, we proposed applying discrete and regular derivatives to the discrete problem by using a slack variable "t" as a point to distinguish negative and positive residuals. a similar approach is used here to minimize (6). to do so in this case, certain lipschitz conditions are imposed on the functions involved (see, usow (1967a)). rewrite (6) as follows, min: s = ∫xεi |x||y(x)/x – β|dx (7) β for convenience, define "i" as a closed interval [0,1]. the procedure may be applied to other intervals with no major problem (see, usow (1967a), hobby and rice (1965), kripke and rivlin (1965)). to minimize this function, we should first remove the absolute value sign of the expression after the integral sign. since "x" belongs to closed interval "i", y(x) (which is a linear function of "x") and also y(x)/x are smooth and continuous. thus, since y(x)/x is uniformly increasing or decreasing function of "x", a value of tєi can be found to have the following properties, y(x)/x < β if x < t y(x)/x = β if x = t (8) y(x)/x > β if x > t value of the slack variable "t" actually is the border of negative and positive residuals. if the value of "t" were known, from (8) (middle equation), we could calculate the optimal value of "β" or inversely. but nor "t" neither "β" are known. to solve this problem, according to (8), we can rewrite (7) as two separate definite integrals with different upper and lower bounds. ⌠t ⌠1 min: s = ⌡0 |x| (y(x)/x β)dx +⌡t |x| (y(x)/x β)dx (9) β decomposition of (7) into (8) has been done by use of the slack variable "t". since both "β" and "t" are unknown, to solve (9), we partially differentiate it with respect to "t" and "β" variables. δs ⌠t ⌠1 ─── = ⌡0 |x|dx ⌡t |x|dx = 0 (10) δβ and using liebniz' rule to differentiate the integrals with respect to their variable bounds "t", yields, δs y(t) y(t) ─── = -|t| [─── β] |t| [─── β] = 0 (11) δt t t since "x" belongs to [0,1], equation (10) can be written as, ⌠t ⌠1 ⌡0 xdx ⌡t xdx = 0 (12) or, ½ t2 ½ + ½t2 = 0 (13) which yields, t = √2/2 (14) substitute for "t" in equation (11), yields, y(√2/2) β = ───── (15) √2/2 remember that y(t) is function y(x) evaluated at x=t. value of "β" given by (15) is the optimal solution of (6). the above procedure actually is a generalization of laplace weighted median for the continuous case. before applying this procedure to the lorenz curve, let us develop the procedure for the two parameters linear model. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 43 4. linear two parameters l1 norm continuous smoothing now, we try to apply the above technique to the linear two parameters model. rewrite (4) as, min: s=||u||1=||y(x)-α-βx||1=∫xεi |y(x)-α-βx|dx (16) α,β where, "α" and "β" are two single (non-vector) unknown parameters and y(x) and "x" are as before. according to rice (1964c), let f(α*,β*,x) interpolates y(x) at the set of canonical points {xi;i=1,2}, if y(x) is such that y(x)-f(α*,β*,x) changes sign at these xi's and at no other points in [0,1], then f(α*,β*,x) is the best l1 norm approximation to y(x) (see also, usow (1967a)). with the help of this rule, if we denote these two points to t1 and t2 we can rewrite (16) for i=[0,1] as, ⌠t1 ⌠t2 ⌠1 s = ⌡0 [y(x)-α-βx]dx ⌡t1 [y(x)-α-βx]dx + ⌡t2 [y(x)-α-βx]dx (17) since t1 and t2 are also unknowns, we should minimize s with respect to α, β, t1 and t2. taking partial derivative of (17) using liebniz' rule with respect to these variables and equating them to zero, we will have, δs ⌠t1 ⌠t2 ⌠t1 ─── = ⌡0 dx + ⌡t1 dx ⌡t2 dx = 0 (18) δα δs ⌠t1 ⌠t2 ⌠t1 ─── = ⌡0 dx + ⌡t1 dx ⌡t2 dx = 0 (19) δβ δs ─── = 2[y(t1) -α-βt1] = 0 (20) δt1 δs ─── = 2[y(t2) -α βt2] = 0 (21) δt2 equations (18) through (21) may be solved simultaneously for α, β, t1 and t2. thus, we have the following system of equations, 2t2 2t1 1 = 0 (22) t2 2 t1 2 ½ = 0 (23) y(t1) α βt1 = 0 (24) y(t2) α βt2 = 0 (25) the solutions are, t1=1/4 (26) t2=3/4 (27) α = y(3/4)-(3/4)β = y(1/4)-(1/4)β (28) β = 2[y(3/4)-y(1/4)] (29) this procedure, similar to that of multiple regression model for discrete case may be expanded to include "m" unknown parameters which is not discussed here. some computational methods for solving the different cases of m parameters model are investigated by ptak (1958), rice and white (1964), rice (1964a,b,c,69,85), usow (1967a), lazarski (1975a,b,c,77) (see also, hobby and rice (1965), kripke and rivlin (1965), watson (1981)). now, let us have a look at lorenz curve and its proposed functional forms. 5. lorenz curve the lorenz curve for a random variable with probability density function f(v) may be defined as the ordered pair1, e(v|v≤v) (p(v|v≤v), ──────) vεr (30) e(v) where "p" and "e" stand for probability and expected value operators. for a continuous density function f(v), (30) can be written as, ⌠v ⌠v ⌡-∞ wf(w)dw 1 taguchi (1972a,b,c,73,81,83,87,88) multiplies the second element of (30) by p(v|v≤v) which is not correct; his definition of (31) is equivalent to ours. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 44 (⌡-∞ f(w)dw, ────────) ≡ (x(v),y(x(v))) (31) ⌠+∞l ⌡-∞wf(w)dw we denote (31) by (x(v),y(x(v))) where x(v) and y(x(v)) are its elements. therefore, "x" is a function which maps "v" to x(v) and "y" is a function which maps x(v) to y(x(v)). the function y(x(v)) is simply the lorenz curve function. in recent years some functional forms for the lorenz curve have been introduced. among different proposed functions, we use the forms of gupta (1984) and bidabad and bidabad (1989,92) which benefits from certain properties (see their articles for more explanations). gupta (1984) proposed the functional form, y=xax-1 a>1 (32) bidabad and bidabad (1989,92) suggest the following functional form: y=xbax-1 b≥1, a≥1 (33) to estimate the above functions by regular estimating method, we should gather discrete data from the statistical population, and manipulate them to construct relevant x and y vectors to estimate "a" of (32) or "a" and "b" of (33). if the probability distribution of income is known, instead of gathering discrete observations, we can estimate the lorenz curve by using the continuous l1 norm smoothing method for continuous functions. in the following section, we proceed to apply this method to estimate the parameters "a" of (32) and "a" and "b" of (33) by using the information of probability density function of income. 6. continuous l1 norm smoothing of lorenz curve to estimate the lorenz curve parameters when income probability density function is known, we can not always take straightforward steps. when the probability density function is easily integrable, there is no major problem in advance. we can find the functional relationship between the two elements of (31) by simple mathematical derivation. but, when integrals of (31) are not obtainable, another procedure should be adopted. suppose that the income of society is distributed with probability density function f(w). this density function may be a skewed function such as pareto or log-normal, as follows f(w)=θkθw-θ-1, wrk>0, θ>0 (34) f(w)=[1/wσ√(2π)]exp{-[ln(w)-μ]2/2σ2}, wε(0,∞), με(-∞,+∞), σ>0 (35) these two distributions have been known as good candidates for presenting the distribution of personal income. in the case of pareto density function of (34), we can simply derive the lorenz curve function as follows. let f(w) denote the pareto distribution function: f(w)=1-(k/w)θ (36) with mean equal to, e(w)= θk/(θ-1), θ>1 (37) if we find the function y as stated by (31) as a function of x, the lorenz function will be derived. now, proceed as follows. rearrange the terms of (31) as, ⌠v x(v) = ⌡-∞ f(w)dw (38) ⌠ tv y(x(v)) = [1/e(x)]⌡-∞ wf(w)dw (39) substitute pareto distribution function, x(v) = f(v) = 1-(k/v)θ (40) ⌠v y(x(v)) = [(θ-1)/θk]⌡k wθkθw-θ-1dw (41) or, y(x(v)) = 1-(k/v)θ-1 (42) now, by solving (40) for "v" and substituting in (42), the lorenz curve for pareto distribution is derived as, y = 1-(1-x)(θ-1)/θ (43) as it was shown in the case of pareto distribution, formula of lorenz curve is easily obtained. but, if we select the log-normal density function (35), the procedure may not be the same. because the integral of log-normal function has not been derived yet. in the following pages, the l1 norm smoothing technique will be developed to estimate the parameters of given functional forms (32) and (33) by using the continuous probability density function. according to (30) and (31) independent and dependent variables of (32) and (33) may be written as, ⌠v x(v) = ⌡0 f(w)dw (44) ⌠v copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 45 y(x(v)) = [1/e(x)] ⌡0 wf(w)dw (45) substitute (44) and (45) inside (32) and define random error term u as, ⌠v ⌠v ⌠v ⌡0 f(w)dw-1 [1/e(w)]⌡0 wf(w)dw = ⌡0 f(w)dw.a . eu (46) or briefly, y(x)=xax-1eu (47) similarly for the model (35), ⌠v ⌠v ⌠v b ⌡0 f(w)dw-1 [1/e(w)]⌡0 wf(w)dw={⌡0 f(w)dw} . a . eu (48) or briefly, y(x)=xbax-1eu (49) taking natural logarithm of (47) and (49), gives, ln y(x)=ln x + (x-1)ln a + u (50) ln y(x)=b.ln x + (x-1)ln a + u (51) with respect to properties of lorenz curve and probability density function of f(w) and equations (46) to (49), it is obvious that x belongs to the interval [0,1]. thus the l1 norm objective function for minimizing (50) or (51) is given by, ⌠1 min: s = ⌡0 |u|dx (52) now, let us deal with l1 norm estimation of "a" of lorenz curve functional form (32) (redefined by (50)). the corresponding l1 norm objective function will be, ⌠1 min: s = ⌡0 |ln y(x) ln x (x-1) ln a|dx (53) a or, ⌠1 min: s = ⌡0 |x-1||[ln y(x)-ln x]/(x-1) ln a|dx (54) a by a similar technique used by (9), we can rewrite (54) as, ⌠t ⌠1 min: s = ⌡0 |x-1|{[ln y(x)-ln x]/(x-1)-ln a}dx ⌡t |x-1|{[ln y(x)-ln x]/(x-1)-ln a}dx (55) a since, 0≤x≤1 we have, ⌠t ⌠1 min: s = ⌡0 [ln y(x) ln x (x-1) ln a]dx +⌡t [ln y(x) ln x (x-1) ln a]dx (56) a differentiate (56) partially with respect to "t" and "a" and equate them to zero; δs ⌠t ⌠1 −−−− = + ⌡0 [(x-1)/a]dx ⌡t [(x-1)/a]dx = 0 (57) δa δs −−−− = 2[ln y(t) ln t (t-1)ln a] = 0 (58) δt from equation (57), we have, t = 1±√2/2 (59) since "t" should belong to the interval [0,1], we accept, t = 1-√2/2 (60) substitute (60) in (58), and solve for "a", gives the l1 norm estimation for "a" equal to, 1-√2/2 a = [−−−−−−−−]√2 (61) y(1-√2/2) copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 46 now, let us apply this procedure to another lorenz curve functional form of (33) (redefined by (51)). rewrite l1 norm objective function (52) for the model (51), ⌠1 min: s = ⌡0 |ln y(x) b ln x (x-1) ln a|dx (62) a,b or, ⌠1 min: s=⌡0 |x-1||[lny(x)]/(x-1)-(lnx)/(x-1)-lna|dx (63) a,b the objective function (63) by some changing on variables is similar to (16). thus, by a similar procedure to those of (17) through (29) we can write "s" as, ⌠t1 min: s = ⌡0 |x-1|{[lny(x)]/(x-1)-(lnx)/(x-1)-lna}dx a,b ⌠t2 ⌡t1|x-1|{[lny(x)]/(x-1)-(lnx)/(x-1)-lna}dx ⌠1 + ⌡t1|x-1|{[lny(x)]/(x-1)-(lnx)/(x-1)-lna}dx (64) since 0≤x≤1, then (64) reduces to, ⌠t1 ⌠t2 min: s = ⌡0 [ln y(x) b ln x (x-1) ln a]dx + ⌡t1 [ln y(x) b ln x (x-1) ln a]dx a,b ⌠1 ⌡t2 [ln y(x) b ln x (x-1) ln a]dx (65) differentiate "s" partially with respect to "a", "b", t1 and t2 and equate them to zero, δs 1 ⌠t1 ⌠t2 ⌠1 −−− = − [ ⌡0 (x-1)dx -⌡t1 (x-1)dx + ⌡t2 (x-1)dx ] = 0 (66) δa a δs ⌠t1 ⌠t2 ⌠1 −−−− = ⌡0 ln(x)dx ⌡t1 ln(x)dx + ⌡t2 ln(x)dx = 0 (67) δb δs −−−− = -2{ln[y(t1)] bln(t1) (t1-1)ln(a)} = 0 (68) δt1 δs −−−− = 2{ln[y(t2)] bln(t2) (t2-1)ln(a)} = 0 (69) δt2 the above system of simultaneous equations can be solved for the unknowns t1, t2, "a" and "b". equation (66) is reduced to, t1 2-t2 2-2(t1-t2)-1/2 = 0 (70) equation (67) can be written as, t1(ln t1-1) t2(ln t2-1) – 1/2 = 0 (71) calculate t1 from (70) as, t1 = 1 ±√q (t2 2-2t2+3/2) (72) since 0st1s1, we accept, t1 = 1 √(t2 2-2t2+3/2) (73) substitute t1 from (73) into (71), and rearrange the terms, gives; [1-√(t2 2-2t2+3/2)] [1-√(t2 2-2t2+3/2)] ln −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− + t2-3/2+√(t2 2-2t2+3/2) = 0 (74) t2 t2 the root of equation (74) may be computed by a suitable numerical algorithm. however, it has been computed and rounded for five digits decimal point as, t2 = 0.40442 (75) copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 47 value of t1 is derived by substituting t2 into (73); t1 = 0.07549 (76) values of "b" and "a" are computed from (68) and (69) using t2 and t1 given by (75) and (76). thus, (t2-1)lny(t1) (t1-1)lny(t2) b = −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− (77) (t2-1)ln(t1) (t1-1)ln(t2) or, b = -0.84857ln[y(0.07549)] + 1.31722ln[y(0.40442)] (78) and, a = [y(0.07549)]1.28986[y(0.40442)]-3.68126 (79) now, let us describe how equation (61) for the model (32) and equations (78) and (79) for the model (33) can be used to estimate the parameters of the lorenz curve when the probability distribution function is known. in the model (32) we should solve (44) for x(v)=1-√2/2. on the other hand, we should find value of "v" such that, ⌠v x(v) = ⌡0 f(w)dw = 1-√2/2 (80) by substituting this value of "v" into (45), value of y(1-√2/2) is computed. the value y(1-√2/2) is used to compute the parameter "a" given by (61) for model (32). the procedure for the model (33) is also similar, with the difference that two values of "v" should be computed. once two different values of "v" are computed as follow, ⌠v x(v) = ⌡0 f(w)dw = 0.07549 (81) ⌠v x(v) = ⌡0 f(w)dw = 0.40442 (82) values of "v" are substituted in (45) to find y(0.07549) and y(0.40442). these values of "y" are used to compute the parameters of the model (33) by substituting them into (78) and (79). the only problem remains is computation of related definite integrals of x(v) defined by (80), (81) and (82) which can be done by appropriate numerical methods such as the enclosed sample computer program coded for mathcad 11 for a complete example. references bijan bidabad (1987a) least absolute error estimation. the first international conference on statistical data analysis based on the l1‎‎ norm and related methods, neuchatel, switzerland. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/lae-i.pdf bijan bidabad (1987b) least absolute error estimation, part ii. submitted to the first international conference on statistical data analysis based on the l1‎‎ norm and related methods, neuchatel, switzerland. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/lae-ii.pdf bijan bidabad (1988a) a proposed algorithm for least absolute error estimation. proc. of the third seminar of mathematical analysis. shiraz univ., 24-34, shiraz, iran. bijan bidabad (1988b) a proposed algorithm for least absolute error estimation, part ii. proc. of the third seminar of mathematical analysis, shiraz univ., 35-50, shiraz, iran. bijan bidabad (1989a) discrete and continuous l1‎‎ norm regressions, proposition of discrete approximation algorithms and continuous smoothing of concentration surface, ph.d. thesis, islamic azad univ., tehran, iran. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-norm-thesis-en.pdf bijan bidabad (1989b) discrete and continuous l1‎‎ norm regressions, proposition of discrete approximation algorithms and continuous smoothing of concentration surface, ph.d. thesis, islamic azad univ., tehran, iran. farsi translation. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-norm-thesis-fa.pdf bijan bidabad (2005). l1 norm based computational algorithms. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article6.pdf bijan bidabad (2005). l1 norm solution of overdetermined system of linear equations. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1article5.pdf bijan bidabad (2005). l1 norm based data analysis and related methods. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-articl1.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/lae-i.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/lae-ii.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-norm-thesis-en.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-norm-thesis-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article6.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article5.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article5.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article1.pdf copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 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(1981) an algorithm for linear l1 approximation of continuous functions. ima j. num. anal., 1, 157-167. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 33 urbanization in bangladesh: emerging challenges and the way forward afroza islam lipi lecturer department of local government and urban development jatiya kabi kazi nazrul islam university trishal, mymensingh, bangladesh e-mail: afrozaislamlipi@gmail.com nazmul hasan lecturer department of public administration and governance studies jatiya kabi kazi nazrul islam university trishal, mymensingh, bangladesh e-mail: nazmul.pags23@gmail.com abstract urbanization is a natural process of the population shift from rural to urban territories. more specifically, urbanization is a process of migration of population from rural to urban areas as well as the transformation of society where the rural agricultural economy is being transformed to advance the industrial economy. a major change to be witnessed in bangladesh over the last few decades is the rapid spread of urbanization. multiple driving factors paved the way for spreading the rapid growth of urbanization in bangladesh. if this spread is not effectively managed, emerging challenges like spatial imbalance, environmental challenges, weak policy framework, challenges of sustainable cities, urban poverty, urban health issues, etc are likely to grow. this study aims at exploring the emerging challenges of urbanization in bangladesh. it also explores the way forward to face the emerging challenges. this study has been conducted depending on qualitative and descriptive analysis. it is mainly based on secondary data. available books, journals, documents, newspapers, data, reports, and magazine articles are reviewed in detail as a secondary source. in the findings of the study, the rapid growth trend has been critically examined. besides emerging challenges of urbanization in bangladesh have been identified. finally, some recommendations have been put forward to overcome the emerging challenges of urbanization in bangladesh. keywords: bangladesh, challenges, urbanization. jel classification codes: d8, o15, o18. introduction the history of urbanization is the history of people struggle to survive and to move from rural to urban areas in search of better opportunities which are absent in the villages or rural areas. in the mailto:afrozaislamlipi@gmail.com mailto:nazmul.pags23@gmail.com https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 34 past, people were satisfied with their rural simple life, but nowadays various factors work behind the rapid growth of urbanization such as job opportunities, better service facilities, better income, educational facilities, better standard of living, etc. the growth of cities and urbanization of the world is one of the most impressive facts of modern times which wrought profound changes in virtually every phase of social life (writh, 1938). urbanization is an inevitable and dynamic process. it has a long urban history through towns and cities that appeared many years ago, the process of modern urbanization first began with the industrial revolution in england and then in all the continents of the world. the 21st century is becoming an urban century. urbanization is a word that describes the increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas such as towns and cities. urban growth is an unavoidable feature in the process of urbanization. in recent times, the tendency of people to live around cities and towns in bangladesh is increasing day by day. in our country, people mainly come from villages to cities in search of multiple opportunities. however, urbanization is frequently used as an indicator of development. but unplanned urbanization is a threat in developing countries like bangladesh. recently, some contemporary emerging challenges are complicating urbanization in bangladesh. proper planning and measures can reduce such emerging challenges, and their impact. through planned urbanization, bangladesh will surely achieve its desired sustainable urban development goal. in 2008, humankind has crossed a socio-demographic milestone for the first time in history by having half of its population living within the urban areas (unfpa, 2007). ultimately urbanization accelerates the major socioeconomic and infrastructural transformation of the country with other related changes. bangladesh is urbanizing fast with a new idea for new ways of creating better human life. so, the study of urbanization in bangladesh is a crucial issue today. various contemporary emerging challenges need to identify and address challenges for making sustainable cities in bangladesh. objectives of the study this study focuses on urbanization and the emerging challenges in bangladesh. it suggests some ways forward measure as well. the objectives of this study are:  to examine the nature and trends of urbanization in bangladesh.  to explore emerging challenges of urbanization.  to make the way forward measures. literature review urbanization is not a modern phenomenon. it has a long historical culture. during the last few decades, bangladesh has experienced an extremely high rate of urbanization. urbanization is a pattern of change from rural life to urban life. misra (1978) explained, "urbanization is a process of change in the demographic, social, economic, technological, and environmental context of life in a given society. these changes reveal themselves in the growing concentration of population in human settlements larger than rural areas. (misra, 1978). estimates show that the gradual shift of population from rural to urban areas, combined with the global population growth, could add another 2.5 billion people to urban areas by 2050, with close to 90% of this increase taking place in asia and africa, according to united nations data 2019. since independence, the average rate of urbanization in bangladesh is 5% (world bank, 2012) and the rate has been increased tremendously. the first bangladesh census completed in 1981 shows a low level of urbanization where only 15% of the total population lived in cities (farhana, 2015). but recently our country has experienced a high rate of growth in its urban area. a variety of driving factors has been https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 35 identified to explain rapid urbanization in bangladesh. the micro-credit program is very popular to reduce poverty and improve the standard of living both in rural and urban areas. sometimes rural people cannot repay micro-credit loans in time due to the high-interest rate of credit and very short time of repayment loan etc (banu, hossain, haque, & ahmed, 2021). as a result, people moved to the urban areas in search of new jobs to pay off their loans. a lot of economic opportunities such as industrialization, infrastructure, commercialization, trading, etc result in rapid urbanization in bangladesh. the contribution of the urban sector to gdp is increasing gradually in bangladesh and it is now about 65%. due to industrialization, more and more people are moving from rural areas to urban areas for better employment. hofmann and wan (2013) examined that trade promotes urbanization through at least two channels: (1) trade development is accompanied by growth in transportation hubs, which are usually located in cities; and (2) the setup and maintenance of international trade connections increase demand for marketing and financing services that also concentrate on cities (hofmann & wan, 2013). so, modern trade and commerce have also resulted in rapid urbanization. the role of infrastructure has been prominently featured in the core-periphery literature that analyzes urban concentration in core regions, and periphery regions in the presence of technological progress, which is often indicated by lower transport costs (wan & zhang, 2017). at the end of the 20th century in the 1980s, the garment industries grew to start, and still, now, there are 4296 factories. the growth of such industries drives rapid urbanization in dhaka and other cities. in this regard, a large proportion of people migrated from rural to urban areas in search of a better life with a job in factories. as a result, urbanization started to grow in faster motion. a report from bgmea (2019) showed the rise of working people and the number of garment factories in the last 30 years. in 1985, only 120000 people worked in 384 garment factories. after 15 years the number of people and factories were increased. after 15 years in 2000, around 1.6 million workers in 3200 garments factories and again more than 15 years in 2015, 4 million workers in 4296 factories. this industrial boom is one of the major driving factors for rapid urbanization in recent times (bgmea, 2019). nazrul islam in his writing ' urbanization in bangladesh: recent trends and challenges' mentioned various challenges of urbanization in bangladesh briefly. he added urbanization brings along economic and social benefits, but it also poses some serious challenges, especially when it takes place at a pace as rapid as the one in evidence in bangladesh today (islam, 2018). islam examined that, rapid urbanization without planning and development control has led to massive degradation in the urban environment. this is evident in air and water pollution. there is also a high level of noise pollution and land degradation. uncollected garbage adds to an increase in harmful odors as well. in big cities particularly dhaka, air pollution is one of the highest in the world. lots of traffic jams have become a regular feature. in addition to contributing to the pollution of air, traffic jams also cause economic loss. it has been caused by rapid urbanization. there is very little planning activity, and urban management is weak and uncoordinated. the situation has been created for a long time. lack of adequate financial resources is also an important issue, but equally critical has been the lack of awareness on the part of the authority as well as of the people. deforestation, cutting down of hills, encroachment, and filling of reservoirs, or other situations are caused mainly due to overpopulation, and poor governance (islam, 1999). rapid urbanization creates the challenge of disaster vulnerabilities in our cities. disaster risks are obvious and immediate, and they gesture special challenges. bangladesh was known for rural hazards previously, but nowadays urban hazards are becoming severe day by day. in this regard, many governmental and non-governmental initiatives have been launched to reduce disaster vulnerabilities. but there is still much to be done (rahman, https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 36 islam, & ahmed, 2012). in the context of bangladesh, the challenges of future urbanization are enormous. poor management, inefficiency, and lack of coordination among implementing agencies combined with inadequate financial resources have been aggravating the situation. proper planning, and well-thought-out strategy, strong coordination, and a compact implementation plan supported by ample finance are necessary (zaman, alam, & islam, 2010). to reduce the flow of rural-urban migration, balanced development is urgently needed. otherwise, dhaka city may be the worse place in the entire world. so government should make and implement sustainable urban policy. besides, a strategic plan can encourage resisting urban growth. to make sustainable and healthy dhaka city, proper management is essential. urban administration should make a proper effort to improve the overall conditions of livelihood of urban poor (sohel, islam, & muhibbulah, 2017). reviewing the above research literature, it appears that while there are many research works on urbanization in bangladesh but it is a considerable shortage of details and updated work on contemporary emerging challenges of urbanization in bangladesh. the content of this article is about the nature and the trends of urbanization and unplanned rapid urbanization as well as emerging challenges. it also attempts to discuss the updated concept of urbanization and to make the way forward measures to overcome emerging challenges. so hopefully this research will contribute to explore a detailed analysis of emerging challenges and the way forward of urbanization in bangladesh, and filling the prior gap. methodology this study has been conducted depending on a broad descriptive and analytical approach. it is mainly based on secondary data. secondary data has been collected from different published materials like the publication of the united nations, world bank, worldometer, and relevant writings of some scholars. the data from the year 1955 to 2020 have been analyzed to evaluate the trends of urbanization in bangladesh, and the emerging challenges of urbanization have been explored. the collected data has been processed and prepared to make the study more informative, analytical, and useful for the readers, and the researchers. findings of the study reviewing previous literature, in this section, there is an attempt to identify multiple challenges and the way forward. first of all, nature and the trends should be examined. the nature of urbanization urbanization is an ongoing process. at present, the issue of urbanization is very important in bangladesh. the following features are found when analyzing the nature of urbanization. such as  urbanization is a dynamic process of social transformation.  densely populated in small areas.  slum areas are available in the city to create housing for the urban population.  municipalities, city corporations, or local governments are the governing bodies of urban areas.  the main center of industrial production, business, trade, etc is located in urban areas the trends of urbanization bangladesh has a long history of urbanization. at the beginning of the 20th century in 1901, only 2.43% (or about 0.7 million) of the total population of present bangladesh areas of british india lived in urban areas. in the first half of the century, urban population growth was almost static. in https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 37 1941, less than 4% of the population lived in urban centers, and the total urban population was 1.54 million. urbanization got impetus after 1947, when the indian subcontinent became free of british rule creating the two independent states, india and pakistan, with east bengal (presentday bangladesh) as the eastern part of pakistan. between 1951-1961, there was significant growth in the urban population (45.11%) compared with the 1941-1951 period (18.38%). the total urban population increased from 1.8 million in 1951 to about 2.6 million in 1961. the important reason behind this rapid growth was the large-scale migration of muslims from india after 1947, who mostly settled in urban areas (banglapedia, 2012). urbanization has slowed down during the beginning of the 20th century. the following table shows a very low share of the total population lived in urban areas in 1955 when only 4.7 % people lived in cities. after the independence of bangladesh in 1975, the share increased from 4.7% to 10.0 %. the level of urbanization is increasing but at a decreasing rate. the growth of urbanization took place during the period from 1980 to 2000. it is said that the 21st century is becoming an urban century. this perception and projection have developed all over the world even in bangladesh. approximately 64.81 million people are living in urban areas in 2020 in our country. this was an increase from 2005, in which approximately 38.45 million people in bangladesh were living in urban areas. between the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, multiple driving factors paved the way for rapid urbanization. in 2010, urban population increased to 31.4% from 24.3% in 2000. in 2015, this rose to 35.4%. as in previous decades, both migration and natural growth contributed to this growth. but the most important contributory factor for recent times is the development of industrial sectors and changes in sociopolitical conditions. now 39.4% of people live in urban areas in 2020. that means about 40% of people are now living in cities whereas, only 10% people lived in cities after independence in 1975. the level of urbanization is shown in the following table table1. level of urbanization in bangladesh year total population urban population urban % of population 2020 164689383 64814953 39.4 2015 156256276 55305132 35.4 2010 147575430 46347089 31.4 2005 139035505 38452976 27.7 2000 127657854 31040651 24.3 1995 115169930 25751454 22.4 1990 103171956 21037450 20.4 1985 90764183 16305971 18.0 1980 79639491 12099053 15.2 1975 70066301 7013461 10.0 1970 64232482 4938975 7.7 1965 55385112 3467675 6.3 1960 48013504 2474987 5.2 1955 42086301 1974441 4.7 source: worldometer, 2020a from the above information, we can get rapid trends of urbanization in bangladesh. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 38 emerging challenges due to the rapidly growing population, cities are facing multiple emerging challenges. the emerging challenges are described in this section. these are given below spatial imbalance rapid urbanization creates the challenge of spatial imbalance between the rural and urban proportion of the population. the spatial imbalance and the changes of share of rural and urban population for the last 60 years in bangladesh is shown in the following table – table 2. level of urbanization with the share of the rural and urban population year rural population rural % of population urban population urban % of population 2020 99874430 61 64814953 39 2015 100951144 65 55305132 35 2010 101228341 69 46347089 31 2005 100582529 72 38452976 28 2000 96617203 76 31040651 24 1995 89418476 78 25751454 22 1990 821345506 80 21037450 20 1980 67540438 85 12099053 15 1970 59293507 92 4938975 8 1960 45538517 95 2474987 5 source: worldometer, 2020b currently, 39 % of the population of bangladesh is urban (64814953-people in 2020). on the other hand in 2020, 61 % of the population of bangladesh is rural which 95 % was in 1960. by 1960-70, the total population of bangladesh was 70 million, of which only 6% lived in cities and a large portion of the population lived in rural areas. at that time it was identified that very low tendency of urbanization. but gradually percentage of the rural population is decreasing and the urban rate is increasing. such rapid urbanization causes an imbalance between rural and urban population growth. urban health issues due to massive urbanization in bangladesh, our cities are gradually losing their livability. and as a result, public health in urban areas is in dire straits. infectious and non-infectious diseases are on the rise in the city due to air, water, noise pollution, mismanagement of waste, declining greenery, rising temperatures, etc. this increases our mental and physical health risks. many people live in unhealthy slums in urban areas also; this population density of slums is a major cause of health risks in the city. lack of potable water, toxic air, poor sewerage management, and lack of sanitation and waste management have put our cities at the bottom of the global index. the health of the urban poor or slum dwellers is primarily due to overcrowding and inadequate access to basic services, such as water and sanitation. effects of these living conditions include stress due to crowding, insecurity due to lack of housing and land tenure, various types of illegal or criminal activities, including violence, drug use, prostitution, etc (streatfield & karar, 2008). https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 39 unplanned urban growth unplanned urbanization is one of the contemporary challenges in recent times. there is an upward trend in all areas along with the level of urbanization. during the british colonial rule up to 1947, the level of urbanization was low. thereafter, the pack of urbanization got momentum and continued till 2000 and is still maintaining an upward trend. it is difficult to make proper planning for such a dramatic upward fashion of urbanization. in most cases, there has no proper planning to maintain urban growth. as a result, unplanned urban growth is continuing in bangladesh. without proper planning, massive urbanization creates unplanned urban growth in cities and towns. rapid growth of population in cities at present, the population of cities in bangladesh is increasing at a tremendous rate. the abovementioned table named 'level of urbanization' shows the trends of urban population growth. at present, about 40% of people live in cities. such estimation proves the rapid growth of the population in cities. overpopulation in cities is responsible for extreme traffic, the depletion of resources, pollution, and unemployment among many other challenges. due to the rapid growth of population in urban areas, excessive pressure on urban utility services, infrastructure, environment, etc. may lead to disaster in the livability and urban health of the city. challenges of sustainable cities rapid urbanization in the cities of developing countries as bangladesh has been a dilemma of economic development and environmental sufferings (akash, jesmin, tamanna, & kabir, 2018). sustainability of cities refers to economically viable, environmentally friendly, and socially peaceful. but nowadays, it is observed various challenges regarding the sustainability of cities in bangladesh. such as air, water, and noise pollution constitute environmental pollution in the cities which hamper its sustainability. the massive growth of industrialization causes unhealthy environmental conditions in cities. ultimately, our cities are suffering from inadequate infrastructural services, environmental degradation, social insecurity which are the major threats to make sustainable cities in bangladesh. urban poverty the global shift in the distribution of the world's population in urban areas has led to the increase of poverty in cities. with the rapid urbanization in developing countries, urban poverty concentrates. in some countries, urban poverty is more significant than in rural areas (zhang, 2016). it has been shown from the trends of urbanization in bangladesh that the urban growth rate is increasing gradually. this hasty urbanization creates a burden on cities and towns and aggregates urban poverty. such kind of urban poverty causes serious challenges to the cities, most importantly, the issue of health and housing. environmental challenges due to rapid urbanization, reservoirs, open spaces, and parks in various cities are rapidly shrinking, and biodiversity, which is very important for urban life, including plants and animals, is under serious threat today. environmental pollution in urban areas is a burning issue in recent times. air pollution is one of them. the main reasons for higher levels of air pollution in urban areas than in rural areas are exhaust fumes from various types and sizes of vehicles, toxic fumes from industrial plants, black smoke from brick kilns, smoke from burning tires and plastics. in https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 40 addition, burning of bitumen used in road repairs in urban areas, a gas emitted from ac, running photocopy machines, mosquito coils, aerosols, brick breaking machines, and tear gas used by the police for security are significantly responsible for air pollution in urban areas. moreover, household dust, street dust, and urban areas are some of the elements of air pollution. issues related to water and sanitation is surfacing due to rapid population growth. the population of cities is suffering from a lower standard of living due to environmental challenges such as water scarcity, sanitation, and multiple environmental pollutions. besides, it leads to the spread of diseases, and poor health in heavily populated areas as well. cities and towns have made a major contribution to climate change through the creation of green house gases(ghgs) emerged from energy supply for electricity generation (coal, gas, and oil); transportation; energy use in commercial and residential buildings for lighting, cooking, space heating, and cooling, industrial production, and waste (rahman, islam, & ahmed, 2012). challenges of urban utilities and services unplanned rapid urbanization is having an adverse effect on the social and natural environment. the rapid population growth in the city is putting huge pressure on the city services. ensuring utility services like housing, education, medical, water supply, electricity, sewerage, communication facilities, waste management, etc. has become a big challenge. if unplanned urbanization continues, it will be almost impossible to ensure these existing urban services for all. vulnerability in urban transport system rapid urbanization has increased the traffic pressure in the cities of bangladesh. as a result, the black smoke from vehicles is polluting the environment. additionally, the traffic congestion on the city roads is also increasing. the transportation system is one of the major determinants of urbanization in cities. the existing transportation system of cities is not developed enough to manage the situation. there are various types of vehicles like rickshaws, motorbike, auto bike, taxi, cng, truck, bus, microbus, minibus, private car, motor vehicles, van, etc. the worse fact is that still today there are not developed rail facilities that would be possible under proper urbanization process. to deal business occupying footpath, no special car parking system, more vehicles and do not maintain traffic rules and regulations are mainly responsible for creating a traffic jam. noise pollution, air pollution, waste of time, emitting carbon and greenhouse gas are the common effects of traffic jam that causes the respiratory disease to the city dwellers. the lack of effective transportation planning, lack of proper legal and administrative framework, insufficient technical skills, etc cause vulnerability in the urban transport system (bapari, haque, chowdhury, & islam, 2016). weak policy framework the status of urban planning and development policies is diverse in bangladesh but not profound. bangladesh still does not have any sole policy for urban development. most of the fundamentals and essential rules and regulations are failing to respond to the contemporary need in the absence of amendments such as the town improvement act, 1953, which is old enough to address the current urban challenges concerning urbanization. the ministry of local government took the initiative to formulate a 'policy' in 2004 for the planned development of urban areas of the country. the draft was finalized in 2014 with changes, refinements, and https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 41 corrections. this is known as urban development policy 2014. but it has not been implemented yet. the way forward the rapid urbanization in bangladesh has accelerated various cultural, socioeconomic, and political progresses but this rapid growth is facing enormous challenges too. so, urbanization is not only bringing fortune to us but it bears some adverse effects as well. it should take some ways forward measures to prompt urbanization in bangladesh. such as  to reduce uneven urbanization or spatial imbalance, there is no alternative to provide urban services at the rural level. in this regard, a project named my village, my city has been initiated by the government.  assuring health facilities, safety, and security of basic needs of all citizens through multiple initiatives. to protect urban health by ensuring affordable and quality housing for all, and ensuring disease control, and human well-being by developing solid waste and sewage management as well as the city's environment.  creating area-based primary health centers through proper planning as well as ensuring affordable and accessible health services for all in urban areas and eliminating social inequalities in public health protection.  proper planning should be taken to reduce unplanned urbanization and rapid population growth in cities. adequate steps and legal measures should be taken to reduce urban crime and violence.  ensuring sustainable development by creating a livable environment in urban areas by reducing all types of environmental pollution including air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, etc.  urban poverty should be minimized by enhancing income-generating methods and improving productivity as well as eradication of poverty through appropriate regulatory frameworks and infrastructure provisions.  it is needed to protect, preserve and enhance the urban environment, particularly water and air pollution should be reduced and ensuring access to area-based playgrounds, parks, reservoirs, gardens, and accesses to all to ensure the health of people of all classes, professions, and ages.  to build human settlements and society by creating public spaces, recreational facilities, community centers and organizing regular social events to increase the opportunities for socialization to ensure mental health.  various urban utility services such as health, education, water, and sanitation, housing should be expanded to villages and providing income-earning opportunities to reduce rural-urban disparities. besides, an urban transport system should be developed and to increase rail transport facilities to reduce traffic congestion on urban roads.  to formulate a city plan by determining the desired population and area-based population density on the amount of existing civic services and community facilities, road and drainage infrastructure, parks-playgrounds-reservoirs-open space, etc.  a comprehensive national urban sector policy should be implemented for maintaining rapid urbanization in bangladesh. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 42 conclusion in fine, it can be said that there was a low tendency of the urbanization in our country. most of the people were living happily in their villages working in the agricultural sector. but with the change of time, the needs of people are also changing. at present, one-third of the total population is now living in urban areas. it is a concerning issue for our country. if we do not manage the impetuous urban growth, we will suffer in the long run. urbanization makes a vital contribution to the socio-cultural, political, and economic upliftment of the country. people are attracted to be urbanized in the search of a better food supply, reducing poverty, multiple job opportunities, the proper infrastructure like roads, water, electricity, etc. a wide variety of entertainment, availability of services like health, education, postal, police station and so on. if urban growth and development are poorly managed, it will emerge multiple challenges. the study tries to examine the trends of urbanization and the emerging challenges. additionally, the various way forward measures are mentioned in the above discussion. in the long run, urbanization should be planned. most importantly a comprehensive urban development policy must be implemented to overcome emerging challenges. acknowledgement we are thankful to the almighty allah for the good health and well-being that was necessary to prepare this paper. this study becomes successful with the kind support of many individuals. we would like to express our gratitude to the all respected teachers of our department to encourage us. we also thank our family members, our colleagues, and friends for their encouragement, support, and attention. conflict of interest the authors declare no conflicts of interest concerning the present research work. references akash, m., jesmin, a., tamanna, t., & kabir, m. r. 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(2012). bangladesh: towards accelerated, inclusive and sustainable growthopportunities and challenges. bangladesh: world bank. worldometer. (2020a). bangladesh population. retrieved from https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/bangladesh-population/ worldometer. (2020b). bangladesh demographics. retrieved from https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/bangladesh-demographics/#urb writh, l. (1938). urbanism as a way of life. american journal of sociology, 44(1), 1-24. zaman, a. h., alam, k. m., & islam, m. j. (2010). urbanization in bangladesh: present status and policy implication. asa university review, 4 (2). https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 44 zhang, x. q. (2016). the trends, promises, and challenges of urbanisation in the world. habitat international, 54 (3 ), 241-252. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 28 a study of women manager’s success factors in multinational organization from bangladesh perspective farhad hossain assistant professor department of business administration leading university, sylhet, bangladesh e-mail: farhad@lus.ac.bd abstract women are getting an imperative part of the full population. however, women involvement is very insignificant in bangladesh. in the last two decades, bangladesh has experienced rapid economic growth. economic growth has led to an upsurge in demand for managers and professionals. according to the bangladesh bureau of statistics, the female labor force participation rate increased to 40% in 2019, compared to 4% in 1974. this change is much faster than the growth of the male labor force. especially in multinational company women are now showing their talent and they occupy many upward posts in their career advancement. the key purpose of this paper is to find out the factors that help women to become a success in mnc’s. many women in our country occupied many important posts in mnc’s, particularly in managerial mid-level post their presence is significant. this study use exploratory research to shed light on the various aspects that influence women's actual behavior and performance in top positions, as well as the true reasons for women's advancement to the top of organization. a survey questionnaire is distributed among 100 women managers who are occupied different positions in different mnc’s. the methodology employed in this study was quantitative research. to check the questionnaire's validity, the researcher used ibm spss statistics 20. from the results, we get some factors like personal, community, and organizational factors that have a huge impact on their success in mnc’s. keywords: bangladesh, factors, mnc, success women. introduction as we know, once upon a time, bangladeshi women's obligations included caring for their husbands and children. women were denied the right to study, conduct commerce, or work. in almost all countries, there were insufficient numbers of women in decision-making positions. growing awareness of this fact has led to the participation of various interest groups in research and decision-making activities. independence of 1971 bangladeshi women began to appear in the workplace. bangladesh also has some regulations and laws protecting in the workplace for women. women are increasingly participating in several developing and non-traditional sectors, including hotels and restaurants, transportation, real estate services, telecommunications, finance, and insurance, in addition to the export-oriented textile sector. early 90’s when different mnc’s started their businesswomen then starting to keep their feet in mnc’s but the rate was insignificant but it was increasing. this is since as opportunities for higher education increase, the prospects for entry of bangladeshi women into the high-value labor market have expanded. in addition, legislative improvements to enhance gender equality in employment and educational opportunities for women have been implemented. these changes help improve the situation of women. however, as newbies to these services, the number of participating women is still very small. furthermore, development isn't uniform throughout sectors. the culture of local and multinational corporations is not the https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 29 same. nowadays multinational corporations provide a lot of facilities to their women employees which are not seen in the local company women managers in the twenty-first century require not only professional recognition, but also a variety of skills such as creativity, good and proactive thinking, right and deep perspective, invention, enthusiasm, and so on. the purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which women are involved in social control efforts in various businesses. women managers have the same level of education as males. women executives have the same level of education as men and have been shown to be equally capable, creative, innovative, and competent. they have the potential to be trained and contribute to event activities in the same way that a person does. the following main interventions are recommended to effectively manage this transition: the correct implementation of constitutional and legal provisions, modification of customs and social practices that hinder women’s development, institutionalization of women’s interests, and development of appropriate counselling courses for female managers. the purpose of this study was for the researcher to learn more about the issues that bangladeshi women professionals face as they strive to advance in their managerial jobs. this article attempts to solve the following key research questions rq1. what factors influence their career success? rq2. what is that hindrance that creates a wall between their aspiration and reality? the researcher reviews some relevant literature, both national and international company on women managers, their success factors, their problems, etc. research objective the study's goal is to figure out what elements contribute to women's success in multinational companies in bangladesh. post-independence era the state of women in bangladesh in the 1980s was much worse than men. acute poverty margin seemed more difficult in women. while the medical care, education, and training of women are limited, the prospects to improve productivity among female groups were lower. around 82% of the women lived in rural areas at the end of the 1980s. for most rural women, 70% were in a small village, tenant, and a homeless home. many people were paid with workers as seasonal activities, generally harvested, and gently or poor cash salaries. women in rural areas were carried out in chula, and to maintain livestock, poultry, and small gardens. but the situation was changing after the ’90s therefore, the labor participation rate of women doubled between 1974 and 1984, but came to about 8%. the wage rate of women in the 1980s was low, generally in the range of 20 to 30 percent of male salary rates. according to the ilo study, bangladesh had a total workforce of 63.7 million people in 2017, with 28.4 percent of women (18.1 million) and 71.7 percent of men (45.7 million) employed. research method this investigation used quantitative investigation methodology. potential participants were recognized through researchers’ individual and professional contacts. sampling because of monetary and time constraints, the women chosen to engage in this study were working in a (1) profit-making international business organization, (2) oversaw subordinates in an executive position, (3) earned a minimum of 600,000tk yearly, and (4) were based in dhaka. the target population of this study consisted of women managers in multinational companies who are working mid to top-level positions in different mnc in bangladesh. the researcher has selected 10 mnc where women are working at a different level. here given the list of data collection sampling. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 30 table 1. name of mnc and quantity of respondents sl name of mnc quantity of respondents 1 grameenphone 20 2 robi and airtel 21 3 unilever bangladesh ltd 5 4 reckitt benckiser bd ltd 7 5 grey advertising bd ltd 5 6 nestle bangladesh ltd 8 7 p&g bangladesh ltd 5 8 marico bangladesh ltd 8 9 standard chartered bank 6 10 novartis bd ltd 5 11 apollo hospital 10 total 100 data collection method the researcher distributes the questionnaires to the responders through a personal visit and google sheet. the total number of the respondent is 100. they are holding different positions of these mnc. each respondent has one week to complete the questionnaire. due to covid-19, it was difficult in some cases to collect information. literature review women’s participation in employment has expanded because authorities coverage for making sure identical rights. according to zhong et al. (2011), the "luck" component does not play a significant influence in climbing professional ladders (zhong et al., 2011). factors that influence women's advancement were also discovered in the study. the identities of two facilitators were revealed. external and character were the two (e.g., hard work, attitude toward work, communication skills, and problem-solving skills). schreiber (1998) proposed that traditional models that emphasize male occupations cannot fully explain female occupations. the success of women depends on various factors. factors that facilitate women's job advancement have been discovered in studies. another investigator ng and pine (2003) found that female managers consider that the positive correlation between communication skills and professional development is stronger than that of men. but a lot of barriers exist to women's success. borjalilou et al. (2013) claim that women confront numerous constraints when it comes to balancing career and family life and prioritizing one over the other at any one time. at present many organization creates a bar for the women that are called glass ceiling. knutson and schmidgall (1999), the glass ceiling, an artificial barrier that hinders qualified employees from being promoted within their organization. for many women in the workplace, low levels of education and illiteracy limit their possibilities for progress (hejase et al., 2013). given that the majority of women leave clerical occupations once they reach a higher level of management, it's critical to comprehend the impact of gender in shifting career goals. research shows that men are more likely to aspire to senior management positions than women. brownell (1994) found that counseling is more important to female occupations than men. women should undertake the same professions as males, but women should be aware that they have "distinct demands" that must be met and accommodated in the workplace. empowerment is equally important for women's success. empowering women to participate in economic life is one method to improve women's, families', and community's quality of life (subramaniam et al., 2013). to gain success communication to all aspects is needed. female managers believe there is a stronger link between communication skills and https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 31 professional development than men, according to ng and pine (2003). it is difficult for any woman to reach a higher position is not possible with the help of men and organizational support. both academics and industry leaders should take responsibility for educating women for success, according to brownell (1994) and ng and pine (2003). leadership positions are very stressful, requiring a lot of work, long hours of work, and a lot of sacrifices. however, for many women, these jobs occupy the same amount of time as raising children, cleaning the house, cooking, and managing the family (kiamba, 2008). henry (2011) suggested that mutual understanding between men and women and bridging possible gaps between their understandings. now women are given many challenging assignments because the success rate is very high. women wanted more demanding assignments, greater input into policy and decision-making, a healthy work atmosphere, an equal workload, and employers that recognized their strengths. d. bhatnagar and v. nair (bhatnagar and nair, 1988). another factor is parental support which is very essential . according to budhwar et al. (2005), parents' attitudes (especially those from the urban middle class) have altered dramatically. as a result, an increasing number of females are being sent to school. success factors from different research most empirical studies on female managers have focused on the issue of why women are not as good as men in management. however, the latest research in the fields of management, sociology, psychology, and women’s studies has also studied what factors are conducive to the success of female managers. "intra-personal, interpersonal, and organizational aspects have a significant impact on women's achievement," according to agarwal and datta (2017). attitudes, knowledge, skills, genetics, and personal qualities are among the components recognized within an individual. a lot of factors were found from different research like passion for the job, personality, charisma, opportunity focus, team player, working experience, education, ability, interpersonal relationship, skills, technology savvy, etc. these increase the productivity for any employee. education is given more priority for daughters in the middle and upper classes particularly respected jobs today (kabasakal, 2016). an investigation found that due to the lack of use of this human capital women are far beyond men in the job field. women's views on career advancement, demographic traits relating to their jobs, and early socialization. women's views in the workplace include great selfefficacy and a strong drive to succeed (greenhaus & parasuraman, 1993). comparing men who perform the same type of work with women, it can be observed that women are the same as men, women are engaged in paid work, and it is even reported that compared to men, women invest more. over time, women's job objectives become more similar to men's. according to leung and harmon (1990) and watts et al. (2014), female students exhibited higher career goals than male students. studies show that women reluctant to shift their job and want to remain in the same company until their retirement which is the main reason for the career advancement barrier. some studies found that personality has a great impact on career progress. professional success and personality development remain relevant throughout adulthood. for example, a man with a selfdirected (conscientious) personal orientation will earn a higher salary in ten years (kohn & schooler, 1982), and increased emotional stability in middle-aged adults is related to significant self-perceived work (brousseau & prince, 1981). another important factor is leadership style. due to a lack of leadership women are far beyond their career success in bangladesh. but those who become successful in our study have a strong leadership style. depending on the situation they follow democratic or autocratic leadership. to grow in a career, female must have a strong commitment to it and limit the number of children you have. another important dimension is organizational factors. different researchers classified organizational factors in a different way that includes advisors, organizational culture, collaboration and teamwork, support from supervisors, co-worker support, personal network, organizational policy. mentors or coach they always provide a right way for career development. mentors have a considerable impact on the career advancement of women managers. flexible work arrangements should be provided by the firm, such as https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 32 introducing changes in working hours, working methods, work locations, vacations/vacations, or childcare centers owned by the company (shirlaws.com 2011) (kulkarni, 2002). it should be noted that top management can provide direction, coaching, and professional assistance at the organizational level. in addition, he suggested women must be trained in essential areas to be promoted and efficiently fill managerial positions, according to kulkarni (2002). communication, leadership, decision-making, time management, and confidence-building are some of these skills. women's career advancement is heavily influenced by social influences. the major two factors of this factor are parental influence and reference group. organizational family support, such as flexible hours and help with child and elderly care, makes it simpler for women with family responsibilities to hold management positions, and it is possible to increase the number of women interested in senior management roles. situation of women in management in global context today, women are joining the global workforce as unprecedented members. women's participation in the labor market has increased as a result of higher levels of education, reduced fertility rates and sectorial shifts. women represent more than 40% of the global workforce, around 70% in developed countries and around 60% in developing countries. today, more and more women are graduating, pursuing postgraduate degrees, obtaining professional-technical degrees, and entering business life. with the improvement of the educational level and the social acceptance of gender equality, women become involved in management work. however, cultural and social attitudes continue to dominate women's choice of work. however, women are entering the management sector. in fact, with the expansion of management departments, their participation has increased, which has provided women with more employment opportunities. however, when we look at women in management positions, this percentage is much lower than that of men. their progress is also slow and uneven. women are still concentrated on the most unstable forms of work in the world, and breaking the "glass ceiling" seems to be out of reach for everyone except a few. among managers, senior managers, and senior professionals, men represent the majority, while women are still concentrated in lower-level management positions. although a small number of women are among the best in the world of work, their position in top management is largely insignificant women in mnc’s multinational companies hunt for fair opportunities to fill high-level positions. the aim is to integrate gender diversity into the bangladeshi workforce, especially at the very best levels. headhunting firms are authorized to specifically explore female candidates for managerial positions. to draw in those elusive senior corporate women to hitch their circle, many companies provide 25% to 30% (annual salary) for senior consulting fees for hiring women, which is beyond the 15% to 20% usually used for recruitment. in addition to the diversification factor, the corporate also hopes to rent more women because they're better at communication and negotiation. they’ll bring a singular perspective to the desktop. additionally, the recent economic recession seems to be beneficial to them: it's believed that they perform better than men in difficult circumstances but can we have enough talented women? well, men still rule the coop. but this example is slowly changing. compared with domestic operations, multinational companies have fewer female managers in their foreign affiliates. there has been controversy on whether the absence of women from these positions is because of the dearth of special management skills required for international missions. within the context of bangladesh, it's an ongoing fight for women to demonstrate their value inside the office and culture. regardless of their education, expertise, and awareness, women are perceived to be less competent, capable, and knowledgeable than males. unfortunately, hypocrisy and pretense persist among our society's so-called educated and intellectual males. they talk a lot about gender equality, but they don't believe it exists. men would denigrate women regardless of their experience, education, or aptitude in order to establish masculine dominance. a male is acknowledged and appreciated when he says the same thing a girl says at a meeting, while https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 33 a woman's perspective is dismissed and unnoticed. if a woman is assertive and powerful, she may be viewed as a problem inside the system. she could also be slandered because of her organization's stance and position. despite these obstacles, women are increasingly succeeding in their careers, but at a snail's pace. data analysis and interpretation factor analysis for testing the appropriateness of the factor model, bartlett’s test is used. table 1. kmo and bartlett's test kmo and bartlett's test kaiser-meyer-olkin measure of sampling adequacy. .892 bartlett's test of sphericity approx. chi-square 1245.644 df 190 sig. .000 the kaiser-meyer-olkin is a sampling adequacy metric. table 1 shows that the kaisermeyer-olkin sample adequacy value is.892, which is higher than the required 0.5 for factor analysis to proceed satisfactorily. with 190 degrees of freedom, the approximate chi-square value is 1245.644, which is also rather high. as a result, factor analysis is appropriate in this situation since it satisfies the condition to proceed. the observed significance level for bartlett's test of sphericity is.000, indicating a significant association between variables. as a result, the data set meets the criteria for factor analysis. determining the number of components table 2. total variance explained total variance explained compon ent initial eigenvalues extraction sums of squared loadings total % of variance cumulative % total % of variance cumulative % 1 9.288 46.440 46.440 9.288 46.440 46.440 2 2.092 10.459 56.899 2.092 10.459 56.899 3 1.262 6.312 63.212 1.262 6.312 63.212 4 .972 4.862 68.074 5 .812 4.062 72.135 6 .672 3.359 75.494 7 .592 2.958 78.453 8 .566 2.831 81.284 9 .498 2.491 83.774 10 .478 2.391 86.166 11 .442 2.211 88.376 12 .397 1.987 90.364 13 .383 1.917 92.281 14 .349 1.745 94.026 15 .270 1.348 95.374 16 .251 1.253 96.627 17 .228 1.139 97.766 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 34 18 .165 .825 98.591 19 .152 .761 99.353 20 .129 .647 100.000 extraction method: principal component analysis. only three factors have an eigenvalue greater than one, as can be seen in this table. as a result, these three components from a total of 20 variables were used in the analysis. these first three variables account for 63.21 percent of the total variation. factor 1 is responsible for 46.44 percent of the overall variation (9.29/20). factor 2 is responsible for 10.46% of the overall variation, or (2.09/20). factor 3 is responsible for 6.31 percent of the overall variation (1.26/20). table 3. rotated factor matrix. rotated component matrixa component 1 2 3 job knowledge .815 ability .762 skills .749 education .740 training .730 experience .721 creativity .708 leadership .694 attitude .638 self-motivated .589 .403 teamwork .812 supervisor support .779 co-worker support .720 work life balance .709 network .700 organizational policy .629 family support .873 reference group .457 .711 living standard .422 .621 role model .480 .538 extraction method: principal component analysis. rotation method: varimax with kaiser normalization. a. rotation converged in 6 iterations. this matrix depicts the relationship between the variables and the factors. a large absolute value for the coefficient shows that the factor and the variable are strongly connected. for rotation, the varimax method was applied. table 4. reliability test reliability statistics cronbach's alpha n of items .930 10 reliability statistics cronbach's alpha n of items .862 6 reliability statistics cronbach's alpha n of items .815 4 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 35 factor 1 factor 2 factor 3 .930 .862 .815 in this table shows the reliability statistics of these three factors. here the researcher found that the value of cronbach alfa which are greater than .7 it means those questions are correlated strong enough to be considered reliable. table 5. identified factor with variables that affect women entrepreneurship success factors variables loading factors 1 personal factor job knowledge ability skill education training experience creativity leadership attitude self-motivated .815 .762 .749 .740 .730 .721 .708 .694 .638 .589 factors 2 organizational factor collaboration and team work supervisor support co-worker support work life balance network organization policy .812 .779 .720 .709 .700 .629 factors 3 community factor family support reference group living standard role model .873 .711 .621 .538 findings of the study the researcher discovers three elements that determine the success of women managers in bangladesh based on the above investigation. personal, organizational, and community variables are the names given to these aspects. a framework can be derived from these data. figure 1. conceptual framework https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 36 this model depicts the characteristics that contribute to the success of female executives in multinational corporations. challenges women encounter numerous, significant, and underreported problems in the job. women's performance is hampered by a male-dominated company culture, according to adler (1993). the scope of the problem goes well beyond what we are all aware of. the most significant impediment to women's success is men who are sexist. they enjoy determining a girl's weakness and fragility. women have broken down many hurdles to reach positions like this, almost reaching the pinnacle of the pyramid. however, in terms of earning payments, promotions, coaching, or entering particular sectors, there is still significant inequality. hejase et al. (2013) stated while men need to be more attentive, the issue should be examined from a larger perspective. such a mindset is the consequence of a political process in which both men and women have the ability to substitute the path of women's growth. a social group that does not believe in equality, inclusiveness, or justice will always be an impediment to a progressive and just society in which everyone benefits from growth and wealth. in an extremely backward political environment, we will always face opposition to the implementation of a liberal women's development policy, as well as obstacles to ending child marriage. this emphasizes the need of taking a stand in political, legal, and social systems. conclusion eventually it can be said that a lot factors are available to induce women for their career progression but if the organization put emphasis on personal, organizational and community variables that will help women to lead in future progress. the present business framework offers women with many chances to further reduce the gap with men. aside from societal perspective, women demand active structural and human resource guidelines, they seek help from top management, peers and subordinates, and most importantly from themselves. for rectifying present inequalities firms may take active measures. we will always face opposition to the implementation of a liberal women's development policy, as well as obstacles to ending child marriage. this emphasizes the need of taking a stand in political, legal, and social systems. the government should also work to improve women's educational levels by implementing a policy that increases equal access to educational institutions and training, as well as raising awareness and empathy for gender issues. references adler, n. j. (1993). an international perspective on the barriers to the advancement of women managers. applied psychology, 42(4), 289-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14640597.1993.tb00745.x borjalilou, s., nazemi, s., mortazavi, s., & rahmanseresht, h. (2013). reflections of postfeminist viewpoints on female related issues in organizations. interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business, 4(10), 683-693. brownell, j. (1994). women in hospitality management: general managers' perceptions of factors related to career development. international journal of hospitality management, 13(2), 101-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4319(94)90032-9 brousseau, k. r., & prince, j. b. 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(2003). women and men in hotel management in hong kong: perceptions of gender and career development issues. international journal of hospitality management, 22(1), 85-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4319(02)00077-4 schreiber, p. j. (1998). women's career development patterns. new directions for adult and continuing education, 1998(80), 5-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ace.8001 https://doi.org/10.1108/sajbs-07-2016-0062 https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1993.1034 https://doi.org/10.14322/publons.r2117443 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2011.03.001 https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315546742 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4319(02)00077-4 https://doi.org/10.1002/ace.8001 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 38 subramaniam, g., tan, p., maniam, b., & ali, e. (2013). workplace flexibility, empowerment and quality of life. procedia social and behavioral sciences, 105, 885-893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.090 watts, l. l., frame, m. c., moffett, r. g., van hein, j. l., & hein, m. (2014). the relationship between gender, perceived career barriers, and occupational aspirations. journal of applied social psychology, 45(1), 10-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12271 zhong, y. g., couch, s., & blum, s. c. (2011). factors affecting women's career advancement in the hospitality industry: perceptions of students, educators and industry recruiters. journal of hospitality & tourism education, 23(4), 5-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2011.10697015 appendices appendix a. figure 1. communalities communalities initial extraction network 1.000 .559 team work 1.000 .710 co-worker support 1.000 .555 work life balance 1.000 .663 family support 1.000 .767 supervisor support 1.000 .638 living standard 1.000 .682 attitude 1.000 .519 self-motivated 1.000 .509 skills 1.000 .596 experience 1.000 .627 creativity 1.000 .629 training 1.000 .682 education 1.000 .660 job knowledge 1.000 .760 role model 1.000 .550 leadership 1.000 .587 ability 1.000 .737 reference group 1.000 .734 organizational policy 1.000 .478 extraction method: principal component analysis. appendix b. figure 2. reliability statistics reliability statistics cronbach's alpha n of items .930 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.090 https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12271 https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2011.10697015 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 39 item-total statistics scale mean if item deleted scale variance if item deleted corrected item-total correlation cronbach's alpha if item deleted job knowledge 34.32 59.573 .834 .916 ability 34.35 59.866 .810 .918 skills 34.24 64.366 .692 .924 education 34.38 61.874 .763 .920 training 34.34 61.540 .765 .920 experience 34.44 64.289 .709 .923 creativity 34.37 62.801 .743 .922 leadership 34.35 64.492 .669 .925 attitude 34.27 65.532 .652 .926 selfmotivated 34.38 66.420 .604 .928 source: spss appendix c. figure 3. reliability statistics reliability statistics cronbach's alpha n of items .862 6 item-total statistics scale mean if item deleted scale variance if item deleted corrected item-total correlation cronbach's alpha if item deleted team work 20.36 12.920 .701 .831 supervisor support 20.39 12.907 .686 .834 co-worker support 20.34 13.621 .601 .849 work life balance 20.33 12.244 .710 .829 network 20.28 13.254 .639 .842 organizational policy 20.35 13.684 .595 .850 source: spss appendix c. figure 4. reliability statistics reliability statistics cronbach's alpha n of items .815 4 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 40 item-total statistics scale mean if item deleted scale variance if item deleted corrected itemtotal correlation cronbach's alpha if item deleted family support 11.67 6.284 .546 .808 reference group 11.23 4.947 .736 .718 living standard 11.15 4.856 .672 .752 role model 11.22 5.486 .606 .782 source: spss copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 1 a study on funding and financial strategy followed by women entrepreneurs: a new way to entrepreneurial growth of bangladesh jesmin ara assistant professor department of finance and banking faculty of business studies hajee mohammad danesh science and technology university dinajpur-5200, bangladesh e-mail: jesmin.fib@tch.hstu.ac.bd abstract managing funds for venturing into a new business is a very challenging task for women. the goal of the study is to recognize congenial sources from where they can easily get funds to start their business and after starting a business which financial strategy they follow to expand their enterprise. to perform this task, primary data collection was carried out through a welldesigned questionnaire and a total of 180 women entrepreneurs from different parts of the country took part in this program spontaneously. it is observed that usually women do not get bank loans easily, but they discovered that semiformal and informal sources of funds are available for their business and these loans help them to achieve the entrepreneurial goal. although the interest rate is much higher, to be self-employed women must collect funds from these sources. 77 percent of women withdraw profit and their business follows the start small and stay small characteristics, but others save and re-invest their profit to expand the business operation. despite the great loss caused by the covid-19 pandemic, it is a light of hope that some women are doing very well by using the digital platform and providing home delivery services. from this paper, the new women entrepreneur can perceive what should be done and they will go through the right way. by following former entrepreneurs, they should take the right decision and bring success assuredly. keywords: bangladesh, fund, semiformal source, women entrepreneur. introduction the achievements of women for the progression of sustainable world economic development cannot be negated. to ensure economic growth, women-owned businesses are considered a vital measure. according to world bank data 2020, women are almost half (49.4%) of the total population of bangladesh. in the workforce of bangladesh, women’s participation is increasing day by day. but their involvement in business is not satisfactory. in bangladesh women’s participation in the business sector is very low. the percentage of women entrepreneur is lower than in our neighboring countries. according to a 2019 study by the ifc (international finance corporation), only 4.4 percent of businesses in bangladesh are owned by women. but in 2016 the percentage was 7.2 percent. in recent time, due to covid-19 crisis, many women unwillingly https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 2 closed their businesses especially who were used physical location for providing services and doing business of immovable or difficult to moving products which could not be delivered by couriers. when at the same time many women move toward movable products businesses using a digital platform and delivery services. women face many challenges in business, but the major challenge they face is limited funding. because of the obvious inequalities, women entrepreneur’s production-related activity was under-reflected so that they could not access desired capital (brush, greene, balachandra, & davis, 2014). every business needs a start-up cost. nowadays women can start a business with a very low amount of capital because they use the lower-cost digital platform for marketing and selling. by using an e-commerce platform, they do not need money for a well-decorated physical store or showroom. they only need inventory, warehouses, workers, some capital assets and so on. so, the amount of initial capital requirement is reduced. but still, this lower amount is not available to every women entrepreneur because most of them start a business as their first incomegenerating work. however, women-owned businesses are mostly small to medium-sized, and the capital requirement is not so large, the author wants to know why they cannot get funds easily. entrepreneurs either large or small are taking part to increase production as well as the gdp of any economy. women start a business to meet their basic needs, but it contributes to the whole society and the economy of a country. in bangladesh, women have many reasons for being an entrepreneur. as they are giving physical support and time to their family, it is difficult to maintain office hours for many women. some women didn’t get the expected job, or some remained unemployed. some women want to help financially to their families. so, they start their own innovative small or medium business. the amount of this type of entrepreneur is not trivial. so, women entrepreneurs are a significant player in building a growing economy. when they want to start a business, in maximum cases their own capital is not sufficient to start a new business enterprise. they have to borrow funds from informal sources like family, friends, neighbors, relatives etc. or from some formal sources like financial institutionsbanks, ngos, and other formal providers. women entrepreneurs should choose an appropriate combination of debt and equity capital otherwise they will not succeed in their business. the objectives of the current study are  to show which sources of fund are frequently used by female entrepreneurs and the study also reveal the terms of the fund.  to seek whether women entrepreneurs reinvest their profit or withdraw it for personal expenses.  to conclude the problems faced by women in collecting funds and to know whether the fund providers are considering these challenges. in recent time due to the covid-19 pandemic, many people lost their job, some got a partial salary. for lockdown situations, people pass the lazy time. so that many women are getting involved in small-scale businesses to give financial support to their families. they are thinking about the sources of financing. this study will help them to find an appropriate strategy for financing so that they can survive and achieve sustainable growth in their business. the purpose of this study is to serve the new woman entrepreneurs in the making decision about collecting funds to lever up the capital structure and gather handsome profit and sustainable growth. https://www.tandfonline.com/author/greene%2c+patricia https://www.tandfonline.com/author/balachandra%2c+lakshmi https://www.tandfonline.com/author/davis%2c+amy https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 3 literature review several researchers’ attention is given bellow ali and rana (2016) presented a study based on women empowerment through the involvement of women of rangpur region in operating parlor on the basis of sole proprietorship form. this study revealed that as bangladesh is a developing country, women entrepreneur’s faced different types of problems related to financial, social and ethical issues during the business operation. going through the analysis based on both primary and secondary data this study mainly identified the problems of women entrepreneurs in conducting beauty parlor business in bangladesh as well as prospects and possible opportunities towards women empowerment. chowdhury (2017) presented the pros and cons of entrepreneurial development in bangladesh. based on the secondary data this study mentioned the wide scope of entrepreneurship development in bangladesh. also this study points out the problems of mentality, efficiency, managerial, marketing, riskiness, infrastructural, technological, policymaking, political, international, corruption, inflation, the crisis of emergency fund, insufficient financial organization, complexity in loan granting, restrictive credit policy, unstable market structure, absence of proper policy decision, lack of proper financial support, lack of awareness of incentives provided by the government, lack of campaign about areas of entrepreneurship, lack of proper training facilities of entrepreneurs, lack of integrated package assistance, stimulating, supportive and sustaining activities needed for smes and so on. faruk, hassan, and islam (2016) reported that social entrepreneurship plays an important role in the socio-economic development of a country through solutions to social problems with the help of creating new ideas, developing social perception, and searching for new opportunities for the benefit of the society rather than private wealth maximization. this study aimed to identify the factors affecting the development of social entrepreneurship in bangladesh as well some key factors to determine the development of entrepreneurial social business such as new opportunities and innovations, social welfare and value, leadership, knowledge, skill and experience, ability and willingness, funding and resources, etc. nyamwanza, mapetere, mavhiki, and dzingirai (2012) identified business challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in implementing financial strategy. the study summarized that enterprise survival and growth were futile without appropriate financial management skills. mwobobia (2012) listed the challenges facing small businesswomen in kenya. the study identified that many stakeholders were trying to empower women entrepreneurs through the formation of funds for women entrepreneurs, formal and informal financial assistance and the donor’s implementation. witbooi and ukpere (2011) dealt with the extent to which financial providers in south africa were adequately aware of the challenges facing by women entrepreneurs. abdullah, johari, bakri, and razak (2015) descriptively analyzed the effectiveness of the collaboration between students and women entrepreneurs in malaysia. the study found that the collaboration was very fruitful. chatterjee and ramu (2018) found innovation and entrepreneurship were being dominated by women in india. the survey and round table interview were taken to trace out how innovation and entrepreneurship facilitated in india. vladasel, lindquist, sol, and praag (2020) analyzed the importance of family and community that affect entrepreneurship. they found that entrepreneurial careers could be highlighted at an early age. aggarwal, goodell, and selleck (2015) reported that microfinance institutions (mfis) prefer women debtors universally for many reasons. the study aimed to attribute two major https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 4 factorsthe trustworthiness of women and the social impact of women. this study also depicted that microfinance institutions (mfis) prefer women more in the low trust countries and interpreted gender targeting as an alternative for social belief. othman (2015) said women play a crucial role in attaining shared propensity via islamic microfinance in malaysia. this study also examined the effect of islamic microfinance to attain shared propensity and to boost up the economy. researchers conducted many kinds of research on the influence of islamic microfinance to encourage comprehensive growth, hasten poverty reduction, and decline inequality. this study also aimed to discover the present effect of islamic microfinance on women entrepreneurs to attain shared propensity in malaysia. murshid and ball (2018) evaluated the link between women's physical mobility and participation of them in microfinance, empowerment program in bangladesh based on the data from bangladesh demographic and health service of 2011. this study also discovered that women with physical mobility were 12 percentage to take part in microfinance paralleled to women without physical mobility. and there was a contradiction between the expansion of empowerment programs and cultural, patriarchal, social, infrastructural obstacles that precluded women from entering such programs. d'espallier, guérin, and mersland (2011) presented a study based on an international data set of 350 mfis from 70 countries. the study explained that, in microfinance, the male borrower had more credit risks than the female borrower. it also stated that a greater number of female clients in microfinance related to fewer portfolio risks, fewer provisions and fewer write off. besides, women related to higher repayment and resilience for ngos, mfis, and individualbased lenders. drori, manos, santacreu-vasut, shenkar, and shoham (2018) discovered that the microfinance segment acknowledged and proceeded on inclusive markets as a relevant factor to promote female entrepreneurship. this study analyzed how organizations and institutional representatives smooth the method by which microfinance challenges gender-based financial segregation. this study confirmed market inclusion of women influenced by institutional and organizational factors based on the secondary data of 2361 microfinance institutions from 115 countries. again drori, manos, santacreu-vasut, and shoham (2020) explored gender targeting strategy of microfinance institutions (mfis) was regulated by the role of culture. this study specified that there is a noteworthy effect of gender distinction on the targeting strategy of mifs. this research also suggested to mfis for distinguishing biased culture that can aid financially impeded women. fall, tchuigoua, vanhems, and simar (2021) studied and assessed the effect of gender on the social competence of microfinance by applying nonparametric techniques to assess the influence of gender. they used 680 microfinance organizations as a cross-country database from six countries of the world. their outcomes suggested that the mixture of gender had a positive influence universally on the social competence of microfinance. afroze, alam, akhter, and jui (2014) worked on female entrepreneurs funding with other challenges and the determinant factors of entrepreneurship, the study area was the khulna region of bangladesh. it discussed available challenges like gender inequality, permission for doing business, inadequate capital negative perception, lack of training and technical support and so on. it found potential key success factors of women entrepreneurs were hard-working, family member’s support, management and marketing skills, dedication etc. from the above literature, it is visible that challenges of women entrepreneurship, societal and cultural factors related to women entrepreneurs were the subject matter of many studies. but it suggests a scarcity of evidence regarding funding problems and the financial https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 5 strategy of women-owned businesses. most of the previous research has been done using data of before the covid-19 pandemic and has not found much impact of external factors that are salient in the recent phenomena. methodology the study is based on originally collected primary data, but some secondary data is also used to mark the concurrent economic situation of bangladesh. the respondents were women entrepreneurs that commenced business a minimum of one year ago. primary data was collected from visiting women entrepreneurs personally. but due to the pandemic, a small number of data was collected over the phone. data were collected from february to april of the year 2021 through interviews and surveys. a well-structured questionnaire was prepared which comprises both open and close-ended multiple-choice questions. at first, the questionnaire included some personal questions about the respondent’s name, age, educational background etc. businessoriented questions collected data about type, form, commencement, operation, location and so on. financial information like the amount of capital, total assets, yearly sales, and profit was collected through the questionnaire. the main objective of the data collection was to gather data about funding and financial strategy followed by women entrepreneurs. all possible questions about funding and financial strategy were included in the questionnaire. questions about the impact of covid-19 in their entrepreneurial functions were also included. respondents were also asked about limitations faced by them in operating business and the possible ways to solve these problems. they stated their future expectations with the hope of effective and prompt initiatives from the authority and the policymakers. in the time of face-to-face conversation, the author gathered some additional effective data beyond the questionnaire. these data were also analyzed and revealed in the result section of this study. some attributes in the questionnaire were targeted to measure the entrepreneurs’ perceptions by using a five-point scale (highly dissatisfied, dissatisfied, neutral, satisfied, highly satisfied). 200 respondents from different regions of the country participated in this survey but from them, 20 respondent’s questionnaires were rejected for partial answering. secondary data was collected from research papers, newspapers, magazines, journals and the internet. the nature of this study is descriptive and explanatory. collected data was analyzed concluding some common statistical tools and techniques such as average, frequencies, percentage, pie chart and table for representing the chronicles. the researcher used spss software for data analysis. result and discussion funding is the prerequisite for every business. in most cases, women entrepreneurs start small and stay small businesses. but this small amount is not available to the women because they are financially dependent on their parents or husband. table 1 represents available sources of funds for women entrepreneurs. the study found that only 5 percent of women started their business with their own saved money. they saved money by cutting their expenditure or selling their assets. 11 percent of women collected their capital from family members, friends or relatives. this informal source was sometimes free of cost and sometimes very costly because some family members provide funds without charging any interest but some relatives or neighbors or friends charged higher interest rates. for funds, most entrepreneurs knocked on the door of semi-formal institutions or ngos of our country. women needed a small amount of loans, and these institutions provided microcredit, so the demand and supply sides matched each other. ngos https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 6 provided microcredit to beginners, so women entrepreneurs got loans easily from this source. only well-established businesswomen were eligible for formal bank loans, so the percentage was very small which only 8 percent was. although the starting capital was not so large, many women could not manage it easily. they tried to collect funds from multiple sources. when personal savings and informal loans were not enough, they move toward semi-formal or formal sources. this happened for 42 percent of women entrepreneurs who collected funds from more than one source. table 1. women entrepreneur’s sources of funds sources of fund frequency percentage personal savings 8 4.5 informal (family, friends, relatives and neighbors) 18 10 semi-formal (ngos) 60 33.3 formal (bank) 14 7.7 more than one source 80 44.5 total 180 100 source: analysis of primary data (feb-apr) 2021 from 180 respondents only 10 percent could manage funds without any interest. most of the entrepreneurs paid 11 to 13 percent interest to their borrowed fund. about 31 percent of women collected funds paying higher interest rates which were between 14 to 16 percent. some fund provider offered lower interest rates 8-10 percent, but the number of these providers were very small. these results showed in table 2. table 2. women entrepreneur’s cost of collecting fund interest rate (%) frequency percentage 0 18 10 1-4 0 0 5-7 1 .6 8-10 10 5.5 11-13 95 52.8 14-16 56 31.1 total 180 100 source: analysis of primary data (feb-apr) 2021 table 2 represents 162 respondents who had to pay interest. the majority of these respondents were dissatisfied with the interest rate charged by the financial institutions. table 3 represents the state of satisfaction with the interest rate of the women entrepreneurs. the satisfaction level was very low which indicated the interest rate was much higher for the women entrepreneurs. as they had no other choice, they took a loan at a higher interest rate to start their business. the author wanted to know the repayment rate with this unsatisfied interest rate. the https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 7 interesting thing was that 98 percent of women borrowers paid their full loans. the common feature of these collateral-free loans was short-term and small amounts. usually, loan installment frequency for the informal and semiformal institutions was weekly and for formal banks it was monthly. data were collected from women entrepreneurs who had started a business minimum one year ago. for the short-term nature of the loan, all respondents paid their loan before they participated in the face-to-face interview. table 3. women entrepreneur’s level of satisfaction with the interest rate level of satisfaction frequency percentage highly dissatisfied 35 21.7 dissatisfied 72 44.4 neutral 43 26.5 satisfied 12 7.4 highly satisfied 0 0 total 162 100 source: analysis of primary data (feb-apr) 2021 the fund was inevitable for any business whether it is small or large. the utilization of available funds is also a very challenging task for the entrepreneur. women usually like to do that business in which they have much knowledge or expertise. so that they can easily earn profit. as the maximum women owner operate small to medium business, they manage business by their self. sometimes they get help from family members and recruit few numbers of employees. the study found that, before the covid-19 pandemic all women could earn profit but after starting the pandemic, the profitability position had been changed. many women faced losses in their business. the profitability of every business got volatile because of the lock-down situation. but results showed that e-commerce-based businesses’ profits were increased. the study also found about 97 percent of the entrepreneurs operated their business in urban areas. there were many facilities they received in the urban areas which were not available in the rural areas. communication facilities, infrastructural facilities, network facility and product delivery facilities were inevitable for women entrepreneurs. table 4 shows the direction of profitability in the covid-19 crisis. table 4. women entrepreneur’s direction of profitability due to covid-19 pandemic method of operation profitability business orientation frequency percentage physical location-based highly decreased product 4 2.2 service 68 37.8 decreased product 0 0 service 32 17.8 stable product 1 0.6 service 1 0.6 digital platformincreased product 63 35 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 8 based service 0 0 highly increased product 11 6 service 0 0 total 180 100 source: analysis of primary data (feb-apr) 2021 the study also tried to know the loan recovery consideration by the loan providers during the period of lockdown. more than 90 percent of the respondents said that the lenders’ consideration for loan repayment in the lockdown situation was good to excellent. from the borrower’s point of view, as their income slowed down this consideration was very helpful for their survival. according to the microcredit regulatory authority’s circular letter54, 25 march 2020, microfinance institutions cannot force the borrower to pay the installment if he or she was financially disabled. however, some respondents said that the loan consideration was poor to fair, but these types of cases were below 5 percent. it was known that some entrepreneurs took a loan from informal sectors, and it caused this miserable situation. women entrepreneurs followed two strategies about the uses of the earned profit. either they withdrew the profit, or they retained it in the business. table 5 represents the result of the uses of profit followed by women entrepreneurs. 77 percent of the respondents withdrawn their profit because the business was the main source of their income. some entrepreneur (11%) reinvested their profit because they want to expand their assets and some of them followed both strategies to run their business in the long run. the study found that as they spend the withdrawn money, 80 percent of entrepreneurs wanted to take a further loan to expand their business. some respondents said to the author that they withdraw money and saved it so that they can use it in their financial crisis or when they need more capital to increase their business operation. table 5. women entrepreneur’s utilization of profit uses of profit frequency percentage re-invest 20 11.1 withdraw 140 77.8 both 20 11.1 total 180 100 source: analysis of primary data (feb-apr) 2021 apart from the funding and financial strategy of women entrepreneurs, the current study got some other important information. some of them are highlighted to give a better understanding of the features of women’s entrepreneurship. if we see the result depicted in table 6, day by day the number of women entrepreneurs is increasing. the possible reason was for the covid-19 pandemic many families become helpless and both males and females started ecommerce-based businesses. because of the lockdown situation online selling has become popular and feasible everywhere. when the author collected data, she found that many women entrepreneurs were studying at graduation and post-graduation levels of many renowned universities of our country. they utilized their leisure time to financially support their family. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 9 table 6. women entrepreneur’s duration of businesses duration of business (years) frequency percentage 1-2 57 31.7 3-4 69 38.3 5-6 30 16.7 7-8 10 5.6 9-10 6 3.3 10+ 8 4.4 total 180 100 source: analysis of primary data (feb-apr) 2021 some demographic factors (age, education and marital status) are pictured below figure 1. women entrepreneur’s age above figure mention that 38 percent of the women entrepreneurs belonged to 21 to 25 years and 32 percent of them were between 26 to 30. women had started their businesses in the early stage of their life. some women left their job for many reasons. they found a new way which was an alternative to do a job. entrepreneurship brought them self-independent. figure 2. women entrepreneur’s level of education below 20 2% 21-25 38% 26-30 32% 31-35 25% 36+ 3% age of the women entrepreneurs under secondary secondary higher secondarygraduation postgraduation education of the women entrepreneurs https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 10 the above figure represents the level of education of the entrepreneurs. as we observed that most of the entrepreneurs’ age were 21 to 35 and they started business from 1 to six years ago, so the level of education was obviously higher secondary to graduation. the result explains that educated women were interested to do business and wanted to prove their capability of doing business. it is a good sign for our economic and social capital development. women entrepreneurs are taking part in the growth of our country’s gdp and solve the unemployment problem. the study also finds that the women were educated but they did not have technical knowledge about how to operate businesses as well as they need specific sectoral training to upgrade the business position. women entrepreneurs demanded a higher level of training and incentives from the government. of the female respondents, 59 percent were married and 40 percent were unmarried. the study found only one percent divorcee. the study also discovers the ownership format of the respondents. the result shows that 98 percent women were sole proprietor and 2 percent were doing as a partner. 42 percent of the respondent were operating their business by using an ecommerce platform and 58 percent had a physical location, store or showroom to provide products and services manually. again, 83 percent of women did not get insurance for their business. in the environmental sustainability issue, women were very conscious. they claimed that their work did not hamper the environment in any way. doing business by themselves did not threaten the environment by emitting any pollutants to society. the greater portion of the entrepreneurs used eco-friendly products. there are many problems with women’s entrepreneurship. experiencing domestic violence is one of them. physical violence by husbands influences women entrepreneur's decision to initiate a new business when they have access to financing (shahriar & shepherd, 2019). from the analyzed result, 11 women entrepreneurs had gone through physical violence and they said that this violence negatively affects their entrepreneurial initiatives. 20 percent women believed that the society exhibited negativity to accept women as an entrepreneur. key problems of women entrepreneurs identified by the author were lack of funds, lack of knowledge and training, family restriction, unfavorable business environment, balancing between family and business, network problem, women security, unavailable formal loan and so on. most of the women wanted formal financial institutions loans with lower interest rates and ease of formalities in getting a loan. women were less likely to obtain a bank loan and if women got a bank loan, they must pay a higher rate of interest than male entrepreneurs (muravyev, talavera, & schäfer, 2009). women entrepreneurs wanted microfinance institutions to increase the installment duration so that they got enough time to manage money for the loan repayment. they also wanted to gather practical knowledge through higher-level training. women entrepreneurs said that in the job sector women got many privileges but in the business sector they didn’t get any subsidies or incentives. so, most of the women entrepreneurs placed a request to the government to grant incentives and subsidies for their business development. conclusion the establishment of women’s entrepreneurship has a positive influence to increase the living standard of their family and society. major challenges that women entrepreneurs face in doing business are limited funding, balancing business with family life, fear of failure, gender inequality and an unfavorable business environment. by considering these challenges the study aims to help them to find the appropriate strategy for financing and making decisions about https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 11 collecting and using funds. it will help them to survive and achieve sustainable growth in their business. male-dominated societies do not believe in the capability of women. women entrepreneurs do not get loans easily from formal financial institutions like male entrepreneurs. formal financial institutions have many criteria for loan approval and have some limitations in managerial decisions. so, women entrepreneurs relied on semiformal ngos and informal sources like family members and friends. although women are capable to repay the loan with a higher interest rate, the interest rate is not satisfactory to them. for the betterment of women as well as the whole economy the mifs should minimize the interest rate. women made a choice of doing business to provide financial backing to their families. most of the female entrepreneurs withdraw their business profit because it is the only accessible source of income in front of them. some entrepreneur has other sources of income, so they retain their profit for future investment requirements. as the study was conducted at the time of the covid-19 pandemic, the study cannot get the expected number of respondents. lack of having contact numbers, it was not possible to communicate with many women entrepreneurs. one of the major challenges of data collection was to collect financial data because most women did not record proper financial statements. sometimes they gave an estimated amount and sometimes gave the wrong financial figure. for this reason, the study cannot analyze financial factors. the study considers only the available avenue of funds like banks, ngos, family, and friends but nowadays, crowdfunding offers an innovative funding source for both male and female entrepreneurs of the world. in the recent future, crowdfunding could be a lucrative source of funds for the women entrepreneurs of bangladesh. in the future, researchers could consider this source of funds also. references abdullah, j., johari, h. s. y., bakri, a. a., & razak, w. m. w. a. 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(2011). indigenous female entrepreneurship: analytical study on access to finance for women entrepreneurs in south africa. african journal of business management, 5(14), 5646-5657. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajbm10.1161 copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research; vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by centre for research on islamic banking & finance and business, usa 23 23 earnings predictability of quoted firms in nigeria taiwo azeez olaniyi phd department of accounting, university of ilorin, nigeria e-mail: niyitaiwo03@yahoo.com segun abogun phd department of accounting, university of ilorin, nigeria e-mail: segunstc@yahoo.com mudathir olanrewaju salam phd department of accounting, university of ilorin, nigeria e-mail: salamudathir@yahoo.com abstract the inability of investors to predict future earnings of firms exposes them to further risk such that potential investors may be scared away while existing ones may be prompted to withdraw their investment. thus, it becomes imperative to evaluate the earnings predictability of nigerian quoted firms with a view to establish the ability or inability of earnings to predict itself. also, the study examined the impact of volatility on earnings predictability of nigerian quoted firms. the total number of seventy three (73) quoted nigerian firms constitutes the population of this study and the entire 73 firms were studied. the causal relationship research design was adopted. the secondary data used were collected from the financial statements of the quoted firms for the period 1996 to 2015. the system generalized method of moment (gmm) was used to estimate the dynamic panel regression models of the study. the study found that earnings of firms are predictable. the study also found that volatility has adverse effect on earnings predictability. it was therefore recommended more interest/investment in nigerian firms since earnings information is available and is predictable while managements of firms should reduce instability in reported earnings. keywords: earnings, predictability, volatility, investment, decision. jel classification: m, m4. 1. introduction risk is an important issue that investors consider in making investment decisions, especially in developing economies such as nigeria. this is because developing economies are characterized by uncertainties and risks. such risks may be an operating risk, information risk, political risk, technology risk, and economic risk. earnings quality which is an element of information risk environments of developing economies refers to the adequacy, reliability, and relevance of information provided by the accounting system about the earnings of an entity. it therefore becomes difficult for investors to make investment decision due to the problem of predicting expected future cash flow arising from earnings. according to dechow, ge and schrand (2010), the quality of earnings depends on two factors: (i). operational performance of the firm, and (ii). quality of the accounting systems that measures the performance. although there are different measures of earnings quality but the commonly used ones in the literature are value relevance, conservatism, timeliness, persistence, smoothness, accrual quality, and predictability. the primary focus of this study is the predictability of earning as a measure of earnings quality of listed companies in nigeria. the motivation for this study and the choice of this proxy as a measure of earnings quality came from two sources. firstly, those who studied the time series properties of corporate earnings documented that such series follows a random walk process; that is unpredictable (ball &watts, 1972; abbrecht, lookabill &mckeown, 1977; chant, 1980; afego, 2012; ogege & mojekwu, 2013). the implications of such conclusion which is a source of concern to financial analysts, investors, management, and researchers are of many folds. the first implication is that it becomes practically impossible to predict future earning by studying the histories of corporate earnings (past observations on earnings). another implication is that investors who value firms based on the prediction of future earnings through the assessment of past performances are merely engaged in a futile exercise. lastly, income smoothening engaged by management aimed at removing fluctuations from reported earnings which is dependent on predictability is impossible. copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 24 it is on this basis that this study examines the predictability of earnings of the nigerian firms. asides the fact that the nigerian stock market an emerging market, the market is highly regulated market (nigerian stock exchange, 2015; oludoyi, 1999). thus, the conclusion that corporate earnings are unpredictable may not be applicable to the nigerian market. the second source of motivation for this study is based on one of the objectives of financial reporting which states that: the purpose of financial reporting is to provide information for existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors for decision making (international accounting standard board [iasb], 2010). it is expected to provide information that would enable investors to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of expected future net cash inflows of firms. it is also expected to provide information that would enable investors to estimate the value of an entity. the empirical evidences about these stated objectives have been inconclusive; hence the need for more evidences especially from emerging market such as nigeria. while some studies provide evidence of good earning quality in terms of earning persistence and predictability (folsom, hribar, mergenthaler, & peterson, 2016), others concluded that current earnings are only capable of predicting future cash flow and not future earnings (bandyopadhyay, chen, huang & jha, 2010). however, a number of other studies concluded that current year’s cash flow other than current year’s earnings predicts future earnings better (artikis & papanastasopoulos, 2016). the question is: what is the predictability of earnings of the nigerian firms? efforts have been made by few studies to examine the predictability of earnings of the nigerian firms; however such studies are limited in many ways. the studies include: ebirien and nwanyanwu (2017); uwuigbe, uyoyoghene, jafaru, uwuigbe and jimoh (2017). one major limitation of past studies in this area in nigeria is that they failed to examine the impact of earnings volatility on earnings predictability which has been reported by some studies in other economies as a key determinant of predictability (dichev &tang, 2009; hamzavi & aflatooni, 2011; yosra & fawzi, 2015). another key limitation of the past studies is the weakness of the estimation techniques used. most of these studies either used the pooled ordinary least square method or the ordered probit regression using the maximum likelihood estimation technique to fit their regression models (e.g uwuigbe, uyoyoghene, jafaru, uwuigbe and jimoh (2017). this is a major limitation of the past studies in the sense that, the use of ols to estimate an auto-regressive model is capable of undermining the validity of findings from such studies. the model that estimates earnings predictability is an auto-regressive (a r (1)) model which the ordinary least square and other similar estimation techniques cannot appropriately estimate. this study attempts to fill this gap in the literature. finally, the few studies that have attempted to evaluate earnings predictability of nigerian firm focused on the financial service sector; thereby limiting the generalization of findings from such studies. this study attempts to address these limitations by studying all sectors except the financial service sector. therefore, the objectives of this study are to: (1). examine the predictability of earnings of nigerian firm; (2). examine the link between volatility of earnings and earnings predictability. as a result, the study hypothesized that: (1). earnings of nigerian firms are not predictable; (2). earnings volatility does not affect earnings predictability. this study covers the period from year 1996 to year 2015 for listed firms on the nigerian stock exchange excluding firms in the financial sector. the choice of the start date was based on data availability. choosing a much earlier date would reduce the number of companies included in the study as there are limited numbers of companies whose historical data is accessible. on the other hand, choosing a much later year would limit how far the study could assess the historical behavior of earnings of firms. the choice of the end date was equally based on data availability. as at the time of the study, the annual report and accounts of companies used in this study were not all available. 2. literature review concept of earnings predictability and volatility earnings predictability is one of the various measures of earnings quality (francis et al., 2004; dechow et al., 2010). it measures the ability of earnings to predict itself; and this is possible if the firm’s earnings exhibit a steady growth over the years which can also be reasonably maintained in the future periods (fink, 2014). lipe, (1990) defined earnings predictability as “the ability of past earnings to predict future earnings, and it is reflected in the variance of the shock in the univariate earnings process .” this definition shows that earnings predictability is measured as the variance of the error term in a model where current year earnings of firm j is regressed on one year lag of earnings for firm j. according to lipe (1990), the variance of the shock in a univariate earnings model is negatively related to earnings predictability, that is, as the variance of the shock gets smaller, predictability increases. consequently the investors’ responsiveness to earnings increases. alternatively, instead of just taking the variance of the shock as the measure of predictability, li, abeeysekera, and ma (2014) used the standard deviation to measure predictability. both variance and standard deviation measure variability or spread in a distribution; the only advantage of standard deviation over variance is that, standard deviation is in the same unit with the raw data. it is important to note that there is difference between earnings persistence and predictability. the former measures the recurring nature of earnings. it measures the magnitude of past earnings in the current earnings. according to dechow et al. (2010), “firms with more persistent earnings have a more sustainable earnings/cash flow stream that will make a more useful copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 25 input into discounted cash flow based on equity valuation.” on the other hand, predictability is the earnings power; meaning the ability of past earnings to predict future earnings. lipe (1990) differentiate the two concepts this way: “the predictability of earnings is a function of the average absolute magnitude of the annual earnings shocks, whereas the time series persistence of earnings reflects the autocorrelation in earnings.” in a univariate earnings model, earnings persistence is the slope coefficient of one year lag of earnings while earnings predictability is measured as the standard deviation of the error component (annual earnings shock) in the model. therefore, the two concepts of earnings persistence and predictability are not the same. however, the two concepts are complementary in the sense that an earnings series that exhibit persistence is most likely to be predictable. there are determinants of earnings predictability which are also related to the determinants earnings quality in general. these determinants are classified into two: accounting related factors and economy related factors. the accounting related factors include: accrual quality, earnings smoothness, earnings management, measurement error, accounting conservatism (ewert & wagenhofer, 2010). the economic related factors are the core operating performance of firms and earnings volatility. earnings volatility is the variability in earnings which is capable of reducing the ability of past earnings to predict future earnings (dichev & tang, 2009; luttman & silhan, 2017). according to fink (2014), volatility is the instability and inconsistency of pattern exhibited by the earning stream of a company. when the value of earnings is rising and falling in an indiscernible manner, such earnings distribution is said to be volatile. the volatility of earnings may be attributed to the volatility of the economy within which a firm operates. in an emerging market such as nigeria where government economic policies change frequently in an inconsistent manner, firms are adversely affected (espinosa, 2016; roggi, giannozzi & baglioni, 2016). for instance, the persistent fluctuation in the foreign exchange of nigerian local currency against the us dollar and pounds has negative effect on the operational performance of some firms. this fluctuation in the forex can introduce volatility into fundamental performance of firms. therefore, the policy and operating environment within which a firm operate influences the volatility introduced into earnings. more so, the nigerian economy has witnessed recession in the recent time. the effect of such economic shock can equally affect the economic performance of firm. furthermore, apart from the economic volatility, accounting principles and practices are equally capable of introducing volatility into earnings (fink, 2014). in situations where revenue is poorly matched with expenses, volatility is introduced into earnings (dichev & tang, 2008). also, the accuracy of accounting estimates, depreciation of asset method used, and stock valuation methods can determine the level of volatility exhibited by earnings. in addition, the accounting practice of timely recognition of losses than gains, transaction based accounting are capable of making earnings to be volatile the implications of earnings volatility are numerous: it reduces earnings persistence and predictability (dichev &tang, 2009); it reduces the information content of earnings (collin &kothari, 1989; lipe, 1990). it also signals uncertainty to the market and as a result, the market revises downward its expectations about the future prospects of the firm. consequently, the stock price is adversely affected (luttman & silhan, 2011). the cost of capital is high due to the uncertainty of expected future net cash inflow into the entity. the effect of that is that cost of external finance will be relatively high when compared with internal sources (ewert & wagenhofer, 2010; bruner, conroy, estrada, kritzman, & li, 2010; doneva & strom, 2013). volatility also creates incentives for management to smoothen and manage earnings for personal gains (hamzavi & aflatooni, 2011). theoretical explanation valuation theory according to feltham and ohlson (1995); dumontier and raffournier (2002); nilsson (2003), valuation theory posits that the value of a firm is the present value of the expected future dividend. furthermore, by imposing the clean surplus relation assumption, the value of a firm is measured as the sum of the book value of equity and present value of future expected abnormal earnings; where abnormal earning is the difference between current earnings and a capital charge. the capital charge is measured as book value of equity at the beginning multiplied by discount rate. the clean surplus relation assumption stipulates that change in the book value of equity is equal to current earnings minus dividend. ohlson (1995) made another assumption by imposing an auto-regressive behavior on abnormal earnings. this last assumption introduces the persistence parameter and consequently earning predictability into valuation model. therefore, from equity valuation perspective, predictability is a key determinant of how well earnings information can be used to value firms (ohlson, 1995; dechow et al., 2010; luttman & silhan, 2011). share price reacts to earnings information, precisely the earnings power (graham & dodd, 2009). lipe (1990) demonstrated that the earnings response coefficient (erc) has positive link with earnings persistence and predictability. it means that revision of expectation by the market in response to earnings information is an increasing function of earnings persistence and predictability. the earnings response coefficient (erc) measures the responsiveness of investors to earnings information (dechow et al., 2010; collins & copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 26 kothari, 1989). this is because investors are mostly concerned with the current position of an organization and equally the future prospects of the organization. however, in a situation where future earnings are uncertain, it becomes difficult to value the security of a firm. if earnings are not predictable, it becomes difficult for investors to determine the earnings power of the security; hence, investors cannot know whether to buy, sell, or hold the security of the firm. consequently, the market tends to revise downward its expectation about the future expected net cash inflow of such firms. this has many implications for the firm. firstly, the cost of capital which is the expected return on investments by provider of capital to the firm would be high. this high cost of capital is to cater for the risk of investing in a stock whose future net cash inflow is uncertain (unpredictable). secondly, when the market writes downward its expectation about the future prospect of a firm, the share price of such firm is priced low by the market. if such situation is not addressed, after some time it may lead to a take-over bid by a healthier company. another consequence of earnings unpredictability is that such firm may find it difficult to source for external finance (hasan, park & wu, 2012). this is because lenders would find it difficult to predict the ability of such firm to redeem loans or any other facility; and a result they would be unwilling to give out facility to the firm. random walk theory in other to specify the empirical model of this study, the random walk theory is applied. the theory stipulates that the successive price changes in security prices is not dependent; making it difficult to predict future price of security. those who attempt to predict future price of security using past observations believe that history has a way of repeating itself. it is believed that if an intelligent person understands the pattern of past behavior of security prices, and volume of trading, he could possibly predict tomorrow’s price of security. those who hold this view are usually referred to as technical analysts. in contrast, the advocates of random walk theory state that successive changes in security prices are without pattern; hence, it is impracticable to predict security prices (arewa & nwakanma, 2014). the empirical model of a random walk theory according to dupernex (2007) can be stated as: xt = λ0 + xt-1 + γt where xt represents current year security price, xit-1 is the previous value of security, λ0, is a drift component and γt is the stochastic error term which is identically independently distributed. therefore, for the purpose of empirical analysis relevant for this work, an auto-regressive of order one is specified in section three of this study. empirical review many research efforts have been made towards understanding and describing the time series properties of corporate earnings for decision making, depending on the decision objective. this has been approached in the literature from two different points of view. the advocates of the first approach believe that the behavior of corporate earnings can be understood by modeling the time series behavior of past earnings. the objective of the approach is to extrapolate/forecast future earnings by developing univariate earnings model using past earnings. the technique commonly used by the proponents of this approach is the autoregressive method, ranging from auto-regressive model of order one ar (1), auto-regressive moving average (arma), to the auto-regressive integrated moving average (arima). they found that the behavior of corporate earnings is similar to the random walk process (ball & watts 1972; watts and leftwich, 1977; albrecht, lookabill &meckeown 1977). the primary implication of these findings is that corporate earnings are not predictable using past earning. this approach to earnings predictability has been criticized for its many limitations. chant (1980) claimed that forecasting of earnings using its past values alone is not the best approach to understand the predictability of earnings. it was said that future earnings cannot be predicted in isolation from other economic variables or information. chant (1980) designed an alternative measure of earnings predictability which posits that earnings information is a subset of the generality of public information. more so, it is believed that earnings are economic variables that easily interact with other economic variables. as a result, econometric model was used instead of a univariate earnings model. in this case, a dependent variable versus independents variables in a regression model was used. this econometric regression model allows for the inclusion of past values of earnings and other independent variables. this enables the past values of earnings to relate with other information sets to jointly predict future earnings. this approach is consistent with the work of lipe (1990); das, levine, & sivaramakrishnan (1998), luttman and silhan (2011); hamzavi and aflatooni (2011); dichev and tang (2009); yosra and fawzi (2015); fama and french (2000); ewert and wagenhofer (2010). findings from these studies are diverse; however, evidence of earnings predictability is common in most of the studies. some of the explanatory variables examined in conjunction with past values of earnings are: smoothness, volatility, accrual quality, firm characteristics, conservatism, and profitability. studies have revealed that volatility is inversely related to earnings predictability (allayannis, rountree, & weston, 2005; dichev & tang, 2009; yosra & fawzi, 2015). the result of hamzavi and aflatooni (2011) showed that earning smoothing is positively related to predictability. this latter finding should be interpreted with caution in the sense that earnings smoothing engaged by management using discretionary accrual is not desirable. the work of uwuigbe et al. (2017) shows that current earnings’ ability to predict future earnings decreased after the copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 27 adoption of international financial reporting standard. similarly, the work of ebirien & nwanyanwu (2017) reveals that there is no evidence of significant difference between banks and insurance firms in the ability of earnings to predict future earnings. for the purpose of this study, the two approaches to earnings predictability were adopted. the first model in section three of this study is a univariate earnings model. the second model is not a univariate model but included volatility as another independent variable; hence it is consistent with the alternative approach. 3. methodology model specification the purpose of this study is to measure the predictability of earnings of nigerian listed firms; and as a result, the autoregressive model of order one (1) is specified. consistent with the specifications in the work of das et al. (1998); francis et al. (2004); richardson, sloan, soliman & tuna (2005); dechow et al. (2010); boubakri (2012); park and shin (2015); artikis and papanastasopuolos (2016), the model is specified as: earningsit = ηo + η1earningsit-1 + δi + πit…………………………………………… (1) where earningsit is the current earnings for the various firms for the period covered, ηo is the intercept of the model, that is, the constant term, η1 is the persistence parameter, earningsit-1 is the immediate past value of current earnings, δi is the time-invariant individual firm characteristics, and πit is the stochastic error term. the above specification of autoregressive model is considered suitable for this study since the objective is to determine the ability of past earnings to predict future earnings. the word autoregressive in this case means the inclusion of lagged dependent variable as an independent variable in the model. if the lagged dependent variable is solely the independent variable, then the model is a univariate model. in addition to the univariate model in equation (1), equation (2) below measures the impact of volatility on earnings predictability. as a result, volatility is interacted with earnings as the second explanatory variable in the autoregressive model apart from the lagged dependent variable. therefore, following the works of dichev and tang (2009); hamzavi and aflatooni (2011); yosra and fawzi (2015) the model is specified as: earningsit = ηo + η1earningsit-1 + η2volatility+ η3earningsit-1* voltit + δi + πit………………. (2) in order to measure predictability from equation (1), the standard deviation of the stochastic error term is used. the slope coefficient of the lagged dependent variable in equations 1&2 is not interpreted the usual way of interpreting the slope coefficient of the classical linear regression model. in this case, the autoregressive coefficient is used to measure the persistent level of earnings. the closer it is to 1, the more persistent the earnings, but the closer it is to zero, the less persistent, and the more transitory the earnings. there is a positive link between earnings persistence and earnings predictability. persistence of earnings drives the predictability of earnings such that high level of persistence would result to increased ability of earnings to predict itself. according to dichev and tang (2009), “the strength of the direct relation between earnings volatility and earnings predictability is determined by earnings persistence, where higher persistence signifies more predictable earnings”. however, for the purpose of measuring predictability, it is the standard deviation of the error term that is used. the smaller the standard deviation of the error term, the higher the predictability of earnings and vise-versa. this interpretation is consistent with francis et al. (2004); dichev and tang (2009); li et al. (2014). on the other hand, if the objective of the research design is to measure the predictability of earnings relative to volatility, then the r2 from the regression models in equations 1 and equation 2 are used to measure predictability of earnings (dichev &tang, 2009; petrovic, manson, & coakley, 2009; ewert & wagenhhofer, 2010; hamzavi & aflatooni, 2011; yosra & fawzi, 2015). if the r2 is high then the predictability of earnings is high; otherwise the predictability of earnings is low. according to dichev and tang (2009), the value of r2 if predictability is relative to volatility is calculated as the squared of persistence coefficient (in this case η1 in equations 1&2). the volatility of earnings is measured as the coefficient of variation of the entire historical earnings for each firm over the period covered. this measurement is in line with the study of das et al., (1998). the coefficient of variation is calculated as (standard deviation/mean)*100 (black, 2010). estimation techniques equations (1) & (2) are dynamic panel regression models. therefore, for the purpose of estimation, arellano and bond (1991) stated that attention should be paid to certain economic problems that may come up. firstly, the inclusion of the lagged copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 28 dependent variable as explanatory variable introduces autocorrelation. secondly, the lagged dependent variable is correlated with the individual characteristic. however, if the model is transformed by taking its first difference, then the effect of the individual characteristic disappears. nevertheless, the lagged dependent variable is still correlated with the lagged error term. thirdly, it is possible that some of the explanatory variables are endogenous; in that case, the explanatory variables would correlate with the error. fourthly, the panel data set is such that the time period (time dimension) is less than the cross-sectional units (unit dimension). the implication of these economic problems is that the pooled ordinary least square estimator, fixed effect panel estimator, and the random effect panel estimator are biased and inconsistent. therefore, in order to overcome these problems, the blundell and bond (1998) system generalized method of moment (gmm) estimator is used. research design in this study, the ability of past earnings to predict future earnings is examined. following the past studies in this field of research, current year earnings were regressed on its lagged value and the variance of the error was obtained. consequently, the standard deviation of the error (square root of the error variance) measures the predictability of earnings. as a result of the procedure followed in measuring predictability of earnings in this study the causal relationship research design was used. population, sample and data the population of this study consists of all the companies listed on the stock exchange not later than year 1996. the year 1996 was chosen due to the nature of this study which requires historical data. this population does not include companies in the financial sector on the basis that the sector is highly regulated such that its inclusion may constitute a serious heterogeneity problem in the study. in total, seventy three (73) companies constitute the population of this study; and the entire seventy three (73) companies were examined to enhance the generalization of the findings. hence, the study is a census study since no sample was selected. for the purpose of this study, secondary data were used and were obtained from the financial statements of the companies studied. the data obtained was the earnings information for all the firms studied. earnings are measured as the profit on ordinary activities after tax. 4. analysis and results table 1model 1 presents the estimation result of the system dynamic panel for model1. the result shows that the lagged dependent variable (earningsit-1) which is the autoregressive component of the model has a coefficient of 0.7238752 and it is significant at 1% levels (p<0.01). the r2 for the model is obtained by taking the square of the autoregressive coefficient as 0.52. the model was properly fitted as shown by the significance (p<0.01) of the wald statistics. also, table 1.2 shows that the absolute value of the standard deviation of the error term for model 1 is 1371818. furthermore, the coefficient of correlation between earnings and the lagged value of earnings is 0.8754 as contained in table 1.3. the implication of this result is that half of the total variation in earnings is explained by its own history, therefore it can be deduced that there is evidence of earnings predictability. table 1 model 1: system gmm panel regression results source: authors’ computation, (2019) standard: _cons gmm-type: ld.earnings instruments for level equation gmm-type: l(2/.).earnings instruments for differenced equation _cons 391880.4 4730.169 82.85 0.000 382609.4 401151.3 l1. .7238752 .0003463 2090.42 0.000 .7231965 .7245539 earnings earnings coef. std. err. z p>|z| [95% conf. interval] wc-robust two-step results prob > chi2 = 0.0000 number of instruments = 184 wald chi2(1) = 4.37e+06 max = 19 avg = 13.16438 obs per group: min = 1 time variable: year group variable: firm number of groups = 73 system dynamic panel-data estimation number of obs = 961 copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 29 table 1.2 standard deviation of residual table 1.3 correlation matrix source: authors’ computation, (2019) however, the result equally implies that almost half of the total variation in earnings is explained by other factors other than the history of itself. it can be said therefore that evidence of earnings predictability is just moderate and not so high. this result is consistent with the work of holt (2013) who found evidence of earnings predictability. on the other hand, the result is different from the results reported by ebirien and nwanyanwu (2017); uwuigbe et al. (2017) who found no evidence of earnings predictability. the inconsistency in findings especially in nigeria may be attributed to the fact that the works of ebirien and nwanyanwu (2017); uwuigbe et al. (2017) were focus on the financial service sector while this study focus on other sectors other than the financial sector. furthermore, in order to examine the effect of earnings volatility on earnings predictability, model 2 was estimated and the results are contained in table 2, model 2. this table shows that the autoregressive coefficient is 0.775673 and it is significant at 1% significance level (p<0.01). the table also reveals that the coefficient of the interaction between the lagged dependent variable and volatility is -0.0766498 and it is significant at 1% significance level (p<0.01). adjusting for the effect of volatility, the autoregressive coefficient is added to the interaction coefficient as 0.775673+ (-0.0766498) which is equal to 0.6990232. this figure is used to obtain the value of r2 for model 2 as (0.6990232)2 which is equal to 0.49. furthermore, table 2.1 reveals that the standard deviation of the error term for model 2 is 1706428. it shows that the autoregressive coefficient dropped after adjusting for the effect of volatility. also, the value of r2 dropped after adjusting for volatility. table 2 model 2 source: authors’ computation, (2019) min -8165224 cv 10717.69 max 1.37e+07 sd 1371818 variance 1.88e+12 mean 127.9957 stats resid volatility 0.0765 0.0777 1.0000 earngslag 0.8754 1.0000 earnings 1.0000 earnings earngs~g volati~y standard: _cons gmm-type: ld.earnings instruments for level equation standard: d.earnvolty gmm-type: l(2/.).earnings instruments for differenced equation _cons 469910 3517.312 133.60 0.000 463016.2 476803.8 earnvolty -.0766498 .0006895 -111.16 0.000 -.0780012 -.0752983 volatility 149713.7 646.8077 231.47 0.000 148445.9 150981.4 l1. .775673 .0005681 1365.36 0.000 .7745595 .7767865 earnings earnings coef. std. err. z p>|z| [95% conf. interval] wc-robust two-step results prob > chi2 = 0.0000 number of instruments = 185 wald chi2(3) = 1.65e+07 max = 19 avg = 13.16438 obs per group: min = 1 time variable: year group variable: firm number of groups = 73 system dynamic panel-data estimation number of obs = 961 copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 30 table 2.1 standard deviation of residual source: authors’ computation, (2019) similarly, the standard deviation of the error term increased from 1371818 in model 1 to 1706428 in model 2. the implication of this result is that since the autoregressive coefficient reduced after adjusting for the effect of volatility and the standard deviation of the error term increased, volatility has negative effect on predictability of earnings. this result is consistent with the findings of hamzavi & aflatooni (2011) who found that smoothness of earnings has positive association with earnings predictability. this result is also consistent with the works of dichev and tang (2009); flink (2014); yosra and fawzi (2015) who found that volatility has inverse relationship with earnings predictability. the table 3 shows the distributions of earnings, interaction variable, lagged value of earnings and earnings volatility. the model is well fitted because the wald statistics is significant at 1%, that is p<0.01. the total number of instruments used was 185 and they were valid instruments. the validity of the instruments was established based on the result of the sargan test contained in table 4. the null hypothesis could not be rejected at any of the significance levels; meaning that the instruments used were valid. table 3 descriptive statistics source: authors’ computation, (2019) table 4: diagnostic testsargan test source: authors’ computation, (2019) sd 1706428 cv 31721.45 max 1.36e+07 min -7871149 mean 53.79413 stats residv~t volatility 1201 -.523869 7.199037 -44.8958 17.78263 earnlag 1046 972330.5 2319159 -2752268 1.79e+07 earnings 1071 1029076 2480202 -2752268 1.89e+07 earnvolty 1046 902224.6 2583053 -2.82e+07 2.81e+07 variable obs mean std. dev. min max prob > chi2 = 1.0000 chi2(182) = 70.72157 h0: overidentifying restrictions are valid sargan test of overidentifying restrictions . estat sargan standard: _cons gmm-type: ld.earnings instruments for level equation standard: d.earnvolty gmm-type: l(2/.).earnings instruments for differenced equation errors are recommended. warning: gmm two-step standard errors are biased; robust standard _cons 395578.6 584.5054 676.77 0.000 394433 396724.2 earnvolty -.0719808 .0002558 -281.42 0.000 -.0724821 -.0714794 l1. .7866543 .0001734 4536.70 0.000 .7863144 .7869941 earnings earnings coef. std. err. z p>|z| [95% conf. interval] two-step results prob > chi2 = 0.0000 number of instruments = 185 wald chi2(2) = 1.81e+08 max = 19 avg = 13.16438 obs per group: min = 1 time variable: year group variable: firm number of groups = 73 system dynamic panel-data estimation number of obs = 961 copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 31 5. summary, conclusion and recommendations this study evaluated the predictabiliy of earnings of nigerian firms and it found that the ability of earnings to predict itself is evident. more so, the study evaluates the impact of earnings volatility on earnings predictability. the study found that volatiliy has adverse effect on earnings predictability. the study therefore concludes that earnings of nigerian firms have ability to predict themselves which by implication means that investors can moderately determine the amount, timing and uncertainty of future cashflow on their investments. however, volatility of earnings has negative effect on the ability of earnings of nigerian quoted firms to predict itself. it was therefore recommended that both foreign and local investors should invest their wealth in nigerian firms since the risk of future earnings can be moderately determined from past values of earnings. secondly, since volatility adversely affects earnings predictability management of firms should ensure smoothness of earnings. however, the practice of smoothening earnings using private information to get personal gains is not encouraged because it is capable of misleading investors and other users of earnings information. references afego, p. 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(2015). earnings volatility and earnings predictability. journal of business studies quarterly, 6(3), 3753. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2465 https://www.investingdaily.com/20643/valuing-stockusing-a-snapshot-multiple-requires-earnings-predictability-2 http://www.ifrs.org/news/press-releases/documents/conceptualfw2010vb.pdf bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 1 impacts of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of country bean (lablab purpureus l.) in summer season md. sazzat hossain raihan department of agriculture noakhali science and technology university, noakhali-3814, bangladesh e-mail: sazzatraihan@gmail.com mohammad shafiqul islam assistant professor department of agriculture noakhali science and technology university, noakhali-3814, bangladesh e-mail: safi.agri21@gmail.com md. morshedul islam ms student department of plant pathology faculty of agriculture bangladesh agricultural university, mymensingh-2202, bangladesh e-mail: morshedkhan2103@gmail.com rafat nur abdullah khan ms student department of soil science faculty of agriculture bangladesh agricultural university, mymensingh-2202, bangladesh e-mail: rafatn9610@gmail.com belayet hossain ms student department of horticulture faculty of agriculture bangladesh agricultural university, mymensingh-2202, bangladesh e-mail: belayet50718@bau.edu.bd abstract a field experiment was conducted from april to september in 2018 at nobogram agro farm, noakhali, bangladesh. the experiment was done to determine the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of country bean (lablab purpureus l.) in summer season. the experiment comprises on country bean local variety named ‘epsha-2’. there were mailto:sazzatraihan@gmail.com mailto:safi.agri21@gmail.com mailto:morshedkhan2103@gmail.com mailto:rafatn9610@gmail.com mailto:belayet50718@bau.edu.bd https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 2 four treatments viz., t1= control (no fertilizer are used), t2= inorganic (tsp 0.50 gm/pit + gypsum 200 gm/pit + mop 250 gm/pit), t3= cowdung (5 kg/pit) and t4= fym (5 kg/pit) and the experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (rcbd) with six replications. the parameters of the experiment were the percentage of seed germination, plant height at four-leaf stage (cm), days to first flowering (days), number of pod per plant, individual pod length (cm), pod width (cm) and pod weight (gm).among all treatments farmyard manure (fym) was responsible for a higher percentage of seed germination (100%), maximum plant height during four-leaf stage (6.08 cm), accelerated days to first flowering (48 days), increased pod number per plant (220.33), the maximum number of individual pod length (6.87 cm), pod width (2.07 cm) and pod weight (5.53 gm) over other treatments in summer country bean. so the results showed that farmyard manure strongly influenced plant growth and yield component of the country bean. in brief, application of fym is necessary to increase country bean production in summer season. keywords: country bean, growth, inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer, yield. introduction country bean botanically known as lablab purpureus l.which is a legume species. it is a selfpollinated crop belonging to the family fabaceae. it is the third most important vegetable in the central and south-western parts of bangladesh after eggplant and taro (rashid, rahman, shahadad hussain, & motiur rahaman, 2007). in bangladesh, it is popularly known as ‘seem’. it also has many synonyms like dolichos bean, hyacinth bean, lablab bean, indian bean, common bean, field bean etc. (heuzé et al., 2016). country bean is originated in india, and it is grown throughout the tropical regions of asia, africa and america (preetham, kumar, srinivas, rao, & prakash (2019). the crop is commonly used for pulse, vegetable and fodder. it is generally grown for pods as edible vegetable and dry seeds as a pulse which is rich in protein, fibre, vitamins and minerals (asaduzzaman, bhuiyan, hossain, & raffi, 2015). the foliage of the crop also used as silage and green manure (preetham, kumar, srinivas, rao, & ramprakash, 2020). it occupies a unique position as vegetable among the legume crops due to its high nutritive value (basu, samantha, & sasmala, 2002).total land area under country bean cultivation is 50888 acres, and the production is 134860 metric tons during 2017-18 (bangladesh bureau of statistics, 2018). though country bean can be produced all over bangladesh, the districts chittagong, comilla, noakhali and dhaka were the intensive bean producing areas (sharmin, mitra, & rashid, 2018). in bangladesh, the production of vegetable is not uniform around the year, much in winter season but less in summer season. around 30% of total vegetables are produced during summer and 70% in winter (hossain, 1992).therefore there is a big gap between winter and summer vegetable production in bangladesh. country bean is mostly grown in winter season, but due to its photo and thermo sensitive behaviour, availability of country bean is restricted during the winter season (roy, islam, & debnath, 2014). to minimize this problem olericulture division of bangladesh agricultural research institute have been successfully developed some photo and thermo insensitive country bean through genetic manipulation which are suitable for the summer season (anonymous, 2011).but pod bearing potentiality of those varieties is very poor because the poor holding of flower during the offseason. such a pitiable fruit setting might be due to lack of sufficient amounts of nutrients. the requirements of fertilizers in the bean are essential for the growth and total production of pod yield. over the years, inorganic fertilizers have been widely used worldwide to support and optimize the development of these vegetables. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 3 but nowadays, the use of organic fertilizer has gained more importance globally in the last few decades (islam, boyce, rahman, azirun, & ashraf, 2016).application of these organic and inorganic compounds have been shown to improve the soil nutritional status and as well as to influence other soil properties (pagliai, vignozzi, & pellegrini, 2004), which helps to maintain the quality and yield component of crops. so, the production of these legume vegetables sufficient amount of nutrients are needed for their growth and development (takahashi, 1981) otherwise pod growth habit, pod quality, pod yield etc. can be affected. therefore, this research investigated to find out the response of country bean to organic and inorganic fertilization and to identify the possible fertilizer treatment which enhances country bean production during the summer season. materials and methods experimental site the experiment was conducted during the period from april to september in 2018 at nabogram agro farm near the manannogor, sadar upazila, noakhali district, bangladesh. location of the site is 24°75' n latitude and 90°5' e longitude which falls under the aez 18, i.e. young meghna estuarine flood plain. the climate of the experimental site was tropical. the soil was sandy loam in texture and slightly saline soil which ph was 7.5-8.3. experimental design and treatments in this experiment ‘epsha-2’ variety was used and the experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (rcbd) with four treatments and six replications. four treatments were considered: t1= control (no fertilizer are used), t2= inorganic (tsp 0.50 gm/pit + gypsum 200 gm/pit + mop 250 gm/pit), t3= cowdung (5 kg/pit) and t4= fym (5 kg/pit). land preparation the land was well ploughed at tilth condition. cowdung, fym and all fertilizers except urea, were applied during final land preparation according to treatment. seed sowing was done on april 04 in 2018, in the plot. the size of each plot was 4.5 m length and 1 m width, height was 0.05 m, in every plot six pits was prepared, and each hole was 0.25 m2.by following process 24 plot were prepared separately. before sowing, seed treatment was done with furadan @ 5gm. the seeds pushed into the ground to a depth of approximately 1 to 1.5 inches. three bean seeds placed 3 inches apart at each pit. intercultural operations were appropriately done when required. harvesting was done regularly and from time to time. data collection one plant from each pit was selected and tagged. thus was done in all the six replications and the different data were recorded from those plants. data on the following parameters were recorded from the experimental plot. the number of seeds sown per pit and their germination was recorded in % at ten days after sowing. height of plant was recorded in centimetre (cm) at four-leaf stage. the number of days from sowing to first flower opening was recorded as days to first flowering (days).the number of the pods was counted during harvest time. pods from the tagged plant harvested and individual length were calculated in centimetre (cm). individual pods widths were calculated in centimetre (cm).harvested pods weight were calculated in grams (gm). https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 4 data analysis data were analyzed using spss statistical software and microsoft office excel 2013 to find out the significance of the difference among the treatments. the analysis was performed by f-test. least significant different (lsd) values at 5% level of probability were used to determine the significance of the difference between treatment means. result and discussion percentage of seed germination regarding seed germination at 10 das variation was found among the practised treatments (figure 1).in t4 (fym) treatment, the percentage of seed emergence is maximum (100%) and the lowest percentage of seed emergence observed in t1 (control) treatment. on the contrary, inorganic and cowdung showed less rate of seed emergences than fym. gupta, narwa, and antil (1996) said that fym contains all the macro and micronutrients required for plant growth as well as seed emergences. chinthapalli, dibar, chitra, and leta (2015) observed that organic fertilizer showed a high frequency of 92-96% germination when compared with inorganic fertilizer of 80-86% germination over the control in fava bean and pea. hence, fym maintains organic matter in soil and improving nutrient and structural status of soils which influence the percentage of bean seed germination. figure 1. effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on seed germination of country bean at 10 das. the vertical bar indicates lsd at 5% level of significance. (das= days after sowing, fym= farmyard manure) plant height (cm) it is evident from figure 2 that, the different treatments exhibited a significant effect on plant height at four-leaf stage. the maximum plant height was found from t4 (6.08 cm) at four-leaf stage. on the other hand, the minimum plant height was found from t1 (4.33 cm) at four-leaf stage. yeshiwas, zewdie, chekol, and walle (2018) showed that highest plant height was obtained from the application of nitrogen fertilizer combined with farmyard manure, respectively lowest plant height was obtained from no application of farmyard manure. from this result, it 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 p er ce n ta g e o f g er m in at io n treatments t1= control t2= inorganic t3= cowdung t4= fym https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 5 can be inferred that, farmyard manure showed a remarkable change in country bean plant height at four-leaf stage compared to the other treatments. figure 2. effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on plant height of country bean. the vertical bar indicates lsd at 5% level of significance. (fym= farmyard manure) days to first flowering (days) considering the first flowering date, significant variations were noticed among all treatments, (figure 3).in t2treatment the maximum days for flowering was found (58.67 days) and the minimum days for flowering was found in t4 treatment (48 days). purseglove (1977) reported that some of the hyacinth bean varieties produced flowers at about six weeks after sowing.hence, fym accelerates days to first flowering over other treatments in summer bean. barua, rahman, patwary, alam, and nahar (2014) found that 38 days were needed for flower bud emergence in his study. figure 3. effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on days to the first flowering of the country bean. the vertical bar indicates lsd at 5% level of significance. (fym= farmyard manure) number of pods per plant this study revealed that statistically significant differences existed among all treatments for average number of pods per plant (figure 4).data showed the highest pods number per plant (220.33) was observed from t4 (fym) treatment, while the lowest (127.83) related to t1(control) treatment. amount of t2 (177.33) and t3 (144.33) consider as medium pods number per plant. singh, sekhon, and kaur (2012) reported that application of 5 tons fym ha-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 p la n t h ei g h t (c m ) treatments t1= control t2= inorganic t3= cowdung t4= fym 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 d ay s to f ir st f lo w er in g treatments t1= control t2= inorganic t3= cowdung t4= fym https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 6 improved the plant growth and yield attributes either numerically or significantly and increased grain yield significantly over no application of fym. figure 4. effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the number of pods per plant. the vertical bar indicates lsd at 5% level of significance. (fym= farmyard manure) individual pod length (cm) in respect of individual pod length, variation was found among the practised treatments (figure 5). the maximum length of the pod was found from t4 (fym) treatment (6.87 cm) then another treatment and in t1 (control) treatment the length of pod is minimum (6.39 cm). medium pod length was found from t2 (6.62 cm) and t3 (6.52 cm). therefore, yield and yield contributing characters of the country bean were significantly influenced by fym and showed the maximum value, whereas the other treatments showed the lowest value. figure 5. effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on individual pod length. the vertical bar indicates lsd at 5% level of significance. (fym= farmyard manure) individual pod width (cm) the application of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly affected the individual pod width of country bean (figure 6). the highest individual pod width (2.07 cm) was obtained from the application of t4 (fym) treatment, while the lowest pod width (1.80 cm) was found from the control treatment. singh et al. (2012) reported that application of 5 tons fym ha-1 improved the plant growth and yield attributes either numerically or significantly and increased grain yield significantly over no application of fym. thus it can be inferred from this result that, the positive response of country bean to farmyard manure application could be due to the reduction of soil ph by the manure that makes the nutrient such as phosphorus more available to the plants. 0 50 100 150 200 250 n u m b er o f p o d s treatments t1= control t2= inorganic t3= cowdung t4= fym 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 7.2 p o d l en g th ( cm ) treatments t1= control t2= inorganic t3= cowdung t4= fym https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 7 figure 6. effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on individual pod width. the vertical bar indicates lsd at 5% level of significance. (fym= farmyard manure) individual pod weight (gm) individual pod weight of country bean was varied significantly among the different treatments of organic and inorganic fertilizers (figure 7). the individual pod weight was recorded maximum (5.53 gm) where t4 (fym) treatment was done, and the minimum pod weight was recorded (4.69 gm) where t1 (control) treatment was done. so, it can be said that using of farmyard manure increased yield and yield component of the country bean. this might be due to the release of more nutrients from farmyard manure. figure 7. effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on individual pod weight. the vertical bar indicates lsd at 5% level of significance. (fym= farmyard manure) conclusion singly organic and inorganic fertilizers can perform a better yield and optimum growth of legume plant species. but especially organic fertilizer can help in better plant growth and pod yield of the country bean. soil fertility is usually maintained by the application of organic fertilizers. it also improves the physical and biological properties of the soil. according to our findings, it can be said that organic fertilizer such as farmyard manure has a significant effect on country bean production. it improves nutrient and structural status of soils which influences the seed emergence, plant growth and yield parameters of country bean in summer season. the present study results showed that farmyard manure performed the best for country bean production. hence, farmyard manure is recommended because of its easy availability, eco friendly, and cost-effectiveness and further study should be continued in different seasons and agro-ecological zones of bangladesh for better production. 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 p o d w id th ( cm ) treatments t1= control t2= inorganic t3= cowdung t4= fym 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 p o d w ei g h t (g m ) treatments t1= control t2= inorganic t3= cowdung t4= fym https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 8 acknowledgment we want to thank the department of upazila agricultural extension, sadar upazila, noakhali, bangladesh for providing country bean seeds; nobogram agro farm, mannannogor, sadar upazila, noakhali district, bangladesh and thank our family for their financial support towards the successful completion of this study and also thank the other teachers and students of the departments of agriculture, noakhali science and technology university, noakhali, bangladesh. references anonymous. 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(2018). effect of nitrogen fertilizer and farmyard manure on growth and yield of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.). international journal of agricultural research, 13, 74-79. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijar.2018.74.79 copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 11 risk prioritization of environmental aspects and occupational health safety in textile industries of gazipur industrial area, bangladesh md. iftakharul muhib assistant professor general education department city university, dhaka, bangladesh e-mail: muhibiftakhar@gmail.com md. shawkut ali khan professor & head department of mechanical engineering city university, dhaka, bangladesh e-mail: shawkutali8@gmail.com rifat akter post graduate student department of microbiology jagannath university, dhaka, bangladesh e-mail: rifatakter5@gmail.com abstract though textile industries are the backbone of country's economy; it possesses the environmental and occupational health safety risks also. after the rana plaza tragedy, the environmental and occupational health safety regulations become started to come spotlight. however, still there found anomalies that threaten environmental and occupational health safety. so to get an overview of present risk levels in different industries, the aim of this study was set to evaluate the risk prioritization for both environmental aspects and occupational health safety. a total of 10 textile industries were selected and a direct field survey along with an interview from workers to top management was done to conduct the study. risk assessment results for environmental aspects showed that water pollution shows a moderate risk rating value while air quality, soil quality, noise, waste generation, hazardous material handling, and miscellaneous use showed low risks. again calculated results for occupational health safety showed that necessary action is recommended to avoid future risk in all-hazard categories of different types except for electrical hazards. controlling measures were suggested in accordance with the risk priority. thus it is high time to explore and evaluate the risk level and take necessary action on the resultant priority basis. keywords: environmental aspects, occupational health safety, risk, rpn, textile industry. introduction textile industries play a pivotal role in the rapid economic growth of bangladesh (world bank, 2012). the contribution of the textile sector to the country's total export revenue is more than 80% that is 28 billion usd/year and the projected revenue is 50 billion usd by the tear of 2021 (hossain et al., 2018). however, this great success comes with environmental deterioration along with occupational health safety risks. different types of environmental aspects like water discharge, air quality, soil mailto:muhibiftakhar@gmail.com mailto:shawkutali8@gmail.com mailto:rifatakter5@gmail.com https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 12 quality, noise, waste generation, energy consumed, a resource used, hazardous materials storage, and miscellaneous issues were considered to be major sources of environmental impacts in the gazipur industrial area. heavy metals like cr, ni, zn, hg, ob, cu, cd, as, etc. are released from the textile industries that pollute the river, soil, and consequently the food chain when this polluted water is used for irrigation purpose to cultivate the seasonal crops (islam et al., 2013). several occupational health hazards are found in the textile industries of bangladesh. some of them were so drastic that international textile market trade was likely to fall on its edge. one of the worst examples is the rana plaza accidental disaster in 2013 that killed over 1100 workers and the devastating fire of tajreen garments in 2012 killed over 100 workers (khan, 2017). so risk leveling of environmental aspects and occupational health safety along with their remedial measures is very important to avoid the disaster. however, enforcement of these remedial in perspective of risk rating is very much challenging. the reasons for enforcement hindrance are insufficient resources (knowledge, human resource, and funds), the unwillingness of industry owners, economic corruption, political imbalance, and inadequate coordination among the concerned agencies. since there is no sufficient data for risk evaluation of environmental aspects and occupational health safety hazards, this study could act as a baseline survey for further rigorous study regarding the environmental and occupational compliance sector of bangladesh. methodology this study was conducted to confine the current status of environmental aspects and occupational health safety scenarios in the scale of risk evaluation to develop a research hypothesis. a total of 10 different textile industries in the gazipur area were selected to conduct the survey. this survey was designed to collect information about the environmental aspects and occupational health safety practices in the selected industries directly from the field survey as well as interviewed from the worker to top management. all the collected data were processed and analyzed chronologically. one of the real constraints of the investigation was their privacy maintenance. taking pictures and gathering information inside the factory premises were very much challenging since the authorities didn't want to disclose their in site scenario publicly. therefore none of the names of studied industries are disclosed in this manuscript. data responders a total of 490 respondents were selected from 10 industries where 100 data responders (10 from each industry) from management and 390 respondents (39 from each industry) from the worker level. in this analysis, about 98% (38 out of 39 respondents) of management body know very well about environmental and occupational compliance while only 15% (59 out of 390 respondents) workers know about these compliances in very primary level and rest of 85% (331 out of 390 respondents) workers know nothing about this matter. risk evaluation for environmental aspects the identification of environmental aspects and impacts is important to the selection of environmental safeguards and work methods for operational activities. risk evaluation of environmental aspects depicts the magnitude of potential consequence (level of environmental impacts) and the likelihood (level of probability of occurrence) (perseus, 2012). risk (r) = likelihood (l) × consequence (c) this c×l matrix displays the qualitative or semi-quantitative rating of consequence and likelihood that specific data will occur to generate a risk score and risk rating. risk rating data shows the level of risk in absence of a controlled environment and is arrived at after measuring the livelihood and the consequence of an event occurring (endeavour technical limited, 2015). https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 13 risk evaluation for occupational health safety the failure mode and impact analysis (fmea) method are followed for occupational risk safety analysis (yari, 2017; wang et al., 2018). this method enhances the safety and reliability level by providing early detection and elimination of failures (sae international, 2020). in this way, risk prioritization is done by taking into the multiplication of severity, probability, and detectability that is known as risk priority number or rpn (yang & wang, 2015; zhang & chu, 2011). rpn = severity × probability × detectability here, severity is the consequence of the failure; occurrence is the probability or the frequency of failure occurring, and detection is the probability of the failure being detected before the impact of the effect is realized. if the rpn result crosses 100, necessary action is recommended. the maximum value of rpn is 1000 (kumar et al., 2014). results and discussion risk rating for environmental aspects environmental aspects can be attributed to the activity that interferes with the natural environmental condition called the impact that is the resultant of an aspect (susanto & mulyono, 2018). table 1. risk assessment level of environmental aspects environmental aspects potential impacts identified risk risk evaluation risk rating control measures/mitigation likelihood consequence condition score condition score score level of risk water discharge water pollution >disposal of chemical. >effluent from etp. >disposal of used oil for machine maintenan ces. >sewage discharge possible 3 moderate 2 6 modera te risk >chemical store should be maintained properly. >optimization of effluent treatment plant (etp) operation is highly recommended. air quality air pollution and dust emission dust and other exhaust atmospher ic emission i.e. emission of so2, nox, co, spm, etc. occur due to the stack gas of generator and vehicular movement in and outside of the factory area. possible 3 minor 1 3 low risk >factory chimney should be functional 24/7. >water spraying can be done to reduce dust pollution on the nearby road. >ensuring vehicles, generators, compressors are well maintained. >proper ventilation system should be designed. >use of ppe like a mask, apron should be used mandatorily soil quality soil pollution >leakage of oil from vehicles unlikely 2 moderate 2 4 low risk >proper solid waste management should be followed https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 14 and erosion and other maintenan ce works >mainten ance work that excavates soil. >chemica l spillage noise noise pollution >noise is generated from vehicle movement , operation of the generator, compress or, and other heavy vibrating types of machinery . possible 3 minor 1 3 low risk more use of ppe like earplug/ear muffs in noisy workplace waste generation surroundi ng environm ental pollution >impact of disposal waste >hazardo us chemical/ biomedica l waste. >nonpersistent material e.g. paper, cardboard, etc. >persisten t material e.g. plastic, scrap, etc. >e-waste. >kitchen waste. possible 3 minor 1 3 low risk >introducing 3r (reduce, reuse, recycle) waste management. >medical waste generated by the factory should be handed over to the local hospital. energy used power consumpt ion >chemica l/oil spillage in the generator room. >pb, cd, hg pollution from scrap battery and solar panel unlikely 2 minor 1 2 norisk >handling of chemicals and oil should be done properly. >older battery and solar panel should be disposed of properly resources used infrastruct ure developm ent >land. >building . > types of machinery . >tools. >trees etc. unlikely 2 minor 1 2 norisk >land management and building design should be done properly. ecological view (flora & fauna) loss of habitat of some flora and >unplann ed constructi unlikely 2 minor 1 2 norisk >maintain maximum vegetation. >implementation of agroforestry techniques well adapted to the site. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 15 fauna and biodiversi ty reduction on and design >inapprop riate control of weeds hazardous materials storage and handling occurrenc e of accidents accidenta l spillage and fire occur due to personal error or natural events. unlikely 2 moderate 2 4 low risk >proper inspection of maintenance and storage of hazardous goods should be monitored regularly. miscellaneous issues others incidents >imbalan ce of political condition. >worker imbalance . >producti on loss. >visual appearanc e. unlikely 2 moderate 2 4 low risk >management should be aware of workers legal demand there is a significant amount of water, energy and other resources are consumed by the studied industries. based on an environmental point of view, a list of environmental; aspects, their risk rating along controlling measures are organized in table 1. a moderate risk rating was found for water pollution impacts. though there was etp in most of the studied industries, there showed some anomalies like etp did not run 24 hours, lack of etp servicing hindered the etp efficiency, personal error, maintenance, and chemical cost and last but not least is the lack of etp performance optimization. other environmental aspects like soil quality, air quality, noise, waste generation, hazardous material handling, and miscellaneous issues though were found to be possessed low risk, they could be upgraded to more negative risk levels in the near future if a proper controlling measure is not taken immediately. however environmental aspects like energy used, a resource used, and ecological view in the industrial area were found to be relatively at the safe level from risk. all the control measures are given accordingly. risk rating for occupational health and safety spinning, weaving, dyeing, printing, and garments sections were studied in the 10 industries. hazards occurred in these industries are classified into 7 different categoriesphysical hazard, fire hazard, electrical hazard, chemical hazard, ergonomic hazard, psychosocial hazard, and biological hazard. these categories were subdivided into different hazard types. the consequences of these hazards were rated with an rpn number to recommend whether necessary action would be required or not (table 2). remedial measures are also listed in the same table. risk prioritization is found for most of the hazard types. the highest number of rpn (rpn=384) was found for hazard type of dyes from the chemical hazard category that causes water pollution in the nearby water bodies though etp was found in almost all the surveyed industries. the cause of this rpn number either the lack of proper operational optimization or lack of proper handling of dyes materials. these dyes material are hazardous to workers' health. for example, dyes can cause skin and eye irritation, lung inflammation, and other respiratory problems (bansal & yadhav, 2016). https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 16 table 2. risk leveling of occupational health hazards hazard category hazard type consequences rpn (probability×detection×severity) necessity of action remedial measures physical hazard noise hearing loss 10×6×6=360 action required >proper servicing of the heavy types of machinery. >use of soundproof materials and earplug dust respiratory disease 8×7×6=336 action required >proper housekeepi ng >use of ppe widely light eye stress 3×3×3=27 not required >optimized light set up temperature high temperature create dehydration and blood pressure anomalies 8×6×6=288 action required >high temperature in the working place should be controlled improper ventilation lung function change 4×3×3=36 not required >proper ventilation system should be installed fire hazard welding spark ignition 3×2×3=18 not required >restrict the welding area for movement smoking common accidental source 5×4×5=100 action required >smoking should be banned in the working place. >safety sign should be maintained electrical hazard improper earthing trip occurs 3×2×3=18 not required >should check earthing connection properly short circuit a common source of the fire accident 5×3×6=90 not required >air circuit breaker and motor circuit breaker should be installed. improper isolation electric shock 3×3×4=36 not required all circuits should be https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 17 installed properly. motor rotation in high voltage problems occur in machine performance 3×3×3=27 not required >individual circuit breaker should be installed. old wiring anomalies in current flow 6×4×4=96 not required check for old wiring to avoid accidents. power inputoutput imbalance power shut down 3×4×2=24 not required >wiring should be done according to the standards. chemical hazard dyes skin and lung disease 8×6×8=384 action required >etp must be installed with optimizatio n different types of chemical skin and lung disease 7×6×6=252 action required >proper handling and storage should be followed used oil and grease skin and lung disease 6×5×5=150 action required >proper handling and storage should be followed ergonomic hazard uncomfortable work station leg and hand pain 4×4×3=48 not required >should give importance to ergonomics repetitive strain injuries wrist, neck, shoulder, knee pain 6×5×6=180 action required >proper working procedure should be followed. improper handling of material wrist, neck pain 4×4×4=64 not required >proper handling and storage should be followed poorly designed work practice hand pain, back pain 2×3×4=24 not required >proper working procedure should be followed long time sitting headache, dizziness, nausea 5×5×6=150 action required >should take a break at least 5 minutes after 1-hour documental work https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 18 heavy weight lifting back pain 3×3×3=27 not required >should not uplift the heavyweigh t alone. unsafe work place accidents may occur 3×3×4=36 not required working place should be designed with safety measures. psychosocial hazard not interested to work willingly due to lack of motivation physiological problem 7×5×6=210 action required >working department should be favorable. >holiday, bonus, salary should be given properly production target stress 6×5×5=150 action required the working department should be favorable. increased workload stress, heart rate changes 7×6×6=252 action required the workload should be distributed evenly. night shift headache, dizziness, nausea 5×4×5=100 action required the working department should be favorable. over time stress, tiered 5×5×5=125 action required the working department should be favorable. biological hazard contagious diseases fever, pox, tb, covid-19 5×5×5=125 action required always should be cautious about if a person feels ill or affected by any other disease especially contagious disease. the least rpn number (rpn=18) was found for improper earthing of electrical hazard. this means that earthing was found to be done properly in all the studied industries. according to the rpn data, the descending order of listed hazards are leveled in the following orderphysical hazard: noise>dust>temperature>improper ventilation>light; fire hazard: smoking>welding; an electrical hazard: old wiring>short circuit>improper isolation>high voltage motor rotation>power input-output imbalance; a chemical hazard: dyes>chemicals>used oil and grease; an ergonomic hazard: repetitive https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 19 strain injury>long time sitting>improper material handling>uncomfortable work station>unsafe work place>heavy weight lifting>poorly designed work practice; a psychosocial hazard: increased work load>willingness to work>production target>over time>night shift. this type of risk prioritization is also done by kumar et al. (2014); liu et al. (2012) and chang (2016). the resultants o these rpn values make the risk understandable and recommend taking necessary action whether it is necessary or not to minimize it to a tolerable level. infection of covid-19 also seems to be hazardous (shuvro & talukdar, 2020). conclusion textile industries in the gazipur area are confronted with a number of significant environmental and occupational health safety challenges. however, none of these challenges are unfeasible to overcome. the resultant risk leveling data for both environmental and occupational health safety scenarios would be of great use to policymakers, urban authorities, planners, researchers, and stalk holders of the industries for exploring towards sustainable development of the country. acknowledgement the authors are grateful to the studied industry's top management for giving permission to conduct the survey. the authors have no conflict of interest regarding this study. no funds, grants, or other supports were received. authors contribution: md. itakharul muhib: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing original draft; md. shawkut ali khan: validation, supervision; rifat akter: writing, review, and editing. references bansal, m., & yadav, r. k. 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(2018). a risk evaluation and prioritization method for fmea with prospect theory and choquet integral. safety science, 110, 152-163. world bank. (2012). overview. vol. 1 of bangladesh—towards accelerated, inclusive and sustainable growth: opportunities and challenges; world bank: washington, dc, usa. yang, z., & wang, j. (2015). use of fuzzy risk assessment in fmea of offshore engineering systems. ocean engineering, 95, 195-204. yari, s. (2017). assessment of potential risk by the failure mode and effects analysis in an air conditioning equipment manufacturing company. jour of safety promotion and injury prevention, 5(2). zhang, z., & chu, x. (2011). risk prioritization in failure mode and effects analysis under uncertainty. expert systems with applications. 38(1), 206-214. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://www.perseus-net.eu/site/content.php?artid=2204 bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 53 a mini review on nutraceuticals: an emerging era in the health industry oorvashree hari pharmd intern department of pharmacy practice jss college of pharmacy jss academy of higher education & research ooty, nilgiris, tamil nadu, india e-mail: oora397@gmail.com medha gujadhur assistant professor faculty of health sciences school of pharmacy jss academy of higher education & research, mauritius e-mail: gujadhurmedha19@gmail.com dr. khayati moudgil assistant professor faculty of health sciences, school of pharmacy jss academy of higher education & research, mauritius e-mail: khayatimoudgil@jssuni.edu.in abstract nutraceuticals have a wide range of biochemical effects on the health of consumers. the upper limit of the physiological effect dimension will be food capable of curing or healing certain ailments. nutraceuticals also provide benefits that go beyond their fundamental nutritional functions. it is important to differentiate dietary deficiency from other physiological effects such as risk reduction for disease. nutraceuticals include dietary supplements, genetically modified foods, herbal supplements, and refined foods. this article discusses nutraceuticals, their categories, as well as their international and national status, need protection, merits, the current nutraceutical products, major nutraceutical firms, and therapeutic applications. it also emphasizes the critical need for research and development in the formulation of nutraceuticals. keywords: health, categories, therapeutic, nutraceuticals, wellbeing. introduction dr stephen coined the word "nutraceutical" in 1989 to describe a product that can be considered a food or component of food that offers medical or health benefits, including disease prevention and treatment. since the beginning of time, mankind has produced medicines from natural material extracts and used them for a variety of purposes. at present, nutraceuticals are proving mailto:oora397@gmail.com mailto:gujadhurmedha19@gmail.com mailto:khayatimoudgil@jssuni.edu.in https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 54 to be extremely useful in this age of modern life, where we are all constantly stressed and are looking for a magical cure. nutraceuticals are therapeutic foods that promote overall well-being, improve fitness, modulate immunity, and thus aid in the prevention and treatment of specific diseases (dudeja et al., 2016). as a result, the area of nutraceuticals can be viewed as one of the critical missing pieces in an individual's health value. nutraceuticals have been classified according to a variety of criteria, including their chemical composition, operational activity, and their role in the treatment of disease. a few of them are mentioned below: types and uses of nutraceuticals based on their chemical constitution vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids are all examples of nutrients. numerous nutrients are proven to show their related health benefits which include; herbals: concentrates and extracts of herbs or botanical items. dietary supplements they are items that are taken orally and contain a dietary ingredient that is intended to enhance the flavour of the foods you consume. black cohosh is used to treat menopausal symptoms, ginkgo biloba is used to treat memory loss, and glucosamine/chondroitin is used to treat arthritis. additionally, they are used for specialized purposes such as sports medicine, weightloss supplements, and meal replacements. vitamins, minerals, plants or other botanicals, amino acids, enzymes, organ tissues, and gland extracts are all examples of supplement ingredients. according to their roots conventional nutraceuticals traditional nutraceuticals include foods that have not been altered in any way; they are essentially natural, whole foods with new knowledge about their possible health benefits. there has been no improvement to the foods themselves, only in the way they are perceived by the customer. numerous fruits, vegetables, grains, fish, dairy, and meat products contain many natural components that provide additional benefits beyond nutrition, such as lycopene in tomatoes, omega-3 fatty acids in salmon, and saponins in soy. even tea and chocolate have been shown to have health-promoting properties in several tests. tomatoes and salmon are two foods that researchers have discovered contain nutrients that go beyond basic nutrition – in this case, lycopene and omega-3 fatty acids (kessler et al., 2001). non-conventional nutraceuticals they are produced as a result of agricultural breeding or by the addition of nutrients and/or ingredients such as non-traditional nutraceuticals that include calcium-fortified orange juice, vitaminor mineral-fortified cereals, and folic acid-fortified rice. agricultural scientists have successfully developed techniques for increasing the nutritional value of specific crops. numerous other crops are currently undergoing research to enhance their nutritional quality. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 55 disease-specific cardiovascular conditions antioxidant substances, dietary fibres, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals are all beneficial in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease. polyphenols (found in grapes) help to avoid and manage arterial diseases. flavonoids (found in onions, vegetables, grapes, red wine, apples, and cherries) inhibit the ace enzyme and enhance the tiny capillaries that provide oxygen and essential nutrients to all cells. diabetes in diabetic patients, n-3 fatty acid ethyl esters can be helpful. docosahexaenoic acid acts as a regulator of insulin resistance and is essential for neuro visual production. antioxidant lipoic acid can be used for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. psyllium dietary fibres have been used to improve glucose regulation in diabetic patients and to lower lipid levels in patients with hyperlipidemia (stauffer, 1999) weight loss ephedrine, caffeine, ma huang-guarana, chitosan, and green tea are all herbal stimulants that aid in weight loss. buckwheat seed proteins which function similarly to natural fibres found in food and green tea extract can both help in weight loss; the former decreases appetite, while the latter increases energy expenditure. dietary supplements containing glucomannan, chitosan, fenugreek, g sylvestre, and vitamin c have been shown to substantially decrease body weight. conjugated linoleic acid (cla), capsaicin, and momordica charantia (mc) have anti-obesity potential as well. cancer flavonoids, which inhibit estrogen-producing enzymes, help prevent estrogen-related cancers. to help prevent prostate/breast cancer, a variety of phytopharmaceuticals with purported hormonal activity, dubbed "phytoestrogens," is recommended. isoflavones found in soyfoods, curcumin found in curry, and soy isoflavones also have cancer-fighting properties. lycopene is concentrated in the skin, testes, adrenal glands, and prostate, where it acts as a cancer preventative. saponins (found in peas, soybeans, some spices, spinach, onions, potatoes, alfalfa, and clover) are antitumor and antimutagenic. curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a polyphenol contained in turmeric is anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant. topline antitumor activity has been identified for beetroots, cucumber fruits, spinach leaves, and turmeric rhizomes. gamma-linolenic acid (found in green leafy vegetables, seeds, and vegetable oils such as evening primrose oil, blackcurrant seed oil, and hemp seed oil, as well as in spirulina and cyanobacteria) is used to treat inflammation and auto-immune diseases. anti-inflammatory activity glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate are used to treat osteoarthritis because they control gene expression and no and pge2 synthesis. cat's claw contains seventeen alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, sterol fractions, and other compounds that serve as a potent antiinflammatory agent. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 56 allergies quercet (found in onions, red wine, and green tea) has been shown to help alleviate inflammation associated with hay fever, bursitis, gout, arthritis, and asthma. alzheimer's disease carotene, curcumin, lutein, lycopene, and turmeric also have the potential to exert beneficial effects on particular diseases through neutralizing the detrimental effects of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and different types of neural degeneration. vision enhancing agents lutein, also known as helenium, is a carotenoid found in mangoes, corn, sweet potatoes, carrots, squash, tomatoes, and dark, leafy greens such as kale, collards, and bok choy. zeaxanthin (present in maize, egg yolks, and green vegetables and fruits such as broccoli, green beans, green peas, brussel sprouts, cabbage, kale, collard greens, spinach, lettuce, kiwi, and honey-dew) is a pigment found in corn, egg yolks, and green vegetables and fruits (such as broccoli, green beans, green peas, brussel sprouts, cabbage, kale, collard greens, spinach, lettuce. conclusion the global nutraceutical market is enormous, worth approximately usd 117 billion. the use of nutraceuticals is between 50% and 70% of the population in developed countries, and this percentage is growing with age. the female population consumes more nutraceuticals than the male population. the current population and health patterns are the primary drivers of the global nutraceutical industry. this trend is being driven by many factors, the most significant of which is the current consumer perception that 'natural is good.' other secondary factors include the increasing cost of several pharmaceuticals and their negative side effects, the persistent marketing campaign, and the awareness of the importance of a healthy diet and its role in maintaining health and homeostasis. however, the central point is that nutraceuticals, botanicals, and other herbal remedies, as well as the introduction of new functional foods, are significant due to their recognition as novel and modern types of natural substance gain. due to the rapid growth in this region, many factors are considered to have the potential to negatively impact the future of the market for these products: an imbalance between the growing number of claims and products on the one hand and the development of policies to regulate their application and safety on the other, rapid and valuable controls to check the composition, inc. it's important to note that none of the negative factors identified by market observers indicates a shift in customer preferences. numerous plant extract’s functional properties are being studied for possible use as novel nutraceuticals and functional foods. although access to scientific data is increasing, the critical aspect is the validation of these items. the first phase in this critical aspect is ensuring the composition's security, which is accomplished through a useful and tailored analytical approach. on the other hand, in the first case, security is guaranteed by the vast majority of these plants' millenary use as food. the significance and innovation of functional food are inherent in the possibility of renewing the secure use of plants to sustain human health in novel, modern forms of use. references dudeja, p., gupta, r. k., & minhas, a. s. (eds.). (2016). food safety in the 21st century: public health perspective. academic press. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 57 kessler, r. c., davis, r. b., foster, d. f., van rompay, m. i., walters, e. e., wilkey, s. a., ... & eisenberg, d. m. (2001). long-term trends in the use of complementary and alternative medical therapies in the united states. annals of internal medicine, 135(4), 262-268. stauffer, j.e. (1999). nutraceuticals. cereals food world, 44(2), 115-116. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 14 the relationship between job stress and workplace deviant behaviors: a study on bank employees in bangladesh sabrin sultana undergraduate student banking & insurance department university of chittagong, bangladesh e-mail: sabrinsultana1060@gmail.com athkia subat undergraduate student banking & insurance department university of chittagong, bangladesh e-mail: subat.athkia@gmail.com md. nasim bhuiyan undergraduate student banking & insurance department university of chittagong, bangladesh e-mail: knasim938@gmail.com abstract despite the increasing number of studies on the relationship between job satisfaction and deviant behaviors in the workplace, still there is a lack of studies where job satisfaction has been measured considering stress and job engagement and also whether all of these three variables are directly correlated with workplace deviant behaviors or not. this study aims to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and workplace deviant behaviors and other important objectives is the relationship between job satisfaction, stress, and job engagement with workplace deviant behaviors and the relationship between stress and job engagement with job satisfaction. our study found that stress is liable for less satisfied employees which produces a high level of involvement in workplace deviant behaviors. on the other hand, job engagement creates job satisfaction which reduces workplace deviant behaviors. the quantitative approach is employed on 82 employees of private and public commercial banks. based on pls-sem method conceptual frameworks were constructed, descriptive analysis and regression analysis were used. our study concluded that there is a strong causal relationship between job stress, job engagement with job satisfaction which results in workplace deviant behavior. therefore, workplace deviant behavior can be reduced if organizations take some recreational activities that will increase job engagement. keywords: job satisfaction, workplace deviant behavior (wdb), job engagement, stress, bank employees in bangladesh. mailto:sabrinsultana1060@gmail.com mailto:subat.athkia@gmail.com https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 15 introduction is job dissatisfaction liable for creating workplace deviant behaviors (wdb) in the organization? stress and low job engagement are accountable for lower job satisfaction and higher wdb. we also measured job stress and job engagement of employees to find out whether these two variables influence job satisfaction and wdb. the output of an organization largely depends on the employees. so, if authority can ensure employees’ satisfaction and also can ensure that employees’ are not engage in deviant behaviors within the workplace, organization would receive greater benefit in the long-run. (bennett & robinson, 2000) has defined workplace deviance as voluntary behavior which violates various organizational norms and also threatens the well-being of employees or the organization. this type of behaviors such as aggression, theft, violence and absenteeism, etc. can be controlled by the various norms of organization (feldman, 1984). according to lawrence & robinson (2007) job satisfaction is very important because it has power and impact on both turnover and absenteeism. job dissatisfaction has a link to workplace deviant behaviors. this linkage has been showed in a similar way by (bowling, 2010). employees tend to exhibit deviant behaviors with the purpose of releasing their emotional tensions when they are dissatisfied (srivastava, 2012). from the previous studies, it can be said that employees who are dissatisfied may engage in workplace deviant behaviors such as sabotage of equipment, poor services and many destructive rumors. bakker et al. (2002) defined the term engagement as a fulfilling, positive and work-related state of mind which is characterized by absorption, dedication and vigor. saks (2006) defined that job engagement can be related to job satisfaction positively. according to appelbaum et al. (2005) a large number of profit loss and damaging atmosphere in the organization are responsible for workplace deviant behaviors. job stress is an emotional experience which is related with anxiety, strain, and tenseness and this originates from a job (cooke & rousseau, 1984). job stress and workplace deviant behaviors had a positive relationship and that result found after conducting a study on 162 employees in a public organization in malaysia. (omar et al., 2011). this study also revealed that employees who experienced irritation and frustration because of work related stress were more prone to involve in deviant behaviors at the organization. spector & fox (2005) defined that job stress and many other factors are accountable for deviant workplace behaviors. some deviance behaviors are low productivity, absenteeism, low job motivation and alcoholism etc (safaria et al., 2010). according to (baum et al., 1981) stress is a kind of process in which different environmental forces or events, it can be termed as stressors, threaten an organism’s existence as well as well-being. this paper has been structured with abstract, keywords, problem statement, objective, literature review, methodology, result and findings, conclusion and future research direction. in bangladesh, no study has been occurred on the relationship between job satisfaction and workplace deviant behaviors of bank employees considering stress and job engagement. therefore, our objective is to showcase the relationship between job satisfaction and workplace deviant behaviors. objectives of the research  exhibiting the relationship between workplace deviant behaviors and job satisfaction is the core objective of our study. in addition, some other objectives are:  to show whether stress of the bank employees decreases job satisfaction and increases wdb in the organization or not.  to exhibit whether job engagement increases satisfaction of the employees and reduces wdb in the organization or not. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 16 literature review the main purpose of the chapter is to present a resume of conceptual frame work relating to application of regression analysis for deviant behaviors of employees of private and public banks in bangladesh. past studies gives way to future research endeavor. an acquaintance with earlier pertinent studies was felt necessary for better understanding of the research problem and to develop appropriate research methodology. the relevant studies and their findings are limited. however, an attempt is made to orient much on the theoretical views of different authors/scientists on the subject and closely related results are reported. keeping in view the subject of the study, the review of the available literature related to the study are presented under the following discussion. job satisfaction can be defined as a person’s feeling of satisfaction on his or her job, most importantly, it acts as a motivation to work. but job satisfaction is not the self-satisfaction or self-contentment, rather it is the satisfaction on the job. job satisfaction eliminates various types of deviant behaviors, an intentional desire to cause harm to an organization, such as absenteeism, theft, acting rudely to co-workers etc. stress negatively effects on deviant behaviors, whereas job engagement reduces deviant behaviors. job engagement refers to the extent to which an employee feel very passionate about their jobs, specially they are committed to work, and put maximum effort into their tasks. greenberg and scott (1996) investigated employee theft as a major form of organizational misbehavior. they claimed that these phenomenon are certainly universal and thus it is assumed that most members of the organizations engage in some form of misbehavior related to their jobs. mitchell and ambrose (2007) carried out a research to examine the relationship between abusive supervision and employee workplace deviance using the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs. they hypothesized that negative reciprocity will moderate the relationship between abusive supervision and employee deviance; also abusive supervision will be strongly associated to supervisor-directed deviance when employees believe in negative reciprocity. they found that abusive supervision is positively and significantly related to each type of deviance. further, negative reciprocity beliefs were significantly and positively related to all types of deviance. they concluded that employees with negative reciprocity beliefs consider revenge an appropriate response to negative treatment. a study carried out by chen and spector (1992) included measures of role ambiguity, role conflict, interpersonal conflict and workload along with organizational constraints in relation to work place deviance. they showed a support for the link between stress and deviance. they also examined work stressors, aggression, theft and substance abuse. the result showed all of them were correlated significantly with hostility and all but workload were correlated significantly with aggression and sabotage. a meta-analysis of 57 empirical studies regarding workplace aggression’s antecedents was conducted by hershcovis et al. (2007). findings of the studies showed certain predictors of deviant behavior in the workplace. specially, interpersonal conflict was highlighted as a predictor of deviance. deviance was found to be a method coping with workplace stressors. the results of this research indicated that the strongest predictors of deviant behavior in the workplace were interpersonal conflict and situational constraints. mount et al. (2006) posits that individual-related factors (i.e. agreeableness and conscientiousness) are related to workplace deviant behavior through the mediating effect of job satisfaction. in terms of practice, the results of this study add to the body of knowledge on https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 17 workplace deviant behavior from the malaysian public service context and hrd practices. workplace deviant behavior may be regarded as a negative reciprocity orientation where an individual returns a negative treatment with a negative treatment (mitchell & ambrose, 2007). lawrence and robinson (2007) found that the increasing pressure in organizations as a result of increasing competition and economic challenges that may call for restructuring and downsizing may result into employees’ misconduct in organizations. methodology research design the study used experimental quantitative research design along with a set of questionnaire. the study is designed to find out the causal relationship of job satisfaction, job stress, job engagement compare to the workplace deviant behavior. exploratory research is conducted to determine the causal relationship of dependent and independent variable. participants and procedures this study is conducted on the bank employee of several private and public commercial banks of bangladesh. a total of 82 participants of the study was randomly selected from those organizations. hypotheses this study is designed with four variables namely job satisfaction, job engagement, job stress and wdb. the study is based on following hypotheses. h1: there is positive relation between job engagement and job satisfaction. h2: there is negative relation between job stress and job satisfaction. h3: there is negative relation between job engagement and wdb. h4: there is positive relation between job stress and wdb. h5: there is negative relation between job satisfaction and workplace deviant behavior. questionnaire design we used a questionnaire consists of five sections; demographic data, job engagement, stress, job satisfaction, and workplace deviant behaviors. (vance, 2006), (alpern et al., 2013), (bennett & robinson, 2000) s_1: i feel mental stress because of too much work. s_2: i am seldom rewarded for my hard work and efficient performance. s_3: my authorities do not give few significance to my post and work. st_1: i am satisfied with the bank's promotion policy. st_2: the employees in my branch have good relationships among each other. st_3: my supervisor is fair and he evaluates job performance based on clear performance standard. st_4: this bank's management is of best standards. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 18 e_1: i take the initiative to help other employees when problem arises, e_2: i accept changes in the bank willingly, e_3: i am always willing to take tasks. w_1: i embarrassed someone publicly at work. w_2: i spend too much time on fantasizing instead of working. w_3: i usually put little effort into my work. w_4: i have taken things from bank without permission. w_5: sometimes i intentionally worked at a slower pace than my capacity. demographic survey and statistical tools the study is employed using microsoft excel, ibm spss 20 and smart pls 3. this study mainly followed structured equation modeling to describe the causality of the dependent and independent variables. figure 1. gender in the following study, out of 82 participants, 70% are male and 19.3% are female. also, 10.8% participant didn’t respond to the respective question and most of the participants were having 1 to 10 years of job experience in their current organizations. figure 2. work experience. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 19 conceptual framework figure 3. conceptual framework this model is employed using structured equation modeling approach. in order to define causal effect this model is constructed considering workplace deviant behavior and job satisfaction as dependent variable. figure 3 shows that job stress and job engagement might have a causal effect with job satisfaction and workplace deviant behavior. it means that if any employee have comparatively higher job stress, he/she might be dissatisfied with the job which will result in workplace deviant behaviors. on the other hand, the employees who more or less behave positively with the given tasks and highly engaged with the organizational activities, might be satisfied with their job and ultimately will not show the workplace deviant behaviors. result and discussion table 1. descriptive statistics n minimum maximum mean std. deviation skewness kurtosis statistic statistic statistic statistic statistic statistic std. error statistic std. error engagement 82 3.00 13.00 8.3902 2.10089 -.067 .266 -.192 .526 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 20 stress 82 5.00 19.00 11.8171 3.31896 -.174 .266 -.424 .526 wdb 82 5.00 19.00 11.8171 3.31896 -.174 .266 -.424 .526 satisfaction 82 8.00 20.00 14.7073 3.01637 -.423 .266 -.517 .526 valid n (list wise) 82 source: spss output table 1 shows the descriptive statistics for the dependent and independent variables. it describes the highest mean value for the job satisfaction and lower mean value for the job engagement. considering the items of the variables the mean value depicts that bank employees are satisfied with overall workplace environment. also, standard deviation of the statistics shows highest for the variable wdb and stress which means employees are more or less habituated with work stress and which result in negative behavioral attitude. the standard value of skewness and kurtosis is in between +2 and -2. in this study, the skewness and kurtosis value concludes that data is normally distributed. table 2. correlations wdb engagement stress satisfaction wdb 1.000 -.140 1.000 -.348 engagement -.140 1.000 .140 .330 pearson correlation stress 1.000 -.140 1.000 -.348 satisfaction -.348 .330 -.348 1.000 wdb . .105 .000 .001 engagement .105 . .105 .001 sig. (1-tailed) stress .000 .105 . .001 satisfaction .001 .001 .001 . wdb 82 82 82 82 engagement 82 82 82 82 n stress 82 82 82 82 satisfaction 82 82 82 82 source: spss output table two shows the pearson correlation matrix for the dependent and independent variables. it describes that job stress is significantly correlated with wdb. it concludes that stress is the significant reason for showing dissatisfaction and deviant behaviors in their https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 21 workplace. this table also concludes that unsatisfied employees significantly show the workplace deviant behavior. moreover, it is also found that there is significant positive correlation between job engagement and job satisfaction. table 3. reliability matrix variables cronbach's alpha rho a composite reliability average variance extracted (ave) job engagement 0.692 0.59 0.385 0.281 job satisfaction 0.821 0.826 0.818 0.532 job stress 0.464 0.619 0.543 0.306 wdb 0.666 0.683 0.655 0.285 source: smart pls 3 output reliability matrix shows the internal consistency of the items. cronbach’s alpha value concludes that the variable job satisfaction (>.80) is consistent according to its value. the alpha value of job engagement, job stress and workplace deveined behavior is less than .8 which is inconsistent. table 4. regression r square r square adjusted job satisfaction 0.288 0.27 wdb 0.397 0.374 source: smart pls 3 output r square value describes the internal variability of the proposed model. table 4, workplace deviant behavior describes 39.7% variability of the model whereas job satisfaction defines 28.8% variability of the model. table 5. outer weight of items outer weight original sample (o) sample mean (m) standard deviation (stdev) t statistics (|o/stdev|) p values e_1 <engagement 0.606 0.502 0.269 2.249 0.025 e_2 <engagement -0.102 0.018 0.405 0.253 0.8 e_3 <engagement 0.561 0.474 0.218 2.577 0.01 st_1 < satisfaction_ 0.32 0.321 0.05 6.339 0 st_2 < satisfaction_ 0.255 0.259 0.054 4.714 0 st_3 < satisfaction_ 0.346 0.343 0.042 8.204 0 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 22 st_4 < satisfaction_ 0.318 0.314 0.064 5.003 0 s_1 <stress 0.302 0.274 0.221 1.365 0.173 s_2 <stress 0.396 0.377 0.187 2.125 0.034 s_3 <stress 0.654 0.625 0.138 4.722 0 w_1 <wdb_ 0.221 0.223 0.124 1.785 0.075 w_2 <wdb_ 0.228 0.245 0.108 2.107 0.035 w_3 <wdb_ 0.32 0.308 0.121 2.636 0.009 w_4 <wdb_ 0.393 0.349 0.093 4.202 0 w_5 <wdb_ 0.348 0.334 0.108 3.215 0.001 source: smart pls 3 output table 5 shows outer weights for each item of the variable. outer weights of the following model show that all the items of the variables are statistically significant (<0.05) except the s1 for job stress and w1 for wdb. table 6. decision table hypothesis description decision h1 there is positive relation between job engagement and job satisfaction accepted h2 there is negative relation between job stress and job satisfaction accepted h3 there is negative relation between job engagement and wdb. accepted h4 there is positive relation between job stress and wdb. accepted h5 there is negative relation between job satisfaction and wdb. accepted conclusion to conclude, this study found that job satisfaction, stress and job engagement were correlated with wdb. besides, stress and job engagement had correlation with job satisfaction. however, the direction of the correlation of variables were not same. the more job engagement and satisfied employees in the organization, the lesser the wdb. while for stress the more stress employees experience, the higher the wdb. in another model, we showed that job engagement and stress had positive and negative correlation with job satisfaction respectively. organization and the authority must ensure employees’ job satisfaction and should pay attention to the reasons for job stress and low job engagement which will lessen wdb. for future research on this similar study, the number of respondents should be extended. furthermore, more research is highly needed by specifying and considering organization’s internal and external factors associated with job satisfaction, job stress, job engagement and wdb. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 23 references alpern, r., canavan, m. e., thompson, j. t., mcnatt, z., tatek, d., lindfield, t., & bradley, e. h. 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(2006). employee engagement and commitment: a guide to understanding, measuring and increasing engagement in your organization. shrm foundation’s effective practice guidelines, 1–53. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) comparative study of the l1 norm regression algorithms copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1 april-june; 2019 published by centre for research on islamic banking & finance and business 31 comparative study of the l1 norm regression algorithms bijan bidabad b.a., m.sc., ph.d., post-doc. professor economics and chief islamic banking advisor bank melli, iran e-mail:bijan@bidabad.com abstract this paper tries to compare more accurate and efficient l1 norm regression algorithms. other comparative studies are mentioned, and their conclusions are discussed. many experiments have been performed to evaluate the comparative efficiency and accuracy of the selected algorithms. keywords: l1 norm, regression, algorithm, computer program 1. introduction the objective of this paper is to compare some of the existing algorithms for the l1 norm regression with those proposed by bidabad (1989a,b). our point of view is to compare the accuracy and relative efficiencies of them. in this respect, accuracy of the solution of the algorithms is more important than the other criteria. by the term accuracy we mean, reaching the correct solution in a finite number of steps or iterations. by efficiency, we mean that the algorithm performs with a smaller amount of required storage and execution time to reach the accurate optimal solution. generally, the comparison of algorithms is not a straightforward task. as it is indicated by dutter (1977), factors such as quality of computer codes and computing environment should be considered. in the case of the l1 norm algorithms, three specific factors of the number of observations, number of parameters, and the condition of data are more important. kennedy and gentle and sposito (1977a,b), and hoffman and shier (1980a,b) describe methods for generating random test data with known l1 norm solution vectors. gilsinn et al. (1977) discuss a general methodology for comparing the l1 norm algorithms. kennedy and gentle (1977) examine the rounding error of l1 norm regression and present two techniques for detecting inaccuracies of the computation (see also, larson and sameh (1980)). many authors have compared their own algorithms with those already proposed. table 1 gives a summary of the characteristics of the algorithms proposed by different authors. it is important to note that since the computing environment and condition of data with respect to the distribution of the regression errors of the presented algorithms by table 1 are not the same, definitive conclusion and comparison should not be drawn from this table. armstrong and frome (1976a) compare the iterative weighted least squares of schlossmacher (1973) with barrodale and roberts (1973) algorithm. the result was high superiority of the latter. anderson and steiger (1980) compare the algorithms of bloomfield and steiger (1980), bartels and conn and sinclair (1978) and barrodale and roberts (1973). it was concluded that as the number of observations n increases the br locates in a different complexity class than bcs and bs. all algorithms are linear in the number of parameters m, and bs is less complex than bcs. complexities of bs and bcs are linear in n. there is a slight tendency for all algorithms to work proportionately harder for even m than for odd m. br and bs had the most difficulty with normal error distribution and the least difficulty with pareto distribution with corresponding pareto density parameter equal to 1.2. mailto:bijan@bidabad.com www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 32 table 1. summary of the characteristics of the existing algorithms. ref. compared with m range n range time/performance bcs br 2-8 201 roughly equal speed afk br 5-20 100-1500 30%-50% afk is faster a br 1-11 15-203 nearly equal speed bs br 2-6 100-1800 bs is faster for larger n w afk,ak 2-25 100-1000 w is faster for larger n & smaller m ss bs 4-34 10-50 ss is faster for m near n ak s 2 50-500 ak is faster js ak 2 10-250 js is faster n ≡number of observations. m ≡number of parameters. bcs≡bartels,conn,sinclair (1978). br ≡barrodale,roberts (1973,74). ak ≡armstrong,kung (1978). s ≡sadovski (1974). afk≡armstrong,frome,kung (1979). a ≡abdelmalek (1980a,b). bs ≡bloomfield,steiger (1980). w ≡wesolowsky (1981). js ≡josvanger,sposito (1983). ss ≡seneta,steiger (1984). gentle and narula and sposito (1987) perform a full comparison among some of the l1 norm algorithms. they limited this comparison to the codes that are openly available for l1 norm linear regression of unconstrained form. table 2 shows the required array storage and stopping constants of the corresponding algorithms. table 2. the array storage requirement for selected algorithms. program name ref. required array storage stopping constants l1 br 3n+m(n+5)+4 big=1.0e+75 toler=10**(-d+2/3) d=no. of decimal digits of accuracy l1 a 6n+m(n+3m/2+15/2) prec=1.0e-6 esp=1.0e-4 l1norm afk 6n+m(n+m+5) acu=1.0e-6 big=1.0e+15 blad1 bs 4n+2m(n+2) ------------------- lonesl s 4n prec=1.0e-6 big=1.0e+19 simlp ak 4n acu=1.0e-6 big=1.0e+19 desl1 js 5n tol=1.0e-6 see table 1 for abbreviations. source: gentle, narula, sposito (1987). in their study, the problem consists of uniform (0,1) random values for x and normal (0,3) variates for the random error term. the value of the dependent variable y computed as the sum of the independent variables and error term. summary of the results is shown in tables 3 and 4 for simple and multiple regressions, respectively. values in the cells are the cpu time averages of 100 replications, and the values in the parentheses are corresponding maximum cpu time of the 100 replications. gentle and sposito and narula (1988) also compare the algorithms for unconstrained l1 norm simple linear regression. this investigation is essentially an extraction of gentle and narula and sposito (1987). the attained results are completely similar. they concluded that the bs program performs quite well on smaller problems, but in larger cases, because of accumulated round-off error, it fails to produce correct answers. the wesolowsky program was not usable and deleted in their study. because of the superiority of afk to br and ak to s, which had been indicated in previous studies, br and s algorithm did not enter in their study. www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 33 table 3. the cpu time for a simple model. n ak js a afk bs 100 0.021 0.023 0.094 0.034 0.023 (0.03) (0.04) (0.21) (0.06) (0.04) 500 0.193 0.302 1.434 0.287 0.145 (0.38) (0.61) (3.13) (0.49) (0.26) 1000 0.544 0.971 4.775 0.784 0.422 (1.36) (2.16) (10.60) (1.76) (1.19) 5000 1.262 2.837 211.23* 1.614 + (24.58) (48.88) (----) (31.22) + see table 1 for abbreviations. * average of three runs. + failed to produce correct answers. source: gentle, narula, sposito (1987). table 4. the cpu time for multiple model (m=5,15). n m a afk bs 100 5 0.331 (0.53) 0.149 (0.23) 0.114 (0.17) 100 15 1.976 (2.73) 1.313 (1.70) 0.933 (1.38) 500 5 3.686 (5.47) 1.120 (1.81) 0.829 (1.22) 500 15 17.876 (23.4) 7.808 (10.1) 7.294 (9.13) 1000 5 13.211 (18.3) 2.930 (4.38) + + 1000 15 49.866 (72.7) 17.901 (24.0) + + 5000 5 248.91* (----) 34.311 (51.8) + + 5000 15 687.31* (----) 140.321 (160.1) + + see table 1 for abbreviations. * average of three runs. + failed to produce correct answers. source: gentle, narula, sposito (1987). by considering all aspects, they concluded that afk seems to be the best. 2. design of experiments performance of every algorithm in any specific computing environment is different and thus makes the absolute comparison of algorithms very difficult, especially if the system uses, virtual or real storage, a cache or any array processor or mathematical co-processor and etc. as it was discussed by bidabad (1989a,b), many algorithms exist for l1 norm regression with corresponding computer program and comparison of all of them is very costly. in order to reduce the number of experiments, we rely on the experience of previous researchers which were discussed above. however, the experiments are divided into two general categories of simple and multiple linear l1 norm regressions. despite the coded computer programs, computing environment, numbers of observations and parameters of the model and "condition" of data are the major sources of comparisons for performances of algorithms. thus different sizes problems are to be tested in this section. to judge the superiority of algorithms, there are many criteria. accuracy and efficiency are basic ones. in the former, we are concerned with obtaining the true results in different samples, and in the latter, the computation time and storage requirement of the algorithms are compared. to perform the experiments, once uniform random values selected for ßj in the following model, m yi =  jxij + ui i=1,...,n (1) j=1 random values generated for xij and ui with five specifications of distributions. uniform and normal random generators (given by mojarrad (1977)) used to generate three uniforms and two normal sets of random data for each experiment. generated uniform random deviates belong to the [-10,10], [-100,100] www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 34 and [-1000,1000] intervals. normal deviates have zero mean with 100 and 1000 variances. values of yi computed for ßj, xij, and ui which had been generated as explained above. values of 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10000 were used for the number of observations n and values of 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 10 selected for the number of parameters m. hence, for all of the five specifications of distribution of ui, and for all m and n, replication is done for each of the selected algorithms. average and range of these five replications are reported for each m and n for each algorithm. in the case of simple regression number of replications is ten than five. the programs were all compiled by fortran iv, vs compiler, 1.3.0 level (may 1983) and 77 langlvl with 03 optimization level to reduce the coding inefficiencies. the programs were run on basf 7.68 (mvs) computer. since this machine is a multitasking system, swapping process should affect the execution time. when the system is running for more than one job, this effect can not be measured and removed completely. in order to filter the swapping time, service request block (srb) time has been reduced from the total central processing unit (cpu) time. however, when the system is busy, this may not exhaust all the swapping times. it has been tried to run all comparable algorithms simultaneously, and also in one class of input with enough initiators and the same priority level to cause similar situations for all comparable submitted jobs. the pre-execution times of compilation and linkage-editor are excluded from all tested programs. 3. comparison of the simple regression l1 norm algorithms in this study, comparisons are limited to the algorithm 2 of bidabad (1989a,b) and that proposed by josvanger and sposito (1983). gentle and narula and sposito (1987) and gentle and sposito and narula (1988) introduced the latter as the most efficient algorithm for simple linear l1 norm regression. table 5. the array storage requirement for simple model selected algorithms algorithm program name storage requirement stopping constant js desl1 5n tol = 1.0e-6 b (alg.2) bl1s 5n ----------- js ≡ josvanger and sposito (1983). b(alg.2) ≡ bidabad (1989a,b) algorithm 2. n ≡ number of observations. the amount of array storage requirement for these two programs is shown in table 5. this table may be compared with table 2 for other algorithms. none of the programs destroys the input data. both programs have been coded in single precision. table 6 shows the results of the experiments for simple linear l1 norm regression. the values reported in the cells of the table are the averages of ten replications cpu times in seconds with different random samples. the values in the parentheses are the corresponding minimum and maximum cpu times of the ten runs. both algorithms converged and gave accurate results for all of the experiments. as it is clear from table 6 in small samples, the computation times are not very different, though algorithm 2 is faster. in medium samples, this difference becomes significant, and in larger samples, algorithm 2 becomes strongly superior to that of josvanger and sposito (1983). thus it can be concluded that algorithm 2 performs better than the other algorithms and may be used for applied work to achieve more efficiency. table 6. cpu times for simple model l1 norm selected algorithms n js b(alg.2) 20 0.096 0.094 (0.09,0.10) (0.09,0.10) 50 0.109 0.106 (0.10,0.11) (0.10,0.11) 100 0.141 0.132 (0.13,0.16) (0.12,0.14) www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 35 500 0.469 0.360 (0.35,0.59) (0.33,0.38) 1000 0.997 0.645 (0.66,1.31) (0.61,0.69) 2000 2.770 1.194 (1.36,4.27) (0.98,1.28) 5000 11.554 2.848 (4.58,18.91) (2.71,3.15) 10000 42.406 5.823 (9.67,60.88) (5.16,6.87) see table 5 for abbreviations. 4. comparison of the multiple regression l1 norm algorithms to compare algorithm 4 of bidabad (1989a,b) with other algorithms, experiments have been limited to three algorithms which are more accurate and efficient among the others. these are algorithms of barrodale and roberts (1973,74) (br), bloomfield and steiger (1980) (bs), armstrong and frome and kung (1979) (afk). although, bs and afk algorithms are faster than br, the reason to select br algorithm was that the other two algorithms failed to produce correct answers for larger samples (see, gentle and narula and sposito (1987)). the amount of array storage requirement for these programs is indicated in table 7. this table may be compared with table 2 for other algorithms. all programs have been coded in single precision. none of the programs destroys input data. table 7. the array storage requirement for multiple model selected algorithms algorithm program name storage requirement stopping constant afk afkl1 6n+m(n+3m/2+15/2) acu = 1.0e-6 big = 1.0e+15 br l1bar 3n+m(n+5)+4 big = 1.0e+75 bs blod1 4n+m(2n+4) ------------ b (alg.4) bl1 2n+m(3n+m+2)-2 ------------ afk ≡ armstrong and frome and kung (1970). br ≡ barrodale and roberts (1973,74). bs ≡ bloomfield and steiger (1980). b(alg.4) ≡ bidabad (1989a,b) algorithm 4. n ≡ number of observations. m ≡ number of parameters. tables 8 through 12 report the averages of five runs cpu times for different sample sizes and parameters. the values in the parentheses are minimum and maximum cpu times of replications. for the three parameters model, as it can be seen from table 8, the algorithm 4 is superior to other algorithms. in this case, the bs, afk, and br possess less efficiency, respectively. when the sample size is small, the difference is not large. in medium sample sizes, this difference is going to increase. in larger size experiments, algorithm 4 and bs have a small difference, but br and afk are far from them. in all cases, algorithm 4 is faster than the other algorithms. table 8. cpu times for multiple model (m=3) selected algorithms n b(alg.4) br bs afk 20 0.098 0.110 0.104 0.112 (0.09,0.10) (0.11,0.11) (0.10,0.11) (0.11,0.12) 50 0.144 0.148 0.146 0.146 (0.13,0.16) (0.14,0.16) (0.13,0.16) (0.14,0.15) 100 0.182 0.216 0.194 0.214 (0.18,0.19) (0.20,0.23) (0.19,0.20) (0.20,0.23) 500 0.698 1.116 0.810 0.986 (0.63,0.74) (1.07,1.17) (0.63,1.00) (0.85,1.11) 1000 1.390 2.420 1.662 2.180 www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 36 (1.27,1.53) (2.16,2.76) (1.37,2.01) (2.01,2.36) 2000 2.812 5.884 2.932 4.800 (2.34,2.99) (4.98,6.63) (2.81,3.18) (4.30,5.09) 5000 7.456 25.038 7.520 20.172 (6.82,9.03) (22.33,27.54) (6.16,10.12() (16.57,22.33) 10000 14.330 80.008 15.434 59.634 (12.45,16.61) (73.16,87.03) (12.88,18.12) (55.60,65.80) see table 7 for abbreviations. in the case of four parameters model as shown by table 9, though bs algorithm is competing with algorithm 4, this ordering remains unchanged, and algorithm 4 is again most efficient. the ranking of the selected algorithms is similar to that of three parameters experiments in all cases of small, medium, and larger sample sizes. table 9. cpu times for multiple model (m=4) selected algorithms n b(alg.4) br bs afk 20 0.112 0.116 0.116 0.116 (0.11,0.12) (0.11,0.12) (0.11,0.12) (0.11,0.12) 50 0.156 0.168 0.160 0.160 (0.15,0.16) (0.16,0.19) (0.15,0.17) (0.16,0.16) 100 0.284 0.286 0.286 0.286 (0.26,0.32) (0.26,0.30) (0.27,0.30) (0.26,0.30) 500 1.098 1.596 1.260 1.394 (0.85,1.44) (1.23,1.77) (0.92,1.58) (1.17,1.71) 1000 2.194 4.016 2.200 3.022 (2.03,2.45) (3.35,5.05) (0.64,3.28) (2.73,3.21) 2000 4.650 10.636 5.430 7.774 (3.92,5.05) (9.44,11.86) (4.54,6.15) (7.25,8.16) 5000 12.852 41.282 12.938 32.110 (10.00,15.23) (32.40,47.86) (11.62,14.04) (29.55,33.17) 10000 27.720 119.152 27.864 101.472 (22.93,39.14) (107.14,129.70) (23.94,32.10) (100.31,103.15) see table 7 for abbreviations. when the number of parameters increased to five, bs algorithm failed to produce correct answers for sample sizes of 2000 and more. gentle and narula and sposito (1987) also referred to the failure of bs algorithm for sample sizes of 1000 and greater for five and more parameters models and for a sample size of 5000 when the number of parameters is two. with reference to table 10, the efficiency of algorithm 4 to others with respect to the failure of bs is clear. the algorithms of afk and br are in the next positions, respectively. for smaller sample size, br, bs, and afk algorithms are competing, but the differences are very small. in the larger sample sizes, algorithm 4 becomes strictly superior to other algorithms. table 10. cpu times for multiple model (m=5) selected algorithms n b(alg.4) br bs afk 20 0.138 0.124 0.124 0.124 (0.13,0.15) (0.12,0.13) (0.12,0.14) (0.11,0.13) 50 0.208 0.240 0.204 0.188 (0.18,0.24) (0.22,0.26) (0.20,0.21) (0.18,0.20) 100 0.348 0.380 0.404 0.338 (0.33,0.37) (0.34,0.42) (0.36,0.46) (0.32,0.36) 500 2.024 2.498 1.754 1.684 www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 37 (1.57,2.40) (2.29,2.68) (1.34,2.01) (1.57,1.78) 1000 3.702 5.684 3.364 3.876 (3.19,4.45) (4.86,6.28) (2.93,3.71) (3.67,4.13) 2000 8.770 15.500 + 9.120 (7.51,9.41) (13.04,16.58) + (7.91,9.93) 5000 24.418 66.394 + 36.600 (20.15,27.96) (59.93,71.90) + (33.95,38.67) 10000 53.924 244.072 + 108.406 (38.35,64.90) (217.81,270.06) + (99.65,119.75) + failed to compute correct answers. see table 7 for abbreviations. table 11. cpu times for multiple model (m=7) selected algorithms n b(alg.4) br bs afk 20 0.160 0.164 0.156 0.160 (0.16,0.16) (0.16,0.17) (0.15,0.16) (0.15,0.17) 50 0.346 0.302 0.328 0.282 (0.29,0.37) (0.29.0.31) (0.31,0.34) (0.26,0.30) 100 0.706 0.572 0.540 0.530 (0.58,0.81) (0.52,0.65) (0.48,0.62) (0.47,0.62) 500 3.898 4.486 3.202 2.990 (3.25,4.54) (4.03,4.85) (2.41,3.87) (2.45,3.48) 1000 9.178 11.448 + 6.568 (7.03,10.44) (9.88,12.71) + (5.87,7.68) 2000 19.984 31.872 + 14.908 (18.06,21.55) (24.52,35.22) + (13.56,16.23) 5000 57.286 141.234 + 58.314 (49.53,64.24) (129.20,154.03) + (49.12,65.17) 10000 130.79 475.826 + 151.526 (103.20,183.45) (421.40,521.39) + (144.94,165.62) + failed to compute correct answers. see table 7 for abbreviations. in table 11, when the number of parameters is seven, bs algorithm failed to compute the correct answer for a sample of sizes 1000 and more. afk is the best for smaller samples, but for large samples, algorithm 4 is again superior. br algorithm is in the third position. in table 12, with ten parameters, bs and afk algorithms failed to compute correct answers for the larger sample sizes. br algorithm is the most efficient with respect to accuracy. algorithm 4 remains in the second position of both computing time and accuracy, except for sample size of 10000, where algorithm 4 is the most efficient. table 12. cpu times for multiple model (m=10) selected algorithms n b(alg.4) br bs afk 20 0.276 0.212 0.218 0.212 (0.27,0.29) (0.20,0.23) (0.21,0.22) (0.20,0.23) 50 0.956 0.502 0.492 0.398 (0.69,1.72) (0.47,0.54) (0.43,0.54) (0.35,0.44) 100 2.414 1.144 0.998 0.776 (1.55,4.78) (1.03,1.25) (0.86,1.11) (0.66,0.91) 500 13.980 8.446 5.970 5.210 (11.76,16.30) (7.88,9.99) (4.81,6.92) (4.43,5.78) 1000 62.624 23.506 + 11.144 www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 38 (22.23,193.19) (20.26,26.93) + (9.08,13.14) 2000 109.268 62.756 + + (72.20,278.27) (59.43,65.66) + + 5000 409.438 284.618 + + (154.64,1010.92) (240.02,322.47) + + 10000 679.540 967.794 + + (283.04,1076.04) (770.79,1064.43) + + + failed to compute correct answers. see table 7 for abbreviations. 5. conclusions since in computational algorithms, accuracy is more important than efficiency, those l1 norm algorithms should be selected which produce correct solutions, and among them, the fastest one should be selected. algorithm 2 and algorithm of josvanger and sposito (1983) both computed correct answers for two parameters linear l1 norm regression model. algorithm 2, which is faster than js introduced for applied works. for multiple regression, bs and afk algorithms failed to compute correct answers in larger models. as stated by gentle and narula and sposito (1987), because of the accumulated roundoff error, algorithm of bloomfield and steiger (1980) was not usable in larger size problems. coding to avoid rounding problems often increase the execution time, so it is not clear what would happen to the relative efficiency if the bs code is modified. this is also the case for the algorithm of armstrong and frome and kung (1979), though it is less sensitive to rounding error than bs algorithm. however, from the previous tables, it may be concluded that algorithm 4 is more appropriate for models with less than ten parameters and algorithm of barrodale and roberts (1973,74) for the ten parameters model. this last conclusion is not very constructive, because in the case of ten parameters model with 10000 observations algorithm 4 is highly superior to br. however, since in applied work, we are not always confronted with a very large amount of data and parameters, this conclusion is poor in an operational sense. references n.n. abdelmalek (1980a) l1 solution of overdetermined systems of linear equations. acm trans. math. soft., 6, 220-227. n.n. abdelmalek (1980b) a fortran subroutine for the l1 solution of overdetermined systems of linear equations. acm trans. math. soft., 6, 228-30. d. anderson, w.l. steiger (1982) a comparison of methods for discrete l1 curve-fitting. tech. rep. dcs-tr-96. dept. of comp. sci., hill center for the math. sci. busch campus, new brunswick, n.j. r.d. armstrong, e.l. frome (1976a) a comparison of two algorithms for absolute deviation curve fitting. jasa, 71, 328-330. r.d. armstrong, e.l. frome, d.s. kung (1979) a revised simplex algorithm for the absolute deviation curve fitting problem. commun. stat. b8, 175-190. r.d. armstrong, d.s. kung (1978) as132: least absolute value estimates for a simple linear regression problem. appl. stat., 27, 363-366. barrodale, f.d.k. roberts (1973) an improved algorithm for discrete l1 linear approximation. siam j. numer. anal., 10, 839-848. barrodale, f.d.k. roberts (1974) algorithm 478: solution of an overdetermined system of equations in the l1 norm. commun. acm, 17, 319-320. r.h. bartels, a.r. conn, j. sinclair (1978) minimization technique for piecewise differentiable functions: the l1 solution to an overdetermined linear system. siam j. numer. anal. 15, 224-241. www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 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(2008) an implied inequality index using l1 norm estimation of lorenz curve. global conference on business and finance proceedings. mercedes jalbert, managing editor, issn 19310285 cd, issn 1941-9589 online, volume 3, number 2, 2008, the institute for business and finance research, ramada plaza herradura, san jose, costa rica, may 28-31, 2008, pp. 148-163. global journal of business research, vol. 4, no. 1, 2010, pp.29-45. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-implied-inequality-index-4.pdf http://www.theibfr.com/archive/issn-1941-9589-v3-n2-2008.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/lae-i.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/lae-ii.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-norm-thesis-en.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-norm-thesis-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article6.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article5.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article1.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article1.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article2.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article3.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article3.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article4.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-article4.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/iraninc-l1.pdf http://www.uib.es/congres/ecopub/ecineq/general.htm http://www.uib.es/congres/ecopub/ecineq/papers/039bidabab.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/estimating-lorenz-us.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/l1-implied-inequality-index-4.pdf http://www.theibfr.com/archive/issn-1941-9589-v3-n2-2008.pdf www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 40 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/ssrn-id1631861.pdf p. bloomfield, w. steiger (1980) least absolute deviations curve fitting. siam j. sci. statist. comput. 1, 290-301. r. dutter (1977) numerical solution of robust regression problems, computational aspects, a comparison. j. of stat. computation and simulation, 5, 207-238. j.e. gentle, s.c. narula, v.a. sposito (1987) algorithms for unconstrained l1 linear regression. in y. dodge (ed.) statistical data analysis based on the l1 norm and related methods. north-holland. 83-94. j.e. gentle, v.a. sposito, s.c. narula (1988) algorithms for unconstrained l1 simple linear regression. csda, 6(4), 335-340. j. gilsinn, k. hoffman, r.h.f. jackson, e. leyendecker, p. saunder, d. shier (1977) methodology and analysis for comparing discrete l1 approximation codes., commun. stat., b6, 399-413. k.l. hoffman, d.r. shier (1980b) a test problem generator for discrete linear l1 approximation problems. acm trans. math. soft., 6, 615-617. l.a. josvanger, v.a. sposito (1983) l1-norm estimates for the simple regression problem. comm. stat. b12, 21521. w.j. kennedy, j.e. gentle (1977) examining rounding error in least absolute values regression computations. comm. stat., b6, 415-420. w.j kennedy, j.e. gentle, v.a. sposito (1977a) comparisons of algorithms for l1 estimation in the linear model. paper presented at midwestern regional meeting of ims, madison, wi. (available from the second author). w.j kennedy, j.e. gentle, v.a. sposito (1977b) a computer oriented method for generating test problems for l1 regression. comm. stat., b6, 21-27. j.l. larson, a.h. sameh (1980) algorithms for round of error analysis a relative error approach. computing 24, 275-297. m.j. mojarrad (1977) the application of comparative monte carlo methods to econometrics: an efficient monte carlo study of finite sample properties of iterative instrumental variables estimation. ph.d. diss., university of pennsylvania. a.n. sadovski (1974) as74: l1-norm fit of a straight line. appl. stat. 23, 244-248. e.j. schlossmacher (1973) an iterative technique for absolute deviations curve fitting. jasa 68, 857-865. e. seneta, w.l. steiger (1984) a new lad curve-fitting algorithm: slightly overdetermined equation system in l1. discrete applied math., 7, 79-91. g.o. wesolowsky (1981) a new descent algorithm for least absolute value regression problem. comm. stat., b10, 479-491. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). http://www.bidabad.com/doc/ssrn-id1631861.pdf bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 21 determination of fruit development stages and production of dates in khairpur sindh pakistan dr. muhammad mahmood-ur-rahman jamro principal scientific officer pakistan agricultural research council arid zone research institute technology field station khairpur, sindh, pakistan e-mail: mrjamro@yahoo.com dr. zulfiqar ali abbasi assistant professor shaheed zulfiqar ali bhutto agriculture college dokri larkana, sindh, pakistan e-mail: zaabbasi786@gmail.com dr. ali sher chandio principal scientific officer pakistan agricultural research council-southern zone agricultural research centre karachi, sindh, pakistan e-mail: azam.parc@gmail.com abstract the study was conducted to record fruit development stages of nine date palm cultivars from spathe initiation to harvest. the data was recorded as per each parameter; finally mean days were calculated at completion of each fruit development stage. the results revealed that all cultivars initiated spathes from 8th january to 26th february. significant differences were recorded in all physiological fruit development stages. the minimum period of (13.66 days) and maximum (24.00 days) were taken by shakri and begum jangi respectively up to the spathe maturity stage, whereas aseel taken (14.33 days) and dhaki recorded (27.00 days) to pollination. in the fruit setting (hababuk stage) hussaini noted minimum period of (44.33 days) and muzawati observed maximum (57.66 days). in doka formation (kimri stage, the hussaini cultivar recorded lowest period of (71.33 days) and muzawati taken highest (99.33 days). up to mature fruit (khalal stage) begum jangi attained the minimum (110.33 days). however fasli and dhakki observed the maximum (153.67 days). at rutab stage, the cultivar begum jangi recorded lowest harvesting period (118.33 days) and dhaki noted highest (158.00 days). in relation to the maximum yield dhaki recoded (169.00 kg/plant) and hussaini produced minimum yield (97.00 kg/plant). keywords: date palm, fruit stages, production, varieties. introduction female plant of date palm (phoenix dactylifera l.) bears fruit once a year; mostly it is consumed in fresh, dried and in different ways. it is one seeded oblong berry varying in ovate, obovate, spherical, elliptical, cylindrical shape (markhand et al., 2010) with the terminal stigma, fleshy pericarp and a membranous endocarp. dates are classified into soft, semi soft, dry and semi dry according to harvest time (chao & krueger, 2007). generally dates take about 6-7 months from spathe emergence to fully ripened. fruit formation starts after the https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 22 application of pollens by hand or mechanical ways. one male plant is sufficient for pollination to fifty female plants. the pollen flowers are cut from the male tree and applied to the female blooms when spathe of female plant cracks naturally which means that, it is ready for pollination. after removing of a hard cover around the spathe, a cluster of flowers is inserted into female inflorescence to assure fruit set. for successful pollination, high potent pollen source plays a significant role (benmehaia & baka, 2015). the pollination efficacy depends on the pollination time, flowering period of male, viability, quantity and female flower receptivity. awad and qureshi (2012) reported that pollen affects directly on the receptiveness of female flower. abbas et al. (2012) also observed differences in female flower receptivity. satisfactory pollination results can be obtained within two or four days after spathe opening. five growth and development stages of dates are considered. among them the hababouk is an earliest stage of fruit, it is also called ‟baby fruit” which starts after fertilization and lasts for 4-5 weeks by the loss of two unfertilized carpals. during that period fruit weighs up to one gram with 85 to 90% moisture (fadel et al., 2006). after that second phase of fruit growth appears in 17 weeks subsequent to fertilization, depending upon location and cultivar. this segment is categorized also in two stages. in first period the dimension and mass of fruit quickly increase with additional sugar and water, whereas in second phase, weight, acidity and sugar occur with higher water (fallahi, 1996). in tamar stage, fruit changes the color and attaining softness (myhara et al., 1999). generally due to availability of lesser water and greater amount of sugar; fruit of this stage is mostly stored (hong et al., 2006; awad, 2007). in sindh, monsoon rains during the months of july and august, these are peak production periods of date palm. even for the short duration, rainfall extremely harmful and causes heavy fruit loss. therefore, the study was conducted to examine the fruit development stages as date palm cultivars can be categorized according to their maturity period. materials and methods nine date palm cultivars specifically shakri, fasli, karbalain, aseel, dhaki, hussaini, eidal shah, muzawati and begum jangi were selected for study which were already grown in the field of date palm research station kot diji, khairpur, sindh, pakistan. during the fruiting season of 2018 and 2019, plants were selected, based upon age uniformity (10 – 15 years old), they were free of insects’ damage and diseases. five plants from each cultivar were selected and kept under the regular schedule of cultural practices. the experiment was carried out under completely randomized design with three replications. the data for different parameters i.e. date of spathe initiation, days taken to spathe maturity, days taken to pollination, days taken to fruit setting (hababuk stage, days taken to doka formation (kimri stage, days taken to dang formation (rutab stage), days taken to harvest, yield/plant (kg). the collected data analyzed for analysis of variance (anova) using a statistix version 8.1 software technique (statistix, 2006). the least significant difference test (lsd) was used at alpha 0.05 for comparing differences of treatments. table 1. fruit development stages and yield of date palm cultivars during crop season 2018 and 2019 s.no name of cultivar date of spathe initiation days taken to spathe maturity days taken to pollination days taken to fruit setting (hababuk stage) days taken to immature doka formation (kimri stage) days taken to mature doka formation (khalal stage), days taken to harvesting (dang formation rutab stage) yield/plant (kg) (rutab stage) 1 shakri 20-26 january 13.66c 21.66bc 47.33bc 81.00de 135.33c 142.67e 156.33ab 2 fasli 25-31 january 19.00abc 22.33b 49.00b 87.33bc 153.67a 157.67ab 148.00abc https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 23 3 karbalain 08-14 february 17.00bc 18.33d 46.00bc 76.00ef 147.33b 155.67ab 150.67ab 4 aseel 10-16 february 14.00c 14.33e 48.33b 82.66cd 147.67b 153.00bc 109.67bc 5 dhaki 09-15 february 21.33ab 27.00a 54.66a 88.33b 153.67a 158.00a 169.00a 6 hussaini 06-12 february 20.33ab 24.00ab 44.33c 71.33f 128.33e 149.67cd 97.000c 7 eidal shah 12-18 february 16.66bc 17.66d 45.66bc 77.33de 133.67cd 145.00de 107.67bc 8 muzawati 13-19 february 19.00abc 22.00bc 57.66a 99.33a 131.33de 141.33e 146.67abc 9 begum jangi 20-26 february 24.00a 26.33a 44.66c 97.33a 110.33f 118.33f 130.33abc cv 5.67 3.18 3.44 5.34 3.61 4.918 51.33 in each column means followed by common letter are not significantly different at 5% probability level. result and discussion results of the study presented in (table 1) revealed that among the cultivars, each fruit development stage differed significantly. the spathe emergence initiated from 20th january to 26th february during both seasons. shakri and fasli cultivars found earlier in the spathe emergence. however cultivar, begum jangi observed late (fourth, week) of february. these months are considered as very suitable for spathe emergence in sindh due to low temperature. the begum jangi and dhakki cultivars recorded maximum (24.00, 20.33 days) spathe maturity period respectively. whereas shakri cultivar taken the minimum period of (13.66 days) accordingly. the variation in spathe maturation depends on the variety, environmental conditions and management practices (zaid & wet, 2002; al-yahyai & al-kharusi, 2012). due to dioeciously nature of date palm, pollination is considered a significant factor which affects fruit set, yield and fruit quality. the period of receptivity differs with diverse weather factors and cultivars (shaheen, 1986; marzouk et al., 2002a). in this study dhakki taken maximum (27.00 days) to pollination, after spathe initiation followed by (26.33, 24.00, 22.33, 22.00, 21.66, 18.33, 17.66 and 14.33) begum jangi, hussaini, fasli, muzawati, shakri, karbalain, eidal shah and aseel respectively. after spathe maturity male pollens were applied within 2-7 days according to the opening of spathe. these results are supported by (el-kassas & mahmoud, 1984; el-salhy et al., 2011) they reported that after spathe cracking optimum period for female flower accessibility considered within three to four days. but according to the previous studies scientists reported that, this period could be extended up to 5 days (ahmed & shaikh, 1971) seven days (gupta & thatai, 1980) seven-twelve days (stoler, 1972) eightten days (pereau-leroy, 1957) nine days (al-bajallani et al., 1989) ten days. after pollination four to seven days are considered for high fruit quality and yield (marzouk et al., 2002b; alwasfy 2005; samih, 2006; moustafa, 1998; dammas, 1998). delaying pollination significantly reduce fruit set, fruit retention; consequently bunch weight reduction as compared to immediate pollinated female spathe. hababouk is the earliest stage of fruit development which occurs by the loss of two unfertilized carpels. since date of spathe initiation, the maximum days (57.66) by muzawati followed by dhakki (54.66), fasli (49.00), aseel (48.33), shakri (47.33), karbalain (46.00), eidal shah (45.66), begum jangi (44.66) and hussaini (44.33) were recorded. the disparity in days taken to the fruit set may be accredited to genetic characters of pollen source. these findings are also in close agreement with the results of iqbal et al. (2012) who observed that source of pollen has a significant effect on days to the fruit setting in date palm. the maximum (99) days in cultivar muzawati followed by begum jangi (97.33), dhakki (88), fasli (87.33), https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 24 aseel (82.66), shakri (81.00), eidal shah (77.33), karbalain (76.00) and hussaini (71.33) were noted at kimri stage (immature green stage). variation in days to kimri stagte might be due to variety and location. fasli and dhakki cultivars recorded, the maximum (153.67) days followed by 147.33, 135.33, 133.67, 131.33 and 110.33 by karbalain and aseel, shakri, eidal shah, muzawati and begum jangi respectively in khalal (mature stage) since spathe initiation. the speedy fruit growth from kimri to khalal stage is mostly due to the quick cell division and process of elongation. these results are generally in agreement with past reports of (bacha et al., 1987; al-qurashi, 2010). it was also noticed that fruit growth characters increased progressively as fruit matures and growth seizes after reaching khalal (colored stage) (awad et al., 2011; alhootie et al., 1997) also established these results. the studied cultivars were harvested on rutab stage. the maximum 158.00 days since spathe initiation to harvesting were recorded by dhakki cultivar, whereas minimum 118.33 days, for the same stage was recorded by cultivar begum jangi. however, other varieties fasli, karbalain, aseel, hussaini, eidal shah, shakri and muzawati recorded 157.67, 155.67, 153.00, 149.67, 145.00, 142.67 and 141.33 days since spathe initiation to harvesting respectively. it is noticed that dhakki cultivar taken maximum duration up to tamar stage due to its larger size of fruit. these results are in agreement with the conclusion of al-khalifah (2006) who concluded that the pollen source had considerable effect on fruit maturity. the cultivar dhakki produced highest fruit yield (169 kg/plant) at the rutab stage, whereas shakri, karbalain, fasli, muzawati, begum jangi, aseel, eidal shah and hussaini produced 156.33, 150.67, 148.00, 146.67, 130.33, 109.67, 107.67 and 97.00 kg/plant respectively. the results indicated that dhakki cultivar recorded maximum yield which is due to higher fruit setting, fruit weight, size and high moisture content. as per key objective of this study when the results were compared on the basis of harvesting period, it was noted that begum jangi and shakri cultivars were harvested during the last week of june. muzawati, hussaini and fasli were harvested in the first week of july. aseel, karbalain, eidal shah in the second week of july and dhakki was harvested during the fourth week of july. conclusion from the results of this study it can be concluded that except begum jangi and shakri which are still not considered commercial dates; other cultivars falls in the monsoon period. therefore, protection measures from rain and availability of other varieties for this province is suggested as the dates sector of sindh can be secured for future consumption and trade. acknowledgement authors gratefully acknowledge mr. zakir hussain mahessar, director date palm research station kot diji, khairpur, sindh, pakistan for provision of research facilities throughout the study. references abbas, m. f., abdulwahid, a. h., & abass, k. i. (2012). effect of pollen parent on certain aspects of fruit development of hillawi date palm (phoenix dactylifera l.) in relation to levels of endogenous gibberellins. advances in agriculture & botanics, 4(2), 42-47. al-qurashi, a. d. (2010). physico-chemical changes during development and ripening of' helali'date palm fruit. journal of food, agriculture & environment, 8(2), 404-408. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 25 ahmed, s., & el-shaikh, h.m. (1971). receptivity of pistilite flowers in date palm. punjab frt. j. lyallur, pakistan, pp: 34242. al-bajallani, a. n. r., al-attar, a., & mohammad, a. a. (1989). effect of day-time pollination during ten days aftere spth spalitting on fruit setting of phoenix dactylifera l. cv. sukkari. annals of agricultural science (egypt). al-hooti, s., sidhu, j. s., & qabazard, h. (1997). physicochemical characteristics of five date fruit cultivars grown in the united arab emirates. plant foods for human nutrition, 50(2), 101-113. al-khalifah, n. s. (2006). metaxenia: influence of pollen on the maternal tissue of fruits of two cultivars of date palm (phoenix dactylifera l.). bangladesh j. bot, 35(2), 151-161. al-yahyai, r., & al-kharusi, l. (2012). physical and chemical quality attributes of freezestored dates. international journal of agriculture and biology, 14(1). al-wasfy, m. m. (2005, april). studies on receptivity of pistillate flowers of zaghloul and haiany date palm cultivars under qena conditions. in proceeding of second syrian egyptian conf (pp. 25-28). awad, m. a., & al-qurashi, a. d. (2012). partial fruit set failure phenomenon in ‘nabbutali’and ‘sabbaka’date palm cultivars under hot arid climate as affected by pollinator type and pollination method. scientia horticulturae, 135, 157-163. awad, m. a. (2007). increasing the rate of ripening of date palm fruit (phoenix dactylifera l.) cv. helali by preharvest and postharvest treatments. postharvest biology and technology, 43(1), 121-127. awad, m. a., al-qurashi, a. d., & mohamed, s. a. (2011). biochemical changes in fruit of an early and a late date palm cultivar during development and ripening. international journal of fruit science, 11(2), 167-183. benmehaia, r., & baka, m. (2015). evaluation of male palms used in pollination and the extent of its relationship with cultivars of date-palms (phoenix dactylifera l.) grown in region of oued righ, algeria. pak. j. bot, 47(5), 2295-2300. bacha, m. a., nasr, t. a., & shaheen, m. a. (1987). changes in physical and chemical characteristics of the fruits of four date palm cultivars. proc saudi biol soc, 10, 285295. chao, c. t., & krueger, r. r. (2007). the date palm (phoenix dactylifera l.): overview of biology, uses, and cultivation. hortscience, 42(5), 1077-1082. dammas, m. o. (1998). fruit growth and receptivity of pistillate flowers pollination in two date palm cultivars (phoenix dactylifera l.) (doctoral dissertation, m. sc. thesis, fac. of meteorology, environment and arid land agri. king abdel aziz univ). https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 26 el-salhy, a., abdel-galil, h. a., el-akkad, m. m., & diab, y. m. (2011). effect of delaying pollination on yield and fruit quality of sewy date palm under new valley conditions in egypt. research journal of agriculture and biological sciences, 7(6), 408-412. el-kassas, s. e., & mahmoud, h. m. (1984). receptivity of pistillate flowers of zagloul date palm grown in upper egypt. assiut journal of agricultural sciences (egypt). fadel, m., kurmestegy, l., rashed, m., & rashed, z. (2006). fruit color properties of different cultivars of dates (phoenix dactylifera, l.). agricultural engineering international: cigr journal. fallahi, m. (1996). growth, treatment, and packaging of date; barsava publication: tehran, iran, p. 124. gupta, m. r., & thatai, s. k. (1980). receptivity of pistillate flowers in date-palm cv. shamran. journal of research-punjab agricultural university, 17(4), 366-368. hong, y. j., tomas-barberan, f. a., kader, a. a., & mitchell, a. e. (2006). the flavonoid glycosides and procyanidin composition of deglet noor dates (phoenix dactylifera). journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 54(6), 2405-2411. iqbal, m., niamatullah, m., & munir, m. (2012). effect of various dactylifera males pollinizer on pomological traits and economical yield index of cv’s shakri, zahidi and dhakki date palm (phoenix dactylifera l.). the journal of animal & plant sciences, 22(2), 376-383. markhand, g. s., abul-soad, a. a., mirbahar, a. a., & kanhar, n. a. (2010). fruit characterization of pakistani dates. pak. j. bot, 42(6), 3715-3722. marzouk, h. m., el-salhy, a. m., & hassan, r. a. (2002a). effect of pollination on fruit set yield and fruit quality of zaghloul and samany date palm cultivars. aevaluation of five seedling date palm males and their effect on yield and fruit quality. in proc. of minia 1st conference for agriculture and environmental science, minia, egypt (pp. 983-997). marzouk, h. m., el-salhy, a. m., & hassan, r. a. (2002b). effect of pollination on fruit set, yield and fruits quality of zaghlool and samany date palm cultivars. beffect of male type and receptivity of pistillate flowers on fruit set, yield and some physical fruit properties. proc. minia 1st conf. for agric. and environ. sci. minia, egypt, (pp. 9991012). myhara, r. m., karkalas, j., & taylor, m. s. (1999). the composition of maturing omani dates. journal of the science of food and agriculture, 79(11), 1345-1350. moustafa, a. (1998, march). studies on pollination of date palms. in proceeding of the first international conference on date palms, united arab emirates univ., al-ain (pp. 3948). pereau-leroy, p. (1957). flower fertilization in date palm. hort. abst., 27(3), 2812. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 27 samih, m. (2006). determination of the best pollination time of sayer date cultivar. in abstract of the third international date palm conf. feb (vol. 19). shaheen, m. a. (1986, september). pistil receptivity in three cultivars of date palm (phoenix dactylifera l.). in proc. 1 hot. sci. conf. st tanta univ. egypt. september (vol. 11, pp. 489-499). statistix. (2006). statistix 8 user guide, version 1.0. analytical software, po box 12185, tallahassee fl 32317 usa.copyright © 2006 by analytical software stoler, s. (1972). date pollination and fertilization. ii-fertilization. hort. abst, 42(2), 4905. zaid, a., & wet, p.f. (2002). botanical and systematic description of the date palm. in: zaid a, arias-jim´enez ej, editors. date palm cultivation. rome, italy: fao plant production and protection paper 156. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research; vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 40 benchmarking and rating of private commercial banks of bangladesh through camels components a h m ziaul haq phd professor department of finance university of rajshahi, bangladesh e-mail: zia_haq2001@yahoo.com hosnay nasrin phd fellow department of finance university of rajshahi, bangladesh e-mail: hn_nahin@yahoo.com received: august 30, 2020 accepted: september 13, 2020 online published: september 27, 2020 doi: 10.46281/bjmsr.v2i2.783 url: https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v2i2.783 abstract the banking sector of bangladesh is becoming more complicated than before. ensuring the financial stability of the economy, monitoring, supervision, and continuous performance evaluation of the banking sector are compulsory. the present study, therefore, is an attempt to evaluate and compare the performance of our banks. one of the most effective supervisory techniques, camels rating system has been used to benchmark and rate the banks based on their performance. in this study, 21 private commercial banks (pcbs) have been chosen as samples to meet the purpose of the study. data for analysis has been collected from the banks‟ annual reports for the period of 2008 to 2018. the result shows that none of the banks could achieve a 'strong' position, and only sebl was able to secure a „satisfactory‟ mark. unfortunately, ab bank was rated "marginal" in the composite rating, which is the lowest rating among the sample banks. hence, ab bank needs to develop reform and follow-up programs as soon as possible to avoid financial failure. keywords: private commercial banks, performance evaluation, camels components, benchmarking, composite rating. 1. introduction since the banking industry has become globalized and liberalized, so clients everywhere in the world would quickly look forward to the identical world-class support from any bank offering a similar service, as customers always expect better service; therefore, benchmarking is a competitive strategy to win over the market shares, and a survival approach for threatened businesses and industries. initially, banks should conduct benchmarking with their competitors or banks having excellent performance in the banking industry operating anywhere in the world. secondly, banks can benchmark with their affiliates, sister companies, and subsidiaries which may be performing specific practices a lot better than the bank does. finally, banks can also benchmark their performance with companies outside the industry whose approaches can be tailored to the banks themselves. after benchmarking, banks can realize their rating of performance in specific key areas. camels is used as a benchmarking tool to evaluate the performance of commercial banks. benchmarking is a process of comparing the performance of one business with its rivals. (tzu, 2002) mentioned in his study that benchmarking is the system of finding out the comparative significance of something by relating it to a recognized criterion. and (anderson & mcadam, 2006) stated in their study that benchmarking is used as a method of evaluating practices and choosing new strategies to sustain a company. the role of benchmarking in british banking is narrated in research by (knights & mccabe, 2006) in detail as well. through benchmarking, british banks have gradually adopted quality initiatives and gained significant success in quality management, the results showed. mailto:zia_haq2001@yahoo.com mailto:hn_nahin@yahoo.com https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v2i2.783 https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v2i2.783 copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 41 the banking sector of bangladesh is divided into four classifications of scheduled banks; state-owned commercial banks (scbs), government owned development financial institutions (dfis), private commercial banks (pcbs), and foreign commercial banks (fcbs). the number of banks in bangladesh was increased to 59 in 2018, and the number of bank branches increased to 10286 in 2018. table 1 shows the banking structure in bangladesh. (december 2018). in table 1, it is observed that pcbs' deposits in 2018 amounted to bdt. 7127.2 billion or 66 percent in the total deposit and its share in the total assets also increased to 67 percent during the same period. since pcbs are dominating the whole banking industry in terms of assets and deposits, it is, therefore, essential to evaluate the performance of pcbs whether they are running on the right track. table 1. banking structure in bangladesh (2018–in billion tk.) source: annual report of bangladesh bank, 2018-19 so, the banks of bangladesh need to conduct benchmarking, which is a modern process of comparing the performance of one business with its rivals. hence, this study aims to conduct benchmarking of the selected pcbs to apprehend the performance of the selected banks using the camels components. 1.1 statement of the problem bangladesh‟s financial system is dominated by banks where the banking system accounts for around 96 percent of the total assets of the financial sector. as the banking sector is the leading component of the overall financial system in bangladesh, so i t is ess entia l to ensure the soundness of its banking system for the socio-economic development of the country. it is crucial to assess and evaluate the overall performance of banks in bangladesh through the implementation of a regulatory banking supervision framework. various constraints hinder the development of the banking sector including pcbs of bangladesh which includes, among others, numerous forms of banking scams such as money laundering, non-performing loans (npls), etc. some banks still have been facing capital shortfalls and fail to maintain the basel requirement. because of the high focus of loans and advances, the vulnerability of assets to credit risk increases. because of high npls banks experience enormous stress to earn a profit, and the financial stability of the banks becomes day by day. it has been observed that there is a negative and reverse relationship that exists between npls and the profitability of banks. again, due to the growing size of npls, banks are now facing difficulties at maintaining healthy liquidity. according to a recent study (raju, 2017), the cost efficiency level of 35 commercial banks of bangladesh is 91.4 percent. on the other hand, the earnings ability of these banks has also been decreasing alarmingly. so, this scenario reflects negatively in the overall banking industry performance of bangladesh. at this stage, it is essential to examine the fundamental factors which affect the performances of banks in bangladesh. the additional focus of the study is to examine the rating of the pcbs of bangladesh through benchmarking based on camels components. among different prevalent approaches, the camels rating system is the most preferred approach used by regulators and scholars. bangladesh bank introduced camels in 1993 as an integral part of the off-site supervision system. 1.2 research questions hence, keeping the statement of the problem in mind, the ultimate goal of the study has been set to address the following questions;  how to benchmark the performance of the pcbs of bangladesh with respect to composite rating?  what has been the level of the soundness of the pcbs of bangladesh? bank type number of banks number of branches total assets % of industry assets deposits % of deposits scbs 6 3746 3732.2 25.6 2868.4 26.6 dfis 3 1412 324.0 2.2 286.0 2.6 pcbs 41 5060 9769.7 67.0 7127.2 66.0 fcbs 9 68 747.1 5.2 517.2 4.8 total 59 10286 14572.9 100 10798.7 100 copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 42 1.3 objectives of the study the p r i m e objective of the study is to conduct benchmarking to evaluate the performance of the pcbs of bangladesh from the year 2008 to 2018. the following are the specific objectives:  to benchmark the performance of the pcbs of bangladesh, and  to analyze the performance of the pcbs of bangladesh using the camels components. 2. literature review the study reviewed various studies in the area of performance evaluation of banks, camels rating, and benchmarking, which were conducted in bangladesh and abroad. some of the literature reviews are as follows: the camels approach measures the financial performance of banking institutions. under this system, each banking institution is examined based on six vital magnitudes concerning the bank's operations and performance mentioned by (sahajwala & van den bergh, 2000). (barr, killgo, siems, and zimmel (2002) states that camels rating has become a concise and indispensable tool for examiners and regulators. the rating ensures a bank's healthy conditions by reviewing different aspects of a bank based on a variety of information sources such as financial statements, funding sources, macroeconomic data, budget and cash flow (suba, 2015) gave a comprehensive framework on the camels model. the author gave detailed definitions of the ratios and the interpretations of them to form a structural model on them. camel parameters were used by (sangmi & nazir, 2010) to evaluate the financial performance of the two major northern indian banks. concerning their capital adequacy, asset quality, management capability, and liquidity, the financial performance of these two banks was found as sound and satisfactory by the study. (roman & sargu, 2013) used the camels framework to comparatively analyzes the financial soundness of the commercial banks of romania. the results from the study highlighted the strengths and the vulnerabilities of the analyzed banks and suggested guidelines to improve and increase their soundness. (venkatesh & chithra, 2014) used the camels model to analyze the financial efficiency of selected commercial banks in the kingdom of bahrain which is considered as the financial hub of the middle east and plays a significant role in the economic activities in the mena region. (barker & holdsworth, 1993) mentioned in their study that in the prediction of banks‟ failure camel rating is useful. (cole & gunther, 1998) conducted a study to assess the accuracy of camels ratings in predicting the failure of banks. they used camels as a benchmark and an off-site monitoring system based on publicly available accounting data. (nurazi & evans, 2005) also investigated whether camel ratios could be used to predict bank failure. it has proven to be a useful internal supervisory tool for evaluating the soundness of a financial firm, based on identifying those institutions requiring special attention or concern. (yuksel, dincer & hacioglu, 2015) exhibited the relationship between camels ratios and credit ratings of twenty depository banks in turkey. they used secondary data for the period (2004-2014) and analyzed 21 different ratios of camels components. (moudud-ul-huq, 2017) attempted to measure the financial performance of pcbs in bangladesh. in the study, primarily he selected 10 pcbs and collected data for the periods 2013–2014. for measuring the financial performance and rating these banks according to the composite rating system, camels was employed by the study. (rahman & islam, 2018) in their study took an attempt to evaluate and compare the performance of the banking sector in bangladesh. accordingly, the camels rating system had been employed by the study to grade the banks based on their performances. 2.1 research gap a review of previous pieces of the literature reveals that some studies have been done in the context of the performance of banks, benchmarking, and camels components in different countries. from the perspective of bangladesh, several research works have been conducted so far to make a comparative analysis of pcbs to examine the differential impact of various camel components upon banks' profitability. few articles and research papers explore the camel rating of the commercial banks and few kinds of research explore the comparative analysis of the conventional and islamic banks which are performing in bangladesh. on the other hand, this study has conducted benchmarking to find the composite ratings of the selected banks to examine the performance of the banks based on camels components. so, this study is different from the earlier studies in the sense that it highlights the composite rating approach using the camels components. all the six components including “s”, to copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 43 assess the position of the banks in the market and create a space for the respective policymakers of the pcbs of bangladesh to undertake initiatives to improve their bank's performance to attain a better rating. 3. methodology of the study the present study has been carried out to assess the performance of the pcbs of bangladesh. the population of the study is, therefore, all the pcbs that are enlisted in the dhaka stock exchange (dse) and chittagong stock exchange (cse). however, sharia-based islamic banks have been excluded from the study as their operating systems are not similar to conventional banks. again, banks which have not adequate data available for the period of the study also have been excluded from the study. finally, 21 pcbs have been selected for the study to evaluate their performance based on camels components. data has been collected from the financial statements and annual reports of respective banks for the period of 2008 to 2018. besides, the researcher visited the websites of dse, cse, bangladesh bank, and bangladesh securities and exchange commission to gather required data when necessary. the data has been analyzed and interpreted using tables and graphs. analyses have been performed to assess the performance of the selected pcbs and identify the composite ratings of the selected pcbs based on camels components. six components of the camels model (capital adequacy, asset quality, management efficiency, earnings ability, liquidity, and sensitivity to market risk) are used as variables. 4. overview of benchmarking and composite rating of pcbs in bangladesh to benchmark each component of camels, they are to be evaluated on the scale of "1" to "5" rating in ascending order. each component has a well thought out scale of rating based on the prevailing financial and economic conditions. table 2 shows the details of the conversion of the camels financial ratios to the progressive scale, which starts from "1" as strong to "5" as weak and for each equation used after relying on many previous studies to develop these ratios. bangladesh bank also follows the same formula and criteria whenever to examine the camels rating for the banks. table 2. benchmarking under the camels rating system code camels component ratio‟s ranking 1 2 3 4 5 c capital adequacy (crar) > 11% 8 11% 4 <8% 1 4% < 1% a asset quality (npl to total loan ratio) < 1.5% 1.5 3.5% 3.5 7% 7 9.5% > 9.5% m management efficiency (operating expense to operating income ratio) < 25% 26 30% 31 38% 39 45% > 46% e earnings ability (roa) > 1.5% 1.25 1.5% 1.01 1.25% 0.75 1.00% < 0.75% l liquidity (adr) <60% 60 65% 65 70% 70 80% >80% s sensitivity (p/e) <10% 10-15% 15%-20% 20%-25% >25% source: (majithiya & pattani, 2010; babar & zeb, 2011; sarwar & asif, 2011; masngut & rahman, 2012) composite rating assigns on a numerical scale "1" to "5", where "1" indicates the highest rating of the bank, which specifies: the most robust performance of the bank and best management practices relevant to the bank's size, complexity including risk profile and the level of minimum supervisory apprehension. whereas, rating "5" shows the lowest rating of the bank and indicates the most decisively deficient level of performance of the bank and insufficient management practices relevant to the bank's size, complexity including risk profile, and the maximum level of supervisory concern. the following table 3 is showing the composite rating, which is used to evaluate the performance and identify the position of the banks in the market. table 3. composite rating and its interpretation composite rating range description rating analysis interpretation 1 11.4 strong strong and sound in every aspect, no intensive supervisory responses are required. 2 1.5-2.4 satisfactory fundamentally sound with modest correctable weakness, limited supervisory response. 3 2.5-3.4 fair a combination of weaknesses, if not redirected the weaknesses will become severe. watch category. pre-requisites are more than regular supervision. copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 44 4 3.5-4.4 marginal excessive weaknesses, unless adequately addressed, could impair the future viability of the bank. requires close supervision. 5 4.5-5 unsatisfactory high risk of failure in the immediate period. the bank should be under constant supervision/cease and desist order. source: credit rating agency of bangladesh ltd. (2020) the classification grades are usually divided into the six components of the mentioned standard according to the following weights for each system component or according to the monetary authority, as shown in table 4. table 4. camels components‟ weights item c a m e l s weight 20% 20% 25% 15% 10% 10% source: (dirheb, 2010; shakara, 2012; masood, ghauri, & aktan, 2016) 5. data analysis and discussion 5.1 composite range for camels rating in this composite study range of the selected pcbs using the camels components has been calculated for the year 2008 to 2018. table5 below provides the outcomes of camels components of the selected pcbs along with their ratings. the value of each camels component has been shown afterward in the figures separately. from table 5 and the following figures (figure 1-6) rating of each selected bank based on camels components can be comprehended easily. table 5. outcomes of camels components of the pcbs (fy 2008-2018) code banks c r a r m r e r l r s r a ab bank 10.98 2 6.25 3 45.65 4 1.23 3 87.01 5 109.90 5 b bank asia 12.16 1 3.94 3 39.04 4 1.31 2 83.33 5 9.58 1 c brac 12.55 1 5.28 3 50.28 5 1.39 2 83.07 5 14.73 2 d city 12.63 1 5.81 3 49.14 5 1.34 2 80.52 5 13.37 2 e dbbl 12.57 1 3.63 3 56.29 5 1.36 2 76.52 4 17.67 3 f dhaka 11.82 1 4.78 3 38.76 3 1.17 3 85.17 5 9.43 1 g ebl 12.53 1 2.87 2 39.87 4 1.74 1 88.13 5 12.07 2 h ific 11.06 1 5.27 3 52.81 5 1.17 3 83.66 5 16.31 3 i jamuna 11.75 1 4.65 3 44.37 4 1.38 2 77.73 4 8.50 1 j mercantile 11.42 1 3.81 3 45.60 4 1.21 2 83.15 5 8.59 1 k mtb 11.43 1 3.51 3 53.93 5 1.00 4 81.15 5 12.35 2 l ncc 12.06 1 4.99 3 51.73 5 1.49 2 85.42 5 8.32 1 m one 11.56 1 4.89 3 43.88 4 1.65 1 84.26 5 8.21 1 n premier 11.43 1 5.09 3 57.34 5 1.35 2 84.37 5 8.66 1 o prime 13.03 1 4.32 3 43.98 4 1.25 2 82.57 5 12.57 2 p pubali 11.90 1 5.34 3 26.70 2 1.15 3 83.48 5 14.04 2 q sebl 11.51 1 4.42 3 29.44 2 1.25 2 68.91 3 2.80 1 r standard 11.93 1 3.71 3 49.79 5 1.40 2 85.69 5 9.12 1 s trust 12.39 1 3.45 3 49.04 5 0.98 4 82.02 5 7.64 1 t ucbl 10.70 2 4.51 3 45.51 4 1.24 3 80.42 5 10.98 2 u uttara 12.28 1 6.22 3 51.60 5 1.24 3 67.11 3 9.99 1 source: researcher‟s calculation copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 45 whereas, c= capital adequacy (crar), a = asset quality (npl to total loan ratio), m = management efficiency (operating expense to operating income ratio), e= earnings ability (roa), l= liquidity ratio (advance to deposit ratio), s = price/earnings ratio, r = rating. 5.1.1 capital adequacy figure 1 shows the composite ratings of the selected pcbs concerning crar. it is understandable from the figure and table 5 that among the 21 banks most of the banks have the crar above 11%, and according to the camels composite rating, most of the banks have reached the highest level. only ab and ucbl have earned rating 2 with average crar below 11%. figure 1. composite rating of the selected pcbs concerning crar 5.1.2 asset quality the most significant indication to show the asset quality in the loan assortment is the ratio of gross nonperforming loans (npls) to total loans. figure 2 displays the composite ratings of the selected pcbs concerning asset quality for the year 2008 to 2018. from table 5, it is observed that among the 21 pcbs, only ebl obtains 'satisfactory' rating. the rest 20 banks have been facing challenges with their classified loan. because of the weak management of the loan portfolio and lack of diversification in their asset portfolio, most of the pcbs fail to generate sufficient financial returns. moreover, these banks require maintaining higher provision as their npl grows day by day. it creates pressure on banks' profitability too. figure 2. composite rating of the selected pcbs concerning npls 5.1.3 management efficiency management efficiency is an essential pre-requisite for the strength and growth of any bank. figure 3 shows the efficiency ratio of pcbs from the year 2008-2018. it is evident from table5 that most of the banks perform poorly to show their management efficiency. among the 21 sampled banks, 10 banks get 5 (unsatisfactory) grading points, and 8 of them got 4 grading points. unfortunately, no bank falls under the 'strong' position, and only pubali and sebl get „satisfactory‟ ratings. figure 3. composite rating of the selected pcbs concerning expense-income ratio therefore, it is clear that the pcbs of bangladesh are very inefficient in the management field. this weakness is represented by the management's inability to adjust the banking policy on sound bases. this also indicates that management has no plans to develop future banking policies as it has been observed during the last 11 years. efficiency ratio 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u banks % a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u crar 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u banks % a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u classified loan 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u banks % a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 46 5.1.4 earnings ability figure 4 is showing the roa of the selected banks from 2008-2018. here it is observed from table 5 that among 21 banks, the roa of ebl is higher (1.74%). one bank has also reached the highest level (1.65%) of „earnings‟ ratings. according to table5, the performance of the other 18 banks is either „satisfactory‟ or „fair‟. however, mtb and trust bank show „unsatisfactory‟ performance during the period of study. „earnings‟ achieved by these banks is not within the required level. this means that the banks incur high expenses and have doubtful debts, which also affected the decline in profits. and the banks need strong strategies to reduce costs. figure 4. composite rating of the selected pcbs concerning roa 5.1.5 liquidity figure 5 is showing the advance to deposit ratio of the 21 banks for the year 2008-2018. it is observed from table5 that except sebl and uttara bank, most of the banks‟ adr are alarmingly more than 80%. it is meant that in terms of liquidity, the banks‟ performance is not „satisfactory‟ or even „fair‟. instead, their performance is „unsatisfactory‟ and „marginal‟. the probable cause of most banks' sufferings from a lack of liquidity is due to their low realized profits, non-performing loans, and an increase in expenditures. figure 5. composite rating of the selected pcbs concerning adr 5.1.6 sensitivity it is seen from table 5 that the pe ratio of sebl shows very 'strong'. performances of most other selected banks are between 7% and 17% except ab. unfortunately, the pe of ab bank is very 'unsatisfactory'. figure 6 shown beside expresses the pe ratios of the selected banks. if the pe ratio of any bank is too high, then investors assume the stocks as overvalued and that doesn't express a strong rating of the bank. so from the analyst, the pe ratio between 05-15% is better, which may express 'strong', 'satisfactory', or 'fair' performance of the banks. in this study, concerning pe ratio of most of the banks has a fair/satisfactory/strong rating except ab bank. the higher pe ratio of the banks expresses the overvaluation of their stocks. figure 6. composite rating of the selected pcbs concerning pe 5.1.7 combined rating after depicting the camels components in the previous figures, the study has reached at the final stage now. table 6shows the final score for each selected bank. roa 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u banks % a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u adr 0 20 40 60 80 100 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u banks % a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u p/e ratio 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u banks % a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 47 table 6. combined rating of camels components of pcbs with weights (fy 2008-2018) banks c (20%) a (20%) m (25%) e (15%) l (10%) s (10%) cr position ab bank 2 3 4 3 1 5 3.5 marginal bank asia 1 3 4 2 1 1 2.7 fair brac 1 3 5 2 1 2 3.1 fair city 1 3 5 2 1 2 3.1 fair dbbl 1 3 5 2 2 3 3.1 fair dhaka 1 3 3 3 1 1 2.6 fair ebl 1 2 4 1 1 2 2.5 fair ific 1 3 5 3 1 3 3.3 fair jamuna 1 3 4 2 2 1 2.6 fair mercantile 1 3 4 2 1 1 2.7 fair mtb 1 3 5 4 1 2 3.4 fair ncc 1 3 5 2 1 1 3.0 fair one 1 3 4 1 1 1 2.6 fair premier 1 3 5 2 1 1 3.0 fair prime 1 3 4 2 1 2 2.8 fair pubali 1 3 2 3 1 2 2.5 fair sebl 1 3 2 2 3 1 2.0 satisfactory standard 1 3 5 2 1 1 3.0 fair trust 1 3 5 4 1 1 3.3 fair ucbl 2 3 4 3 1 2 3.2 fair uttara 1 3 5 3 3 1 2.9 fair source: researcher‟s calculation where, c= capital adequacy (crar), a = asset quality (npl to total loan ratio), m = management efficiency (operating expense to operating income ratio), e= earnings ability (roa), l= liquidity ratio (advance to deposit ratio), s = price/earnings ratio, cr = composite rating. from table6, it is found that out of 21 banks, none of the sample banks can achieve the 'strong' position and only one bank (sebl) can secure a 'satisfactory' mark. most of the sampled banks (19 in numbers) have achieved a 'fair' position that is 90% of the whole sample. therefore, these banks need to be controlled and followed-up and develop considerable cost reduction programs. unfortunately, ab bank narrowly slips from „fair‟ position and becomes rated “marginal” in their composite rating that is the lowest rating among the sample banks. therefore, ab is at risk and may lead to failure. the bank needs to develop reform and follow-up programs as soon as possible to avoid financial failure. also, it needs to review the types of provided loans. 6. conclusion the banking sector is playing a major role to materialize most of the transactions happening throughout the world. performance appraisal and overall evaluation help both banks and their stakeholders to assess the outcomes of the bank‟s policies and operations in monetary terms. since pcbs have dominated the whole financial sector of bangladesh, therefore, it was essential to assess banks' ratings in the market and evaluate the performance for both banks and its stakeholders to assess the outcomes of every bank's policies and operations. in this study, the camels rating system was employed through the benchmarking approach on 21 sampled pcbs of bangladesh. through the value of a composite rating for each selected bank, the position of these banks has been realized. it is seen that most of the pcbs have sufficient capital adequacy. the earning copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 2; 2020 48 performance of these banks is more or less worthy. their pe ratio is also sensible. but the banks have been facing challenges with their classified loan. the management efficiency of these banks is very modest. and in terms of liquidity, the banks‟ performance is not satisfactory as well. therefore, the policymakers of the related lowest ranking banks have to carry out the required steps to overcome their weaknesses and get better their performance. and it is expected that the outcomes of this research work would be useful for administrators of the selected pcbs in bangladesh to recover their monetary crises and develop strategies that would improve their operational performance and banking activities as well. 6.1 limitations of the study and scope for further research the study is not liberal from limitations. it is mainly based on secondary data, so a lack of adequate and necessary data might affect the research. even because of different constraints with social patterns in bangladesh, it was felt unable to collect information about the pcbs of bangladesh, mostly when annual data of each bank were not available digitally. therefore, all the pcbs were not included in the study. again, the banks which are not listed in the capital markets of bangladesh, i.e., dse or cse, were excluded from this study. the study has used only one ratio for evaluating the camels. p e ratio was used to measure the sensitivity to market risk. in the future, therefore, a study with a much larger sample of commercial banks in bangladesh with the inclusion of all camels components may give a better representation. for more research, the study can add some samples by adding a time series or total bank samples. more ratios could be incorporated to signify each component of camels. references anderson, k. & mcadam, r. 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(2014). comparative performance evaluation of selected commercial banks in kingdom of bahrain using camels method. available at ssrn 2418144. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2418144. yuksel, s., dincer, h., & hacioglu, u. (2015). camels-based determinants for the credit rating of turkish deposit banks. international journal of finance & banking studies, 4(4), 1.retrived from https://www.ssbfnet.com/ojs/index.php/ijfbs/article/view/363 copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 1 analyzing the status of women in e-governance era of bangladesh: challenges and potentials tasnuva habib zisan assistant professor department of public administration university of barishal, bangladesh e-mail: th_zisan@yahoo.com abstract this study examines the present status of women in the context of electronic governance initiatives in bangladesh. as a developing country, bangladesh is stepping toward achieving e-governance where there is always a debate of the digital divide. hence, this study tries to explore the challenges faced by women for access to and control over resources specifically the information and communication technology tools or devices. it also aims to unveil the potentials of women's access and usage of such resources. this study employs survey data collected from study areas. both urban and rural areas are chosen to get an overall scenario of women's status. this study is conducted in an inductive approach and findings are analyzed in a qualitative approach. the result shows that the status of women in access and usage of ict varies in urban and rural areas due to some common constraints. the major findings of the study suggest that information and communication technology has some potential for women empowerment which is explained as a case study. in this era of e-governance, most women are still facing gendered challenges such as lack of control over resources, awareness, education, and cybersecurity. keywords: digital, e-governance, information and communication technology, tools, bangladesh, woman. jel classification codes: h41, j70, o33, o38. introduction the recently emerged concept of e-governance is now one of the basic trends of the modern world. bangladesh with some initiatives taken already as well as other developing countries is rapidly stepping towards achieving e-governance. electronic governance popularly known as e-governance means the application of information and communication technology (ict) for delivering government services, exchange of information, communication and transactions, integration of various standalone systems and services between government-to-customer(g2c), government-to-business(g2b), government-to-government(g2g) as well as back-office processes and interactions within the entire government framework (ndou, 2004; taifur, 2006). e-governance is a whole process where the government cannot progress without the customer's involvement. hence, existing challenges must be addressed for special women. in recent years, to promote e-governance, government has taken several initiatives. the development of icts and digitalization is one of the initiatives. information and communication technology refers to the application of computing technology to process information particularly the use of electronic and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, and retrieve information from anywhere at any time. from the available literature, it is obvious that ict has huge potentials for all people. yet some literature shows that constraints like the digital divide and gendered usage of https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 2 ict tools are also growing in this era. in this study, the status of women in ict usage is a core concern. analyzing women’s access to and control over ict tools leads to the overall status of women at all levels of society. access to and use of ict, in general, is linked to social and economic factors. development in such factors can have an overall positive impact on women's work and livelihood. such as, women have successfully used icts for their interests by forming peer networks through employment-interest groups such as the self-employed women association (sewa) in india, the umbrella of micro-credit activities like the grameen village phone program in bangladesh. therefore, women's empowerment can be enhanced if the focus is given on the gaps and addressed sensitively. for this, it is necessary to find out constraints. to identify the constraints and potentials for access, usage, and control of ict by women and the impact of different infrastructure in both urban and rural areas of bangladesh, three different local level areas (manda, dhaka, barisal sadar, barisal, and char sholakia, kishoregonj) have been taken as study areas. research objectives the main objective of this study is to find out the levels of women’s usage of ict and the factors that influence women’s access in the era of e-governance in bangladesh. this study tries to find out the constraints of woman’s access to ict in both rural and urban areas and explore the potentials. research questions  what are the determinant factors behind the digital divide?  what are the constraints faced by women? literature review and gap analysis the major objective of the study was to identify the potentials of supporting women in ict. it is identified that e-governance has huge potentiality if it is utilized productively. in the five-stage model of e-governance, there are five stages of e-government development in a country-a) web presence, b) interaction, c) transaction, d) transformation, e) e-democracy. in light of this model, this study shows that if we want to achieve e-democracy in a true sense, women must be supported for better involvement in ict. a study recommends that the availability of technology plays a key role in social inclusion. positive experiences from other countries and within the country can be explored in the process of egovernance. on the other hand, it says that we need to be alert to the reality that icts can reinforce gender differences or can help to overcome them (tandon et al., 2012). in the available literature, it is found that e-governance may accelerate women's empowerment, but there is no specific study found on the productive usage of ict tools so that women’s access and control over resources can be ensured. in recent years, the availability of ict tools has been increased rapidly but this availability has only brought a quantitative change in scenario, lack of access and control over these tools are still constraints for supporting women in productive usage. methodology this study is conducted with an inductive approach. the study is based on primary data. for data collection unified questionnaire was prepared and a structured observation method was also used for depth investigation of the attitudes of the respondents. a purposive sampling method was used to choose the respondents as women from different categories were to be included. for analyzing collected data qualitative approach is used. the rationales behind selecting the study areas are  bangladesh has several geographical divisions which have specific differences. manda, char sholakia, and barisal sadar are in different geographical locations respectively at the https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 3 capital city, middle part of the country, and southern part of bengal. hence, these represent the real scenario all over the country. the study areas represent the urban-rural and local levels of bangladesh. the availability of ict tools and other indicators are different in these areas. hence, it is rational to choose these areas to identify the level of supporting women in icts.  the socio-cultural environment and administrative structure are also different. for this research one union (manda), one upazila (barisal sadar), and one village (char sholakia) have been chosen, so that impact of infrastructural variations can be identified. the data were collected between 2016 to 2018 from the given study areas.  the study areas are different from the percentage of female, high educational and awareness problems. as the objectives of the study are to find out the ways to encourage women in using icts both in rural and urban areas, variations of areas will present area-specific constraints for women’s access to ict. all the respondents are women. research findings the impact of women’s access to ict and constraints faced is analyzed below with some indicators. these are ict policy, socioeconomic and cultural factors, digital literacy, availability of ict tools, formal education, women entrepreneurs related to icts & digital security. ict policy in recent years, some initiatives like the ict act and policy measures have been taken but these are not concerned about the constraints faced. without a strong supportive policy framework, the digital divide cannot be addressed. women's access to ict remains an after-thought. bangladesh’s national information and communication technology (ict) policy has outlined some measures for the introduction of ict education in public and private universities, teachers’ training in icts, deployment of virtual ict teachers, and web-based course work. there is no mention of specific measures to address the gendered barriers. some of the following policy initiatives are indicated through the respondent's opinion. in a study, it is identified that public spaces are highly uncomfortable to be used by rural women. this is because cultural and social restrictions act as a glass ceiling on women. most of the women avoid such public spaces. union digital center is the most effective initiative in rural areas. the following table shows the percentage of access to such ict initiatives: table 1. women access to ict access to ict barisal sadar south manda char sholakia total no. % no. % no. % no. %(average) aware of and use cyber kiosk and udc 60 60 35 70 28 56 123 62 not aware about recent policy initiatives 25 25 06 12 14 28 45 21.66 don’t have any interest 15 15 09 18 08 16 32 16.34 total 100 100 50 100 50 10 0 200 100 source: data collected from study areas and prepared by the author https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 4 among 100 respondents of barisal sadar, 60% of women are aware of recent policy initiatives, while 25% of women are not familiar w i t h the cyber kiosk and union digital center. most of the respondents think that policy initiatives likecyber kiosks at the post office; union digital center, etc. are supportive to women. this scenario presents that initiatives encourage women’s access to ict. at south manda, 70% of respondents are aware of cyber kiosks in post offices and udcs. but 12% of women do not know about and use these privileges. respondents think that if women are aware of these initiatives, they will avail themselves of those. at char sholakia, 56% of respondents know ict policy. on the other hand, 28% of women do not know about the initiatives. the overall scenario is that 62% of respondents are aware of the necessity of gender supportive policy, 21.66% are not aware of these services and 16.34% have no interest in such privileges. many women are aware of the initiative, but they don’t like to go there. male dominance in such public places resists women. socio-economic and cultural factors a male group of the society can avail the web access facility from commercial centers or outside the home, but the local women community of bangladesh has limited access due to some social and cultural environment. unfortunately, due to family obligations and service, they can’t spare sufficient time for using the net (akbar, 2018). on the other hand, the economic condition of the people is one of the vital issues for computer use and internet connectivity. generally, on average wealthy and educated as well as young, urban, and male have internet access, which appears that economic solvency and education are the major factors during internet diffusion. most of which are not favorable in bangladesh (akbar, 2018). the following table shows mentioned social, cultural, and economic factors by the respondents: table 2. social factors of respondents access to icts baisal sadar south manda char sholakia total no. % no. % no. % no. % time and cost 20 20 6 12 7 14 33 15.34 family responsibility 46 46 16 32 32 64 94 47.34 awareness 12 12 5 10 4 8 21 10 public space 6 6 11 22 3 6 20 11.33 complexity 6 6 8 16 2 4 16 8.66 environment 10 10 4 8 2 4 16 7.33 total 100 100 50 100 50 100 200 100 source: data collected from respondents in study areas at barisal sadar, 46% claim family responsibility is the major socio-economic and cultural factor affecting access to ict. at south manda 32% of women and at char sholakia, 64% of women think family responsibility is the most influential factor. among 200 respondents 15.34% opines that ict tools are time and cost consuming, 10% says that they are not familiar with the usage of icts, 11.33% avoid public spaces, 8.66% assumes ict tools as complicated, and 7.33% of women think that there is no proper environment of access and usage. both in urban and rural areas social and cultural taboos result in a lack of control over devices. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 5 digital literacy according to md. shahid uddin akbar, ceo, womenbd.com, bangladesh is facing an acute crisis of skilled computer users due to literacy problems. information in the net is designed in advanced technology, which requires adequate knowledge for the user. digital literacy has been not so familiar to women, especially rural women. in this context, various respondents likehousewives, students, job holders, and other professionals were interviewed. most of the respondents think that digital literacy is very necessary for a regular user of ict tools. among 100 respondents of barisal sadar, 35 were housewives, 35 students, 15 job holders related to ict, and 15 others (illiterate/ unemployed/single, etc.) were interviewed. lack of digital literacy creates dependency upon other members of the family for access to devices. respondents opined that updated knowledge of ict tools is hard to reach as they have no time other than household work. among 50 respondents 15 were housewives, 10 jobholders, 10 students, and 15 experts at south manda. whereas, at char sholakia, 19 housewives, 5 jobholders, 20 students, and 6 experts were interviewed. respondents who are working outside have some digital literacy, but others only use these devices for communication. digital literacy is not familiar to most housewives whereas students mostly use ict tools for entertainment. availability of ict tools availability of ict tools i s the main factor behind women's less access. though it is a major obstacle to using the internet for all in bangladesh, it is worse in the context of women's usage. the internet and telecommunication network are still an urban privilege as this is more concentrated in urban areas. mobile operators are providing substantial service in and outside urban areas using 3g/ edge wimax. however, recently bangladesh has seen phenomenal growth in internet usage due to government initiatives are known as the a2i (2011) project have impacted the growth of users. available ict tools encourage women’s use and control. the following table shows the level of availability in the study areas. the relation between access to ict and the availability of ict tools has been identified. in study areas, there is a difference in infrastructure. at barisal sadar, south manda, and char sholakia respondents were asked to select the level of availability of ict tools. the respondents chose the level according to their area and how often they use these tools. in a study on the barisal district, it was found that only 13% area is covered by 3g networks (zisan, 2014). the comparative scenario is presented below: table 3. status of availability of ict tools access to ict barisal sadar south manda char sholakia total no. % no. % no. % no. % modern & available ict tools 59 59 19 38 14 28 92 41.67 moderately available 31 31 21 42 29 58 81 43.67 limited and not continuous 10 10 7 14 6 12 23 12 not available 0 0 3 6 1 2 4 2.66 total 100 100 50 100 50 100 200 100 source: collected and prepared by the author https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 6 among respondents of urban areas (manda and barisal sadar), respectively 59% and 38% opines that ict tools in these areas are modern and available enough. another 28% in the rural area (char sholakia) says that ict tools are available. on average, 12% o f respondents do not find ict tools continuous and limited. 2.66% of respondents say that such tools are not available. availability of such tools affects accesses to ict tools. from the above table, it is clear that ict tools are comparatively more available and modern in urban areas (barisal sadar and south manda). but most of the respondents expressed that the frequency is not good at all in rural areas. according to ict experts, practitioners, trainers, and entrepreneurs, availability is the first priority for supporting women in icts. table 4. formal education and access to ict access to barisal sadar south manda char sholakia total ict no. % no. % no. % no. % illiterate 1 1 2 4 2 4 5 3 literate 7 7 5 10 4 8 16 8.34 primary education 7 7 10 20 5 10 22 12.33 ssc 23 23 15 30 12 24 50 25.66 hsc 25 25 8 16 10 20 43 20.33 graduate 15 15 5 10 10 20 30 15 masters 20 20 5 10 5 10 30 13.33 technical education 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 0.67 others 0 0 0 0 2 4 2 1.34 total 100 100 50 100 50 100 200 100 source: prepared by the author based on collected data the percentage of respondents in the level of secondary education (ssc) is 23% at barisal sadar, 30% at manda, and 24% at char sholakia. the highest percentage is of ssc 30% at manda. a little number has technical education. the respondents opined that education influences the usage of ict tools. among total respondents 3% are illiterate and 8.34% are literate. another 12.33% have gone through primary education. it is noted that the rate of illiteracy is more in rural areas and the higher education rate is more in urban areas. education encourages women’s access to icts. other education includes self-education, vocational training, etc. in the study, two respondents have been categorized as others who received vocational training. the above data shows that level of education is higher in urban areas than in rural areas. according to respondents, educated women can use ict tools and control. women entrepreneurs & ict usage the use of ict and digital devices are already proved to be an obvious instrument for entrepreneurs. women entrepreneurs can overcome common barriers and be successful in business. along with telecommunication networks and digitalized information networks rural women are also involving in online businesses. many telecommunication companies offer ict devices and tools for women entrepreneurs. by building a network among businesses, women will be able to share experiences and https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 7 gain better access into the booming ict sector, receive ict training and be prepared to benefit from such initiatives. to find out the influence of access to ict on entrepreneurship, in this study it is identified that through entrepreneurship economic empowerment can be achieved. moreover, respondents advocated that through the use of ict they c a n receive foreign remittance easily, create self-employment and get ict training. some respondents opined that involvement with the business, communication skills, involvement in ict-related jobs, etc. are influenced by the usage of ict. table 5. women entrepreneurs & icts access to ict barisal sadar south manda char sholakia total no. % no. % no. % no. % economic empowerment 7 7 3 6 4 8 14 7 the beneficiary of foreign remittance 28 28 14 28 13 26 55 27.33 employment 33 33 10 20 10 20 53 24.33 ict training 10 10 5 10 3 6 18 8.66 involvement with business 12 12 8 16 10 20 30 16 communication skill 5 5 5 10 5 10 15 8.34 involvement in ict sector 5 5 5 10 5 10 15 8.34 total 100 100 50 100 50 100 200 100 source: data collected from the study area and prepared by the author respondents were asked if they think that access to ict is linked to women's empowerment and entrepreneurship. the above table shows that 7% of respondents think that economic empowerment influences access to ict. among respondents, 27.34% opines that foreign remittance influences women’s access to ict. employment and involvement with jobs is a factor for access to ictsaid 24.34% of respondents. in both urban and rural areas, 8.67% of respondents expressed that training related to ict can enhance access to ict. women entrepreneurs, according to 16% women cause more access to ict for their business activities. the percentage is higher in rural areas. another 8.34% of respondents advocate that communication skills and entry to the ict sector encourage access to ict. digital security most of the developing countries like bangladesh have limitations of access to information and available access is not affordable because of the inadequacy of existing infrastructure. the challenges are posed by the lack of an integrated computer security system and education about computer security. there is a need for collaboration, cooperation, and investment for security (salim, 2005). in the following table, the relation between digital security and access to ict has been shown. according to 22% of women of manda, cybersecurity is a factor behind access to ict. on average 18% of respondents are familiar with cybersecurity. on the other hand, 8% of women have not even listened to it. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 8 table 6. digital security and access to ict access to ict barisal sadar south manda char sholakia total no. % no. % no. % no. % cybersecurity 22 22 10 20 6 12 38 18 fear of hacking 29 29 14 28 9 18 52 25 misuse of ict tools 39 39 20 40 30 60 89 46.34 lack of legal support 12 12 4 8 9 18 25 12.67 not aware 8 8 2 4 6 12 16 8 total 100 100 50 100 50 100 200 100 source: prepared by the author misuse of ict tools has been the highest (60%) concern even in rural areas. lack of legal support on various offenses is also affecting access to ict by women. on the other hand, 46.34% of respondents think that misuse of ict tools affects t h e appropriate usage of icts. another 12.67% of women opine that there is a lack of women-friendly law and legal support. among 200 respondents 29% of respondents of barisal sadar says that fear of hacking websites, e-mails, and social networks are also influential factors. whereas, 28% of respondents at south manda express in the same way and 18% of respondents at char sholakia also consider this as a part of digital security concern. in this study, respondents were asked to mention cybersecurity factors likecybercrime, fear of hacking, misuse of ict tools, lack of legal support, etc. some of the respondents (8%) are not even aware of cybersecurity. though there are security threats, ict has potentialities for women's empowerment. one of the respondents mentioned that the usage of ict has made her life easier. mst. sabina yasmin, age-32 years, a working woman, advocates that the multifaceted use of mobile has made her life more comfortable. she has to maintain her family responsibilities likepaying electricity bills, bringing goods for daily consumption, and also her job. according to yasminall these would be difficult if she had not taken the advantage of ict. she pays bills through mobile, make online shopping, and some other daily functions. she also mentioned that, if anyone wants, through use of ict can make life easier and comfortable. she also opined that a positive change of mindset of both men and women might lead to such comfort. table 7. overall access to ict by women access to ict barisal sadar south manda char sholakia total no. % no. % no. % no. % high access to ict tools 10 10 4 8 4 8 18 8.67 moderate usage 64 64 24 48 26 52 114 54.67 low use of icts 16 16 11 22 12 24 39 20.66 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 9 no use at all 10 10 11 22 8 16 29 16 total 100 100 50 100 50 100 200 100 source: based on respondent’s opinion from the above table, it is seen that on average only 8.67% of women highly use ict tools. most of the women use ict tools irregularly and 20.66% of women use ict hardly. 16% of women do not have control over ict tools. among 200 respondents in urban areas respectively 64% and 48% use ict tools, in a rural area, 52% of women use ict tools. respondents were asked to choose a level of women’s access to ict. table 8. gender constraints constraints barisal sadar south manda char sholakia total no. % no. % no. % no. % illiteracy 13 13 6 12 5 10 24 11.67 access to ict tools 30 30 15 30 10 20 55 26.67 economic imbalances 15 15 9 18 6 12 30 15 working conditions 25 25 7 14 5 10 37 16.33 remuneration 7 7 8 16 12 24 27 15.67 social barriers 6 6 5 10 7 14 18 10 control of resources 4 4 0 0 5 10 9 4.66 total 100 100 50 100 50 100 200 100 source: prepared by the author from the above data, it is identified 26.67% of the women do not have regular access to ict tools. especially in urban areas, women do not productively use ict tools. in rural areas, 24% of respondents think that ict usage is complicated and because of it, women get less value in a job. some respondents think that technical work is only appropriate for men. only 4.66% of women think that control of ict resources is necessary. reproductive roles are thought to be the primary responsibility of women. if the constraints factors are reduced, e-governance through proper access to ict would be encouraged. conclusion to achieve e-governance in bangladesh enhancing women’s access to icts is necessary. the productive usage of ict can pave the way for women to be an equal stakeholders in the growing knowledge economy. the journey for establishing a n e-governance system in bangladesh faced challenges that can be summarized by three a’s: access, awareness, and applications. to promote women’s full participation and involvement with icts, national and sector-wise policies need to support women’s contribution to economic growth. without the participation of both men and women, the growth and development of a country are quite impossible. therefore, for ensuring governance and specifically e-governance in bangladesh it is necessary to support women in ict. the study unveils that ict is that potentiality t ha t can reach rural people and address their https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 2; 2021 10 knowledge and information needs. it is found that there are area-specific constraints regarding women's access to devices and their utilization. moreover, collecting data from women in rural areas was difficult. measuring the increasing usage of ict and its impact on e-governance needs a nationwide study. though the study areas were different in the context of infrastructure and other development indicators, constraints were common. women's access and control are yet to be addressed. that is why emphasis shall be given on the women’s access to icts and proper usage of those which leads to a satisfactory level of e-governance. limitations of the study include lack of time, area, and more focus on social and economic impacts on achieving e-governance. also, the security constraints should be addressed. hence, further study would be necessary to reduce constraints and explore full potentialities. references a2i. (2011). strategic priorities of digital bangladesh. dhaka: retrieved from www.a2i.pmo.gov.bd/tempdoc/strategic_ priorities_of_digital_bangladesh_jan_2011.pdf. akbar, m. s. u. (november 2018). digital bangladesh: concepts of development. auessays. retrieved from https://www.auessays.com/essays/information-technology/digitalbangladesh-concept-of-development.php?vref=1 ndou, v. (2004). e-government for developing countries: opportunities and challenges. the electronic journal of information systems in developing countries, 18(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1681-4835.2004.tb00117.x salim, r. (2005). cyber security bangladesh perspectives. in itu wsis thematic meeting on cyber security, itu headquarters, geneva, switzerland june. tandon, n., pritchard, s., savelieva, v., smith, r. g., & vogt, e. (2012). a bright future in ict opportunities for a new generation of women. geneva, switzerland: international telecommunication union. taifur, s. a. s. m. (2006). sict's steps towards good governance through icts: e-governance strategies. center for environmental and geographic information services. zisan, t. h. (2014). a study on women’s access to information and communication technology. barisal university journal. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 25 prospects, problems and possible opportunities of digital currency in bangladesh humaira begum assistant professor department of finance and banking faculty of business studies hajee mohammad danesh science and technology university dinajpur-5200, bangladesh e-mail: humaira.begum@hstu.ac.bd abstract this study attempts to present the prospects and problems of the digital currency in bangladesh as well around the world. to demonstrate the prospect, price and trading volume of selected ten digital currencies being presented for observing the emerging the demand. from our country's perspective, the opinions of the respondents collected through questionnaires shed light on the prospect of digital currency in bangladesh. additionally, the study presents a systematic literature review (slr) of research on digital currency. the review incorporated 11 articles presenting several issues related to digital currency. this study uses data from 2013 to 2020 for respective currencies related to price and trading volume. as well respondent’s opinions collected through “questionnaires” are presented as per percentage. this study also makes theoretical contributions to the extant literature. the findings demonstrate that digital currency is now successfully traded in the most countries around the world except a few. descriptive statistics of price and trading volume indicate that most of the variables are highly skewed with large outliers and kurtosis column shows that all the variables are near to normal distribution and investment regarding these values indicates a safe trading. the consents of 175 respondents present a positive attitude of the general public towards digital currency. the slr methods suggest that a secure system and advanced technology should be attached to the block chain system to ensure better performance. the slr findings also point out that digital currency is obviously a better alternative to cash, although it has some risks. keywords: digital currency, prospects, problems, price, trading volume. introduction new technologies are causing variable changes in the global economy; including the exchange of goods, services and resources. an important development in this transformation process is the emergence of digital currency. digital currency is a balance or record stored on an internetdistributed database, an electronic computer database, a digital file or a stored value card. an american computer scientist named david chaum was the developer of the first concept of digital currency in 1983. in the early 1990s, various digital cash companies were founded and the bestknown of the digital currencies are digicash. the two major forms of digital currencies arei) crypto currencies ii) virtual currencies. today digital currency can create an added value in the global economy. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 26 as of december 2019, there are more than 1,500 digital currencies (dcs) and this number is growing rapidly. this study cannot discuss the details of all these constructions here. and most digital currencies use blockchain technology. the specific function of some dcs can vary greatly. in addition, it is impossible to predict the future technological innovations that the makers of the new dc may use. an important feature of dc transactions is that dc units are moved directly from one location to another in the electronic ecosystem without the involvement of any intermediaries (such as financial institutions). a dc unit is usually stored at an electronic address with a unique public id. multiple addresses can be combined into one "electronic wallet". dc transactions are usually recorded chronologically in a public decentralized ledger, commonly referred to as a "blockchain." the ledger is made up of "blocks" that contain records of past transactions. the blockchain is run by the so-called "mining" community. a miner who provides the computing power needed to process a transaction and keep the system running. in return for their services, miners receive a small amount of dc units in the form of voluntary fees or newly excavated dc units. now the world enters into the era of virtual currencies, foreign exchanges are still regulated in bangladesh by backdated rules like the foreign exchange regulation act, 1947. however, bangladesh is moving towards developed countries, meeting the sdgs by taking several policies by the government (banu et al., 2021). six countries including bangladesh (algeria, bolivia, bangladesh, ecuador, nepal, and the republic of macedonia) totally banned cryptocurrencies. bangladesh bank warned in 2014 and published ‘cautionary notice’ in 2017 that bitcoin violates the foreign exchange regulatory act, 1949, money laundering prevention act, 2012, and antiterrorism act, 2009. digital currency has the potential to generate benefits. there are some renowned companies such as microsoft, tesla, lionsgate, amazon, etc. use different kinds of digital currency. bangladesh should allow the virtual transaction platform for transactions through the use of digital currencies to facilitate international trade in goods and services. people are moving towards the use of various upgraded currency like electronic money which is a consequence of digitalization. digital currency can cover the liquidity problem of a country. digital currency may help to change the nature of money transactions in bangladesh and may contribute positive impacts on bangladesh’s finance. thus, it’s high time to realize the importance of digital currency for digitalization in the financial sector. the rapid spread of internet-based commerce and mobile technology facilitates the use of digital currency (dc). secure online payment systems such as paypal and mobile payments and transfer solutions like m-pesa are changing the ways of making payments for goods and services. the development of effective regulatory responses to dcs is still at an early stage. these currencies are difficult to regulate as they cut across the responsibilities of different agencies at the national and global levels. different international bodies are playing an important role in identifying and discussing the risks posed by dcs and possible regulatory responses. this study focuses on the overall prospects of digital currency, reveals the present scenario in bangladesh, identifies the problems and risks in our country, and suggests some possible ways to use digital currency. in this study mostly the secondary data from valid online sources are used, to show the overall prospects of digital currency. price fluctuations and trading volume by observing the top ten digital currencies ranked by coinmarketcap.com are used. as well the descriptive statistics of these currencies present the safe trading of them. for presenting the scenario of digital currency in bangladesh particular secondary data regarding our country was not available. a structured questionnaire is used to collect primary data. based on the response of 175 respondents i try to find some problems and expectations of the people regarding digital currency https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 27 in bangladesh. study results show that the majority of the respondents want digital currency in bangladesh although it has some risks associated with money laundering as well as chances of fraudulence. previously many studies were conducted but the prospect of bangladesh regarding digital currency not been covered yet. this study has somehow been able to present this scenario. if this study results being considered, it will be helpful for the government as well as for the policymakers of our country to rethink the approval of digital currency by following the country successfully using digital currency. systematic literature review (slr) this study presents a systematic literature review (slr) of research on digital currency. this review incorporates 14 articles related to the digital currency, which are as follows: table 1. systematic literature review (slr) sl no title paper type findings 1. security of crypto currencies in block chain technology: state-of-art, challenges and future purpose. article ghosh et al. (2020) narrate that there are several involvements of different technologies in blockchain (consensus methodology, forks and facilitates with a detailed discussion) for smart communication. they also noted that improvements in security and system networks may gain the trust of the users. 2. financial implications of fourth industrial revolution: can bitcoin improve prospects of energy investment. article su et al. (2020) revealed that the transformation of society has increased dramatically with the ongoing or continuous progress of blockchain, cloud computing, and so on. those technologies reduce the transaction fees and liquidity costs. also noted is that bitcoin could be considered as an asset and bitcoin has more investment prospects. 3. digital currencies in financial networks article castrén et al. (2020) studied digital currencies in financial networks which highlighted the strong crossborder links in financial network. this study basically focused on the shift of deposits of households and non-financial corporations from the banking sector to the digital currency to figure out the responses on those sectors. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 28 4. regulatory issues of digital currencies article zhu and fu (2020) focused on the regulatory issues of digital currencies, which revealed that with the fast advancement of the internet and electronic installment, digital currency with block chain as the innovation have steadily entered individuals’ horizon and have also gotten the consideration of government around the world. 5. digital currency forecasting with chaotic meta-heuristic bioinspired signal processing techniques. article altan et al. (2019) found that there is a scope to use hybrid models in forecasting digital currency. due to the global economic crisis, cryptocurrency forecasting has become essential. 6. how to make a digital currency on a block chain stable. article saito and iwamura (2019) revealed that, for the stabilization of the market price of digital currencies, there is a need for the systematic technology. 7. the impact of digital currency on the financial system: universal decentralized digital currency, is it possible article li et al. (2019) revealed that in china, digital currency has a substitution effect on current deposits in the long term. their study suggested that based on the problems of digital currency, such as the decentralized supervision institution, hacker attack, etc., a global digital currency supervision system, including two parts: national supervision and international supervision could be helpful to the establishment of the supervision system of digital currency. 8. decarburizing bitcoin: law and policy choices for reducing the energy consumption of blockchain technology and digital currencies. article truby (2018) revealed that digital currency development can help to solve problems related to climate change. it also helps to generate the fund for climate finance programme. digital currencies somehow may harm the industry, if sustainable alternatives have not been developed. 9. time-varying causality between equity and currency returns in the article kanda et al. (2018) noted that sometimes they found information spill over evidence between equity https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 29 united kingdom: evidence from over two centuries of data. markets and currency markets and sometimes they didn’t. 10. the role of secondary sources on the taxation of digital currency (bitcoin) before irs guidance was issued. article gross et al. (2017) narrated that there must be need to involvement of secondary sources, and bitcoin as a digital currency reported as taxable income. 11. the economics of bitcoin and similar private digital currencies. article dwyer (2015) stated that digital currencies can trade 24/7 on computerized market where there might be no broker as well without the intervention of financial institutions like banks. digital currencies can cut the cost of withdrawal of money. digital currencies will help the undermine government’s ability to gain immense revenue from sustainable inflation. 12. financial inclusion, digital currency, and mobile technology. book chapter sapovadia (2018) narrated in this chapter that to regulate digital currency, mobile technology is the most effective media to cover nonserved population. he also approaches the government to create an expected regulation which will be business friendly, fraud-proof, affordable and so on. 13. virtual currencies under eu anti-money laundering. article vandezande (2017) narrated that according to eu-wide legislation the legal framework can’t be applied to all categories of virtual currencies. european commission proposed an amend for anti-money laundering rules which effects the virtual currency exchange platforms. methodology the study is conducted by using both primary and secondary sources of data. the details of this research method are as follows: sample selection for observing the overall prospect of digital currency, this study uses the top ten digital currencies ranked by coinmarketcap.com. to demonstrate the scenario of digital currency both secondary and https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 30 primary data have been used. this current study conducts a questionnaire survey that covers 175 respondents from different groups of people. selection period for each currency, there were variations of time. the time frame starts from 2013 and ends up the last data available for the year 2021. i collected this secondary data from coinmarketcap.com. for collecting primary data, i prepared a structured questionnaire and gathered responses from 175 respondents regarding their views and opinions about digital currency. table 2. description of the data name of digital currencies starting date number of observations bitcoin 28-apr-2013 2970 ethereum 7-aug-2015 2140 tether 25-feb-2015 2297 binance cash 25-jul-2017 1421 cardano 1-oct-2017 1353 dogecoin 15-dec-2013 2739 xrp 4-aug-2013 2872 usd coin 8-oct-2018 981 polkadot 20-aug-2020 299 uniswap 17-sep-2020 271 total 17343 source of data as mentioned earlier in this study, i used coinmarketcap.com as a trustable source for secondary data as well as some data being collected from the different financial institutions that previously used digital currency in bangladesh. primary data are collected through a questionnaire from 175 respondents. result and discussion descriptive statistics table 3 shows the descriptive statistics of daily price of bitcoin, ethereum, tether, binance cash, cardano, dogecoin, xrp, usd coin, polkadot, and uniswap. in the first column, we can see the mean value. the second column displays the standard deviation of the observations. the third and fourth columns indicate the minimum and maximum values. the fifth column represents the skewness coefficients. the last column shows the kurtosis coefficient respectively. table 3. descriptive statistics of the price of digital currencies mean std. min max skew. kurt. bitcoin 7.5491 1.7068 4.2258 11.058 .0734 1.789 ethereum 4.6254 2.0788 -.8439 8.3353 -.8486 2.926 tether .00042 .01793 -.4942 .19062 -17.60 5.177 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 31 binance cash 2.7843 1.3630 -2.3025 6.5157 -.00562 5.461 cardano 2.2068 1.1088 -3.9120 .83724 .9594 3.121 dogecoin -6.8042 1.7182 -9.3465 -.3856 .8978 4.323 xrp 2.8488 1.9742 -5.8745 1.2178 -.0330 1.307 usd coin .00342 .00707 -.03045 .0392 1.534 7.650 polkadot 2.5125 .92605 1.0577 3.8701 .0337 1.258 uniswap 2.3807 1.0263 .65752 3.7649 -.1303 1.274 the average prices (log form) are 7.54 for bitcoin, 4.62 for ethereum, closer to zero for tether and usd coin, 2.78 for binance cash, 2.20 for cardano, -6.80 for dogecoin, 2.85 for xrp, 2.51 for polkadot, and 2.38 for uniswap. the data of bitcoin, binance cash, xrp, polkadot, and uniswap are fairly symmetrical whereas data of ethereum are moderately skewed and the rest are highly skewed. on the contrary, the kurtosis values of all the variables indicate too peaked. the variables tether, binance cash, dogecoin, and usd coin imply a leptokurtic distribution since it has heavy tails on either side, indicating large outliers. bitcoin, ethereum, xrp, polkadot, cardano, and uniswap have a mesokurtic distribution and follow nearly normal distribution [n (μ, σ2)]. table 4. descriptive statistics of the trading volume of digital currencies mean std. min max skew. kurt. bitcoin 20.672 3.011 14.865 26.583 -.1000 1.410 etherem 20.398 3.299 11.53 25.159 -.8499 2.539 tether 18.948 5.898 .6931 26.354 -.7886 2.471 binance cash 18.799 1.779 9.136 23.612 -.4796 4.604 cardano 18.874 1.768 14.369 23.675 .4989 2.988 dogecoin 15.308 3.092 9.722 24.963 .3173 2.380 xrp 17.374 3.955 9.025 24.332 -.1535 1.409 usd coin 19.255 1.745 11.597 22.809 -1.036 4.454 polkadot 21.031 .9804 17.703 23.032 -.3350 2.410 uniswap 20.584 .6694 19.059 22.575 .5393 3.1405 table 4 shows the descriptive statistics of trading volume of bitcoin, ethereum, tether, binance cash, cardano, dogecoin, xrp, usd coin, polkadot and uniswap. in first column, we can see the mean value. second column displays the standard deviation of the observations. also the third and fourth columns indicate the minimum and maximum value. fifth column represent the skewness coefficients. the last column shows the kurtosis coefficient respectively. the mean of all the variables is ranging from 17.00 to 21.00. the highest value is of polkadot (21.03) and the lowest is of xrp (17.37). most of the variables are highly skewed with large outliers and kurtosis column shows that all the variables are near to normal distribution and investment regarding these values indicates a safe trading. prospects of digital currency in bangladesh through the questionnaire survey a different group of people based on their occupation, participate in this survey. this study uses the percentage of response by the participants. secondary data can be used to supplement the https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section1/prc16.htm https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 32 analysis with a purposive study. this study collected opinions from 175 respondents through a structured questionnaire. figure 1 showing that among 175 respondents, 7 are freelancer, 3 are web developer, 8 are online marketer, 1 is importer/exporter and 156 are from other occupations. figure 2 showing that 144 respondents heard about digital currency, 12respondents not yet and 17 respondents are confused about their opinion regarding this question. figure 3 shows that 20 respondents know about digital currency from newspapers, 112 are from social media, 12 are from family and friends, 11 are from their own using purpose and 20 are from other media. from figure 4 we found that 78 respondents agree with the statement, 27 somehow agree, 57 are strongly agree, 8 are neutral, 1 respondent disagree, 2 somehow disagrees and 2 strongly disagrees. 4% 2% 4% 1% 89% freelancer web developer online marketer importer/exporter others 12% 64% 7% 6% 11% newspaper social media family and friends from own using purpose others figure 1.5: digital currency could be the best alternative of cash 82% 7% 11% yes no may be 44% 15% 33% 5% 1% 1%1% agree somehow agree strongly agree neutral disagree somehow disagree strongly disagree figure 2. have you ever heard about digital currency? figure 1. occupational status figure 4. digital currency may help fast transactions? figure 3. sources from where they know about digital currency? https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 33 from figure 5 we found that 77 respondents agree, 29 somehow agree, 42 strongly agree, 15 are neutral, 6 disagrees, 4 somehow disagree and 2 strongly disagree. from figure 6 we found that 83 respondents agree, 24 somehow agree, 26 strongly agree, 25 are neutral, 9 disagree, 4 somehow disagree and 4 strongly disagree. from figure 7 this study found that 74 respondents agree, 15 somehow agree, 72 strongly agree, 9 are neutral, 3 disagrees, 1 somehow disagrees and 1 strongly disagrees. from figure 8, this study found that 52 respondents agree, 34 somehow agree, 32 strongly agree, 39 are neutral, 10 disagrees, 6 somehow disagrees and 2 strongly disagrees. 44% 17% 24% 9% 3% 2% 1% agree somehow agree strongly agree neutral disagree somehow disagree 42% 8% 41% 5% 2% 1% 1% agree somehow agree strongly agree neutral disagree somehow disagree strongly disagree 48% 14% 15% 14% 5% 2% 2% agree somehow agree strongly agree neutral disagree somehow disagree strongly disagree 30% 19%18% 22% 6% 4% 1% agree somehow agree strongly agree neutral disagree somehow disagree figure 5. digital currency may be the best alternative of cash? figure 6. redemption of digital currency may be easier than cash? figure 7. digital currency may be the easy way for online payments. figure 8. by using digital currency may occur money scam. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 34 from figure 9, we found that 46 respondents agree, 33 somehow agree, 24 strongly agree, 31 are neutral, 19 disagrees, 8 somehow disagrees and 14 strongly disagrees. from figure 10, we conclude that 49 respondents agree, 26 somehow agree, 29 strongly agree, 35 are neutral, 20 disagrees, 10 somehow disagrees and 6 strongly disagrees. from figure 11, we found that 83 respondents agree, 23 somehow agree, 47 strongly agree, 12 are neutral, 4 disagrees, 1 somehow disagrees and 5 strongly disagrees. from figure 12, we found that 65 respondents agree, 23 somehow agrees, 59 strongly agrees, 15 are neutral, 9 disagrees, 2 somehow disagrees and 2 are strongly disagree. 26% 19% 14% 18% 11% 4% 8% agree somehow agree strongly agree neutral disagree somehow disagree 47% 13% 27% 7% 2% 1% 3% agree somehow agree strongly agree neutral disagree somehow disagree 28% 15% 17% 20% 11% 6% 3% agree somehow agree strongly agree neutral disagree somehow disagree 37% 13% 34% 9% 5% 1% 1% agree somehow agree strongly agree neutral disagree somehow disagree figure 9. digital currency may increase the risk of transaction. figure 10. digital currency may increase fraudulence. figure 11. if bangladesh govt allowed digital currencies, it will help you for getting your payments faster? figure 12. in bangladesh digital currency transaction is risky because of the lack of technology? https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 35 from figure 13, we found that 68 respondents agree, 23 somehow agree, 42 strongly agree, 28 are neutral, 10 disagrees, 5 somehow disagrees and 0 strongly disagrees. from figure 14, we found that 70 respondents agree, 19 somehow agree, 43 strongly agree, 34 are neutral, 4 disagrees, 2 somehow disagrees and 3 strongly disagrees. from figure 15, we found that 59 respondents agree, 32 somehow agree, 20 strongly agree, 36 are neutral, 16 disagrees, 7 somehow disagrees and 6 strongly disagrees. from figure 16, we found that 62 respondents agree, 24 somehow agree, 34 are strongly agree, 38 are neutral, 5 disagrees, 5 somehow disagree and 7 strongly disagree. 38% 13% 24% 16% 6% 3%0% agree somehow agree strongly agree neutral disagree somehow disagree 34% 18%11% 21% 9% 4% 3% agree somehow agree strongly agree neutral disagree 40% 11%25% 19% 2% 1% 2% agree somehow agree strongly agree neutral disagree 35% 14%19% 22% 3% 3% 4% agree somehow agree strongly agree neutral disagree somehow disagree figure 13. digital currency increases the chances of money laundering through? figure 14. acceptance of digital currency will help to increase the remittance of bangladesh? figure 15. fraudulence will increase if bangladesh get acceptance of digital currency? figure 16. lack of digital currency in bangladesh creates more cost for freelancer, web developer, online marketer etc.? https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 36 findings findings from the secondary data of ten digital currencies are:  the data of bitcoin, binance cash, xrp, polkadot, and uniswap are fairly symmetrical whereas data of ethereum are moderately skewed and the rest are highly skewed. on the contrary, the kurtosis values of all the variables indicate too peaked. the variables tether, binance cash, dogecoin and usd coin imply a leptokurtic distribution since it has heavy tails on either side, indicating large outliers. bitcoin, ethereum, xrp, polkadot, cardano, and uniswap have a mesokurtic distribution and follow nearly normal distribution [n (μ, σ2)].  most of the variables are highly skewed with large outliers and kurtosis column shows that all the variables are near to normal distribution and investment regarding these values indicates a safe trading. by conducting a questionnaire survey this current study considers 175 samples from different occupations such as freelancer, online marketer, web developer, and others. they answered several questions based on their opinion and expectation regarding digital currency in bangladesh. this study results revealed that:  about 92% of respondents agree that digital currency may be helpful for a fast transaction, although 85% of people believe that digital currency can be the best alternatives to cash, further 77% of respondents think that redemption of digital currency may be easier than cash, besides that 91% people do believe that online payments will be easier with the help of digital currency. so, the above-mentioned opinions conclude that approximately 80% of people are taking digital currency positively. having those positive opinions peoples are also highly concerned about some negative issues regarding digital currency  about 67% of respondents express that there is a chance of money scam using digital currency, 59% of people are worried about transaction risks, and 60% of respondents show concern for the threat of fraudulence through digital currencies. for this study purpose, i also included some questions related to the aspect, if bangladesh government has allowed digital currencies what will the respondents opinion. from these questions, i found that  about 87% of respondents think that digital currency will help them in fast transactions, 77% of people think it will increase remittances, and 68% of people agreed that lack of digital currency causes additional cost for the freelancers and so on. having several advantages although digital currency possesses some threats for us.  84% of people think that bangladesh doesn’t have proper technologies for regulating digital currencies, further 75% of respondents fear the chances of money laundering in bangladesh and as well 63% people’s fright about fraudulence. risks and challenges of digital currency successfully investing or trading in digital currency requires technical skills and at least a basic knowledge of how the blockchain works. listed below are some important things that investors should pay attention to in this rapidly changing emerging industry. some of the common risks associated with digital currencies such as loss or destroy private keys, cyber security risks, peer to peer transactions risk, loss of confidence, rules for preventing or restricting digital currency transactions, currency exchange risk, digital currency taxation, liquidity risk, risk of price changes, business hour risks, bankruptcy risks, and network slow down risks. the form of digital currency https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section1/prc16.htm https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 37 is not without some financial and security issues. to explore the challenges and problems of this virtual phenomenon this study has analyzed several studies and observed some digital currency sales forums. the main challenges of digital currency may include threats of security, crash problem in the system, real currency system, fluctuating value, chances of money laundering. in spite of having these issues mentioned in above, the use of digital currency can be promoted as a vital medium of the transaction in the future and this implication of the new provoking currency cannot be ignored. recommendations digital currency responds to real market demand and it is likely to stay with us for some time. the following action can be taken by the government to use digital currency in bangladesh  bangladesh should allow the digital transaction platform for transactions to facilitate international trade in goods and services.  bangladesh bank should conduct more studies on digital currency and the application of digital currency in the financial sector.  policymakers and regulators should not ignore digital currencies, or try to ban them. both of these extreme methods are wrong. regulators should consider digital currency as any other financial instrument based on its market importance, complexity and associated risk. given its global and frontier nature, it is recommended that such rules be incorporated into all jurisdictions. investments in digital currencies should be taxed in the same way as investments in other financial assets.  as recently observed in venezuela, digital currency could provide another opportunity for currency replacement.  advanced technology can bring a more transparent, secure and easy way to use a variety of digital currencies. this can increase the chances of effective competition between digital currency and sovereign currency. conclusion nowadays, the people are moving towards the digitization of everything. digital currency is now a crying need in the financial sectors of bangladesh. digital currency can add an extra 3% of the total gdp of a nation and also digitalization of money can solve liquidity problems. our study focused on the possible opportunities of digital currency in bangladesh and also focused on its limitations. observing the potential of digital currency, the emerging global demand is clearly visible, but since 201 bank, bangladesh bank has limited digital currency in my country. also, the survey concluded both positive and negative opinions whereas positive responses are noticeable. if we consider the prospects of digital currency of existing countries, this will encourage the use of digital currency in bangladesh. from a detailed study, it’s been clear that bangladesh already has block-chain technology that could run digital currency. proper initiatives by the government can ease the path of using digital currency by utilizing our existing block-chain technology. hopefully, this study will help the government and all other concerned authorities to take action regarding digital currency. due to data limitations from bangladesh’s perspective, only the theoretical part from our countryside has been presented here. responses of respondents also demonstrated that there prevails a positive attitude of general people towards digital currency. further study could be extended by observing the effect of digital currency on microeconomic variables. overall, this study narrated that there are many possible ways to implement digital currency by following the countries successfully using this. modifying some regulatory acts along with ensuring the security of transactions digital currency could be an attractive option. the study https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 38 further states that if the government and policy makers take appropriate action, digital currency can have an impact on the financial sector, respectively. acknowledgement the authors would like to extend their heartfelt gratitude to institute of research and training (irt), hajee mohammad danesh science & technology university dinajpur-5200, bangladesh for providing financial supports. references altan, a., karasu, s., & bekiros, s. (2019). digital currency forecasting with chaotic metaheuristic bio-inspired signal processing techniques. chaos, solitons and fractals, 126, 325-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2019.07.011 banu, b., hossain, m. m., haque, m. s., & ahmad, b. (2021). effect of microfinance adoption on rural household income in selected upazila of kushtia district of bangladesh. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 3(1), 24-32. castrén, o., kavonius, i. k., & rancan, m. (2020). digital currencies in financial networks. european banking authority staff paper series, 8, 1-49. dwyer, g. p. (2015). the economics of bitcoin and similar private digital currencies, journal of financial stability, 17, 81-91. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2014.11.006 ghosh, a., gupta, s., dua, a., & kumar, n. (2020). security of cryptocurrencies in blockchain technology: state-of-art, challenges and future prospects. journal of network and computer application, 163, 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102635 gross, a., hemker, j., hoelscher, j., & reed, b. (2017). the role of secondary sources on the taxation of digital currency (bitcoin) before irs guidance was issued. journal of accounting education, 39. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccedu.2017.02.001 kanda, p., burke, m., & gupta, r. (2018). time-varying causality between equity and currency returns in the united kingdom: evidence from over two centuries of data. physica a: statistical mechanics and its applications, 506, 1060-1080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2018.05.037 li, d., huang, j., & wang, l. (2019). the impact of digital currency on the financial system: universal decentralized digital currency, is it possible? journal of economics and public finance, 5(2), 203-218. su, c. w., qin, m., tao, r., & umar, m. (2020). financial implications of fourth industrial revolution: can bitcoin improve prospects of energy investment. technological forecasting & social change, 158, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120178 saito, k., & iwamura, m. (2019). how to make a digital currency on a blockchain stable. future generation computer system, 100, 58-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2019.05.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2019.07.011 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2014.11.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102635 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2018.05.037 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120178 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2019.05.019 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 39 sapovadia, v., (2018). financial inclusion, digital currency, and mobile technology, handbook of blockchain, digital finance and inclusion, 2, 361-385. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812282-2.00014-0 truby, j. (2018). decarbonizing bitcoin: law and policy choices for reducing the energy consumption of blockchain technology and digital currencies, energy research & social science, 44, 399-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.06.009 vandezande, n., (2017). virtual currencies under eu anti-money laundering. computer law and security review, 33(3), 341-353. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2017.03.011 zhu, c. & fu, z. (2020). regulatory issues of digital currencies. asian research journal of mathematics, 16(5), 10-17. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812282-2.00014-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.06.009 bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 5, no. 1; 2022 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 1 are foreign aid and economic growth positively related? empirical evidence from bangladesh shahadat hussain assistant professor department of finance and banking university of barishal, barishal, bangladesh e-mail: shahadathussain09@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0794-4277 md. habibur rahman assistant professor department of finance and banking jatiya kabi kazi nazrul islam university trishal, mymensingh-2224, bangladesh e-mail: habiburfbjkkniu@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9763-6619 received: december 08, 2021 accepted: january 31, 2022 online published: february 13, 2022 doi: 10.46281/bjmsr.v5i1.1611 url: https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v5i1.1611 abstract as an emerging country, the progress of bangladesh is highly promising. foreign aid may be one of the key players fueling such advancement. the note is an attempt to examine the effect of foreign aid on the economic growth of bangladesh. with a view to fulfill our objective, the study employs annual time series data during the period of 1971 to 2019. it has used some econometric tools i.e., unit root tests and ols methods to process the collected data. the dependent variable is gross domestic product (gdp) while other independent variables i.e., foreign aid (oda), gross capital formation (gcf), population (pop), and education (edu). the test results confirmed that gdp growth is positively related to foreign aid, gross capital formation, and education, but negatively related to population. in bangladesh, if foreign aid increases by 1% then the gdp growth, gross capital formation, and education rate will accelerate to 0.1988%, 0.6015%, and 0.0652% respectively. so it is evident that foreign aid plays a propitious role to progress the economic growth of bangladesh. it is a crying need to swell up effectiveness, transparency, proper accountability in allocation, and stronger management of aid inflows to speed up economic growth. keywords: foreign aid, gdp growth, ols methods, bangladesh. jel classification codes: f2, i2, o4. mailto:shahadathussain09@gmail.com mailto:habiburfbjkkniu@gmail.com https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 5, no. 1; 2022 2 introduction having independence in 1971 bangladesh, a poorest and mostly densely populated country, is facing multiplex challenges with extensive corruption, acute poverty, educational barriers and poor healthcare facilities. in addition to constant natural calamities intensify the severity that crying need of foreign aid in the development of many sectors. basically aid is for uplifting the people around 64 million living here who are lying under the international poverty line at $1.25 per day, dropping poverty rate by 19% both for rural and urban areas for last few decades. the poverty headcount ratio is $1.90 per day was at 24.5% in 2005 go down to 18.5% in 2010 (chowdhury, 2018). the world bank reported that the economy of bangladesh is growing up at nearly 6% per year over the past decades. aid from the international development association (ida) $16 billion in 2013 supports to reform the policies as well as various investment projects in which more than $12.5 billion had been used for the purpose of healthcare, promoting education and infrastructural development that ultimately triggering the growth. around $40,488 million aid has been invested to develop infrastructures and services i.e., energy, transportation, communication and financial institutions from 2001-19. on the other hand, social infrastructure and service (i.e., health and sanitation, education and water supply) got expenditure $25,710 million. but the dependency on aid (in terms of development projects) is almost weakened closer to 2019. in the fiscal year 2001-02 around half (48%) of the annual development program (adp) budgets was the aid funded that has been decreased to 32% in the fiscal year 2019-20 (rafi & khan, 2021). the official development assistance which is known as foreign aid plays an effective role to foster economic development and erode the poverty from the third world countries over the few centuries. the welfare of a nation could be measured in the form of how it impacts on economic growth. the world bank and imf are prominent to stretch their helping hand to uplift the world economic affairs. though many years have been passed, it is still now a question for the recipient countries whether foreign aid is an effective way to lower their economic hardness and boost up the economic growth. a plenty of empirical studies tried to unveil the connection of foreign aid and economic growth in various way. but there is no uniform ground regarding the findings of the actual effectiveness of foreign aid for the recipient nations. . two well-known researcher griffin and enos (1970) had broken the capital inflows through aid, private capital and other inflows for the convenience of testing that revealed the aid coefficient is significant and positively influence the economic growth. burnside and dollar (2000) explored that foreign aid leads the growth in the 56 developing countries only for good policies rather than poor policies. good policies should be incorporated with the proper management of small budget deficits, effective control over inflation and focusing on international trade, recommending that aid would extend efficiency if it had been allocated systematically over good policies. using a large sample of 68 developing countries by durbarry et al. (1998), confirmed that the positive interaction of aid on growth, conditioning on a stable macroeconomic policy applying the augmented fischer-easterly type model. in contrast, voivodas (1973) detected a negative correlation of aid and growth by studying 12 years’ time series data of 22 least developed countries from 1956-1968. the calculated aid coefficient was not also statistically significant. analyzing the pooled data of 13 asian countries, dowling jr and hiemenz (1983) examined aid-growth nexus and concluded that a significant and positive effect, adding trade, finance and intervention of local government as a policy variables. levy (1988) also got positive results for the sub-saharan african countries during 1968-82. ram (2004) noted an important question that is there any influence of aid on growth based on the recipient https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 5, no. 1; 2022 3 country’s policies? employing the burnside-dollar policy index with two other broader measure, he noted that good policy has no effect on aid and alleviation of poverty in developing countries. a more formal attempt by ghura et al. (1995) to detain the probable side effect of aid, i.e., “dutch-disease effect” and some policy variables to economic growth with the more sophisticated model sampling 41 countries from 1986-92 found the positive results with enormous evidence. a different conclusion of burnside and dollar (1997) was that aid effect policy variables strongly, but the ratio of aid-gdp does not significantly influence on the economic growth in the ldcs. mosley (1980) reported a weedy inverse relation on aid-growth nexus developing a simultaneous equation model, but he got positive and significant statistical results from the poorest countries’ sample. the test results of boone (1996) reported that foreign aid has no effect on the investment growth as well as income to uplift the poor one rather than make healthier the political elites because they are receiving benefits continuously irrespective of liberal democratic, or highly repressive, suggesting the effectiveness of a short term aid targeted the program for ldcs. after having a wider sample of 120 countries, lohani (2004) unveiled the relationship between foreign aid and development. incorporating knowledge index, heath index and standard of living index for measuring development, this paper captured a negative link of aid-growth prescribing that the government should emphasize largely on foreign direct investment and domestic investment to boost up growth. moreira (2005) addressed foreign aid enhances growth in the developing countries analyzing macroeconomic data for 48 developing countries from 1970-98 arguing the importance of time lags effective in short-run rather than long-run. chheange (2009) documented aid triggers corruption rather than growth, even using panel data sampling 67 developing countries from 1986 to 2005 suggesting two lessons: avoid aid or utilize it for good governance by the recipient countries. analyzing cross country data, knack (2001) noted foreign aid corrodes the institutional quality of the public sector stimulating rent seeking behavior and corruption. heavy aid dependency impedes good governance through raising bureaucratic complexity and misusing laws. tait et al. (2015) studied aid-growth nexus on 25 sub-saharan african countries during 1970-2012. by testing the fixed effect model, they showed aid, in the form of grant, extend the economic growth positively only in the long run. sahoo (2016) uncovered similar results studying the south asian countries, especially for srilanka, india and pakistan applying co-integration test and vector error correction model. by contrast, fatima (2014) cast doubt to link up the issues for pakistan both in aggregate and disaggregate level. the above studies indicate that the aid-growth relationship is yet inconclusive that should welcome us to continue further research. objectives of the research  to identify the relationship of gdp growth and foreign aid.  to verify the effect of gross capital formation (gcf), population (pop) and education (edu) on gdp of bangladesh.  to recommend some policies for oda, gcf. pop and edu to strengthen economic growth. data and methodology in this empirical study, the causality of foreign aid and economic growth in bangladesh is examined by the econometric model in which gross domestic product (gdp) is dependent variables against the other independent variables i.e., foreign aid (oda), gross capital https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 5, no. 1; 2022 4 formation (gcf), population (pop) and education (edu). the econometric models (i.e., unit root tests and ordinary least square (ols) method) have been applied for processing variables. annual time series data from 1971 to 2019 was collected from the website of world bank. the econometric equation has been built to the hypotheses in this study is as follows: gdp = α + β1oda + β2gcf + β3pop + β4edu+∈ where, gdp = log of gross domestic product oda = log of foreign aid gcf = log of gross capital formation pop = log of population edu = log of education α = intercept β = coefficient ∈ = error term β1, β2, β3 and β4 are the coefficients of the respective variables. in this model gdp is the dependent variable while oda, gcf, pop and edu are considered as the independent variables. hypotheses are as follows: h1:foreign aid has positive relation with gdp h2:gross capital formation has positive relation with gdp h3:population has positive relation with gdp h4:education has positive relation with gdp empirical results stationary test augmented dickey-fuller (adf) test the unit root test has been applied to verify the data used in the study either stationary or not. the adf test has been used for this purpose. if the data is stationary only in that case results are more reliable, but if time series data is not stationary, then the results will no longer be valid. table 1 reports results of the augmented dickey-fuller (adf) test. the t-statistics are to be calculated for both intercept and, trend and intercept cases. the hypotheses are:h0: the variables have unit root, i.e., non-stationary, h1: the variables have no unit root, i.e., stationary. if t-statistics are greater than adf critical values or p-values are greater than 5% level of significance, then the null hypothesis can’t be rejected. that means the variables have unit root or the variables are non-stationary. on the other hand, if t-statistics are less than adf critical values or p-values are less than 5% level of significance, then we can reject null hypothesis. therefore, the unit root does not exist in the variables. so the variables will be stationary. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 5, no. 1; 2022 5 table 1. results of augmented dickey-fuller (adf) test intercept trend and intercept variables level first difference level first difference gdp 0.114 -7.333* -3.277 -7.223* oda -2.688 -10.947* -3.502 -10.523* gcf -0.164 -5.651* -2.574 -5.462* pop -0.412 -4.202* -1.732 -3.411* edu 1.038 -5.319* -0.817 -5.832* note: * denotes 5% level of significance. here computed adf test statistics 0.114 is for gdp at level with intercept which is less than the critical values and p-value is not significant at the 5% level. that dictates the null hypothesis could not be rejected. so, it has the unit root problem and series are non-stationary at level. when the series turns into first difference, then the value (-7.333) becomes significant at 5% level and turns into stationary. similarly at level with trend and intercept, the test statistics 3.277 is not significant but at first difference series becomes stationary. in the same way, the computed adf test (at level with intercept) statistics are -2.688, 0.164, -0.412 and 1.038 for oda, gcf, pop and edu respectively. all these values are insignificant at 5% level of significance. when they transformed into first difference, then all the variables become stationary. in case of the trend and intercept all the selected variables are stationary at the first difference but not level form. phillips-perron (pp) test to testify unit root, an alternative test was suggested by phillips in 1987 that was modified by perron in 1988, and both philips and perron in 1988. actually, it is a non-parametric statistical test that considered serial correlation of error terms without lagged difference terms. the asymptotic distribution of pp test is analogous to adf test statistics. table 2. results of phillips-perron unit root test intercept trend and intercept variables level first difference level first difference gdp 1.266 -12.993* -3.466 -12.696* oda -6.852 -12.942* -7.871 -12.236* gcf 0.477 -11.267* -3.530 -11.446* pop -0.176 -3.921* -1.661 -4.441* edu 1.190 -5.335* -0.817 -5.745* note: * denotes 5% level of significance. table 2 represents results of phillips-perron tests for five variablesgross domestic product (gdp), foreign aid (oda), gross capital formation (gcf), population (pop) and education (edu) in logarithmic form. the hypotheses are:h0: the variables have unit root, i.e., non-stationary, h1: the variables have no unit root, i.e., stationary. if t-statistics are greater than pp critical values, then we can’t reject null hypothesis. that mean the variables have unit root or https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 5, no. 1; 2022 6 the variables are non-stationary. if t-statistics are less than pp critical values or p-values are less than 5% level of significance, then we can reject null hypothesis. so the variables become stationary. computed pp test statistics are not statistically significant for all variables at level irrespective of both cases i.e., intercept or trend and intercept. the variables contained unit root at level form, but when they are transformed into the first difference then they become stationary. regression model table 3 represents the results of multiple regression analysis. it has been seen that the r2 value 0.997110 indicates that there is more than 99% variation of the dependent variable is caused by independent variables. again the p-values for the most of the variables are less than 5% that indicates the coefficients are statistically significant. in addition, the f-statistic 2587.646 is also significant at 5% significance level. all these characteristics indicate that the econometric model is fitted well. using the value of the coefficients, the econometric model could be expressed as follows: d(gdp) = 6.514123 + 0.198894 d(oda) + 0.601543 d(gcf) − 0.279842 d(pop) + 0.065203 d(edu) the regression results indicate that gdp is positively related with oda, gcf and edu, but negatively related to pop. if foreign aid increases by 1% then the gdp growth will accelerate to 0.1988% in bangladesh. in the same way, a 1% addition to gross capital formation and education rate will lead to change gdp growth by 0.6015% and 0.0652% respectively. in contrast, if the number of population increases to 1%, it will negatively affect the gdp growth by 0.2798% in bangladesh. table 3. the results of regression analysis dependent variable: d(gdp) variable coefficient std. error t-statistic prob. d(oda) 0.198894 0.044388 4.480824 0.0001 d(gcf) 0.601543 0.040328 14.91636 0.0000 d(pop) -0.279842 0.055341 -5.056703 0.0000 d(edu) 0.065203 0.081217 0.802820 0.4284 c 6.514123 0.510187 12.76810 0.0000 r-squared 0.997110 mean dependent var. 24.65915 adjusted r-squared 0.996725 s.d. dependent var. 1.008611 s.e. of regression 0.057723 akaike info criterion -2.734743 sum squared resid. 0.099960 schwarz criterion -2.512550 log likelihood 52.85800 hannan-quinn criter. -2.658042 f-statistic 2587.646 durbin-watson stat 1.270732 prob(f-statistic) 0.000000 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 5, no. 1; 2022 7 diagnostic tests normality test from the figure 1 it is to be seen that the probability value of jarque-bara statistic is larger than 5% which is 0.6057. so the null hypothesis of residuals follows normal distribution could be accepted. therefore, residuals of this model follow normal distribution. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 series: residuals sample 1973 2019 observations 35 mean 3.68e-15 median 0.011297 maximum 0.112893 minimum -0.097743 std. dev. 0.054222 skewness 0.038243 kurtosis 2.174370 jarque-bera 1.002626 probability 0.605735 figure 1. histogram normality test serial correlation test table 4 reported the results of breusch-godfrey serial correlation lm test. the observed rsquared value is 1.381875 and p-value of chi-square 0.5011 is greater than 5%, indicating that there is no serial correlation. table 4. breusch-godfrey serial correlation lm test f-statistic 0.575471 prob. f(2,28) 0.5690 obs*r-squared 1.381875 prob. chi-square(2) 0.5011 heteroskedasticity test table 5 reported results of the breusch-pagan-godfrey heteroskedasticity test. it can be noted that the observed r-squared value is 3.351028 and p-value is 0.5009>0.05 indicating the residuals have no heteroskedasticity problem. table 5. heteroskedasticity test: breusch-pagan-godfrey f-statistic 0.794108 prob. f(4,30) 0.5384 obs*r-squared 3.351028 prob. chi-square(4) 0.5009 scaled explained ss 1.445637 prob. chi-square(4) 0.8362 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 5, no. 1; 2022 8 stability test to test out the stability of our model it is better to perform the cumulative sum of recursive residual (cusum) test. following the figure 2 it has been seen that the recursive error falls between the two critical lines that indicate the estimated model and parameters are stable during the sample period in our study. -16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 8384 86 88 9098 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 1516 18 cusum 5% significance figure 2. the plot of cusum test concluding remarks and recommendations the study explores the linkage of foreign aid and economic growth in bangladesh using ols method. specifically, it attempts to find out whether the aid and growth are positively or negatively related. both adf and pp tests have been employed to verify the pattern of time series data either stationary or not. data for all the variables i.e., gross domestic product (gdp), foreign aid (oda), gross capital formation (gcf), population (pop) and education (edu) are not stationary at level. after transforming into the first difference they changed into stationary which is a precondition of regression analysis. the regression model is fitted well passing normality, serial correlation, heteroskedasticity and stability tests and confirmed that gdp growth has positive association with foreign aid, gross capital formation and education, but negative association with the population. it is to be noted that a 1% increment in aid promotes the economic growth around 0.1988% based on sampling data. however, the study is suggesting that government should focus on the proper allocation of aid funding through transparent and effective management. additionally, an aid effectiveness program launched by undp could be strictly followed. however, how the foreign aid impacts in the development of specific sector could be a key concern for further research. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 5, no. 1; 2022 9 author contributions conceptualization: shahadat hussain, md. habibur rahman data curation: shahadat hussain, md. habibur rahman formal analysis: shahadat hussain, md. habibur rahman funding acquisition: shahadat hussain, md. habibur rahman investigation: shahadat hussain, md. habibur rahman methodology: shahadat hussain project administration: shahadat hussain resources: shahadat hussain, md. habibur rahman software: shahadat hussain supervision: shahadat hussain validation: shahadat hussain, md. habibur rahman visualization: shahadat hussain, md. habibur rahman writing – original draft: shahadat hussain writing – review & editing: shahadat hussain, md. habibur rahman conflict of interest statement the authors declare that they have no competing interests. acknowledgement all authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study. references boone, p. 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(1973). exports, foreign capital inflow and economic growth. journal of international economics, 3(4), 337-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(73)90026-3 copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). about:blank bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 31-34 31 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 5 no 1 (2022) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa giant cell tumor of tendon sheath at the hand: a case report mohamed gwila (a) ali jaralla (b) moniruddin chowdhury (c) syeda humayra (d)1 (a) consultant orthopedic surgeon, zliten teaching hospital, zliten, libya, and lecturer, faculty of medicine, department of orthopaedics & traumatology, al asmarya islamic university, zliten, libya; e-mail: ghwila001@gmail.com (b) specialist orthopedic surgeon, zliten teaching hospital, zliten, libya, and lecturer, faculty of medicine, department of orthopaedics & traumatology, al asmarya islamic university, zliten, libya; e-mail: ali89drmoh@gmail.com (c) associate professor, medicine, faculty of medicine, aimst university, kedah, malaysia, and visiting professor, department of public health, faculty of allied health sciences, daffodil international university, dhaka, bangladesh; e-mail: moniruc@gmail.com (d) adjunct lecturer, department of public health, faculty of allied health sciences, daffodil international university, dhaka, bangladesh; e-mail: syedahumayra@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 27th june 2022 accepted: 15th august 2022 online publication: 27th august 2022 keywords: giant cell tumor, hand surgery painless, first web space tendon sheath jel classification codes: h75 a b s t r a c t the study investigates the giant cell tumor of tendon sheath (gctts), which is the second most prevalent soft tissue tumor after ganglion cysts. it is a benign nodular tumor found on the tendon sheath of the hands and feet. an atypical case of gctts with an abnormal location away from the tendon sheath has been reported. a 23-year-old libyan man visited the zliten teaching hospital with a history of first web space left-hand swelling since 6 months, increased in size, not tender on examination, hard mobile swelling not attached to underlying tissue, with the full range of motion in adjacent joints, and neurological deficit in the ulnar side of the thumb. the diagnosis was made clinically with a firm, nodular mass that does not transilluminate and had decreased signal intensity on both t1-and-t2-weighted mr imaging. radiographic and histopathological examinations confirmed the benign nodular mass and the treatment modality. marginal excision was performed and the tumor was completely removed to prevent a recurrence. © 2022 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction giant cell tumor of tendon sheath (gctts), also known as “giant cell tumor” or “pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis”, is the 2nd most prevalent soft tissue tumor after ganglion cysts (lv & liu, 2020). it is a benign nodular tumor that is predominantly found on tendon sheath of the ankle-foot and hands (zheng et al., 2019). gctts is a tumor which has no specific origin, and shows variability in the ability of their growth. although naturewise benign, but regionally aggressive, this tumor has the ability of local recurrence with metastasis to the lungs (murphey et al., 2001). furthermore, it has been hypothesized that this tenosynovial gct is reactive or regenerative hyperplasia linked with the process of inflammation (jaffe, 1941). there are two main types of gct, namely: intra-articular and extra-articular. however, it can be categorized into ‘localized’ and ‘diffuse’ forms based on their biological and clinical manifestations (lv & liu, 2020). the hands and fingers are involved in the localized form which is benign in nature, while the large joints of human body occurs aggressively in the diffuse form (al farii et al., 2019). gctts typically occurs near the distal interphalangeal joint of the index or long finger of the hand (hwang et al., 2016). an atypical case of painless gctts with abnormal location away from the tendon sheath has been reported. case presentation a 23-year-old libyan medical student with no past illnesses or medical history visited the zliten teaching hospital with a history of first web space left hand swelling since past 6-months which increased in size but was not tender on examination. a hard mobile swelling was observed which was not attached to the underlying tissue. no prominent redness or hotness 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-3346-1535 © 2022 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v5i1.1788 to cite this article: gwila, m., jaralla, a., chowdhury, m., & humayra, s. (2022). giant cell tumor of tendon sheath at the hand: a case report. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 5(1), 31-34. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v5i1.1788 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v5i1.1788 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3346-1535 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7632-101x https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6886-0427 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1427-4013 gwila et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 31-34 32 around the area was noted on physical examination. full range of motion in the adjacent joints was present. neurological deficit in the ulnar side of thumb (sensory type) was well noted. the patient did not have any other swelling on the same hand. he did not present any manifestating symptoms, for example: fever, night sweats, or loss of weight; nor had any other notable complaints. furthermore, he did not have any history of smoking and alcohol consumption, nor have had any family member with a similar history of related diseases. patient’s blood reports were all normal while the anti-ccp, hiv, hbsag, and the status of rh factor was found to be nonreactive. a plain radiograph was also recommended for investigation (figure 1), and a soft-tissue mass shadow with no bone erosion was revealed. figure 1. x-ray of the left hand (ap and oblique view) showed soft-tissue shadow of mass the size and extent of the mass was revealed on magnetic resonance imaging (mri). diagnosis was made clinically with a firm, nodular mass that does not transilluminate, and had decreased signal intensity on both t1-and-t2-weighted mri. surgical removal was carried out after excision biopsy (figure 2), and a nodular mass measuring 1×0.5×1cm size was removed. figure 2. nodular mass (1×0.5×1cm) excised and sent for biopsy the mass was sent for microscopic examination (figure 3a and 3b). histopathological examination revealed circumscribed lobulated lobules, with numerous osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells as well as several macrophages in collagenized stroma. no clear evidence of mitotic activity, and/or cell necrosis was visible on histopathological examination. the surgical margin was found to be partially tumor positive but without malignancy. figure 3a and 3b. microscopic examination of the tumour showed circumscribed lobulated lobules with multiple multinucleated giant cells gwila et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 31-34 33 it was necessary to perform the radiographic and histopathological examination to determine the plan of treatment. while mri confirmed the clinical diagnosis of gctts and assisted in the surgical planning. hence, all these investigations are important diagnostic markers for effective treatment and assists in ruling out the differential diagnoses of of ganglion cyst, neuroma and lipoma. treatment involved marginal excision of the mass from the patient’s hand. surgical excision was performed by two orthopaedic surgeons at the zliten hospital, and the tumor was removed successfully. no surgical intervention or aspiration was done. after 2-weeks of post-operative care, the sutures were removed and the patient was re-examined. he felt better and lighter, the swelling subsided, and no local tenderness was present on examination. there were no signs of infection post surgery, and the wound was nicely healed (figure 4). figure 4. hand photo after 2-weeks of postoperative period showed good recovery pharmacotherapy included nsaids (voltaren) and a topical analgesic gel (ibuprofen) was prescribed to reduce the pain and inflammation. after 6-months’ follow up, a complete recovery with no significant inflammation or movement restriction was noted in the patient. furthermore, radiologically or clinically, no visible evidence of tumor recurrence was observed after the surgery, while the ulnar nerve function was also restored. discussion gctts is a benign soft-tissue tumor originated in the synovium of the flexor sheath, and is commonly found in the hands. these lesions become suddenly symptomatic or noticeable as they go through typical stages of dormancy and high activity. although these tumors most frequently occurs in the fingers, they can also appear in the elbows, knees, ankles, feet, and hands. the exact etiology of gctts is yet not known (al kadi et al., 2012). this tumor occurs more commonly in adults between 30–50 years of age, and it predominantly affects women (gouin & noailles, 2017). as recurrent tumor development and damage of the joints are both major risks associated to gctts, it leads to surgical resection (stiehl & hackbarth, 1991). the chances of tumor recurrence after surgery is 15%-45% according to (choughri et al., 2005). it was reported by williams et al. (2010) that the overall rate of recurrence for gctts ranged between 7 to 44% (williams et al., 2010). some of the major risk factors that leads to unfavorable surgical outcomes and higher rates of recurrence includes: destruction of cortex, tumor located at the interphalangeal joint of the thumb and distal interphalangeal joints, degenerative joint disease (djd), tumors with increased mitotic activity, type 2 tumors, neurovascular dissection during removal, and partial or incomplete tumor excision (ozben & coskun, 2019). currently, the most effective strategy to alleviate tumor recurrence rate is achieved through radical surgical management (lv & liu, 2020). conclusion this article presents a rare, painless case of gctts located at the hand within the first web space, away from the tendon sheath. although, marginal excision was the preferred treatment of choice for this case, it often gets difficult to perform surgery due to the tumor’s location and strict adherence to the underlyind tendons and/or neurovascular bundles (di grazia et al., 2013). moreover, the tumor was fully removed to mitigate the chances of recurrence. in addition, histopathological and radiographic examinations were carried out on the nodular mass to determine, as well as validate its benign nature, and the treatment modality. finally, the authors would like to advice the medical practioners to raise their suspicion on gctts for any hand swelling cases and analyze it strategically to reach a confirmed clinical diagnosis. gwila et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 31-34 34 author contributions: conceptualization, m.g. and a.j.; data curation, m.g. and a.j.; methodology, m.g. and s.h.; validation, m.g. and a.j.; visualization & investigation, m.g. and a.j.; resources, m.g., a.j. and m.c.;writing original draft, m.g.; a.j. and s.h.; writing review & editing, m.g.; m.c. and s.h.; supervision, m.g. and m.c.; project administration, a.j. and s.h. all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: this case report was conducted in compliance with the ethical standards. prior permission was obtained from the hospital authorities. funding: the authors received no funding for this study informed consent statement: informed written consent was obtained from the patient and all identifying information was omitted. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author conflicts of interest: none to declare references al farii, h., zhou, s., & turcotte, r. 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(2019). giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and tendinopathy as early features of early onset sarcoidosis. frontiers in pediatrics, 7, 480. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2019.00480 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2022 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2019.05.007 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-004-0214-6 https://doi.org/10.11138/gchir/2013.34.5.149 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2016.11.002 https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1834740 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2020.09.011 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.21.5.g01se251283 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2866-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0883-5403(08)80061-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.12.004 https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2019.00480 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 40 impact of covid-19 on the overall sector of bangladesh economy: an overview marina akter lecturer department of islamic studies faculty of social science leading university, sylhet-3112, bangladesh e-mail: marina.economics17@gmail.com abstract after being affected by the covid-19, bangladesh also faces challenges related to this pandemic like other countries globally. the impact was spreading to all sectors of the economy. the principal purpose of this study is to give an overview of the pandemic's impact on the economy as a whole and summarize recommendations for mitigating the pandemic's devastating effects. this study employs descriptive and exploratory techniques based on secondary data collected from journals, newspapers, published articles, websites, and the internet. the discussion result reveals that, more or less, all the sectors of the economy are affected by the covid-19 pandemic, not only public health. the study found that manufacturing industries face losses, and workers are also affected by the various uncertainties about their earnings and job security. the country's education industry has been hit hard. in a new typical circumstance, students are unsure about studying and are concerned about the academic delay. the covid-19 pandemic has had an impact on the mental health of students as well as the general public. the study recommends that the government's intervention, in conjunction with the engagement of relevant sectoral stakeholders, has the potential to recoup losses and design a new strategy or solution to address the problem. keywords: covid-19, coronavirus pandemic, sectoral impact on economy, manufacturing industry, education, employment, agriculture. jel classification codes: e71, a31, f6, i1. introduction sars coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is a new coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. it was initially identified from three persons who had contracted pneumonia as a result of the wuhan cluster of acute respiratory disease cases. wuhan, the capital of central china, is the most populous city. coronavirus disease (covid-19) is a virus-borne infection caused by the sars-cov-2 viral. covid-19 was declared a global pandemic on march 11, 2020 by the world health organization (who).bangladesh was recently recommended as a developing country by the world bank for the year 2026. the covid-19 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 41 outbreak and the world economy's downward trend cannot be a hindrance to accomplishing the objectives. while the rest of the world is facing an economic decline as a result of the covid19 epidemic, bangladesh's economy has escaped a 2020 contraction. according to a forecast by the asian development bank, the country's yearly gdp growth rate would continue to rise between 2021(5.5%) and 2022(6.8%) (asian development outlook update (adou), serptember2021). however kumar & pinky, (2020) found that with the impact it has had on the country's social, economic, and health sectors, the covid-19 epidemic has slowed gdp growth and contributed to rising poverty, inequality, and unemployment across the country. the world economy has been severely harmed, and practically every country has seen the detrimental impact of covid-19. global economic growth was badly harmed in the first half of 2020, and the global economic growth prediction for 2020 was -4.9 percent. (world economic outlook update, june 2020).it has been noticed that any pandemic has a multiplicity of effects on the planet, with long-lasting consequences. researchers have evaluated the impact of covid-19 on a variety of sectors and discovered that the unemployment rate has risen due to the corona pandemic. figure 1. estimates of the working hours and employment loss in 2020 source: ilo monitor, january 25, 2021 this pandemic has had severe adverse effects on the turkish economy's employees, customers, supply chains, and financial markets. with the high unemployment rate, the cpi of turkey increased by 11.86% annually and 0.57% monthly in march 2020. turkey's economic confidence index fell from 97.5 to 91.8. a higher cds premium might cause pressure on the turkish foreign borrowing interest rate to rise (açikgöz & günay, 2020).because of covid-19, (thorbecke, 2020) identified idiosyncratic factors that harmed airlines, aerospace, real estate, tourism, oil, breweries, retail apparel, and funerals. additionally, he discovered that macroeconomic factors contributed to losses in sectors such as manufacturing equipment, machinery, and electronic and electrical equipment in the usa economy. like other countries bangladesh also affected by the coronavirus pandemic. this study will focus on the issue of how the coronavirus pandemic affects the different economic sectors and social life of bangladesh. method the nature of this study is both descriptive and exploratory. secondary data were gathered from a variety of sources, including journals, newspapers, published articles, the news media, the https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 42 internet, the websites of the world health organization (who) and the government of bangladesh (gob), as well as data from other surveys and research. covid-19's sectoral impact (results and discussion) the impacts of covid-19 on various sectors will be discussed in this section. the discussion will be based on secondary data gathered from a variety of different sources. impact on agriculture sector brac institute of governance and development found that covid-19 reduced the estimated 2020 yield of boro rice by seven percent, amounting to bdt 3,687 crore in lost revenue for the country. low demand and reduced production combined with high input prices resulted in a 40% loss for boro growers in 2020. according to bashar and atik (2020), around 350,000 dairy farmers in bangladesh are attempting to escape the coronavirus epidemic by not selling about 27,000 tons of milk per day. it was discovered by (zabir et al., 2021) research that insufficient monitoring systems, employment losses, and constrained transportation are the major obstacles to the nation's ability to meet its food needs. the lockdown drastically restricts the farming community's movement, mostly hurting farm laborers, who must generally move from job to job in order to earn a wage. numerous concerns associated with covid-19 consequences were identified in the survey findings, including loss of labor mobility, rising labor costs, restricted transportation, loss of food security and dietary diversity, decreased incomes, and increased consumer uncertainty (shoaib & arafat, 2020). to address the pandemic's impact on agriculture, the bangladesh government has already allotted tk 100 crore to the agricultural ministry for the mechanization of crop harvesting. additionally, the government will allocate another tk 100 crore in this direction (the daily star, april 13, 2020) "bangladesh bank will formulate a new refinancing scheme of tk 5,000 crore to pump running capital into the agricultural sector. we'll create this tk 5,000 crore stimulus package only for the agricultural sector. we'll disburse money from this fund among farmers at only 5 percent interest," (prime minister sheikh hasina) the following actions or recommendations need to implement:  more incentives are needed to encourage innovative research and activities that increase productivity, minimize production losses, and boost value-added activities in agriculture and non-agricultural businesses. there is a need for further research and activities related to improving the design of financial technologies for farmers and encouraging more participation in these economic systems such loans and credit systems, agricultural insurance facilities, etc. policies and initiatives that encourage culturally appropriate institutional and organizational interventions (gregorio & ancog, 2020).  in terms of policy, it's clear that: continued supply chain monitoring and industry involvement are required. the proactive creation of solutions to cope with absenteeism and other supply chain risks and the assessment of the economic and health benefits of giving more public resources to offer wider access to food pickup and delivery services. (gray, 2020)  poudel p. b. et al. (2020) vision is centered on sustaining and improving supply chain resilience. the government should enact pandemic-control measures that do not disrupt https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 43 the food supply chain and do not jeopardize their citizens' food security. covid-19 and its global impact on food and agriculture.  (varshney, kumar, mishra, rashid, & joshi, 2021) discovered that the farmers benefitted from the emergency assistance package. direct cash transfers are used by 8994 percent of families. in india, a minimum income support program that provides cash transfers to farmers enhanced small and marginal farmers' seed purchases during the cropping season. impact on manufacturing sector after china, bangladesh boasts the world's second-largest clothing industry. it makes almost $35 billion annually from exports to the us and europe and employs roughly 4 million people, mostly rural women. the garment sector generates 84.21 percent of total exports and 20 percent of gdp for the country (antara, 2020).the pandemic canceled or suspended almost $3 billion in orders, according to bangladesh garment manufacturers and exporters association president rubana huq (aslam, 2020). workers in the rmg industry are also affected by anxiety about the future of their careers because of the uncertainty surrounding it. reports of rapes and suicide instances among female rmg employees during the covid-19 epidemic might have long-term effects on their mental health (kabir, maple, & usher, 2021). due to a lack of raw resources, manufacturers must cease operations. a survey found that 93% of bangladeshi garment producers experienced delays in raw material supplies due to the epidemic. a survey revealed that 72.4% of bangladeshi firms couldn't pay their workers when they were furloughed. when orders were cancelled and workers were fired, over 80.4% of bangladeshi suppliers said they couldn't compensate them (anner, 2020). figure 2. trend of total rmg export in 2019-20 source: prepared by (m.r.islam, et al. 2020) table 1. impact of covid-19 on rmg factors source: majumder, 2021 factory reported export cancelled workers affected 1,150 3.18 billion usd 2.28 million https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 44 figure 2 illustrate the scenario of impact on rmg (readymade garment) export due to pandemic. export decrease dramatically from march to april 2020. about 2.28 million workers of rmg sector are affected (table 2). to protect employees' health and general wellbeing during the covid-19 pandemic, global health communities, bgmea, international brands/retailers, the gob, and the international labour organization (kabir et al., 2021)suggest immediate coordinated and effective efforts by all parties. impact on education the proliferation of coronavirus, which has caused several problems, has prompted many countries to close their educational institutions. the coronavirus pandemic has had a profound effect on education and public health. a study conducted by salmi, arnhold and bassett (2020) found limited resources and poor infrastructure have made it impossible for governments in many developing countries, like bangladesh and nepal, to make the change smoothly. according to biswas et al. (2020), the majority of university students have a favorable attitude toward mobile learning. this study established that mobile learning is extremely beneficial for resolving study gaps during this covid-19 pandemic period. figure 3. flipped classroom activities source: khan and abdou (2021) khan and abdou (2021) offer a flipped classroom idea through which during the covid-19 epidemic, developing nation’s higher education institutions can continue teaching and learning without spending money or planning training. in an online course, increased engagement improves the overall performance level. according to research, increasing the amount of debate between students and teachers can lead to better interactivity (townsend et al., 2002). students' participation in lectures can be boosted by allowing them to take part in online classes. in addition, students may be more engaged if they discuss and ask questions about case studies (smith & diaz, 2004). https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 45 figure 4. interactive online class during covid-19 according to figure 4, a teacher can introduce any course topic using six steps. it assists students in overcoming monotony and increasing their excitement for online classes. after mentioning any case, the teacher may inquire the pupils about their familiarity or unfamiliarity with the subject. they are given a few minutes to gather their thoughts to contribute to the conversation. at stage 5, the teacher can explain the topic using their preferred way. finally, following a threadbare discussion, the course instructor will conduct a question and answer session. meo, abukhalaf, alomar, sattar, & klonoff (2020) mention that as a result of the extended home confinement, students' study habits and work performance deteriorated, leading to increased stress and dysfunctional learning practices. job instability was discovered in a survey of 100 private education sector employees conducted by (imran & ahmed, 2020). the majority of private educational institutions rely on their own revenue from student tuition fees; hence, the difficulty in managing them during the stalemate condition and their staff are also in financial difficulty. just around 25%-30% of private sector educational institutions offer online courses; the remainder are at a standstill. numerous kindergartens, schools, and universities have ceased operations entirely owing to the pandemic scenario. they are unable to pay their staff for six months. (imran & ahmed, 2020). financial factors had a significant impact on student's mental health and academic performance: students lost tuition or part-time jobs, were unable to afford new online classes, parents' income decreased due to the covid-19 pandemic, and students dropped out of the academic year or semester due to a lack of funds (dutta & smita, 2020).students at bangladeshi universities have been suffering from immeasurable psychological stress symptoms as the dread of academic delay has progressed throughout the covid-19 period, which is very clear (hossain et al., 2021). a decrease in appetite, physical inactivity, weight gain or obesity, weakness, giddiness, weariness, and a sluggish sense are all symptoms of remaining at home (dutta & smita, 2020). all of this hindered pupils' learning flow and deflated their excitement. there are some recommendations related to education during covid-19: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 46  universities should develop all-inclusive online educational programs in collaboration with internet service providers to reach students living in remote locations with or without gadgets. moreover, parents should be urged to establish a welcoming and constructive home atmosphere for university students without placing pressure on future academic and professional careers (islam, 2020).  (hossain et al., 2021) suggests that intense psychological treatment, economic stability, and seamless educational programs to close the academic gap must be maintained by joint efforts by the government, universities, and educators.  online class training and outcome-based education (obe) can assist both employers and students overcome obstacles. teleworking like online classes and exams help stabilize the financial condition, which is the major worry for the owner now. employees can use teleworking to normalize this divide and avoid social isolation. (imran & ahmed, 2020)  families, friends, and the government must all work together to reduce pupils' social, physical, emotional, and educational disturbances. it is advised that immediate efforts be made to provide technological resources and enhance internet connectivity in order to ensure that online education may continue uninterrupted in bangladesh in order to meet the educational demands of tertiary level students (dutta & smita, 2020). impact on employment mr. mostafiz uddin, the managing director of denim expert limited, predicted that a small number of clothing employees will lose their jobs as a result of the covid-19 (uddin, 2020, march 24).(sakamoto, begum & ahmed, 2020) observed that significant economic losses are unavoidable, and many garment sector workers may be unable to find work for a longer duration. out of bangladesh's 63 million employees, about 25 million earn a wage/salary, with over 10 million earning daily pay. around 4.5 million casual workers in construction, transportation, trade, food and lodging were severely impacted by the covid-19 (islam, 2020) table 2. employments under threat of being lost in the world industry no. of employment in threat rmg 10.5 million dairy 10.2 million poultry 5 million transportation 5 million tourism 1 million source: shaminnta, gope, and sumaiya (2020) across industries, a large number of people may lose their employment. although employees in the dairy, poultry, transportation, and tourist industries face job loss, it is the rmg business that faces the greatest job loss (table 2).furthermore, a sizable number of selfemployed workers, around 5.19 million self-employed workers in the urban informal sector, live in insecure circumstances (islam, 2020) most rmg firms have decreased worker pay. if they regularize the pay, the workers may be more motivated. a minimal risk premium may be imposed for garment workers who contract https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 47 covid-19 or die from it. in this epidemic condition, 1-2 percent profit sharing with workers may be motivating (islam, hassan, hassan, rahman, & nargis, 2020). impact on social life various factors related to social life have a significant impact on economic well-being. so we have to find out the problems that are created by the covid19 to address them. domestic violence such as child marriage, marital rape, and physical torture continuously increased during pandemics. there were 4,622 women emotionally tormented in june 2020, 1,839 physically assaulted, 203 sexually molested and 3,009 women who had financial limitations placed on them by their spouses. (manusher jonno foundation, 2020).according to another study, 107 women were murdered by their spouses between january and june of 2020, but only 74 cases were reported. members of the husband's family were responsible for the deaths of 30 women, while members of the wives' families were responsible for the deaths of 26 women. only 33 of the individuals filed any claims (ain o salish kendra, 2020). (mahmud & islam, 2021) discovered that social stigma is caused by disinformation, uncertainty, fear of responsibility, administrative failure, and a lack of faith in treatment. additionally, their study demonstrates that stigma has a variety of negative consequences, including health risks, harassment, discrimination, life insecurity, psychological distress, loss of social and emotional capital, shattered family bonds, and social solidarity, all of which act as barriers to social well-being. the internet has become vital in modern life, yet regular usage might harm one's physical and emotional health. extra free time during pandemic may have caused ennui among internet users. its overuse during the epidemic may have aided problematic internet usage behavior, as noted by (islam et al., 2020).they discovered that people from nuclear families utilize the internet more than people from extended families. there are some ways to overcome the problem in social life described by other authors are the following:  it is strongly suggested that active surveillance and effective monitoring mechanisms be developed to help minimize the spread of disinformation via social and electronic media, as well as to enhance the state of mental health conditions during the pandemic (hossain et al., 2020).  to protect mental health from covid-19, a confident and satisfying living place and society can help (rahman et al., 2021).  to safeguard the health of older persons against covid-19, it is necessary to confirm the attitude of social care and health systems in ensuring welfare, promoting preventative measures, and facilitating access to healthcare (hossain, mazumder, tasnim, nuzhath, & sultana, 2020).  it is essential to introduce a time-oriented policy and implement care monitoring plans in the country, which may help manage the pandemic and nurture public mental health to combat covid-19 related psychological challenges (islam, bodrul-doza, khan, haque, & mamun, 2020).  medical facilities such as testing, tracking, formal quarantining, and special treatment for coronavirus in coronavirus hospitals should be strengthened and decentralized to protect social stigma. this can be done by allocating significant state funds and also by implementing public-private partnership initiatives for health management (mahmud & islam, 2020). https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 2021 48 impact on tourism sector to stop the virus from spreading, all governments have enforced lockdowns and limited travel. tourism is linked to human movement, which is hampered by travel restrictions. tourism in bangladesh is slowly increasing due to a large domestic travel market. due to the epidemic, both domestic and foreign visitors canceled. however, due to various travel restrictions, all flights have been canceled. as a result, businesses lose money and workers lose jobs (deb & nafi, 2021). according to industry experts, over 4,000 million people are employed by tour operators, hotels, resorts, airlines, and food businesses that are currently fighting to stay afloat. according to a research released by the tour operators association of bangladesh (toab) in april 2021, the loss is expected to be tk 57 billion by the end of 2020. the national board of revenue (nbr) received tk 3.28 billion in travel tax during the previous fiscal year, less than half of the amount collected the year before. tk 7.66 billion in travel tax was collected in fy 20. by 2021, air traffic would have decreased by 60%, while the airline sector will have lost us$370 billion due to the epidemic, according to an icao assessment released on january 15th (mala, 2021). local residents who rely on visitors stated that they would be able to compensate for the closure's losses. according to the rangamati chambers of commerce and industry, travel operators together lost tk 2.15 crore. while the second wave of the epidemic was ravaging the country, the government authorized all tourist attractions, community centers, resorts, and places of leisure to reopen on august 19 with a 50 percent capacity and observe all covid-safety standards (dhaka tribune, august 19, 2021). covid-19's effects on tourist employment place further strain on tourism education, which has been badly impacted by the pandemic. apart from the virtualization of teaching and learning processes, tourism students and graduates must contend with the cessation of industry internships, recruiting, and dubious career options (sigala, 2020). conclusion bangladesh is no stranger to international tragedies and disasters. natural disasters and significant humanitarian crises are nothing new for bangladesh. there is no comparison to the covid-19 outbreak. even though covid-19's economic shock did not put the economy in jeopardy, the long-term impact from global uncertainty can nevertheless be highly damaging. and it requires an unprecedented plan to address the immediate threats of covid-19 to all sector's long-term threats to the country's economy. the significant findings reveal that the industrial sector of the economy is mainly affected, and the agricultural industry is affected by a damaging supply chain. the employee, students, staff related to education are adversely oppressed. the unemployment problem is enhanced quickly. this report gives an overview of the pandemic's impact on the economy as a whole and summarizes recommendations for mitigating the pandemic's devastating effects. this analysis will help decision-makers to implement better plans and strategies to lessen the impact of pandemics on various economic sectors. an intervention by the government, along with participation from relevant sectorial stakeholders, might help recuperate costs and devise a new solution to the problem. further study direction there is significantly little quantitative research found related to covid-19. it is urgent to identify critical variables that make us unable to protect from the negative consequences of covid-19. various econometric models can be used to find the correlation among the variables and shortrun, long-run effects of the variables on the economy. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 4, no. 1; 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(2021). covid-19 and food supply in bangladesh: a review. south asian journal of social studies and economics, 10(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2021/v10i130252 copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 10 experiences of restaurant business in the covid19: evidence from rajshahi city, bangladesh md. abdul kuddus assistant professor department of business studies north bengal international university rajshahi, bangladesh mphil fellow institute of bangladesh studies rajshahi university, bangladesh e-mail: shyamoluits@gmail.com naima rahman lecturer department of business studies north bengal international university rajshahi, bangladesh e-mail: naimarumkt@gmail.com anusuya sarkar lecturer department of business studies north bengal international university rajshahi, bangladesh e-mail: naimarumkt@gmail.com abstract the restaurant business in bangladesh has no institutional recognition. it has no mentionable business guidelines and juridical structures to combat any epidemic like coronavirus diseas-19 (covid-19). because of not having a legitimate basis this sector is suffering a serious financial crisis in the global pandemic. revenues generating ability has drastically decreased when the government ordered for shutting down the non-essential organization to fight against the spreading the coronavirus. at the same time government also imposes stay order on various special programs like weeding, birthday, new-year celebration, and iftar party which is directly related to restaurant business. this article, therefore, focuses on the impact of covid-19 in the restaurant business in bangladesh. data were collected through purposive sampling method through a questionnaire. for analyzing the data the statistical package for the social science (spss) v. 24.0 was applied. datasets were analyzed with a statistical tool named pearson’s correlation coefficient (pcc). descriptive statistics such as the frequency distribution and graph were also used for presenting and interpreting data. one sample t-test and dependent sample ttest were used to test the hypothesis. the covid-19 decreases the revenues drastically (r = 0.904, p = 0.000). this is leading to the severe sufferings of workers and owners of the restaurants both fast food and general hotels, the restaurants and convention centers. this mailto:shyamoluits@gmail.com mailto:naimarumkt@gmail.com mailto:naimarumkt@gmail.com https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 11 deteriorating condition will further be on the increase of the government incentives providing policy needs of the most vulnerable groups in the country in the coming months. otherwise this small and medium sector will go out of the economy for sine die. from this research, it was apparent that if the educational institutions are not re-opened, the infections rate curve wipe out and the vaccine is not made the restaurant business will not see any good news for booming their business. coordinated administrative systems, reinforce of the health sector, economy, industry, agriculture and food security should be focused on under the new normal standard of life. keywords: covid-19 pandemic, lockdown, sme, new normal, restaurant business. overview how are bangladesh‟s small businesses like the restaurant business operating the economic upsetting resulting from covid-19? how will the government‟s responses addressing the consequences and affect their prospect? to explore these questions, the researcher surveyed of 15 restaurants operated in rajshahi city (bartik, et al., 2020). to understand the impact there was a question to a restaurateur, how is your restaurant business going on during covid-19? he replied our business died on the 26 march 2020 when the government declared a general holiday and enforced a countrywide lockdown. if we were born again, we could do better. this is the lamenting speech by the restaurateur of a fast food and chinese restaurant in rajshahi city. this is the true impact on the restaurant business of bangladesh in the covid-19 pandemic (food fair, 2020). ongoing covid-19 pandemic has a bad impact on workers‟ economic securities such as earnings certainty, professional certainty, labor certainty, hiring certainty, representation certainty, labor market certainty and competency reproduction certainty (hossain, 2012). coronavirus is a sensational and remarkable crisis in every sphere of life. the community development process could inferior than the financial crisis that the world faced in 2008. the pandemic requires a united and harmonized response from not only governments but also private sector businesses that might have the ability, mastery, wealth to control and reduce the repercussion of the public health and economic crises on community. this pandemic sheds a light on a new meaning and purpose of businesses (vu, 2020). bangladesh is facing the pandemic at the final stage. now it is 122 days after the first corona positive case was detected on march 8 this year. up to 21 july 2020 total confirmed positive cases are 2,10,510, death cases are 2,709, total cured cases are 1,15,399 and total test cases are 10,54,559 (government of bangladesh, 2020a). a true lesson from this global pandemic is that it has no demarcation where you come from, what language you speak, or your racial, cultural and religious backdrop. in this pandemic situation the restaurant and hospitality industries are facing ultimate provocations. the provocations include joblessness of workers, temporary location closures, protecting employees from the infection of covid-19 in the workplace, ensuring financial security and ensuring family nutrition. the anticipated negative impact on the restaurant business is very high (bass, berry & sims plc, 2020). research questions international labour organization (2020) has threatened that 25 million employees will lose their jobs due to the new corona-virus (ilo, 2020). the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the informal business sector is very high because many workers have already lost their employment. this has happened because 95 percent of restaurants are currently closed due to the novel https://www.jdsupra.com/profile/bass_berry_sims_docs/ https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 12 corona-virus (bhuiyan, 2020). the nature and level of impact depend on the pandemic development policy responses and socioeconomic conditions of the country. there are around 30,000 small and big restaurants in the country. of them, more than 10,000 are located in the capital city dhaka. according to, riaz ahmed khan, president of bangladesh restaurant owners' association, rajshahi district, there are nearly 2,000 restaurants in the rajshahi district, of the approximately 70 or more restaurants are in the metropolitan areas. all of those are suffering a loss during the lockdown and now after re-opening, these restaurants are suffering from the scarcity of customers. he said the accumulated loss of rajshahi restaurants during the lockdown would surpass taka sixty crores so far. he further said it is not possible to recoup so huge amount of loss without any government incentives (islam, s., 2020). about 1 million workers including chefs, waiter, cooks, servers and bread makers are engaged in this sector. without a job, they all are at intolerable risk of covid-19 (islam, r., 2020). restaurants industries are not just about recreation and culture. this sector is not limited to simply chefs, waiter and cooks. it is also linked with a large group of suppliers such as farmers, butchers, grocers, fishermen, cleaners and many more occupations involved in the supply chain. a heavy range of organizations is revolving around the core ecosystem. all of them are struggling through troubles of an unforeseen scale at the moment (haider & chowdhury, 2020). the covid-19 pandemic makes sense of uncertainty that looms over all stakeholders, from owners to employees, and customers to a certain extent. as the situation is deepening, most of the workers have been fired, many got to leave without pay, many were sent to furlough, some were compensated, some are in line to come back again to facilitate for takeaways. the global pandemic scenario envisions that the gross domestic product (gdp) has fallen by 2 percent below the benchmark for the world as it is the standard level is 2.5 percent for developing countries. the standard level for industrial countries is 1.8 percent. the highest negative shock is recorded in the output of domestic services affected by the pandemic, as well as in traded tourist services (maliszewska, mattoo, & van der mensbrugghe, 2020). a survey report shows that the restaurant workers get tk. 8,000-9,000 as wages per month, including the cost for their meal and accommodation. their monthly income jumped to tk. 12,000-15,000 summing up the amounts of customers' tips (siddiqui, 2020). now the question is what will make compensation for the restaurant business? what policy choice by the government will save this sector? what measures will take this sector into the new normal? the study was tried to find out the answer to some questions and exploring the facts regarding the impact of the covid-19 in the restaurant business in bangladesh. besides these some specific questions were (azam, 2014): rq-1: how is the online ordering and delivery systems effective in surviving the restaurant business in covid-19 pandemic? rq-2: what are the adverse effects of covid-19 on workers‟ salaries? rq-3: what is restaurateurs‟ expectation about government incentives to survive the restaurant business? rq-4: what policy measures have taken by the government to boost up the restaurant business? https://www.thedailystar.net/author/m-h-haider https://www.thedailystar.net/author/mehrin-mubdi-chowdhury https://tbsnews.net/author/kamran-siddiqui https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 13 research objectives overall objective the overall objective of the research is to find out the impacts of covid-19 in the restaurant business in bangladesh from the evidence of rajshahi city. particular objectives to achieve the overall objective the following particular objectives have been considered: ro-1: to compare the number of order(s) obtained before covid-19 and during covid-19. ro-2: to compare the revenues earning before covid-19 and during covid-19. ro-3: to evaluate government initiatives for recovering the shocks of the restaurant business. ro-4: to measure the performance of the restaurant who uses an online platform for delivering the order and who doesn‟t. significance of the study the coronavirus outburst has fatally affected the restaurant business. the number of customers has been falling at a panic rate since the first case of the coronavirus was recognized. the entire industry is in peril of falling down as party bookings are being canceled. people are restricting their movement to avoid public meetings lest they get infected by the coronavirus (hossain, 2020). to know the importance of the study of this sector there was a conversation with a restaurateur at rajshahi city and he talked as: “nothing to say about the problem of restaurant business because you have met in my chamber, look at the dining table and count the number of tables vacant, look at the face of our waiters and chefs. look at everything and write what you observe. your observation is the present scenario of our restaurant business (interview with a restaurateur tfc, 2020).” the business position of this sector is alarming day by day. to know the proper way of solution for the current problem of the restaurant business a scientific study is inevitable. this study will give light into the matter of the restaurant business. it will also help the government, respective authorities, and other stakeholders in formulating policy for the future development of this sector. related literature the novel coronavirus (covid-19) is vindicating the world. respiratory disease of unknown cause detected in wuhan, china, was first revealed to the who country office in china on 31 december 2019 (geosslinga, scottd, & hallf, 2020). bangladesh confirmed the first coronavirus case on 8 march 2020. in response to the covid-19 epidemic, the government of bangladesh (2020b) announced outstanding “general leave” from 26 march in the name of “lockdown” and extended it up to 30 may 2020 in seven different time period. both the words “general leave” and “lockdown” produced uncertainty among the most socio-economically endangered groups in the country. the artificial lockdown and the interpersonal distancing plan of action in an impenetrable populated country of more than 165 million did not work (shammi, bodrud-doza, islam, & rahman, 2020). government responses to survive the pandemic can be discussed in three ways. firstly, responses from the labor sides, secondly, responses from the government and thirdly, responses from social protection and employment institutions. firstly, to fight against the impact of https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 14 covid-19 the labor response on it is going to operate the restaurant business in an online platform. taking orders online, making delivery and payment in online gateways make help the restaurant labors to survive in the global crisis. in that regard, some young entrepreneurs introduce a new concept called “cloud kitchen” to attract the customers who otherwise preferred to dine-in, under normal circumstances. according to the paradigm of cloud kitchen customers could no longer come to restaurant, the restaurateurs decide to reach them. secondly, the important responses from the government side in bangladesh is to allot tk. 103,117 crores under 19 packages which are 3.7 percent of gdp to fight the coronavirus pandemic and protect people from the probable crisis. from these stimulus packages tk. 20,000 crores has been allocated for providing working capital to the small and medium industries. the interest rate of this incentive package will be 9 percent and the taker of the loan will pay 4 percent as interest and the rest of the 5 percent interest will be paid by the government as a subsidy (unb news, 2020). besides this, the government has announced a “ghore fera” (returning home) program for low-income people who have lost their jobs due to the covid-19. under this service lowincomers will get home assistance facilities, six months food and cash, free vgd and vgf, free medical treatment and tk. 10 per kg, rice (the business standard, 2020). the government also takes initiatives namely the “kaan pete roi” helpline. the mission of the helpline during covid-19 is to alleviate feelings of despair, isolation, distress, and suicidal feelings among members of the community, through confidential listening. the government also developed a website https://corona.gov.bd/ for 24 hours service for sharing updated information about the coronavirus. several hotline centers have been introduced for the treatment and information transmission to the citizenry such as national call center #333, sastho batayon #16263, iedcr #10655, specialists helpline #09611677777 and national helpline #109 (gob, 2020). people can afford these services free of cost. responses from the various social protection and employment institutions are, bidyanondo foundation‟s „ek takay ahar‟ team made one thousand personal protective equipment (ppe) suits. they are also providing meals to poor families and daily incomers. employment institution pathao has re-launched “tong”, an on-demand essential delivery service, in response to the coronavirus pandemic as it is committed to keeping customers, partners and communities safe. the top priority is to save lives now and flatten the curve of the pandemic. priorities should be given on the innovating vaccine for controlling the coronavirus. priorities in addressing the consequences of covid-19 in restaurant labor can be discussed from the aspects of the state, social group, workers, employers and institutions. value-added tax (vat), income tax and all sorts of other utility expenses should be exempted to uplift the lives of the restaurant labors. the state should provide free safety equipment such as sanitizers, face masks, ppe and temperature screening tools to the restaurants which are in operation. incentives must be allocated to the interested owners without any delay, easy conditions and harassment. ministry of labor and employment should recognize and validate the papers of restaurant business, if need, the ministry can take initiative for passing a new law or ordinance for smooth running of informal sector business. bangladesh‟s labor welfare foundation should provide emergency funds among the restaurant labor to survive on the pandemic. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 15 methodology research plan of action acknowledging the effect of covid-19 on the restaurant business in bangladesh, this study pick out the numerous consequences of lockdown based on writings analysis, the lockdown situation in bangladesh, and the small businessmen‟s ability to hold on without steering their business. a total of 23 questions and 7 utterances were used to prosper the questionnaire to realize the framework-based result appraisal and handling of the covid-19 at the restaurant business in bangladesh. the researcher has used „google form‟ to construct the questionnaire and performing the online survey. the work out questionnaire with a preliminary section indicating the objective of the study was then shared through email, facebook, messenger with the particular and pertinent people considering the purposive sampling method. the questionnaire survey was administered from 18 july to 23 july 2020. a five-point (1–5) impactbased likert scale was applied to test whether each respondent realize the utterances set out ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. research sample and population the target populations were the fast food and chinese restaurants, hotel and restaurants and convention centers having a capital of tk. 50,000-50,00,000 which are operated at rajshahi city (bangladesh bank, 2010). the answers to the survey questionnaires were a voluntary basis. a total of 15 responses were recorded during the survey in the purposive sampling method. data analysis the data of the current research was analyzed with the help of descriptive statistics like frequency distribution, using percentages, and student t-test to know the participant‟s characteristics. the statistical package for the social science (spss) v. 24.0 was used for analyzing data. datasets were analyzed through a set of statistical tools namely pearson‟s correlation coefficient (pcc) and descriptive statistics. one sample t-test and dependent sample t-test were also used to test the hypothesis (gaur & gaur, 2009). ethics before taking information from the respondents‟ they were informed about the particular aim of the research. respondents‟ permission was taken before the survey and they remained anonymous. the survey was ended only once, and the survey could be finished anytime they desired. research hypothesis based on the above discussion, the study were suggested the following alternative hypotheses: rh-1: h1: there is a significant relationship between covid-19 and the average income of the restaurant business. rh-2: h1: there is a significant relationship between covid-19 and the average number of orders of the restaurant business. rh-3: h0: µ = there is a significant relationship between covid-19 and the average loss of the restaurant business. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 16 data analysis and discussion the restaurant business has mainly been suffered during this epidemic as the government decided on lockdown and interpersonal distancing around the world. this had led to a rapid shutdown of restaurants and hotels. because of shutting down the restaurants most of the owners have made retrenchment of their workers. the following table of the descriptive statistics shows that 11 restaurants i.e., 73.30 percent made retrenchment their employees during covid-19. the rest of the 4 restaurant that represents 26.70 percent didn‟t make retrenched but they were sent to furlough. table 1. frequency distribution of retrenchment retrenchments frequen cy percen t valid percent cumulative percent valid yes 11 73.3 73.3 73.3 no 4 26.7 26.7 100.0 tot al 15 100.0 100.0 source: field survey, 2020. while asking the questions about do they have online ordering and delivery systems for selling their offered services? the following a simple bar diagram explains that 7 restaurants have no online delivery systems. from the total 15 restaurants of the study, 8 restaurants have online ordering and delivery services, of them, 6 restaurants operate it with the help of the third parties like food panda and others. only two restaurants have own online ordering and delivery systems. figure1. bar diagram. source: field survey, 2020 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 17 there is a research question how are the online ordering and delivery systems effective in surviving the restaurant business in the covid-19 pandemic? at the same time, there is a research objective which states that, measuring the performance of the restaurant uses an online platform for delivering the order and who doesn‟t. a dependent sample t-test may give the comparative the result to make clear the questions. the result of the test shows that at the 5 percent significance level p-value obtained is .000 which is <0.05 of the significance level. as per the decision criterion, we cannot accept the null hypothesis. here alternative hypothesis is accepted and hence, it can be said that there is a significant positive relationship between covid-19 and daily sales of the restaurant business. the test result is shown on the following page: table 2. paired samples test paired samples test paired differences t df sig. (2tailed) mean std. deviation std. error mean 95% confidence interval of the difference lower upper pair 1 daily sales before covid-19 daily sales during covid-19 1.400 .632 .163 1.050 1.750 8.573 14 .000 another objective of the research was to measure the adverse effects of covid-19 on workers‟ salaries. from the one sample t-test, it is seen that at a 5 percent level of significance our calculated p-value is .000 which is <.05. so, as per the decision rule, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypotheses. from the test result, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between covid-19 and the decreasing of workers‟ salaries during the pandemic. table 3. one-sample test one-sample test test value = 0 t df sig. (2tailed) mean difference 95% confidence interval of the difference lower upper salary of workers 29.000 14 .000 1.933 1.79 2.08 while conducting the research it was seen that most of the restaurants losing their average daily income. in that regard, a hypothesis was developed to measure the relationship that is there https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 18 any positive relationship between covid-19 and an average reduction of revenues in restaurant business? the test result is given below: table 4. paired sample correlations paired samples correlations n correlati on sig. pair 1 average daily revenue before covid19 & average daily revenue during covid-19 15 .904 .000 table 5. paired sample test paired samples test paired differences t df sig. (2tailed) mean std. deviation std. error mean 95% confidence interval of the difference lower upper pair 1 average daily revenue before covid19 average daily revenue during covid19 1.400 .828 .214 .941 1.859 6.548 14 .000 from the above-paired sample correlations test it is seen that the correlation coefficient is (r) = .904 which indicates that there is a strong positive correlation between covid-19 and an average decrease of revenues. besides the test result we can take the decisions about rejection and acceptance of our hypothesis from the paired sample test. from the paired sample test it is seen that, our calculated p-value is .000 which is <.05 of the significance level. as the p-value is less than the significance level value of 5 percent hence, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. so, there is a significant positive relationship between covid-19 and the average revenue of the restaurant business. while measuring the policy steps taken by the government it is very much negative result obtained which is given below in the pie chart that is from the 15 restaurants only one restaurant got government incentives for operating their business. the rest of the 14 restaurants didn‟t get. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 19 figure 2. pie diagram source: field survey, 2020 there were 7 statements for investigating the respondents‟ attitude towards the impact, responses and priorities of the restaurant business in covid-19. these seven statements are mentioned here as the rent of the space should be reduced, government incentives should provide, covid-19 shocked the restaurant business, covid-19 cause the joblessness of many workers, the restaurant may open by maintaining health rule and social distancing, closing restaurant for a long time causes the disrupts of customers‟ entertainment, the policy needed for addressing the socio-economic losses and employment crises and state, social group and employer should move together for reducing the shocked of ccovid-19. in all cases, fivepoints likert scale measurement process was used as stated strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. the following pie chart shows the result of respondent attitude towards the impact, responses and priorities of the restaurant business in covid-19. figure 3. pie diagram source: field survey, 2020 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 20 from the above graph, it is seen that 75 percent of restaurants have given priority on policy formation for getting government incentives and the same percentage have also given their consent for reducing the rent of the space in covid-19. for improving the condition of restaurant labor more than 70 percent of restaurateurs have also given the emphasized on th state, social group, employers joint actions and government assistance for the joblessness of this hospitality sector. 74 percent of respondents think that closing restaurants for long period have a bad effect on customers‟ entertainment. table 6. results of hypothesis test hypothesis comment there is a significant relationship between covid-19 and the average income of the restaurant business accepted there is a significant relationship between covid-19 and the average number of orders of the restaurant business accepted there is a significant relationship between covid-19 and the average loss of the restaurant business accepted table 7. correlation matrix correlations average daily revenue before covid-19 average daily revenue during covid-19 average daily revenue before covid-19 pearson correlation 1 .904 ** sig. (2-tailed) .000 n 15 15 average daily revenue during covid-19 pearson correlation .904 ** 1 sig. (2-tailed) .000 n 15 15 **. correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). from the above table, it is seen that the correlation coefficient between the average daily revenue before covid-19 and the average daily revenue during covid-19 is r = 0.904 and the pvalue is 0.000. so the relationship between the average daily revenue before covid-19 and the average daily revenue during covid-19 is very strong positive and significant at 0.01 significance level. so there is an association between covid-19 and the average daily revenue in the restaurant business. conclusions the restaurant businesses has experienced the effects of the disease and lessening the production of 144 million workers in the covid-19 pandemic in the world (un news, 2020). if the situation is prolonged further more than 50 percent of restaurants will be shut down forever by the end of 2020 due to lack of capital. so, the government and the respective authority of the https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 21 restaurants should ensure that their workers are beyond just complying with the law and regulations. workers can get fair and humane behavior from the state and employers as well as social institutions. without appropriating policy measures, workers in this sector will face a high risk of falling into poverty. it may face greater challenges in retrieving their livelihoods in the recovery period. the major priorities in addressing the consequences of the covid-19 are policy formation for government incentive packages, restoring the economy and employment, subsidizing business, keep up jobs and incomes, protecting workers in the workplace, engaging business with an online platform and arranging regular social discourse for solutions. acknowledgements the author would like to acknowledge all the workers of restaurants, their family members, frontline doctors, healthcare workers, volunteers, social welfare foundation which are helping burial, funeral ceremony and cremation functions for the coronavirus infected death body, emergency responders, security and armed forces fighting this pandemic. funding in conducting this research, the researchers‟ did not receive any fund or grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. conflict of interest the authors declare no conflicts of interest to report. references azam, m. s. 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2021 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by cribfb, usa 45 violence against women during covid-19 in bangladesh md. mahabub chowdhury lecturer department of development studies hajee mohammad danesh science and technology university dinajpur-5200, bangladesh e-mail: mahabubds.hstu@gmail.com abstract covid-19 has become one of the biggest humanitarian crises affecting millions of lives around the world. bangladesh is also affected by the covid-19 crisis. society, health, and economic sectors of bangladesh are affected by this pandemic. violence against women is also common in bangladesh. this study discusses the trends of violence against women in bangladesh during the covid-19 pandemic. the prevailing gender norms, patriarchy, and socio-economic factors made women of bangladesh vulnerable to different forms of gender-based violence. women face different types of gender-based violence such as rape, domestic violence, dowry-related violence, sexual harassment, and stalking. the objective of the study is to find out the trends of violence against women during covid-19, underlying factors behind such acts, and the consequences of such violence on women’s lives. the study is done using qualitative research techniques. indepth interview, key informant interview (kii), document analysis techniques were used to collect data. this study found that socio-cultural factors and prevailing gender norms played a significant role in the spike of violence against women during the pandemic causing extreme social, psychological, economic, and health harm to women. keywords: bangladesh, covid-19, gender, violence against women (vaw). jel classification codes: k42, k38, n35. introduction equal status, position, and safety of men and women are very important for a dignified, equal, and safe society. this is also important for social and economic development and progress. violence against women (vaw) is a threat towards ensuring equal status, position, safety for men and women. the condition of violence against women in bangladesh has been alarming over the years. there have been measures in place to combat such acts in bangladesh. this type of incident is not only limited to the four walls or personal relations but it occurs also in the greater community and all spheres of lives. the history of the indian sub-continents shows that women have always been subjected to be the victim of gender-based violence. issues like extreme seclusion, the practice of sati (sati-daho), and domestic violence were some of the common forms of violence that women of indian sub-continents faced. in recent years, domestic violence like dowry violence, lack of social and economic opportunities, rape, sexual https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 46 harassment, and killing have become daily incidents. as a result, it has become difficult to build and continue a safe, equitable, dignified, and prosperous society for all irrespective of individuals‟ gender identities. violence against women in bangladesh is not new. rather, women of this country have been subjected to be the victim of violence in different spheres of lives. initially, poor and rural women are thought of as the major victim of such violence. recent research suggests that women belonging to all social and economic classes, religions, ages, and regions face violence. violence against women is getting huge media coverage in recent years though the number is increasing day by day. added to this, the huge availability of the internet and social media has made it more dangerous for women of being subjected to face cyber-crime. the covid-19 crisis has affected the lives of everyone (shuvro & talukder, 2020). the pandemic has an impact on all sectors of the country such as the economy, health, education, livelihood, production. there are important measures in places such as health and safety protocol, social distancing, physical distancing, prolonged lockdown, and limited mobility leading to the enormous impact of individuals' way of living in social and economic spheres. all these changes have also an impact on the safety and security of women. during the ongoing covid-19 pandemic domestic violence and rape against women and children have increased in bangladesh (international federation for human rights, 2020). there has been a lot of study on violence against women in bangladesh. different researchers and organizations put their efforts to focus on how and to what extend violence against women is taking place. it is important to understand how things are related to genderbased violence in the covid-19 crisis. therefore, the current study contributes to the vast area by adding an analysis of trends of violence against women in the context of the pandemic. this study also aims at providing a consolidated picture of such trends. theories established in fields like sociology such as exchange theory and resource theory and gender studies such as power and control theory, social learning theory, intersectionality, and feminist theory show how different factors influence women‟s position within the society leading them towards vulnerability and insecurity. the current study also focuses on this theoretical dimension especially intersectionality to understand and analyses violence against women in the covid-19 situation. intersectionality is an analytical framework shows that how multiple factors such as sex, race, gender, sexuality, religion, and class be can both empowering and oppressing for an individual creating either privilege or discrimination (runyan, 2018). women‟s position within society is often influenced by the existing social norms, economic class, and gender norms and values. other important factors such as their education, religious identity, and geographical location such as living in either rural or urban areas also influence women‟s position within the society. as women live in a patriarchal society with rigid gender discrimination, their severity and vulnerability due to gender-based violence in a pandemic situation need to be addressed. this will not only allow us to understand how, why and to what extent women are being the victim of violence in a crisis but also provide us with the underlying sufferings in terms of social, economic, psychological, and health consequences of violence against women. the primary objective of this study is to find out how and to what extent women are experiencing different forms of violence against women. this study also intends to find out what are the factors influencing violence against women in the middle of a major crisis instigated by the covid-19 pandemic. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 47 significance of the study and relevant scholarship the definition of violence against women covers a wide range of issues and factors. development practitioners and women‟s rights activist groups have been focusing on the multifaceted aspects in different contexts. added to this, international treaties and human rights organizations have also clarified violence against women and how it is affecting women‟s lives. hossain, imam, and khair (2001) state that violence against women is the outcome of perceived differences of power wealth, status, and prestige that men and women ascribe along with the norms of patriarchy. it refers to several acts such as sexual harassment, rape, murder, physical abuse, psychological abuse, sex trafficking, forced pyrography, and many more. according to crowell and burgess (1996), the term „violence against women‟ broadly is aggressive behavior that disproportionately and adversely affects women. the united nations (un) (2016) has defined violence against women (vaw) as any act of gender-based violence that results in and sometimes is likely to result in physical, sexual, or mental harm and suffering such as threats of such acts related to physical, sexual, or mental harm and suffering, coercion, or arbitrary deprivation of liberty occurring in public or private life to women. in terms of physical, psychological, sexual, and economic aspects violence against women is widespread (hossen, 2014). violence against women and girls is regarded as one of the most widespread and systematic human rights violations (relief web, 2017). according to a un women‟s 2021 global review quoted in un women (2021), 35% of women have experienced physical and sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence around the world (un women, 2021). over the years, researchers have been studying different types of violence. according to mahtab (2012), violence against women can be as follows:  domestic violence  sexual assault and harassment  rape  dowry violence  acid throwing/ acid violence  forced prostitution  women trafficking she has also discussed „honour killing‟ and „female genital mutilation (fgm) in her writing and how this act harms women‟s personal, familial, social, economic lives. a critical analysis of different policy documents, reports, data, and national action plan of bangladesh on violence against women show physical violence and abuse, sexual violence, psychological violence, acid attack, and economic violence as some of the major acts of violence that women face in bangladesh. all these different forms of violence can be broadly categorized as physical violence, psychological abuse, and sexual violence. women face and experience these acts of violence during their whole span of lives in different forms and magnitudes. the study by ellsberg and heise (2005) shows a cyclical nature of violence against women in society. according to their analysis which is also adapted and analyzed by un women (2010), the life cycle of violence against women is as follows: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 48  pre-birth: pre-natal sex selection  infancy: female infanticide, neglect (health care, nutrition)  childhood: child abuse, child marriage, malnutrition, fgm/c, trafficking  adolescents: femicide, fgm/c, forced marriage, forced sex, intimate partner violence, dating violence, sexual harassment, trafficking  reproductive age: femicide, dowry-related violence, intimate partner violence, nonpartner sexual assault, honor crimes, sexual harassment, political violence, economic abuse, trafficking  elderly: elder abuse/widow abuse, economic abuse the unprecedented crisis of covid-19 that bangladesh is facing has been described as the greatest public health challenge in a generation. bangladesh is the third most affected country in south asia, after india and pakistan (corona info, 2020). to protect the population, the government of bangladesh has taken many steps including social distancing measures, travel and entry restrictions, covid-19 dedicated hospitals, and national helplines. added to this, health officials and administration are also working on implementing certain rules and regulations to protect the population from being infected. covid-19 is much more than a health crisis (united nations development programme, 2020). all sectors are being pushed towards the devastating impact. in the case of bangladesh, the economy is one of the most hit sectors. according to the bangladesh institute of development studies (bids), for the last few months, because of the covid-19, household and individual level earnings in bangladesh with around 13% of people have become unemployed, and lower and middle-income classes have been facing and experiencing a notable drop in income (the financial express, 2020). as a result, the disposable income of the country's people is following a declining trend and the national poverty is forecasted to increase by 25.13%, according to the same survey of bids. the covid 19 crisis has caused a reduction of exports by 16.93%, imports by 17%, and also a decline of average revenue for all small and medium enterprises (smes) by 66% in 2020 compared to 2019 whereas only remittance inflow has seen an 11% increase in 2020 (latifee & hossain, 2020). added to this education of millions around the country has been seriously disrupted. the health, social and economic sectors are in the vulnerability context caused by the covid-19 crisis. the situation of violence against women in the context of this global crisis is another important issue raised by the international, national, and local development community and organizations. different studies have been concentrating on the issues. the deeper analysis of the situation requires a comparative discussion on the trends of violence against women between before and during the covid-19 situation to have a comprehensive picture. an analysis of different reports shows a devastating situation of violence against women worldwide over the last few years. un (2016) claims that 1 in 3 women and girls are subjected to sexual or physical violence perpetrated by their intimate partners most of the time (the daily star, 2019). according to the same united nations (un) data, 750 million women and girls alive today had been forced into underage marriage and 48% of women who are married or in a relationship are not allowed to make decisions about contraceptives, sexual relations, or healthcare around the world. according to a recent report by world health organization (who) which was prepared after analyzing the data on violence against women in 61 countries and areas between the years 2000 and 2018 states that worldwide one in three women is subjected to physical or sexual violence during her lifetime (prothom alo, 2021). https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 49 the situation here in bangladesh is equally devastating. the condition is also shown by many researchers. at least 300000 children were trafficked to india and 6% of maternal mortality is caused by suicide and death of women due to rape, murder after rape, and pregnancy as a result of rape (mahtab, 2012). the analysis of the world health organization (who) quoted in a news report says that 50% of women (between 15-49 years old) have experienced physical or sexual violence by their partner in their lifetime (prothom alo, 2021). this has made bangladesh one of the top-ranking countries in violence against women by an intimate partner, the report of who says. domestic violence is prevalent in bangladesh as well. according to a report of the bangladesh bureau of statistics (2011) analyzed in a news report, 87% of women face violence at home (dhaka tribune, 2017). another study conducted by action aid bangladesh and jatiyo nari nirjaton protirodh forum quoted in a news report suggest that 66% of women experience violence at their house (dhaka tribune, 2018). the information gathered by odhikar (2020), shows the trends of different types of violence against women of the last five years before the covid-19 crisis. it shows that, from 2015 to 2019, 1050 women and girls were the victim of sexual harassment and stalking, 377 were attacked due to protest against stalking and sexual harassment, 4044 were raped, 1163 were gang-raped, 217 were killed after being raped, 26 women and girls committed suicide after being raped, 463 were killed due to dowry related violence, 467 were physically abused and 24 committed suicide due to dowry related violence. the study also shows that the number of violence against women has increased during the covid-19 crisis. according to human rights watch (2020) women and girls in bangladesh are facing increased domestic violence during the covid-19 pandemic. there is a 24% up of the incidents of gender-based violence in bangladesh during the covid-19 pandemic (dhaka tribune, 2020c). all these analyses and works indicate the existing severity of violence against women in recent years and the spike in the context of the covid-19 crisis. understanding the trends of violence against women during the covid-19 crisis is of immense importance for identifying the underlying factors of violence against women and how women experience vulnerability and sufferings even in the context of a pandemic. there has been extensive study concerning violence against women in bangladesh. but, this study exclusively focuses on the trends of such violence against women in the context of covid-19 and brings light on narratives of the subjective experience of victim women to draw a consolidated picture of violence against women in pandemic crisis. this will help us to understand how violence against women during a pandemic can lead to extreme social, economic, psychological, and health sufferings and vulnerability. it will also help in identifying the opportunities and areas of future research on this issue. research methodology research methodology is the systemic way of solving the research problem and how the research is done. the research method is dependent on the nature of the research problem, research subject, and objectives of the study along with assumption, logic, and rationale behind them. this study aims to review and investigate the trends of violence against women during the covid-19 crisis along with the narrative of the subjective experience of women victims of such violence. as violence against women is a development agenda and often connected with social justice and social change which is similar to feminist research methodology, this study is qualitative. in doing so, this study aims to provide an in-depth and interpreted understanding of https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 50 study participants by involving their experiences, perspectives, and histories as the victim of violence against women in the middle of the covid-19 crisis. primary data qualitative research techniques such as in-depth interviews, key informant interviews (kii), and document analysis methods were used for collecting data from primary sources. the primary data was collected from december 2020 to february 2021. primary data was collected following a standard research ethical guideline and consents of the respondents were taken accordingly. as violence against women is a sensitive issue, the identity of the respondents will be confidential. secondary data secondary data played a significant role in this study. journal articles, research reports, reports of different organizations, news reports on violence against women during covid-19 are the secondary source of data in this study. population as this study intends to study the trends of violence against women during covid-19, women who have experienced such violence during the pandemic period and their families are the populations of this study. sampling procedure the purposive sampling method has been used in this study. purposive sampling is a compatible method to study a small part of the target population. the number of victims of violence against women is large. in the middle of the covid-19 crisis, it is also difficult to reach a large population maintaining health measures. added to this, violence against women is a sensitive issue and only a handful of people are available to discuss such sensitive topics because of cultural, social, and legal factors. therefore, the purposive sampling method has been employed to get profound insights regarding the underlying factors of violence against women, sufferings of victims, and socio-cultural implications due to violence against women. considerations like representation of victim experiencing different types of violence, having expertise on particular issues related to violence against women (in case of selection of respondents for the kii), and time, distance, communication facilities, availability, and consent were given an upper hand in the selection of the respondents for this study. data collection techniques in-depth interview ten women who are the victim of violence against women were interviewed using an in-depth interview method to understand how women have experienced violence against women and the sufferings they are going through. in addition to this, 5 individuals from the families of the victim were interviewed using the same in-depth interview method. due to covid-19, in-depth interviews were conducted following strict safety and health measures. respondents were interviewed and their answers were written and later interpreted and transcripted for the analysis. key informant interview (kii) five respondents who work on women‟s rights and violence against women issues were interviewed using the key informant interview (kii) method. kii was used to understand https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 51 insights of violence against women from expert perspectives and narratives. this method has been well-known for getting a detailed narrative of ins and outs of a particular problem from a person who has expertise on that particular issue. document analysis the document analysis method has been used to gather, collect, and analyze the available data and analysis regarding violence against women, factors influencing violence against women, and women's vulnerability instigated by different forms of violence against women in different conditions including during the covid-19 crisis. in doing so, different reports and journal articles concerning violence against women were analyzed accordingly. method of analysis the collected data was analyzed flowing the qualitative data analysis technique such as categorization, classification, and summarization of data, transcription, and reformation of narratives, opinions, and experiences of the respondents. the secondary data on violence against women collected from news reports, journal articles, and reports of different organizations are analyzed in narratives and redrawn as per the qualitative research analysis techniques. data and information from secondary sources are taken into consideration and logically merged with the qualitative and narrative findings to develop arguments and analysis along with the incorporation of the author‟s observations to discuss the nature and causes of the problem. findings and discussion a total of 10 victims of violence against women were interviewed. all these respondents were helpful and cooperative though it is tough to talk about a sensitive issue of violence against women. the interviewed respondents have experienced different forms of violence such as domestic violence, child marriage, rape, salish, stalking, and sexual harassment. physical and mental torture due to familial crisis and dowry are found among the victims of domestic violence. seven out of 10 respondents were married, 2 were unmarried and 1 was divorced. three of them reported that they were injured because of the violence. in addition to this, 5 indepth interviews were conducted of victims‟ family members. these members talked about rape, acid attack, salish, sexual harassment, and domestic violence due to dowry. another 5 respondents who are working in women‟s rights and violence against issues and have expertise in the area were interviewed using kii. table 1. profile of the respondents in-depth interview of victims interview no. age education occupation marital status nature of violence remarks 1 32 primary housewife married domestic violence (physically and mentally torture due to familial crisis) injured 2 17 ssc housewife married child marriage 3 22 hsc housewife married rape https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 52 4 35 primary housewife married salish 5 28 graduate private service married domestic violence (physically and mentally torture due to familial crisis) injured 6 17 ssc housewife married child marriage 7 25 ssc housewife divorced salish 8 17 ssc student unmarried stalking 9 20 hsc student unmarried sexual harassment via social media 10 24 primary housewife married domestic violence (physically and mentally torture due to dowry) injured in-depth interview of victim’s family members interview no. relation with the victim nature of violence 1 parent rape 2 brother acid attack 3 parent sexual harassment 4 sister salish 5 parent domestic violence due to dowry source: in-depth interview, 2021 in the context of a global pandemic, covid-19, the situation of violence against women worsens in many indicators because of the crisis that has an enormous impact in almost all spheres of lives. different reports are showing a spike in the number of violence against women all over the world. according to the recent data of brac cited in a news report, there were more cases of violence against women than in 2019 handled by brac‟s 410 human rights and legal aid services in the first 10 months of 2020. brac states that 25,607 complaints of gender-based violence were received by the mentioned human rights and legal aid services (dhaka tribune, 2020c). according to community-based women's groups of brac, polli shomaj (2020), there was a rise in the incidents of violence against women in the year 2020 than 2019 (dhaka tribune, 2020c). the same report states that child marriage is one of the major violence against women and girls provoked by the pandemic situation. polli shomaj (2020) indicates that a total of 371 child marriages were prevented in 2019 whereas 646 child marriages were prevented from january to september 2020. it clearly shows a spike in the cases of child marriage in 2020 compared to 2019. a parent of a girl who was recently married stated that they have no way to maintain the expenses of education of their girl child. he claims that it is less expensive to get a good groom for a girl child rather than a fully grown and adult woman in terms of dowry. an analysis of the findings suggests that poverty and economic issues are some of the contributing factors in the spike of child marriage during the covid-19 crisis. parents have reported that they had seen the early marriage of their girl child as a way of reducing the economic burden, securing the future https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 53 of their girl child from financial aspects, and ensuring the safety of their girl child from stalking and sexual harassment. from the victims ‟point of view, it is tough for them to take such responsibility of maintaining household responsibilities that comes along with the marriage. newly married girls have also claimed that they want to study further. but the corona situation and school closure have made it obvious for them to get married. early marriage leads to early pregnancy in such an age when it is risky for the mother and child. one of the respondents interviewed is found pregnant in the six months of her marriage. according to the experts interviewed in this study, it is very common in rural areas. it risks the lives of the early married girls. regular medical attention is needed in these cases. at the same time, experts have also claimed that having little knowledge on sexual, reproductive health, and nutritional issues, they fall in great danger in many terms. a critical analysis of the data regarding rape, gang rape, attempt to rape, murder after rape, suicide because of rape, domestic violence against women, dowry-related violence against women, acid violence against women, violence against women instigated by salish & fatwa, stalking and sexual harassment, and violence against women who work as domestic workers complied by ask (2020) based on reports of different national newspapers, online news portals, and their database and documents show a devastating picture of violence against women in the middle of the covid-19 crisis. report of ask (2020) shows that from january to november 2020, a total of 1546 women and girls were raped among which 123 were raped, 303 were gang-raped, 51 were murdered after raped, and 14 committed suicide after being raped. among 1546 rape incidents, 1082 cases were filed. data of ask (2020) also shows that a total of 311 were attempted to be raped. among them, 4 were murdered after attempted to rape, 3 committed suicide to suicide after attempted to rape, and 193 cases were filed against the 311 attempted to rape incidents. in addition to this, in a webinar, ask (2020) reports that at least 583 women were raped whereas 198 of them gang-raped from january to october 2020 (dhaka tribune, 2020b). the same presentation at the webinar shows that from january to october 2020, 463 women were raped, 79 were gang-raped, 25 were murdered after rape, 141 were victims of an attempt to rape, 7 rape victims committed suicide after being raped. no rape victims were agreed to talk about their severity and pain. but one of the parents of victims interviewed under this study shared the stigma and pain that they are facing. in traditional society, rape victims are often blamed for their rape. people often stigmatize the victim. respondents also claimed that it becomes difficult for the victim to appear in public life. one of the parents interviewed said that people find it shameful for them to be the victim. in many cases, marriage proposals are made for the victim woman or girls with the perpetrators. one respondent claimed that they were offered a marriage proposal for his daughter with the perpetrator as a form of settlement or negotiation. there has been a discussion on „rape culture‟ in bangladesh both in the development and academic arena. rape culture refers to circumstances where rape is prevalent and in which sexual violence against women is excused in popular culture and often normalized (women‟s and gender center, 2021). according to women‟s and gender center (2021), rape culture is perpetuated through the objectification of women‟s bodies, the use of misogynistic language, and the glamorization of sexual violence. findings from the interview of development professionals working on women‟s rights issues show that the overall condition of women‟s rights issues and the secondary position compare to their male counterparts and marginal condition of women in the society are broadly responsible for the situation. findings also suggest that „toxic masculinity, victim-blaming, sexist representation of women‟s body and sexuality in media, https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 54 sexual harassment and stalking tolerance by the victim, socialization of men‟s sexuality as dominant and aggressive are some of the influencing factors behind the spike in rape and raperelated violence against women in bangladesh. women have also experienced violence in their household during the covid19 crisis. domestic violence is a common form of violence against women in bangladesh. the data presented and discussed above shows the terrifying condition of the nature and severity of violence that women are facing in bangladesh in the last few years. forms of domestic violence include torture by the husband, torture by the husband‟s family, murder by the husband, murder by the husband‟s, murder by own family, and torture by own family members. data compiled by ask (2020) shows that 554 were subjected to domestic violence. among them, 45 were tortured by husband, 17 were tortured by husband‟s family, 240 were murdered by husband, 71 were murdered by husband‟s family members, 56 were murdered by own family, 35 were tortured by own family, and 90 committed suicide. data shows that 275 cases were filed against 554 incidents of domestic violence against women from january to december 2020. manusher jonno foundation (mjf) has conducted a telephone survey among 1 million women in 2020 which is presented in a news report. the report suggests that 40,000 suffered domestic violence in the last 6 months whereas 40% facing domestic violence for the first time in their lives (dhaka tribune, 2020a). mjf also reports that 47% of the total number of women who faced domestic violence were mentally abused. added to this, 30% have experienced physical violence, mjf reports. an analysis of the interview of victims of domestic violence, family members of the victim, and professionals working on violence against women under this study show that age at marriage, the tendency of early marriage and difference between the age of husband and wife, patriarchal attitude, „toxic‟ masculinity, the feminine and passive mentality of the victims, number of children, decision making power within the household, financial dependency, dowry, culture of tolerance, not getting help from parents, poverty, social and cultural approval of wifebeating are some of the contributing factors of domestic violence against women in bangladesh. the covid-19 has its implication with regards to domestic violence. it is found that even working women have started to experience domestic violence during the prolonged lockdown of covid-19 after their confinement within the four walls of the house. it is also reported that mental torture also is a common form of domestic violence in a pandemic situation. physical torture, absconded from husband‟s house, suicide after physical torture, killing after physical torture are major forms of dowry-related violence occurring in 2020, according to ask (2020). ask (2020) shows that 218 dowry-related violence occurred from january to december 2020. among them 99 were physically tortured, 12 were absconded from their husband‟s house, 18 committed suicide after physically tortured, 89 were killed after physical torture. respondents claimed that women are often forced by their husband or husband‟s family members to bring the dowry money. another respondent claimed that her husband and motherin-law used to torture her as she failed to bring dowry money as committed. as mentioned and discussed previously, acid violence is a common form of violence against women in bangladesh. over the years, legal measures were developed and placed which resulted in the reduction of such incidents in recent years compared to the early years of horrific acid attacks on women in bangladesh. despite the improved situation, 2020 has witnessed 27 incidents of acid attacks on women. ask (2020) report shows that family disputes, land disputes, refusal of the proposal of love affairs, refusal of the proposal of sexual relationship, https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 55 enmity, intention to divorce the husband, and asking for reimbursement are some of the reasons behind the acid attack on women. the same report of ask (2020) shows that 27 women were the victim of acid attacks in 2020. among 27 incidents, 2 women died and only 7 cases were filed from january to december 2020. salish and fatwa are used commonly in bangladesh for local arbitration. rural women, particularly women belonging to the lower social and economic background are vulnerable to salish and fatwa. ask (2020) shows that 8 such incidents occurred where women were subjected to experience stigma, physical and mental torture, and severe sufferings because of the violence instigated by salish and fatwa from january – november 2020. out of 8 victims, 4 were socially boycotted, 2 were mentally and physically tortured, and 2 were forced to get married to the perpetrator or divorced from her spouse. the same report also shows that 4 cases were filed and 1 committed suicide because of the salish and fatwa. the findings of this study show that in most cases, decisions are often taken against women without giving them the position to defend themselves. salish has been found even in case of rape settlement or negotiation where the powerful ones try to establish their opinion over the less powerful individual. in most of the cases, as reported, the perpetrator holds a powerful position and influences the decision in their favor. women who work as domestic workers are one of the most affected groups who experience severe forms of violence against women. data compiled by ask (2020) shows that 45 women who used to work as domestic workers experienced different types of violence such as physical torture, rape, murder after rape, suicide, and death. from january to december 2020, 19 were physically abused or tortured, 8 were raped, 1 was murdered after being raped, 2 committed suicide, and 15 were dead due to different types of torture including physical torture. total 31 cases are found to be filed out of 45 from january to december 2020. women who work as domestic worker belongs to the poorer section of the society. they are often more vulnerable in the covid-19 pandemic. during such a crisis, earning the basics is a challenge for them. as covid-19 has a serious impact on the economy, women who work as domestic workers face much more difficulties in different layers. they have concerns about their safety and security. but the urge for earning livelihood makes them more vulnerable comparatively. added to this violence against domestic workers did not gain sufficient media coverage and overlooked in massive level advocacy. bangladesh adopted a domestic workers protection and welfare policy (dwpwp) in 2015 with 16 provisions for the improvement of more than 1.3 million domestic workers (oxfam international, 2020). effective implementation of the provisions of dwpwp will help to eradicate the abuse and exploitation of domestic workers including women workers and promote their rights, safety, and formal recognition. even in 2020, the number of incidents concerning stalking and sexual harassment continues as well. reports of different newspapers, online news portals, and non-government organizations show a devastating picture of the impact of sexual harassment on girls. it was thought that because of the limited social mobility and distancing as part of covid-19 health measures, there is a less likely chance of sexual harassment and stalking. but different reports of newspapers and data compiled by different organizations show a different picture. according to ask (2020) from january to december 2020, a total of 307 individuals including 201 females and 106 males were subjected to be victimized by the consequences of different forms of violence related to stalking and sexual harassment. among 307, 14 female victims committed suicide and 3 attempted suicide, 3 female and 11 male were murdered due to protesting against the perpetrator, 172 female and 5 male assaulted by the stalkers, and 9 female https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 56 and 90 male were injured because of the torture by the stalkers and perpetrators. factors such as „toxic masculinity, victim-blaming, sexist representation of women‟s body and sexuality in media, sexual harassment and stalking tolerance culture and attitude by the victim, socialization of men‟s sexuality as dominant and aggressive are behind the spike in the incidents of stalking and sexual harassment in bangladesh. violence against women (vaw) has enormous health, social and economic impacts on the victims and society as well. the analysis of the findings of this study leads to a discussion on how it has consequences on women‟s lives. victims, their family members, and professionals working on women‟s rights issues reported that there is a huge cost of treatment and rehabilitation of the victims of violence against women. women who were raped and victims of acid attacks lost their jobs and livelihood. the victim cannot search or approach for a new or alternative way of livelihood because of the social stigma. sometimes, victim women become homeless resulting from the rejection of husband and stigma. it is also reported that the victim faces enormous rejection, humiliation, blaming, and stigma in family and society. as a result, they are often rejected from and abandoned by their family, and community as well. this situation creates a long-term impact on women's lives hindering their acceptability and access in the community and society. women‟s and girls‟ education are also affected by their vulnerable condition. violence like sexual harassment, stalking, and sexual violence are often reported and presented insensitively by the media. in the case of domestic violence, the whole issue is considered as private and personal matter leads to victim-blaming when it is revealed publicly. the health impact of such violence against women is often more dangerous. different forms of violence are causing death, loss of eye-sight and hearing, and loss of internal and external organs. it also has serious implications on reproductive and sexual health issues. unwanted pregnancy, death due to early pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases are also common among the affected women. social, economic, and health consequences of violence against women often lead to fatal outcomes including suicide and extreme depression by the victims. issues like financial deprivation, poor access to and control over resources and assets, access to and control over the decision making process, access to education, training, and life-skill, and orientation with the public life are some of the cross-cutting factors influencing violence against women and women‟s safety are found in this study. the discussion and analysis of the findings show that how women are facing horrific outcomes of different types of violence against women even in the middle of a global pandemic and one of the biggest humanitarian crises instigated by covid-19. the actual situation is much more critical as all of the incidents of violence against women are not reported. lockdown and limited social mobility made it crucial for the victims because of the complicated situation of social and financial difficulties during the covid-19 crisis. conclusion in the middle of a global crisis and health emergency, it is understandable to us that the covid19 does limit the prevalence of violence against women rather it has become obvious in bangladesh. in a complex social sphere, where women have to deal with the rigid unjust social norms promoting and perpetuating patriarchy and gender discrimination, violence against women makes it more vulnerable for them in the context of the pandemic. the discussion has made it obvious for us to better address the problem and find a timely solution to combat such violence against women in the coming days. issues like domestic violence, sexual harassment, rape, violence instigated by salish and fatwa, and child marriage are deeply rooted in the sociohttps://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 3, no. 1; 2021 57 cultural aspects. it is necessary to understand the underlying contributing factors that have led to the spike of violence against women during the pandemic and must be addressed in all layers of action in combating such incidents. data and findings of this study suggest that the actual number of such violence against women is higher than the reported incidents. all incidents are not reported and documented. there must be a change in the attitude of men towards women. work must be done both on a short-term basis such as taking lawful action against the perpetrators and other measures and long term bases such as bringing a positive change in the unjust gender norms and women's marginalization in society to combat violence against women. references ain o salish kendra (ask). 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(2021). rape culture. marshall university. retrieved from https://www.marshall.edu/wcenter/sexual-assault/rape-culture/ copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 27-33 27 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 8 no 1 (2023) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa a study on electronic human resource management (e-hrm) practices in apex footwear limited sabnam jahan (a)1 (a) professor, department of management, university of dhaka, bangladesh; e-mail: sabnamrupa@yahoo.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 22th august 2023 revised: 28th november 2023 accepted: 22nd december 2023 published: 31st december 2023 keywords: e-hrm, organizational stakeholders, web-based technology jel classification codes: o32 a b s t r a c t this study looks at apex footwear limited's electronic human resource management (e-hrm) practices. human resource services are made available to a wider range of organizational stakeholders, such as hr departments and employees, through web-based technology in e-hrm. the study's inception followed a comprehensive exploration of the transition from traditional hr to e-hrm, recognizing the integral role of technology in enhancing hr functions, reducing time wastage, and creating a competitive advantage. the primary objective of this study is to investigate e-hrm practices within apex footwear limited. key goals include scrutinizing e-hrm practices across different departments, gauging employees' perceptions of e-hrm, assessing its impact on organizational development, identifying implementation obstacles, and providing pertinent recommendations for leveraging e-hrm to enhance organizational performance. the research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, incorporating both primary and secondary data. a structured questionnaire comprising 11 questions on e-hrm was designed for the study. the study encompasses 80 administrative and management staff members at apex footwear limited, ranging from top-level executives to supervisors, using a convenient sampling approach. the study confirms the positive impact of e-hrm on organizational performance, with employees demonstrating a high level of awareness and satisfaction regarding the system. the study uncovers various challenges in implementing e-hrm, including insufficient financial support, time management issues, and resistance to change. to overcome these challenges, the study recommends aligning e-hrm systems with hr needs, expanding options under e-hr technology, facilitating online training, regular system updates, fostering employee commitment, and adapting to work environment variables. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction the phrase "electronic human resource management" (e-hrm) is a recent development in the field of business administration. the majority of the industrial sector is labor-intensive, which means that e-hrm is not widely implemented. as the majority of jobs become automated in the twenty-first century, production volumes will climb, and hr management will become more difficult than ever. the previous several decades have seen rapid advancements in information technology (it), with far-reaching consequences for many fields of human resources work, particularly in the areas of information and communication, and other aspects of everyday life (laumer et al., 2010). most organizations felt the effects of the evolution of information technology and have since rethought how they go about doing business as a result of implementing new technologies and ideas. human resource management (hrm) is one sector that has not been "spared" by the introduction of novel approaches to completing routine work. today, the use of it has permeated almost every facet of this function's area of operation, permanently altering the ways in which many tasks were previously performed. collecting, storing, and updating employee information has "undergone" the biggest change, followed by other hr processes including applicant screening, training methods, performance evaluation, and more. although the major motivation regarding the deployment of it within the hrm function was to utilize processes for carrying out the aforementioned tasks, other beneficial benefits such as cost savings, improved service quality, increased productivity, etc., occurred (ho & mallick, 2006; de alwis, 2010; foster, 2009). as a result, it's not shocking that more businesses are turning to it solutions for this purpose, nor that the complexity of applications in this area is growing. the major responsibility of this role has remained the same. the objective 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0006-2014-4468 © 2023 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under the responsibility of cribfb, u.s.a. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v8i1.2162 to cite this article: jahan, s. (2023). a study on electronic human resource management (e-hrm) practices in apex footwear limited. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 8(1), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v8i1.2162 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v8i1.2162 https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2014-4468 jahan, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 27-33 28 is still the same: “in order to facilitate the provision of a sufficient quantity and arrangement of personnel within businesses, ensuring their availability at appropriate times and locations while maintaining cost-effectiveness, it is imperative to foster employee motivation towards the attainment of both immediate and long-term organizational objectives." however, because to technological advancements, there has been a shift in how this duty is carried out (talukder et al., 2014; reddi, 2012). it can accomplish this more quickly and accurately via the use of digitalization and automation of administrative and transactional processes. additionally, hr professionals are able to focus more on activities that have a direct impact on the organization's bottom line thanks to the incorporation of it into the hrm function, such as the development of more efficient hr policies that boost productivity. one way to characterize the hrn's use of it is as a dualistic one. at its core, this technology serves to bridge geographically dispersed organizations by facilitating two-way communication and collaboration throughout the execution of hrm tasks, regardless of whether the participants are in the same room or on different continents. when it comes to human resource management (hrm), it has grown so pervasive that it may be used to replace human labor in a variety of contexts. a new hrm idea has emerged resulting the increased use of it in hrm's day-to-day operations. while the term "e-hrm" is more common in the scholarly world, "e-hr" is more common in the business world. what this means is that the hrm department, as well as managers, employees, and potential employees, are all stakeholders in an enterprise-wide approach that uses information technology to deliver a variety of human resource management-related services (sareen & subramanian, 2012; oswal & narayanappa, 2014; menka, 2015). the objective of this article is to analyse the degree to which organisations are using electronic human resource management (e-hrm) also to underscore the significance of the e-hrm concept by emphasising its fundamental characteristics, advantages, and potential limitations. in this work, we theoretically examine the facts and literature on ehrm. the present state of e-hrm practices at apex footwear ltd. and their effects on the industry will be explored in this study. an overview of the relevant literature on e-hrm follows the work's introductory section; the paper's second half is devoted to explaining the research methodology, presenting the results, discussing them, and drawing conclusions. materials and methods methodology research type business research methodologies encompass a systematic and scientific approach to gathering, organising, analysing, interpreting, and applying data in relation to business-related issues. research methodologies can be categorised into two major categories: quantitative and qualitative. from this particular standpoint, the present study can be classified as a qualitative investigation. research methods can be categorized into two distinct divisions based on the nature of the research: descriptive and analytical. descriptive research usually involves surveys and studies that aim to identify facts. descriptive research primarily focuses on providing a comprehensive depiction of the current state of affairs. therefore, based on the characteristics of the study, it can be classified as descriptive research. types of data the data utilized in this study consist of two distinct types: there are two types of data commonly used in research: primary data and secondary data. primary data is typically obtained through the administration of survey questionnaires, while secondary data is derived from pre-existing sources. sources of data the acquisition of data and other pertinent information can be accomplished through many research methodologies and approaches. several research methods commonly employed in academic studies include interviews, observations, literature reviews, and data collection from databases. various methodologies are appropriate for distinct objectives, although they can be categorized into two fundamental classifications: primary and secondary data. primary sources primary data is obtained through a carefully constructed questionnaire and interview methodology. a questionnaire is a methodological tool that follows an organized approach to gather primary data. in this research, data is collected through the utilization of a questionnaire. structured questionnaires typically involve the utilization of physical copies of the questionnaire in order to gather data from the participants. during the interview process, two common methods of conducting interviews are face-to-face interviews and interviews conducted over the phone. secondary sources secondary data has been collected from different published materials like publication, journals, articles, books, internet, websites of respected company, experimental research, and ehrm related theories that are already available. sample a sample design refers to a precise and structured strategy for acquiring a representative subset from a specified population. the term "sampling design" pertains to the methodology and process utilised in the selection of items for a given sample. the following outlines the processes and techniques employed in this selection process. jahan, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 27-33 29 population the term "population" refers to a comprehensive collection of humans or items that possess a shared trait. the determination of the sample size necessitates the consideration of the population. this study examines the implementation of electronic human resource management (e-hrm) practises inside apex footwear limited and evaluates their effects on the organisation. the study encompasses the whole employee population of apex footwear limited, across all levels. sample size the study's sample size consisted of 80 employees. conclusions were derived based on the data obtained from the questionnaire. sampling method in this study, convenient sampling method has been used covering almost all departments of apex footwear limited. questionnaire design a questionnaire is a methodological tool that follows an organized approach to gather primary data. in this study, data is gathered via a questionnaire. this study employs a set of 11 questions. to mitigate the potential for ambiguity, a questionnaire is designed using straightforward language. the likert scale and binary approach have been included in the questionnaire to obtain precise results. method of data collection data refers to the factual information that is provided to the researcher from the surrounding environment of the study. in this study, self-administered questionnaires are employed as the method by which participants take on the responsibility of reading and answering the survey questions. a set of 11 questions is employed for the purpose of data collection. in order to mitigate the potential for ambiguity, a questionnaire is designed using straightforward language. processing, editing and tabulation of data the data that was gathered has undergone manual processing to enhance the studies in formativeness, analytical capabilities, and use for the intended users. microsoft word and microsoft excel are commonly utilized for the purpose of creating and implementing tables and graphical representations to provide a more detailed explanation of the results. results and discussions apex footwear ltd. encompasses a range of operational departments, spanning from administrative tasks to production line responsibilities. according to the survey results, 17.5% of the respondents are affiliated with the production department, while 5% are involved in research and development (r&d). additionally, 5% of the participants are associated with the planning department, 10% with packing, 7.5% with merchandizing, 6.25% with maintenance, 7.5% with quality control (qc), 8.75% with the human resources (hr) department, 7.5% with the information technology (it) department, 5% with lasting, 7.5% with stores, and 12.5% with other departments. figure 1. department of the respondents to conduct an unbiased and comprehensive assessment of e-hrm portals, individuals holding diverse job positions were included to provide their evaluations. the consideration of designating an individual from the position of supervisor to that of senior general manager was undertaken. production 9% 6% 20% r & d planning packing 9% 6% 10% 6% 8% 11% 7% 8% merchandizing maintenance quality control hr department it department lasting stores jahan, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 27-33 30 table 1. designation of the respondents designation no of respondents % of respondents senior general manager 1 1.25 general manager 3 3.75 deputy general manager 2 2.5 assistant general manager 3 3.75 manager 7 8.75 deputy manager 8 10 assistant manager 9 11.25 executives 10 12.5 senior officer 10 12.5 officer 12 15 supervisor 15 18.75 demographic factors, including working experience, have been incorporated into this survey to examine the implementation of e-hrm practices in apex footwear ltd. according to the survey results, 36.25% of surveyed employees reported having 0-2 years of expertise, while 31.25% reported having 3-5 years of experience. the remaining 32.5% employees reported having more than 5 years of experience. figure 2. tenure of the respondents a research investigation was undertaken to ascertain the extent of employee familiarity with the e-hrm system, through the solicitation of their provision of the comprehensive extension of the acronym e-hrm. based on the data provided, it can be inferred that 88.75% of employees possess knowledge regarding the accurate acronym expansion of the e-hrm system, whereas 11.25% of employees lack familiarity with the right complete form of the e-hrm system. figure 3. respondents' knowledge of the e-hrm system in its entirety the table 2 is organized according to various elements that impact employees' perceptions of e-hrm practices. the topic under consideration pertains to survey questions. the criteria are assessed using a likert scale, with values ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). according to the respondents, the elements that ranked highest on the list were awareness of the e-hrm system (4.08) and its user-friendly and easy-to-use nature 36.25% 32.5% 0-2 years 31.25% 3-5 years above 5 years 0% 2% 9% electronic human research management electronic human resource management electric human resource 89% management none of the above jahan, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 27-33 31 (3.86). the impact of giving training (3.71) and obtaining timely and correct information (3.76) is generally perceived to be rather low. factors 7, 8, and 9 are not evaluated using a yes, no, or neutral perspective, while factor 10 is evaluated using both yes and no perspectives. table 2. factors influencing the perception of employees about e-hrm q. no factors sa (5) a (4) n (3) d (2) sd (1) mean 1 awareness about ehrm system 33 33 6 4 4 4.08 2 user friendly & easy to use 20 41 11 4 4 3.86 3 providing training about ehrm 19 34 17 5 5 3.71 4 getting accurate info. in time 16 41 14 6 3 3.76 5 e-hrm system is successful providing hr functions 17 40 15 5 4 3.80 yes (3) no (2) neutral (1) 6 employees satisfaction with e-hrm system 62 15 3 2.73 7 e-hrm improves the function of hr 60 5 10 2.5 8 e-hrm reduces the wastage of time 60 7 8 2.53 yes (2) no (1) 9 e-hrm is updated regularly as per needs 67 13 1.84 the table 3 is arranged by survey questions. each specific tools of e-hrm is measured by likert scale. a mean score and standard deviation is calculated and presented from the measurement. apply for leave (4.2) and travel, reimbursement (3.82) are topped list of factors according to the respondents. while e-training (3.12), eselection (3.15) are considered to have less effect. table 3. perception about the elements of e-hrm practices q. no factors strongly agree (5) agree (4) neutral (3) disagree (2) strongly disagree (1) mean 1 travel, reimbursement 23 32 15 8 2 3.82 2 e-recruitment 18 29 26 6 3 3.73 3 apply for leave 41 26 5 4 4 4.2 4 e-selection 8 23 27 17 5 3.15 5 e-training 10 21 24 19 6 3.12 6 performance appraisal 22 25 22 5 6 3.65 the purpose of constructing the table 4 is to examine the impact of electronic human resource management (e hrm) on organisational advancement and development. the subject under consideration pertains to the formulation of survey questions. the elements are evaluated utilising a likert scale, wherein the following values are designated: 1 for strongly disagree (sd), 2 for disagree (d), 3 for neutral (n), 4 for agree (a), and 5 for strongly agree (sa). according to the respondents, the main elements in facilitating organisational development process (4.54) and resolving work difficulties and increasing collaboration between different units (4.53) are attributed to the implementation of e-hrm. the impact of electronic human resource management (e-hrm) on the growth and development of employees (4.21) and its ability to provide flexibility and adaptation to work environment variables (4.29) is perceived to be rather limited. table 4. impact of e-hrm on organizational development sl sa (5) a (4) n (3) d (2) sd (1) mean 1 the implementation of electronic human resource management (e-hrm) systems contributes to the attainment of organizational objectives. 60 8 7 4 1 4.52 2 electronic human resource management (ehrm) facilitates the effective management of the organizational growth process. 58 10 6 4 2 4.47 3 electronic human resource management (ehrm) facilitates the enhancement of communication methodologies and the seamless transmission of information and data across diverse administrative entities. 59 8 6 5 2 4.46 4 the incorporation of contemporary technological approaches inside human resource management systems (hrms) significantly contributes to the advancement of organizational development. 55 10 5 6 4 4.32 5 the implementation of electronic human resource management (e-hrm) systems has been found to play a 62 8 3 5 2 4.53 jahan, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 27-33 32 significant role in addressing workplace challenges and enhancing interdepartmental coordination. 6 the implementation of electronic human resource management (e-hrm) has a significant impact on the growth and development of employees. 54 8 5 7 6 4.21 7 the implementation of electronic human resource management (e-hrm) has been found to have a positive impact on enhancing performance effectiveness. 57 5 10 5 3 4.35 8 electronic human resource management (ehrm) plays a crucial role in facilitating the process of organizational development. 62 7 5 4 2 4.54 9 the implementation of electronic human resource management (e-hrm) has been shown to facilitate a certain level of flexibility and adaptability in response to the various variables present in the work environment. 56 8 5 5 6 4.29 the table 5 indicates the rating of each problem on the level that the respondents believed it affected employees when they use e-hrm system. lack of co-operation (4.32), lack of sufficient finance (4.30) topped the list of the problems that significantly affected employees according to the respondents. while slow process (3.72), cannot be used from home (3.76) are considered to have less effect. table 5. implementation problems of e-hrm practices factors strongly disagree (1) disagree (2) neutral (3) agree (4) strongly agree (5) mean more complicated 3 5 7 35 30 4.05 needs updating in everypossible way making it user friendly. 3 3 6 36 32 4.13 takes mo r e t ime to learn how to operate e-hrm system 2 4 6 39 29 4.11 lack of sufficient finance 0 2 5 40 33 4.30 lack of cooperation among employees. 1 1 4 39 35 4.32 cannot be used from home 6 7 12 30 25 3.76 no in-person meetings because of this method 2 5 9 36 28 4.04 slow process 6 7 15 27 25 3.72 there is no instruction provided for this system 0 3 7 35 35 4.27 lack of information regarding system 3 4 5 38 30 4.10 conclusions the study explores electronic human resource management (e-hrm) practices at apex footwear limited, focusing on employee perceptions, hrm processes, their positive impact, and implementation challenges. ehrm streamlines various hr functions through technology, offering user-friendly, time-saving, and costeffective solutions. the study emphasizes apex's success in implementing e-hrm, enhancing hr management. e-hrm benefits include goal achievement, organizational development, improved communication, and increased employee commitment. challenges like training and financial support can be mitigated through strategic alignment, improved communication, and top management support. to enhance e-hrm further, the study recommends flexibility, automation, and awareness training. in conclusion, e-hrm offers substantial benefits, and the recommendations aim to optimize its utilization within apex footwear limited. author contributions: conceptualization, s.j., methodology, s.j.; software, s.j.; validation, s.j.; formal analysis, s.j.; investigation, s.j.; resources s.j.; data curation, s.j.; writing – original draft preparation, s.j.; writing – review & editing, s.j.; visualization, s.j.; supervision, s.j.; project administration, s.j.; funding acquisition, s.j. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgement: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest references de alwis, a. c. (2010). the impact of electronic human resource management on the role of human resource managers. technická univerzita v liberci, 4, 47-60. foster, s. (2009). making sense of e-hrm: technological frames, value creation and competitive advantage (doctoral dissertation, university of hertfordshire). jahan, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 27-33 33 ho, s. j., & mallick, s. k. (2010). the impact of information technology on the banking industry. journal of the operational research society, 61, 211-221. https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2008.128 laumer, s., eckhardt, a., & weitzel, t. (2010). electronic human resources management in an e-business environment. journal of electronic commerce research, 11(4), 240-250. retrieved from http://www.jecr.org/node/75 menka. 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(2014). hrm practice in commercial banks: a case study of bangladesh. iosr journal of business and management, 16(2), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.9790/487x-16232936 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 35-38 35 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 5 no 1 (2022) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa archaeogenetics and health geography of disease in assessing the effects of pandemics hasan mahmud syfuddin (a)1 (a) assistant professor, department of biochemistry and molecular biology, shahjalal university of science and technology, sylhet-3114, bangladesh; e-mail: syfuddin-bmb@sust.edu a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 8th august 2022 accepted: 15th september 2022 online publication: 2nd october 2022 keywords: archaeogenetics, cancer, covid-19 health geography, pandemics jel classification codes: c22, b15, n3, i12 a b s t r a c t recent outbreaks of various deadliest diseases provide a histrionic example of the destruction and dread of epidemics, especially those brought on by newly discovered or remerging diseases. most research on epidemic diseases is dominated by a focus on managing and preventing infections in living populations. therefore, a systematic study is critically needed to mitigate the risk and impacts of pandemics before it hits globally in an unprecedented manner. in this regard, the historical study of epidemics, alongside the investigation of the health geography, adds temporal depth to our understanding of the causes and effects of diseases essential for making future predictions about how diseases may affect human biology and demography. this review summarizes some of the advancements in our knowledge of the genetic foundations of diseases, recent human changes, and long evolutionary history that can all contribute to understanding how and why people become vulnerable to epidemics. analyzing the recent covid-19 pandemic and cancer data in this review, it has become evident that evolutionary genetics gradually increase our understanding of geographies of disease by combining the knowledge with the evolutionary history recorded in the human genomes. the increasing availability of diverse genetic information from different populations will help us define an individual's disease risk more precisely in the future. © 2022 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction modern humans have widely migrated over the past 100,000 years to live in every habitable region of the world (pickrell & reich, 2014). the history of this expansion draws attention among different disciplines, including genetics, archaeology, linguistics, and physical anthropology, to explore the same question on the evolution of the modern race of humans. two parallel hypotheses have often been considered to answer the question. on the one side of the debate, demographic stasis arguments presume the idea that residents of a territory are the direct descendants of their ancestors (wootton, young, & winkler, 1991). other views support the rapid demographic transition model where the present-day inhabitants of a region may have evolved through migrations among several populations due to technological and cultural advancements and the displacement of earlier inhabitants (bongaarts, 2009). the “pot versus people” concept in archaeology considers either human migration or cultural transmission as the answer to this debate (renfrew & bahn, 2012). the debate has been played out in physical anthropology by bringing up the concepts of in-situ evolution of morphological character change over time or the arrival of a new population to induce craniofacial change and adaptation. in genetics, alongside the population replacements, “demic diffusion” (fort, 2015) and “wave of advance” (ammerman & cavalli-sforza, 1979) models have played out around the issue. these theories contend that the farmers’ movement through europe from near east partially or entirely replaced the native hunter-gatherers during the neolithic period. the “serial founder effect’ model (deshpande, batzoglou, feldman, & cavalli-sforza, 2009) proposed that people stayed in the regions they originally colonized following the out-of-african expansion and exchanged immigrants with their close neighbours at a low rate until the long-distance migrations of the past 500 years. several other genetic models were proposed prior to the onset of large-scale genomic data. in 1994 ‘the history and geography of human genes’ was published based on about 100 protein polymorphisms information, including genetic, archaeological, historical, and linguistic details (cavalli-sforza, cavalli-sforza, menozzi, & piazza, 1994). recent technological advances dramatically increase the quantity of available genomic data for learning the survival and evolution 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0001-8004-0747 © 2022 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v5i1.1801 to cite this article: syfuddin, h. m. (2022). archaeogenetics and health geography of disease in assessing the effects of pandemics. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 5(1), 35-38. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v5i1.1801 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v5i1.1801 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8004-0747 syfuddin et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 35-38 36 of human history through the expedition of archaeological evidence. archaeogenetics, in this context, has now dragged two disparate fields of scientific disciplines into one another orbits and uses large-scale genomic datasets to resolve various issues, including the correlation of genetic variation in infectious disease based on the geographical distribution of population. in recent years, emerging infectious diseases, either newly discovered in human populations or previously known but have increased frequency or geographic distribution, have drawn the attention of archaeogenetics for their recent devastating outbreak (morse, 1995). archaeological evidence provides an opportunity for researchers to examine past diseases and some of their presence in the present day allows them to assess the future trends of epidemic and emerging disease dynamics. several epidemics in recent decades, including ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), west nile virus, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids), and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has created the concern of emerging new diseases in the near future (morens, folkers, & fauci, 2004; cleaveland, haydon, & taylor, 2007). however, the more devastating effects of recent epidemics than previous outbreaks put forward the question of which populations are at the highest risk of death and disease during the emergence of the new epidemic. with the aid of health geography, archaeogenetics could reduce the lack of temporal depth required to analyse behavioural changes of newly emerging diseases and the relationships between human hosts and pathogens. this review summarizes some of the studies that connect the hypotheses of evolution with the onset of current diseases in a way that benefits people now and in the future. literature review covid-19 over six million deaths have already been linked to the covid-19 pandemic, along with considerable morbidity and mortality (who, 2022). the severity of this disease caused by the sars-cov-2 virus can range from having few or no symptoms to progressing to respiratory failure (vetter et al., 2020). it became evident in the early stage of the pandemic that advanced age, several co-morbidities and being a male are the significant risk factors (zhou et al., 2020). however, it cannot fully explain why some persons experience no or minor symptoms while others do. thus, the hypotheses emerged that genetic risk factors might influence the progression of the disease. the severity of covid-19 was first associated with two genomic areas, one comprised of six genes on chromosome 3, and the other specifies the abo blood group on chromosome 9 (ellinghaus et al., 2020). after being made available to the public, a dataset from the covid-19 host genetics initiative revealed that a small region of chromosome 3 (45,859,651-45,909,024 (hg19)) was linked with the covid-19 severity on a genome-wide scale (zeberg & paabo, 2020). this core neanderthal-inherited haplotype is present in 16% of europeans and about 50% of south asians. (zeberg, 2022; zeberg & paabo, 2020). compared to east asia, where it is essentially non-existent, south asia has a 30% prevalence of the neanderthal risk haplotype, demonstrating the effect of selection in the past (zeberg & paabo, 2020). thus, the neanderthal haplotype might significantly increase the risk of covid-19 in some populations when combined with advanced age-like risk factors. currently, it is unclear which features of the neanderthal-derived region are responsible for the severity of covid19, as well as if any effects of such characteristics are specific to sars-cov-2, other coronaviruses, or other disorders. the current outbreak, however, makes it clear that neanderthal gene flow has fatal effects (luo, 2020). further elucidation of functional features may speculate the neanderthal's susceptibility to other pathogens. cancer cancer, one of the leading causes of death, is responsible for one in six deaths worldwide (who, 2022). chronic noninfectious disorders like cancer emerged in the early modern period of the second epidemiological transition where primary infectious disease mortality decreased along with the improved living conditions through advanced industrialization (mckeown, 2009). initially, the first epidemiological transition led to the development of an agriculturally based civilization from hunting and gathering societies, while the world is currently going through the third epidemiological transition due to the resurgence of infectious diseases and novel infections combined with antibiotic resistance (mckeown, 2009). economic, political, and environmental elements are usually considered to have an impact on both well-being and health at each transition. however, the antiquity, evolution, and epidemiology of cancer in earlier human populations are very little known. nevertheless, historical medical records suggest that both egyptians and the ancient greeks were aware of pathological diseases that have been tentatively diagnosed as cancer. recently the increased incidence of cancer (figure 1) in the world has mostly been blamed on environmental and lifestyle-related causes, including pollution, dietary constituents, smoking, and higher life expectancies (david & zimmerman, 2010). in addition to lifestyle and environmental exposure, macro or micro-geographic origin can affect an individual's incidence and clinical outcome in cancer-promoting genomic variation (danaei, vander hoorn, lopez, murray, & ezzati, 2005; siegel, miller, & jemal, 2017; tan, mok, & rebbeck, 2016). several well-known examples include the brca1 gene mutations in the ancestry of ashkenazi jewish against the mixedreferenced populations (szabo & king, 1997), notable molecular differences between caucasians and african americans' prostate tumours (khani et al., 2014) and a higher frequency of somatic mutations for tp53, nfe2l2 and ep300 in chinese vs caucasian patients diagnosed with escc (esophageal squamous cell carcinoma) (deng et al., 2017). geographic disparities and ethnicity can be attributed to cancer cases, prognosis, and clinical outcomes. recent large-scale sequencing initiatives worldwide started unravelling the genomic basis of cancer traits, although there is still much to learn about the underlying mechanism and causes of genomic diversity. information based on geographic location can be used better to understand the health behaviours and screening of cancer patients while extending their chances of syfuddin et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 35-38 37 survival (goodwin et al., 2020; møller et al., 2018). our understanding of cancer genetics is anticipated to advance with the growing knowledge of hereditary and somatic genomes, resulting in better cancer detection, prevention, and treatment options. for instance, even while existing screening programmes continue to focus on high-risk cohorts with an emphasis on age, lifestyle, or family history, it is anticipated that demographically susceptible variances will create chances for risk categorization or risk mitigation interventions. figure 1. age-standardized incidence and mortality rates (per 100000) of worldwide all cancers in both sexes. data were obtained from the world cancer research fund international (https://www.wcrf.org/cancer-trends/global-cancer-data-by-country/) conclusions combining knowledge of the geographic distribution of disease and the evolutionary consequences of the human lineage from recent genomic studies is essential for assuming the disease risk and association framework. as recent epidemics have exposed the hypothesis that signatures of evolutionary histories are recorded in human genomes, insights from evolutionary genetics are now gradually enabling our understanding of these histories with high accuracy, depth, and resolution. the increasing availability of diverse genetic information from different populations nowadays also helps us map genetic traits precisely, which will define an individual's disease risk more accurately. author contributions: conceptualization, h.m.s.; data curation, h.m.s.; methodology, n/a.; validation, n/a.; visualization, h.m.s.; formal analysis, n/a; investigation, h.m.s.; resources, h.m.s.;writing original draft, h.m.s.; writing review & editing, h.m.s.; supervision, h.m.s.; software, n/a.; project administration, h.m.s.; funding acquisition, h.m.s. all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references ammerman, a. j., & cavalli-sforza, l. l. 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(2020). clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with covid-19 in wuhan, china: a retrospective cohort study. lancet, 395(10229), 1054-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30566-3 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2022 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 30-39 30 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 6 no 1 (2022) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa the role of microcredit and micro savings for raising microfinance sustainability in somali abdikhaiq dahir ayanle (a)1 md salim chowdhury (b) md al-imran (c) siddiqur rahman (d) (a)department of business administration, daffodil international university, dhaka-1341, bangladesh; e-mail: abdikhaliq6355@gmail.com (b) master of science in business analytics, college of graduate and professional studies, trine university, allen park, michigan 48101-3636, united states of america; e-mail: mchowdhury23@my.trine.edu (c) master of science in business analytics, college of graduate and professional studies, trine university, allen park, michigan 48101-3636, united states of america; e-mail: malimran23@my.tine.edu (d) department of business administration, daffodil international university, dhaka-1341, bangladesh; e-mail: sr@daffodilvarsity.edu.bd a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 22nd november 2022 accepted: 26th december 2022 online publication: 30th december 2022 keywords: microcredit, micro savings, microfinance, sustainability jel classification codes: b21, q56 a b s t r a c t the purpose of the study was to examine the impact of microcredit and micro saving on increasing the sustainability of microfinance in somalia, using amal bank as a case study. a sample of 120 participants, including bank employees, managers, and customers, were surveyed through questionnaires. the collected data were processed using spss and excel and presented as tables showing frequencies and percentages. the study found a positive correlation between microcredit, micro saving, and microfinance sustainability. the results showed that microcredit is the most influential factor in maintaining the sustainability of microfinance. an increase in microcredit and micro saving for the lowincome population leads to an increase in microfinance sustainability and job opportunities. additionally, the study suggests that micro-saving positively impacts job creation, which implies that micro-saving relies on microcredit and job creation. hence, microfinance organizations provide small savings accounts to low-income families or individuals as an incentive to save for future needs. furthermore, a positive relationship exists between microfinance and employment. this means microfinance is in conjunction with microcredit and micro saving in job creation; increasing microcredit and micro saving also increase microfinance in job creation. finally, regarding the job creation of society, the researchers recommend that the government of somalia make a plan to maintain the sustainability of microfinance to reduce unemployment in somalia because this country has one of the highest rates of unemployment in the world. © 2022 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction the microcredit is a widely used form of microfinance where a tiny loan is granted to an individual to help them start a small business or become self-employed. the borrowers of microcredit typically have low income, especially in less developed countries. micro lending and microloans are alternative terms for microcredit. microcredit is a technique for giving people extremely tiny loans so they can launch or grow a small business. low-income people who reside in developing nations are more likely to use microcredit; bangladesh is where the practice first emerged in its current form. the majority of microcredit programs rely on a group borrowing model that was created by muhammad yunus, winner of the nobel prize, and his grameen bank (hulme, 2009). microcredit services foster economic growth and development by assisting in the development of resource allocation, market support, and the adoption of superior technology. additionally, microcredit users' decision to dedicate funds to better housing, health, nutrition, and education will have a favorable impact on development. low-income families or individuals are given a small bank account as an incentive to save money for future use as part of the microfinance component known as micro savings. micro savings accounts function similarly to traditional savings accounts, but they are made to accommodate smaller sums of money. many developing nations offer micro saving options to help low-income individuals save money without paying fees, by disregarding or setting low 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-5380-8025 © 2022 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1925 to cite this article: ayanle, a. d., chowdhury, m. s., imran, m. a.-, & rahman, s. (2023). the role of microcredit and micro savings for raising microfinance sustainability in somali. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 6(1), 30-39. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1925 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1925 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5380-8025 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5499-677x https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9340-5642 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4613-9828 ayanle et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 30-39 31 minimum balance requirements for opening a bank account. this enables users to save small amounts and prepare for future investments or emergencies. households in poor nations, when overall savings are quite low, depend heavily on savings. poor people who routinely save are better equipped to handle the everyday problems that frequently overwhelm them. savings mobilization is typically viewed as being low in poor nations. low access to safe, flexible, practical, and affordable savings solutions may be the cause of low savings (babajide et al., 2015). the main objective of the study is to identify the role of microcredit and savings for promoting microfinance sustainability in somalia. the specific objectives is to –  to assess the role of microcredit and micro saving in job creation in somalia  to find out benefits of microcredit and micro savings in small business  to find out how microcredit helps reducing unemployment  to recognize how microcredit and micro savings contributes to microfinance sustainability literature review the 2009 state of the microcredit summit campaign report states that nearly half of the world's population, or 3 billion people, live on less than $2 per day, and around 1 billion people, or 1% of the world's population, live on less than $1 per day. as a result, the struggle against poverty has become a major global concern. although 1.9 billion people lived below the international poverty level of 1.25 us dollars per day in 1981 (chen & ravallion, 2013; kabir et al., 2021; shahriar 2021a; shahriar 2021b; zayed et al., 2021a; and zayed et al., 2021b) note that this number fell to 1.4 billion persons in 2005. this circumstance shows that poverty has been on the decline from the start of the 1980s. as a result of his 1976 interviews with peasant women near a university, bangladeshi economist muhammad yunus gave 27 us dollars to 42 underprivileged women, laying the groundwork for the microcredit proposal that would transform the course of human history. the grameen bank was formed by the bangladeshi government in 1983 to provide loans to the underprivileged, particularly women, in order to carry out this implementation through a formal process (rouf, 2020). even if there are many dimensions to poverty, there are three related definitions that might be mentioned. the first category, known as absolute poverty, is characterized by an inability to meet even the most basic dietary demands, which are typically stated as minimal calorie needs. the second type of poverty is relative poverty, which is defined as the inability to meet basic non-food requirements like clothes, shelter, and electricity. a broader paradigm of human poverty that encompasses those two criteria has just come into existence. human poverty is defined as the lack of necessities for life, including illiteracy, starvation, a short lifespan, poor mother-child health, and the occurrence of diseases that could have been prevented (sivakumar & sarvalingam 2010; ali et al., 2020a; ali et al., 2020b; kader et al., 2019; kader et al., 2021a; kader et al., 2021b; ahmed et al., 2022;; mia et al., 2022; bhuiyan et al., 2022;; shayery et al., 2022). as a result, the idea that a decent standard of living includes a range of economic, social, and cultural chances in addition to financial opportunities serves as the foundation for the definition of human poverty (hajian & kashani, 2021). muhammad yunus asserts that credit is a human right and that by gaining it, one can acquire other rights required for leading an honorable life. he makes this claim in reference to microcredit, which is crucial in decreasing poverty (latifee, 2003). non-profit organizations known as micro credit extending institutions work to give credit to the underprivileged who have struggled to get a loan from traditional banks (gutierrez-nieto et al., 2007; chowdhury et al., 2020; chowdhury et al., 2021; s. chowdhury et al., 2021; iqbal et al., 2021). credits with manageable interest rates allow low-income persons the chance to launch small businesses (bakhtiari, 2006). by starting their own businesses, low-income individuals can break the cycle of poverty and earn an income (latifee, 2003; nader, 2008). while latifee (2003) asserts that micro-finance initiatives promote human capital expenditures like education, (nader, 2008) emphasizes that raising the income and assets of women who utilize microcredit also boosts their level of economic independence and self-assurance. additionally, because microcredit helps to redistribute money and increase local income, it has a favorable impact on the welfare of the entire household (khandker, 2003). ashta et al. (2014) define savings as the sum of money that a person keeps with a financial institution. therefore, a little portion of the poor's income that is safely held by financial institutions, mostly mfis, is represented by micro savings. savings in the context of microfinance refers to funds retained with a microfinance organization, in this example a microfinance bank, typically by the poor, in order to meet basic necessities and accumulate funds for starting or growing an income-generating activity (olu, 2009; nayeen et al., 2020; nahar et al., 2021; rahman et al., 2021a; rahman et al., 2021b). this demonstrates how micro savings are advantageous to both micro borrowers and microfinance organizations. while the former encourages disadvantaged households to develop a saving habit and acts as an interest-free source of finance for consumption and business expenses, the latter benefits from mandatory group savings programs that guarantee loan payback (onunugbo & nwosu, 2006; al-quraan et al., 2022; faisal-e-alam et al., 2022; khan et al., 2022a; khan et al., 2022b). any country's development process requires savings to a significant extent. there are two basic vantage points from which to examine the significance of savings in developing countries. the first has to do with the resource deficit that needs to be closed by encouraging a culture of saving among the populace. most developing nations have lower savings rates than nations with advanced economies as a result of their low per capita incomes, which have an impact on the degree of capital formation in those nations. achieving financial inclusion for everyone in the economy is the second goal. the reason is that offering financial services is a crucial strategy for directing resources toward more beneficial uses (watson & everett, 1999). ayanle et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 30-39 32 microcredit, micro savings & microfinance sustainability microcredit refers to the provision of tiny loans to low-income individuals for self-employment ventures that generate income, enabling them to support themselves and their families. it is a loan of a small amount that does not require adequate collateral. microcredit is provided by various types of financial intermediaries without collateral. it is intended for individuals or groups who do not meet the standard requirements to access traditional loans, either to start a formal or informal business or for social support initiatives (pareek et al., 2022; rubi et al., 2022; zayed et al., 2022a; zayed et al., 2022b; zayed et al., 2022c). micro saving is a type of microfinance that involves providing small deposit accounts to low-income families or individuals as a way to encourage them to save for future use. it operates similarly to a regular savings account, but accommodates smaller amounts of money. minimum balance requirements are often waived or kept low to allow users to save modest sums without incurring fees (abdullah et al., 2021). for providing financial service to the poor, microfinance is a key concept. the term microfinance generally consist of different micro amount of credit and savings. microcredit and microfinance contribute to maintain microfinance sustainability to reduce unemployment by delivering microfinance services. materials and methods the study took place in somalia. the study was conducted through a qualitative survey design. the population of this study was derived from some selected populations of somalia those are participated the survey questions and submitted their feedbacks and the target population was unknown for the reason that the research design was an online survey through some selected tools to reach the target and some selected people which are an expert of the field, in addition the pandemic situation was exacerbated the situation and the researcher couldn’t be able to conduct for field research but the required population to participate the survey would be assumed 200 individuals. sample size formula to calculate the sample size of wanted during this research the researcher selects to get at the very beginning the sample size of unknown population which is also called infinite population and then adjusted the required selected participants of the research questions, so that the researcher uses the below formula by considering the confidence level of 95% and the confidence interval of 5%which is 0.005 numerically.so that the formula used as indicated below. sample size formula of unknown population s= (z^) *p*(1-p)/m^ where s= sample size z= score value based on confidence level and it’s given p= population proportion which the researcher assumed as 50% which 0.5 numerically m= margin of error so that if the researcher considers that the level of confidence of 95% then the z value will be 1.96 and the s= (1.96^) *0.5*(1-0.5)/ (0.005^) s=3.8416*0.25/0.0025 ………………… equation 1 s=384 so that the sample for unknown population is 384.16 so that the let’s take the required population 387 to get the required sample size. to adjust the required sample size, the researcher must consider this below formula which is: adjust sample size=(s)/1+ {(s-1)/required participants} so that s=384.16/1+ {(384.16-1)/120} of required population 384.16/7.5325490 = 51.000 so finally, it is determined that the sample size of 120 for the required population of 387 was conducted and only 120 individuals was participated the survey and received their feedback ideas. data collection procedure primary data during this study, the data was collected by online as the researcher prepared his survey as a google form and then copied the link to send to different social medias like email, facebook, and also oral communications to some people particular in somalia because of the language. then, the researcher tried to cooperate with the respondents to fill the questionnaires appropriately. ayanle et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 30-39 33 secondary data secondary data on microfinance was gathered via a documentary assessment of published and unpublished reports, books, journals, and other pertinent materials. data analysis procedure data was analyzed by using statistical package of social science (spss.version 23. 0) and the excel form to break the data and create the graphs and that was measured the degree of respondents that was participated the survey that the researched spread out to different areas including some major cities of somalia by using an online platform. more importantly we also used a reliability analysis to validate and improve the consistence between our survey questions and the descriptive analysis to know the frequencies and percentages of the participants that was responded the survey, their characteristics, education levels and their degree of perception about the matter. results & discussions empowering the poor through microcredit: income-generating employment opportunities table 1. microcredit enables the poor to participate in income-generating employment projects indicator frequency percent strongly agree 50 41.7% agree 31 25.8% neutral 23 19.2% disagree 8 6.7% strongly disagree 8 6.7% total 120 100 source: primary data according to the above table 1 and the figure 1 below the majority of the respondents, (41.7%), strongly agreed that microcredit enables the poor to participate in income-generating employment ventures. (25.8%) agreed, (19.2%) were neutral, (6.7%) disagreed, and (6.7%) strongly disagreed. these results suggest that the majority of the respondents had a strong favorable view of the impact of microcredit on poverty and employment. figure 1. microcredit enables the poor to participate in income-generating employment projects source: primary data small business growth through microcredit table 2. microcredit is an important factor in further small business development indicator frequency percent strongly agree 39 32.5% agree 41 34.2% neutral 23 19.2% disagree 11 9.2% strongly disagree 6 5.0% total 120 100 source: primary data according to the above table 2 and the figure 2 below (32.5%) of the respondents responded strongly agree and (34.2%) of the respondents responded agree and the (19.2%) of the respondents responded neutral and (9.2%) five present of the respondents responded disagree and (5%) strongly disagree this implies that the majority respondents responded agree of the microcredit is an important factor in further small business development. ayanle et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 30-39 34 figure 2. microcredit is an important factor in further small business development source: primary data improving the well-being of the poor: the impact of microcredit access table 3. microcredit improves the well-being of the poor as a result of improved access to microcredit indicator frequency percent strongly agree 30 25.0% agree 39 32.5% neutral 25 20.8% disagree 10 8.3% strongly disagree 16 13.3% total 120 100 source: primary data according to the above table 3 and the figure 3 below (25%) of the respondents responded strongly agree and (32.5%) of the respondents responded agree and the (20.8%) of the respondents responded neutral and (8.3%) five present of the respondents responded disagree and (13.3%) strongly disagree this implies that the majority respondents responded agree of the microcredit improves the well-being of the poor as a result of improved access to microcredit. figure 3. microcredit improves the well-being of the poor as a result of improved access to microcredit source: primary data microcredit for entrepreneurial growth: starting and expanding small businesses table 4. microcredit allows entrepreneurs to start new businesses or expand their small businesses indicator frequency percent strongly agree 26 21.7% agree 30 25.0% neutral 29 24.2% disagree 20 16.7% strongly disagree 15 12.5% total 120 100 source: primary data according to the above table 4 and the figure 4 below (21.7%) of the respondents responded strongly agree and (25%) of the respondents responded agree and the (24.2%) of the respondents responded neutral and (16.7%) five present of the respondents responded disagree and (12.5%) strongly disagree this implies that the majority respondents responded agree of the microcredit allows entrepreneurs to start new businesses or expand their small businesses. ayanle et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 30-39 35 figure 4. microcredit allows entrepreneurs to start new businesses or expand their small businesses source: primary data microfinance for small businesses: provision of saving facilities table 5. microfinance contributed provision of saving facilities to small enterprises indicator frequency percent strongly agree 30 25.0% agree 26 21.7% neutral 29 24.2% disagree 15 12.5% strongly disagree 20 16.7% total 120 100 source: primary data according to the above table 5 and the figure 5 below (25%) of the respondents responded strongly agree and (21.7%) of the respondents responded agree and the (24.2%) of the respondents responded neutral and (12.5%) five present of the respondents responded disagree and (16.7%) strongly disagree this implies that the majority respondents agree that microfinance contributed provision of saving facilities to small enterprises. figure 5. microfinance contributed provision of saving facilities to small enterprises source: primary data efficient liquidity management through microfinance: credit and saving facilities table 6. microfinance provide individual savings such as credit facilities that are important tools for efficient liquidity management indicator frequency percent strongly agree 40 33% agree 37 31% neutral 20 17% disagree 15 13% strongly disagree 8 7% total 120 100 source: primary data according to the data in table 6 and figure 6, the majority of the respondents, (33% strongly agree, 31% agree), agreed that microfinance offers important liquidity management tools through individual savings and credit facilities. 17% of the respondents were neutral, 13% disagreed, and 7% strongly disagreed. these results indicate that the majority of the respondents believed that microfinance plays a role in efficient management of funds through savings and credit options. ayanle et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 30-39 36 figure 6. microfinance provide individual savings such as credit facilities that are important tools for efficient liquidity management source: primary data conclusions the research indicates that microcredit is a major variable in somalia’s struggle against poverty. by ensuring that perhaps the money acquired in the form of financing is used for its intended purpose, the services may help to alleviate poverty. if this loan is used wisely, then people’s living standards will rise, thereby poverty alleviation. if consumers who get loans from mfis create income-generating businesses, total income will rise. the study recommends that  it is necessary for microfinance borrowers to receive financial education to make sure the loan is used for its intended purpose. policymakers may take action to implement strategies to address persistent poverty.  the report suggests that mfis functioning within states be given more funding that can be provided to the locals as a loan in order to enable quick economic growth.  mfis should regularly enroll in financial training courses in order to gain the finest financial management skills and to advance their operations. by reducing poverty, this could result in increased income.  the somalian government may create new policies for mfis and evaluate existing ones in order to take into account new problems brought on by developments in the banking sector. to best satisfy the needs of the lowincome clients they seek to serve, microfinance programs must be carefully planned. the study comes to the conclusion that microcredit aids in the alleviation of poverty by granting financial access to individuals who are low income, less educated, and employed in the unorganized sector. moreover, it contributes in business growth, the acquisition of better housing, affordable healthcare, education, and better welfare. the study led to the conclusion that bigger loan amounts result in increased savings. the sum can be applied to raising people’s living standards. additionally, the funds could grow annually and support bigger credit limits. author contributions: conceptualization, a.d.a., m.s.c., m.a.i. and s.r.; methodology, a.d.a.; software, a.d.a.; validation, a.d.a.; formal analysis, a.d.a., m.s.c., m.a.i. and s.r.; investigation, a.d.a.; resources, a.d.a.; data curation, a.d.a.; writing – original draft preparation, a.d.a.; writing – review & editing, a.d.a., m.s.c., m.a.i. and s.r.; visualization, a.d.a., m.s.c., m.a.i. and s.r.; supervision, a.d.a.; project administration, a.d.a.; funding acquisition, a.d.a., m.s.c., m.a.i. and s.r. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: the authors want to thank all the respondents for the 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(2022). utilization of knowledge management as business resilience strategy for microentrepreneurs in post-covid-19 economy. sustainability, 14(23), 15789. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315789 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2022 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040138 https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315789 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 32-41 32 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 1 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa the financial development, institutions, and poverty reduction: empirical evidence from south asian countries shamim ara labony (a) md. shariful haque (b) farzana rahman (c)1 a. m. shahabuddin (d) tania sultana (e) (a) research fellow, center for research on islamic management and business, bangladesh; e-mail: shamimaralabony@gmail.com (b) associate professor, department of economics & banking, international islamic university chittagong, bangladesh; e-mail: sharif@iiuc.ac.bd (c) research associate, center for research on islamic management and business, bangladesh; e-mail: munnifarzana19@gmail.com (d) associate professor, department of business administration, international islamic university chittagong, bangladesh; e-mail: ams_iiuc@yahoo.com (e) lecturer, department of business administration, international islamic university chittagong, bangladesh; e-mail: tania@iiuc.ac.bd a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 6th february 2024 reviewed & revised: 6th february to 22nd april 2024 accepted: 23rd april 2024 published: 1st may 2024 keywords: financial development, institutions quality, poverty, south asia, fixed effects, random effects, hausman test jel classification codes: o16, i32, o53, c23 peer-review model: external peer-review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t fighting poverty is one of the most critical targets of development plans and initiatives. in the pursuit of lasting growth, emerging nations now face the most challenging issue of eliminating poverty, which remains one of the most significant challenges addressing humanity nowadays. the study explores the relationships between the institutional quality, financial development, and poverty-fighting initiatives of south asian states. it goes beyond the potential bias in earlier studies caused by omitting variables by considering the impact of the interaction between the financial sector and institutional framework. the fixed effects models with stata15 are employed in this study from 2000 to 2019. this study's analysis uses panel data and secondary sources to conduct the inquiry with a sample of 7 south asian economies such as bangladesh, bhutan, india, the maldives, nepal, pakistan, and sri lanka. this comprehensive compilation of annual data was done with consultation from the international monetary fund (imf) and the world bank development indicators (wdi). the study results show that a 1% increase in financial development is associated with a 39.88% decrease in poverty, which is statistically significant and favourable. it also reveals that institutional quality plays a vital role in poverty reduction in south asia, with a 1% increase in institutional quality leading to a 2.61% increase in poverty. besides, a 1% increase in gdp per capita growth correlates with a 0.12% decrease in poverty. the study's findings provide significant insights into poverty reduction by considering the relationship between institutional challenges and financial development through a flexible, functional structure in south asian countries. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction institutions and financial development are essential to economic growth and alleviating poverty in emerging or developing nations. according to milgrom et al. (1990), institutions are the boundaries people have established to govern social interaction or are the community's norms. in contemporary academic investigations on economic growth, the significance of financial development and institutions being separate and essential elements of economic growth is frequently stressed. the poverty reduction strategy will be prioritized in emerging nations over the growth model. this is because while economic progress fosters growth, the conditions of the impoverished are not necessarily improved by it (abraham & ahmed, 2011). appiah-otoo and song (2021) state that financial development has the following effects on poverty. first, financial development reduces information asymmetry and high borrowing costs, facilitating credit for the impoverished. to increase access to financial services, create jobs, raise household incomes, and reduce poverty, financial development also assists people in need in launching microenterprises using their borrowed or savings capital. in summary, financial development promotes trade facilitation, corporate control, risk management, innovation, and resource allocation for investment projects, all of which indirectly positively impact poverty (trickle-down theory). 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-3215-3143 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under the responsibility of cribfb, u.s.a. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i1.2207 to cite this article: labony, s. a., haque, m. s., rahman, f., shahabuddin, a. m., & sultana, t. (2024). the financial development, institutions, and poverty reduction: empirical evidence from south asian countries. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(1), 32-41. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i1.2207 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i1.2207 https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0594-0340 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2692-3634 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3215-3143 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3471-4445 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0540-5854 labony et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 32-41 33 south asia's poverty rate decreased significantly from 94.60% to 82.20% between 2002 and 2019. over the given period, there has been a notable decline of 12.40 percent. however, a counterargument claims that the wealthy and powerful gain the most from changes to the financial system. concerns about how financial development would primarily benefit affluent individuals or institutions arise from this point of view. the differing perspectives presented by lee et al. (2020) reflect the ongoing debate over the benefits of financial growth for distributing capital and its capacity to improve the lives of those who are economically disadvantaged in society. the emergence of risky social groupings, disputes, stigmatization, low living standards, financial difficulties, lack of freedom, anxiety about the future, unemployment, inadequate education, and bad diet are all linked to this sharp increase in poverty (appiah-otoo & song, 2021). because of this, governments still consider it extremely important to end poverty in all its forms (acheampong et al., 2021). the study examines the connections between south asian states' efforts to combat poverty and their institutional quality and financial development. for this purpose, panel data and secondary sources from 2000 to 2019 are used to investigate a sample of seven south asian economies using fixed-effects models with stata15. the study is organized methodically. section 2 offers an overview of recent academic research on the subject. section 3 explains the econometric techniques and describes the data sources used. section 5 offers a comprehensive discussion of the study's findings, while section 4 presents the study's analysis and outcomes. section 5 provides a succinct overview of the findings and policy suggestions and acknowledges future research. literature review the countries in the south asian continent have made significant progress in the last ten years in developing their financial systems compared to other regions. however, there is still much room for improvement. on the other hand, in many south asian countries, financial progress has stagnated since the early 1980s. from the perspective of the depth of its financial markets and institutional improvement, the region lags, except in its middle-income nations. financial development has been highly beneficial to the impressment and deployment of financial capital or resources, the execution of growthpromoting and stabilization regulations, and all of these processes (sahay et al., 2015). to accelerate the financial development of south asian nations, robust institutional and legal frameworks, effective corporate governance, and increased information transparency are necessary. in order to create an atmosphere that encourages the financial industry's growth, it is necessary to reinforce legal frameworks, protect the interests of minority shareholders, uphold contract enforcement, and preserve judicial independence. to help close the gap with the targeted benchmark, regional financial development strategies can also be brought into compliance with international standards. poverty is defined as not having enough money to live a decent life, which also includes having access to poor food, shelter, and healthcare, as well as being unemployed and marginalized in society. there is a link between economic progress and the objective of eradicating poverty, even though it does not guarantee it (donou-adonsou & sylwester, 2016). one element that leads to inequality is uneven development, which is also a byproduct of development. financial development is considered a direct or indirect tool in the battle against poverty because it removes market flaws that prohibit individuals in need of assistance from receiving credit (jalilian & kirkpatrick, 2002). policies that boost financial development and enhance the financial services accessible to the underprivileged can positively impact their income and eventually contribute to eradicating poverty. keho (2017) found evidence of a long-lasting link between financial development, economic progress, and poverty eradication in several african countries. the impact of pakistan's financial growth on poverty reduction initiatives was examined by ayinde and yinusa (2016), who found that consumption per capita, a measure of poverty, was impacted. nonetheless, poverty and domestic bank holdings had no appreciable long-term relationship. chakroun et al. (2020) discovered that augmenting the accessibility of funds and deposit alternatives had diminished poverty in emerging countries, as opposed to loans. in addition, appiah-otoo et al. (2022) stated that although finance has a favourable impact on reducing poverty, this effect is mitigated by poor institutional quality. furthermore, aracil et al. (2022) found that institutional deterioration in developing nations fails to stimulate economic performance and poverty reduction. distributing resources and fostering economic progress depends heavily on the financial industry. innovations, improvements to current establishments, and modifications to organizational structures that lessen information asymmetry, promote competition, raise market completeness, and cut transaction costs are all included in financial development (graff, 2003). economic growth is the fruit of its promotion of efficient use of resources, productivity, and investment. according to greenwood et al. (2013), market size has less effect on economic growth than banking sector efficiency and competitiveness. advances in human rights and political rights magnify the benefits of south asia's economic expansion. mohammadi-sartang et al. (2023) examined 469 companies stated on the tehran stock exchange and explored a robust as well as favourable relationship between financial market returns as well as governance indicators; specifically, ownership concentration and board size hurt stock returns, while institutional ownership, ownership structure, and board independence have a positive influence. remarkably, institutional systems in developed countries are relatively stable and seldom alter. that being said, the rapid expansion of some highly economizing states has resulted in a rapid transformation of south asian institutions. emerging countries' fast-paced development phase makes institutional quality crucial to promoting positive outcomes from their budding finance sector. different states have different financial and institutional development levels, and these differences correlate with minimum institutional quality standards (law et al., 2013). a deficiency exists in the existing literature about studies that evaluate the relationship and influence among financial development, institutional quality, and poverty mitigation in south asian countries. in this field, there is a significant research vacuum that the current study aims to close. through analysing the association between financial development, institutional quality, and poverty reduction in south asian countries, this study focuses on filling this research gap and enhancing our understanding of the intricate dynamics of reducing poverty in the region. labony et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 32-41 34 the following are the hypotheses that this study takes into account. h1: poverty is negatively impacted by financial development h2: institutional quality has a negative influence on poverty h3: economic development and poverty are negatively correlated h4: inflation has an adverse association with poverty h5: there is a negative link between trade openness and poverty this study's conceptual framework is provided below in figure 1. figure 1. conceptual framework materials and methods the sample was selected considering data availability and includes seven south asian economies. the economies covered include those of bangladesh, bhutan, india, the maldives, nepal, pakistan, and sri lanka; taken as a whole, they show a range of economic conditions in the south asian region. this research uses a meticulously balanced panel dataset that spans seven countries and is monitored for two decades. the world bank development indicators (wdi) and the international monetary fund (imf) were consulted for this meticulous compilation of annual data spanning 2000 through 2019. the variables that are taken into consideration are divided into the categories of independent and dependent. the independent variables are financial development (fd), institutional quality (inst), economic development (gdppc), inflation (inf), and trade openness (top). besides, the dependent variable is poverty (pov). model specification the principal purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the long-term impacts of financial development and institutions on alleviating poverty in a selected group of south asian countries. in order to achieve these objectives, an econometric model has been empirically developed as follows: 𝑷𝑶𝑽𝒊𝒕= 𝜷𝟎 + 𝜷𝟏𝑭𝑫𝒊𝒕 + 𝜷𝟐𝑰𝑵𝑺𝑻𝒊𝒕 + 𝜷𝟑𝑮𝑫𝑷𝑷𝑪𝒊𝒕 + 𝜷𝟒𝑰𝑵𝑭𝒊𝒕 + 𝜷𝟓𝑻𝑶𝑷𝒊𝒕 + 𝜺𝒊𝒕 financial development independent variables dependent variables institutional quality economic development inflation trade openness poverty h2 (-) h3 (-) h4 (-) h5 (-) h1 (-) labony et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 32-41 35 where, pov = poverty fd = financial development inst = institutional quality gdppc = gdp per capita growth top = trade openness 𝜀𝑖𝑡 = error term 𝑖 = the total number of individuals or cross-sections 𝑡 = the number of periods model selection criterion and methods in contrast to cross-sectional samples and time series, the panel data model offers several advantages. in particular, when the time series for each cross-section is short, investigating panel data models with several degrees of freedom produces more consistent and dependable results maliki and benghalem (2019). as opposed to other data types, panel data considers individual heterogeneities. according to semykina and wooldridge (2010), there are many different types of panel data models, including fixed effect models, random effect models, between estimators, within estimators, dummy variable estimators, first differencing estimators, feasible generalized least squares (fgls), feasible ordinary least squares (ols), monte carlo approaches, and many others. the data set in this study was first subjected to pre-regression analysis, which included tests for residual normality, correlation analyses, and descriptive statistics analyses. the data's average, maximum, minimum, and standard deviation were investigated using descriptive statistics. correlation analysis was employed to evaluate the link between the factors and search for any possible collinearity between the significant variables. the estimators were then tested by samargandi et al. (2015) using the fixed and random effects models. fixed-effects model the fixed effects model serves as a means to combine cross-sectional and time-series data, which is particularly useful when focusing on specific groups of countries. this model's intercept is presumed to represent all individual variations adequately. it allows each parameter to vary across individuals and periods. the disturbance term in this model consists of two components: a residual term that varies across time and individuals (in this context, nations) and an individual-specific effect. however, it is essential to note that the fixed effects model cannot accommodate variables that remain constant for each cross-section over time. the core idea behind fixed effects is that distinct intercepts can explain individual variations across different groups. estimating the fixed effects model with varying intercepts among individuals often employs the dummy variable technique, termed the "least squares dummy variable approach" (lsdv). for panel data with fixed effects, the regression equation is structured accordingly: 𝒀𝒊𝒕 = 𝜶𝒊 + 𝜷𝟏𝑿𝒊𝒕 + 𝜺𝒊𝒕 here, for i= 1, 2, ..., n and t= 1, 2, ..., t where n= the total number of individuals or cross section and t= the number of periods. the constant slope coefficient holds for every individual and instance in time. instead of varying based on the individuals' periods, the intercept 𝛼𝑖 fluctuates based on the country. random effects model the error components model, also called the random effects model, is suitable for a random selection of' n' individuals from a large population. because the sample population was selected randomly, the intercept is presumed to reflect individual variations and should be regarded as random variables rather than fixed numbers. the random effects model incorporates a random variable denoted by & that varies across cross-sections but remains consistent over time. the disparities in intercepts are accounted for by the error terms specific to each individual or entity. one benefit of the random effects model is its capability to reduce heteroscedasticity. it employs the concepts of maximum likelihood estimation or generic least squares. software packages for statistics sometimes offer programs for implementing models with random effects. the equation for panel data regression in the random effects model is following: 𝒀𝒊𝒕 = 𝜶𝒊 + 𝜷𝟏𝑿𝒊𝒕 + 𝝁𝒊 + 𝜺𝒊𝒕 where, n= total number of individuals or cross-section t= the number of periods 𝑒𝑖𝑡 = the residual term encompassing both cross-sectional and time-series components 𝜇𝑖 = the residual specific to each observation, which remains constant across all periods. these variables are defined for i = 1, 2, ..., n and t = 1, 2, ..., t. hausman test the most successful fixed effect and random effect strategies are compared using the hausman test for the homogeneity of the unobserved error component (law & habibullah, 2009). in light of this, the null hypothesis for the hausman test is: labony et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 32-41 36 𝑯𝟎 ∶ �̂�𝑹𝑬 = �̂�𝑭𝑬 where the value of the coefficient indices for the explanatory factors that vary with time, but not the time variables, are denoted by �̂�𝑅𝐸 and �̂�𝐹𝐸 . results descriptive analysis every variable's mean, standard deviation and other pertinent statistics are displayed to ensure a clear and accurate representation of the variables. table 2. the results of the descriptive analysis variables no. of observation mean value standard error minimum value maximum value pov 140 13.57429 12.35062 0 46.7 fd 140 0.2307857 0.1009742 0.07 0.49 inst 140 8.256929 1.58921 5 11.08 gdppc 140 5.623571 3.683692 -13.1 26.1 inf 140 6.181429 3.401218 -2.8 19.6 top 140 73.58571 58.87852 24.7 259.9 [note: poverty = pov, financial development = fd, institutional quality = inst, economic development = gdppc, inflation = inf, and trade openness = top] source: calculations by the authors using stata15 table 2 represents the results of descriptive analysis. the average value of poverty is 13.57, while the standard deviation value is 12.35, varying from 0 to 46.7. the minimum and maximum estimates for the financial development are 0.07 and 0.49, respectively, whereas the mean estimate is 0.23. the maximum value of institution quality is 11.08, with an average of 8.25. economic development has a standard deviation of 3.68, with a mean value of 5.62. it ranges from -13.1 to 26.1. in addition, inflation and trade openness have average values of 6.18 and 73.58, respectively. correlation analysis a statistical technique known as correlation, part of bivariate analysis, measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. the correlation coefficient ranges from +1 to -1, indicating the degree of association between the variables. table 3. results of correlation analysis pov fd inst gdppc inf top pov 1.0000 fd 0.3767 1.0000 inst 0.2913 -0.2048 1.0000 gdppc -0.0360 0.0829 0.0148 1.0000 inf -0.0702 0.0956 -0.2402 -0.0924 1.0000 top -0.4225 -0.3947 0.1466 0.0597 -0.2509 1.0000 [note: poverty = pov, financial development = fd, institutional quality = inst, economic development = gdppc, inflation = inf, and trade openness = top] source: calculations by the authors using stata15 table 3 depicts the results of the correlation matrix. the outcomes show a favourable association of poverty with financial development, which is 0.37. besides, poverty and institutional quality are positively correlated with a magnitude of 0.29. in addition, economic development is negatively associated with poverty, which is -0.03. inflation and trade openness hurt poverty, which are -0.07 and -0.4225, respectively. thus, it is clear that poverty has a negative association with per capita economic growth, inflation, and trade openness. in contrast, poverty positively affects financial development and institutional quality. multicollinearity test in a multivariate regression analysis, multicollinearity results if two or more independent variables are linearly correlated. that means there is a direct correlation between them, which leaves the parameter coefficients unknown and inflates the standard error of the calculated coefficients. table 4. the results of the multicollinearity test particulars variance inflation factor (vif) 1/variance inflation factor (vif) gdppc 1.26 0.792938 fd 1.23 0.809853 inf 1.13 0.888141 inst 1.10 0.908448 top 1.02 0.976620 mean vif 1.15 [note: economic development = gdppc, financial development = fd, inflation = inf, institutional quality = inst, and trade openness = top] source: calculations by the authors using stata15 labony et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 32-41 37 the mean variance inflation factor (vif) and its reciprocal can be used to determine whether multicollinearity is present (gujarati & porter, 2003). the data is considered free of multicollinearity issues if the mean vif is less than 10. a vif test was conducted for every explanatory variable in this study. the findings indicated that every vif value was less than 10. consequently, it is possible to use gujarati's criterion to clearly say that these data do not exhibit the multicollinearity problem. normality test the normality test is employed to ascertain if the residuals maintain the normal distribution. the outcomes of the normality test are displayed in figure 2 below. figure 2. outcomes of normality test source: stata15 in this instance, the probability value is 0.0137, and the jarque-bera statistic is 8.583. the determination is made based on whether the appropriate p-value of the jarque-bera statistic exceeds 5%; if it does, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected; otherwise, it would be rejected. with jarque-bera's probability value being 0.0137, the null hypothesis is rejected at a significance level of 5%, as depicted in the preceding analysis. consequently, the residuals of this model do not exhibit a normal distribution. however, werdati et al. (2020) proposed that in large samples, typically consisting of more than 100 observations, the normality assumption may be relaxed, and its impact may be insignificant. fixed effect model the study suggests that factors within the cross sections might affect or bias the predictor or outcome variables when utilizing the fixed effect (fe) estimator, necessitating its consideration. this implies an association between an entity's error term and predictor variables. the fixed effect (fe) approach removes these time-invariant properties from the equation to determine the full impact of the predictor variables. in such a model specification, ordinary least squares regression estimation typically provides the best linear unbiased estimates because, in general terms, the null hypotheses of the tests indicate the absence of fixed effects (greene, 2008). table 5. the results of the fixed effect (within) regression r – sq: within = 0.2628 between = 0.2316 overall = 0.0002 no. of observation = 140 no. of groups = 7 observation per group: minimum = 20 average = 20.0 maximum = 20 corr (u_i, xb) = -0.5469 f (5, 128) = 9.13 prob > f = 0.0000 dependent variable: poverty (pov) explanatory variables coefficient std. error t p > | t | [95% confidence interval] fd -39.87724 18.9237 -2.11 0.037 -77.32102 -2.433463 inst 2.610134 0.4763938 5.48 0.000 1.667507 3.55276 gdppc -0.1225742 0.1902936 -0.64 0.521 -0.4991026 0.2539542 inf -0.3651488 0.2213858 -1.65 0.102 -0.8031985 0.0729008 top -0.0117985 0.0407636 -0.29 0.773 -0.092463 0.0688594 -cons 5.04034 6.70117 0.75 0.453 -8.21907 18.29975 sigma_u sigma_e rho 12.517296 7.9155184 0.71434318 f test that all u_i = 0: f (6, 128) = 12.36 prob > f = 0.0000 [note: poverty = pov, financial development = fd, institutional quality = inst, economic development = gdppc, inflation = inf, and trade openness = top] source: calculations by the authors using stata15 labony et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 32-41 38 the fixed effect regression results are shown in table 05. financial progress is deemed considerable at the 1% level, while institutional quality is at the 5% level. furthermore, these variables are considered unimportant because the pvalues for trade openness, inflation, and economic progress are higher than their significance level. trade openness, inflation, financial development, and economic growth hurt poverty, demonstrating that these factors also positively impact it. conversely, there is evidence that poverty positively correlates with institutional quality, suggesting that poverty is exacerbated by institutional quality. random effect model in the random effects model, variations between entities are presumed to be random and unrelated to the predictor or independent variables included in the model. table 6. results of the random effects of gls regression r – sq: within = 0.1582 between = 0.7279 overall = 0.4027 no. of observation = 140 no. of groups = 7 observation per group: minimum = 20 average = 20.0 maximum = 20 corr (u_i, x) = 0 (assumed) wald chi2(5) = 90.33 prob > chi2 = 0.0000 dependent variable: poverty (pov) explanatory variables coefficient std. error t p > | t | [95% confidence interval] fd 39.47344 9.074651 4.35 0.000 21.68746 57.25943 inst 3.01142 0.5443923 5.53 0.000 1.944431 4.07841 gdppc -0.1876591 0.2265151 -0.83 0.407 -0.6316206 0.2563024 inf -0.3900013 0.2572574 -1.52 0.130 -0.8942165 0.1142139 top -0.0787779 0.0157278 -5.01 0.000 -0.1096037 -0.0479521 -cons -11.1377 6.2404 -1.78 0.074 -23.36866 1.093263 sigma_u sigma_e rho 0 7.9155184 0 [note: poverty = pov, financial development = fd, institutional quality = inst, economic development = gdppc, inflation = inf, and trade openness = top] source: calculations by the authors using stata15 table 06 shows the outcomes of the gls regression's random effects. it is determined that, at the 1% level, trade openness, institutional development, and financial development are significant. furthermore, since the p-values exceed their significance level, inflation and economic development are determined to be unimportant. poverty is negatively impacted by economic progress, inflation, and trade openness, suggesting that these factors also have a reducing effect on poverty. conversely, research shows that institutional quality and financial development benefit poverty, suggesting that these factors worsen poverty. hausman test the hausman test was utilized to ascertain the most suitable and reliable model when employing panel data estimation, considering both fixed-effect and random-effect estimators. the fixed-effect estimator considers time-invariant characteristics present across multiple nations. consequently, the study must consider the possibility that anything internal to the entity could contribute to the bias of the explanatory variables while performing the fixed-effect (fe) test. table 7. results of the hausman test dependent variable: poverty (pov) explanatory variables coefficients (b – b) difference sqrt (diag (v_b – v_b)) s.e. (b) fe (b) re fd -39.87724 39.47344 -79.35068 16.60594 inst 2.610134 3.01142 -0.4012868 0.00 gdppc -0.1225742 -0.1876591 0.0650848 0.00 inf -0.3651488 -0.3900013 0.0248525 0.00 top -0.0177985 -0.0787779 0.0669794 0.0376073 test: ho: difference in coefficients, not systematic chi2 (5) = 24.18 prob > chi2 = 0.0002 [note: financial development = fd, institutional quality = inst, economic development = gdppc, inflation = inf, and trade openness = top] source: calculations by the authors using stata15 based on the available data, the chi-square test yielded a p-value of 0.0002, indicating significance below the conventional threshold of 0.05 and leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. thus, the fixed effect model appears appropriate. this model assumes that observed differences or relationships in the data are specific to the entities or groups being studied rather than random fluctuations. labony et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 32-41 39 discussions in the context of certain south asian countries, the results of the fixed effect model demonstrate that financial development (fd) and institutional quality (inst) exhibit negative and positive effects on poverty (pov), respectively. notably, a 1% increase in financial development is associated with a 39.88% decrease in poverty, contrary to findings by dandume (2014). additionally, institutional quality plays a significant role in poverty in south asia, with a 1% increase leading to a 2.61% increase in poverty. this finding aligns with assertions by aracil et al. (2022) that institutional deterioration in developing nations fails to stimulate economic performance and, consequently, poverty reduction. although the impact of gdp per capita growth (gdpppc) is modest, it is pro-poor, as indicated by its opposing sign. furthermore, a 1% increase in gdp per capita growth correlates with a 0.12% decrease in poverty. poverty is lessened in part by the acceleration of economic growth. the findings drawn by egena et al. (2014) align with this. inflation (inf) and trade openness (top) are likewise unimportant. trade openness benefits the poor, as evidenced by its negative value, which indicates that it reduces poverty in south asia. this was not wholly unexpected since trade liberalization frequently lowers poverty in countries with powerful institutions, solid financial sectors, and high levels of education. a summary of the empirical findings of this investigation is depicted in the following table 08. table 8. significant findings of this study proposed hypotheses major findings support the proposed hypotheses or not literature h1: poverty is negatively impacted by financial development. financial development has a negative and significant influence on poverty. supported opposite to the findings by dandume (2014) h2: institutional quality has a negative influence on poverty. poverty is positively impacted by the institutional quality moreover, that is significant. not supported similar to assertions by aracil et al.(2022) h3: economic development and poverty are negatively correlated. the relationship between economic development with poverty is negative but insignificant. supported similar to the findings drawn by egena et al. (2014), they align with this. h4: inflation has an adverse association with poverty. there is a negative and insignificant influence of inflation on poverty. supported likewise unimportant h5: there is a negative link between trade openness and poverty. poverty is negatively associated with trade openness and that is insignificant. supported source: synthesis of the authors conclusions increasing financial development is essential to advancing development since it offers several benefits for reducing poverty and promoting wealth. thus, it is essential to look into the factors that influence financial development throughout the south asian region to assess progress and mitigate poverty. this research examines how financial development influences poverty levels across several south asian nations while also considering how the association between the financial sector and institutional framework may affect results by potentially biasing omitted variables. through the use of fixed effects and random effects models, the study investigates these relationships. the main findings of this empirical study can be summarized as follows: firstly, it was found that poverty is negatively influenced by advancements in financial development, economic development, inflation, and trade openness, indicating that higher financial improvement, economic development, inflation, and trade openness reduce poverty in south asian countries, with this relationship being statistically significant. it is also evident from the estimate that poverty is significantly increased if institutional quality increases. the study's empirical findings significantly impact theoretical understanding and practical policymaking. to combat poverty effectively, policymakers should prioritize initiatives that bolster financial institutions, promote robust economic growth, and facilitate trade liberalization. strengthening institutional frameworks can enhance the benefits of economic development for the marginalized. policymakers should focus on reforms that strengthen governance, uphold the rule of law, and mitigate political instability. supporting economic openness, skill training, and human capital development is crucial. prioritizing policies that enhance labour market flexibility can facilitate resource reallocation, stimulating growth and poverty reduction. future research should utilize multidimensional poverty indicators, expand analysis to more south asian nations, and conduct longitudinal studies to assess policy efficacy over time. overall, empirical data from future studies can inform evidence-based policymaking and enhance the success of poverty reduction initiatives in south asia. author contributions: conceptualization, s.a.l, m.s.h., f.r., and a.m.s.; methodology, s.a.l., m.s.h., and f.r.; software, s.a.l., and m.s.h.; validation, s.a.l., m.s.h., f.r., a.m.s., and t.s.; formal analysis, s.a.l, m.s.h., and f.r; resources, s.a.l, f.r., a.m.s., and t.s.; data curation, s.a.l., m.s.h., a.m.s., and t.s.; writing-original draft preparation, s.a.l., m.s.h., f.r., and t.s.; writing-review & editing, m.s.h., and f.r; visualization, s.a.l., m.s.h., f.r., am.s., and t.s.; supervision, m.s.h., a.m.s., and t.s.; project administration, s.a.l.; funding acquisition, s.a.l., m.s.h., f.r., am.s., and t.s. author has read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. labony et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 32-41 40 institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references acheampong, a. o., appiah-otoo, i., dzator, j., & agyemang, k. k. 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(2020). the role of remuneration contribution and social support in organizational life to build work engagement. journal of islamic economics perspectives, 1(2), 2032. https://doi.org/10.35719/jiep.v1i2.24 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.11.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2010.03.039 https://doi.org/10.35719/jiep.v1i2.24 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research; vol. 1, no. 2 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 july-september; 2019 published by centre for research on islamic banking & finance and business 1 a glance at rastin banking bijan bidabad b.a., m.sc., ph.d., post-doc. professor economics and chief islamic banking advisor bank melli, iran e-mail:bijan@bidabad.com abstract to design an operational islamic banking system, we tried to mix theoretical and experimental knowledge to develop rastin banking. rastin banking is a completely new solution to banking based on islamic and ethical teachings with the scientific and technological approach. some parts and modules of rastin banking have been implemented in bank melli iran. the installed parts of the system had well-functioning and attracted depositors and investors, and since the procedures and instructions are well defined, the bank's staff executed its procedures easily. the results of the test system were very satisfactory and more than expectation. rastin banking is a nationwide project with lots of subtle technical points. this system is an open-source banking model, and all banks around the globe can easily install and use it. we wish rastin banking could put important steps to remove riba and establish islamic banking throughout the globe. keywords: rastin banking, rastin pls banking, islamic banking, interest-free banking 1. introduction many economists around the world have done their best to eliminate riba from banking activities, but have not achieved much. in this direction, rastin banking, in compliance with sharia commands, has been compiled not only to eliminate riba but also to institutionalize various teachings of justice and islamic ethics in banking activities. good points of rastin banking in all fields of banking, financial, economic, ethical, social, and international activities are so expanded that it can be regarded as a base to improve banking structure in any country. designing financial systems are principally complex, and when combined with ideological subjects, the complications increase. usually, parts, internal and external processes, and subsystems of this kind of systems are facing various problems that cannot be covered easily. by increase of complexity, management of the system needs complex and special tools and since the subject of the system is financial issues, and pecuniary matters are beloved by people, by considering the most pessimistic conditions, all probable types of failures to fulfillment of obligations should be recognized and predicted in advance to reduce all cases of dishonest behaviors. because of this issue, even well-equipped rich banks throughout the world, in spite of knowing islamic banking advantages, have not been able to implement the task fully; or changed their minds and returned back to interest-based banking to escape the complexities of real islamic banking and went back to prefixed interest rate banking processes, instead of profit and loss sharing. designing true islamic banking needs comprehensive knowledge of ideological (fiqh, sharia principles, commandments and logic), philosophic (individual rights and social justice concepts), economic (individuals, firms and market behaviors), financial (accounting, auditing, financial engineering), banking (project assessment and supervision, credit operation, transactions, investment and risk), legal (laws and regulations, contracts, legal and arbitration procedures), informatics (computer systems, networks, communications, programming), organization (pillars and institutions), management (administration, control, supervision, assessment), mathematics (applied mathematics, financial mathematics, mathematical modeling), financial instruments (prevailing financial papers and securities in financial markets), business and trade (business administration, marketing, international trade), capital market (capital market structure, laws and regulations), insurance (commercial, responsibility, assets, and accident mailto:bijan@bidabad.com copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 2 insurances), standards (commodity and production) issues; and in addition, should be aware of the sociology and individual and social psychologies and their corresponding problems and many other various issues. regarding the above subjects, rastin banking system was designed in bank malli iran. the designer team of rastin banking tried to consider the processes, procedures, rules, and organization of the system comprehensively and after fifteen years of continuous work designed a total solution for islamic banking which is unique and distinguished at international level. rastin banking system has all banking operations in itself. establishment of the first profit and loss sharing branch (ghoba) in nov. 2010 clarified the defects of the system and new financial subsystems and complementary systems were designed and connected to rastin banking system because of derived operational feedbacks. development of rastin banking came to a phase that other banks were interested in applying it to their own banks. therefore, the "compiling committee of operational rules and regulations of rastin banking" was established to compile the legal draft bills. rastin banking is new islamic banking, which has studied the theoretical and operational difficulties of the banking system of the country and offer legal and operational solutions on the basis of the latest scientific and operational achievements. each subsystem, instrument, innovation, and operational procedure of rastin banking has been designed to remove an especial difficulty and satisfy markets and peoples' needs. rastin banking fulfills all ethic definitions ever defined for ethic finance and even more. it holds the virtues of justice, charity, and generosity regarding dispositions to act in ways that benefit both the person possessing them and the person’s society.1 hence, rastin banking benefits both the financial institution that adopts it and broader society. in rastin banking, humans are bound, from the knowledge of their duty as rational beings, to obey the categorical imperative to respect other rational beings.2 this is extended in rastin banking that everybody had specific duties in relation to his role and endowed ability for financial intermediation. moreover, in rastin banking, based on utilitarianism3 that asserts the guiding principle of conduct should be the greatest happiness or benefit of the greatest number is observable. in this context, rastin banking has been developed to ensure the facilitation of benefit for the largest number of people, while not harmful to anyone. rastin banking fulfills islamic principles of ethics, wherein individuals and bank are duty bound to be accountable for each and every activity conducted by them and to do right in the context of god's laws.4 to increase the compliance of banking system with principles and regulations of islamic religion, and better access to safe financial activity and helping the economy to bloom, fair distribution of possibilities and opportunities, job creation and increasing the welfare of the society, the rastin banking system was designed and all banks can carry out their activities on this basis. rastin banking system is based on special operational, financial, economic, ethical, social, legal, international and organizational principles that based upon the latest scientific achievements of humankind in the field of science and technology with the aim of growth and development of the economy and banking of the society. for example: in order to facilitate legal activities of rastin banking, some improvements have been carried out on auxiliary islamic contracts. to fulfill the necessary legislative needs of bank sharing activities, joint investment funds and facilitating social insurance activities, some new legal institutions are also defined as "fund with variable capital". to distinguish profit from riba, certain measures were also defined. in order to prevent squandering (israf) and to reform banking sources consumptions, which have worse economic and social consequences than riba, and to increase efficiency, the bank is obliged to follow specific regulations concerning its activities and finance only those projects, which have observed certain considerations and criteria in their project proposal. bank can finance projects of restoring uncultivated lands by supporting qualified applicants for the promotion of employment and development of agriculture, industry, mining, housing, and tourism in the development of different regions of the country. 1 definitions from the oxford dictionary 2 kant definition 3 utilitarianism approach 4 accounting and auditing organization for islamic financial institutions (gsifi) governance standard no. 7: corporate social responsibility conduct and disclosure for islamic financial institutions. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 3 bank and parties involved in rastin banking contracts should observe the supervisory compiled regulations concerning financial transparency, information disclosure, and corporate governance. all contracts with the bank are considered as official documents and enforceable. these contracts will be carried out by a unit of execution of enforceable documents in the bank. a collection of rastin banking approaches is defined in rastin banking bill and operational bylaw of rastin banking. regulations of this banking system and all developments, improvements and designing its subsystems and new processes or concordance new subsystems with prevailing processes should be carried out by considering the content of the cited bill and bylaw. in addition, all future supplements and operational workflows should be designed in a way that not to contain fixed interest (riba) whether in cash or in other forms of future payment promises or by superficial contracts including the abstruse or disguised interest rate. rastin banking is an open source system, and interested readers can access all its detailed technical texts.5 principles of rastin banking to increase the compliance of banking system with principles and regulations of islamic religion, and better access to safe financial activity and helping the economy to bloom, fair distribution of possibilities and opportunities, job creation and increasing the welfare of the society, rastin banking system was designed and all banks can carry out their activities on this basis. rastin banking system is based on special operational, financial, economic, ethical, social, legal, international and organizational principles that based upon the latest scientific achievements of humankind in the field of science and technology with the aim of economic and banking growth and development of the society. as a brief description, the principles and characteristics of rastin banking are based on the following bases and principles: operational principles: by elimination of riba from banking operations, rastin banking forbids superficial application of islamic contracts and applies them in their real form, and bank acts as an intermediate between depositors and those who receive finance, and bank earns income through offering capital management services and not through interest rates spread. by allocating yield to the money source, the owners of the assets receive their share of profit or loss. all activities will be carried out mechanically and transparently through the internet according to compiled documented regulations. while safeguarding the interests of depositors, the bank is the trustee of the related parties, and the entrepreneur is certain that in the case of loss will not become bankrupt because of insurance coverage safeguards to depositors' deposits. assessment, supervision, and operation of projects will be based on specialty, responsibility, and independent decision and position of assessor and trustee. the capability and credibility of the entrepreneur will be measured considering his previous tax payments records. the entrepreneur is responsible for his prepared information in his submitted project proposal. financial principles: no bad or delayed loans will be created, and the bank will not bankrupt during the crisis. because of lower involved risk, bank's capital adequacy rate decreases and bank free reserves increase; and regarding depository characteristic of the bank resources, the legal and precautionary reserves of banks besides central bank will decrease. depositor, entrepreneur, and the bank will receive their fair share of the yields of sharing. various financial instruments and banking processes satisfy different society’s needs; and by relating rastin certificates prices to real sector returns, their prices are stabilized and not only bubble prices emerge, but people with various risk tastes are also attracted and increase the positive interaction between return and risk. without needing any intermediary, everybody can enter rastin certificate market. information transparency will make related systems such as tax and social security systems transparent regarding economic activists. reliable assessment mechanisms have been defined, and reliable supervision background has been provided. entrepreneur is obliged to observe information disclosure rules relating his project; and by supervision on his operations, corporate governance rules are applied to entrepreneur's company, which leads to the transparency of all information and operations related to the project and asymmetric information and informational rents will be prevented and by applying for insurances, risks are minimized. while facilitating and speeding up the operations, it prevents money laundering and strengthens auditing and internal control of the entrepreneur's company. online impalpable inspective monitoring prevents bank staff 5 http://www.bidabad.com http://www.bidabad.com/ copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 4 breaches. by separating the accounts, the account of each project and depositor will be kept separately, and the credibility of bank and banking operations increase. economic principles: rastin banking decreases capital market deficiencies and contradictions of capital and money markets, and expands and strengthens the insurance sector in the economy. the increased confidence because of bank supervision on entrepreneur and internet accessibility to rastin certificate market provide capital absorption and attraction capability and provides a safe competition environment for entrepreneurs, depositors, transactors and banks with the rivals. new financial instruments diversify financial assets, and by assigning rastin certificates to specific projects, goods or assets, paper markets are not generated. the involvement of capital in the project prevents quick movement of assets, which create financial crises because of the liquid flow of funds and by eliminating superficial paper market prevents debt-leverage based crises. whoever is capable of conducting economic activity can receive financial fund or be employed in job vacancies created by entrepreneurs of the financed projects. moreover, the application of various financial expertise expands related job opportunities, and all of these provisions improve investment, employment, production, and social welfare and restrict economic and financial fluctuations. ethical principles: obligation to release real and precise information and documents will persuade honesty and personal peace, and conformity of word and practice, and application of true supervision and decrease of uncertainty and social and individual mental tensions. forbidding tricks and decrease of financial corruption because of the designed method of assessment, supervision and monitoring systems, and removal of moral hazards potentials lead to put everything in its right place and remove injustice. false devour, incurring a loss to others, betray, gambling and lottery, unfairness, grabby, extortion, waste and squandering, and speculation, conspiracy, and bribery all are forbidden in rastin banking and will be fighting against systematically. observing the rights of weak, implementing financial justice, honoring and respecting rights of people increases mutual consent and benevolence and prevents riba and waste debaucheries openly. social principles: conducting activities according to pre-described procedures and rules provides the necessary background for regulating the right financial behaviors of people of society and obliges individual discipline. no discrimination, difference, or priority among those with similar characteristics is accepted in rastin banking. it teaches people to plan, forecast, and design their financial activities. legal principles: respecting property rights and individual rights in rastin banking is strong. by specifying various aspects of obligations of contracting parties, there will be less reason for juridical settlements; and arbitration facilitates dispute settlement among dissident parties. moreover, queries of online databases restrict abuses. a new method of execution of enforceable documents in bank loans collection of claims. international principles: 7×24×365 internet accessibility to banking services throughout the world facilitates foreign investment absorption, which provides international mutual interests and political stability background. the virtues of rastin banking system introduce it as an operational ideal banking model at the international level, and development of rastin certificate market at international level provides stable assets' anchor. organizational principles: commensurate of the organization to needs, together with proper position appointment and promotion, and generally meritocracy including assignment of qualified persons, organizational communications, duties, responsibilities of personnel and effective punishment and award system are considered and defined in rastin banking. organizational evolution, change, and stability are accompanied by standardization and documentation. responsiveness of all personnel for their granted authorities prevents the appearance of harmful effects of unofficial organizations and political pressure. 2. draft of rastin banking bill "draft of rastin banking bill" has the following chapters: chapter 1: principles and definitions chapter 2: generalities chapter 3: contracts chapter 4: entrepreneur chapter 5: depositor chapter 6: assessment and supervision chapter 7: rastin certificate chapter 8: rastin swap bond (rsb) copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 5 chapter 9: rastin swap deposit (rsd) chapter 10: rastin swap card (rsc) chapter 11: rastin certificate market (rcm) chapter 12: operation control and monitoring system (ocm) chapter 13: collateral registration system (crs) chapter 14: mortgage securitization system (mss) chapter 15: interbank withdrawal protocol (iwp) chapter 16: non-usury scripless security settlement system (nssss) chapter 17: rastin personal security (rps) chapter 18: rastin social takaful (rst) chapter 19: correcting consumption pattern chapter 20: wasteland reclamation chapter 21: transparency, information disclosure, and governance chapter 22: enforcement of contents of documents chapter 23: money laundering detection system (mld) chapter 24: safeguarding operational bylaw of rastin banking "operational bylaw of rastin banking" has the following chapters: section one: rastin profit and loss sharing base system (pls) chapter 1: definitions and generalities chapter 2: organization chapter 3: professional behavior of assessor and trustee chapter 4: project proposal chapter 5: assessment chapter 6: guarantees, collaterals, and contributions chapter 7: insurance chapter 8: preparing contract chapter 9: supervision chapter 10: entrepreneur chapter 11: entrepreneur financial transparency chapter 12: entrepreneur information disclosure chapter 13: entrepreneur governance chapter 14: auditing chapter 15: rastin sharing accounting chapter 16: change in timing chapter 17: settlement chapter 18: bank’s receipts chapter 19: transform of subscripted certificate to musharakah certificate chapter 20: commodity inspection and standard chapter 21: delivery of commodity chapter 22: auxiliary financial instruments chapter 23: force majeure chapter 24: arbitration section two: financial subsystems of rastin pls banking chapter 25: joalah financial sharing (jfs) chapter 26: mudarabah financial sharing (mfs) chapter 27: installment financial sharing (ifs) chapter 28: rent financial sharing (rfs) chapter 29: bail financial sharing (bfs) copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 6 chapter 30: group crowd funding (gcf) chapter 31: rastin personal security (rps) chapter 32: rastin social takaful (rst) chapter 33: sponsor crowd funding (scf) chapter 34: peer to peer loan (ppl) chapter 35: rastin swap bond (rsb) chapter 36: rastin swap deposit (rsd) chapter 37: rastin swap card (rsc) section three: complementary systems of rastin banking chapter 38: rastin certificate market (rcm) chapter 39: crowd funding system (cfs) chapter 40: operation control and monitoring system (ocm) chapter 41: mortgage securitization system (mss) chapter 42: collateral registration system (crs) chapter 43: serial commitment clearance (scc) chapter 44: interbank withdrawal protocol (iwp) chapter 45: non-usury scripless security settlement system (nssss) chapter 46: enforcement of the purports of binding bank documents chapter 47: bank's financial transparency, governance and information disclosure chapter 48: money laundering detection system (mld) resources of rastin banking the persian and english documents of rastin banking all are accessible through http://www.bidabad.com in full texts. persian documents persian books and detailed reports دآباد، مبانی عرفانی اقتصاد اسالمی، پول، بانک، بیمه و مالیه از دیدگاه حکمت. پژوهشکدة پولی و بانکی، بانک مرکزی بیژن بی .1383جمهوری اسالمی ایران، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/mabani-erfani-eqtesade-islami.pdf بري، بیژن بیدآباد، ژینا آقابیگي، مهستي نعیمي، آذرنگ امیراستوار، سعید صالحیان، سعید نفیسي زیده سرایي، علیرضا مهدیزاده چله پور، نادیا خلیلي والئي. طرح تفصیلي بانكداري مشاركت پور، سعید شیخاني، محمود الهیاري فرد، محمد صفایي بیژن حسین و زیان راستین در سود (pls) .1387ریزي، بانك ملي ایران، ، اداره تحقیقات و برنامه http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-pls.pdf زاده، علي بیژن بیدآباد، ژینا آقابیگي، آذرنگ امیراستوار، ابوالفضل هزاوه، علیرضا شفیعي، سعید نفیسي زبده سرائي، علیرضا مهدي پور، علي پور، سید علي حسیني، اكبر شالي، محمد كاشفي، محمود الهیاري فرد، محمد صفایي داودي، بیژن حسین حیات نعیمي، نادیا خلیلي والئي، شاكري. طرح تفصیلي مشاركت مالي مضاربه اله زاده، مهستي كوثري، باقر عین (mfs) ، (pls)زیرسیستم بانكداري مشاركت در سود و زیان راستین . 1389، بانك ملي ایران، تهران http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-mfs.pdf داودي، زاده، علي حیات بیژن بیدآباد، آذرنگ امیراستوار، ابوالفضل هزاوه، علیرضا شفیعي، سعید نفیسي زبده سرائي، علیرضا مهدي پور، علي كوثري، باقر پور، سیدعلي حسیني، اكبر شالي، محمد كاشفي، محمود الهیاري فرد، محمد صفایي بیژن حسین نعیمي، نادیا خلیلي والئي، شاكري. طرح تفصیلي مشاركت مالي جعاله اله زاده، مجید ناصري، مهستي عین (jfs) ، (pls)زیرسیستم بانكداري مشاركت در سود و زیان راستین .1389، بانك ملي ایران، تهران http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-jfs.pdf یژن بیدآباد، امیر عباس سیاهپوش، مهتاب میرزایی قاضی، سمیه الجبوری، زینب غالمي، امیر شریفی، امیر شمس، شهرام اکبرزاده. ب . 1389الحسنه مهر ایران، انداز، بانك قرض الحسنه پس طرح تفصیلي گواهي قرض http://www.bidabad.com/doc/gavahi-qarz-tarh-bi-vam.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/gavahi-qarz-tarh.ppt عباس سیاهپوش، مهتاب میرزایی قاضی، سمیه الجبوری، زینب غالمي، امیر شریفی، امیر شمس، شهرام اکبرزاده. بیژن بیدآباد، امیر .1390الحسنه مهر ایران، انداز با گواهي امتیاز حق وام، بانك قرض الحسنه پس طرح تفصیلي گواهي قرض http://www.bidabad.com/doc/gavahi-qarz-tarh-ba-vam.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/ http://www.bidabad.com/doc/mabani-erfani-eqtesade-islami.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-pls.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-mfs.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-jfs.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/gavahi-qarz-tarh-bi-vam.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/gavahi-qarz-tarh.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/gavahi-qarz-tarh-ba-vam.pdf copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 7 . اداره (pls)، زیرسیستم بانكداري مشاركت در سود و زیان راستین (ifs)بیژن بیدآباد، طرح تفصیلي مشاركت مالي مقاسطه .1390ریزی، بانك ملي ایران، تهران تحقیقات و برنامه http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-ifs.pdf . اداره تحقیقات (pls)، زیرسیستم بانكداري مشاركت در سود و زیان راستین (rfs)بیژن بیدآباد، طرح تفصیلي مشاركت مالي اجاره .1390ریزی، بانك ملي ایران، تهران و برنامه http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-rfs.pdf ، بانك ملي (pls)، زیرسیستم بانكداري مشاركت در سود و زیان راستین (rst)بیژن بیدآباد. طرح تفصیلي تکافل اجتماعی راستین . 1391ایران، تهران http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-rst.pdf ، بانك ملي ایران، (pls)، زیرسیستم بانكداري مشاركت در سود و زیان راستین (bfs)بیژن بیدآباد. طرح تفصیلي تأمین مالی امانی . 1391تهران http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-bfs.pdf ، بانك ملي (pls)، زیرسیستم بانكداري مشاركت در سود و زیان راستین (rps)بیژن بیدآباد. طرح تفصیلی تأمین شخصی راستین .1391ایران، تهران http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-rps.pdf فرد، اسکندر پردل، مریم حیدری، علیرضا شفیعی، محمدعلی بیژن بیدآباد، آذرنگ امیراستوار، سعید عبداللهی، محمود الهیاری 1391ان، پوربهروز، پیشنویس الیحه قانونی بانکداری راستین، بانک ملی ایر . http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-banking-bill.pdf فرد، اسکندر پردل، مریم حیدری، علیرضا شفیعی، محمدعلی بیژن بیدآباد، آذرنگ امیراستوار، سعید عبداللهی، محمود الهیاری 1391نامه اجرایی بانکداری راستین، بانک ملی ایران، یس آئینپوربهروز، پیشنو . http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-banking-regulation.pdf mldبیژن بیدآباد، طرح تفصیلی سیستم کشف پولشویی ) ریزی، بانک ملی ری راستین. اداره تحقیقات و برنامه(، سیستم مکمل بانکدا .1391ایران. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-mld.pdf ر، معصومه خالصیان طرح تفصیلی پو فرد، اسکندر پردل، سعید عبداللهی، شهرام مهرپویا، علی حسینی بیژن بیدآباد، محمود الهیاری rcfتأمین مالی جمعی راستین ) .1393ریزی و مدیریت ریسک، بانک ملی ایران. (. اداره کل تحقیقات، برنامه http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-rcf.pdf پور، معصومه خالصیان طرح تفصیلی فرد، اسکندر پردل، سعید عبداللهی، شهرام مهرپویا، علی حسینی یاریبیژن بیدآباد، محمود اله rgfتأمین مالی گروهی راستین ) .1393ریزی و مدیریت ریسک، بانک ملی ایران. (. اداره کل تحقیقات، برنامه http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-rgf.pdf .1394بیژن بیدآباد، بانکداری راستین، جلد اول: مباحث نظری. مؤسسه نوین پژوهان، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-1-fa.pdf http://pub.npdr.ir/product/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1 %db%8c-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%84%d8%af-1/ .1394بیژن بیدآباد، بانکداری راستین، جلد دوم: مباحث کاربردی. مؤسسه نوین پژوهان، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-2-fa.pdf http://pub.npdr.ir/product/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1 %db%8c-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%84%d8%af-2-%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85%d9%86%d9%88%db%8c%d9%86%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7/ .1394ین، جلد سوم: مباحث اجرایی. مؤسسه نوین پژوهان، بیژن بیدآباد، بانکداری راست http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-3-fa.pdf http://pub.npdr.ir/product/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1 %db%8c-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85-%d9%86%d9%88%db%8c%d9%86%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%a7-2/ http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-ifs.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-rfs.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-rst.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-bfs.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-rps.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-banking-bill.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-banking-regulation.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-mld.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-rcf.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/detailed-rgf.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-1-fa.pdf http://pub.npdr.ir/product/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%ac%d9%84%d8%af-1/ http://pub.npdr.ir/product/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%ac%d9%84%d8%af-1/ http://pub.npdr.ir/product/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%ac%d9%84%d8%af-1/ http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-2-fa.pdf http://pub.npdr.ir/product/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%ac%d9%84%d8%af-2-%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85-%d9%86%d9%88%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7/ http://pub.npdr.ir/product/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%ac%d9%84%d8%af-2-%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85-%d9%86%d9%88%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7/ http://pub.npdr.ir/product/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%ac%d9%84%d8%af-2-%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85-%d9%86%d9%88%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7/ http://pub.npdr.ir/product/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%ac%d9%84%d8%af-2-%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85-%d9%86%d9%88%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7/ http://pub.npdr.ir/product/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%ac%d9%84%d8%af-2-%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85-%d9%86%d9%88%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7/ http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-3-fa.pdf http://pub.npdr.ir/product/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85-%d9%86%d9%88%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%a7-2/ http://pub.npdr.ir/product/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85-%d9%86%d9%88%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%a7-2/ http://pub.npdr.ir/product/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85-%d9%86%d9%88%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%a7-2/ http://pub.npdr.ir/product/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%85-%d9%86%d9%88%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%da%a9%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%a7-2/ copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 8 persian papers اقتصادي ربا در وام -بیژن بیدآباد، عبدالرضا هرسیني، تحلیل فقهي گذاري و كاستي های مصرفي و سرمایه ف های فقه متداول در كش . چاپ مجدد 1382احكام شارع. ارائه شده به همایش دوساالنه اقتصاد اسالمي، پژوهشكدة اقتصاد، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، : 109؛ 36-41، صفحات: 1389: مرداد 108؛ 38-42، صفحات: 1389: خرداد 106های: در مجله بانک و اقتصاد شماره .42-44، صفحات: 1389: آذر 112؛ 34-38ت: ، صفحا1389: آبان 111؛ 34-38، صفحات: 1389شهریور http://www.bidabad.com/doc/reba-fa.pdf بیژن بیدآباد، عبدالرضا هرسیني، شركت سهامي بانك غیرربوي و بازبیني ماهیت ربوي و غیرربوي عملیات بانكي متداول. مجموعه ، 1382دي 3-4، «نظریة اقتصاد اسالمي و عملكرد اقتصاد ایران»سومین همایش دوساالنة اقتصاد اسالمي مقاالت ، تهران.193-224پژوهشكدة اقتصاد، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، صفحات http://www.bidabad.com/doc/sherkat-sahami-bank.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/sherkatbank.ppt های شیوة حکومت اسالمی. مجموعه مقاالت هشتمین همایش دوساالنه اقتصاد اقتصادی انواع بیمه و ویژگی -بیژن بیدآباد، تحلیل فقهی ، 1393اردیبهشت 17تصاد اسالمی و اقتصاد ایران، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، پژوهشکده اقتصاد، اسالمی: اخالق در اق تهران. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/bimeh.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/bimeh.pptx .1389های تأمینی، بیژن بیدآباد، تحلیل فقهی ـ اقتصادی بیمه http://www.bidabad.com/doc/bimeh-tamini.pdf . 1389بیژن بیدآباد، بیمه و نظریة زنجیرة ورشکستگی، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/bimeh-varshekastegi.pdf .1389بیژن بیدآباد، تحلیل فقهی ـ اقتصادی بیمه اجباری، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/bimeh-ejbari.pdf ( )بانكداري plsمحمود الهیاري فرد، فناوري اطالعات و ارتباطات در تحقق سازوكار مشاركت در سود و زیان ) بیژن بیدآباد، . چاپ1-37، صفحات 1384پژوهشي اقتصاد و تجارت نوین، سال اول، شمارة سوم، زمستان -اسالمي(. فصلنامة علمي ، تهران.1392بهمن 8-9مجدد در مجموعه مقاالت کنفرانس ملی توسعه مدیریت پولی و بانکی، بانک انصار، http://prd.moc.gov.ir/jnec/farsi/3rd/article2.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls_it-fa.pdf almمحمود الهیاري فرد، كارایی نسبي مدیریت دارایی و بدهي ) بیژن بیدآباد، پژوهشي -( در بانكداري اسالمي. فصلنامة علمي .109-128، صفحات 1387اقتصاد و تجارت نوین، سال سوم، شمارة دوازدهم، بهار http://www.bidabad.com/doc/alm-farsi.pdf (، معرفي ابزارهای مالي گواهي plsمحمود الهیاري فرد، سازوكار عملیاتي بانكداري مشاركت در سود و زیان ) بیژن بیدآباد، ، بانك 1387مهر 27همایش خدمات بانكي و صادرات، المللي. ارائه شده در دومین مشاركت و گواهي پذیره با كارایی بین توسعه صادرات ایران، تهران، ایران. چاپ مجدد در مجموعه مقاالت کنفرانس ملی توسعه مدیریت پولی و بانکی، بانک ، تهران. 1392بهمن 8-9انصار، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-banking.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-banking-export-deveopment-bank-2.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-banking-revised.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-banking-4-revised.pptx http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-tamine-mali.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-3.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-mfs-jfs-instructions-93.pptx http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-novin-pajoohan.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-8-12-saat.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-banking.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-banking-export-deveopment-bank-2.ppt چوب بازار الكترونیكي معامالت گواهي مشاركت/پذیره در قالب طرح مشاركت در سود و زیان محمد صفائي پور، چار بیژن بیدآباد، (pls) ، وزارت بازرگاني، تهران.1387آذر 3-4. پنجمین همایش تجارت الكترونیكي، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/charchoobe-bazare-electronic-pls.pdf http://www.ecommerce.gov.ir/earchive/earchivef/item.asp?parentid=43&itemid=182 ابر بحرانبانكداري بدون ربا در بر بیژن بیدآباد، .22-27، صفحات 103، شماره 1388های اقتصادي. مجله بانك و اقتصاد، آذر http://www.bidabad.com/doc/reba-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/sherkat-sahami-bank.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/sherkatbank.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/bimeh.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/bimeh.pptx http://www.bidabad.com/doc/bimeh-tamini.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/bimeh-varshekastegi.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/bimeh-ejbari.pdf http://prd.moc.gov.ir/jnec/farsi/3rd/article2.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls_it-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/alm-farsi.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-banking.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-banking-export-deveopment-bank-2.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-banking-revised.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-banking-4-revised.pptx http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-tamine-mali.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-3.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-mfs-jfs-instructions-93.pptx http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-novin-pajoohan.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-8-12-saat.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-banking.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-banking-export-deveopment-bank-2.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/charchoobe-bazare-electronic-pls.pdf http://www.ecommerce.gov.ir/earchive/earchivef/item.asp?parentid=43&itemid=182 copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 9 . مجموعه مقاالت کنفرانس ملی توسعه مدیریت پولی و (pls)محمود الهیاري فرد، حسابداري مشاركت در سود و زیان بیژن بیدآباد، ، تهران.1392بهمن 8-9بانکی، بانک انصار، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-accounting-fa.pdf بیژن بیدآباد، تثبیت ادوار تجاری با بانکداری مشارکت در سود و زیان راستین و اقتصاد اخالق. مجموعه مقاالت همایش بررسی ابعاد ، وزارت امور 134-167ر کشور با تأکید بر نقش بانک، بیمه و بازارهای سرمایه، صفحات های تأمین مالی د و روش . چاپ شده در مجله اقتصاد مالي و توسعه 1390تیر 28اقتصادی و دارایی، دانشگاه پیام نور و بانک ملی ایران، تهران، .37-72، صفحات 24، شماره 7، دوره 1392)علوم اقتصادي(، پاییز http://fa.journals.sid.ir/viewpaper.aspx?id=252008 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-business-cycles.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-business-cycles.ppt المللي توسعه محمود الهیاري فرد، تأمین مالي غیرربوي مبتني بر فناوري اطالعات. مجموعه مقاالت سومین كنفرانس بین بیژن بیدآباد، گذاري مركز مطالعات تكنولوژي ، گروه مدیریت مالي و سرمایه1389فند اس 1بهمن لغایت 30نظام تأمین مالي در ایران. . چاپ مجدد مجموعه مقاالت کنفرانس ملی توسعه مدیریت پولی و بانکی، بانک 69-89دانشگاه صنعتي شریف، صفحات ، تهران.1392بهمن 8-9انصار، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/non-usury-finance-it-fa.pdf محمود الهیاري فرد، اوراق قرضه غیرربوي )ریالي و ارزي( و ابزارهای پولي بانكداري مركزي بدون ربا، مجموعه بیژن بیدآباد، ، گروه مدیریت مالي و 1389اسفند 1 بهمن لغایت 30المللي توسعه نظام تأمین مالي در ایران. مقاالت سومین كنفرانس بین .517-540گذاري مركز مطالعات تكنولوژي دانشگاه صنعتي شریف، صفحات سرمایه http://www.bidabad.com/doc/islamic-banking-bond-fa.pdf بانكداري مشاركت در سود و زیان )بیژن بیدآباد، نگاهي بر pls های مشاركت مالي مضاربه ) ( و زیرسیستم mfs و مشاركت مالي ) jfsجعاله ) .20-26، صفحات 114، شماره 1390(. مجله بانك و اقتصاد، مرداد http://www.bidabad.com/doc/negahi-bar-pls-mfs-jfs.pdf بیژن بیدآباد، بررسي فقهی و حقوقي اوراق قرضه بدون ربا، مجموعه مقاالت همایش ملی بانکداری اسالمی در تأمین مالی )با تأکید بر الحسنه مهر ایران و دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران. ، بانک قرض1390آذر 22بانکداری اسالمی(، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/legal-analysis-of-non-usury-bonds.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/legal-analysis-of-non-usury-bonds.ppt انداز الحسنه پس بیژن بیدآباد، گواهي قرض (sqc) مجموعه مقاالت همایش ملی بانکداری اسالمی در تأمین مالی )با تأکید بر ، الحسنه مهر ایران و دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران. ، بانک قرض1390آذر 22بانکداری اسالمی(، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/gavahi-qarzulhasana-pasandaz.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/gavahi-qarz-paper.ppt بیژن بیدآباد، جلوگیري از نوسانات و بحران .1389اقتصادي ادواري با ابزار نوین مالي و اصالح ساختار بانكي، های http://www.bidabad.com/doc/bohran-va-abzare-mali.pdf داري مشاركت در سود و زیان بیژن بیدآباد، مسعود صفرزاده نساجي، ژینا آقابیگي، سازمان و تشكیالت بانك (pls) در بانك ملي .1389ایران، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-organization.pdf (mfs)بیژن بیدآباد، مشاركت مالي مضاربه امه علمی و کاربردی بانک . در نوبت چاپ در پژوهشنامه بانک مسکن، فصلن1389، مسکن. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/mfs-paper-fa.pdf (jfs)بیژن بیدآباد، مشاركت مالي جعاله ، 1392، پویش، فصلنامه علمی و کاربردی بانک مسکن، سال دوم، شماره ششم، تابستان .98-121صفحات http://www.bidabad.com/doc/jfs-paper-fa.pdf .1390بیژن بیدآباد، راهبرد تحول ساختار بانكي، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rahborde-tahavole-bank.pdf .1390بیژن بیدآباد، اوراق خزانه بدون ربا )ریالي و ارزي(، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/interest-free-t-bond-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/interest-free-t-bond-fa.pptx (pls)بیژن بیدآباد، بازاریابي تأمین مالي مشاركت در سود و زیان راستین، پویش، فصلنامه علمی و کاربردی بانک مسکن، سال .88-99فحات ، ص1392دوم، شماره هفتم، زمستان http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-accounting-fa.pdf http://fa.journals.sid.ir/viewpaper.aspx?id=252008 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-business-cycles.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-business-cycles.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/non-usury-finance-it-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/non-usury-finance-it-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/islamic-banking-bond-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/negahi-bar-pls-mfs-jfs.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/legal-analysis-of-non-usury-bonds.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/legal-analysis-of-non-usury-bonds.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/gavahi-qarzulhasana-pasandaz.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/gavahi-qarz-paper.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/bohran-va-abzare-mali.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-organization.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/mfs-paper-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/jfs-paper-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rahborde-tahavole-bank.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/interest-free-t-bond-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/interest-free-t-bond-fa.pptx copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 10 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-marketing.pdf (ifs)بیژن بیدآباد، مشاركت مالي مقاسطه . در نوبت چاپ در پژوهشنامه بانک مسکن، فصلنامه علمی و کاربردی بانک 1390، مسکن. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/ifs-paper-fa.pdf های مبتنی بر فنآوری اطالعات و ارتباطات در بانکداری راستین، مجموعه مقاالت همایش ملی خدمات بیژن بیدآباد، زیرسیستم . دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران.1390ان آب 29-30الکترونیکی تحولی نوین در توسعه پایدار، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-it.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-it.ppt 1390: آذر 116بیدآباد، امنیت تعامالت بانکی مبتنی بر فناوری اطالعات در بانکداری راستین، مجله بانک و اقتصاد شماره: بیژن .37-40صفحات: http://www.bidabad.com/doc/amniyat-taamolat-banki.pdf .1390الحسنه، هللا محمدي، تکافل اجتماعی راستین و بانکداری قرض بیدآباد، روح بیژن http://www.bidabad.com/doc/takaful-qarzulhasane.pdf (rfs)بیژن بیدآباد، مشارکت مالی اجاره پژوهشنامه بانک مسکن، فصلنامه علمی و کاربردی بانک . در نوبت چاپ در1390، مسکن. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rfs-paper-fa.pdf زم برای ارتقاء آن، مجله بیژن بیدآباد، شفافیت مالی، حکمرانی و افشای اطالعات بانکی در بانکداری راستین و پیشنهاد مقررات ال . چاپ مجدد در مجموعه مقاالت کنفرانس ملی توسعه مدیریت 24-34صفحات: 1390: اسفند 117بانک و اقتصاد شماره: ، 2، تهران. چاپ مجدد در حقوق و اقتصاد، ماهنامه علوم انسانی، شماره 1392بهمن 8-9پولی و بانکی، بانک انصار، .58-77، صفحات 1392اسفند http://www.bidabad.com/doc/shafafiyat.pdf .1394بیژن بیدآباد، شفافیت مالی، حاکمیت شرکتی و افشای اطالعات مجری )متقاضی منابع مالی( در بانکداری راستین. تهران، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/transparency-entrepreneur-fa.pdf پور، اجزای سیستم یکپارچه بانکداری مشارکت در سود و زیان راستین، نگرش مدیریت عملیات و بیژن بیدآباد، محمد صفائي ، 1390اسفند 1-بهمن 30های پرداخت، المللی بانکداری الکترونیک و نظام مجموعه مقاالت اولین همایش بینفرآیندها. پژوهشکده پولی و بانکی، بانک مرکزی ایران، تهران. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/ajza-system-rastin.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/ajza-system-rastin.ppt (iwp)محمود الهیاري فرد، پروتکل برداشت بین بانکی بیژن بیدآباد، در بانکداری راستین. ارائه شده در چهارمین کنفرانس فناوری (ikt2012)اطالعات و دانش ، بابل، ایران. 1391خرداد 2-4دانشگاه صنعتی نوشیروانی بابل، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/iwp-paper-fa.pdf (rst)بیژن بیدآباد، تکافل اجتماعی راستین و کاربردی بانک مسکن. . پژوهشنامه بانک مسکن، فصلنامه علمی1391، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rst-paper-fa.pdf .1391در بانکداری راستین. (mss) بیژن بیدآباد. تبدیل دارایی به اوراق بهادار http://www.bidabad.com/doc/mms-paper-fa.pdf (bfs)بیژن بیدآباد، مشارکت مالی امانی . پژوهشنامه بانک مسکن، فصلنامه علمی و کاربردی بانک مسکن.1391، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/bfs-paper-fa.pdf یژن بیدآباد، تأمین شخصی راستین ب (rps) . پژوهشنامه بانک مسکن، فصلنامه علمی و کاربردی بانک مسکن.1391، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rps-paper-fa.pdf .1391بیژن بیدآباد، شرکت سهامی با سرمایه متغیر، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/vjsc-paper-fa.pdf بیژن بیدآباد، نحوه جلوگیری از اسراف منابع بانکی در بانکداری راستین http://www.bidabad.com/doc/esraf-bank-resource-fa.pdf ، پژوهشنامه بانک مسکن، فصلنامه علمی و کاربردی (pls)بیژن بیدآباد، سیستم پایه بانکداری مشارکت در سود و زیان راستین .25-63، صفحات 1391بانک مسکن، سال اول، شماره چهارم، تابستان http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-base-fa.pdf .1391بیژن بیدآباد، شمائی از بانکداری راستین، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-glance-fa.pdf بیژن بیدآباد، ویژگی .18-32، صفحات 1391، شهریور 119های کلی بانکداری راستین، مجله بانک و اقتصاد، شماره http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-marketing.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/ifs-paper-fa.pdf%20%0d%0d http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-it.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-it.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/amniyat-taamolat-banki.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/takaful-qarzulhasane.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rfs-paper-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/shafafiyat.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/transparency-entrepreneur-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/ajza-system-rastin.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/ajza-system-rastin.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/iwp-paper-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rst-paper-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/mms-paper-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/bfs-paper-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rps-paper-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/vjsc-paper-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/esraf-bank-resource-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-base-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-glance-fa.pdf%0d copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 11 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-general.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-general.ppt فرد، مریم حیدری، علیرضا شفیعی. مقررات بیژن بیدآباد، سعید عبداللهی، آذرنگ امیراستوار، اسکندر پردل، محمود الهیاری . مجموعه مقاالت کنفرانس 1391زم االجرای بانک در بانکداری راستین، بانک ملی ایران، پیشنهادی اجرای مفاد اسناد ال ، تهران.1392بهمن 8-9ملی توسعه مدیریت پولی و بانکی، بانک انصار، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-ejraye-asnad.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-ejraye-asnad.pptx ل هشتاد و ، سا1392بیژن بیدآباد، محمود اللهیاری فرد، بانکداری راستین و تحول بانکداری در ایران، نامه اتاق بازرگانی، مهر . 11-12، صفحات 81پنجم، شماره https://www.bidabad.com /doc/rastin-bank-change.pdf https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1053820 ویی )بیژن بیدآباد، سیستم کشف پولش mld ،)1392. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/mld-paper-fa.pdf بیژن بیدآباد، پروژه ریزي بانك ملي االجرا و مکمل بانکداری راستین برای اصالح نظام بانکی، اداره تحقیقات و برنامه های الزم .1392ایران، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/projects-rastin-banking-fa.pdf .1392بیژن بیدآباد، نظری اجمالی بر بانکداری راستین، سیستم نوین بانکداری اسالمی عملیاتی، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-bird-eye-view-fa.pdf (rcm)بیژن بیدآباد، بازار گواهی راستین .1392ریزي بانك ملي ایران، ، سیستم مکمل بانکداری راستین، اداره تحقیقات و برنامه http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-rcm-fa.pdf بیژن بیدآباد، مدیریت تغییر ساختار بانکی با بانکداری راستین )مدیریت دانش در پیوند و هرس فرآیندها و آموزش استاد شاگرد(، .1396اردیبهشت 20المللی اقتصاد و مدیریت، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی، رشت، گیالن، نس بینارائه شده در دهمین کنفرا http://www.bidabad.com/doc/change-banking-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/change-banking-fa.pptx .1392بیژن بیدآباد، شیوه عملیاتی اوراق مبادله راستین، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rsb-operations-fa.pdf ه مقاالت کنفرانس ملی گذار و مجری براساس قضیه اولر در بانکداری راستین، مجموع بیژن بیدآباد، توزیع سود مشارکت بین سپرده ، تهران.1392بهمن 8-9توسعه مدیریت پولی و بانکی، بانک انصار، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/profit-distribution-euler-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/profit-distribution-euler-fa.ppt بیژن بیدآباد، ابزارهای مالی مشتقه و قرضه نوین در بانکداری راستین، مجموعه مقاالت کنفرانس ملی توسعه مدیریت پولی و بانکی، ، تهران.1392بهمن 8-9بانک انصار، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-derivatives-fa.pdf .1392بیژن بیدآباد، محصوالت بیمه در بانكداري راستین، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-insurance-fa.pdf .1392بیژن بیدآباد، محمود الهیاری فرد، حسابداری مشارکت راستین، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-mosharekat-accounting-fa.pdf ای، حسابرسی، بازرسی، کنترل، پایش و صیانت عملیات(، نکداری اخالقی عملیاتی در بانکداری راستین )اخالق حرفهبیژن بیدآباد، با 1392. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-ethic-banking-fa.pdf نامه اجرائی بانکداری راستین. قهی و حقوقی مقررات بانکداری بدون ربا در ایران و پیشنهاد الیحه و آئینبیژن بیدآباد، بررسی ف مجموعه مقاالت اولین سمینار از سلسله سمینارهای تخصصی نقد و بررسی قوانین، مقررات و نظام بانکداری ایران با ، موسسه نوین پژوهان و 1393خرداد 28، «ت بانکداریقوانین و مقررات مرتبط با عملیا»رویکرد اسالمی با عنوان پژوهشکده پولی و بانکی بانک مرکزی. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/jurist-legal-banking-fa.pdf (rcf)بیژن بیدآباد، تأمین مالی جمعی راستین های پرداخت، عه مقاالت چهارمین همایش ساالنه بانکداری الکترونیک و نظام، مجمو .1393بهمن 7-6 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rcf-paper-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rcf-paper-fa.pptx http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-general.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-general.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-ejraye-asnad.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-ejraye-asnad.pptx https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1053820 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/mld-paper-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/projects-rastin-banking-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-bird-eye-view-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-rcm-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/change-banking-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/change-banking-fa.pptx http://www.bidabad.com/doc/profit-distribution-euler-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/profit-distribution-euler-fa.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-derivatives-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-insurance-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-mosharekat-accounting-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-ethic-banking-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/jurist-legal-banking-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rcf-paper-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rcf-paper-fa.pptx copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 12 rgfبیژن بیدآباد، تأمین مالی گروهی راستین ) .)1393. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rgf-paper-fa.pdf (scc)بیژن بیدآباد، تهاتر تعهدات پشت سرهم .1393در بانکداری راستین، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/scc-paper-fa.pdf (rsd)بیژن بیدآباد، سپرده مبادله راستین ،1393. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rsd-paper-fa.pdf (rsc)بیژن بیدآباد، کارت مبادله راستین ،1393. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rsc-paper-fa.pdf فرانس ملی رویکرد بانکداری اسالمی در بیژن بیدآباد، راه حل عملیاتی رفع مشکالت بانکداری کشور، مجموعه مقاالت دومین کن ، اصفهان.1395بهمن 27تحقق اقتصاد مقاومتی، مؤسسه آموزش عالی غیرانتفاعی راغب اصفهانی، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/iran-banking-reform-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/iran-banking-reform-fa.pptx بیژن بیدآباد، بانکداری سبز و تأمین مالی پایدار در بانکداری راستین، نخستین همایش ملی بانکداری و محیط زیست، سازمان حفاظت ، تهران.1395دی 19و مرکز آموزش علمی و کاربردی بانک تجارت، از محیط زیست http://www.bidabad.com/doc/green-rastin-banking-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/green-rastin-banking-fa.ppt ، تهران.1395محمود الهیاری فرد، بیژن بیدآباد، حسابداری اقالم زیر خط ترازنامه در حسابداری مشارکت راستین، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/off-balance-rastin-accounting-fa.pdf بیژن بیدآباد، اسراف در اقتصاد اخالق )بررسی رفتار مصرف کننده و تولید کننده(، مجموعه مقاالت همایش اصالح الگوی مصرف، ، تهران.49-76، صفحات 1388مرداد 4موسسه مطالعات و پژوهشهای بازرگانی، وزارت بازرگانی، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/esraf-eghtesade-akhlagh.pdf .61-64، صفحات 94، شماره 1387بیژن بیدآباد، اسراف و اقتصاد اخالق، ماهنامه بانک و اقتصاد، مهر .1388بیژن بیدآباد، تعادل در اقتصاد اخالق، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/taadol-eghtesade-akhlagh.pdf .1388بیژن بیدآباد، شاکله اجتماع و اقتصاد اخالق، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/shakeleh-ejtema-eghtesade-akhlagh.pdf بیژن بیدآباد، تبذیر در اقتصاد اخالق و توسعه پایدار، مجموعه مقاالت همایش اصالح الگوی مصرف، موسسه مطالعات و پژوهشهای ، تهران.377-400، صفحات 1388مرداد 4بازرگانی، وزارت بازرگانی، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/toseeh-payedar-eghtesade-akhlagh.pdf .1388بیژن بیدآباد، مبانی عرفانی روش شناسی علم، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/mabani-ravesh-shenasi-elm.pdf .59-63، صفحات 104، شماره 1388بیژن بیدآباد، پدیده جهانی گرسنگی و اسراف در غذا. مجله بانک و اقتصاد، بهمن http://www.bidabad.com/doc/gorosnegi/padideh-gorosnegi.pdf .1389بیژن بیدآباد، تعادل در اقتصاد اخالق و اقتصاد نئوکالسیک، http://www.bidabad.com/doc/taadol-akhlaq-neoclassic.pdf english documents english books bidabad, bijan, new operational islamic banking system, volume one, theoretical foundations, lap lambert academic publishing, omniscriptum gmbh & co. kg, 2014, isbn: 978-3-659-54463-7. http://www.amazon.com/rastin-banking-operational-theoreticalfoundations/dp/3659544639/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=utf8&qid=1402563518&sr=1-2 http://pub.npdr.ir/product/rastin-banking/ bidabad, bijan, new operational islamic banking system, volume two, applicational issues, lap lambert academic publishing, omniscriptum gmbh & co. kg, 2014, isbn: 978-3-659-55210-6. http://www.amazon.com/rastin-banking-ii-operationalapplication/dp/3659552100/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=utf8&qid=1404643353&sr=1-1 http://pub.npdr.ir/product/rastin-banking-volume-ii/ http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rgf-paper-fa.pdf%20%0d http://www.bidabad.com/doc/scc-paper-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rsd-paper-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rsc-paper-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/iran-banking-reform-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/iran-banking-reform-fa.pptx http://www.bidabad.com/doc/green-rastin-banking-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/green-rastin-banking-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/green-rastin-banking-fa.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/off-balance-rastin-accounting-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/off-balance-rastin-accounting-fa.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/esraf-eghtesade-akhlagh.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/taadol-eghtesade-akhlagh.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/shakeleh-ejtema-eghtesade-akhlagh.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/toseeh-payedar-eghtesade-akhlagh.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/mabani-ravesh-shenasi-elm.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/gorosnegi/padideh-gorosnegi.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/taadol-akhlaq-neoclassic.pdf http://www.amazon.com/rastin-banking-operational-theoretical-foundations/dp/3659544639/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=utf8&qid=1402563518&sr=1-2 http://www.amazon.com/rastin-banking-operational-theoretical-foundations/dp/3659544639/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=utf8&qid=1402563518&sr=1-2 http://pub.npdr.ir/product/rastin-banking/ http://www.amazon.com/rastin-banking-ii-operational-application/dp/3659552100/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=utf8&qid=1404643353&sr=1-1 http://www.amazon.com/rastin-banking-ii-operational-application/dp/3659552100/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=utf8&qid=1404643353&sr=1-1 http://pub.npdr.ir/product/rastin-banking-volume-ii/ copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 13 bidabad, bijan, new operational islamic banking system, volume three, legal issues, lap lambert academic publishing, omniscriptum gmbh & co. kg, 2021. english papers bidabad, bijan, economic-juristic analysis of usury in consumption and investment loans and contemporary jurisprudence shortages in exploring legislator commandments. international journal of islamic business & management, 3(2), 1-15, 2019 . https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibm/article/view/275 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/reba-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, non-usury bank corporation (nubankco), the solution to islamic banking. international journal of shari’ah and corporate governance research, 2(1), 53-66, 2019 . https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijscgr/article/view/276 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/nubankco-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, mahmoud allahyarifard. it role in fulfillment of profit & loss sharing (pls) mechanism. international journal of islamic banking and finance research, 3(2), 44-59, 2019 . https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibfr/article/view/274 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/english-pls-5.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-it-en.ppt bidabad, bijan, mahmoud allahyarifard. implementing it to fulfill profit & loss sharing mechanism. islamic finance news (ifn), vol. 3, issue 3, 6, february 2006, pp. 11-15. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/summery-pls-it-1.pdf bidabad, bijan; mahmoud allahyarifard. assets and liabilities management in islamic banking. international journal of islamic banking and finance research, 3(2), 32-43, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibfr/article/view/272 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/alm-english.pdf bidabad, bijan. non-usury banking fits the change strategy: the solution to revive the economy. american economic & social review, 5(1), 49-61, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aesr/article/view/283 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-paper-en-5.pdf bidabad, bijan, mahmoud allahyarifard. the executive mechanism of rastin profit and loss sharing (pls) banking. indian journal of finance and banking, 3(1), 23-39, 2019 . https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijfb/article/view/308 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-banking-executive-mechanism.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-en.pptx bidabad, bijan, mahmoud allahyarifard. it-based usury-free financial innovations. american finance & banking review, 4(1), 39-49, 2019 . https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/amfbr/article/view/289 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/non-usury-finance-it-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, mahmoud allahyarifard. usury-free bonds and islamic central banking monetary instruments. 2010. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/islamic-banking-bond-en.pdf bidabad, bijan. stabilizing business cycles by pls banking and ethic economics. international journal of shari’ah and corporate governance research, 2(1), 67-82, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijscgr/article/view/284 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-business-cycles-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, mahmoud allahyarifard. accounting procedures for profit and loss sharing (pls) banking. 2010. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-accounting-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, abul hassan, ben ali mohamed sami, mahmoud allahyarifard. interest-free bonds and central banking monetary instruments. international journal of economics and finance. vol. 3, no. 3, aug 2011, pp.234-241. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibm/article/view/275 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/reba-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijscgr/article/view/276 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/nubankco-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibfr/article/view/274 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/english-pls-5.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-it-en.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/summery-pls-it-1.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibfr/article/view/272 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/alm-english.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aesr/article/view/283 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-paper-en-5.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijfb/article/view/308 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-banking-executive-mechanism.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-en.pptx https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/amfbr/article/view/289 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/non-usury-finance-it-en.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/islamic-banking-bond-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijscgr/article/view/284 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-business-cycles-en.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-accounting-en.pdf copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 14 http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijef/article/download/11665/8300 bidabad, bijan, fluctuations and business cycles prevention by new financial instruments and banking structure reform. international journal of accounting & finance review, 4(1), 35-50, 2019 . https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijafr/article/view/282 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/fluctuations-and-cycles.pdf bidabad, bijan, mudarebah financial sharing (mfs). journal of islamic economics, banking and finance, jiebf, volume 10, number 1, january april 2014, pp. 56-68. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/mfs-paper-en.pdf http://ibtra.com/pdf/journal/v10_n1_article3.pdf bidabad, bijan, joalah financial sharing (jfs). journal of islamic economics, banking and finance, volume-12, no. 1, january-march, 2016, pp. 33-48. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/jfs-paper-en.pdf http://ibtra.com/pdf/journal/v12_n1_article2.pdf bidabad, bijan, interest-free treasury bonds (iftb). international journal of shari’ah and corporate governance research, 2(2), 13-21, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijscgr/article/view/306 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/interest-free-t-bond-en.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/iftb-en.pptx bidabad, bijan, interest-free treasury bonds (iftb), islamic finance and legal clarifications. international journal of islamic business & management, 3(1), 21-29, 2019. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/interest-free-t-bond-feqhi-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibm/article/view/258/353 bidabad, bijan, abul hassan, ben ali mohamed sami, mahmoud allahyarifard. interest-free bonds financial innovation, a monetary instrument for economy at crisis. journal of economic cooperation and development (jecd). 32, 1, 2011, 55-70. http://www.sesric.org/jecd/jecd_articles/art10102201-2.pdf bidabad, bijan, deposits and loans interest rates lag structure and business cycles (case study of united states). 2011. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/interest-rates-lags-and-cycles.pdf bidabad, bijan, installment financial sharing (ifs): a financial subsystem of rastin pls banking. international journal of islamic banking and finance research, 3(1), 28-42, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibfr/article/view/267 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/ifs-paper-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, abul hassan, does the interest rate form business cycle?. international journal of accounting & finance review, 4(1), 29-34, 2019 . https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijafr/article/view/281 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/interest-rate-cycle.pdf bidabad, bijan, rent financial sharing (rfs). journal of islamic economics, banking and finance, vol. 10 no. 2, pp.: 38-53, april-june 2014.. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rfs-paper-en.pdf http://ibtra.com/pdf/journal/v10_n2_article2.pdf bidabad, bijan, rastin social takaful (rst). journal of islamic economics, banking and finance, jiebf, volume 11, number 1, january march 2015, pp.: 13-23. http://ibtra.com/pdf/journal/v11_n1_article1.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rst-paper-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, mortgage securitization system (mss), a complementary system of rastin banking. international journal of law and management (ijlma), vol. 59 issue: 6, pp.778-783, 2017. emerald group publishing limited https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-05-2016-0045 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/mss-paper-en.pdf http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijef/article/download/11665/8300 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijafr/article/view/282 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/fluctuations-and-cycles.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/mfs-paper-en.pdf http://ibtra.com/pdf/journal/v10_n1_article3.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/jfs-paper-en.pdf http://ibtra.com/pdf/journal/v12_n1_article2.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijscgr/article/view/306 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/interest-free-t-bond-en.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/iftb-en.pptx http://www.bidabad.com/doc/interest-free-t-bond-feqhi-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibm/article/view/258/353 http://www.sesric.org/jecd/jecd_articles/art10102201-2.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/interest-rates-lags-and-cycles.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibfr/article/view/267 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/ifs-paper-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijafr/article/view/281 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/interest-rate-cycle.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rfs-paper-en.pdf http://ibtra.com/pdf/journal/v10_n2_article2.pdf http://ibtra.com/pdf/journal/v11_n1_article1.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rst-paper-en.pdf https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-05-2016-0045 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/mss-paper-en.pdf copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 15 bidabad, bijan, bail financial sharing (bfs): a financial subsystem of rastin pls banking. international journal of islamic banking and finance research, 3(1), 21-27, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibfr/article/view/266 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/bfs-paper-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, rastin personal security (rps). journal of islamic economics, banking and finance, jiebf, volume 11, number 2, april june 2015, pp. 47-61. http://ibtra.com/pdf/journal/v11_n2_article3.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rps-paper-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, joint stock company with variable capital (jscvc), international journal of law and management (ijlma), emerald group publishing limited, vol. 56, iss: 4, pp.302 – 310, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-09-2012-0031 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/vjsc-paper-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, rastin profit and loss sharing (pls) base system. journal of islamic economics, banking and finance, pp. 32-57, vol. 9, no. 4, oct-dec 2013. http://ibtra.com/pdf/journal/v9_n4_article2.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-base-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, money laundering detection system (mld), a complementary system of rastin banking, journal of money laundering control, vol. 20 issue: 4, pp. 354-366, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-04-2016-0016 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/mld-paper-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, general characteristics of rastin banking. asian finance & banking review, 3(2), 7-25, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/asfbr/article/view/351 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-general-en.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-general-en.ppt bidabad, bijan, a glance at rastin banking, 2019. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-glance-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, rastin banking, new operational islamic banking system (a bird's eye view). islamic finance news (ifn), vol. 10, issue: 28, 17, july, 2013, pp. 16-18. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-bird-eye-view-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, islamic monetary policy. international journal of islamic banking and finance research, 3(2), 1-16, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibfr/article/view/269 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/islamic-monetary-policy-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, rastin certificate market (rcm), complementary system of rastin banking. international journal of islamic business & management, 3(1), 35-43, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibm/article/view/260 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-rcm-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, sovereign wealth fund asset and liability management by rastin banking financial instruments (rastin certificates and rastin swap bonds), american finance & banking review, 4(1), 1-16, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/amfbr/article/view/285 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/swf-alm-en.pdf http://en.ndf.ir/international-conference/nic-2013/conference-full-paper.aspx bidabad, bijan, mahmoud allahyarifard, interbank withdrawal protocol (iwp), complementary system of rastin banking. international journal of islamic business & management, 3(1), 30-34, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibm/article/view/259 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/iwp-paper-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, roohollah mohammadi; mahshid sherafati, social takaful and qard ul-hassanah banking convergences (a functional approach), journal of applied science and agriculture (jasa) november issue 2013. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/takaful-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibfr/article/view/266 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/bfs-paper-en.pdf http://ibtra.com/pdf/journal/v11_n2_article3.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rps-paper-en.pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-09-2012-0031 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/vjsc-paper-en.pdf http://ibtra.com/pdf/journal/v9_n4_article2.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/pls-base-en.pdf%20%0d https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-04-2016-0016 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/mld-paper-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/asfbr/article/view/351 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-general-en.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-general-en.ppt http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-glance-en.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-bird-eye-view-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibfr/article/view/269 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/islamic-monetary-policy-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibm/article/view/260 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-rcm-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/amfbr/article/view/285 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/swf-alm-en.pdf http://en.ndf.ir/international-conference/nic-2013/conference-full-paper.aspx https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibm/article/view/259 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/iwp-paper-en.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/takaful-en.pdf copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 16 bidabad, bijan, change management of banking system at national level by rastin banking (knowledge management, empowerment, prune and graft, and apprenticeship), review of behavioral aspect in organizations and society, 2019, 1(1), 57-70 . https://doi.org/10.32770/rbaos.vol157-70 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/change-banking-en.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/change-banking-en.pptx bidabad, bijan, insurance products in rastin profit and loss sharing banking. indian journal of finance and banking, 3(1), 40-54, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijfb/article/view/344 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-insurance-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, abul hassan, dynamic lag structure of deposits and loans interest rates and business cycles formation. proceeding of the 3rd international conference on economics, political, law and fiscal sciences (epls '14), world scientific and engineering academy and society (wseas). transilvania university of brasov, brasov, romania, june 26-28, 2014. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/interest-rates-cycle-en.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/interest-rates-cycle-en.ppt bidabad, bijan, rastin crowdfunding (rcf): a financial subsystem of rastin banking. international journal of islamic banking and finance research, 3(1), 13-20, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibfr/article/view/265 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rcf-paper-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, rastin group funding (rgf): a financial subsystem of rastin banking. international journal of islamic banking and finance research, 3(1), 43-48, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibfr/article/view/268 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rgf-paper-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, mahshid sherafati, bank information disclosure, financial transparency and corporate governance in rastin banking, international journal of shari’ah and corporate governance research, 2(1), 1-13, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijscgr/article/view/257 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/shafafiyat-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, mahshid sherafati, financial transparency, governance and public disclosure for entrepreneur (financial resource receiver) in rastin banking system. tehran, iran, 2015. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/transparency-entrepreneur-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, azarang amirostovar, mahshid sherafati, financial transparency, corporate governance and information disclosure of the entrepreneur’s corporation in rastin banking. international journal of law and management (ijlma), emerald group publishing limited, vol:59, iss:5, pp.636-651, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-01-2016-0003 bidabad, bijan, saeid abdollahi, mahshid sherafati, rohollah mohammadi, proposed regulations for enforcement of purports of binding banking documents in rastin banking. international journal of small and medium enterprises, 2(1), 23-49, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijsmes/article/view/321 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-ejraye-asnad-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, saeed abdollahi, mahshid sherafati, enforcement of the purports of binding banking documents in rastin banking – part i. international journal of law and management (ijlma), emerald group publishing limited, vol:59, iss:1, pp. 52-65, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-07-2015-0041 bidabad, bijan, saeed abdollahi, mahshid sherafati, enforcement of the purports of binding banking documents in rastin banking – part ii. international journal of law and management (ijlma), emerald group publishing limited, vol:59, iss:2, pp.178-191, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-10-2015-0055 https://doi.org/10.32770/rbaos.vol157-70 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/change-banking-en.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/change-banking-en.pptx https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijfb/article/view/344 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-insurance-en.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/interest-rates-cycle-en.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/interest-rates-cycle-en.ppt https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibfr/article/view/265 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rcf-paper-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibfr/article/view/268 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rgf-paper-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijscgr/article/view/257 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/shafafiyat-en.pdf%20%0d http://www.bidabad.com/doc/transparency-entrepreneur-en.pdf https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-01-2016-0003 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijsmes/article/view/321 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-bank-ejraye-asnad-en.pdf https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-07-2015-0041 https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-10-2015-0055 copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 17 bidabad, bijan, mahshid sherafati, sustainable financing and anti-squandering measures in rastin banking. international journal of law and management (ijlma), emerald group publishing limited, vol: 59, issue: 6, pp. 939-949, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-04-2016-0037 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/esraf-bank-resource-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, serial commitments clearance (scc) in rastin banking. international journal of law and management (ijlma), vol. 57, iss: 6, 2015, pp. 600-609, emerald group publishing limited. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-02-2015-0007 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/scc-paper-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, rastin swap deposit (rsd): a financial account of rastin banking. international journal of islamic banking and finance research, 3(2), 17-23, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibfr/article/view/270 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rsd-paper-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, rastin swap card (rsc): a financial instrument of rastin banking. international journal of islamic banking and finance research, 3(2), 24-31, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibfr/article/view/271 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rsc-paper-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, mahshid sherafati, operational ethical banking in rastin banking (professional ethics, audit, inspection, control, monitoring and preservation). international journal of law and management (ijlma), emerald group publishing limited, vol: 58, iss: 4, 2016, pp. 416-443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-07-2015-0037 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-ethic-banking-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, abul hassan, dynamic lag structure of deposits and loans interest rates and business cycles formation. journal of financial regulation and compliance, vol. 25 issue: 2, pp.114-132, 2017 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-09-2016-0078 bidabad, bijan, general regulatory framework in rastin profit and loss sharing banking (part i-operational context). journal of business and finance in emerging markets, jbfem, [s.l.], v. 1, n. 1, p. 11-26, may 2018. issn 2580-5568. https://doi.org/10.32770/jbfem.vol111-26 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-regulatory-en-i.pdf bidabad, bijan, general regulatory framework in rastin profit and loss sharing banking (part ii-legal groundwork). journal of business and finance in emerging markets, jbfem, jbfem, [s.l.], v. 1, n. 2, p. 109-126, nov. 2018. issn 2580-5568. https://doi.org/10.32770/jbfem.vol1109-126 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-regulatory-en-ii.pdf bidabad, bijan, general regulatory framework in rastin profit and loss sharing banking (part iii-auxiliary provisions). journal of business and finance in emerging markets, jbfem, may 2019, vol 2, no. 1, pp. 51-65. issn 2580-5568. https://doi.org/10.32770/jbfem.vol251-66 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-regulatory-en-iii.pdf bidabad, bijan, rohollah mohammadi, mahshid sherafati, organizational design and rules in rastin profit and loss sharing banking. international journal of small and medium enterprises, 2(1), 9-22, 2019 . https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijsmes/article/view/320 http://www.bidabad.com/organizational-structure-paper-en.pdf bidabad, bijan, mahmoud allahyarifard, mahshid sherafati. rastin partnership accounting, part i: general procedure, journal of islamic accounting and business research, 2019. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-partnership-accounting-i-en.pdf https://doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-04-2016-0049 bidabad, bijan. rastin partnership accounting, part ii: mudarabah financial sharing (mfs). 2019. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-partnership-accounting-ii-en.pdf bidabad, bijan. rastin partnership accounting: part iii: instalment financial sharing (ifs). 2019. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-04-2016-0037 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/esraf-bank-resource-en.pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-02-2015-0007 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/scc-paper-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibfr/article/view/270 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rsd-paper-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibfr/article/view/271 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rsc-paper-en.pdf%0d http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-07-2015-0037 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-ethic-banking-en.pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-09-2016-0078 https://doi.org/10.32770/jbfem.vol111-26 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-regulatory-en-i.pdf https://doi.org/10.32770/jbfem.vol1109-126 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-regulatory-en-ii.pdf https://doi.org/10.32770/jbfem.vol251-66 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-regulatory-en-iii.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijsmes/article/view/320 http://www.bidabad.com/organizational-structure-paper-en.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-partnership-accounting-i-en.pdf https://doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-04-2016-0049 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-partnership-accounting-ii-en.pdf copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 18 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-partnership-accounting-iii-en.pdf bijan bidabad, squandering in ethic economics: consumer and producer behaviors analysis. squandering in ethic economics: consumer and producer behaviors analysis. international journal of islamic business & management, 3(2), 30-41. 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibm/article/view/279 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/esraf-eghtesade-akhlagh-en.pdf bijan bidabad, overconsumption in ethic economics and sustainable development. international journal of islamic business & management, 3(2), 42-51, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibm/article/view/280 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/toseeh-payedar-eghtesade-akhlagh-en.pdf bijan bidabad, alarm to global hunger phenomenon and food squandering. american international journal of social science research, 4(1), 31-34, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr/article/view/307 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/global-hunger-en.pdf bijan bidabad, equilibrium in ethic economics. international journal of islamic business & management, 3(2), 1623. 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibm/article/view/277 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/taadol-eghtesade-akhlagh-en.pdf bijan bidabad, mahshid sherafati, disposition (shakilah) of society and ethic economics. argos journal, 2016, pp. 181-192. http://nebula.wsimg.com/8bfebcd133a5712fff5418e5367d27a0?accesskeyid=c26ff9f9df5628791 b69&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/shakeleh-ejtema-eghtesade-akhlagh-en.pdf bijan bidabad, ethic economics, fair economy, new economy, sustainability and other related disciplines. international journal of islamic business & management, 3(2), 24-29, 2019. https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibm/article/view/278 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/fair-economy-en.pdf copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). http://www.bidabad.com/doc/rastin-partnership-accounting-iii-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibm/article/view/279 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/esraf-eghtesade-akhlagh-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibm/article/view/280 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/toseeh-payedar-eghtesade-akhlagh-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr/article/view/307 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/global-hunger-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibm/article/view/277 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/taadol-eghtesade-akhlagh-en.pdf http://nebula.wsimg.com/8bfebcd133a5712fff5418e5367d27a0?accesskeyid=c26ff9f9df5628791b69&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 http://nebula.wsimg.com/8bfebcd133a5712fff5418e5367d27a0?accesskeyid=c26ff9f9df5628791b69&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/shakeleh-ejtema-eghtesade-akhlagh-en.pdf https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/ijibm/article/view/278 http://www.bidabad.com/doc/fair-economy-en.pdf copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1 april-june; 2019 published by centre for research on islamic banking & finance and business 50 l1 norm based computational algorithms bijan bidabad b.a., m.sc., ph.d., post-doc. professor economics and chief islamic banking advisor bank melli, iran e-mail:bijan@bidabad.com abstract this paper gives a rather general review of the l1 norm algorithms. the chronology and historical development of the l1 norm estimation theory for the period of 1632-1928 will be surveyed and the algorithms belonging to the after 1928 period will be categorized into three main classes of direct descent, simplex type, and other algorithms. keywords: l1 norm, regression, algorithm, computer historical development (1632-1928) the origin of l1 norm estimation may be traced back to galilei (1632). in determining the position of a newly discovered star, he proposed the least possible correction in order to obtain a reliable result (see, ronchetti (1987) for some direct quotations). boscovich (1757) for the first time, formulated and applied the minimum sum of absolute errors for obtaining the best fitting line given three or more pairs of observations for a simple two-variable regression model. he also restricts the line to pass through the means of the observation points. that is, n min : σ │yi-ß0-ß1xi1│ ß0,ß1 i=1 n (1) s.to: σ (yi-ß0-ß1xi1)=0 i=1 boscovich (1760) gives a simple geometrical solution to his previous suggestion. this paper has been discussed by eisenhart (1961) and sheynin (1973). in a manuscript, boscovich poses the problem to simpson and simpson gives an analytical solution to the problem (see, stigler (1984)). laplace (1793) provides an algebraic formulation of an algorithm for the l1 norm regression line, which passes through the centroid of observations. in laplace (1799), an extension of l1 norm regression to observations with different weights has also been discussed. prony (1804) gives a geometric interpretation of laplace's (1799) method and compares it with other methods through an example. svanberg (1805) applies laplace's method in determining a meridian arc, and von lindenau (1806) uses this method in determination of the elliptic meridian. gauss (1809) suggests the minimization of the sum of absolute errors without constraint. he concludes that this criterion necessarily sets m of the residuals equal to zero, where m is the number of parameters, and further, the solution obtained by this method is not changed if the value of the dependent variable is increased or decreased without changing the sign of the residual. this conclusion is recently discussed by narula and wellington (1985). he also noted that boscovich or laplace estimators which minimize the sum of absolute residuals with zero-sum of residuals constraint, necessarily set m-1 of the residuals equal to zero (see, stigler (1981), farebrother (1987b)). mathieu (1816) used laplace's method to compute the eccentricity of the earth. van beeck-calkoen (1816) advocates the using of the least absolute values criterion in fitting curvilinear equation obtained by using powers of the independent variable. laplace (1818) adapted boscovich's criterion again and gave an algebraic procedure (see, farebrother (1987b)). let 1x and y be the means of xi1 and yi then, ß0 = y ß1 1x (2) value of ß1 is found by, n mailto:bijan@bidabad.com copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 51 min: s = σ │yi~ ß1xi1~│ (3) ß1 i=1 where xi1~ and yi~ are deviations of xi1 and yi from their means respectively. by rearranging the observations in descending order of yi~/xi1~ values, laplace notes that s is infinite when ß1 is infinite and decreases as ß1 is reduced. ß1 reaches the critical value yt~/xt1~ when it again begins to increase. this critical value of ß1 is determined when, t-1 n t σ │xi1~│ < ½ σ │xi1~│ ≤ σ │xi1~│ (4) i=1 i=1 i=1 this procedure to find ß1 is called weighted median and has been used in many other algorithms such as rhodes (1930), singleton (1940), karst (1958), bloomfield and steiger (1980), bidabad (1987a,b,88a,b,89a,b) later. bidabad (1987a,88a,89a,b) derives the condition (4) via discrete differentiation method. fourier (1824) formulates least absolute residuals regression as what we would now call linear programming; that is the minimization of a linear objective function subject to linear inequality constraints. edgeworth (1883) presents a philosophical discussion on differences between minimizing mean square errors and mean absolute errors. edgeworth (1887a,b) proposed a simple method for choosing the regression parameters. by fixing m-1 of the parameters, he used laplace's procedure to determine the optimal value of the remaining parameter. repeating this operation for a range of values for m-1 fixed parameters, he obtained a set of results for each of m possible choices of the free parameters. edgeworth drops the restriction of passing through the centroid of data. turner (1887) discusses the problem of nonunique solutions under the least absolute error criterion as a graphical variant of edgeworth (1887a) as a possible drawback to the method. edgeworth (1888) replies to turner's criticism by proposing a second method for choosing the two parameters of least absolute error regression of a simple linear model which makes no use of the median loci of his first method. edgeworth, in this paper, followed turner's suggestion for graphical analysis of steps to reach the minimum solution. before referring to double median method of edgeworth (1923), it should be noted that bowley (1902) completes the edgeworth's (1902) paper by a variant of double median method which presented after him by edgeworth (1923). this variant ignores the weights attached to errors. edgeworth (1923) discussed the more general problem of estimating the simple linear regression parameters by minimizing the weighted sum of the absolute residuals. he restates the rationale for the method and illustrates its usage through several examples. he also considers the nonunique solution problem. his contribution is called double median method. estienne (1926-28) proposes replacing the classical theory of errors of data based on least squares with what he calls a rational theory based on the least absolute residual procedure. bowley (1928) summarizes the edgeworth's contributions to mathematical statistics, which includes his work on l1 norm regression. dufton (1928) also gives a graphical method of fitting a regression line. farebrother (1987b) summarizes the important contributions to l1 norm regression for the period of 1793-1930. for more references see also crocker (1969), harter (1974a,b,75a,b,c,76), dielman (1984). up to 1928, all algorithms had been proposed for simple linear regression. though some of them use algebraic propositions, are not so organized to handle multiple l1 norm regression problem. in the next section, we will discuss the more elaborated computational methods for simple and multiple l1 norm regressions not in a chronological sense; because many digressions have occurred. we may denote the period of after 1928 the time of modern algorithms in the subject of l1 norm regression. computational algorithms although a closed form of the solution of l1 norm regression has not been derived yet, many algorithms have been proposed to minimize its objective function (see, cheney (1966), chambers (1977), dielman and pfaffenberger (1982,84)). generally, we can classify all l1 norm algorithms in three major categories as, i) direct descent algorithms ii) simplex type algorithms iii) other algorithms which will be discussed in the following sections sequentially. direct descent algorithms the essence of the algorithms which fall within this category is finding a steep path to descend down the polyhedron of the l1 norm regression objective function. although the laplace's method (explained hereinbefore) is a special type of direct descent algorithms; the origin of this procedure in the area of l1 norm can be traced back to the algorithms of edgeworth which were explained in the previous section. rhodes (1930) found edgeworth's graphical solution laborious; therefore, he suggested an alternative method for a general linear model, which may be summarized as follows (see, farebrother (1987b)). suppose, we have n equations with m<n unknown parameters. to find l1 norm solution of this overdetermined system of equations; copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 52 step 1) select m-1 equations arbitrarily. step 2) solve these equations for m-1 parameters. step 3) estimate the remaining mth parameter by laplace's method. step 4) recognize the resulting equation in step 3 and add it to the m-1 equations in step 1. step 5) if the set of m equations has recurred m times then stop; otherwise discard the oldest equation and go to step 2. rhodes (1930) explained his algorithm by an example and did not give any proof for convergence. bruen (1938) reviews the l 1 norm regression methods presented by earlier authors. he also compares l1, l2, and l∞ norms regressions. singleton (1940) applied cauchy's steepest descent method (see, panik (1976)) for the general linear l1 norm regression. in this paper, a geometrical interpretation of gradient on l1 norm polyhedron and some theorems about existence and uniqueness of solution and convexity property all were given. although the paper has not been clearly written, the following steps summarize his algorithm. step 1) select a point ßj(0), j=1,...,m arbitrarily. step 2) determine the gradient, n gj (0)=-σ sgn(ui^│ßj (0),j=1,...,m)xij. i=1 m m step 3) compute, wi (0)= σ xijgj (0), zi (0)=yiσ xijßj (0). j=1 j=1 n step 4) determine the value of t(0) as weighted median of σ │wit-zi│ by laplace's method. i=1 the t value is the length of movement along the direction of the gradient. step 5) compute ßj (1)=ßj (0)+gj (0)t(0). step 6) test the optimality condition. singleton gives a condition to stop, but it is not quite clear. in this step, any other criterion relevant to l1 norm function may be displaced. step 7) this step is not well defined by singleton. in this phase, he tries to choose the best gradient among usable gradients. without this step, algorithm is still operational, because, the steps are all standards of cauchy steepest descent method and instead of choosing the best gradient, we can proceed by going to step 2. bejar (1956,57) focuses on consideration of residuals rather than on the vector of parameters. he puts forth a procedure with the essence of rhodes (1930). however, he is concerned with two and three parameter linear models. karst (1958) gives an expository paper for one and two parameter regression models. in his paper, karst without referring to previous literature actually reaches to the laplace proposition to solve the one parameter restricted linear model, and for the two-parameter model, he proposed an algorithm similar to that of rhodes (1930). his viewpoint is both geometrical and algebraic, and no proof of convergence for his iterative method is offered. sadovski (1974) uses a simple "bubble sort" procedure and implements karst algorithm in fortran. sposito (1976) pointed out that the sadovski's program may not converge in general. sposito and smith (1976) offered another algorithm to remove this problem. farebrother (1987c) recodes sadovski's implementation in pascal language with some improvement such as applying "straight insert sort". usow (1967b) presents an algorithm for l1 norm approximation for discrete data and proves that it converges in a finite number of steps. a similar algorithm on l1 norm approximation for continuous data is given by usow (1967a). given the function f(x) defined on a finite subset x={x1,...,xn} of an interval on the real line and also linearly independent continuous functions φ1(x),...,φm(x) where m<n; consider the "polynomial" m l(ß,x)=σßjφj(x). in usow (1967b) the following function is to be minimized: j=1 n n m min: s(ß)= σ │l(ß,xi)-f(xi)│= σ │σ ßjφj(xi)-f(xi)│ (5) ß i=1 i=1 j=1 where ß is a vector of size m. the above form is general; if we let f(xi)≡yi and φj(xi)≡xij the function s becomes the standard linear regression objective function. now let the set k be: k={(ß,d)│(ß,d)εem+1,s≤d} (6) then k is a convex polytope, the vertices of which occur only when l(ß,x)-f(x) is zero at m or more points of x. the usow's algorithm is to descend on k from vertex to vertex along connecting edges of the polytope in such a way that certain intermediate vertices are by-passed. this descent continues until the lowest vertex (ß*,d*) is reached. to clarify the algorithm assume that we are at the vertex (ßk,dk) on k and the polynomial l(ßk,x) interpolates m points of x denoted by uk={u1 k,...,um k}. thus, m copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 53 l(fk,x)= σ f(ui k)πi(x) (7) i=1 where, fk=(f(u1 k),...,f(um k)) (8) m πi(x)= σ aj iφj(x) i=1,...,m (9) j=1 the m coefficients aji are calculated as follows. form the matrix (φj(ui k)) for i,j=1,...,m. let π(x) and φ(x) be two mx1 vectors for any xεx whose elements are πi(x) and φi(x) for i=1,...,m respectively. hence, we can derive, π(x)=[(φj(ui k))t]-1φ(x) (10) aj i's are the elements of the ith row of the matrix [(φj(ui k))t]-1, where the superscript t denotes transposition. let ei be a zero vector of size m where its ith element is equal to one. then if for some δ, s(fk-δei)<s(fk), there is a tj such that tjδ>0 and s(fk-tjei)<s(fk). also, s(fk tjei) = min {s(fk tei)} (11) t and ((fk-tjei),s(fk-tjei)) is a vertex. on the other hand, a point ui kεuk may be replaced by a point ui k+1ε{x-uk} such that the polynomial l(ßki,x) interpolating ui k={u1 k,...,ui k+1,...,um k} and s(ßki)<s(ßk). s(ßki) is the minimum of all norms obtained if ui k were replaced by the different points of the set {x-uk}, as indicated by the above relation. in going from vertex (ßk,s(ßk)) to (ßki,s(ßki)), one or more vertices on k might have been by-passed. the nearest vertex to (fk,s(fk)) and below it on the edge parallel to the ith parameter space coordinate axis, say the vertex ((fk-trei),s(fk-trei)), is obtained from: │l(fk,xs)-f(xs)│ │tr│ = min {──────────} xsε{x-uk} (12) s │πi(xs)│ the point xr is characterized by, sgn[l(fk,xl) f(xl)] = sgn[l(fki,xl) f(xl)], xlε{x-uk-xr} (13) now, if there is not any δ such that s(fk-δei)<s(fk), then s(fk) could not be reduced by moving on k along the edge parallel to the ith parameter space coordinate axis and ui k should not be replaced by another point from the set {x-uk}. this iteration is repeated m times, once for each point in uk in succession. the whole cycle is then repeated a finite number of times until the solution (ß*,d*) is reached (see also, abdelmalek (1974)). relation of this algorithm with the simplex method has been discussed by abdelmalek (1974). he shows that usow's algorithm is completely equivalent to a dual simplex algorithm applied to a linear programming model with nonnegative bounded variables, and one iteration in the former is equivalent to one or more iterations in the latter. bloomfield and steiger (1980) devise an efficient algorithm based on the proposition of usow explained above. sharpe (1971) by applying the l1 norm regression to the portfolio and its rate of return, gives an algorithm for the two parameters linear regression model. he argues that for the simple model with the objective function, n s = σ │yi (ß0 + ß1xi1)│ (14) i=1 it must be possible to assign half of the points above and half below the regression line. with any given value of ß~ 1, we can derive ß0 as the median of ß0i=yi-ß~ 1xi1. now segregate the points, such that: nabove nbelow s= σ [yi-(ß0+ß1xi1)] σ [yi-(ß0+ß1xi1)] (15) iabove ibelow rearranging the terms and note that nabove=nbelow gives, s = k1 + k2ß1 (16) where, nabove nbelow k1 = σ yi σ yi (17) iabove ibelow nabove nbelow k2 = -σ xi1 + σ xi1 (18) iabove ibelow copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 54 the overall solution strategy may now be formulated as follows. any value of ß1 may be chosen at the outset. by computing ß0i, segregate the points above and below the line. by using equations (16) through (18), the corresponding segment of the s and ß 1 relation is calculated. sign of k2 indicates the appropriate direction for the next iteration. if k2 is positive, only smaller values of ß1 need be considered. if k2 is negative, only larger values of ß1 need be considered. if k2 is zero, the initial value of ß1 is a solution. when a borderline (median of ß0i) and the direction of search is determined, the nearest intersection of the present borderline with another should be found. the calculations can be reduced by comparing slopes (x i1 values) to determine whether or not two lines intersect in the region of interest (thus avoiding needless division operations). the new values k1 and k2 must be computed. if this alteration causes k2 to change sign, the solution has been obtained, and the algorithm stops. rao and srinivasan (1972) interpret sharpe's procedure as the solution of parametric dual linear programming formulation of the problem. they give an alternate and about equally efficient procedure for solving the same problem. brown (1980) gives a distinct but similar approach to those of edgeworth (1923) and sharpe (1971). he emphasizes on the median properties of the estimator. the similarity comes from the graphical approach of the three authors. kawara (1979) also develops a graphical method for the simple regression model. bartels and conn and sinclair (1978) apply the method of conn (1976) to the l1 norm solution of an overdetermined linear system. their approach is a minimization technique for piecewise differentiable functions. the algorithm may be reduced as follows. step 0) select an arbitrary point ß. step 1) i) identify the index set, i = {i1,...,im} = {i│xi tß-yi=0}. let ith row of x be xi=[xi ,...,xi ] where ijεi and the nullspace n=n(xi t)={δ│xiδ=0,iεi}. 1 m let the orthogonal projector onto n be denoted by pn. ii) let ic be the complement of the set i. compute the vector h = σ sgn(xi tß-yi)xi. iεic iii) compute p=-pnh that is the projection of -h onto the nullspace of xi, as long as this projection is non zero. if p≠0, let g=h and go to step 2. m iv) compute w according to h=xiw= σ wjxi ,ijεi. j=1 j v) if │wj│≤1 for all j=1,...,m stop. in this case, ß is optimal. vi) find ij0εi such that │wj0│>1. vii) change i to i-{ij0} and make corresponding changes to xi and n. compute p=-sgn(wj0)pnxi and let g=h-sgn(wj0)xi . j0 j0 step 2) determine a={αl│lεic,αl=(xl tß-yl)/xl tp,αl>0} elements and order them such that 0<αl <αl <...<αl . let τ=1. 1 2 t step 3) if ptg≥2sgn(xl tß-yl )ptxl , then go to step 5. τ τ τ step 4) change g to g-2sgn(xl ß-yl )xl and τ to τ+1 and go to step 3. τ τ τ step 5) replace ß by ß+αl p and go to step 1. τ this algorithm has also been modified for the case of degeneracy (see also, bartels and conn and sinclair (1976)). bartels and conn (1977) showed that how l1 norm, restricted l1 norm, l∞ norm regressions, and general linear programming can all be easily expressed as a piecewise linear minimization problem. let u and v be of sizes pxm and px1, respectively. consider the function: φ(ß) = htß + σi│yi-xi tß│ + σjmax(0,vj-uj tß) (19) where yi-xi tß represents the ith element of the residual vector y-xß and vj-uj tß represents the jth element of the residual vector vuß. to minimize φ with respect to ß the following steps should be taken. step 0) start with arbitrary ß(k). step 1) find δ(k) so that φ(ß(k)+θδ(k))≤φ(ß(k)) for all θ>0 small enough. step 2) choose θ(k)≥0 to obtain the largest possible decrease in φ. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 55 step 3) let ß(k+1)=ß(k)+θ(k)δ(k). when h=0 and the sum on j is vacuous in the φ(ß) function (19), the resulting simplification of the above steps corresponds precisely to the algorithm proposed by bartels and conn and sinclair (1978). other related problems can be solved by modification of φ(ß) by a quantity µ to obtain a parameterized family of piecewise linear functions φµ(ß), and take following steps to find the minimum solution. step 0) set µ>0; select any ß=ß(0). step 1) minimize φµ(ß) with respect to ß according to the above procedure. step 2) stop if a prescribed terminating condition on ß is met; otherwise set µ=µ/10 and go to step 1. the contribution of this paper is putting a wide class of problems in the mould of two algorithms mentioned above. the techniques are easily extended to the models with norm restrictions. bloomfield and steiger (1980) proposed a descent method for the l1 norm multiple regression. their algorithm is also explained in bloomfield and steiger (1983). in some steps, this algorithm is related to that of singleton (1940) and usow (1967b). the basis of this method is to search for a set of m observations which locate on the optimal l1 norm regression. this set is found iteratively by successive improvement. in each iteration, one point from the current set is identified as a good prospect for deletion. this point is then replaced by the best alternative. the novel features of this method are in an efficient procedure for finding the optimal replacement and a heuristic method for identifying the point to be deleted from the pivot. denote the x1 t,...,xm t as rows of the independent variables design matrix which correspond to the current set of points 1,...,m; and xm t for replacement. set, yi = xi tß i=1,...,m-1 (20) redefine ß as, ß = ß0 + tδ (21) where ß0 is an arbitrary member of the set and δ vector obeys the following system, xi tδ = 0 i=1,...,m-1 (22) given this set of points, the optimum value of s may be found by minimizing the following expression with respect to the scalar t. n σ │yi xi t(ß0 + tδ)│ (23) i=1 rearranging the terms leads to: n σ │wi││ri t│ (24) i=1 where wi=xi tδ and ri=(yi-xi tß0)/(xi tδ). value of t may be found by laplace's weighted median method. bloomfield and steiger propose a weighted modification of partial quicksort procedure of chamber (1971) to find the t value efficiently. the data point corresponding to the weighted median replaces xk t. by using the yi from (20) and the additional mth equation, the value of ß0 is computed. vector δ is determined up to scalar multiples of (22). the new set of parameters values are computed by (21). now a point should be deleted. bloomfield and steiger do not give an assured way to identify this point. they propose a heuristic method based on gradients and use the following quantity: │ σ wi σ wi│ σ wi │i:ri<0 i:ri>0 │ i:ri=0 ρ = ────────────── (25) n σ wi i=1 once ρ is calculated for each candidate point for deletion, and delete the point for which ρ is largest. to start the algorithm, any set of m rows of x may be chosen, with the appropriate ß0. add variables stepwise until a fit for ß0 and the corresponding set of m points are derived. at each intermediate step, the fit involves k variables where 0≤k<m and the corresponding set of k data points with zero residuals. improving the fit by entering a new variable, thus increasing k to k+1. at each stage, it is the measure ρ that determines whether we set up to a larger model or improve the current one without setting up. suppose at the current stage we are dealing with k variables. if the value of ρ is largest at the variable p, which p is not in the set of k variables above, k is increased to k+1 by entering the variable p and improving the fit with k+1 variables. if p is in the current set of k variables and ρ is in the largest value, the corresponding point to p is deleted and replaced in a manner described before. in this paper relationship of this algorithm to linear programming is also discussed. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 56 seneta and steiger (1984) proposed an algorithm for the l1 norm solution of a slightly overdetermined system of equations. their proposition is based on the above algorithm of bloomfield and steiger. it is more efficient than the former if m is near n. given (xi,yi)εrm+1, i=1,...,n and k=n-m, x=(x1,...,xn)t, their algorithm may be described as follows: step 1) renumber the rows of (x|y) such that xn the bottom m rows of x, is invertible. solve the k linear equations system xn tn=-xt t for n, where xt denotes the top k rows of x. step 2) let d=(a|c) where a=(i|n) is of size kxn and c=ay. step 3) let σ =(1,...,k), σc=(k+1,...,n). step 4) set rσ(i)=bi for i=1,...,k; rσc(i)=0 for i=k+1,...,n. step 5) let i={i│1≤i≤k,ci=0}. step 6) do loop for j=1 to m: let vi=diσc(j) for j=1,...,k. let m={i│sgn(ci)≠sgn(vi)} and j={1,...,k}\n\i. │σm│vi│-σj│vi││-1-σi│vi│ let ßj = ────────────────── k 1+ σ │vi│ i=1 end loop. step 7) set s={1,...,m}. step 8) choose ßq as max{ßj}. s step 9) if ßq>0 go to step 11. k step 10) if п rσ(i)=0, the problem is degenerate; and stop. i=1 m otherwise, solve, yσc(i)= σ xσc(i)jθj for θ, stop. j=1 step 11) let vi=di,σc(q) for i=1,...,k. step 12) compute t^=weighted median of c1/v1,...,ck/vk,0 with weights │v1│,...,│vk│,1. step 13) if t^=cp/vp≠0 go to step 16. step 14) let s=s\{q}; if s=ø go to step 10. step 15) go to step 8. step 16) divide row p of d by dpσc(q). step 17) for i≠p in d, let (row i)=(row i)-(row p)*diσc(q). step 18) commute for pair σ(p) and σc(q). step 19) let rσ(i)=bi for i=1,...,k; and set rσc(q)=0. step 20) go to step 5. seneta (1983) reviews the iterative use of weighted median to estimate the parameters vector in the classical linear model when the fitting criterion is l1 norm and also cauchy criterion. wesolowsky (1981) presents an algorithm for multiple l1 norm regression based on the notion of edge descent along the polyhedron of the objective function. this algorithm is closely related to those of rhodes (1930) and bartels and conn and sinclair (1978) which explained before. consider the multiple linear regression as before. select a set of m points (xj1 i,...,xjm i,yj i). the following system of equations can be solved for a unique set of coefficients. m yj i σ ßhxjh i = 0, j=1,...,m (26) h=1 an edge is formed of any subset j consisting of m-1 equations. to minimize along an edge, set: 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 1 1,1 1, , , , i i i j j j m m i i i j j j m m mm m m m m y x x y x x y x x y x x                                           i i j jy x y x (27) copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 57 let ßp be formed from ß by deleting ßp and let xp be the pth column in xj and let xpj be formed by removing xp from xj. then for a given ßp it can be shown that, ßp = xpj -1yj ßpxpj -1xp (28) let the elements of ßp be ßq = rq sqßp for q ≠ m (29) substitution in the l1 norm objective function gives, 1 1 1 2 min : m q iq ip q p m i q iqn m q p ip q iq m i q p ip q iq qs x x y r x x s x x s x               (30) now the following steps should be taken. step 1) set k=1, l=0, choose initial values for ß1,...,ßm. least squares values are one possibility. let i(1)={j1 (1),...,jm (1)} be a set of m data points chosen in sequence as follows. the point with the smallest squared residual is chosen each time subject to the condition that xi (1) is nonsingular. find ßq (1) for q=1,...,m, by solving yi (1)=xi (1)ß. set i(k)=(j1 (k),...,jm (k)); j=(j2 (k),...,jm (k)). step 2) set k=k+1. obtain ßp for the smallest p from (30) by using the weighted median procedure. set ßp (k)=ßp and let i be the index which defines the lower weighted median ßp in (30) for the lowest possible p. step 3) a) if ßp (k)-ßp (k-1) = 0 and if l>m, go to step 4. otherwise, set i=(j2 (k-1),...,jm (k-1),i) and l=l+1, ßq (k)=ßq (k-1) for all q and go to step 2. b) if ßp (k)-ßp (k-1)≠0, set l=0. calculate ßq (k) for q≠p from (29). set i(k)=(j2 (k-1),...,jm (k-1),i) and go to step 2. step 4) calculate ßq (k) for q≠p from (29); set ß*=ß(k) and stop. in this paper, wesolowsky also discusses the problem of multicolinearity and gives an appropriate solution. josvanger and sposito (1983) modify wesolowsky's algorithm for the two-parameter simple linear regression model. the modification is an alternative way to order observations instead of sorting all of them to find the necessary weighted median value. suppose the problem has been reduced to a weighted median problem. they place smaller values of factors to be sorted with corresponding weights below ß1 (k-1) and larger or equal values above it, then recheck the inequalities (4) of the weighted median. if the inequalities do not satisfy, then an appropriate adjustment is made. in particular, if the right-hand side is overly weighted, then the weight corresponding to the smallest sorting factor is transferred to the left-hand side, and the check is made again. a computer program for this algorithm is also given by the authors. "generalized gradient" method introduced by clarke (see, clarke (1983)) is a general procedure for nonsmooth optimization functions and problems (see, osborne and pruess and womersley (1986)). a subclass of this method is called "reduced gradient" explained by osborne (1985) is a general algorithm which contains linear programming, piecewise linear optimization problems, and polyhedral convex function optimization algorithms inside. the reduced gradient algorithm is a copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 58 special case of descent method, which possesses two important characteristics. identify direction and taking a step in this direction to reduce the function value (see also, anderson and osborne (1976), osborne and watson (1985) osborne (1985,87)). the algorithms of bartels and conn and sinclair (1978), armstrong and frome and kung (1979), bloomfield and steiger (1980) are all special cases of reduced gradient method. imai and kato and yamamoto (1987) present a linear time algorithm for computing the two-parameter l1 norm linear regression by applying the pruning technique. since the optimal solution in the ß0xß1 plane lies at the intersection of data lines, so, at each step, a set of data lines which does not determine the optimum solution are discarded. in this paper algebraic explanation of the problem is also offered. pilibossian (1987) also gives an algorithm similar to karst (1958) for the simple two-parameter linear l1 norm regression. bidabad (1987a,b,88a,b) proposed descent methods for the simple and multiple l1 norm regressions. these algorithms, with many improvements, will be discussed by bidabad (1989a,b). bidabad (1989a,b) introduces four descent algorithms which two of them are for simple, and two others are for multiple regression models.his first algorithm is crude and tries to check many points to find the optimal solution. the second algorithm is more efficient. algorithm three is a partial descent procedure for the general linear model. algorithm four is a full descent method which has many proved properties. he also proves the convergence of all the above four algorithms. simplex type algorithms the essence of linear programming in solving l1 norm problem may be found in the work of edgeworth (1888). harris (1950) suggested that the l1 norm estimation problem is connected with linear programming. charnes and cooper and ferguson (1955) formulated the problem as a linear programming model. this article is the first known to use linear programming for this case. adaptation of linear programming to l1 norm estimation problem is shown below: min: 1n t(w+v) ß s.to: xß+in(w-v)=y (31) w,v≥0 ß unrestricted in sign where 1n is a vector of size nx1 of 1's and in is a nth order identity matrix. the vectors v and w are of size nx1 and their elements may be interpreted as vertical deviations above and below the fitted regression hyperplane respectively. this problem has n equality constraints in m+2n variables. when n is large, this formulation generally requires a large amount of storage and computation time. wagner (1959) shows that the formulation of the l1 norm regression may be reduced to m equality constraints linear programming problem. thus, this dual formulation reduces n equations of primal form to m equations of dual form and considerably reduces the storage and computation time. fisher (1961) reviews the formulation of the l1 norm estimation in relation to the primal form of linear programming. barrodale and young (1966) developed a modified simplex algorithm for determining the best fitting function to a set of discrete data under the l1 norm criterion. the method is given as algol codes (for critics see, mccormick and sposito (1975)). davies (1967) demonstrates the use of the l1 norm regression estimates. rabinowitz (1968) also discusses the application of linear programming in this field. crocker (1969) cautions against using the l1 norm criterion merely to restrain unwanted negative coefficient estimates which occur in the least squares regression. multicolinearity is one of the cases which causes this result. robers and ben-israel (1969) by using interval linear programming, proposed an algorithm to solve the l1 norm estimation problem. rabinowitz (1970), shanno and weil (1970) discuss some connections between linear programming and the approximation problem. barrodale (1970) summarizes the linear and nonlinear l1 norm curve fitting on both continuous copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 59 and discrete data. spyropoulos and kiountouzis and young (1973) suggest two algorithms for fitting general functions and particularly fast algorithm with minimum storage requirements for fitting polynomials based on the algebraic properties of linear programming formulation. robers and robers (1973) have supplied a special version of the general method of robers and benisrael (1969), which is designed specifically for the l1 norm problem. a related fortran code is also provided. barrodale and roberts (1973) present a modification of the simplex method, which needs a smaller amount of storage, and by skipping over simplex vertices is more efficient than the usual simplex procedure. define the vector ß as a difference of two nonnegative vectors c and d; their formulation can be stated as follows, min: 1n t(w+v) c,d s.to: x(c-d)+in(w-v)=y (32) w,v,c,d≥0 because of the relationships among variables, the computation can be performed by using only (n+2)x(m+2) amount of array storage, including labels for the basic and non-basic vectors. an initial basis is given by w if all yi are nonnegative. if a yi is negative, the sign of the corresponding row is changed, and the unit column from the corresponding element of v is taken as part of the basis. the algorithm is implemented in two stages. the first stage restricts the choice of the pivotal column during the first m iterations to the elements of the vector cj and dj according to the associated maximum nonnegative marginal costs. the vector that leaves the basis causes the maximum decrease in the objective function. thus the pivot element is not necessarily the same as in the usual simplex. the second stage involves interchanging nonbasic wi or vi with the basic wi or vi. the basic vectors corresponding to cj and dj are not allowed to leave the basis. the algorithm terminates when all marginal costs are nonpositive (see, kennedy and gentle (1980)). fortran code for this procedure is given by barrodale and roberts (1974). peters and willms (1983) give algorithms accompanying with computer codes for up-and-down dating the solution of the problem when a column or row inserted to or deleted from x, or y is changed. these algorithms are all based on barrodale and roberts (1973,74) procedure. abdelmalek (1974) describes a dual simplex algorithm for the l1 norm problem with no use of artificial variables. for this algorithm, the haar condition (see, osborne (1985), moroney (1961)) need not be satisfied anymore. this algorithm seemed to be very efficient at the time of publication. an improved dual simplex algorithm for l1 norm approximation is proposed by abdelmalek (1975a). in this algorithm, certain intermediate iterations are skipped, and in the case of illconditioned problems, the basis matrix can lend itself to triangular factorization and thus ensure a stable solution. abdelmalek (1980a) improves his previous algorithm by using triangular decomposition. a fortran translation of the algorithm is given by abdelmalek (1980b). sposito and mccormick and kennedy (1975) summarize much of the works on l1 norm estimation including problem statement, linear programming formulation, efficient computational algorithms, and properties of the estimators. armstrong and kung (1978) propose an algorithm for a simple two-parameter l1 norm regression. the method is a specification of linear programming of barrodale and roberts (1973) algorithm. a fortran code is given too. armstrong and frome and kung (1979) use lu (lower-upper triangular) decomposition of bartels and golub (1969) in maintaining the current basis on the revised simplex procedure. a fortran translation is also enclosed. armstrong and godfrey (1979) show that the primal method of barrodale and roberts (1973) and the dual method of abdelmalek (1975a) are essentially equivalent. with a given initial basis for the two methods, they show that both algorithms will generate corresponding bases at each iteration. the only difference is the choice of initial basis and heuristic rules for breaking ties. armstrong and kung (1982b) present a dual linear programming formulation for the problem. various basis entry and initialization procedures are considered. it has been shown that the dual approach is superior to primal one if a good dual feasible solution is readily available (see also, steiger (1980)). banks and taylor (1980) suggest a modification of barrodale and roberts (1973) algorithm. the objective function is altered to include magnitudes of the elements of both errors and solution vectors. for a general discussion on simplex for piecewise linear programming see fourer (1985a,b) and for a survey of the corresponding copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 60 problem on the l1 norm see fourer (1986). narula and wellington (1987) propose an efficient linear programming algorithm to solve both l1 and l¥ norms linear multiple regressions. the algorithm exploits the special structure and similarities between the two problems. brennan and seiford (1987) develop a geometrical interpretation of linear programming in l1 norm regression. they give a geometric insight into the solving process in the space of observations. mcconnell (1987) shows how the method of vanishing jacobians which has been used to optimize quadratic programming problems can also be used to solve the special linear programming problem associated with computing linear discrete l1 norm approximation. for the possibility of applying other types of linear programming solutions such as karmarkar solution to l1 norm problem see meketon (1986). other algorithms this category consists of algorithms which were not classified in the two last sections. rice (1964c) applies the bisection method to l1 norm regression. in this method at each step, the domain of s is broken to two segments, and the appropriate segment is selected for the next iteration. the solution is reached when the last segment is less than a predetermined small value. abdelmalek (1971) develops an algorithm for fitting functions to discrete data points and solving the overdetermined system of linear equations. the procedure is based on determining l1 norm solution as the limiting case of lp norm approximation when p tends to one from right in the limit. this technique thus obtains a solution to a linear problem by solving a sequence of nonlinear problems. schlossmacher (1973) computed the l1 norm estimates of regression parameters by an iterative weighted least squares procedure. instead of minimizing the sum of absolute deviations, he minimized he sum of weighted squared errors with 1/│ui│ as weights. once the least squares is applied to the problem and residuals are computed. the absolute value of the inverse of the residuals are again used as corresponding weights in the next iteration for minimizing the sum of weighted squared errors (see also, holland and welsh (1977)). fair (1974) observed that the estimated values of ß did not change after the second or third iterations. in cases where any residual is zero, the continuation of the procedure is impossible, because the corresponding weight to this residual is infinite. this problem is also discussed by sposito and kennedy and gentle (1977), soliman and christensen and rouhi (1988). absolute convergence of this algorithm has not been proved, but the non-convergent experiment has not been reported. soliman and christensen and rouhi (1988) used left pseudoinverse (see, dhrymes (1978) for a description of this inverse) to solve the general linear l1 norm regression. according to this procedure, one should calculate the least squares solution using the left pseudoinverse or least squares approximation as ß^=(xtx)-1xty. calculate the residuals as u=│yxß^│; where u is nx1 column vector. select the m observations with the smallest absolute values of the residuals and partition the matrices as the selected observations locate on the top, , , .                            u x y u x y u yx (33) solve y^=x^ß^ for the top partitions as ß^=x^-1y. although this procedure is operationally simple, its solution is not the same as other exact methods, and no proof is presented to show that the solution is in the neighborhood of the exact solution of the l1 norm minimization problem. application of median polish (see, tukey (1977)) and e-median polish to l1 norm estimation are discussed and developed by bloomfield and steiger (1983), kemperman (1984), sposito (1987a), bradu (1987a,b). copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 61 application of karmarkar's algorithm for linear programming and its relation to l1 norm is given by sherali and skarpness and kim (1987). for using homotopy method in l1 norm, see garcia and gould (1983), schellhorn (1987). an algorithm for linear l1 norm approximation for the continuous function is given by watson (1981), (see also, baboolal and watson (1981)). references n.n. abdelmalek (1971) linear approximation for a discrete point set and l1 solutions of overdetermined linear equations. j. acm, 18, 41-47. n.n. abdelmalek (1974) on the discrete linear l1 approximation and l1 solutions of overdetermined linear equations. j. of approx. theory, 11, 38-53. n.n. abdelmalek (1975a) an efficient method for the discrete l1 approximation problem. math. comput., 29, 844-850. n.n. abdelmalek (1980a) l1 solution of overdetermined systems of linear equations. acm trans. math. soft., 6, 220-227. n.n. abdelmalek (1980b) a fortran subroutine for the l1 solution of overdetermined systems of linear equations. acm trans. math. soft., 6, 228-30. d.h. anderson, m.r. osborne (1976) discrete linear approximation problems in polyhedral norms. numer. math. 26, 179189. r.d. armstrong, e.l. frome, d.s. kung (1979) a revised simplex algorithm for the absolute deviation curve fitting problem. commun. stat. b8, 175-190. r.d. armstrong, j. godfrey (1979) two linear programming algorithms for the discrete l1 problem. math. comput., 33, 289300. r.d. armstrong, d.s. kung (1978) as132: least absolute value estimates for a simple linear regression problem. appl. stat., 27, 363-366. r.d. armstrong, d.s. kung (1982b) a dual algorithm to solve linear least absolute value problems. j. oper. res. soc., 33, 931-936. t.s. arthanari, y. dodge (1981) mathematical programming in statistics. john wiley, interscience division, new york. s. baboolal, g.a. watson (1981) computational experience with an algorithm for discrete l1 approximation. computing, 27, 245-252. s.c. banks, h.l. taylor (1980) a modification to the discrete l1 linear approximation algorithm of barrodale and roberts. siam j. on scientific and stat. comput. 1, 187-190. barrodale (1970) on computing best l1 approximations. in a. talbot, approximation theory academic press, new york, 205-215. barrodale, f.d.k. roberts (1973) an improved algorithm for discrete l1 linear approximation. siam j. numer. anal., 10, 839-848. barrodale, f.d.k. roberts (1974) algorithm 478: solution of an overdetermined system of equations in the l1 norm. commun. acm, 17, 319-320. barrodale, a. young (1966) algorithms for best l1 and l∞ linear approximations on a discrete set. numer. math., 8, 295-306. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 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by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research; vol. 1, no. 2 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 july-september; 2019 published by centre for research on islamic banking & finance and business 26 concurrency control in database systems dardina tasmere senior lecturer department of computer science and engineering bangladesh army university of engineering & technology, natore, bangladesh e-mail: dardina.ruet@gmail.com md. nazmus salehin b.sc student department of computer science and engineering bangladesh army university of engineering & technology, natore, bangladesh e-mail: mdnazmussalehinnayan@gmail.com abstract concurrency control mechanisms including the wait, time-stamp and rollback mechanisms have been briefly discussed. the concepts of validation in optimistic approach are summarized in a detailed view. various algorithms have been discussed regarding the degree of concurrency and classes of serializability. practical questions relating arrival rate of transactions have been presented. performance evaluation of concurrency control algorithms including degree of concurrency and system behavior have been briefly conceptualized. at last, ideas like multidimensional timestamps, relaxation of two-phase locking, system defined prewrites, flexible transactions and adaptability for increasing concurrency have been summarized. keywords: concurrency, control, database systems. 1. introduction database systems are important for managing the data efficiently and allowing users to perform multiple tasks on it with the ease. from space station mechanism to credit card transactions, from railway station to telecommunications phonebook at our home – everywhere database is used. a database state which are the values of the database objects representing real-world entity is changed by the execution of a user transaction. in a distributed database system, the concurrency control problem occurs when several users access multiple databases on multiple sites. correctness of the database is maintained by a scheduler that keeps an eye on the system and control the concurrent accesses. according to (bhargava, 1983) database integrity and serializability measures the correctness of a database. a database is considered to be correct if a set of constraints (predicates or rules) are satisfied. serializability ensures that a schedule for executing concurrent transactions is equivalent to one that executes the transactions serially in some order. it assumes that all accesses to the database are done using read and write operations. in this paper, we include some ideas that have been used for designing concurrency control algorithms and evaluated these algorithm’s performance. finally, we have taken into account some fact for increasing the degree of concurrency. 2. concurrency control approaches and algorithms our main point of focus is to process conflicting transactions correctly. each transaction has a read and write set. two transactions are said to be in conflictive they are different transactions; they are on the different set (one is read set and another is writing set) and/or they are on the same set where both of them are write sets. this concept is illustrated in figure-1. figure 1. types of conflicts for two transactions. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 27 we say that the read set of t1 conflicts with the write set of t2 if read set s(r1) and write set s(w2) have some database entities (or items) in common. this shown by th diagonal edge in the figure. similarly, if s(r2) and s(w1) have some database items in common, we draw the other diagonal edge. if s(w1) and s(w2) have some database items in common, we say that the write set of t1 conflicts with the write set of t2. it is shown by the horizontal edge at the bottom of the figure. as read actions do not change the values of the database entities, it is not a matter of concern about the confliction between the read sets of the two transactions. it needs to be pointed that if both transactions t1 and t2are executing at the same time, only then it can conflict. for example, if t2 was submitted to the system aftert1 has finished, they will not be in conflict even if their read and write sets intersect with each other. generic approaches to synchronization in order to design concurrency control algorithms, basically there three generic approaches as follows: ▪ wait: when two transactions conflict, one transaction must wait until another transaction is finished ▪ timestamp: in this approach, a unique timestamp is assigned to every transaction by the system. timestamp determines the order in which transactions will be executed. conflicting actions of two transactions are processed in timestamp order. the time stamp can be assigned in the beginning, middle or at the end of the execution of a transaction. ▪ rollback: if two transactions conflict with each other, some actions of one transaction are rolled back or it is restarted. this approach is also called optimistic because it is expected that conflicts are such that only a few transactions would roll back. in the following section, we will discuss each of these approaches in detail and describe the concurrency control algorithms that are based on them. 2.1 algorithms based on wait mechanism when two transactions conflict with each other, it can be solved by making one transaction wait until the other transaction releases the common entities. the system can use locking technique on the database entities in order to implement wait mechanism. the system can lock the entity as long as the operation continues and then can release the lock. when the lock has been given to some transaction, the requesting transaction must wait. based on whether the transaction wants to do a read operation or a write operation, there are two types of locks that can be used to reduce the waiting time on an entity: ▪ read lock: the transaction locks the entity in a shared mode. any other transaction waiting to read the same entity can also obtain a read lock. ▪ write lock: the transaction locks the entity in an exclusive mode. if one transaction wants to write on an entity, no other transaction may get either a read lock ora write lock. when we say lock, it means either read lock or a write lock. when a transaction has completed operations on an entity, the transaction can perform an unlock operation. after an unlock operation, either type of lock is released, and the entity is made available to other transactions that may be waiting. an important point is that lock and unlock operations can be performed by the user or be transparent to the transaction. in the latter case, it is the responsibility of the system to correctly perform locking and unlocking operations for each transaction. two new problems arise due to locking an entity. they caerlaverock and deadlock. live lock occurs when a transaction repeatedly fails to obtain a lock. deadlock occurs when various transactions simultaneously tries to lock on several entities and as a result, each transaction gets a lock on a different entity and waits for the other transactions to release the lock on the entities that they have succeeded in obtaining. the road to solution of the problem due to deadlock can be achieved by the following approaches ▪ each transaction has to lock all entities at once. if some locks are held by some other transaction, then the transaction releases any locks that it was succeeded to secure. ▪ assign an arbitrary linear ordering to the items, and all transactions need to request the locks based on this assigned order. it has been observed that deadlocks in database systems are very rare and it may be cheaper to detect and resolve them rather than to avoid them (j.n. & reuter, 1983). as serializability is the correctness criterion for concurrently processing several transactions, locking must be done correctly to assure the above property. there is a protocol called two-phase locking (2pl). it is obeyed by all transactions in order to ensure serializability. this protocol says that in any transaction, all locks must precede all unlocks. a transaction operates in two phases: locking phase is the first phase, and unlocking phase is the second phase. the first phase is also called the growing phase and the second phase is also called the shrinking phase. in the growing phase a transaction obtains more and more locks without releasing any locks. during the shrinking phase, the transaction releases more and more locks and is forbidden from obtaining additional locks. when the transaction terminates, all remaining locks are released automatically. the phenomenon just before releasing the first lock is called lock point. the two-phase locking and lock point are shown in figure 2. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 28 figure 2. two-phase locking and lock point: obtain lock; — release lock. now we discuss a centralized algorithm that utilizes locking in a distributed database system. we assume that all transactions write into the database and the database is fully replicated. a fully replicated database in real systems might not be very efficient. besides, almost all the transactions usually read from the database only. 2.1.1 a sample centralized locking concurrency control algorithm assume that a transaction ti arrives at node x, then following steps are performed: ▪ node x sends request to the central node for locking all the entities referenced by the transaction. ▪ the central node checks all the requested locks. request is queued if some entity is already locked by another transaction. there is a queue for each entity. the request waits in one queue at a time. ▪ after receiving all its locks, transaction is executed at the central node. the values of read set are read from the database. then required computations are carried out and the values of the write set are written in the database at the central node. ▪ if the database is fully replicated, the values of the write set are transmitted by the central node to all other nodes. ▪ each node receives the new write set and updates the data base. then central node receives an acknowledgment. ▪ when acknowledgment from all other nodes in the system is sent to the central nodes, it confirms that the transaction ti has been completed at all nodes. then the central node releases the locks and starts processing the next transaction. there are some variations of the centralized locking algorithm. they are given bellow: ▪ locking at central node, execution at all nodes: in this scenario, we assign the locks only at the central node and send the transaction back to the node x. now transaction ti is executed at node x. the values of the read set are read, and the values of the write set are obtained at node x. node x sends the values of the write set and receives acknowledgments from all other nodes. then it obtains the information that transaction ti has been completed. the node x sends a message to unlock entities referenced by ti. after receiving this message, the central node releases the locks and starts assigning locks to the waiting transactions which are queued. ▪ avoid acknowledgments, assign sequence numbers: in the centralized control algorithm, the central node requires acknowledgments to ensure that the values of the write set have been written successfully at every node in the database. but the central node needs not to wait for this. if the central node guarantees that the write set values are written at every node in the same order as they were performed at the central node, the condition will be satisfied. to achieve this, the central node can assign a monotonically increasing sequence number to each transaction. the sequence number is appended to the write set of the transaction and is used to order the update of the new values into the database at each node. now the central node does not have to wait for any acknowledgments. besides equivalent efficiency is achieved. problems could occur for introducing sequence numbers. let two transactions t5 and t6 are assigned sequence numbers 5 and 6 by the central node respectively. assume that t5 and t6 have no common entities. that is why they do not conflict. for a long transaction t5, transactiont6, which arrived at the central node after t5, operation for t6 must wait at all nodes for t5 although t6 might be ready to write the values of its write set. this problem could be solved by attaching the sequence numbers of all lower-numbered transactions for which a given transaction have to wait before writing in the database. this list is called a wait-for list. a transaction waits only for the transactions in its wait-for list. the wait-for list is attached to the write set of each transaction. sometimes the wait-for list size can grow very large, but transitivity among sequence numbers in wait-for lists can be used to reduce the size of it. do-not-wait-for list, a complement of this wait-for list, can also be utilized. the details of wait-for list including many such ideas are discussed in (garcia-molina, 1979). wait-for list is similar to causal ordering as discussed in (prakash et al., 1997). in (prakash et al., 1997) definition causal ordering is given as, if two messages m1 and m2 have the same destination and send(m1) ! send(m2), then deliv er(m1) ! deliv er(m2). copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 29 it is to be noted that there is a distinction between the reception of a message at a process and the delivery of the message to the corresponding process by the causal ordering protocol. both message reception and delivery events are visible to the causal ordering protocol. however, the protocol hides the message reception event from the application process that uses the protocol. thus, the application process is only aware of message delivery. according to the definition above, if m2 is received at the destination process before m1, the delivery of m2 to the process is delayed by the causal ordering protocol until after m1 has been received and delivered. in causal ordering, a message carries information about its transitive causal predecessors and the overheads to achieve this can be reduced by requiring that each message carries information about its direct predecessor only. causal ordering has also been discussed in (bhargava, b., & hua, c. t.,1983). ▪ global two-phase locking: this is a simple variation of the centralized locking mechanisms. in centralized locking, a transaction gets all locks in the beginning and release all locks in the end. in global two-phase locking, each transaction obtains the necessary locks on entities as they are needed. it releases locks that are no longer needed. a transaction cannot get a lock after it has released any lock. so if more locks are needed in the future, it should hold on to all the present locks. the other parts of the algorithm remain the same. ▪ primary copy locking: in this mechanism, a copy of each entity on any node is designated as the primary copy of the entity. a transaction must obtain the lock on the primary copy of all entities referenced by it. at any given time, the primary copy contains the most up-to-date value for that entity. two-phase locking is a sufficient condition for serializability rather than the necessary condition. for example, if an entity is only used by a single transaction, it can be locked and unlocked independently. the question is, “how can we know this?” since this information is not known to the individual transaction, so we are not aware of it. that is why, locking techniques are generally pessimistic. 2.2 algorithms based on time-stamp mechanism timestamp is a mechanism where the serialization order is selected a priori and the transaction execution is bound to maintain this order. each transaction is assigned to a unique timestamp by the concurrency controller. a timestamp on an entity represents the time when this entity was last updated. all clocks at all nodes must be synchronized for obtaining unique timestamps at different nodes of a distributed system. lamport (lamport, 1979) has described an algorithm to synchronize distributed clocks via message passing. if a message arrives at a local node from a remote node with a higher timestamp, it is assumed that the local clock is slow or behind. then the local clock is incremented to the timestamp of the recently received message. in this way, all clocks become advanced until they are synchronized. there is another scenario where two identical timestamps must not be assigned to two transactions. in this case, at each tick of the clock, each node assigns a timestamp to only one transaction. in addition, the local clock time is stored in higherorder bits and the node identifiers are stored in the lower-order bits. since node identifiers are different, this mechanism will ensure timestamps to be unique. when two transactions conflict with each other, they are needed to be processed in timestamp order. thomas (thomas, 1979) studied the correctness and implementation of this approach and described it. timestamp order is used in each read-write conflict relation and write-write conflict relation. as all transactions have unique timestamps, it clarifies that cycles in a graph representing transaction histories are impossible. 2.2.1 timestamp ordering with transaction classes here, it is assumed that the read set and the write set of every transaction is known in advance. a transaction class is defined by a read set and a write set. if the read set of t is a subset of the read set of class c and the write set of t is a subset of the write set of class c then it can be said that the transaction t is a member of a class c. class definitions are used to provide concurrency control. this mechanism was used in the development of a prototype distributed database management system called sdd-1, mentioned in (bernstein et al., 1980). 2.2.2 distributed voting algorithm the voting rule is the basis for concurrency control. together with the request resolution rule it ensures that mutual exclusion is achieved for possibly conflicting concurrent updates. two requests are said to conflict if the intersection of the base variables of one request and the update variables of the other request is not empty. this algorithm depends on distributed control to decide which transaction to be accepted and executed. vote on each transaction is held in the nodes of the distributed database system. if a transaction gets a majority of ok votes, it is accepted for execution. when a transaction gets a majority of reject votes it is restarted. nodes can also defer or postpone voting on a particular transaction. it is a result of the work of thomas in (thomas, 1979). 2.3 algorithms based on rollback mechanisms in this section, a family of non-locking or optimistic concurrency control algorithms are discussed. optimistic methods for concurrency control are presented in detail in (kunget al., 1981). two families of non-locking concurrency controls are presented. the methods used are “optimistic” in the sense that they rely mainly on transaction backup as a control mechanism, “hoping” that copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 30 conflicts between transactions will not occur. applications for which these methods should be more efficient than locking (kung et al., 1981). in this approach, the main concept is to validate a transaction against a set of previously committed transactions. in case the validation fails, the read set of the transaction is updated and computation is repeated and again tries for validation. the validation phase will use conflicts among the read sets and the write sets along with certain timestamp information. the validation procedure starts when a transaction has completed its execution under the optimistic assumption that other transactions would not conflict with it. the optimistic approach maximizes the utilization of syntactic information and attempts to make use of some semantic information about each transaction. if no a priori information about an incoming transaction is available to the concurrency controller, it cannot pre-analyze the transaction and try to guess potential effects on database entities. on the other hand, maximum information is available when a transaction has completed its processing. a concurrency controller can make decisions about which transaction must abort while other transactions may proceed. this decision can be made at the time of arrival of a transaction, during the execution of a transaction, or the decision can be made at the end of processing. decisions made at arrival time considered to be pessimistic and decisions made at the end may invalidate the transaction processing and require rollback mechanism. there are four phases in the execution of a transaction in the optimistic concurrency control approach: ▪ read: as reading an entity does not refer to a loss of integrity, reads are not restricted. a transaction reads the values of a set of entities and assigns them to a set of local variables. the names of local variables have one-to-one correspondence to the names of entities in the databases whereas the values of local variables are an indication of a past state of the database and are only known to the transaction. since a value read by a transaction could be changed by a write of another transaction, making the read value incorrect, the read set is subject to validation. the read set is assigned a timestamp denoted by π(ri). ▪ compute: the transaction computes the write set. these values are assigned to a set of corresponding local variables. thus, all writes after computation take place on a transaction’s copy of the entities of the database. ▪ validate: the transaction’s local read set and write set are validated against a set of committed transactions. it is one of the main parts of this algorithm and is discussed in the next section. ▪ commit and write (called write for short): the transaction is said to be committed in the system if it succeeds in validation. then it is assigned a timestamp denoted by π(wi). on the other hand, the transaction is rolled back or restarted at either the compute phase or the read phase. if a transaction succeeds in the validation phase, its write set is made global and the values of the write set become values of entities in the database at each node. 2.3.1 the validation phase the concurrency controller can utilize syntactic information, semantic information, or a combination of the two. here we discuss the use of syntactic information in the context of a validation at one node only. (bhargava, b.,1983) discussed the use of semantic information. kung and papadimitriou (kung et al., 1984) have shown that when only the syntactic information is available to the concurrency controller, serializability is the best achievable correctness criterion. we now describe the validation phase. a transaction enters the validation phase only after completing its computation phase. the transaction that enters the validation phase before any other transaction is automatically validated and committed. this is because initially the set of committed transactions is empty. this transaction writes updated values in the database. since this transaction may be required to validate against future transactions, a copy of its read and write sets is kept by the system. any transaction that enters the validation phase validates against the set of committed transactions that were concurrent with it. as an extension the validation procedure could include validation against other transactions currently in the validation phase. consider two transactions ti and tj. let s(ri) and s(ri) be the read sets and s(wi) and s(wj) be the write sets of tiand tj, respectively. let π(ri) and π(rj) denote the time when the last item of the read set s(ri) and s(rj) were read from the database and let π(wi) and π(wj) denote the time when the first item of the write set s(wi) and s(wj) will be or were written in the database. assume ti arrives in the system before tj. let tj be a committed transaction when the transaction tj arrives for validation. now there are four possibilities: ▪ if tj and tj do not conflict, tj is successful in the validation phase and can either proceed or follow tj. ▪ if s(ri) ∩ s(wi) ≠ ø and s(rj) ∩ s(wi) ≠ ø, ti fails in the validation phase and restarts. ▪ if s(ri) ∩ s(wj) ≠ ø and s(rj) ∩ s(wi) = ø, tj is successful in validation. tj must proceed tj in any serial story since π(ri) < π(wj). this possibility is illustrated as follows: copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 31 the edge between s(wi) and s(wj) does not matter because if s(wi) intersects with s(wj), then s(wi) can be replaced by s(wi) [s(wi) ∩ s(wj)]. in other words, ti will write values for only those entities that are not common with the write set of tj. if we do so, we get the equivalent effect as if ti were written before tj. ▪ if s(ri) ∩ s(wj) = ø and s(rj) ∩ s(wi) ≠ ø, tj is successful in validation. tj must follow tj in any serial history since π(wi) > π(rj). this possibility is illustrated as follows: for a set of concurrent transactions, we proceed as follows: for each transaction that is validated and enters the list of committed transactions, we draw a directed edge according to the following rules: ▪ if ti and tj do not conflict, do not draw any edge. ▪ if ti must precede tj, draw an edge from tj to tj,tj→tj. ▪ if tj must follow tj, draw an edge from tj to tj,tj←tj. thus, a directed graph is created for all committed transactions with transactions as nodes and edges as explained above. when a new transaction tj arrives for validation, it is checked against each committed transaction to check if tj should precede or follow, or if the order does not matter. condition for validation: there is never a cycle in the graph of committed transactions because they are serializable. if the validating transaction creates a cycle in the graph, it must restart or rollback. otherwise, it is included in the set of committed transactions. we assume the validation of a transaction to be in the critical section so that the set of committed transactions does not change while a transaction is actively validating. in case a transaction fails in validation, the concurrency controller can restart the transaction from the beginning of the read phase. this is because the failure in the validation makes the read set of the failed transaction incorrect. the read set of such a transaction becomes incorrect because of some write sets of the committed transactions. since the write sets of the committed transactions meet the read set of the failed transaction (during validation), it may be possible to update the values of the read set of the transaction at the time of validation. if this is possible, the failed transaction can start at the beginning of the compute phase rather than at the beginning of the read phase. this will save the i/o access required to update the read set of the failed transaction. 2.3.2 implementation issues let ti be the validating transaction and let tj be a member of a set of committed transactions. the read sets and write sets of the committed transactions are kept in the system. the transaction is validated against the committed transactions. the committed transactions are selected in the order of their commitment. the read set is updated by the conflicting write set at the time of each validation. if none of the transactions conflict with the validating transaction, it is considered to have succeeded in the validation and hence to have committed. this obviously requires updating a given entity of the read set many times and thus is inefficient. but one nice property of this procedure is that the transaction does not have to restart from the beginning and does not have to read the database on secondary storage. a practical question is whether the read sets and write sets can be stored in memory. the transactions tj that must be stored in memory must satisfy the following condition: if tj is a committed transaction, store tj for future validation if ti∉ set of committed transaction such that: {π(ri) <π (wj) } and {s(ri) ∩ s(wj) ≠ ø} it has been shown that the set of transactions to be stored for future validation will usually be small (bhargava, b. k.,1982). in general, a maximum size of the number of committed transactions that can be stored in the memory can be determined at design time. in case the number of committed transactions exceed this limit, the earliest committed transaction tj can be deleted copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 32 from this list. but care should be taken to restart (or invalidate) all active transactions ti for which π(ri) < π(wj) before tj is deleted. a detailed example: this example illustrates a variety of ideas of optimistic approach and its advantages over locking. we assume that a history is presented to a scheduler (concurrency controller). the scheduler either accepts or rejects the history. it does so by trying conflict preserving exchanges on the input history to check if it can be serializable. in this example, we use ri and wi to represent the read action (as well as the read set) and the write action (as well as the write set) of a transaction ti. let h be an input history of n transactions to the scheduler as follows: h = r1r2w2r3w3……rnwnw1 here transaction t1 executes the read actions, followed by the read/write action of t1, t2,….,tn followed by the write actions of t1. suppose r1 and w2 conflict as represented by an edge as follows: the history h is not allowed in the locking protocols because w2 is blocked by r1. if t1 is a long transaction and t2 is a small transaction, the response time for t2 will suffer. in general t1 can block t2, t2can block t3 (if t2 and t3 have a conflict) and so on. let us consider several cases in optimistic approach. case 1: for the history h, in the optimistic approach of kung and robinson (kung & robinson, 1981) ti(i = 2, …, n) can commit. write sets (wis) of committed transactions are saved to validate against the read set of t1. basically the conflict preserving exchange (switch) as follows is attempted so that r1 can be brought next to w1. case 2: an extension of this idea is to try the either exchange (switch) as follows: the resulting histories can be either h = r1r2w2r3w3……rnwnw1 or h = r2w2……rnwnr1w1. for switching w1, we would need to save not only the write sets of committed transactions, but also the read sets of committed transactions. this will allow more histories to be acceptable to the scheduler. case 3: a further extension of this idea is to try switching r1 toward w1 and w1 toward r1 if conflict preserving exchanges are possible. consider the conflict as follows: copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 33 consider the history h = r1r2w2…...rk-1wk-1wk ……rnwnw1 because of a conflict edge between r1 and wk, r1can be scheduled only before wk. similarly, due to the conflict edge rk-1 and w1, w1 can be scheduled only after rk-1. switching r1 and w1, the scheduler can get a serializable history r2w2…. rk-1wk-1r1w1rkwk….rnwn. using the switching of r1 or w1 alone would not have allowed this history to be acceptable to a scheduler. finally, we consider the case where both r1 and w1 are stuck due to conflicts. consider the history: r1 can switch up to t3 and w1 can switch up to tk due to conflicts (say r1w3 and w1wk). the scheduler can try to move the sub-history r1r3w3 to the right and rkwkw1 to the left as shown next: we can get a history as follows: r2w2rkwk r1 w1 r3 w3….rnwn which is serializable. 2.3.3 implementation of validations let us now illustrate how these ideas for optimistic can be implemented. consider n transactions. assume t1 starts before t2, but finishes after tn. let t2t3 ..tn finish in order. since t2 is the first transaction to validate, it is committed automatically. so we have a conflict graph with a node for t2 as follows: t2 when t3 arrives for validation, the read set of t3 is validated against write set oft2. if they conflict, the edge t3→t2 is drawn. next, the write set of t3 is validated against the read set of t2 leading to the edge t2→t3. since this causes a cycle, t3 is aborted. otherwise, t3 is serialized with t2. so we have a conflict graph say as follows: t2 – → t3 for a transaction t4 the edges are checked as follows: check the edge t4→ t2. if it exists, check the edge t2→– t4. abort if both edges exist. if only t4→ t2 exists, do not check the edge t4→ t3, but check the edge t3→t4only. this requires checking only three edges as follows: copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 34 if edge t4→ t2 does not exist, there is no need to check t2→ t4. in this case check the edge t4→ t3 and t3→ t4. once again only three edges are checked as follows: so, in general, for every new transaction that comes for validation, only n edges are checked if there are n – 1 committed transaction. this may be more efficient implementation than checking for a cycle for the conflict graph of n transactions for each validation. now we present a theorem that relates the rollback of optimistic with deadlock of locking approach shown by b. bhargava in:(bhargava,1984). theorem 1 (bhargava, 1984): in a two-step transaction model (all reads for a transaction precede all writes) whenever there is a transaction rollback in the optimistic approach due to a failure in the validation, there will be a deadlock in the locking approach (unless deadlocks are not allowed to occur) and will cause a transaction rollback. proof: for deadlock detection, the system can produce a wait-for digraph in which the vertices represent the transactions active in the system. an edge between two transactions in the wait-for graph is drawn if and only if one transaction holds a read-lock or a write lock and the other transaction is requesting a write lock on the same item. this will happen when the read-set or the write-set of the first transaction conflicts (intersects) with the write-set of the second transaction. an edge in the dynamic conflict graph exists in exactly the same case. thus, a wait-for graph has the same vertices (i.e., the set of all active transactions) as the dynamic conflict graph and the edges in the wait-for graph correspond one to one with the edges in the dynamic conflict graph. hence the wait-for graph is identical to the dynamic conflict graph and a cycle in the wait-for graph occurs whenever there is a cycle in the dynamic conflict graph. a deadlock occurs when there is a cycle in the wait-for graph and to resolve the deadlock, some transaction must be rolled back. since validation of a transaction fails and a rollback happens when there is a cycle in the dynamic conflict graph, the assertion of the theorem is concluded. 3. performance evaluation of concurrency control algorithm there are two main criteria for evaluating the performance of core control algorithms. we discuss them in some detail as follows: 3.1 degree of concurrency this is the set of histories that are acceptable to a scheduler. for example, a serial history has the lowest degree of concurrency. 2pl and optimistic approaches provide a higher degree of concurrency. the concurrency control algorithms have been classified in various classes based on the degree of concurrency provided by them in (papadimitriou, 1979). the concurrency control algorithms for distributed database processing have been classified in (bhargava et al., 1983). we specifically point out the classes of global two-phase locking (g2pl) and local two-phase locking (l2pl). all histories in class g2pl are characterized by global lock points. since each node is capable of independent processing, the global history can be serializable if each node maintains the same order of lock points for all conflicting transactions locally. the class l2pl contains the class g2pl and provides a higher degree of concurrency (bhargava & hua, 1983). in a history for the class dsto (distributed serializable in the time stamp order), the transactions are guaranteed to follow in the final equivalent serial history, the same order as the transaction’s initial access. in contrast, the class dss (distributed strict serializability) the histories retain the completion order of transactions based on the event w. the class dsto is contained in class dss. finally, the class dcp (distributed conflict preserving) is based on the notion the a read or write action is freely rearranged as long as the order of conflicting accesses is preserved. the serializability is guaranteed by maintaining an acyclic conflict graph that is constructed for each history. 3.1.1 the hierarchy copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 35 all the classes g2pl, l2pl, dcp, dsto, and dss are serializable and form a hierarchy based on the degree of concurrency. figure. 3 depicts the hierarchy, where sr is the set of all serializable histories. in figure. 3, each possible intersection of these classes is marked by ‘.i’ where i is from 1 to 11, and the exemplary history for area ‘.1’ is denoted as ‘h.i’. some of the histories are composite (formed by concatenating two histories). the transaction set and conflict information are given below. let there be two nodes represented by n = {1, 2}, and seven transactions denoted by t = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}. the atomic operations for each transaction are as shown below: trans. ‘a’ = { ra1[x]. wa1[y].wa2[y] }; trans. ‘b’ = { rb1[w]. wb1[y]. wb2[y] }; trans. ‘c’ = { rc2[u]. wc1[v]. wc2[v] }; trans. ‘d’ = { rd2[v]. wd1[v]. wd2[v] }; trans. ‘e’ = { re1[w]. we1[v]. we2[v] }; trans. ‘f’ = { rf2[t]. wf1[w]. wf2[w] }; trans. ‘g’ = { rg2[w]. wg1[y]. wg2[y] }; basically, each transaction reads an entity and broadcasts the update to both nodes. the hierarchical relation among the classes dcp, dss, and g2pl is similar to that in (papadimitriou, 1979). however, the classes l2pl and dsto and their relationships with other classes is different. note that, unlike the class 2pl in the centralized database system, the class l2pl which also uses two-phase locking but with local freedom of choosing the lock points is not contained in dss. figure 3. the hierarchy of the classes sr, dcp, l2pl, g2pl, dsto, and dss. 3.2 system behavior copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 36 one can evaluate the performance of a concurrency control algorithms by studying the response time for transactions, throughput of transactions per second, rollback or blocking of transactions, etc. such measures are system dependent and change as technology changes. several research papers have done simulation, analytical, and experimental study of a wide range of algorithms. these studies tend to identify the conditions under which a specific approach will perform better. for example, in (bhargava ,1982), we have shown after detailed simulations that the optimistic approach performs better than locking when there is a mix of large and small transactions. this is contrary to the wisdom that optimistic performs better when there are few conflicts. we found that in the case of low conflicts, in optimistic approach there are fewer aborts, but in locking there is less blocking. similarly, if a lot of conflicts occur, both locking and optimistic algorithms suffer. thus, one could conclude that if the cost of rollback and validation is not considerably high, in both locking and optimistic, the transactions will either suffer or succeed. in many applications, it has been found that conflicts are rare (davidson, 1984), (gray, 1981), (j.n. & reuter, 1983). we present another strawman analysis. assume that the database size is m and the read set and write set size is b. cbm represents the number of combinations for choosing b objects from a set of m objects. the probability that two transactions do not share a data object is given by the following term: 𝐶 𝑀 𝐵 × 𝐶 (𝑀 − 𝐵) 𝐵 𝐶 𝑀 𝐵 × 𝐶 𝑀 𝐵 the probability of a cyclic conflict is order (p(c))2 which is quite small.we have conducted a simulation study (bhargava, 1982) that illustrates the issues of arrival rate, relates multiprogramming level, frequency of cycles in a database environment. in figure 4, we show that the degree of multiprogramming is low for a variety of transaction arrival rates in a sample database. figure 4. database size = 100, i/o cost = 0.025,cpu cost = 0.0001. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 37 in figure 5, we show that the probability of a cycle is quite low for low degrees of multiprogramming. in figure 6, we found that optimistic performs better than locking for very low arrival rates. details of this study can be found in (bhargava, 1982). 4. more ideas for increasing concurrency 4.1 multidimensional time stamps there are several variations of timestamp ordering. for example, multiple versions (papadimitriou, 1986) of item values have been used to increase the degree of concurrency. the conventional time stamp ordering tends to prematurely determine the serializability order, which may not fit in with the subsequent history, forcing some transactions to abort. the multidimensional time stamp protocol (leu & bhargava, 1987) provides a higher degree of concurrency than single time stamp algorithms. this protocol allows the transaction to have a time stamp vector of up to k elements. the maximum value of k is limited by twice the maximum number of operations in a single transaction. each operation may set up a new dependency relationship between two transactions. the relationship (or order) is encoded by making one vector less than another. a single time stamp element is used to bear this information. earlier assigned elements are more significant in the sense that subsequent dependency relationships cannot conflict with previously encoded relationships. thus, the scheduler can decide to accept or abort an operation based on the dependency information derived from all proceeding operations. in other words, the scheduler can use the approach of dynamic timestamp vector generations foreach transaction and dynamic validation of conflicting one can use the approach of dynamic timestamp vector generations for each transaction and dynamic validation of conflicting transactions to increase the degree of concurrency. the class of multidimensional time stamp vectors intersects with the class ssr and 2pl and is contained in the class dsr. classes 2pl, ssr, and dsr are defined as in (papadimitriou, 1979). 4.2 relaxations of two-phase locking in (leu & bhargava, 1988), we have provided a clarification of the definition of two-phase blocking. a restricted non two-phase locking (rn2pl) class that contains the class of 2pl has been formally defined. an interesting interpretation of the rn2pl is given as follows.a transaction (a leaser) may release a lock (rent out a lock token) before it may still request some more locks. if alater transaction (a leasee) subsequently obtains such a released lock (rents the lock token), it cannot release this lock(sublease the lock token) until all its leasers will not request any more locks. (now the leasers are ready to transferal their lock tokens to leasees. so, each of their leasees can be a new leaser.)this scenario enforces acyclic leaser-leasee relationships, and thus produces only serializable histories. further, the locking sequence may not be two-phased. it is not appropriate to claim that either protocol is superior to the other because many conditions need to be considered for such a comparison. since two-phase locking is a special case of restricted-non-two-phase locking, it gives the flexibility for some transactions to be non-two-phase locked. in some cases, it would be desirable to allow long-lived transactions to be non-two-phase locked to increase the availability of data items. figure 5. database size = 500, transaction size = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 38 figure 6. database size = 200, no. of nodes = 3, communication delay = 0.10, i/o cost = 0.025, transaction size = 5 (time in seconds). 4.3 system defined prewrites in (madria & bhargava, 1997) we have introduced a prewrite operation before an actual write operation is performed on database files. a prewrite operation announces the value that a transaction intends to write in future. a prewrite operation does not change the state of the data object. once all the prewrites of a transaction are announced, the transaction executes aprecommit operation. after the precommit, another read transaction is permitted to read the announced prewrite values even before the other transaction has finally updated the data objects and committed. the eventual updating on stable storage may take a long time. this allows non strict executions and increases the potential concurrency as compared to the algorithms that permit only read and write operations on the database files. a user does not explicitly mention a prewrite operation but the system introduces a prewrite operation before every write. short duration transactions can read the value of a data item produced but not yet released by a long transaction before its commit. therefore, using prewrites, one can balance a system consisting of short and long transactions without causing delay for short duration transactions. 4.4 flexible transactions the flexible transaction model (zhang et al., 1994) supports flexible execution control flow by specifying two types of dependencies among the sub transactions of a global distributed transaction: ▪ execution ordering dependencies between two sub transactions, and ▪ alternative dependencies between two subsets of sub transactions. a flexible transaction allows for the specification of multiple alternate subsets of sub transactions to be executed and results in the successful execution and commitment of the sub transactions in one of those alternate subsets, the execution of a flexible transaction can proceed in several different ways. the subtransaction in different alternate subsets maybe attempted simultaneously, as long as any attempted sub transactions not in the committed subset of sub transactions can either be aborted or have their effects undone. the flexible transaction model increases the failure resilience of global transactions. in (zhang et al., 1994), we have defined a weaker form of atomicity, termed semi atomicity that is applicable to flexible transactions. semi atomicity allows a flexible transaction to commit as long as a subset of its sub transactions that can represent the execution of the entire flexible transaction commit. semi atomicity enlarges the class of executable global transactions in a heterogeneous distributed database system. 4.5 adaptable concurrency control existing database systems can be interconnected that results in a heterogeneous distributed database system. each site in such a system could use a different strategy for concurrency control. for example, one site could be using the two-phase locking concurrency control method while another could be running the optimistic method. since it may not be possible to convert such different systems and algorithms to a homogeneous system, solutions must be found to deal with such heterogeneity. already research has been done toward the designing of algorithms for performing concurrent updates in a heterogeneous environment (zhang & elmagarmid, 1993). the issues of global serializability and deadlock resolution have been solved. the approach in (bhargava & riedl, 1989) is a variation of the optimistic concurrency control for global transactions while allowing individual sites to maintain their autonomy. another concept that has been studied in the reliable, adaptable, interoperable distributed (raid) database system (bhargava & riedl, 1989) involves facilities to switch concurrency control methods. a formal model for an adaptable concurrency control (bhargava & riedl ,1989) suggested three approaches for dealing with various system and transaction’s states: generic state, converting state, and suffix sufficient state. the generic state method requires the development of a common data structure for all the ways to implement a particular concurrency controller (called sequencer). the converting copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 39 state method works by invoking a conversion routine to change the state information as required by a different method. the suffix sufficient method requires switching from one method to another by overlapping the execution of both methods until certain termination conditions are satisfied. 5. conclusion concurrency control problem occurs when several processes are concurrently involved in the system. previously, serializability and two-phase locking were discussed in (eswaran et al., 1976). (eswaran et al., 1976) shows that, consistency requires that a transaction cannot request new locks after releasing a lock. then it is argued that a transaction needs to lock a logical rather than a physical subset of the database. the ideas of timestamps were introduced by (thomas, 1979). the optimistic approach was proposed in (kung & robinson, 1981). here, it is discussed that optimistic approaches rely mainly on transaction backup as a control mechanism, “hoping” that conflicts between transactions will not occur. in an optimistic approach, the major difficulty is starvation, which can be solved by using locking. c.h. papadimitriou has shown in (papadimitriou, 1979) regarding the classes of serializability and the formalism for concurrency control. several books that detail these subjects have been published (bhargava, 1987), (papadimitriou, 1986), (bernstein et al., 1987), in addition to survey papers (bernstein & goodman, 1981), (bhargava, 1983). the performance evaluation was studied in (garcia-molina, 1979). the ideas of adaptable concurrency control were published in (bhargava & riedl, 1989) and were implemented in the raid system (bhargava & riedl, 1989). it has been commented by system experts that concurrency control only contributes5 percent to the response time of a transaction and so even a simple two-phase locking protocol should suffice. however, due to the many interesting ideas that came into play in distributed database systems in the context of replication and reliability, research in concurrency control is continuing. we continue to learn of new concepts including flexible transactions, value-dates, prewrites, degrees of commitment and view serializability discussed in (bhargava, 1987). in large scale systems, it is difficult to block access for transactions using locking mechanism to database objects. we encourage readers to learn from various books on both theory and implementation of concurrency control mechanisms. references bernstein, p. a., & goodman, n. (1981). concurrency control in distributed database systems. acm computing surveys (csur), 13(2), 185-221. bernstein, p. a., hadzilacos, v., & goodman, n. (1987). concurrency control and recovery in database systems. bernstein, p. a., shipman, d. w., & rothnie jr, j. b. (1980). concurrency control in a system for distributed databases (sdd1). acm transactions on database systems (tods), 5(1), 18-51. bhargava, b. k. (1982, october). performance evaluation of the optimistic approach to distributed database systems and its comparison to locking. in icdcs (pp. 508-517). bhargava, b. (1983). concurrency control and reliability in distributed database system,” software eng. handbook, van nostrand reinhold, pp. 331-358. bhargava, b. (1987). concurrency control and reliability in distributed systems,” b. bhargava, ed., van nostrand and reinhold, 1987. bhargava, b., & hua, c. t. (1983). a causal model for analyzing distributed concurrency control algorithms. ieee transactions on software engineering, (4), 470-486. bhargava, b. (1984). resilient concurrency control in distributed database systems. ieee transactions on reliability, 31(5), 437443. bhargava, b. (1987). transaction processing and consistency control of replicated copies during failures in distributed databases. journal of management information systems, 4(2), 93-112. bhargava, b., & riedl, j. (1989). the raid distributed database system. ieee transactions on software engineering, 15(6), 726736. bhargava, b., & riedl, j. (1989, february). a formal model for adaptable systems for transaction processing. ieee trans. knowledge and data eng.4(1), 433-449. davidson, s. b. (1984). optimism and consistency in partitioned distributed database systems. acm transactions on database systems (tods), 17(3), 456-481. eswaran, k. p., gray, j. n., lorie, r. a., & traiger, i. l. (1976). the notions of consistency and predicate locks in a database system. communications of the acm, 8(11), 624-633. garcia-molina, h. (1979). performance of update algorithms for replicated data in a distributed database (no. stan-cs79-744). stanford univ calif dept of computer science. gray, j. n. (1978). notes on database operating systems. operating systems: an advanced course, 60, 397-405. gray, j. (1981, september). the transaction concept: virtues and limitations. in vldb (vol. 81, pp. 144-154). j.n. gray & reuter, a. (1983). transaction processing: concepts and techniques, morgan kaufmann, san mateo, calif. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 2; 2019 40 kung, h. t., & papadimitriou, c. h. (1984). an optimality theory of database concurrency control. acta informatica, 19(1), 113. kung, h. t., & robinson, j. t. (1981). on optimistic methods for concurrency control. acm transactions on database systems (tods), 6(2), 213-226. lamport, l. (1979). time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system. communications of the acm, 21(7), 558565. leu, p. j., & bhargava, b. (1987). multidimensional timestamp protocols for concurrency control. ieee transactions on software engineering, 13(12), 1238-1253. leu, p. j., & bhargava, b. (1988). clarification of two phase locking in concurrent transaction processing. ieee transactions on software engineering, 14(1), 120-123. madria, s. k., & bhargava, b. k. (1997, september). system defined prewrites for increasing concurrency in databases. in adbis (pp. 18-22). papadimitriou, c. h. (1979). serializability of concurrent database updates (no. mit/lcs/tr-210). massachusetts inst of tech cambridge lab for computer science. papadimitriou, c. (1986). the theory of database concurrency control. computer science press pitoura, e., & bhargava, b. (1995, may). maintaining consistency of data in mobile distributed environments. in proceedings of 15th international conference on distributed computing systems (pp. 404-413). ieee. prakash, r., raynal, m., & singhal, m. (1997). an adaptive causal ordering algorithm suited to mobile computing environments. journal of parallel and distributed computing, 41(2), 190-204. silberschatz, a., & kedem, z. (1979). consistency in hierarchical database systems. journal of the acm (jacm), 27(1), 72-80. thomas, r. h. (1979). a majority consensus approach to concurrency control for multiple copy systems. trans. database systems, acm, 4(2), 180-209 ullman, j. d. (1982). principles of database systems. second ed., computer science press, potomac, md. zhang, a., & elmagarmid, a. k. (1993). a theory of global concurrency control in multidatabase systems. the vldb journal— the international journal on very large data bases, 2(3), 331-359. zhang, a., nodine, m., bhargava, b., & bukhres, o. (1994). ensuring semi-atomicity for flexible transactions in multidatabase system (vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 67-78). acm. copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 8-14 8 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 6 no 1 (2022) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa students’ attitude towards online shopping & the possibility to facilitate its growth: a study in rajshahi city, bangladesh s.m. ashraf hossain (a)1 md. shamsul alam (b) (a) lecturer, department of economics, varendra university, rajshahi, bangladesh; e-mail: ashrafhossain29@gmail.com (b) department of economics, university of rajshahi, bangladesh; e-mail: anik2106eco@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 21st november 2022 accepted: 24th december 2022 online publication: 27th december 2022 keywords: online shopping, students, rajshahi jel classification codes: m20, m31, m37, m50 a b s t r a c t many studies have been conducted on bangladeshis' online shopping habits, but only some on students' attitudes. with the recent growth of online shopping worldwide and the unexplored potentiality in the country's northern region, this topic is worthy of deeper understanding. the main objective of this study is to have an in-depth knowledge of students' attitudes toward online shopping in rajshahi city, bangladesh. this study collected data from 87 randomly selected students from march 2022 to may 2022 from different educational institutions in the city. various statistical tools, including mean, standard deviation, pie charts, column charts and likert scale, have been employed to examine the students' attitudes. the results of this study show that most students are proficient internet users, although they mostly use it for recreational purposes. however, 92% of them have shopped online at least once. moreover, this study also revealed that the most frequently purchased products by the students are clothing (35%), books (30%) and electronic products (22%). the results from the likert scale analysis found that 36 students agree and 24 strongly agree that they are overall satisfied with their online shopping experience despite facing problems like late delivery and receiving damaged products. therefore, the study's findings suggest that online retailers must focus on improving the marketing aspect of their business, ensuring the quality of their products and maintaining time flexibility throughout the delivery period. © 2022 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction online shopping is a type of e-commerce. it is buying and selling over the internet and electronic media. on the internet, it refers to a vendor's website that sells products or services directly to the customer utilizing a digital shopping cart or digital shopping basket system and allows credit card, debit card, or mobile banking payment (wambui, 2010). the convenience of purchasing online is beneficial not only to consumers but also to retailers. moreover, buyers have an obvious advantage when the internet allows them access to both the global and the national market. this enables buyers to compare costs across areas, discover whether prices vary by different companies, and obtain information about alternative items. in this manner, people conduct an in-depth study on the internet before even engaging in conversation with a salesperson. as a result, how they arrive at decisions has undergone significant evaluation (delafrooz et al., 2010). consequently, retailers ensure that their websites and other online portals present an accurate image of their businesses in the online world. they expand their customer base by selling directly online. because of their having shops on the internet, their revenues would be unrestricted by the number of clients who could visit their brick-and-mortar location. because of the world wide web, they may sell their products in other cities, states, and even countries, eliminating geographical restrictions. therefore, the sellers also benefit from improved and more efficient access to the worldwide market thanks to the availability of the internet. the widespread availability of internet access among consumers and the adoption of e-commerce practices among business owners, as well as the speed with which and the ease with which goods and services can be traded on a 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-2894-0398 © 2022 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1875 to cite this article: hossain, s. a., & alam, m. s. (2022). students’ attitude towards online shopping & the possibility to facilitate its growth: a study in rajshahi city, bangladesh. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 6(1), 814. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1875 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1875 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2894-0398 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5174-776x hossain & alam, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 8-14 9 local, national, and international scale, have all contributed to the meteoric rise in popularity of online shopping over the past few decades. because of this, online shopping has developed into one of the defining aspects of the modern era of the internet. according to research by the center for communication policy at the university of california, online shopping has become the third most common kind of internet activity, coming in directly after web browsing and instant messaging (desai, 2003). online shopping has become the easiest and most suitable mode of shopping because most people are busy and loaded with hectic schedules. as a result, online shopping has obtained a vital position in the 21st century by establishing a new pattern of shopping, becoming an essential lifestyle component, and expanding into a global perspective. shopping for goods and services such as clothes, gadgets, and even animals on the internet are gaining ground rapidly and becoming increasingly common. this phenomenal rise of online shopping has probably been spurred by some factors, including the introduction of numerous online retailers and traders, a growing number of manufacturers coming to consumers directly, consumers seeking more excellent value in their purchases, expansion of product and service size, greater variety and choice of goods to consumers, sustained strength of the economy, the proliferation of group buying sites, increasing level of sophistication and comfort, and so on. so, whether at home, in the office, or abroad, consumers may and do make all their purchases online. this is particularly the case in recent times when the pandemic spread worldwide. customers can spread the word quickly and readily about sales, coupons, and other enticements like cash on delivery and other price breaks for online purchases. online shopping is becoming increasingly popular in the asian region. this is especially true in india and bangladesh. compared to bangladesh, india was quicker to embrace fashion (hassan et al., 2010). in addition to wellknown companies like amazon and ebay, they operate other websites devoted to products like apparel, home furnishings, and cuisine. as a result, bangladesh still needs to be further along in developing this sector. there are a variety of factors at play here, and the objective of this research is to ascertain the attitudes of consumers toward online shopping, with a particular focus on the attitude of students because students are usually heavy internet users. this may allow for identifying potential solutions to problems related to the expansion of online shopping in bangladesh. presently, many individuals in bangladesh, especially younger generations, like to shop online and buy things from various brands and firms that they either need help locating locally or are not sold in their neighbourhoods. therefore, internet shopping is now playing an essential role in everyone's life, particularly for students and people with a hectic living schedule who reside in megacities like dhaka and chittagong. this is because online buying allows for greater convenience. in addition, many specialized items, such as books, electrical goods, and other things, may be purchased in dhaka but are not available in other cities. people typically prefer to travel a short distance to get what they want. when the cost in terms of money, time, and well-being associated with going to dhaka is considered, it is possible that they would choose to exercise the option to visit the shop online rather than going there in person. the perceptions of people who shop online will be analyzed in this study in the hopes of gaining a better understanding of how beneficial online shopping is. the main objective of this research is to analyze the students' perspective towards online shopping to determine how far the growth of online shopping has taken place in the economy of rajshahi city. literature review many studies have been devoted to analyzing the factors that form the general attitude of online shoppers, and it is noticeable that significant research has been conducted in bangladesh, too. hossain et al. (2013) noted that e-commerce in bangladesh has recently evolved into a highly effective business tool. it stipulated that bangladesh must address network connectivity and electronic payment difficulties. this research paper identifies security difficulties, a complex checkout process, the inability of customers to locate things, and the inability to touch and feel a product. desai (2003) determined that e-marketing is a condensed version of "electronic commerce" that creates business-to-consumer transactions. even though the concept of e-tailing is no longer in its infancy, it will continue to evolve as progressive e-commerce requirements serve as a powerful driver for the growth of e-marketing. the concept of e-marketing differs from the direct shopping experience of various products and services. similarly, hassan et al. (2010) provide an inside look at the web marketing efforts of various bangladeshi business marketers. this is a quantitative study that utilizes both secondary and primary data. he discovered that many companies in bangladesh still need a website. this article argues that access to high-speed internet is required to boost online marketing practices nationwide. bhatt (2014) claimed that online purchasing is increasing in popularity among people, particularly the younger generation, but in the current environment, for e-marketing to become equally popular among all age groups, it will need to travel further. additionally, the study found that consumers' attitudes are evolving with time. numerous variables, such as cash-on-delivery, customization of orders or websites, home delivery, etc., make online buying highly convenient. in addition, delafrooz et al. (2010) discovered that consumers' attitudes regarding online purchasing were influenced by utilitarian orientation, convenience, price, and a more extensive selection. therefore, e-retailers should stress a more userfriendly function to provide utilitarian clients with an efficient means of locating what they require. moreover, jarvenpaa et al. (2000) investigated how customers' perceptions of a store's size and status influence their trust, risk perception, attitudes, and propensity to shop there. they recognize a correlation between online business customer trust and the stores' presumptive reputation and breadth. kiyici (2012) attempted to determine the impact of online purchasing familiarity, income, and credit card ownership. according to his findings, the teacher of male students is better familiar with them and has a more positive attitude than the instructor of female students. similarly, li et al. (1999) discovered that consumers who purchase more regularly from online businesses are more concerned with suitability and hossain & alam, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 8-14 10 less concerned with practice. since they are time-constrained and are okay with purchasing things without touching or sensitivity, these buyers consider appropriateness to be the most important determinant of their purchasing decisions. according to varadarajan (2010), consumer behaviour studies individuals, groups, processes, and organizations. he attempted to understand consumers' decision-making processes, both individually and collectively. it emphasizes individual consumers and their features, including demographic and behavioural characteristics, to comprehend what customers desire. in addition, wambui (2010) uncovered the features of online shopping adopters among college students and the reasons for non-adoption and adoption of online shopping. the study outcomes demonstrated a high degree of awareness of online shopping but a very low rate of its utilization. concerns about financial security and reluctance to provide personal information online were identified as causes for the underutilization of online buying. among the reasons mentioned for the rise of online shopping were the convenience of purchasing things from anywhere in the world and the availability of a vast selection of products. rajshahi is the most important city in northern bangladesh, while dhaka, the nation's capital, is located far away. in addition, things such as literature, gadgets, etc., are exclusive to dhaka and cannot be found in other cities. considering the cost of money, time, and health associated with a visit to dhaka and that individuals prefer to avoid going far to get what they want, they may visit the shop online. as a result, online shopping is growing in popularity in this city. this critical topic concerning the northern region of bangladesh has been the subject of several studies in bangladesh, but only some have focused exclusively on rajshahi city. in light of this fact and that students are the most frequent internet users, the purpose of this study is to investigate how students in the city of rajshahi perceive online shopping. materials and methods research design the cross-sectional, exploratory and descriptive research design is used for this study because it allows for assessing the selected topic when there are time and budget constraints. primary data have been used to develop, specify and achieve the objectives. data collection method two types of data were collected. structured questionnaires were used to run a survey for collecting primary data. the study was conducted through a personal interview with respondents to collect research-related information, and the information they gave was directly recorded on the questionnaire. the primary data were collected from march 2022 to may 2022. secondary data were collected from previous research studies on the subject matter, related articles on online portals, various journals, and various educative websites. sample size and sampling method the sample size of 87 students was selected randomly from major educational institutions in rajshahi city, including bangladesh computer council, rajshahi college and the university of rajshahi. the sampling procedure used is a nonprobability sampling method, that is, convenience sampling. questionnaire the questionnaire designed contains two sectors. in addition to the personal details that ask for the respondents' name, gender, age, education and marital status, these two sections are designed to collect general relevant information and specific research-related information. tools and techniques various tools such as percentage analysis, scaling technique, tabulation, graphical and average mean have been used to conduct the study properly. this can be summarized in table 1: table 1. tools & techniques used in the study statistical tools purposes software used descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, standard error, sample variance the analysis of the impact of variables reflecting students' aspects on online shopping. excel 16 likert scaling the analysis of student's perception of online shopping excel 16 column chart the frequency of online shopping by the students excel 16 pie chart the general state of growth of online shopping excel 16 results and discussions due to the extensive targeting options available on the internet, online commerce has enormous potential. as a result, many businesses and entrepreneurs use the internet to reach their consumers. accordingly, a more profound comprehension of online shopping and the consumers' attitude toward it is crucial for effectively using this consumer engagement channel. it is essential to comprehend how customers perceive online shopping, the obstacles they experience, the benefits they obtain, and the factors that attract them to online shopping. hossain & alam, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 8-14 11 the impact of various aspects of students on online shopping a survey with a structured questionnaire was conducted to analyze the impact of the various aspects on students, such as education, internet literacy, online activity, website usability, connection suitability, choice, reasoning and available payment method in online shopping. the survey found that more male students are shopping online than female students in general. this is probably because women still like to feel, see and touch the product before purchasing. however, an increase in the spending power of women might change that scenario. the data collected from the survey to analyze the aspects of consumers is analyzed in table 2, which shows the responses given by the students measured through mean, standard deviation, standard error and sample variance. table 2. sample statistics of the impact of specific aspects of students on online shopping n mean std. deviation std. error sample variance how would you describe your proficiency on the internet? 87 5.011 2.43 0.487 1.74 where do you mostly use the internet? 87 2.088 2.022 0.41 1.42 what type of internet connection do you use? 87 2.50 1.87 0.375 1.009 is your connection suitable? 87 0.696 1.42 0.27 0.577 what is your main purpose for using the internet? 87 6.54 3.06 0.612 2.70 have you ever shopped online? 87 0.278 0.939 0.191 0.264 which do you prefer? 87 1.25 1.67 0.31 0.83 why are you choosing to shop online? 87 4.87 3.75 0.73 4.06 which payment method do you typically use? 87 4.45 4.41 0.87 5.56 as found by the survey, 56% of respondents are advanced internet users, while 32% are intermediate and 12% are a novice. the respondents use the internet at both places, such as home and work. most of them have a suitable connection, and surprisingly they prefer using wi-fi over mobile internet despite the latter's availability and low costs. all of these have a positive impact on the growth of online shopping. as those with advanced and intermediate proficiency on the internet and suitable internet connection, all of them have preferred online shopping over physical shopping and have shopped online at least once. however, 48% of the respondents still use the internet mainly for recreation, while only 28% use the internet mainly for shopping. of the respondents who have shopped online, almost 50% use the cash delivery method as a means of payment. this is primarily because of reliability issues and a lack of credit/debit card availability. this also negatively impacts online shopping as cash on delivery as a payment method is slow compared to faster methods such as bkash and credit/debit card systems. the frequency of online shopping by the students the survey found that though students mainly use the internet for recreation and education, 92% of the respondents have shopped online at least once. this is mainly because of changing lifestyles and taste patterns. as life is increasingly fastpaced, more people are moving to online shopping for the advantages such as time-saving, low price, product variety, etc. however, there is a possibility that only a few particular goods are brought online. therefore, this may reflect something other than the actual growth of online shopping. figure 1 shows in what frequencies students have shopped online. as the figure shows, 40% of students frequently shop online, while 8% never shop online. for a more specified view, the shopping frequency of respondents in the last six months is shown in figure 2: this figure will help to understand the purchasing behaviour of online shoppers as the frequency shows the acceptance of the internet as a shopping medium. it was found that 32% of the students have shopped every two or three weeks, 24% shopped monthly, 20% shopped once every two weeks, and only 16% shopped online weekly, while 8% have never shopped online. though there is a possibility that the respondents who shop online at various time intervals might shop only for a particular product, still this figure is a positive indicator of the growth of online shopping. figure 1. shopping frequency of students figure 2. shopping frequency of the students in the last six months 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 weekly once every two weeks monthly every two or three weeks never s tu d en ts shopping frequency 0 10 20 30 40 50 frequently moderately slightly never s tu d en ts shopping frequency hossain & alam, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 8-14 12 the perception of students on online shopping in rajshahi city bangladesh is the most densely populated country in the world, so online shopping might be a relief for many consumers. many people use the internet regularly, and all of them can become online shoppers if they want to. the country can also reduce its unemployment in various ways through the online shopping industry. despite all these facts, the perception of online shoppers on online shopping in terms of various views is mixed. a survey was conducted to understand the perception of students, which can be shown in table 3 below: table 3. sample statics for students' perception of online shopping strongly disagree disagree undecided agree strongly agree 1. online shopping is mostly dhaka based 11 22 3 28 23 2. online shopping is inconvenient in rajshahi 13 20 13 35 6 3. online shopping websites need more advertisement. 25 7 43 12 4. information provided on the sites is easily readable, accurate and sufficient. 17 14 46 10 5. online shopping sites provide suitable price comparisons. 21 11 46 9 6. the service quality of sellers is satisfactory 7 43 25 12 7. ordered goods not arriving on time or at all 13 31 9 24 10 8. ordered goods getting damaged during transport 12 33 12 30 9. online shopping delivers the ordered goods at home without the need to travel 7 11 7 38 24 10. your expectations and quality of genuine products frequently match. 7 12 31 37 11. you are overall satisfied with your experience of shopping online. 6 21 36 24 as shown in table 3, 28 students agree, and 23 strongly agree that online shopping is mostly dhaka based. this is probably because dhaka, the capital and the country's most densely populated city, has the most potential for online shopping. consequently, online shopping has been found inconvenient in rajshahi city. it can be stated that it might also be inconvenient in other major cities like rangpur, khulna, etc. despite having internet proficiency and a suitable internet connection, this odd is occurring primarily because of the need for more good advertisements in online shopping. moreover, as the table shows, ordered goods often arrive on time and sometimes late. furthermore, these ordered goods sometimes get damaged during transport. despite all these drawbacks, the students' expectations and quality of genuine products often match. that is probably because of the facilities provided by the online shopping shops, such as sufficient and accurate information on the website, decent service quality and straight home delivery. therefore, most of the students are satisfied with their overall experience of shopping online. the general state of growth of online shopping one of the ways to assess the growth of online shopping in rajshahi city is to examine the categories of goods bought by online consumers and their visits to online shops. figure 3 shows students' frequent visits to different online shops in bangladesh. it is noted here that only five shops have been considered for simplicity despite a lot more being available. however, these five shops are relatively more familiar; therefore, the analysis might reflect the nature of visits to online shops by the students. figure 3. the general usage of online shopping sites by the students figure 4. the usual products brought by the students on online shop daraz foodpanda rokomari priyoshop books food groceries electronic product hossain & alam, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 8-14 13 as the figure shows, consumers mostly visit daraz (28%), food panda (25%) and rokomari (24%). this is probably because of these sites' availability, familiarity, access, and services. more importantly, these sites are heavily promoted by advertisement through online sites like social media and print media. in terms of goods, it is noted that online travel tickets have been overlooked in the survey. due to the availability and easy access to travel websites, products like train and air tickets are readily available and traded nationwide. however, the survey's focus was on the other necessary goods bought by the consumers online, shown in figure 4. as shown in the figure, the most common products brought by students are clothing (35%), books (30%) and electronic products (22%). the reason behind buying these three kinds of products is that they can be quickly returned in case the students' expectation is different from the product quality or there is a defect in the product, provided that the shopping sites have a return and refund facility. trading products like groceries, food and services are limited but significant. the miniature trading of these goods is taking place online because related online shopping sites are available only to limited access or need to be sufficiently promoted and therefore are unknown to some consumers. so, the growth of online shopping still has a long way to go before it can be considered a significant industry in the economy. conclusions different perspectives on the attitudes of students toward online buying were shown in this study. because gaining a grasp of customer attitudes toward online shopping and enhancing the elements that inspire consumers to purchase online is an essential step in fostering the expansion of online shopping. this study has focused mainly on the elements that drive students to purchase online in order to determine which factors are the most appealing to them. this study found that most students consider themselves proficient internet users, most consumers use the internet at home and at work, and surprisingly, they prefer wi-fi over mobile internet despite the latter's advantages. despite the fact that most students use the internet for recreation, a vast majority have at least made an online purchase. in addition, it is revealed that a sizeable proportion of students prefer online shopping over physical shopping, and as a result, they frequently visit online shopping sites. clothing, electronic products, and books are the most frequently purchased items online, and consumers' need for knowledge about online shopping is cited as the primary barrier to the process. depending on the above findings, various recommendations may be made. a large, multi-media advertising effort should be launched to promote online shopping as a viable alternative to conventional shopping. it is vital for commercial organizations to cultivate favourable customer perceptions of their activities and services, as well as to improve the security and privacy of online transactions, in order to increase the number of target consumers and their attitudes. in addition, online merchants should adopt a complete privacy policy for their clients on the sharing of personal information in order to alleviate their security concerns, and both consumers and merchants should be educated on online buying. the government has a significant role in promoting online shopping on a national scale by bringing together online shopping experts to organize meetings, conferences, seminars, etc. the findings and recommendations will provide online merchants and the government with a clear and comprehensive picture of the precise variables that drive individuals to shop online. in addition, based on the preceding debate, the future of online shopping in the city of rajshahi is quite promising. customers can save money and time by purchasing items online. however, the success of online shopping will be contingent upon its popularity, brand image, and specific promotional policies. author contributions: conceptualization, s.m.a.h.; methodology, s.m.a.h.; software, s.m.a.h. and m.s.a.; validation, s.m.a.h. and m.s.a.; formal analysis, s.ma.h. and m.s.a.; investigation, s.m.a.h. and m.s.a.; resources, s.m.a.h. and m.s.a.; data curation, s.m.a.h. and m.s.a.; writing – original draft preparation, s.m.a.h. and m.s.a.; writing – review & editing, s.m.a.h.; visualization, s.m.a.h.; supervision, s.m.a.h. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgements: the authors want to thank all the respondents for the study. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references bhatt, a. (2014). consumer attitude towards online shopping in selected regions of gujarat. journal of marketing management, 2(2), 29–56. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3451860 desai, a. (2003). e-tailing is the practice of selling retail goods on the internet. international journal of business & management research (ijbmr), 1(3), 45–49. delafrooz, n., paim, h. l., & khatibi, a. (2010). students’ online shopping behavior: an empirical study. journal of american science, 6(1), 137-147. hassan, m. k., momen, m. a., & sultana, s. (2010). online marketing in bangladesh: a descriptive study in the context of some selected click and mortar businesses. journal of business and technology (dhaka), 5(2), 150-165. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbt.v5i2.9986 hossain, m. a., ali, m. a., kibria, m. g., & bhuiyan, m. n. 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(2010). strategic marketing and marketing strategy: domain, definition, fundamental issues and foundational premises. journal of the academy of marketing science, 38(2), 119-140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-009-0176-7 wambui, j. (2010). a study of online shopping adoption among university of nairobi school of business evening students. college of humanities and social sciences, pp. 7, 211–224. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/handle/123456789/5810 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2022 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1019104520776 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1999.tb00336.x https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-009-0176-7 http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/handle/123456789/5810 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research; vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 published by centre for research on islamic banking & finance and business, usa 1 a comparison study on the era of internet finance china construction of credit scoring system model hongjun zeng business school guangxi university nanning, china e-mail: hongjunzeng@protonmail.com abstract at present, china's internet finance has flourished, showing a variety of business models and operating mechanisms. through internet technology, financial institutions can speed up business processing and bring users a better service experience. however, there are also problems such as credit risk and user fraud, and it is urgent to improve the level of risk control through credit scoring models. because of this, this article uses the borrower data of a chinese financial institution from january 2017 to june 2017 as the original data, and then uses the spearman rank correlation test to screen out the variables with reliable explanatory power from the many variables of the sample data, and then based on the variables selected, r 3.4.3 and spss 23.0 were used to construct a random forest model, discriminant analysis model, and logistic regression model. in general, different models perform differently under different sample characteristics, but the discriminant analysis has been better applicable. this paper compares the judgment accuracy of these three types of models and tries to establish a more effective financial credit scoring method, to solve the problem of constructing china's credit scoring system model under the current internet financial background. keywords: credit scoring system, random forest, discriminate analysis, logistic regression, comparison study. 1. introduction 1.1 research background the objective, comprehensive, and accurate individual credit rating model is an essential component of the personal credit rating system (hand & henley, 1997). the existing personal credit scoring system through internet technology, speed up business processing, bring users a better service experience (yu et al., 2009). however, there are some problems, such as credit risk and customer fraud. therefore, it is urgent to improve the level of risk control through the credit score model. the credit investigation institution shall use the rich information collected to make comprehensive credit evaluation on individuals (dhillon & torkzadeh, 2006). based on abundant personal credit history and credit behavior data, the credit behavior pattern obtained by adopting the data mining method can more accurately predict the future credit performance of individuals, improve the efficiency of operation, reduce the cost of credit granting, and accurately estimate the risk of consumer credit, which is an essential tool for the internal scoring of financial institutions (hsieh & hung, 2010). therefore, the establishment of an accurate credit scoring system is of considerable significance to enterprises. the model of individual credit rating is to use statistical analysis method and data mining technology to analyze the primary personal information data and transform the current personal information data into a specific credit risk value with high recognition (west, 2000; huang et al., 2007). in the past, china mainly relied on the experience of credit officers to judge the credit status of customers. there has been severe information asymmetry between credit institutions and customers (stiglitz, 1993) which makes credit institutions unable to accurately measure the credit status and risk of lenders, which may lead to credit errors and directly threaten the interests of credit institutions and the healthy development of credit market (hoff & stiglitz, 1990). although other countries have a very mature experience in credit scoring and have used the combination of traditional statistics and machine learning to evaluate customer credit quantitatively (thomas, 2000) but because there is no unified data source and credit evaluation system in china at present, so foreign experience is not applicable, so it is necessary to form a set of personal credit reporting system in line with chinese characteristics and find a suitable credit scoring method (allen et al., 2007). based on the above conditions, this paper bases on the underlying theory and practice apply the appropriate methods of data mining and statistics and uses the historical business data of a loan institution as the original data based on relevant study experience. in order to construct the evaluation system of chinese personal consumption credit, we will provide some reference to the financial institutions and government. mailto:e-mail:%20hongjunzeng@protonmail.com copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 2 1.2 literature review durand (1941) applied discriminate analysis to credit scores of commercial banks. discriminant analysis is based on the original classification, when a new analytical sample is encountered, i.e., pass. this classification method is used to select specific evaluation criteria as the basis for judging the group in which the new sample is located (eisenbeis, 1977; wind, 1978; day et al., 1978). on this basis, new discriminant samples can be classified into known taxonomic groups. commonly used discriminants distance discrimination, bayesian discrimination and fisher discrimination are the methods of analysis (lachenbruchm & goldstein, 1979; ripley, 1994). discriminant analysis was also used to develop the credit model (desai et al., 1996; dorronsoro et al., 1997). fico scores constructed with discriminant analysis as the core are widely used in the field of credit scoring by chen & chen (2010) used the latest semi-supervised nonparametric discriminant analysis (snda), sparse tensor discriminant analysis (stda), semi-supervised discriminant analysis (sda), sparse discriminant analysis (sparse da), fisher discriminant analysis (fda), and multivariate discriminant analysis (mda) to construct credit score models, respectively, and the results showed that snda, stda, and sda performed better than other discriminant analyses. wiginton (1980) used discriminant analysis and logistic regression to construct a credit score model from 1967 to 1968. the results indicated that logistic regression was superior to discriminant analysis. shi & he (2015) introduced the idea of asymmetric function in credit rating, took the distribution function of biased logistic distribution as the inverse function of connection, and conducted a comparative empirical analysis using personal credit data of a financial institution. the results indicate that the effect of the biased logistic regression model was better than that of the ordinary logistic regression model, and the effect of the biased logistic regression model was better than that of the decision tree, neural network and support vector machine in 10% default data set. sohn et al., (2016) applies a fuzzy logistic regression model that was established by using the data of 4446 loan applicants and loan default results and compared with traditional logistic regression. it was found that fuzzy logistic regression could improve prediction performance. compared with discriminant analysis, logistic regression is easy to calculate and requires more relaxed data distribution. so far, logistic regression is the most commonly used credit score model. since individual credit scoring models have their advantages, scholars have begun to study combination models, which are divided into heterogeneous integration models and homogeneous integration models. according to the definition of random forest, random forest is a homogeneous integration of decision trees. su (2018) proposed a personal credit scoring model based on the accompanying forest combination. using the data of a commercial bank in germany for empirical analysis, compared with knn, radial basis based neural network, decision tree, gradient boosting decision tree and support vector machine, the random forest model not only has high accuracy but also has the characteristics of being able to handle noisy data and good generalization ability. according to the german credit data, li (2017) respectively established the logistic credit score model and random forest credit score model, and the results showed that the accuracy of the random forest was superior to that of logistic regression. as long as the coefficients of the combined model are set well, the combined model may be superior to the single model inaccuracy or other aspects. the two-stage scoring model proposed by shi (2005) a logistic regression model based on the neural network, is validated with credit card customer data of a commercial bank. it is found that the accuracy of the new model is higher than logistic regression, and the robustness is also greater than neural network model, indicating that the new model combines the advantages of a single model and avoids the disadvantages of a single model. yang (2018) used the results of a linear discriminant analysis model as one of the input variables of the bp neural network. the results of empirical analysis show that the combined model has better prediction accuracy than the single model, and overcomes the problem of single model robustness. a heterogeneous integration model based on bagging algorithm and stacking algorithm is proposed by xia et al., (2018). empirical analysis shows that the performance of this heterogeneous integration model is better than that of the logistic regression model, support vector machine, decision tree and random forest model. 1.3 practical application of personal credit score model at present, the fico score is the most commonly used in the us credit information market. fair isaac company issues the fico score. there are three forms of fico score, which are respectively applied to the three significant us credit administrations (berger & udell, 2002) see table 1. table 1. american fico personal credit score model reimbursement history 35% repayment records of various credit accounts public record overdue reimbursement number of credit accounts to be reimbursed credit account balance copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 3 number of credit accounts 30% usage rate of total credit line reimbursement rate for accounts credit history 15% service life of credit new credit account 10% number of new credit accounts opened aging of newly opened user account current number of credit applications recent credit status credit type being used 10% type of credit account being used number of each type of account the credit scores derived from the model for the fico score ranged between 300 and 850 points. the higher the score, the smaller the credit risk of the customer. nevertheless, the score itself does not tell whether a customer is good or bad, and lenders often use the score as a reference for their loan decisions (allen et al., 2004). each lender will have its lending strategy and standards, and each product will have its risk level, which determines the acceptable credit score level. generally speaking, if the borrower's credit score reaches 680 points or above, the lender can consider the borrower's credit outstanding and can agree to the payment without hesitation. if the borrower's credit score is below 620, the lender either asks the borrower to add collateral or looks for various reasons to reject the loan. if the borrower's credit score is between 620 and 680 points, the lender will conduct further investigation and verification and use other credit analysis tools to handle the case. the sesame credit is a subsidiary of china alibaba group ant finance. it belongs to an independent third-party credit reporting institution; see table 2, and gold garments objectively present their credit status through techniques such as cloud computing and machine learning. the sesame credit is different from the traditional credit reporting agency (yip & mckern, 2016). alibaba cloud has a vast database as a backdrop, with the unique advantages of internet technology and data. on this basis, sesame credit evaluates the credit rating of users through the credit model algorithm (lin et al., 2015). nevertheless, it also suffers from the applicability of the credibility model. the problem of credit information sharing not only affects the comprehensiveness of data dimension but also affects the accuracy of the model measurement (ennew & binks, 1999; wu, 2008). therefore, the actual credit status of the client information subject cannot get a very accurate response in the sesame credit score. the applicability of the credit model also requires time for slow collection and validation; the primary data source for sesame credit depends on industry data, and the dimensions of data collection are not complete (nwana, 1996). while sesame credit already collects a tremendous amount of information, alibaba's social system is slightly lacking, so it has less control over data on social behavior; it also lacks credit data on financial institutions. at present, sesame credit has not been able to intervene in the central bank's credit system, and major banks and financial institutions have not been able to obtain their credit data, which also leads to the lack of personal use of bank credit information data in calculating sesame credit scores (kostka, 2019; creemers, 2018). sesame credit has no personal credit data from banks, and it is difficult for sesame credit to master the more accurate personal income of users, as well as essential assessment data such as debt information and related assets. table 2. ali sesame credit score 2. research preparation 2.1 basic data this paper uses issued after archived by a financial institution in china of the historical business data in the first half of 2017 is the original data, which includes the report number, id number, loan date, agent, local nationality, working province, education level, marital status, salary, and fund. there are 30000 raw data. identity characteristics 15% credit history 35% compliance 20% personal relationships 5% behavioral preference 25% copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 4 2.2 selection of research methods in this paper, data mining and statistical correlation methods are used, i.e., the software r 3.4.3 extension package and spss 23.0 were used to construct random forest models and to apply discriminant analysis methods ，then establish logistic model, and the effect of each model after the actual operation of the comparative analysis. 2.3 statistical approach this chapter selects the status of overdue repayment as the explanatory variable and selects the agent, local nationality, working province, education level, marital status, salary, presence or absence of funds and gender (as known from the information in the id card data archive), as well as the provincial gross product, per capita disposable income, per capita consumption expenditure, regional fixed asset investment, regional fixed-asset investment index and unemployment rate that can be found by the working province (anonymous, 2017). the defined and explained variables are shown below: table 3.explained and explanatory variables variable type variable variable name grade comments explained variable y presence or absence late repayment 0: no overdue; 1: overdue explanatory variables x1 loan grade 112 every half month is the first grade, the earlier the loan grade is higher x2 agent 111 the higher the frequency of use, the higher the grade x3 whether there is local nationality 0: not local; 1: local x4 working provinces derive the macroeconomic variables of x10-x15, the model does not use this variable x5 educational level 13 1: specialty or below; 2: undergraduate; 3: master's degree or above x6 marital status 14 1: not married; 2: married; 3: divorced; 4: widowed x7 compensation 17 higher pay, higher rank x8 whether there is fund 0: no fund; 1: fund x9 gender 0: female; 1: male x10 gross product of the province 1-29 the greater the gdp in the province, the higher the rank x11 per capita disposable income 1-29 the higher the per capita disposable income, the higher the rank x12 per capita consumption expenditure 1-29 the higher the per capita consumption expenditure, the higher the rank x13 regional fixed assets investment 1-28 the higher the regional fixed asset investment, the higher the grade x14 regional fixed asset investment index 1-28 the higher the regional fixed asset investment index, the higher the grade x15 unemployment 1-16 the higher the unemployment rate, the higher the grade copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 5 2.4 data preprocessing in summary, the borrowers with or without deferred repayment of a financial institution in china from january 2017 to june 2017 shall be taken as the total sample of data processing.  first, the data were processed, and we found that the amount of data for the vacancy values of the samples that did not contain agents was huge, and the user, no salary levels of the agents, were not included, for which the data were divided into two sample sets by whether or not the agents were included and analysed separately. then, analysis of the data found that the sample data are microscopic, the lack of macroscopic data support, the conclusions may not be accurate and complete. therefore, the working province containing the agent sample and the province of origin without the agent sample (known from the first two digits of the id card) were converted into six indicator representatives related to economic development, namely, the province's gross product, per capita disposable income, per capita consumption expenditure, regional fixed asset investment, regional fixed-asset investment index, and unemployment rate (all data resources given by china statistical yearbook 2017 obtained).  selection of samples. select whether to include the full sample remaining from the agent.  added blank and missing values since the data has been split into two data sets for analysis, the samples with vacancy values in the two data sets were filtered out, respectively, and then approximately 95% of the sample size remained in each data set, and the data integrity of these samples was functional. therefore, in combination with the above analysis, a small number of samples with vacant values are directly sieved out to obtain the final sample with or without agents. 3. analysis and finding 3.1 descriptive statistical analysis the collected data samples were first subjected to descriptive statistical analysis using spss 23.0. table 4. descriptive statistics including samples of agents variable n minimum value maximum value mean st. dev . skewness kurtosis y 5775 0 1 0.121 0.326 2.2.327 3.415 x1 5775 1 12 4.486 2.381 0.544 0.238 x2 5775 1 11 10.573 1.017 3.742 18.456 x3 5775 0 1 0.689 0.463 0.815 1.336 x5 5775 1 3 1.264 0.454 1.253 0.062 x6 5775 1 4 1.742 0.533 0.022 0.513 x7 5775 1 7 3.588 1.414 0.876 0.216 x8 5775 0 1 0.363 0.481 0.571 1.675 x9 5775 0 1 0.684 0.465 0.793 1.371 x10 5775 1 29 19.953 6.878 0.709 0.558 x11 5775 1 29 18.329 7.348 0.362 1.252 x12 5775 1 28 16.963 7.381 0.386 1.276 x13 5775 1 28 18.920 7.619 0.683 0.883 x14 5775 1 16 8.344 3.953 0.257 1.225 x15 5775 1 16 9.283 4.310 0.053 1.168 table 5.descriptive statistics for non-agent sample variables y n minimum maximum value mean standard deviation skewness kurtosis x1 20134 0 1 0.044 0.206 4.421 17.547 x3 20134 0 1 0.569 0.495 0.279 1.922 copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 6 x5 20134 1 4 1.301 0.563 2.219 6.157 x6 20134 1 5 1.726 0.601 1.062 5.311 x8 20134 0 1 0.503 0.500 0.013 2.000 x9 20134 0 1 0.713 0.452 0.944 1.110 x10 20134 6 28 20.477 6.638 0.821 0.378 x11 2 0134 6 29 18.538 6.815 0.302 1.151 x12 20134 5 28 16.921 6.944 0.355 1.199 x13 20134 4 28 19.909 7.145 0.911 0.353 x14 20134 2 16 8.121 4.031 0.403 1.093 x15 20134 1 16 8.880 4.253 0.111 1.117 from descriptive statistics, it can be seen that the degree of steepness or smoothness varies significantly among different variables, as does the degree of skew. 3.2 basic analysis of variables first, it can be seen that in the sample containing agents, the number of deferred repayments is: 698, accounting for about: 12%. the number of performance articles was 5077, or about 88 percent. as shown in the figure below: figure 1. percentage of samples containing agents with or without deferred repayment based on the above analysis, it can be initially seen that the relative contains the user of the agent has a high probability of deferred repayment users without agents. furthermore, overall, nearly 90% of people have not extended their repayment terms. an analysis that did not include a sample of agents was then performed. it can be seen that in the samples without agents, the number of deferred repayments is 895, accounting for about 4.5%; the number of performances is 19,239, accounting for about 95.5%. as shown in the figure below: figure 2. percentage of samples not containing agent with or without deferred repayment copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 7 4. screening of explanatory variables for samples with agents 4.1 correlation of explanatory variables with explanatory variables in this chapter, 14 variables are selected to research the influencing factors of the borrower's deferred repayment, which are loan grade (x1), agent (x2), local nationality (x3), education level (x5), marital status (x6), salary (x7), fund availability (x8), gender (x9), provincial gross product (x10), per capita disposable income (x11), per capita consumption expenditure (x12), regional fixed investment (x13), regional fixed investment index (x14), unemployment rate (x15). the sample containing the agent does not select the working province because the working province itself has no substantial meaning. for this reason, we added six macro data variables corresponding to the provinces. spss 23.0 was first used in this paper, followed by passed pearson correlation test preliminarily explored the relationship between the explanatory variables and the explained variables. explanatory variables were screened by the size and significance requirement of the correlation coefficient between the dependent and independent variables. table 6. person correlation test results y y x1 0.179 x9 0.001 x2 0.293 x10 0.142 x3 0.020 x11 0.036 x5 0.015 x12 0.052 x6 0.031 x13 0.131 x7 0.045 x14 0.150 x8 0.001 x15 0.067 according to the correlation test, except x8 and x9 failed the significance test, and all other variables passed the significance test. inquiry considering the remaining variables as 12 there is only one, so it is not screened according to the correlation of variables, finally selected x1, x2, x3, x5, x6, x7, x10, x11, x12, x13, x14, x15 as explanatory variables. 4.2 multicollinearity analysis in order to ensure the accuracy of the model results, it is necessary to test whether there is multicollinearity between the variables, and the results are shown in the following table, the inflation factor of 12 variables can be seen vif between 010 between, can judge there was no severe multicollinearity among the 12 variables. table 7. test for multicollinearity model unnormalized coefficient normalization factor t significance collinearity statistics b standard error beta franchise vif 1 (constant) (quantity) 1.524 0.051 29.927 0 x1 0.021 0.002 0.156 12.824 0 0.954 1.048 x2 0.092 0.004 0.288 23.993 0 0.979 1.021 x3 0.007 0.009 0.01 0.83 0.407 0.924 1.082 x5 0.013 0.009 0.018 1.488 0.137 0.952 1.05 x6 0.012 0.007 0.02 1.644 0.1 0.941 1.063 x7 0.008 0.003 0.034 2.755 0.006 0.93 1.075 x10 0.007 0.001 0.157 5.002 0 0.143 7.004 x11 0.017 0.002 0.389 7.077 0 0.127 9.331 x12 0.016 0.003 0.364 6.123 0 0.114 9.033 x13 0.002 0.001 0.046 1.66 0.097 0.187 5.341 x14 0.019 0.001 0.227 17.504 0 0.843 1.187 x15 0.003 0.001 0.043 3.059 0.002 0.705 1.418 copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 8 5. modeling the credit method evaluation model with an agent sample 5.1 modeling of various types of models random forest models: random forest refers to a classifier that uses multiple trees to train and predict samples, which overcomes overfitting produces, has the excellent anti-jamming ability, can estimate the sample characteristic in the classification importance degree accurately and the algorithm is easy to understand (mao et al., 2018). randomly selected in all samples 80% of data as training data, where 564 records for deferred repayment, 4059 records for on-time repayment, with each variable as the characteristics of training, by making with r 3.4.3 randomize the original software package to implement the modeling process. selection of variables: selecting appropriate variables not only improves accuracy but also reduces the complexity of the model calculation process, thereby improving the model run efficiency. first, the variables are initially selected based on their correlation, from the perspective of significance, excluding x8 (with or without funds) and x9 (sex), and then introduce x10 (intra-provincial gdp), x11 (per capita disposable income), x12 (per capita consumption expenditure), x13 (regional fixedasset investment), x14 (regional fixed-asset investment index), x15 (provincial unemployment rate) to replace x4 (working province). when there are 12 screening variables, the on-time repayment (0) is wrongly judged as delayed repayment (1), and the error rate is 2.7%. in contrast, the delayed repayment (1) is wrongly judged as on-time repayment (0).the error rate is 40.6%, and the overall error rate is 7.3%. table 8. preliminary training results of random forest model overall accuracy: 92.7% considering that there are too many variables, and the variables with less correlation may affect the training effect of the model, resulting in a decrease in the accuracy of prediction. so, we should eliminate some irrelevant variables step by step to make the model achieve the best prediction effect. according to the importance of variable features in the random forest model from small to large in order of deletion. for example, the figure below shows the importance degree of each variable at the first elimination, as shown in figure 3, the one with the lowest elimination importance (level of education). figure 3. importance of each variable repeat the above steps according to the change of status of each variable during each elimination. the variables removed in turn are x6 (marital status), x7 (salary), x15 (unemployment rate), x3 (whether local), x13 (regional fixed asset investment), x11 (per capita disposable income), x12 (per capita consumption expenditure), x14 (regional fixed-asset investment index), x2 (agent), x1 (loan grade), the corresponding accuracy rate is shown in the table 10 below: original result training results prediction accuracy 0 1 0 4059 3448 11 97.3% 1 564 229 335 59.4% copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 9 table 9. distribution of each variable number of variables 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 wrong repayment on time error rate 2.73 % 1.87 % 2.59 % 1.36 % 1.92 % 2.14 % 2.19 % 2.32 % 2.39 % 2.59 % 3.10 % 0.00 % delay repayment error error rate 40.6 0 % 45.9 2 % 38.1 2 % 44.8 6 % 40.0 7 % 34.7 5 % 33.6 9 % 32.0 9 % 32.4 5 % 33.5 1 % 62.7 7 % 100.0 0 % total error rate 7.35 % 7.25 % 6.92 % 6.66 % 6.58 % 6.12 % 6.04 % 5.95 % 6.06 % 6.36 % 10.3 8 % 12.20 % figure 4. number of variables and accuracy from the figure 4, it can be seen that when the variable is 4, 5, 6, when the error rate is low. when the variables are selected as 4, 5, 6 by predicting the training samples and comparing the correct rate, we can see that the correct rate is equal and the highest when four or five variables are selected, indicating that the probability of making the above two types of errors has decreased at this time, which indicates a significant improvement in the accuracy rate. considering the original accuracy and training accuracy, the final selected variable in this chapter is 5. so, in this case, the solution chosen for this model is expected to be optimal. selection the trees for test: the choice of the number of trees directly affects the accuracy of the random forest training results. if there are too few tree choices, the predicted results will be unsatisfactory; if there are too many tree choices, the results will be more accurate, and it has no significant effect and will directly affect the speed of model operation. in this paper, 200 trees are selected to explore the influence of the number of trees on the accuracy of judgment. the results are as follows: figure 5. verification of accuracy copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 10 t = l as shown in the figure 5 above, the graph abscissa represents the number of trees, and the ordinate represents the judgment error rate of the model, where green represents the error rate of the model in judging deferred repayment, red represents the error rate of the model in judging on-time repayment, and black represents the total error rate. it is evident from the figure that when the tree of the tree is at 50 trees, the error rates of on-time repayment and deferred repayment have reached the lowest point. based on this, the judgment standard of the model can be inferred. the rate of confirmation is approximately 94%. random forest model predicts the final result: according to the selection of variables and the setting of model parameters, the final variables selected in this paper are per capita consumption expenditure, x14 (regional fixed-asset investment index), x2 (agent), x1 (loan grade), x10 ( province gdp). parameter tree the choice is 200 trees. table 10.random forest model final training results overall accuracy: 94.1% from the result, the overall accuracy of the model is 94.1%, of which the judgment of the people who repay on time is more accurate, and its accuracy up to 97.7%; while the judgment of the people who delayed repayment was slightly unsatisfactory, with an accuracy of approx. is 67.9%. the reason for this may be related to the selection of sample size. 5.2 discriminate analysis according to the previous person according to the results of correlation coefficient analysis, ten variables that have a large to small correlation with the explained variable (whether deferred repayment or not) are selected as the observed variables. these are x1 ,x2, x6, x7, x10, x11, x12, x13, x14, x15, respectively, and there will be full samples of agents as training data. the final results obtained by the calculation method of discriminant analysis are as follows: table 11.discriminant analysis results original result training results prediction accuracy 0 1 0 5077 4106 971 80.9% 1 698 259 439 78.1% overall accuracy: 78.7% 5.3 logistic regression introduction to the entropy weight method: entropy weight is a method based on actual weights, the amount of information contained in each index, and a. the smaller the entropy, the higher the variability of the exponent. the greater its role, the higher the weight of comprehensive evaluation. computational program entropy weight method is simple and straightforward;the index data is effectively used, excluding the influence of subjective factors(bikker & haaf, 2002). data normalization: standardize the data of each indicator. it is assumed that m indicators are given, x1, x2, x3, … where xi = {x1, x2, … , xm}, assuming that the values normalized to the respective indicator data are 1y , 2y , … my , then )(x(xi) )(xx y i jij ij minmax min    seeking the entropy of information of each index: according to the definition of entropy of information, the entropy of information of a group of data (n) pp e n i ijij j ln ln 1   and. among them if 0=pij then define 0lim ijij*inpp determine the weight of each indicator: according to the calculation formula of information entropy, the information entropy of each index is calculated as e1, e2,... em. the weights of each indicator were calculated by information entropy: original result training results prediction accuracy 0 1 0 4059 3965 94 97.7% 1 564 181 383 67.9% copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 11 )...2,1 1 ki ek e w i i i      （ table 12.results of entropy weight method variable variable name weight x1 loan date 0.079153 x2 agent 0.001991 x3 is_local 0.108171 x5 edu_level 0.394842 x6 marry_status 0.110361 x7 salary 0.042161 x10 gross domestic product 0.022438 x11 disposable income per capita 0.02952 x12 per capita consumption and expenditure 0.035831 x13 regional fixed assets and investment 0.031807 x14 regional fixed-asset investment index 0.044339 x15 unemployment 0.045766 next, according to the definition of the correlation matrix between the credit index and each factor, if the correlation coefficient is positive, then the factor entropy weight is also positive, if the correlation coefficient is negative, then the factor entropy weight is also negative. table 13.weighted value of user credit index variable variable name weight x1 loan date 0.079153 x2 agent 0.001991 x3 is_local 0.108171 x5 edu_level 0.394842 x6 marry_status 0.110361 x7 salary 0.042161 x10 gross domestic product 0.022438 x11 disposable income per capita 0.02952 x12 per capita consumption expenditure 0.035831 x13 regional fixed assets investment 0.031807 x14 regional fixed asset investment index 0.044339 x15 unemployment rate 0.045766 copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 12 5.4 logistic regression -based on person correlation coefficient significance test: now, use the software calculated logistic regression by spss 23.0. the non-missing value data of all the sample data, including the agent shall be included in the logistic binary regression equation, and the logistic regression shall be performed again after the removal of variables by using the conditional forward method. the test results are shown in the table 14. table 14.significance test variable variable name b s.e wald sig exp (b) x1 loan date 5.5.316 417 16162.631 1 .000 x2 agent 512.998 28.092 13333.482 1 .000 x5 edu level -.967 374 6.699 1 .010 x7 salary 2.2.491 1.136 4.810 1 .028 x10 gross domestic product 4.405 .947 21.639 1 .000 x11 disposable income per capita 18.979 1.557 148.512 1 .000 x12 per capita consumption expenditure 15.616 1.325 138.841 1 .000 x13 regional fixed assets investment 1.802 .563 10.255 1 .001 x14 regional fixed asset investment index 10.652 .633 283.180 1 .000 x15 unemployment 2.470 .519 22.665 1 .000 y constant 10.470 .601 303.975 1 10,000 after gradually removing the non-significant variables, the regression results are obtained. see table 14. it can be seen that these explanatory variables in the table have a robust explanatory effect on the explained variables so that they can be retained in the model. it can also be judged from the previous multicollinearity test results that these variables do not have multicollinearity, and the tolerance between the variables is relatively high, which will not have a significant impact on the accuracy of the parameter estimation results of the regression model. table 15.likelihood ratio test step -2 logarithmic likelihood value cox snell r square nagelkerke r square 10 3140.094 b .176 .337 according to the estimation results, in table 15, and the smaller the 2log-likelihood, the higher the value of cox snell r square and nagelkerke r square, and thus the better fit of this model. table 16.hosmer-lemeshow inspection step chi-square df sig. 10 89.960 8 .000 copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 13 the overall situation of the significance test of the regression equation is shown in table 16. for logistic analysis, the chi-square of the hosmer-leme show goodness-of-fit test was 89.960, and the probability p-value significance level was less than 0.05, so the goodness-of-fit between explanatory variables and logit (p) was significant, hence the model was reasonable. 5.5 establish a personal risk assessment model the logistic regression model can be expressed as: mm11 x...x 1 lnlog     p p it(p) 15 141312 11107 521 47020457660 65210044339080210318070616150358310 979180295204054022438049120421610 9670394842099851200199103165079153047010)(lo x.*. +x.*.-x.*.-x.*. -x.*.+x.*.-x .*. -x.*.-x.*.-x.*.-.=pgit according to this logistic regression test, the results of spss 23.0 table 17.logistic regression test results original result training results training accuracy 0 1 0 5077 5001 76 98.5% 1 698 535 163 23.4% overall accuracy: 89.4% as can be seen from table 17, in this paper, the average forecast accuracy is 89.4%, of which the forecast accuracy is 23.4% for deferred repayments and 98.5% for on-time repayments. the model has high accuracy in predicting customers' non-deferred repayment, while the accuracy of judging customers' deferred repayment is very low. therefore, further tests are needed to determine the accuracy of deferred repayment and on-time repayment. 5.6 summary and prediction impact of variable screening on the model: in this chapter, the variables are first screened by the person correlation coefficient test, and then the judgment accuracy of each model is analyzed. finding of comparison of models: by the detection of the three models described above. a summary of the predictive accuracy of each model was obtained, see table 18. table 18. prediction accuracy of each model model name performance accuracy rate: 0 total accuracy 1 breach correct random forest 97.7% 94.1% 67.9% discriminate analysis 80.9% 78.7% 78.1% logistic 98.5% 89.4% 23.4% no overdue payments record documented dataset of samples in this paper, and this chapter tend to use the random forest to distinguish the data set of samples, i.e., if for a sample data set with an overdue repayment record, use discriminate analysis is more appropriate in a way that enhances the probability of judging overdue payments. copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 14 6. screening of explanatory variables for sample data without agents 6.1 correlation of explanatory variables with explained variables in this chapter, 12 variables are selected to study the influence factors of the borrower's deferred repayment. they are the loan grade (x1), whether local nationality (x3), education level (x5), marital status (x6), fund or not (x8), gender (x9), provincial gross product (x10), per capita disposable income (x11), per capita consumption expenditure (x12), regional fixed investment (x13), regional fixed investment index (x14), unemployment rate (x15). the data samples not including agents generally lack working provinces and salaries, so we added six macro data variables corresponding to the province of origin. so, this chapter first uses spss 23.0 to pass person correlation test was used to explore the correlation between explanatory variables and explained variables. the explanatory variables were screened by the magnitude of the correlation coefficient between the dependent and independent variables and the requirement of significance between the two. table 19.person correlation test y y x1 0.179 x10 0.001 x3 0.020 x11 0.036 x5 0.015 x12 0.052 x6 0.031 x13 0.131 x8 0.045 x14 0.150 x9 0.001 x15 0.067 according to the correlation test results, except for fig. x6 failed the significance test, and all other variables passed the significance test. considering that the remaining variables are 11 one, so it is not filtered according to the correlation magnitude of variables and finally selected the explanatory variables were x1, x3, x5, x8, x9, x10, x11, x12, x13, x14, x15. 6.2 multicollinearity analysis in order to ensure the accuracy of the prediction results of the constructed model, the first step was to use spss 23.0 to test for the presence of multicollinearity between variables. the results are shown in table 21. it can be seen that the inflation factor vif (variance inflation factor) of 11 variables is between 0 and 10, from which it is judged that there is no severe multicollinearity between the 11 variables. table 20. result of multicollinearity model unnormalized coefficient standardizatio n coefficient t signific ance collinearity statistics b standard error beta tolerance vif 1 (constant) 0.139 0.011 13.188 0 x1 0.003 0.001 0.034 4.853 0 0.973 1.028 x3 0.019 0.003 0.046 6.401 0 0.941 1.062 x5 0.009 0.003 0.025 3.555 0 0.972 1.029 x8 0.018 0.003 0.043 6.095 0 0.959 1.042 x9 0.025 0.003 0.054 7.79 0 0.982 1.018 x10 0.002 0.001 0.067 3.72 0 0.146 6.856 x11 0.004 0.001 0.119 4.473 0 0.128 9.726 x12 0.004 0.001 0.144 5.118 0 0.108 9.871 x13 0.002 0 0.086 5.318 0 0.181 5.511 copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 15 x14 0.006 0 0.123 16.273 0 0.841 1.189 x15 0.002 0 0.046 5.517 0 0.679 1. 474 7. modeling the evaluation model of sample data credit method without agents 7.1 modeling of various models this chapter randomly selects data samples that do not contain agents from the 80% data as training data, where 708 for deferred repayment records, 15449. the bar is the on-time repayment record, and each variable is used as the training feature. r software is a random package to realize the modeling process. selection of variables: the variables were initially censored first. according to the correlation of each variable, the significance of each variable was judged and eliminated first x4 (marital status), again introduced according to practical significance. both the x7 (fig. province gdp), x8 (per capita disposable income), x9 (per capita consumption expenditure), x10 (regional fixed asset investment), x11 (regional fixed-asset investment index), x12 (provincial unemployment rate) to replace the working province variable and the native place variable and. when the screening variable is in 11 cases, repayment on time (0) is judged by the model as deferred repayment (1) the error rate is 0%, while deferred repayment (1) is judged by the model as ontime repayment (0) the error rate is 100%, overall the error rate is 4.4%. table 21. preliminary training results of random forest model o overall accuracy: 95.6% considering the plethora of variables, among which the less relevant variables may affect the training effect of the model, resulting in the quasi-prediction decreased certainty. therefore, we consider eliminating some irrelevant variables step by step to make the model achieve the best prediction effect. according to sen, the particular importance of forest variables is deleted from small to large. the screening rule is to eliminate the variables with the lowest degree of correlation based on the importance of each variable, as shown in the figure, and to eliminate x2 (whether local or not) with the lowest degree of correlation. figure 6. importance of each variable original result training results prediction accuracy 0 1 0 15449 15449 0 100% 1 708 708 0 0% copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 16 through analysis, it is found that no matter several variables are eliminated; the training results are shown in the figure 6. selection trees for test. this chapter selects in order to investigate the influence of the number of trees selected on the accuracy of judgment, 200 trees are selected. the results are shown as follows: figure 7. verification of accuracy as figure 7 shown above, the graph abscissa represents the number of trees, and the ordinate represents the judgment error rate of the model, where green represents the error rate of the model-predicted deferred repayment, red represents the error rate of the model-predicted on-time repayment, and black represents the overall error rate. according to the figure above, the error rate is the same regardless of the number of trees. table 22.random forest model training final results original results training results prediction accuracy 0 1 0 15449 15449 0 100% 1 708 708 0 0% overall accuracy: 95.6% from the prediction results in table 22, it can be seen that the overall prediction of the model the accuracy rate is 95.6%, of which the judgment of the people who repay on time is more accurate, and its prediction accuracy up to 100%; and the prediction accuracy for the deferred payoff population is very low, i.e., is 0%. the reason for this result may also be related to the selection of sample size. 7.2 discriminate analysis currently, according to the previous analysis, the test results of the person correlation coefficient test and analysis are selected according to the explained variables (whether to postpone repayment). significant correlative relationship 1 one variable served as its observed indicator. these variables are, respectively, x1, x 3, x 5, x8, x9, x10, x11, x12, x1 3, x1 4, x1 5, the data from the samples containing agents without missing data were used as the training set data. run through discriminate analysis was performed by spss 23.0 software, after which the results of the discriminate analysis were output. table 23.prediction results of discriminate analysis original results prediction results prediction accuracy rate 0 1 0 19239 14531 4708 75.5% 1 895 216 679 75.9% overall accuracy: 75.5% copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 17 7.3 logistic regression analysis of entropy weight method: according to the research method mentioned above, the result of entropy weight method is: table 24.entropy weighting results variables name of variable weight number x1 load date sort 0.095096 x2 is_local 0.097815 x3 edu_level 0.131457 x5 has_fund 0.102543 x6 gender 0.088183 x7 gross domestic product 0.089162 x8 disposable income per capita 0.07671 x9 per capita consumption expenditure 0.084632 x10 regional fixed assets investment 0.088587 x11 regional fixed asset investment 0.076631 number x12 unemployment 0.069183 next, according to the correlation coefficient matrix between the credit index and each factor, if this correlation coefficient is positive, then this factor entropy weight is also positive if this correlation coefficient is negative, the factor entropy weight is also negative. table 25. user credit index weighting variable variable name weight x1 load date sort + 0.095096 x2 is_local + 0.097815 x3 edu_level 0.131457 x5 has_fund + 0.102543 x6 gender + 0.088183 x7 gross domestic product 0.089162 x8 disposable income per capita + 0.07671 x9 per capita consumption expenditure 0.084632 x10 regional fixed assets investment 0.088587 x11 regional fixed asset investment index 0.076631 x12 unemployment rate 0.069183 copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 18 7.4 logistic regression significance test: the model was performed using spss 23.0 software logistic regression, including all samples containing agent data in data with non-missing values were included logistic binary regression equation, and use conditional forward method to eliminate the variables, and then conduct a new round of logistic regression. the test results are as shown in the table 26. table 26. logistic regression results variables variable name b s.e wald sig exp (b) x1 load date sort 662 .130 26.013 .000 1.1.939 x2 is_local 3.3.194 573 331.062 .000 24.381 x3 edu_level 2.533 .688 13.548 .000 .079 x5 has_fund 4.830 .828 33.995 .000 125.245 x6 gender 7.209 .960 56.327 .000 1350.972 x7 gross domestic product ... 323 .137 5.596 .018 .724 x8 disposable income per capita 2.393 .270 78.810 .000 10.949 x9 per capita consumption expenditure 2.696 .269 100.502 .000 .067 x10 regional fixed-assets investment 1.081 .114 90.492 .000 .339 x11 regional fixed-asset investment index 3.118 .224 194.432 .000 .044 constant constant ... 165 .230 .518 .472 848 after removing the variables with low significance step by step, it can be easily observed that these explanatory variables have a strong explanatory effect on the explained variables, so they should be kept in the model. it can also be learned from the multicollinearity test performed previously that the absence of multicollinearity in these several variables and the high tolerance between variables do not significantly affect the precision of the results of parameter estimation by the regression model. table 27.likelihood ratio test step -2 logarithmic likelihood value cox snell r square nagelkerke r square 10 6524.276b .039 .127 according to the estimation results, in table 28, 2the smaller the log-likelihood, the higher the value of the cox snell r square and nagelkerke r square, and the higher the fit of the model, so that the model can be considered to have a better fit. table 28.hosmer-lemeshow fit test step chi-square df sig. 10 47.721 8 10,000 the overall situation of the hosmer-lemeshow goodness-of-fit test of the regression equation is shown in the table, and it can be observed that the chi-square is 47.721 and the probability p-value significance level is less than 0.05. hence, the correlation between the explanatory variables and logit (p) is significant, which can justify the model. copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 19 establish a personal risk assessment model: in summary, logistic regression model can be expressed as: mm11 x...x 1 lnlog     p p it(p) 11 1098 765 31 11830766310 08110885870696208463203932076710 323008916202097088183083041025430 53321314570219430978150662009509601650log x.*. x.*.-x.*.-x.*. +x.*.-x.*. +x.*. +x.*.-x.*.+x.*.+.it(p)= the results of this logistic regression test were obtained by running spss 23.0 software: table 29. logistic regression test results original result training results training accuracy 0 1 0 19239 19239 0 100.0% 1 895 895 0 0.0% overall accuracy: 95.6% in this chapter, the average forecast accuracy is 95.6%, of which the forecast accuracy is 0.00% for customers with deferred repayment and 100.0% for customers with timely repayment. the model has high accuracy in predicting customers' non-deferred repayment, while the accuracy of judging customers' deferred repayment is very low. consequently, it is necessary to improve the test model further to improve the judgment of deferred repayment and on-time repayment accuracy. 7.5 summary and prediction impact of screening of variables on the model: in this chapter, the average forecast accuracy is 95.6%, of which the forecast accuracy is 0.00% for customers with deferred repayment and 100.0% for customers with timely repayment. the model has high efficiency in predicting customers' non-deferred compensation, while the accuracy of judging customers' deferred repayment is very low. hence, it is necessary to improve the test model further to improve the judgment of partial compensation and ontime repayment accuracy. comparison of models: the results were predicted by aggregating the three models described above. obtain the prediction accuracy of each model, see table 30. table 30. prediction accuracy of each model model 0 correct rate of performance total accuracy rate 1 correct rate of breast of contract random forest 100% 95.6% 0% discriminate analysis 75.5% 75.5% 75.9% logistic 100% 95.6% 0% this chapter considers that there is no agent borrowing. although the random forest model and the logistic regression model were both accurate at 95.6%, they were valid at 0% for the overdue population and did not work well for real-world applications. copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 20 8. conclusion and recommendation 8.1 conclusion in the sample with agents, the overall correct prediction rate of the random forest was 94.1%, discriminate analysis was 78.7%, and logistic regression was 89.4%. the prediction probability of random forest for overdue and non-overdue repayment was balanced, so the random forest model was more accurate and reliable for the general population. nevertheless, the accuracy of discriminant analysis for overdue repayment prediction was higher than that of random forest. discriminate analysis is suitable for the detection of the population with incomplete records. in the non-agents sample, both random forest and logistic regression predicted 95.6% correctly, while discriminant analysis was only 75.5%. nevertheless, discriminate analysis is more appropriate as a financial credit scoring model because the probability of predicting correctly using discriminate analysis is more than 75% for both overdue and non-overdue people. although the prediction accuracy of the random forest model and the logistic regression model is 95.6%, the prediction accuracy for overdue repayment is 0, which is not practical for practical application. 8.2 policy recommendation first, it is time to build a personal credit information system in line with china's national conditions. compared with other countries, the construction of the personal credit information system in china started relatively late (han et al., 2013; cheng & suyang, 2014). at present, a perfect and reasonable personal credit information system has not been formed, and personal credit information is lacking severely. especially with the rapid development of china's consumer credit market in recent years, a complete personal credit information system is urgently needed to guide the healthy development of the market (huang et al., 2016). at present, most of the personal credit scores of the traditional credit agencies in china are still in the stage of subjective judgment and have high randomness (hu & ge, 2018). although the personal credit scoring methods in some foreign countries are relatively mature and have been quantified by a large number of artificial intelligence and statistical methods, there are significant controversies on the performance and stability of each method, and china does not have the functional conditions to apply these methods (sachs et al., 2007).thus, china needs to build a personal credit system with chinese characteristics. second, the construction of a suitable personal credit evaluation index system. the following two problems should be considered when establishing the evaluation index system.on the one hand,the evaluation system constructed should be able to make full use of all the data.on the other hand,the evaluation system constructed should be able to evaluate individual credit from multiple perspectives. finally, establish a suitable personal credit scoring model. in this paper, we tried other credit scoring models before determining the objective evaluation model, but the model discrimination ability and robustness are not as good as the random forest model, discrete analysis and logistic regression selected in this paper. 9. research prospects although this paper discusses a variety of personal consumption credit evaluation model, respectively, the random forest model, discriminant analysis, logistic regression model for empirical analysis and comparison, proved that the combination of model optimization role, but there are still some shortcomings in practical applications, mainly in: first, as many variables as possible should be introduced. variables used in this paper involve fewer types due to data type limitations. if the data can reflect the customer credit behavior, the effect of the model will be significantly improved. due to the limited sample size in this research, further tests are needed to determine the accuracy of deferred repayment and on-time repayment. finally, efforts should be made to produce multilevel classifications. in this paper, the sample according to whether overdue agents and no agent sample, but in reality, 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(2016). technology credit scoring model with fuzzy logistic regression,applied soft computing,43,150-158. copyright © cc-by-nc 2020, cribfb |bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 2, no. 1; 2020 22 su, h. (2018). the research of personal credit risk assessment based on random forest model(master’s thesis, hunan university, changsha, china). retrieved from http://www.hnu.edu.cn/. shi, q. (2005). research on a mixed two-phase personal credit scoring model based on neural network-logistic regression,statistical research,19(5),45-49,doi：10.19343/j.cnki.11-1302/c.2005.05.011. thomas, l.c. (2000). a survey of credit and behavioural scoring: forecasting financial risk of lending to consumers,international journal of forecasting,16(2),149-172. west, d. (2000). neural network credit scoring models,computers & operations research,27(11-12),1131-1152. wiginton, j.c. 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(2018). multi-dimensional optimal selection strategy for credit evaluation methods,statistics & decision,34(21),80-85,doi：10.13546/j.cnki.tjyjc.2018.21.019. yip, g.s., & mckern, b. (2016). china's next strategic advantage: from imitation to innovation,the mit press. appendix library ( t randomforest") options (max. print = 1000000) data < -read.csv ( t 1 new and... csv ", header = t, sep =", "); data data [, 6] < -as. factor (data [, 6])// " turn dependent variable y into factor. " variable class (data [, 6]) set.seed (100) ind = sample (1, nrow (data), replace = t, prob = c (0.8, 0.2))// " the whole sample into 8:2 training samples and forecast samples. " data.rf there was no significant difference between the two groups (y ~., fig. data [ind = = 1,], ntree = 50, nperm = 10, mtry = 3, stability = t, import = t) print (fig. data.rf ) plot (i.e. data.rf ) data.pred the effect of (= predict (i.e. data.rf , data [ind = = 2,]) table (observed = data [ind = = 2, t y"], predicted=data.pred ) import (fig. data.rf type = 1 )// " the score of each variable. " import (fig. data.rf type = 2) varimpplot ( data.rf) copyrights copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. this is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1 april-june; 2019 published by centre for research on islamic banking & finance and business 1 new algorithms for l1 norm regression bijan bidabad b.a., m.sc., ph.d., post-doc. professor economics and chief islamic banking advisor bank melli, iran e-mail:bijan@bidabad.com abstract in this paper, we propose four algorithms for l1 norm computation of regression parameters, where two of them are more efficient for simple and multiple regression models. however, we start with restricted simple linear regression and corresponding derivation and computation of the weighted median problem. in this respect, a computing function is coded. with discussion on the m parameters model, we continue to expand the algorithm to include unrestricted simple linear regression, and two crude and efficient algorithms are proposed. the procedures are then generalized to the m parameters model by presenting two new algorithms, where the algorithm 4 is selected as more efficient. various properties of these algorithms are discussed. keywords: l1 norm, regression, algorithm, computer program 1. introduction in bidabad (1989a,b), various aspects of the l1 norm regression were reviewed. we observed that the l1 norm criterion is going to find its place in scientific analysis. since it is not computationally comparable with other criteria such as l2 norm, it needs more work to make it a hand tool. the closed form of the solution of the l1 norm estimator has not been derived yet, and therefore, makes further inferences of the properties of this estimator difficult. any attempt to give efficient computational algorithms which may introduce significant insight into the different characteristics of the problem is desirable. in this regard, we shall try to give a general procedure in this paper to solve the l1 norm linear regression problem. the proposed algorithms are based on a special descent method and use a discrete differentiation technique. primary designs of the algorithms have been discussed by bidabad (1987a,b,88a,b). by manipulating these algorithms, more efficient ones were introduced by bidabad (1989a,b) which has been shown to have better performance than other existing algorithms. consider the following regression model, m yi =  jxji + ui i=1,...,n (1) j=1 where j, j=1,...,m are population parameters to be estimated, yi, xji and ui are dependent, independent, and random variables respectively. we wish to estimate j's by minimizing the expression, n n m s =  │ui^│ =  │yi  ßj^xji│ (2) i=1 i=1 j=1 suppose m=1, then expression (2) reduces to, n n n s =  │yi yi^│ =  │yi ß^xi│ =  si (3) i=1 i=1 i=1 a typical element, si=|yi-^xi| can be viewed as a broken line in the sx^ plane composed of two half-lines. si attains its minimum which is zero at, mailto:bijan@bidabad.com copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 2 i^ = yi/xi (4) the slopes of the half-lines to the left and right of i^ are -|xi| and |xi| respectively. so, si's are all convex, and hence their sum s is also convex with a slope at any ^ equal to the sum of the slopes of si's at that value of ^. since the slope of each si changes only at the corresponding i^, the minimum of s will lie on one of the i^. thus, the regression line will pass through origin with the slope equal to i^ which minimizes s. on the other hand, to find the l1 norm estimate of  we need to find only one observation (see, karst (1958), taylor (1974)). furthermore, taylor (1974) concludes that: "this implies, of course, that the regression line must pass through the observation corresponding to the minimizing i. the regression line, therefore, is determined by the point of origin and the observation associated with minimizing i^". but he did not continue this approach, that is, minimizing s with respect to subscript i. in this paper as bidabad (1987a,88a) a first endeavor is to develop this point of view. in the next section, after rewriting (3) in a suitable fashion, the value of i is determined by using discrete differentiation. by a similar discussion, it can be concluded that when the number of parameters is m, m observations must lie on the regression hyperplane. on the other hand, m equations of the form given by (5) are necessary to specify the regression hyperplane (see also bidabad (1989a,b)). m yi  j^xji = 0 (5) j=1 now, let us proceed with the simplest regression model. 2. restricted simple linear regression for model (1) consider the case of one independent variable with no intercept, namely, y i=xi+ui. to find the l1 norm estimate of , the following procedure can be suggested. n n n n s =  |ui| =  |yi xi| =  (yi xi)sgn(yi xi) =  |xi|(yi/xi )sgn(yi/xi ) (6) i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1 let zi=yi/xi and sort zi in descending order. rename the resultant ordered zi, i=1,...,n to zh, h=1,...,n. elements of zh should have the following property: zh > zl if h < l for all h,l=1,...,n. rewrite (6) with ordered observations as, n s =  |xh|(zh )sgn(zh-) (7) h=1 let us denote the observation which will be on the regression line by (xt+1,yt+1) that is the (t+1)th observation in the zh array. value of zh is the slope of a ray passing through the origin and the hth observation. therefore, if, h < t+1 then, zh >  and uh > 0 if, h = t+1 then, zh =  and uh = 0 if, h > t+1 then, zh <  and uh < 0 we can now rewrite (7) as follows, t n s =  |xh|(zh )  |xh|(zh ) (8) h=1 h=t+1 to find the minimum of s, we need to differentiate it with respect to  and subscript t, because both  and t are unknowns. note that  has continuous domain and t has discrete domain. thus, δs t n ── =  │xh│ +  │xh│ (9) δß h=1 h=t+1 the differentiation of s with respect to subscript t must be discrete derivative (see, bender and orszag (1978), clarke (1983)): (s) s[t+(t)]-s(t) ─── = lim ────────── = s(t+1)-s(t) = copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 3 (t) (t)─>1 (t) t+1 n t n  │xh│(zh-ß)  │xh│(zh-ß)  │xh│(zh-ß) +  │xh│(zh-ß) = 2│xt+1│(zt+1-ß) = 0 h=1 h=t+2 h=1 h=t+1 thus, ß^ = zt+1 = yt+1/xt+1 (10) it should be noted that if xt+1=0 then the value of zt+1=l, and when the array z is sorted, infinite values of z locate at extremes of two tails of the array and make no problem in (10). remember that equation (10) is the same as relation (4). equations (9) and (10) are two equations with two unknowns t and . the variable t can be found by rewriting (9) as follows, k n dk ≡  │xh│  │xh│ k=1,...,n (11) h=1 h=k+1 it is obvious that dk is an increasing function of k. when k increases from one to n, dk attains different values, which increase from negative to positive. so, initially, k is set equal to one, and dk is computed accordingly. if dk is negative, k is increased by one, and the procedure is repeated until dk becomes positive. when dk reaches the first positive value, then, t+1=k. by this procedure, the value of t+1 is found. the observation corresponding to this subscript (t+1=k) is selected (xt+1,yt+1). the l1 norm estimate of  is found by substituting the values of xt+1 and yt+1 into (10), (see, bidabad (1987a,88a)). the presented procedure is essentially the weighted median procedure of laplace (1818). namely, this solution is the steps that laplace took. the main difference is the mathematical derivation. laplace found this solution by analyzing the algebraic characteristic of the l1 norm objective function; while the above procedure exactly differentiates the objective function. another new contribution of this procedure is the application of the partial discrete differentiation over subscript accompanying with conventional differentiation on a regular variable with the continuous domain. it should be remembered that boscovich (1757) solved this problem by a geometrical procedure and karst (1958) by an analytical method. 2.1 computation of weighted median two series of computations are necessary to compute the weighted median. one sorting algorithm is essential to sort the z array and restoring the corresponding subscripts to compute the second part of the calculation to find the optimal value of k by using dk defined by (11). efficient sorting algorithms exist for the first part of the computation. the algorithms 'quicksort' of hoare (1961,62), 'quickersort' of scowen (1965) and 'sort' of singleton (1969) have desirable performances and efficiencies. for the second part of the computation, there is no special purpose procedure, but bloomfield and steiger (1980) used the partial sorting of chambers (1971) to give an efficient way to combine the two steps of sorting the z array and finding the value of k. the superiority of this procedure is in sorting the smaller segments of z array rather than all its elements. with some modification, this procedure is used for our proposed algorithms in the forthcoming sections. this procedure can be stated as the following function. function lwmed (n,ys,w,l) step 0) initialization. real: ys(n), w(n). integer: l(n), hi. set: ii=0, shi=0, slo=0, sz=0, sp=0, sn=0. step 1) compute left, middle and right sum of weights. do loop for i=1,n: w(i)=|w(i)|; if ys(i)<0, then sn=sn+w(i), if ys(i)>0, then sp=sp+w(i), if ys(i)=0 then sz=sz+w(i); end do. if shi≤slo then go to step 2.b, otherwise go to step 2.a. step 2) assign subscripts for arrays. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 4 a. let: shi=0. do loop for i=1,n: if ys(i) ≤0 go to continue, otherwise ii=ii+1, l(ii)=i, continue, end do. go to step 2.c. b. let: slo=0. do loop for i=1,n: if ys(i)>0 go to continue, otherwise ii=ii+1, l(ii)=i, continue, end do. c. let: lo=1, hi=ii. step 3) check for solution. if hi>lo+1 then go to step 4, otherwise lwmed=l(lo). if lo=hi return, otherwise if ys(l(lo)) ≤ys(l(hi)) go to step 3.a, otherwise lt=l(lo), l(lo)=l(hi), l(hi)=lt, lwmed=l(lo). a. if shi+w(l(hi))>slo+w(l(lo)) then set lwmed=l(hi), otherwise return. step 4) divide the string into two halves then sort. set: mid=(lo+hi)/2, lop=lo+1, lt=l(mid), l(mid)=l(lop), l(lop)=lt. a. if ys(l(lop)) ≤ys(l(hi)) then go to step 4.b, otherwise lt=l(lop), l(lop)=l(hi), l(hi)=lt. b. if ys(l(lo)) ≤ys(l(hi)) then go to step 4.c, otherwise lt=l(lo), l(lo)=l(hi), l(hi)=lt. c. if ys(l(lop)) ≤ys(l(lo)) then go to step 5, otherwise lt=l(lop), l(lop)=l(lo), l(lo)=lt. step 5) compute the accumulation of weights. let: lwmed=l(lo), i=lop, j=hi, xt=ys(lwmed), tlo=slo, thi=shi. a. set: tlo=tlo+w(l(i)), i=i+1. if ys(l(i))<xt then go to step 5.a, otherwise go to step 5.b. b. let: thi=thi+w(l(j)), j=j-1. if ys(l(j))>xt then go to step 5.b, otherwise if j≤i then go to step 6, otherwise lt=l(i), l(i)=l(j), l(j)=lt, go to step 5.a. step 6) test for solution. let: test=w(lwmed). if i≠j then go to step 6.a, otherwise test=test+w(l(i)), i=i+1, j=j-1. a. if test≥|thi-tlo| then return, otherwise, if tlo>thi then step 6.b, otherwise slo=tlo+test, lo=i, go to step 3. b. let: shi=thi+test, lo=lop, hi=j. go to step 3. end 2.2 discussion of the m parameters model the procedure applied to the simple one-parameter model cannot be simply generalized to the m parameters model. this difficulty is due to the fact that we can not reorder observations in such a way that their corresponding residuals are increasingly or decreasingly ordered. on the other hand, to apply the discrete differentiation technique, primarily (2) should be rewritten as follows: t m n m s =  (yh  ßjxjh)  (yh  ßjxjh) (12) h=1 j=1 h=t+1 j=1 expression (12), which is free of absolute value sign is the generalization of (8) for m parameters. but our first problem is to find a logic which enables us to form (12). on the other hand, we need to reorder observations in such a way that when h is less, equal or greater than t+1, uh be greater, equal or less than zero respectively; and as h increases from one to n, the corresponding residual uh decreases accordingly. if (2) could be written as (12), we could again differentiate it with respect to j for all j=1,...,m and t. differentiating s with respect to j for all j=1,...,m would give, δs t n ── =  xjh +  xjh j=1,...,m (13) δßj h=1 h=t+1 in order to differentiate s with respect to discrete domain variable t we would have, (s) s[t+(t)]-s(t) copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 5 ─── = lim ──────── = s(t+1)-s(t) = (t) (t)─>1 (t) t+1 m n m t+1 m n m m  (yh- ßjxjh)  (uh- ßjxjh)  (yh- ßjxjh) +  (yh- ßjxjh) =2(yt+1- ßjxj,t+1) = 0 (14) h=1 j=1 h=t+2 j=1 h=1 j=1 h=t+1 j=1 j=1 m distinct values for t can be computed from (13) by using the following dkj for each explanatory variable. the procedure to compute t is similar to what we did in (11) for the one parameter model. k n dkj ≡  xjh  xjh j=1,...,m; i=1,...,n (15) h=1 h=k+1 it should be noted that these m values for t, all give a unique value for s in (12), because all of the errors corresponding to these t's have zero values. this becomes clear by zero residuals property of the l1 norm regression that there exist m points on the regression hyperplane which have zero residuals. in (12), these m points locate sequentially, because we had reordered observations in such a way that, when h increases from one to n, the errors decrease from greatest positive to lowest negative values. so, these m zero errors will locate one after another nearly in the middle of n elements sequence of (12). corresponding to these m values of t, m observations are recognized. substitute the values of these m observations into (14), m equations are found which can be solved simultaneously for m unknown j's. these last m equations again confirm the abovecited property of the l1 norm regression. since for the m parameters model, the ordering of residuals before computing optimal values of j's is not possible, another device should be adopted to compute the l1 norm estimates of the multiple linear regression parameters. 3. unrestricted simple linear regression to find the l1 norm estimates of {j,j=1,...,m} for the model (1), we shall try to propose algorithms to search for those observations on the optimal regression hyperplane. for m=2 and x1i=0, i=1,...,n; (1) reduces to restricted simple linear regression with only one parameter. the l1 norm estimate of the slope 2 for the simple model can be obtained by the algorithm given in the previous sections. let us now consider a simple unrestricted linear model in which m=2 and x1i=1 for all i=1,...,n; namely, yi = ß1 + ß2x2i + ui (16) 3.1 algorithm 1 for the model given in (16), the l1 norm objective function s to be minimized will be, n s =  │yi ß1 ß2x2i│ (17) i=1 let k1 denote a subscript which belongs to the range of one to n, and assume that k1 th observation (yk1,x2k1) is a candidate to be on the regression line. if this is the case, then uk1=0 and we can transfer the origin of yxx2 coordinates to the point (yk1,x2k1) without any loss. for this, we should rewrite all observations as deviates from the point (yk1,x2k1), yi k1 = yi yk1, x2i k1= x2i x2k1 i=1,...,n (18) where the terms with superscripts k1 denote deviated values. rearrange the terms; yi = yi k1 + yk1, x2i =x2i k1 + x2k1 i=1,...,n (19) i=1,...,n now, substitute (19) into (17), then, our l1 norm minimization problem can be redefined as, n min: sk1 =  |yi k1-2x2i k1 + (yk1-1-2x2k1)| (20) 1,2 i=1 copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 6 since we assumed that the k1th observation is on the regression line, the expression yk1-1-2x2k1=0. thus (20) reduces to, n min: sk1 =  |yik1 2x2i k1| (21) 2 i=1 the solution of the optimization problem (21), is the same as the one described before for one parameter linear model. note that when uk1=0, then the minimum value of (21) is equal to the minimum value of (17). let 2 derived by minimizing (21) be denoted by 2 k1. by changing k1 from one to n and minimizing (21), 2 1,...,2 n are attained accordingly. now the question is: what value of k1 minimizes (17)? in other words, which observations are on the optimal regression line? note that in the two parameters l1 norm linear model, there exists at least two observations with zero errors. transferring of yxx2 coordinates to both these points does not change the minimum of (17). suppose p th and qth are those observations on the regression line, thus, up = yp 1 2x2p = 0, uq = yq 1 2x2q = 0 (22) rewriting (18) and (19) for k1=p,q and substituting them into (21), yields, n sp =  |yi p 2x2i p| (23) i=1 n sq =  |yi q 2x2i q| (24) i=1 using (18) and rewriting (23) and (24), it is shown that sp is equal to sq, n sp =  |yi-2x2i (yp-2x2p)| (25) i=1 n sq =  |yi-2x2i (yq-2x2q)| (26) i=1 sp is equal to sq if and only if the two parentheses inside the absolute value signs of (25) and (26) are equal. this can be concluded by solving the two equations of (22) for 1. that is, 1 = yp 2x2p = yq 2x2q (27) the equality of sq and sp is because the points p and q are on the regression line and therefore up=uq=0. thus, sp=sq, so, the values of 2 p and 2 q derived by minimizing either sp or sq must be equal. this gives a criterion to find the desired 2 from all 2 k1 for k1=1,...,n. that is, when 2 p=2 q. the estimated value of 2 is denoted by 2^. value of 1^ is simply computed by (27). now let us summarize the whole procedure for finding the values of 1^ and 2^ for the model given by (16). crude algorithm 1 step 0) set k1=1. step 1) compute (18). step 2) minimize (21) by using the weighted median procedure and find ß2 k1. step 3) check if ß2 k1=ß2 k1-k for 0<k<k1, then set ß2^=ß2 k1 and ß1^=yk1-ß2^x2k1 then stop. step 4) increase k1 by one and go to step 1. 3.2 algorithm 2 the crude algorithm 1 for finding ß1^ and ß2^ is not computationally efficient because it usually requires testing the majority of observations. in order to make this algorithm efficient, some elaborations are necessary. instead of setting k1=1, let us set k1 equal to an arbitrary integer value such as a where a is any integer from one to n. suppose now, ua=ya-ß1-ß2x2a=0, and rewrite (21) as, n min: sa = σ │yi a ß2x2i a│ (28) ß2 i=1 minimizing (28) gives ß2 a which is equal to yb a yb ya ß2 a = ─── = ───── (29) x2b a x2b x2a copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 7 on the other hand, by pivoting on the ath observation, another point such as b is found where b refers to that observation which has zero error in the minimum solution of (28), so, ub=yb-ß1-ß2x2b=0. let us denote the minimum of sa in (28) as sa *, then, n sa * = σ │yi a ß2 ax2i a│ (30) i=1 note that, ß1 = ya ß2 ax2 a = yb ß2 ax2b (31) this comes from multiplying (29) by its denominator and rearranging the terms. substitute (31) in (17), n n s = σ │yi-ya-ß2 a(x2i-x2 a)│ = σ │yi-yb-ß2 a(x2i-x2a)│ i=1 i=1 or, n n s = σ │yi a-ß2 ax2i a│ = σ │yi b-ß2 ax2i b│ (32) i=1 i=1 using (30) the first sum in (32) is sa * and the second sum is sb evaluated at ß2=ß2 a. thus, it can be concluded that, sa * = sb│ (33) │ß2=ß2 a sa * is at the minimum but sb│ still can be minimized for other values of ß2. │ß2=ß2 a therefore, an important result is derived, that is, sa* > sb* (34) the inequality of (34) guarantees that if we choose an arbitrary point to transfer the origin of coordinates to it and minimizing the objective function (21) another point is found, then transferring the origin to this newly found point decreases the total sum of absolute errors. therefore, at each transference we get closer to the minimum of s. by a similar discussion, this conclusion can be generalized as, sa* > sb* > sc* > sd* ... (35) note that a is an arbitrary starting point. the point b is derived by minimizing sa, c is derived by minimizing sb, and d is derived by minimizing sc, and so on. now, the question is, when the minimum value of s is reached? suppose s*=sf*; by transferring the origin of coordinates to the point f and minimizing sf, the gth observation is derived. when s*=sf* by minimizing sg, fth observation is again found, because sg*=sf*=s* and the gth and fth observations are both on the l1 norm regression line. this conclusion can be a criterion to stop the procedure. hence, sa* > sb* > sc* > sd* ... > sf* = sg* = s* (36) it should be noted that if the minimum solution of s is not unique, that is function s has a horizontal segment, the procedure stops when it reaches the first minimum solution. now, let us introduce the whole stages of this algorithm to find the l1 norm estimates of ß1 and ß2 in the simple linear model (16). algorithm 2 step 0) select an arbitrary integer value a between one to n and set k1=a. step 1) compute (18) with k1=a. step 2) minimize (21) by using weighted median procedure and find the appropriate observation on the line, namely observation b. step 3) compute (18) with k1=b. step 4) minimize (21) and find that observation on the line; observation c. step 5) check if c=a, then ß2^=yb c/x2b c, ß1^=yc-ß2^x2c and stop. step 6) set a=b and go to step 1. operationally, the following steps are taken. program bl1s step 0) initialization. parameter: n. real: y(n), x2(n), z(n), w(n). copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 8 integer: l(n). set: k1=arbitrary, k1r=0, k1s=0, iter=0. read (y(i), x2(i), i=1,n) step 1) compute weights and ratios. do loop for i=1,k1-1: w(i)=x2(i)-x2(k1), z(i)=(y(i)-y(k1))/w(i), end do. set: w(k1)=0, z(k1)=0. do loop for i=k1+1,n: w(i)=x2(i)-x2(k1), z(i)=(y(i)-y(k1))/w(i) end do. set: iter=iter+1. step 2) compute weighted median. let: lm=lwmed(n,z,w,l). step 3) check for optimality. set: k1s=k1r, k1r=k1. if lm=k1s then go to step 4, otherwise k1=lm. go to step 1. step 4) compute the solution. let b2=z(lm), b1=y(k1)-b2*x2(k1). print b1, b2, k1, lm, iter. stop. en 4. generalization to m parameters now we extend the above procedure to the restricted two parameters model, namely, yi = ß2x2i + ß3x3i + ui (37) let, n s = σ │yi ß2x2i ß3x3i│ (38) i=1 s can be written as, n n s = σ │x2i││yi/x2i ß2 ß3x3i/x2i│ = σ │x2i││yi s1 ß2 ß3x3i s1│ (39) i=1 i=1 where, yi s1 = yi/x2i , x3i s1 = x3i/x2i i=1,...,n (40) minimization of (39) is similar to that of simple linear model explained in the previous section. an important distinction for solving (39) in comparison to (17) is the expression │x2i│ which has been multiplied to │yi s1-ß2-ß3x3i s1│. this multiplication does not make any problem when (39) is minimized, because if we deviate y i s1 and x3i s1 from the point k1 as, yi s1k1 = yi s1 yk1 s1, x3i s1k1 = x3i s1 x3k1 s1 i=1,...,n (41) then we can rewrite (39) similar to (21), so, n sk1 = σ │x2i││yi s1k1 ß3x3i s1k1│ (42) i=1 to minimize (42), we should use the following expression, n sk1 = σ │x2ix3i s1k1││yi s1k1/x3i s1k1 ß3│ (43) i=1 according to bidabad (1987a,88a), in applying discrete derivative to (43) the term in the first absolute value sign is used to find the subscript of that point which locates on the regression line. in comparison to the simple unrestricted linear model (16), this is the main difference. in the case of inclusion of an intercept in the model given by (37), we have, n s = σ │yi ß1 ß2x2i ß3x3i│ (44) i=1 let k1 be an arbitrary subscript then, the transference of the origin of coordinates to the k1 th point is done by deviating all observations from this point, namely, yi k1 = yi yk1, x2i k1 = x2i x2k1, x3i k1 = x3i -x3k1 i=1,...,n (45) rearrange the terms of (45) and substitute in (44), then we have, n copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 9 s = σ │yi k1-ß2x2i k1-ß3x3i k1+(yk1-ß1-ß2x2k1-ß3x3k1)│ (46) i=1 if the k1th observation is on the regression plane, then yk1 ß1 ß2x2k1 ß3x3k1 = 0 (47) so, instead of minimizing (44), the following function is minimized: n sk1 = σ │yi k1 ß2x2i k1 ß3x3i k1│ (48) i=1 minimization of (48) is completely similar to that of (38) and can be proceeded as follows, n n sk1 = σ │x2i k1││yi k1/x2i k1 – ß2 ß3x3i k1/x2i k1│ = σ │x2i k1││yi s1 ß2 ß3x3i s1│ (49) i=1 i=1 where, yi s1 = yi k1/x2i k1, x3i s1 = x3i k1/x2i k1 i=1,...,n (50) now, again, transfer the origin of the two dimensional ys1xx3 s1 coordinates to an arbitrary point k2 by deviating yi s1 and x3i s1 from yk2 s1 and x3k2 s1 as follows, yi s1k2 = yi s1 yk2 s1 , x3i s1k2 = x3i s1 x3k2 s1 i=1,...,n (51) by rearranging the terms of (51) and substituting them into (49) and assuming that the point k2 is on the regression plane, we can rewrite (49) as, n sk1k2 = σ │x2i k1││yi s1k2 ß3x3i s1k2│ (52) i=1 or, n sk1k2 = σ │x2i k1x3i s1k2││yi s1k2/x3i s1k2 ß3│ (53) i=1 the objective function (53) can be minimized, as suggested before. now, the procedure from (49) to (53) can be repeated with different values of k2 as in algorithm 2 proposed for the simple linear model. when the last point (m) in the process of minimizing (53) is reached, the origin of three dimensional yxx2xx3 coordinates (k1) is transferred to this newly found point m and the procedure from (45) to (53) is again repeated with the exception that instead of assigning an arbitrary value to k2, we set k2 equal to the previous value of k1. this procedure continues until the point found by minimizing (53) is equal to the previous value of k1. the values of ß1^, ß2^ and ß3^ can be computed according to the following formulas, ß3^ = ym s1k2/x3m s1k2 , 2^ = yk2 s1 ß3^x3k2 s1, ß1^ = yk1 ß2^x2k1 ß3^x3k1 (54) it should be noted that at each step, it can be proved that we are getting closer to the minimum of s in (44). the proof is similar to that of the two parameters model given by (16). it can be shown that for any two arbitrary points k1 and k2, the value of sk1k2 given by (53) for any commutation for k1 and k2 remains unchanged. this will be shown in the next sections. however, sk1k2 = sk2k1 (55) now, following the procedure of the proof given by (28) through (36), we can write, sk1a* = sk1b│ (56) │ß3=ß3 k1a where sk1a* denotes the optimal value of sk1a with respect to ß3 of (53) for any arbitrary integer a from one to n, namely, sk1a* = min (sk1a) (57) ß3 subscript b in (56) denotes the observation which is found by minimizing sk1a. since the ath and bth observations both are on the regression hyperplane, by a similar discussion stated by (28) through (32) we can conclude that sk1a* is equal to sk1b which evaluated at that value of ß3 which is found by minimizing sk1a. since the left-hand side of (56) is minimum and its right-hand side can be decreased by other values of ß3, it can be concluded that, sk1a* > sk1b* (58) according to (55) we can write, sk1a* > sk1b* = sbk1* (59) since in each step we discard an observation from the basis and replace it with the newly found one, we have, sk1a* > sk1b* = sbk1* > sbc* = scd* (60) or generally, sk1a* > sk1b* > sbc* > scd* (61) copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 10 the minimum solution s* is reached when by entering the f th observation in the basis we can not reduce the objective function value. that is the previous observation is again reached, namely, sk1a* > sab* > sbc* > scd* > ... > sfg* = sgf* = s* (62) the relation (62) guarantees that at each step, we are descending down the objective function surface. 4.1 algorithm 3 to generalize the above algorithm to the m parameters linear model (1), we should reduce the number of parameters in the same fashion as in the case of three parameters model explained above. if the model is restricted, we can make it unrestricted by dividing all dependent and independent variables to one of the independent variables as follows. n m n m s = σ │yiσ ßjxji│= σ │x2i││yi/x2i -ß2σ ßjxji│ (63) i=1 j=2 i=1 j=3 if the model is unrestricted, we can make it restricted by deviating all observations from an arbitrary one observation; namely, n m n m s = σ │yi-ß1σ ßjxji│= σ │yi k1 σ ßjxji k1│ (64) i=1 j=2 i=1 j=2 where, yi k1 = yi yk1, xji k1 = xji xjk1 i=1,...,n; j=2,...,m (65) therefore, according to the transformations (63), (64) and (65), any m parameters model can be reduced to a simple restricted one parameter model and then be estimated as a weighted median problem. to conduct this transformation, if the model is unrestricted, we should deviate all observations from an arbitrary one and make the model restricted. then divide all dependent and independent variables to an arbitrary independent variable. this makes the model unrestricted. at this step, we have reduced the number of parameters by one. by continuing this process, we can reduce any m parameters model to a oneparameter model. if the model is restricted, we should start by dividing all of the variables by one of the independent variables and make the model unrestricted. now, we can again reduce one of the parameters by applying the procedures explained above in order to transform the unrestricted model to restricted form. by solving the one parameter model, we can then solve for the two parameters and then three parameters models and so on. the most delicate part of this algorithm is that, at the starting point, once k1,k2,...,k(m-1) are selected arbitrarily, then the algorithm assigns the best possible values to the integers k1,k2,...,k(m-1). to explain the procedure, let us deal with the four parameters unrestricted linear model. once, the value of k1 is arbitrarily selected. deviate all observations from k1 th observation. in this way, the model reduces to a three parameters restricted model. by dividing all of the variables to one of the independent variables, our model becomes completely similar to (44). by minimizing (44) according to the algorithm previously explained for the three parameters model, subscript m corresponding to mth point is derived. this is the newly found point which its subscript (m) is assigned to k1. the previous value of k1 is assigned to k2, and the previous value of k2 is assigned to k3, and the whole procedure is repeated again. the procedure stops when the value of m is equal to k1. the above important assigning technique, which is essential for pivoting on the origins of different size coordinates, can be extended to more parameters models as we did before. again, we should note that at each succeeding step, we get closer to the minimum of s in (1). the proof is completely similar to the three parameters model explained before. the whole procedure is as follows. algorithm 3 step 0) select arbitrary points k1,k2,...,k(m-1). step 1) set counter=1. step 2) proceed the transformations (63) through (65) to reduce the model to a one-parameter transformed restricted linear model. step 3) apply weighted median procedure to find the point m. step 4) if m is equal to the previous value of k(counter) go to step 5; otherwise set k(counter)=m and go to step 1. step 5) if counter = m-1 go to step 6; otherwise let counter=counter+1 and go to step 4. step 6) set k(m)=m. by using the final values of k1,...,k(m) solve the following system of equations for ß j^, for j=1,...,m; m σ ßj^xjki = yki i=1,...,m j=1 stop. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 11 4.2 algorithm 4 in algorithm 3 to solve any m parameters model, the reduced m-1 parameters model should be solved first and therefore makes the algorithm rather costly. because to solve a m parameters model, we should reduce the objective function value of the reduced m-1 parameters model down to its minimum value and then going back to the m parameters model. in interior steps for m-1,m-2,...,1 this procedure repeats. in order to make this algorithm more efficient, another assigning technique may be adopted. once m-1 observations are selected arbitrarily. the s function is reduced to a one-parameter weighted median problem as we did in algorithm 3 using (63) and (64). by solving the weighted median problem, a new observation m is found. now, the newly found point is replaced by the most previous observation which entered the basis. the procedure is repeated until we can not find any new observation out of the current set of basis points and the deleted point in the previous iteration. on the other hand, in this algorithm m-1 point is selected as a basic feasible solution. by pivoting on this solution, a new point is found to enter the basis and should be replaced by another one which was previously on the basis. the procedure ends when we cannot enter any new point to reduce the objective function value. in this context, it is similar to the simplex procedure of linear programming technique. algorithm 4 is also a descent method. because in each iteration the value of s is decreased. the proof is completely similar to that of algorithm 3 stated before. the main difference of this algorithm with algorithm 3 is in choosing the point which should be deleted from the basis. therefore, in each step, we need not keep some points in the basis to solve smaller size models. on the other hand, in each m iterations, all m points in the basis are discarded, and new points enter. in algorithm 3, we kept some points in the basis until we reach an optimal point for smaller size reduced model. it should be noted that one point may be discarded and reenter the basis through m iterations. this is not contradictory and actually occurs, especially when we are near the optimal solution. as we will see in the forthcoming section, due to different properties of this algorithm, many manipulations in computational steps may be adopted to start calculations. before making this algorithm more sophisticated, it is suitable to summarize its general steps as follows. algorithm 4 step 0) select arbitrary points k1,...,k(m-1). step 1) proceed the transformations (63) through (65) to reduce the model to one-parameter transformed restricted linear model. step 2) apply weighted median procedure to find the point m. step 3) assign m to one of the k1,...,k(m-1) which is oldest in the basis. step 4) check if the newly found point m which enters the basis, discard the point which entered in the previous iteration repeats m-1 times then go to step 5; otherwise go to step1. step 5) set k(m)=m. by using the final values of k1,...,k(m), solve the following system of equations for ß j^, for j=1,...,m; m σ ßj^xjki = yki i=1,...,m j=1 stop. after discussing the properties of algorithm 4, we will give more expository steps of computation for this algorithm. by using these properties, we can make this algorithm more efficient. 4.3 properties before discussing the properties of the proposed algorithms specifically algorithm 4, let us consider the following four parameters model l1 norm objective function, n s = σ │yi-ß0-ß1x1i-ß2x2i-ß3x3i│ (66) i=1 some steps should be taken to reduce (66) to a weighted median problem by entering three arbitrary integers k1, k2, k3 between one and n as follows. note that function (1) has been slightly redefined to include intercept as a simple term, in equation (66). similar to the transformations (63) through (65), the following steps are taken sequentially. deviate all observations from k1th observation, yi k1 = yi yk1 i=1,...,n (67) xji k1 = xji xjk1 i=1,...,n; j=1,2,3 (68) the objective function becomes, n copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 12 sk1 = σ │yi k1-ß1-ß2x2i k1-ß3x3i k1│ (69) i=1 divide yik1 and xji k1 for j=2,3 by x1i k1 for all i=1,...,n; yi s1 = yi k1/x1i k1 i=1,...,n (70) xji s1 = xji k1/x1i k1 i=1,...,n; j=2,3 (71) the objective function becomes, n sk1 = σ │x1i k1││yi s1-ß1-ß2x2i s1-ß3x3i s1│ (72) i=1 deviate yi and xji s1 for j=2,3 from k2th observation, yi k2 = yi s1 -yk2 s1 i=1,...,n (73) xji k2 = xji s1 xjk2 s1 i=1,...,n, j=2,3 (74) the objective function reduces to, n sk1k2 = σ │x1i k1││yi k2-ß2x2i k2-ß3x3i k2│ (75) i=1 divide yi k2 and xji k2 for j=3 by x2i k2 for all i=1,..,n; yi s2 = yi k2/x2i k2 i=1,...,n (76) xji s2 = xji k2/x2i k2 i=1,...,n; j=3 (77) the objective function forms as, n sk1k2 = σ │x1i k1x2i k2││yi s2-ß2-ß3x3i s2│ (78) i=1 deviate yi s2 and xji s2 from k3th observation, yi k3 = yi s2 -yk3 s2 i=1,...,n (79) xji k3 = xji s2 xjk3 s2 i=1,...,n, j=3 (80) rewrite the objective function as, n sk1k2 = σ │x1i k1x2i k2x3i k3││yi s3-ß3x3i k3│ (81) i=1 divide yi k3 by x3i k3 for all i=1,...,n; yi s3 = yi k3/x3i k3 i=1,...,n (82) finally the objective function becomes, n sk1k2k3 = σ │x1i k1x2i k2x3i k3││yi s3-ß3│ (83) i=1 rewrite (83) as, n sk1k2k3 = σ │wi k1k2k3││ri s1s2s3-ß3│ (84) i=1 where, wi k1k2k3 = x1i k1x2i k2x3i k3 (85) ri s1s2s3 = yi s3 (86) the objective function (84) is a weighted median problem which may easily be minimized to find ß3. equation (84) for the general m parameters model m-1 yi = σ xjißj + ui i=1,...,n (87) j=0 x0i=1 i=1,...,n (88) with the corresponding objective function, n m-1 s = σ │yi σ xjißj│ (89) i=1 j=0 is, n sk1k2...k(m-1) = σ │wi k1k2...k(m-1)││ri s1s2...s(m-1)-ßm-1│ (90) i=1 copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 13 where, wi k1k2...k(m-1) = │x1i k1x2i k2...x(m-1)i k(m-1)│ (91) ri s1s2...s(m-1) = yi s(m-1) (92) now, we proceed to explain the properties of algorithm 4 by using the formulation described above. property 1 if we start the computation with m-1 points which do not belong to the original set of observations, the value of s decreases to its global minimum at each iteration. suppose the points (yn+1,...,xm-1,n+1),...,(yn+m-1,...,xm-1,n+m-1) do not belong to our sample points. if n+1,n+2,...,n+m-1 are assigned to k1,k2,...,k(m-1), then minimizing the function in (90) leads to finding a new point m which belongs to the sample observations. replacing k1 by m and deleting the (n+1)th point from the basis and minimizing (90) leads to finding another point m' in the sample which will be replaced by the k2 th observation which is out of our sample. thus, in each iteration one of the out of sample points is deleted, and optimization procedure will be done on the sample points after m-1 iterations. this property has a good performance on ill-conditioned data. that is if for example, rounding error causes an observation to get incorrect rounded value, then this point in the next iteration will be replaced by a sample point and thus redirect the path of descending to the right points. property 2 reduction of m-1 parameters model to fewer parameters model can be made by using the computation of m-1 parameters model and conversely. thus stepwise and all possible regressions may be computed efficiently. to show this property, let us deal with equation (86). value of ri s1s2s3 may be computed by substituting (67), (68), (70), (71), (73), (74), (76), (77), (79), (80) and (82) into (86). the result is, 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 11 2 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 i k k k k k k k i k k k k k k k i k k k k k k k i k k k k k k ks s s i i k k k i k k k i k i k y y y y y y y y x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x r x x x x x x x x x x x x x                              3 3 3 1 3 2 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x              (93) by inspection, it is obvious that the contents of rectangle grid lines in (93) are ri s1, ri s1s2 and ri s1s2s3. generally, ri s1s2...s(m-1) has the following scheme, 1 1 2 1... ( 1) 1 1 2... ( 1) s i s s s s m i s s s m i r r r r    (94) a similar discussion may also be performed for wi k1k2...k(m-1). rewrite (91) by substitution of (68), (74) and (80) in (91), copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 14   1 2 3 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 13 3 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 11 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 11 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 k k k i k k k ki k k k i k k k k k k ki k k k i k i k k k k k k ki k k k i k k k k k k w x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x                            1 1k             (95) by inspection of (93), (94) and (95) it is obvious that calculation of r i s1s2...sh and wi s1s2...sh where 0<h≤m-1 which are necessary for h parameters regression may be derived from the m parameters model steps of computation. property 3 by any commutation for kj for j=1,...,m-1, values of ri s1s2...s(m-1) defined by (92) for all i≠k1,k2,...,k(m-1) remain unchanged. this calculation can be made by deleting the suitable terms in (93) and (94) after taking common denominator. because of this property, we can commute for the values of k1,...,k(m-1) in the process of computation without changing the value of ri s1...s(m-1). property 4 by any commutation for kj for j=1,...,m-1, values of wi k1...k(m-1) for all i=1,...,n defined by (91) remain unchanged. this conclusion is made by multiplication of sequential parentheses of (97) and deleting the suitable terms. this property accompanying with property 3 guarantees that any commutation for k1,...,k(m-1) does not change the necessary items of (91) and (92) in the computation of weighted median problem (90). property 5 value of rk(m-1) s1...s(m-1) is equal to zero. by substituting i=k(m-1) in (93) or (94) this property is concluded. since, this term is equal to zero we should be aware of divide check (dividing by zero) in the process of computation of rk1 s1,rk2 s1s2,...,rk(m1) s1s2...s(m-1). property 6 values of wh k1k2...k(m-1)=0 for all h=k1,k2,...,k(m-1). if h is equal to one of the k1,k2,...,k(m-1), then one of the parentheses of (95) is equal to zero, and this property is assured. according to this property to avoid divide check, without computing wh k1k2...k(m-1) for h=k1,k2,...,k(m-1) we can set these terms equal to zero. property 7 by any commutation for kj for j=1,...,(m-1), the mth point derived by minimizing (89) remains unchanged. because, by this commutation values of ri s1s2...s(m-1) and wi k1k2...k(m-1) remain unchanged (properties 3,4,5 and 6). property 8 updating procedure to evaluate different subsets of sample observations can be simply done by assigning zero values to their wh k1k2...k(m-1) in (90) for deleting points. this makes those unwanted points h's be unaffected in the calculation. property 9 according to properties 6 and 8, since the value of wh k1k2...k(m-1)=0 for all h=k1,k2,...,k(m-1); the point m which derives from solving weighted median problem (90) will not be equal to k1,k2,...,k(m-1). this property guarantees that when we enter an observation into the basis, we do not find this point again in the same iteration. property 10 if all kj for j=1,...,m-1 are equal in starting time, no problem occurs in the process of computation, but the execution time may be increased. conversely, if the kj points are selected in such a way that they are near the minimum of s, the algorithm converges to the optimal solution with fewer iterations. property 11 values of wi k1k2...k(m-1) and ri s1s2...s(m-1), which are essential to solving the weighted median problem of (90) can be retrieved from their values in the previous iteration. that is when the point kh is discarded from the basis and replaced by kj, values of copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 15 wi k1k2...k(h-1) and ri s1s2...s(h-1) do not change and need not be computed again. applying this property to algorithm 4 makes it more efficient. property 12 since at each iteration, values of ri s1s2...s(m-1) and wi k1k2...k(m-1) should be computed from the source input data y and x, rounding error does not accumulate, and convergence does not perturb. this property makes the algorithm safe from the accumulation of rounding error, which exists in simplex-type algorithms. property 13 when m optimal points are reached, the optimal values of ß j^ for j=1,...,m can be computed as a recursive system of equations efficiently. values of ßj^ will be, ( 1) 1 ( 2)( 2) ( 1) ( 1)2 ( 1) 2 22 ( 1) 3 ( 2) 32 3 1 1 11 ( 1) 2 ( 2) 2 2 21 2 ( 1) 1 ( 2)0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 s m m m s ms m m k mm k m s ss m k m kk s s ss m k m k kk m k m kk y xy x xy x x xy x xy                                                              1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 m m k kx x                                         (96) the recursive system of equations (96) can be obtained as follows. solve (67) and (68) for y i and xji, j=1,2,3; and substitute them into (66), gives n sk1 = σ │yi k1-ß1x1i k1-ß2x2i k1-ß3x3i k1-(yk1-ß0-ß1x2k1-ß3x3k1)│ (97) i=1 since we force the regression to pass through the point k1, the expression inside the parentheses of (97) is equal to zero. hence, yk1-ß0-ß1x2k1-ß3x3k1 = 0 (98) we can solve (73) and (74) again for yi s1 and xji s1, where, j=2,3 and substitute them into (72) which leads to the following objective function, n sk1k2 = σ │x1i k1││yi k2-ß2x2i k2-ß3x3i k2-(yk2 s1-ß1-ß2x2k2 s1-ß3x3k2 s1)│ (99) i=1 by a similar discussion on (97) we have, yk2 s1-ß1-ß2x2k2 s1-ß3x3k2 s1 = 0 (100) similarly we can derive, n sk1k2k3 = σ │x1i k1x2i k2││yi k3-ß3x3i k3+(yk3 s2-ß2-ß3x3k3 s2)│ (101) i=1 and based on (101), yk3 s2-ß2-ß3x3k3 s2 = 0 (102) finally, by solving the weighted median problem (83), we find a point m which gives, ß3 = ym s3 (103) equations (103), (102), (100) and (98) can be solved sequentially for ß3^,...,ß0^. in a similar fashion, the general solution for m parameters model is given by (96). now let us use these properties and give the computational steps of algorithm 4 more expository in the following bl1 program. program bl1 step 0) initialization. parameter: n, m, m1=m-1, m2=m-2. real: y(n), x(n,m1), xsk(m1), yw(n), xkw(n), w(n), ys(n), xs(n,m1), b(m), xw(n,2:m1), ysol(m1), xsol(m1,m1). integer: l(n), kk(m1). common: /c1/i1,i2. read: (y(i),(x(i,j),j=1,m1),i=1,n). copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 16 let: iter=0, kr=0, mm=1, (kk(j)=arbitrary,j=1,m1). step 1) refill working arrays. do loop for i=1,n: ys(i)=y(i), do loop for j=1,m1: xs(i,j)=x(i,j), end do, end do. step 2) store weights and ratios for next iteration. do loop for i=1,n: w(i)=xkw(i), ys(i)=yw(i), do loop for j=1,m1: xs(i,j)=xw(i,j), end do, end do. step 3) compute the arguments for weighted median. a. set: jj=mm, k=kk(jj), ysk=ys(k), i1=1, i2=k-1. do loop for j=jj,m1: xsk(j)=xs(k,j), end do. b. do loop for j=jj,m1: call col1(xsk(j),xs(1,j)) end do. call col2(ysk,jj,w,ys,xs(1,jj)). if i2=n go to step 3.c; otherwise set: i1=k+1, i2=n, go to step 3.b. c. set: w(k)=0. if jj=m1 go to step 4; otherwise i1=1, i2=k-1, go to step 3.d. d. do loop for j=jj+1,m1: call col3(xs(1,j),xs(1,jj)), end do. if i=n go to step 3.e; otherwise i1=k+1, i2=n, go to step 3.d. e. if jj≠mm jj=jj+1, go to step 3, otherwise do loop for i=1,n: xkw(i)=w(i), yw(i)=ys(i); do loop for j=jj+1,m1: xw(i,j)=xs(i,j), end do; end do. set: jj=jj+1, go to step 3. step 4) compute the weighted median. set: ys(k)=0, iter=iter+1, lm=lwmed(n,ys,w,l). step 5) test for optimality. if lm=kr go to step 5.b; otherwise iopt=0 go to step 5.a. a. if mm=m1 set mm=1, kr=kk(mm), kk(mm)=lm, go to step 1; otherwise set mm=mm+1, kr=kk(mm), kk(mm)=lm, go to step 2. b. set: iopt=iopt+1. if iopt≠m1 go to step 5.a, otherwise go to step 6. step 6) compute the solution. set: b(m)=ys(lm). do loop for i=1,m1: ysol(i)=y(kk(i)); do loop for j=1,m1: xsol(i,j)=x(kk(i),j), end do; end do. set: jj=1. a. set: ysk=ysol(jj). do loop for j=jj,m1: xsx(j)=xsol(jj,j), end do. do loop for i=jj,m1: if i=jj go to continue; otherwise ysol(i)=ysol(i)-ysk, do loop for j=jj,m1: xsol(i,j)=xsol(i,j)-xsk(j), end do; set ysol(i)=ysol(i)/xsol(i,jj), continue, end do. b. do loop for i=jj,m1: if i=jj go to continue, otherwise, do loop for j=jj+1,m1: xsol(i,j)=xsol(i,j)/xsol(i,jj), end do; continue; end do. c. if jj=m2 go to step 6.d; otherwise go to step 6.a. d. do loop for i=1,m2: k=m-i, s=ysol(k); do loop for j=k,m1, s=s-b(j+1)*xsol(k,j) end do, b(k)=s, end do. set: s=y(kk(1)). do loop for j=1,m1: s=s-b(j+1)*x(kk(1),j), b(1)=s, end do. print: ((b(j),j=1,m),(kk(j),j=1,m1),lm,iter). stop. end the major portion of computation in this program is the transformation of two-dimensional arrays. passing columns of these arrays to other subroutines, which involve only one-dimensional arrays saves the time of computation (see, barrodale and roberts (1974)). subroutine col1, col2, and col3 have been coded to do this task for subtraction, multiplication and division, and for only division respectively. function lwmed, which is used to compute the weighted median, has been introduced in section 2.1. subroutine col1(v1,v2) step 0) initialization real: v2(1). common /c1/i1,i2. step 1) subtraction. copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 2019 17 do loop for i=i1,i2: v2(i)=v2(i)-v1, end do. return. end subroutine col2(ysk,jj,v1,ys,v2) step 0) initialization. real: v1(1),v2(1),ys(1). common /c1/i1,i2. step 1) compute weights and ratios. if jj≠1 go to step 1.a,; otherwise do loop for i=i1,i2: v1(i)=v2(i), ys(i)=(ys(i)-ysk)/v2(i). return. a. do loop for i=i1,i2: v1(i)=v1(i)*v2(i), ys(i)=(ys(i)-ysk)/v2(i), end do. return. end subroutine col3(v1,v2) step 0) initialization. real: v1(1),v2(1),ys(1). common /c1/i1,i2. step 1) division. do loop for i=i1,i2: v1(i)=v1(i)/v2(i), end do. return. end 4.4 initial value problem selection of the arbitrary points k1,k2,...,k(m-1) at the first stage of computation has an important role in the number of iterations necessary to reach the optimal solution. one way to select these m-1 points may be based on applying another estimator to guess those points which their residuals are smallest in absolute values among all estimated residuals. that is one estimator for example least squares is applied on the data, and smallest m-1 residuals in absolute values are selected, and the corresponding points to these residuals are nominated for starting algorithms 1, 2, 3 or 4. however, we examined this procedure for algorithms 2 and 4 and found that it makes them more efficient. in the process of this study, we found some points which might be leading to develop the field of l1 norm computation. in the proposed algorithm 4, we could not find a criterion to delete that observation from the current set of observations on the basis, which reduces the objective function value more than other points. if anyone finds a criterion like the heuristic method of bloomfield and steiger (1980), the number of iterations will decrease very much and will reduce computation time. the main obstacle to applying discrete differentiation technique to operational problems is reordering of the residuals in descending order before starting the computation. if this obstacle is removed, a similar algorithm to that of simple restricted linear regression for multiple regression may be proposed. references i. barrodale, f.d.k. roberts (1974) algorithm 478: solution of an overdetermined system of equations in the l 1 norm. comm. acm, 17, 319-320. c.m. bender, s.a. orszag (1978) advanced mathematical methods for scientists and engineers, mcgraw-hill. bijan bidabad (1987a) least absolute error estimation. the first international conference on statistical data analysis based on the l1‎‎ norm and related methods, neuchatel, switzerland. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/lae-i.pdf bijan bidabad (1987b) least absolute error estimation, part ii. submitted to the first international conference on statistical data analysis based on the l1‎‎ norm and related methods, neuchatel, switzerland. http://www.bidabad.com/doc/lae-ii.pdf bijan bidabad (1988a) a proposed algorithm for least absolute error estimation. proc. of the third seminar of mathematical analysis. shiraz univ., 24-34, shiraz, iran. bijan bidabad (1988b) a proposed algorithm for least absolute error estimation, part ii. proc. of the third seminar of mathematical analysis, shiraz univ., 35-50, shiraz, iran. bijan bidabad (1989a) discrete and continuous l1‎‎ norm regressions, proposition of discrete approximation algorithms and http://www.bidabad.com/doc/lae-i.pdf http://www.bidabad.com/doc/lae-ii.pdf copyright © cc-by-nc 2019, bjmsr www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research vol. 1, no. 1; 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e-mail: mahinus@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 1st november 2022 accepted: 20th december 2022 online publication: 27th december 2022 keywords: management, attitude, employee, retail shop jel classification codes: j53, m12, m54 a b s t r a c t according to well-known national dailies, retail shop contributes the most to the country's economy, with the highest gross value addition (gva) worth tk 208,700 crore, or nearly 63%. the retail sector of bangladesh has already employed over six million (60 lahks) people. sometimes we notice that employees working in retail shops complain against their owner/management regarding their benefits and opportunities that specify management's attitude towards them. very few research studies were conducted regarding employees working in retail shops in bangladesh. this study aimed to identify management's attitude towards employees working in retail shops in bangladesh by exploring some factors that specify attitude. the study used descriptive statistics design. this study was based on a field survey conducted in chattogram, bangladesh. the cluster random sampling technique was used to pick up the sample. the questionnaire was presented to 160 respondents in person, and all of them responded; hence analyzed and presented in frequency distribution tables with their corresponding percentages and some statistical analysis. other data were sourced from published academic journals, articles, and other relevant materials on the internet. the results indicate that management in retail shops has a mildly negative attitude towards their employees. the study suggests that management should focus more on employees' financial and non-financial benefits as those indicate their attitude towards employees in retail shops in bangladesh. © 2022 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction management's attitude is the way to business growth. management's attitude has a profound impact on the way they lead people. their attitude directly affects how they communicate and collaborate with others, how they contribute to the culture of their work environment, and how they lead a firm/business. a manager/department head/proprietor with a good attitude breeds motivation within their department and organization. the attitude of leaders plays a role in developing employees' behaviour, beliefs and attitude. motivation brings increased production, work satisfaction, work and personal appreciation, commitment and respect. the motivation of wanting to do a good job comes from within the employee. motivation has a direct relation with employee performance. management directs the business. in retails shops, employees represent the brand as they directly handle the final consumers/customers. their attitudes towards consumers/customers reflect on the profit/success of the business. consumers / customers are the sources of profit or growth of business. their ultimate satisfaction is essential in the retail business. in retail shops, consumers / customers buy the attitudes of related staff or employees. employees in retail shops' proactive attitudes towards consumers / customers depend on the management's attitude. as management's attitude breeds motivation, it ultimately affects employees' motivational factors. it affects the way employees sell and the way they serve customers. it can also be displayed towards individual job duties, products or services, co-workers or management, or the organization as a whole. attitudes are thought to have three components: an affective component (feelings), a behavioural component (the effect of the attitude on behaviour), and a cognitive component (belief and knowledge). management of the senses for their employees could be defined as an affective component of attitude. the behavioural component describes how management behaves with employees regarding benefits and relations. 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0001-9245-148x © 2022 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1874 to cite this article: uddin, m. m. (2022). management’s attitude towards employees working in the retail shop in bangladesh. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 6(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1874 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1874 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9245-148x uddin, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 1-7 2 a cognitive component describes management's beliefs and knowledge regarding employees. based on management's belief and knowledge, employees are treated. as most of the retail shops' management directly interacts with the employees, employees can experience their attitudes now. it could be a positive experience or a negative experience. besides, human relations between management and employees are important. human relations reflect on the working environment. the working environment leads to satisfaction and motivation and increases employees' productivity. some employees prefer financial benefits to nonfinancial benefits. it varies from employee to employee as they experience different ambiences at different times in their life. we collected some information regarding some financial and non-financial motivational factors that specify management's attitude towards employees from those employees working in other retail shops in bangladesh. we wanted to know whether management's attitude is positive or negative towards employees. a positive attitude satisfies employees, which affects their responses. moreover, a negative attitude dissatisfies employees, which affects their responses also. actually, management attitude can become known by the reactions of employees regarding their job working in retails shops. literature review there appears to be little literature on management's attitude towards employees working in retail shops in bangladesh. the following section describes management, attitudes and employee salary and benefits. management the management definition is a single or group of individuals who challenge and oversee a person or collective group of people to accomplish desired goals and objectives. furthermore, the definition of management includes the ability to plan, organize, monitor and direct individuals. a management definition is also a person or collective group with the executive abilities to lead a group through hardships, aspiring to meet an organization’s purpose and visions. according to mc farland, "management is defined for conceptual, theoretical and analytical purposes as that process by which managers create, direct, maintain and operate purposive organization through systematic, co-ordinated co-operative human effort". as henry fayol defines, "to manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to compound, to co-ordinate and to control". harold koontz says, "management is the art of getting things done through and within formally organized group". mary parker follett defines management as the "art of getting things done through people". george r. terry defines management as a process "consisting of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling, performed to determine and accomplish the objectives by the use of people and other resources". the management is responsible for setting and achieving the firm's goals with and through other people. there have been a number of studies on what management does, the most famous of which was conducted by henry mintzberg in the early 1970s (mintzberg, 1973). mintzberg identified ten roles, which he divided into three groups: interpersonal, informational, and decisional. the informational roles link all managerial work together. the interpersonal roles ensure that information is provided. the decisional roles significantly use the information (carpenter, bauer, & erdogan, 2012). attitude "attitude is everything" is a common quote. anastasi (1957) defined attitude as "a tendency to react favourably or unfavourably towards a designated class of stimuli, such as a national or racial group, a custom or an institution." thurstone (1928) said, "an attitude denotes the total of man's inclinations and feelings, prejudice or bias, preconceived notions, ideas, fears, threats, and other specific topics." attitude can and will make a difference in our personal lives and work environment; our attitude towards our superiors, peers and subordinates generally decides their attitude towards us. attitudes can form in different ways (baron & byrne, 1991; eagly & chaiken, 1993; fazio & petty, 2008; luthans, 2008). firstly, attitudes can form in situations where people's behaviour is inconsistent with their attitudes towards the object (baron & byrne, 1991; luthans, 2008). a negative attitude towards the object can form to balance this inconsistency towards the object (eagly & chaiken, 1993; fazio & petty, 2008). secondly, attitudes can form through the expectancy-value framework. this theory assumes that the attitude towards the object is based on the sum of the values of all of the attributes that the attitude object is thought to have, which is based on the mental formation of attitudes (ajzen, 2000; eagly & chaiken, 1993) explain that this framework is a useful and popular model to explain how a collection of beliefs about objects forms attitudes. the expectancy-value framework attitude formation theory was adopted for this study. employee salary and benefits salary is a fixed amount of money or compensation paid to an employee by an employer in return for work performed. salary is commonly paid in fixed intervals, for example, monthly payments of one-twelfth of the annual salary. according to cockman, “employee benefits are those benefits which are supplied by an employer to or for the benefits of an employee, and which are not in the form of wages, salaries and time rated payments.” https://strategiccfo.com/that-squirrel-will-kill-you/ https://strategiccfo.com/how-to-train-people-for-success/ https://strategiccfo.com/activity-based-management-abm/ https://strategiccfo.com/perfect-quotes/dont-blame-marketing-department-buck-stops-chief-executive/ https://strategiccfo.com/that-squirrel-will-kill-you/ uddin, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 1-7 3 materials and methods survey design a likert scale assumes that the strength/intensity of an attitude is linear, i.e. on a continuum from strongly agree to disagree strongly, and assumes that attitudes can be measured. likert scales have the advantage of not expecting a simple yes / any answer from the respondent but rather allowing for degrees of opinion and even no opinion at all. we used a likert scale to get participants' opinions regarding management attitudes that everyday employees experience. participants we surveyed different areas of chattogram (known as port city), bangladesh. this survey aimed to know management's attitudes toward employees working in the retail shop. some employees were willing to respond, and some were willful not to respond in front of management and behind them. they think responding to our survey questionnaires is optional as this is not beneficial for them. however, we still had hope. we met some employees of retail shops who shared their responses to the survey questionnaires. in this survey, 160 employees participated who were from different retail shops. procedure eleven questions were asked to employees working in the retail shops as follows: "i am happy working here, i get a handsome salary, the working environment is good, the boss is generous, i enjoy a good number of holidays, i get a reward while doing a good performance, i get punishment while doing a bad performance, the pressure is high, i got target list, fear of getting fired, rational working hours". they were free to give an opinion of their own. they could choose one option from strongly agree, agree, not specific, or strongly disagree. we analyzed the responses based on every questionquestion. how many employees strongly agree, agree, not specific, disagree or strongly disagree on questionquestion was our aim to know in this survey. ethics we obtained an opinion from every participant in person. so, the opinions were the participants' individual opinions. we hid every participant's identity so they could not be affected by any harassment for participating in our survey. results the data analyzed herein is based on the respondents' responses to the 11 questions structured according to the likert 5point rating scale, with sd = representing strongly disagree, d= for disagree, u = for uncertain/neutral, a = for agree, and sa = for strongly agree; rated on a scale of 1-5 respectively. each of the 160 participants answered each questionquestion. moreover, we showed some statistical data, ranging to 2, with x = mean, σ = standard deviation, s2 = variance and se= standard error. table 1. q 1i am happy working here. q-1 sa a u d sd x σ s2 se i am happy working here 4(2.50) 60 (37.50) 37 (23.13) 46 (28.75) 13 (8.12) 2.98 1.05 1.09 0.08 the above table shows that the rate of responses was 100%. 4 participants strongly agreed, 60 participants agreed, 37 participants were uncertain or chose to be neutral, 46 disagreed, and 13 strongly disagreed with the questionquestion. the percentage rate is 2.50%, 37.50%, 23.13%, 28.75% and 8.12%, respectively. the mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 2.98, σ 1.05, s2 1.09 and se 0.08, respectively. table 2. q 2i get a handsome salary. q-2 sa a u d sd x σ s2 se i get a handsome salary 2(1.25) 53 (33.12) 73(45.63) 24(15) 8 (5) 3.11 0.85 0.72 0.07 the above table presented that 2 participants strongly agreed, 53 participants agreed, 73 participants were uncertain or chose to be neutral, 24 disagreed, and 8 strongly disagreed with the questionquestion. the percentage rate is 1.25%, 33.12%, 45.63%, 15% and 5%, respectively. the mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 3.11, σ 0.85, s2 0.72 and se 0.07, respectively. table 3. q 3the working environment is good. q-3 sa a u d sd x σ s2 se the working environment is good 4(2.50) 49 (30.63) 57 (35.63) 46 (28.75) 4(2.50) 3.01 0.89 0.80 0.07 the above table revealed that 4 participants strongly agreed, 49 participants agreed, 57 participants were uncertain or chose to be neutral, 46 disagreed, and 4 disagreed with the questionquestion. the percentage rate is 2.50%, 30.63%, uddin, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 1-7 4 35.63%, 28.75% and 2.50%, respectively. the mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 3.01, σ 0.89, s2 0.80 and se 0.07, respectively. table 4. q 4the boss is generous. q-4 sa a u d sd x σ s2 se the boss is generous 0(0) 42 (26.25) 58 (36.25) 59(36.88) 1 (0.62) 2.88 0.81 0.65 0.06 the above table specified that none of the participants strongly agreed, 42 participants agreed, 58 participants were uncertain or chose to be neutral, 59 disagreed, and 1 disagreed with the questionquestion. the percentage rate is 0%, 26.25%, 36.25%, 36.88% and 0.62%, respectively. the mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 2.88, σ 0.81, s2 0.65 and se 0.06, respectively. table 5. q 5i enjoy a good number of holidays. q-5 sa a u d sd x σ s2 se i enjoy a good number of holidays 1(0.63) 36 (22.50) 54 (33.75) 64(40) 5 (3.12) 2.77 0.85 0.72 0.07 the above table specified that 1 participant strongly agreed, 36 participants agreed, 54 participants were uncertain or chose to be neutral, 64 participants disagreed, and 5 strongly disagreed. the percentage rate is 0.63%, 22.50%, 33.75%, 40% and 3.12%, respectively. the mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 2.77, σ 0.85, s2 0.72 and se 0.07, respectively. table 6. q 6i get a reward while doing a good performance. q-6 sa a u d sd x σ s2 se i get rewards while doing good performance 0(0) 38 (23.75) 60 (37.50) 56 (35) 6 (3.75) 2.82 0.84 0.71 0.07 the above table stated that none of the participants strongly agreed, 38 participants agreed, 60 were uncertain or chose to be neutral, 56 disagreed, and 6 strongly disagreed. the percentage rate is 0%, 23.75%, 37.50%, 35% and 3.75%, respectively. the mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 2.82, σ 0.84, s2 0.71 and se 0.07, respectively. table 7. q 7i get punishment while doing bad performance. q-7 sa a u d sd x σ s2 se i get punishment while doing bad performance 1(0.63) 24(15) 75 (46.88) 47 (29.37) 13 (8.12) 2.70 0.84 0.71 0.07 the above table stated that 1 participant strongly agreed, 24 participants agreed, 75 were uncertain or chose to be neutral, 47 disagreed, and 13 strongly disagreed. the percentage rate is 0.63%, 15%, 46.88%, 29.37% and 8.12%, respectively. the mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 2.70, σ 0.84, s2 0.71 and se 0.07, respectively. table 8. q 8the pressure is high. the above table revealed that 11 participants strongly agreed, 40 participants agreed, 59 participants were uncertain or chose to be neutral, 46 disagreed, and 4 disagreed. the percentage rate is 6.88%, 25%, 36.88%, 28.75% and 2.50%, respectively. the mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 3.06, σ 0.96, s2 0.91 and se 0.08, respectively. table 9. q 9i got the target list q-9 sa a u d sd x σ s2 se i got a target list 1(0.63) 29 (18.12) 60 (37.50) 30(18.75) 40 (25) 2.52 1.07 1.15 0.09 the above table showed 1 participant strongly agreed, 29 participants agreed, 60 participants were uncertain or chose to be neutral, 30 participants disagreed, and 40 participants strongly disagreed. the percentage rate is 0.63%, 18.12%, 37.50%, 18.75% and 25.00%, respectively. the mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 2.52, σ 1.07, s2 1.15 and se 0.09, respectively. q-8 sa a u d sd x σ s2 se the pressure is high 11(6.88) 40 (25) 59(36.88) 46 (28.75) 4 (2.50) 3.06 0.96 0.91 0.08 uddin, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 1-7 5 table 10. q 10fear of getting fired. q-10 sa a u d sd x σ s2 se fear of getting fired 8(5) 52 (32.50) 60 (37.50) 33 (20.63) 7 (4.37) 3.14 0.94 0.89 0.07 the above table displayed that 8 participants strongly agreed, 52 participants agreed, 60 participants were uncertain or chose to be neutral, 33 disagreed, and 7 strongly disagreed. the percentage rate is 5.00%, 32.50%, 37.50%, 20.63% and 4.37%, respectively. the mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 3.14, σ 0.94, s2 0.89 and se 0.07, respectively. table 11. q 11rational working hours. q-11 sa a u d sd x σ s2 se rational working hours 3(1.88) 42(26.25) 49(30.62) 35 (21.88) 31 (19.37) 2.69 1.11 1.24 0.09 the above table displays that 3 participants strongly agreed, 42 agreed, 49 were uncertain or chose to be neutral, 35 disagreed, and 31 strongly disagreed. the percentage rate is 1.88%, 26.25%, 30.62%, 21.88% and 19.37%, respectively. the mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 2.69, σ 1.11, s2 1.24 and se 0.09, respectively. discussions data from above revealed that participants are less happy working in their present job place. the data showed that participants were almost neutral in their decision to opine on whether they get a handsome salary and whether the working environment is good. participants almost disagreed regarding the generosity of their boss. they could not able to enjoy a good number of holidays. they get few. they need to get more rewards (financially or non-financially) while performing well. they need to gain more experience with punishment while doing bad performance. they remained neutral on the questionquestion of rush hour. the target to sell or to serve the customer is few. they are neutral in questionquestion of getting fired. they think they do not get rational working hours. people work in retail shops for their livelihood, some opportunities and some benefits. it could be financial and nonfinancial. they want a reasonable salary and rational working hours. employees want holidays as they can spend some memorable time with their family members. everyone wants job security. they want good relations with their owner/ management. those inspire them to do work prudently as they directly deal with the consumers/customers, to be punctual and cordial to customers/consumers and work for his/her employer. satisfaction of them leads a business to be successful. employees represent the brand as they directly handle the final consumers/customers. employees' attitude depends on management's attitude towards them. management's attitude breeds motivation; ultimately, it affects the motivational factors of employees. employees' attitudes towards consumers/customers reflect on the profit/success of the business. consumers / customers are the sources of profit or growth of business. their ultimate satisfaction is essential in the retail business. in retail shops, consumers / customers buy the attitudes of related staff or employees. employees in retail shops' proactive attitudes towards consumers / customers depend on the management's attitude. figure 1. responses percentage of participants the above figure 1 shows the responses percentage of participants in terms of opinion for every question. 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% q 1 q 2 q 3 q 4 q 5 q 6 q 7 q 8 q 9 q 10 q 11 strongly agree (%) agree (%) uncertain (%) disagree (%) strongly disagree (%) q=question uddin, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 1-7 6 figure 2. mean of respondents’ scores the above figure-2 shows the mean of respondents' scores in opinion for every questionquestion. rounding down to 2, the sentiment score of our survey in terms of the mean of all questions responded to by participants is x 2.88, the deviation of the mean of all questions is σ 0.20, skewness is y1 -0.43, variance s2 = 0.04, range is r 0.62, coefficient of variation is cv 0.07, mean absolute deviation is mad 0.16, relative standard deviation is rsd 6.87%, interquartile range is iqr 0.34, mid-range is mr 2.82 and standard of error is 0.06. table 12. summary of analysis x σ y1 r s2 cv mad rsd iqr mr se 2.88 0.20 -0.42 0.62 0.04 0.07 0.16 6.87% 0.34 2.82 0.06 the results specify that management in retail shops has mildly negative attitudes towards their employees. because of the need for more opinions from whole employees working in retail shops in bangladesh, the results may vary. the results of this study should be treated with caution due to the small sample size and the lack of details regarding the participants' opinions. future studies could collect further data and engage more participants to make the sample size big regarding management's attitude towards employees for more accurate results. conclusions we asked mentioned questions to the employees that define management's attitude. questions were related to employees' financial and non-financial issues that give them mental satisfaction, and they can spend more time with family. most of the participants needed to be more specific and neutral regarding their job security, salary, pressure in the workplace, target, working hours and working environment. they enjoy very few holidays in a calendar year. usually, management needs to take more simple action against employees regarding bad performance. employees are not happy working at their workplace; they accept the situation as most of them come from needy families and need a job to live. the relationship between management and employees could be better. the results indicate that management in retail shops has mildly negative attitudes towards their employees. management should have more focus on employees' financial and non-financial benefits. a retail shop is only as strong as its employees, so management must ensure employees are happy and valued. getting to know a team can make a difference in creating a happy culture and workplace. maintaining happiness and motivation at the workplace is a team effort. as the old saying goes, "teamwork makes the dream work." due to the lack of opinions of whole employees working in retail shops in bangladesh, the results may vary. the current study is the first step in management's attitude towards employees in retail shops in bangladesh. however, the results of this study should be treated with caution due to the small sample size and the lack of details regarding the participants’ opinions. future research could collect further data and engage more participants to make the sample size big regarding management's attitude towards employees for more accurate results. it could also contribute to a deeper understanding of management attitude. author contributions: conceptualization, m.m.u.; data curation, m.m.u.; methodology, m.m.u.; validation, m.m.u.; visualization, m.m.u.; formal analysis, m.m.u; investigation, m.m.u.; resources, m.m.u.;writing original draft, m.m.u.; writing review & editing, m.m.u.; supervision, m.m.u.; software, m.m.u.; project administration, m.m.u.; funding acquisition, m.m.u. all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. 2.98 3.11 3.02 2.88 2.78 2.81 2.71 3.05 2.51 3.13 2.69 question 1 question 2 question 3 question 4 question 5 question 6 question 7 question 8 question 9 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(1928). attitudes can be measured. american journal of sociology, 33(4), 529–554. retrieved from https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/214483 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2022 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 15-23 15 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 6 no 1 (2022) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa the united nations as beacon of world peace and contribution of bangladesh in peacekeeping mesbah uddin chowdhury (a)1 (a) military officer, bangladesh army, dhaka cantonment, dhaka, bangladesh; e-mail: mesbah_chowdhury@yahoo.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 21st november 2022 accepted: 25th december 2022 online publication: 28th december 2022 keywords: united nations, peacekeeping, bangladesh, troop, mission, contribution jel classification codes: d74, p16 a b s t r a c t the united nations (un) came into being in 1945 to restore peace and dignity worldwide following the devastation of the second world war. within a very short period, the un gained trust for its extraordinary contributions to recuperating peace and prosperity. the un is considered a herald of peace due to peacekeeping missions (unpkos). so far, more than 3,500 peacekeepers from 120 countries have sacrificed their lives to eradicate violence and animosity since 1948. as of late, bangladesh has regained the top position among troop senders in unpkos, which made bangladesh the largest contributor. now, bangladesh has a rich history of unpkos participating in 54 missions. currently, 6,692 personnel are working on 11 missions in 5 different countries. by participating and gaining first-hand experiences, bangladesh would easily overcome the shortcoming and make the best possible use of opportunities lying ahead. this paper attempts to depict that there is no substitute for reconstructing a violence-free world. now more than ever, bangladesh could be a diligent fighter on this path, keeping hand in hand with the united nations. © 2022 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction united nations (2018), a conference of peace-loving countries, was created to uphold the dignity of every human being and to ensure peace in conflicted areas of the world by mutual resolution. during its early days, the un was supposed to alleviate growing tensions among participants of the second world war. as it grows in breadth, the un started to take non-traditional security aspects such as poverty, hunger, climate change, human trafficking and traded related conflicts into account. from its ethical stance, the united nations takes necessary actions to mitigate the warmongering situation, the war between groups, and any terrorist activities in every part of the world. un's escalated role in managing multilateral cooperation and addressing global crises with vicious effort makes it the beacon of world peace. bangladesh, a developing country, is a forerunner of the united nations peacekeeping efforts. bangladesh joined un peacekeeping missions in the early 90s', and since then, it has become a hub of peacekeepers. bangladeshi troops showed discipline and perseverance in war-torn areas around the world. their friendly behaviour and respect for local inhabitants ease the implementation of peacekeepers' plan to reduce conflicts among armed groups and mass people. they showed creativity in keeping peace among rival groups in different african nations. they also provided thousands of war-affected people with food, essential medical support, safe drinkable water and sanitation, and schooling. bangladesh has become the prime contributor to service and sacrifice in the last three decades. global communities highly value the remarkable contributions of bangladeshi peacekeepers in global peace missions. bangladesh is a major contributor to un efforts to be the beacon of world peace. united nations commenced on october 24, 1945, shortly after the second world war had ended, intending to make a charitable and peaceful world. although the league of nations, the ancestor of the united nations, aimed to accelerate global cooperation, peace and sustainable security twisted in the perspective of the first world war had completely failed, the un gained trust within a very short period of time for its extraordinary contributions to make a peaceful world. though 51 founding states initiated it, united nations (2022) consists of 193 members. united nations has been up and running relentlessly to alleviate the relation of member countries worldwide through uniting the segments of conflict-crisis alleviation, peacekeeping, mitigating climate risks, making policies for distressed people and illustrating 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-4894-1048 © 2022 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1877 to cite this article: chowdhury, m. u. (2022). the united nations as beacon of world peace and contribution of bangladesh in peacekeeping. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 6(1), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1877 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1877 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4894-1048 chowdhury, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 15-23 16 guidelines for the betterment of the world. since its commencement, the organization has been operating through shared support on different issues corresponding to international laws, security issues, fiscal development, communal headway and human rights. the united nations acts as the world's premier think tank. they usually scrutinize various reports and surveys on social and economic issues, prepare important periodical reports such as the human development report, world development report and world economic outlook and occasionally provide recommendations for flourishing global development. the un has mediated more than 560 treaties regarding human rights, terrorism, migration crisis, trade, ocean etc., that cover every sphere of individual, national and international lifecycle. at the outset, the un was formed, keeping five specific objectives in mind. those mainstream principles are: ensuring world peace by eradicating threats to peace and aggressive actions; strengthening cooperation and friendship among the nations by establishing equal rights; developing social and cultural harmony among the nations; cultivating respect and reverence for each other's fundamental rights and freedom regardless of race, religion and colour; ensuring a peaceful solution to the international conflict by implementing international law. the six main bodies of the un are the general assembly, the security council, the economic and social council, the trusteeship council, the international court of justice, and the un secretariat, which materialize the five main objectives following a certain procedure. on the eve of the 21st century, the united nations declared eight millennium development goals which must be attained by 2015. in 2015, the united nations declared another 17 sustainable development goals as a pathway for achieving a sustainable future by 2030. these goals are intended to mould a peaceful and optimistic world. the un operates in many areas with the help of its different organizations. the supportive and financial programs are conducted by the united nations development program (undp) to establish sustainable development goals and to alleviate poverty, create good governance opportunities and address environmental risks through 4800 projects in 170 countries. the united nations environment program (unep) has been working uncompromisingly for a suitable milieu since 1972. the united nations population fund (unfpa) is working to protect children's and mothers' health. the united nations human settlements program (un-habitat) promotes universally sustainable human settlement, advocating that settlement is a human right. the united nations children's fund (unicef) provides primary education to thousands of children, empowering women by providing education facilities and making emergency services available in 150 countries across the globe. the un has some specialized agencies, largely the food and agriculture organization (fao), the international labor organization (ilo), the international monetary fund (imf), the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization (unesco), the world health organization (who), the world bank etc. with the aspiration of building a safe and nuclear-weapon-free world, the international atomic energy agency (iaea) has signed a treaty among 180 countries to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. landmines, responsible for thousands of deaths every year, have been successfully removed from more than 30 countries or territories covering afghanistan, columbia, the republic of congo, libya and sudan under the supervision of the un. one hundred forty-six countries signed the genocide convention (1948) to ensure the punishment of crimes against humanity. in addition, specialized un organs have been serving to settle international disputes in the administrative areas of legal justice. the dedicated court decided on voluminous cases comprising the delimitation of land and maritime boundaries between el salvador and honduras in 1992. it has also fixed the long-standing dispute between denmark and norway over maritime boundaries. in its judgement, the icj has set a delimitation line for both the continental shelf and the fishery zones of denmark and norway away, 200 nautical miles from the baselines. the united nations peacekeeping operations (unpko) were initiated at a time when cold war rivalries repeatedly paralyzed the security council. since its first deployment in 1948 in the middle east, the un has launched 71 peace operations deploying more than one million troops from 125 member states. the lengthy evolution of unpko has gone through several phases, i.e., early experiences (1948-1963), cold war peacekeeping (1964-1991), post-cold war peacekeeping (1992-2000) and 21st-century peacekeeping (2000-continuing). considering the deployment pattern, unpko were also often classified into four categories, i.e., deployment of observers, the interposition of troops between warring factions, deployment of multi-dimensional forces and installation of transitional administrations. conceptually, unpko was launched to mitigate interstate conflicts. later, they were increasingly applied to intrastate conflicts and civil wars. the un peacekeeping helps countries navigate the problematic path of conflict to peace. bangladesh has unique strengths including legitimacy, burden sharing, ability to deploy troops worldwide and integrate them with civil peacekeepers to address a range of mandates set by the un security council and the general assembly. the primary purpose of this paper is to record bangladesh's remarkable journey in unpko and give general information regarding the journey of the un. this paper also focuses on different un peacekeeping operations following the changing nature of international conflicts and attempts to show the contribution of bangladesh to unpko. it critically explores the role of bangladesh in un peacekeeping missions. lastly, the paper focuses on bangladesh's preparedness for future challenges in un peacekeeping operations. furthermore, this paper helps understand the implications of bangladesh's involvement in un peacekeeping missions. it is an issue on which little work has been conducted until now despite the fact that it has important implications for bangladesh and its armed forces. literature review major contributions of the united nations other than peacekeeping missions the un has been serving in different sectors since 1945. twenty-five years ago, thousands of children got paralyzed because of the polio virus in africa. united nations came forward when children from all over the world were crippled by poliomyelitis. due to the vigilant effort of who, more than 5 million children in 125 countries were freed from the curse of polio. today, the entire continent of africa was proclaimed free from polio. it was considered a great achievement for africa, entangled with many human-induced calamities. it was a whopping challenge for the un and one of its parent bodies chowdhury, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 15-23 17 known as the world health organization. throughout the devastating world recession in 2008, the food and agriculture organization (fao) announced making a hunger-free world whilst a substantial portion of the world's people faced a severe scarcity of food and nutrition. to achieve this goal, at least 59 million people from 50 countries were served proper food assistance by spending one billion us dollars. moreover, the un operates various activities annually by targeting specific goals to upgrade the standard of living of women and children. in essence, the un was established to make this world more livable by avoiding clash and anarchy, if needed to exert pressure on particular countries, nations or any groups elsewhere. considering a few critical situations, the un has taken necessary steps to mitigate agitation righteously on time and provided the right opportunity to escape devastating consequences. immediately after the second world war, some controversial disputed issues indulged with the superpowers, like the berlin crisis (1948-49). berlin was parted between west and east germany. it drew an unravelled divide between socialism and capitalism, considered the first international crisis amid cold war. it posed not only a certain line of aggression but also impacted a bipolar world. during the cold war period in 1962, the escalated deployment of nuclear weapons created an unimaginable scenario after hiroshima and nagasaki bombings which were generally called the cuban missile crisis. with an intervention by the un, the world could avoid a severe catastrophic situation led by nuclear superpowers, the usa and the former ussr (un chronicle, 2022). the un played a tremendous role in stopping the congo civil war in 1964. the crisis started right after belgium granted congolese independence in 1960, claiming more than 100,000 people faced to die in 4 years. it could further deteriorate in absence of the un endeavour. similar peacekeeping processes instituted tranquillity in the iraq-iran war in 1988 and the afghan war in 1989. bangladesh and the un: membership, participation and pathway to peacekeeping the un and its agencies bought relief to bangladesh in 1971 during the bangladesh liberation war. the un provided aid to bangladeshi refugees of the war in west bengal. during the 26th session of the general assembly of the un in 1971, the provincial government of bangladesh (1972) sent an envoy to the un on 21 september 1971. in october 1971, a bangladeshi representative spoke at the un plaza and declared that the "point of no return" had been reached in the bangladesh liberation war. bangladesh had the first official delegate to the un on 4 december 1971. the un established the united nations east pakistan relief operation (unepro) on 17 july 1971. on 16 november 1971, the operation was completely taken over by the un from the civil administration of east pakistan due to mismanagement. it impacted the morale of civil servants in the east pakistan administration. after the independence of bangladesh on 16 december 1971, the un created united nations relief operations in dhaka (unrod) on 21 december 1971 which was later upgraded to united nations relief operations in bangladesh (unrob). the operation ended on 31 december 1973. bangladesh failed to become a member of the united nations in 1972 and 1973 because china used its veto on behalf of pakistan to prevent full membership from being granted to bangladesh. though the developing country had faced allegations from a pair of superpowers, she was given full membership approved by security council on 17th september 1974. since then, bangladesh has played an important role as a member country of the un. in 1975, bangladesh was elected vice-president of the un general assembly. from 1976 to 1978, it also, on several terms, served as an elected member of the united nations economic and social council (ecosoc). in 1979, bangladesh was temporarily elected to the united nations security council. as a member of the security council, bangladesh voted against the soviet union invasion of afghanistan, criticized israeli settlements, and called for the return of american hostages from iran. from 1980 to 1982, osman ghani khan, the then cag of bangladesh, was elected as chairman of the un board of auditors for two successive terms. in 1980, bangladesh served as the coordinator of the least developed countries. bangladesh served another time in ecosoc from 1981 to 1983. from 1982 to 1983, bangladesh was the chairman of the g-77. in 1985, for the first time, bangladesh was elected to the united nations high commissioner for refugees. from 1983 to 2000, bangladesh served as a member of the human rights commission. in 1985, abu sayeed chowdhury, former president of bangladesh, was made the head of the united nations commission on human rights. humayun rashid choudhury, a former foreign minister of bangladesh, was elected president of the united nations general assembly during its 41st session between 1986 and 1987. bangladesh was elected to the security council again in 2000 and, from march 2000 to june 2001, served as the president of the security council. bangladesh was the chairman of the committee concerning sierra leone during its tenure at the security council. during the same period, bangladesh was also the chairman of the working committee on the role of sanctions. from 2006 to 2008, bangladesh served in the united nations commission on human rights. bangladesh joined the peace building commission as a founding member. in 1988, bangladesh made an important stride through participation in un peacekeeping operations which was one of the significant achievements of bangladesh in contributing to global peace. the un had crossed 40 years of its peacekeeping efforts with 14 ongoing missions when bangladesh first joined unpko. bangladesh has relentlessly been involved in various unpko actions through its persistent contribution. it has been nearly three decades since the armed forces of bangladesh first embarked on peacekeeping missions. since then, bangladesh, a country usually known for natural disasters, political instability and economic woes, has played a consistent and significant role in maintaining international peace and stability under the auspices of the united nations. indeed, today bangladesh is identified as one of the top troopcontributing countries. missions of the un peacekeeping: from beginning to till date peacekeeping in a hostile area is not a blatant matter of fact, considering modern technological weapons readily available to terrorist and militant groups. in addition, 3,500 peacekeepers from 120 countries sacrificed their lives to uproot terrorism and animosity. peacekeepers belonging to multilingual communities and different cultures had the only goal of maintaining chowdhury, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 15-23 18 peace in hostile areas (unpko, 2022). the un peacekeeping operation started in 1948 by deploying un troops in middle eastern countries, commonly known as the united nations truce supervision organization (untso) to monitor the armistice between arab and israel. however, the un mainstream peacekeeping operation with armed forces was initiated with unefi to mollify the suez crisis in 1956. after that, the large-scale deployment started from the un operation in the congo (onuc) in 1960 with 20 thousand army personnel aiming to boost the security agenda. from 1960 to the 1970s, peacekeeping operations of the un reached the zenith with so many operations such as; the mission of the representative of the secretary-general in the dominican republic (domrep), un security force in west new guinea (unsf), un yemen observation mission (unyom), un peacekeeping force in cyprus (unficyp), un emergency force ii (unef ii), un disengagement observer force (undof) and un interim force in lebanon (unifil). the un peacekeeping operation came to a new era at the end of the cold war when the number of troops jumped from 11,000 to 75,000 in another 20 new operations. a large number of armed personnel were deployed, particularly in un angola verification mission i and ii (unavem i, unavem ii), un transitional authority in cambodia (untac), un observer mission in el salvador (onusal), un operation in mozambique (onumoz) and un transition assistance group (untag) between 1989 and 1994 by the approbation of the security council amid the rising tension over the post-cold war regimen (unpko, 2022). in general, the un security forces are deployed to mitigate suffering from violence in particular regions or communities as a part of the peacekeeping procedure of dedicated missions. it is to be noted that the un does not have any police or armed forces. instead, the security personnel of the un peacekeeping mission are supplied by the member states in the scheduled process, which the security council and general assembly directly observe. the required weapons and other necessary equipment used in operation are generally supplied by the member states that amalgamate the manpower to the dauntless job. materials and methods extensive reviews of the literature were conducted to collect secondary data. the researcher collected data from books, local and international printed journals, electronic newspapers and websites. results and discussions contributions to un operations by different countries around the world to assuage the violence and animosity (report date: 31 march 2022) figure 1. contributions to un operations by different countries source: armed forces division (2020) above and beyond, 125,000 armed personnel from 120 countries are working in un peacekeeping actions. most of them are deployed in sierra leone, liberia, burundi, sudan and nepal, reducing violence to 40 per cent in the 1990s. it is noteworthy that the un was awarded the nobel peace prize in 1988 for exemplary contribution to peacekeeping. this is not just perilous conduct; the volunteer peacekeepers concerned about the risk to their lives are working in very difficult conditions. they reduce anxiety and manage armistice by negotiating with the rivals to form a peace treaty combating hundreds of impediments. this is why they achieved the most prestigious prize in the world, which is entitled to their sacrifice. bangladesh’s contribution to un peacekeeping operations like many other countries, bangladesh has participated in unpko, sending un peacekeeping troops amid increased tension in the african nations where several groups violated the peace and human rights. bangladesh first contributed to united nations peacekeeping operation (unpko) in 1988 with two operations in iraq and namibia. upon succession's early endeavours, bangladesh has participated in 54 missions in 40 different countries over 5 continents. in 2021 and 2022, it sent more than 6 thousand peacekeepers to the un. during the gross period of un peacekeeping, bangladesh contributed approximately 175 thousand troops to unpko, including 18 hundred female troopers (afd, 2022). bangladeshi peacekeepers served in many of the world's most hostile places, including iraq, sierra leone, rwanda, bosnia, liberia, lebanon and congo. during these harsh times abroad, bangladeshi peacekeepers suffered from causalities and sacrificed to restore and uphold global peace. bangladesh is one of the significant contributors to the un peacekeeping mission. throughout these three decades, 183,378 bangladeshi peacekeepers have completed their missions till may 2022 in different countries worldwide. 6710 5706 5581 5255 4123 3760 2792 2670 2575 2237 https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/onuc.htm https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/onuc.htm https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/domrep.htm https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/domrep.htm https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/unsf.htm https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/unyom.htm https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/unyom.htm https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/unficyp https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/unefii.htm https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/unefii.htm https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/undof https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/unifil https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/unavemi.htm https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/unavemi.htm https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/untac.htm https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/onusal.htm https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/onusal.htm https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/onumoz.htm https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/untag.htm chowdhury, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 15-23 19 table 1. completed peacekeeping missions by bangladeshi peacekeepers around the world s.l. country name of mission number of peacekeeper 1. afghanistan, afghanistan-pakistan unama unsma/ungomp 11 2. angola unavem & unavem iii 635 3. bosnia unmibh 177 4. burundi binub 177 5. cambodia unami/untac/unmlt 1,301 6. congo monuc, monusco 36,919 7. croatia/east slovenia unties 76 8. east timor unamet/ untaet/ unmiset 2,718 9. ethiopia/ eritrea unmet 1,108 10. georgia unimog 131 11. haiti unmih/mnf/minustah 5,382 12. iraq ungci/unmovic 124 13. iran unimog 31 14. ivory coast minuci/onuci/unoci 32,850 15. kosovo unmik 539 16. kuwait unicom 8,239 17. liberia unomil/unmil 23,793 18. macedonia unpredep 07 19. mozambique onumoz 2,622 20. namibia untag 85 21. rwanda unamir 1,022 22. sierra leone unamsik/ uniosil 11,981 23. somalia unosom-i-ii/ amisom 1,973 24. sudan unis 9,023 25. south sudan unmiss 9,603 26. tajikistan unmet 40 27. uganda unomur 20 28. west sahara minurso 387 29. yugoslavia unprofor/ unmop 1,584 30. car & chad minurcat 59 31. darfur unamid 8,989 32. lebanon until 2,724 33. west africa unowa 02 34. nairobi union 01 35. syria unsmis 18 36. mali minusma 11,638 37. car minusca 7,490 38. somalia custom 07 39. office of the african union unrau 01 40. sudan unisa 04 41. unique undpko 50 42. cyprus unficyp 04 43. yemen unmha 04 grand total 183,378 source: armed forces division (2021) earlier this year, according to a un report, bangladesh stood first among the highest troop-sending countries outscoring nepal and india, while rwanda, pakistan and egypt secured 4th, 5th, and 6th place (unpko, 2022). figure 2. ranking of contributions by country (as of 31 may 2022) source: unpko (2022) currently, 6692 bangladeshi peacekeepers are serving in 11 different missions in five countries. since the last decade, bangladesh was always among the largest contributors (afd, 2022). according to the un, bangladesh again 2457 2674 2750 2815 4127 5277 5768 5790 6692 senegal indonesia ghana egypt pakistan rwanda india nepal bangladesh chowdhury, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 15-23 20 became the largest troop contributor since 2015, having 6692 (as of 22 july 2022) personnel currently working for unpko (afd, 2022). table 2. participation of bangladeshi peacekeepers in different un missions sl. services number of soldiers completed number of soldiers serving in the ongoing mission total 1 army 144846 5166 150012 2 navy 5989 343 6332 3 air force 7115 583 7698 4 police 19862 651 20513 grand total 177812 6743 184555 source: armed forces division (2022) apart from personnel, bangladesh has also contributed to the maritime arena. as part of the maritime task force, bangladesh has sent its warship 'bans sangram’ to lebanon (afd, 2022). ‘bans sangram’ replaces ‘bans bijoy', which was previously working on that mission before being damaged in the beirut port explosion. 21 bangladesh navy personnel were injured in this incident. in this regard, bangladesh navy is relentlessly serving to maintain peace and security and conducting regular patrols in the lebanese sea area. other south asian states such as nepal, india, and pakistan are currently ranked 2nd, 3rd, and 5th, respectively. however, by dint of capacity building and experience, a handful of bangladeshi personnel are now working for the united nations department of peacekeeping operations (undpko) at the planning and management level of the peacekeeping missions. table 3. united nations department of peacekeeping operations: position of bangladesh year position of bangladesh 2022 1st 2021 1st 2020 2nd 2019 3rd 2018 2nd 2017 2nd 2016 4th 2015 1st source: afd, 2022 during the last 34 years, bangladesh has also worked to build its capability and capacity in peacekeeping. bangladesh established bangladesh institute for peace support operations training (bipsot) in 1999 to train peacekeepers (bipsot). bipsot provides all training required to serve as the united nations peacekeeping operations (unpo) troops. to promote international peace with excellency, bipsot arranges comprehensive in-mission training modules, coordinates training packages, and conducts practical exercises, leadership training and effective motivational training to become a significant organization of bangladesh. another bangladeshi initiative to train peacekeepers is peace building centre (bpc), established in 2016 to facilitate peacekeepers with proper and modern training. the premier purposes of the institute jointly are developing skills, directing research, involving national and international participants in peacebuilding etc. despite state-of-the-art training, bangladeshi peacekeepers face a serious hostile situation in combating terrorists and separatists. according to the armed forces division, 142 personnel sacrificed their lives, and 238 personnel suffered significant casualties. table 4. supreme sacrifices & injured peacekeepers for world peace (from april 1989 to october 2022) subject bangladesh army bangladesh navy bangladesh air force bangladesh police total supreme sacrifices 129 04 09 22 164 injured peacekeeper 226 06 06 12 238 source: afd, 2022 table 5. supreme sacrifice by bangladeshi peacekeepers in comparison with some other countries name of the country with duration number of deceased started contributing to unpkos bangladesh (in 34 years) 164 1988 india (in 62 years) 175 1960 nigeria (in 62 years) 157 1960 pakistan (in 62 years) 150 1960 source: united nations peacekeeping operations (unpko), 2022. branding bangladesh through peacekeeping mission other than portraying bangladeshi culture, our contingents directly enhance the national image and reputation on foreign soil through various achievements. according to the dhaka tribune report, on september 17th 2021, the un awarded 110 bangladesh navy members working in lebanon for extraordinary service. on 21st september, 140 bangladeshi police members working in the un mission in mali also received the medal for their extraordinary service (unb, 2020). however, this is not the first time bangladeshi peacemakers have been acknowledged and appreciated globally. from the very chowdhury, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 15-23 21 beginning, many bangladeshi peacemakers received medals as a token of appreciation for their dedication and sacrifice in maintaining global peace, minimizing violence and upholding fraternity beyond borders. undoubtedly peacekeepers who are assiduously working abroad add value to our national security. besides gaining highly valuable experiences in the world's worst conflict-prone areas, our personnel are developing special capabilities in mediating and mitigating conflict among parties. establishing institutions such as bipsot and bpc are also crucial for introducing modern training. moreover, bangladesh is gaining economic and institutional benefits through peacekeeping operations. nonetheless, due to massive contributions in various countries of different continents, it also sprouted soft powers for bangladesh that helped the government ensure better diplomacy and build good nations. moreover last but not least, participation contributes to the country's civil-military relations, an essential aspect of national security. however, participation in unpko also has some influence on regional security. as most south asian states are on the list of top troop senders, with bangladesh at the top and nepal, india holds 2nd and 3rd place; respectively, it can serve as a good platform for inter-organization through facilitating training and mobilizing interpersonal communications. enhanced national image and reputation are the remarkable outcomes of bangladesh's contribution to the un department of peacekeeping operations. since bangladeshi troopers are being deployed worldwide, they are uplifting and branding the values of bangladesh throughout the world. besides abating antagonism and restoring peace, they promote bangladesh's firm belief in peace. taking part in the gulf war under unikom, bangladesh helped monitor the iraq-iran armistice. it also brought stability to many states and societies through participation in other missions. our troopers also promote our culture and fraternity to foreign people with their praiseworthy work. because of their diligent work in reducing violence and upholding society, citizens of sierra leone and congo have founded fraternity with bangladesh. many congolese now can talk in bengali and are grateful to bangladesh as our peacemakers contribute to upholding their peace, stability and society. another tremendous accomplishment for bangladesh is that sierra leone has acknowledged bangla as their second language. apart from such brandings and fraternity, bangladesh is also being acknowledged by the great powers and various non-state actors for its significant contribution and stake in peacekeeping. as a result, it is also increasing our credibility and national reputation. these recognitions and contributions dispatch a clear message to the world about how firmly bangladesh is committed to global peace. the multifarious challenges for bangladeshi peacekeepers despite the emergence of terrorist threats with global reach in the form of al qaeda and islamic state in iraq and syria (isis), and the wars in afghanistan and iraq, the first decade of the 21st century is marked as a century of severe armed conflicts. this trend was epitomized by the decline in inter-state conflict, once the dominant pattern of war, as only three such conflicts occurred during the decade. the traditional means of waging such warfare appear increasingly alien from modern battlefield realities. today's wars have occurred in a way that tends to elude mediators and military and peace operations to terminate conflict, bypass the traditional mechanisms of conflict resolution and result in new patterns of human rights abuses and humanitarian concerns. as conflicts tend to become intractable and spiral into a vortex of unending brutality, the idea of peacekeeping itself is expanding with more robust mandates. setbacks suffered by un peacekeepers in rwanda and bosnia led to a solid anti-peacekeeping sentiment. it urges a commitment to use lessons learned to bolster the un's capacity for peacekeeping. under such circumstances, how bangladesh will deal with the exigencies of 'robust missions.' the debate touches upon bangladesh's capacities in key areas of complex operations such as rapid reactions, logistics, communication, and intelligence, and also upon its conception of the use of force. most missions could not get cash support from abroad, which hampers fulfilling the target. another threat for bangladeshi peacekeepers is the absence of support from the host country of unpko. suppose the country's government do not help them. in that case, it will be tough to cope with the peace operation as the roads and communication system is unfamiliar to the foreign personnel. the challenges for the bangladeshi peacekeepers are also highly threatening. in many african countries, terrorist groups occasionally engrave improvised explosive devices (ieds) on the streets and routes of peacekeepers, which cost lives and wounds (biswas, 2021). in a recent incident, three bangladeshi peacekeepers were killed, and one got injured in the central african republic by exploding such ieds. mainly in africa, the heavy heat wave, around 100 km/hour dust and sandstorms and a maximum 50-degree high temperature (biswas, 2021) make it impossible for our peacekeepers to go out because of high risk. female peacekeepers usually face significant problems due to male-dominated peacekeeping missions. as of december 2021, only 7.8 % of women were deployed in peacekeeping operations, where bangladesh staged a good number of female troops officers. table 6. participation of female peacekeepers in un mission sl forces participated currently deployed 1 army 553 348 2 navy 28 10 3 air force 120 13 4 police 1621 148 grand total 2322 519 source: armed forces division (2022) chowdhury, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 15-23 22 table 7. participation of uniformed women of bangladesh armed forces and police in un peace operation year bangladesh armed forces bangladesh police female members female members 2009 32 22 2010 26 139 2011 32 216 2012 24 191 2013 22 288 2014 50 165 2015 30 167 2016 38 161 2017 35 161 2018 40 123 2019 83 156 2020 89 181 2021 121 177 source: armed forces division & global peacekeeping data plausible opportunities of bangladesh being a developing country with a huge population of 168.4 million, bangladesh has set an outstanding example by sheltering more than 1.1 million rohingya people who fled from myanmar to escape a brutal genocide. the un human rights agenda is reflected in the constitution of bangladesh. the constitution of the people's republic of bangladesh depicts the promotion of international peace, security and stability. the state bases its international relations on the principles of respect for national sovereignty and equality, noninterference in the internal affairs of other countries, peaceful settlement of international disputes, and respect for international law and the principles enunciated in the united nations charter. bangladesh may face copious challenges besides the rohingya crisis. regarding challenges, bangladesh may strengthen the current national policy on peacekeeping. moreover, bangladesh needs to broaden its peacekeeping forces by incorporating experts in various fields owing to the nature of modern peacekeeping. furthermore, academic research regarding peacekeeping is still at a minimum in our country; additional research should be facilitated. ultimately, proper documentation, record and promotion should be ensured in bangladesh's peacekeeping so that the glorious achievements do not phase out in future. bangladesh will be entitled to many opportunities awaiting ahead in peacekeeping missions. peacekeeping missions offer first-hand military gains, including experiences and modern training. besides, a very fruitful phase to work in modern peacekeeping involves the rebuilding process and development phase following the conflict. straight away, bangladesh can take part in the rebuilding phases of pko. in addition, due to the demand for a wide range of experts, bangladesh has good scope to incorporate experts such as economists, development experts, legal experts, etc. civil-military relations will further be flourished to a great extent. furthermore, bangladesh can now contribute to undpko, the decision-making authority of pkos. bangladesh should send more personnel to unpko because it provides first-hand experiences of decision making, planning and management of global conflictsa unique office to work for. moreover, lastly, unpko is an excellent opportunity to increase credibility, reputation, and national image while radically growing soft power in the global arena. personnel working in un peacekeeping missions are the 'brand ambassador' or `spokesperson' for bangladesh. along with contributing to global peace, participation in unpkos nourishes our national security by increasing capacity and capability whilst bringing other politico-economic benefits. though there are still some challenges, a stronger national policy on peacekeeping will indeed allow bangladesh to address and overcome obstacles. moreover, bangladesh should concentrate on increasing its participation in undpko. since the opportunities are very much possible and are highly beneficial, bangladesh must ensure proper utilization and make the best of these opportunities to ensure maximum output. from this perspective, participation in rebuilding and development phases should be prioritized as it brings more significant benefits for bangladesh in almost every aspect. in the end, the sacrifices made by bangladeshi peacekeepers every day working abroad are prime examples of their love for their motherland and firm belief in ideas of global peace. they delegate bangladesh's belief in global peace to the world community. the consequences of this contribution are necessarily improving national image, ensuring national security and upholding regional and global security. it will undoubtedly inspire and acknowledge many bangladeshi young peacekeepers between the ages of 18-29 working to establish global peace. the peacekeepers of bangladesh are branding themselves globally as a peace-loving nation by the symbol of the 'men in blue helmets' helping develop our relationship with the host countries. so, they are rightly praised as 'the ambassador of peace'. there are still a lot of prospects and opportunities waiting for bangladesh. however, the country's success in seizing these opportunities will depend on how promptly and skillfully bangladesh can prepare itself best to combat all the existing challenges to contribute to unpko and uphold its prevailing status as a peace-loving nation. bangladesh must ensure bold diplomacy in the un to have more peacekeepers in upcoming un peacekeeping operations. conclusions in the wake of the second world war, the un was founded as a successor of the league of nations to restore peace and dignity worldwide. within a very short period, the un gained trust for its extraordinary contribution to cultivating peace and prosperity. a gradual increase of expectations headed for the un resulted in most member states wanting the un to maintain greater accountability in its activities and prioritize its principles, which is a crying need for the unrest world. currently, the number of peacekeepers in 16 missions worldwide holds around 125,000 troops. these figures need to be chowdhury, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 15-23 23 increased, and the number of missions needs to be increased. among the un member states, bangladesh has regained the top position among troop senders in un peacekeeping (unpkos). bangladesh as a top contributor is not only upholding global peace and security. instead, it is also a source of our national image, credibility and reputation. bangladesh has a rich history of unpkos participating in 54 missions in 40 countries. more than six thousand personnel are working in 11 missions in 5 countries. by participating and gaining first-hand experiences, bangladesh also benefits in military, economic, industrial and regional security. in addition, peacekeepers are contributing to our soft power and diplomacy. congo and sierra leone are examples of such claims. with long-term planning on peacekeeping, bangladesh would easily overcome the challenges and make the best out of the possible opportunities. lastly, powerful nations must function above their selfinterests to ensure that the un's purpose is effectively rendered. the purpose of establishing the un will reach its goal if bangladesh clearly states flourishing cooperation, strengthening security and accelerating development. beyond discussing the success or failure of either criticism, we all realize that there is no alternative to the un, and the contribution of bangladesh to peacekeeping is playing a pivotal role in making the un a beacon of peace. author contributions: conceptualization, m.u.c.; methodology, m.u.c.; software, n/a; validation, n/a.; formal analysis, m.u.c.; investigation, m.u.c.; resources, m.u.c.; data curation, n/a.; writing – original draft preparation, m.u.c.; writing – review & editing, m.u.c.; visualization, m.u.c.; supervision, m.u.c.; project administration, m.u.c.; funding acquisition, m.u.c. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgements: the authors want to thank all the respondents for the study. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references armed forces division. (2022). completed peacekeeping missions around the world, international day of united nations peacekeepers journal. 8(8), v. armed forces division. (2021). completed peacekeeping missions around the world. united nations peacekeepers journal. 7(7). vii. armed forces division (afd). (2022). sacrifice made by bangladeshi peacekeepers. retrieved from https://afd.gov.bd/unpeacekeeping/sacrifices-made-by-bangladesh biswas, n. r. (2022). bangladesh in the united nations peace operations: maintaining sustained engagement within the spacce of constestation. the journal of bangladesh and global affairs, 1(1), 77-90. government of bangladesh. (1972). constitution of the people’s republic of bangladesh, 4 november. retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b5684.html united nations (2018). the essential un. https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/books/9789213626993/read united nations (2022). 70 ways the un makes a difference. retrieved from https://www.un.org/un70/en/content/70ways/index.html united nations peacekeeping operations (unpko). (2022). united nations peacekeeping history. retrieved from https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/our-history united nations bangladesh. (2022). the united nations in bangladesh. retrieved from https://bangladesh.un.org/en/about/about-the-un publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2022 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://www/ https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/books/ https://www.un.org/un70/en https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/our-history https://bangladesh.un.org/en/about/about-the-un http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 1-9 1 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 2 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa bankers’ perspective on social media banking: a study with special reference to select indian banks mani ramasamy (a) janakiraman subbiah (b) dhrubajyoti bordoloi (c) perumalraja ramalingam (d)1 (a) assistant professor, department of management, nagaland university, india; e-mail: rmanigceb@gmail.com (b) professor, department of banking technology, pondicherry university, india; e-mail: jana3376@yahoo.co.in (c) assistant professor, department of management, nagaland university, india; e-mail: dhruba42@nagalanduniversity.ac.in (d) assistant professor, department of commerce, nagaland university, india; e-mail: perumalrajares@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 4th april 2024 reviewed & revised: 4th april to 4th june 2024 accepted: 5th june 2024 published: 10th june 2024 keywords: bankers perception, indian commercial banks, ict, social media and social media banking. jel classification codes: m150, g21, l86, o360 peer-review model: external peer-review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t social media banking (smb) is an electronic banking channel enabling users to perform their banking services and operations through social media. most indian banks use social media for advertisement, customer relations, and marketing communications of products and services, but only a few banks offer services related to social media banking. the main aim of this paper is to study the bankers' perspective on social media banking services provided by banks in india and the effect of demographic profiles. primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire to achieve the above goal. the study considered selective public and private sector banks, and the significant variables were social media adoption in banks, benefits, and challenges of smb. the researcher adopted a simple random sampling method to collect the data from 402 bank bankers who offer social media banking-related services to their customers, and the statistical tools used to attain the objectives of this study are the independent sample t-test and anova test. the study results from banking professionals whose banks offered smb services showed a significant effect of demographic variables on social media adoption in banks and the benefits and challenges of smb. the study's findings provide regulators and banks with insight into the benefits and challenges of social media banking, enabling them to implement a generalized framework and guidelines on social media banking. the researcher suggests to the banks that the benefits and challenges of social media banking pave the way to developing efficient and flawless models for their customers. at last, the study encourages customers to move towards social media for their relationship with banks and real-time grievance redressal. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction information and communication technology (ict) services such as the world wide web, wireless communications, the internet and social media have changed every business tremendously since the twentieth century. on the customer side, ict enabled services to transform their behaviour and afford numerous benefits. customers benefit through online purchases in which they can save their time and money (hossain & alam, 2022). then, the enormous growth of social media usage and the relevant social media tools paved the way for various business organizations to make their business outreach an effective strategic model (saleem et al., 2023). compared to traditional banking services, present-day banking, i.e., core banking solutions, is engulfed with multistage transformations that have evolved from paper-based to paperless transactions, especially with ict-backed banking transactions. globalization paved the way for the emergence of foreign banks with attractive products and services; these compelled indian banks to move from traditional to ict-based transactions. incorporating new models has become inevitable for every entity to sustain and compete in the contemporary, competitive, and well-developed technology-based industry. the adoption of online banking gained momentum during the covid 19 for performing routine banking functions and effective communication channels between customers and banking personnel (khan et al., 2021; sreejesh et al., 2020). the advancement of ict has stuck every industry worldwide in adopting new, modern, and updated business models to identify and satisfy customer needs through innovations. the banking industry is no exception to this transformation. this transformation moved the indian banking industry towards developing more 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-7190-6382 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i2.2210 to cite this article: ramasamy, m., subbiah, j., bordoloi, d., & ramalingam, p. (2024). bankers’ perspective on social media banking: a study with special reference to select indian banks. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i2.2210 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0638-6146 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i2.2210 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1818-7267 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4354-3331 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7190-6382 ramasamy et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 1-9 2 innovative products and services that align with ict for their customers. social media, an essential element of ict, plays a vital role in this tremendous technology transformation in the indian banking sector. most indian banks use social media for advertisement, customer relations, and marketing communications, such as products and services, but only a few banks offer services related to social media banking. social media banking (smb) is an electronic banking channel enabling users to perform their banking services and operations through social media. some of the smb services availed in indian commercial banks include view balance, mini-statement, monthly spend, block atm debit card, fund transfer and p2p money transfer, etc; social media has been a great influencer on the purchase process is deep-rooted in the recent past (jin & muqaddam, 2019; masuda et al., 2022). though numerous technological advancements have happened in the indian banking sector, customer relations and successful implementation of such advancements are possible only with the help of bank personnel, especially the managers, officers and clerks. bank personnel are fiduciary in customer relations, dispute redressal feedback systems, etc. thus, the success of technological advancements and advocacy to the respective stakeholders are measured through the banker's perspective. here, the study conceded to using social media adoption in banks for various reasons. the benefits and challenges of social media banking are vital variables that measure the banker's perspective on social media banking services from sbi, icici, hdfc, and indusind banks. the internet, mobile, and social media are booming and have become essential to people's lives and businesses' ability to sustain themselves in a dynamic environment. a significant impact of the banking business persists in individual life and country development. according to the statistics from digital 2022: global overview report, the mobile phone, internet and social media users are 67 (5.31 bn), 63 (4.95 bn) and 58 (4.62 bn) per cent among the world's total population 7.91 billion (kemp, 2022). thus, the social media population is more than any country in the world and provides a practical business environment, which furnishes motivational thought to the researcher to research social media banking services. the study aims to determine the reasons for social media adoption in banks from a banker's perspective. another aim is to analyze the benefits and challenges of smb services from a banker's perspective. the final objective is to assess the effect of demographic variables on social media adoption in banks and the benefits and challenges of social media banking. the remaining paper structure includes section 2, which reviews the existing literature on social media banking. section 3 details the study's methodology. results and discussions are presented in section 4 and the study's conclusion is provided in section 5. literature review the conceptual framework, along with the existing research work done in social media as a tool for communication and social media banking, is elaborated in this section. danaiata et al. (2014) brought out the managerial view of the usage of social media in the mexican banking industry regarding bank presence, barriers and challenges, and purposes and benefits of social media in banks. the study found that mexican banks have a strong presence (90%) in social media, but only 50 to 60 per cent of mexican banks face barriers and challenges in social media. also, banks are using intensively social media for many purposes like brand strengthening, information distribution, etc., and they benefit from social media through bank recognition and reputation. n. sharma et al. (2023) investigated the influence of social media in selecting tourist destinations. adopting purposive sampling of 340 visitors at chandigarh, mohali, panchkula and delhi, the author found that factors like performance expectancy, perceived risk and trust, social influence, etc., are considered by the tourists to depend on social media in selecting the destinations. s. sharma (2023) studied the impact of the expansion of e-banking services on financial performance measures using a panel data analysis. the author found mixed results of effects from the study, and the author highlights that there is a change in consumer behaviour towards e-banking service adoption in a better way. agnihotri et al. (2022) explore the bank industry's complaints management during the pandemic using social media platforms. to conduct the study, 309 samples were collected using convenient and random sampling techniques. based on the findings, the authors conclude that adopting better compliance handling will decrease customer retaliation and negative ewom. m. sharma et al. (2022) went through the sem and neural network model to analyze the impact of social media on the adoption of m-banking by young consumers. the study reveals that social media enormously affects consumers' adoption of m-banking. fatma et al. (2020) investigate the importance of social media for spreading banking companies' csr engagement to their customers. to fulfil the objectives, the authors collected primary data with a sample size 239. using the sem model, the study finds that disseminating csr information on social media significantly impacts consumers' ewom. kuchciak and wiktorowicz (2021) examine the banks' utilization of various social media platforms to provide financial education. the empirical study used the banks' data collected during the study period. with the help of descriptive and cluster analysis, the study concludes that educational information provided by banks varied from channel to channel, and there was a significant discrepancy in content provided by the cooperative and commercial banks. charoensukmongkol and sasatanun (2017) explored the influence of social media on business performance. they found that companies adopting social media for building customer relationship management (crm) can have enhanced satisfaction with their business performance compared to other business performance. the authors additionally recorded a positive association between improved crm and corporation sales. the study suggested that entrepreneurs who lack the social skills to interact with customers and buyers can use social media marketing, enabling them to compensate for their weaknesses. yadav (2017) evaluated the benefits of adopting social media for promotional activity. the author distinguished that technology should be viewed as linking individuals instead of customers. the data were analyzed by using appropriate tools. ramasamy et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 1-9 3 it was found that the benefits of social media promotion help communicate with customers without having any intermediaries. social media is also linked to the customer feedback system and improved banking performance. as a result of the growing quality of social media, nearly 70% of businesses across the globe exhibit social media participation. hence, adopting social media in banking operations enhances banks' performance. jindal (2016) explored the meaning and concept of e-banking and its types, functions, advantages and challenges. from the analysis, the author observed that customers should get all the services anywhere, anytime, without any confinement from banks or bankers. even though banks are facing many challenges concerning the implementation of ebanking services, they have to remember that the future of banking in india will be with e-banking. successful e-banking implementation can help banks maximize profits and build an attractive customer base. so, e-banking has become essential to banking services and cannot be avoided. the bank, which adopts new technologies and manages customer necessities, can only survive in the future because young generations have opined that there are more conveniences and benefits of ebanking. jussila et al. (2014) evaluated the relationship between social media and its impact on business-to-business relationships. this study aimed to identify the opportunities for adopting social media to build business-business relationships. this survey-based study was conducted among companies across many industries. many gaps between the potential of social media and its usage by b2b marketers were identified as effective ways to build and maintain these. the author suggested that companies exploit the benefits of social media to the fullest. further, the study uncovered a motivating finding that social media usage was similar between firms despite their size and turnover. the author has studied the extent to which financial institutions have used social media in the indian context. the study results revealed that banks use social media to explore new markets, develop new ideas, connect with customers, sell products and have effective customer relationship management (crm). in the case of non-banking financial companies (nbfcs), social media would be most helpful in collecting customers' demographic data, selling products to the customers, and crm through customer reviews and feedback (bawre & kar, 2019). successful social media strategies pave the way for improved customer engagement, brand awareness and sentiment, and customer interactions and loyalty (angelini et al., 2017). mutero winfred njeri has examined the effect of social media engagement on the financial performance of kenyan commercial banks in terms of revenue growth, loan portfolio, and customer acquisition costs of sample banks taken for the study. the results found positive effects on bank financial performance by having more revenue, increased loan portfolio and less customer acquisition costs since social media interaction on banks with customers was established (mutero, 2014). swami et al. (2018) investigated the facebook adoption rate in indian banks by considering explanatory variables such as return on assets (roa) or equity (roe), bank ownership and non-interest income. they concluded that banks with more non-interest income and roa have a higher rate of adaptability concerning technological innovations and facebook adoption than other banks. the variable, like the number of atms, has more influence on facebook adoption than the number of bank branches. the results also reveal that the adoption of facebook has not occurred in banks with more npa. edirisuriya and o’brien (2001) studied the introduction of new low-cost, multipurpose products like internet/commercial banking, which improves the large economies of scope among australian banks. another study (assensoh-kodua, 2016) assessed customer acceptance and continuance intention of using social media as one of the mediums for banking transactions in south africa. results revealed that social norms, perceived trust, and user satisfaction are the factors most influencing the adoption of social media-based banking transactions. bohlin et al. (2018) conducted a study among 100 leading global banks regarding social network banking based on consumer retail banking services such as customer engagement, marketing, information, customer support, and sales. the study result revealed that banks are now providing non-cash-based services to customers through social media, and banks will require the payment services directive from the european commission to provide cash-based transactional and nontransactional services through social media. parusheva (2019) studied social media banking usage from banks' perspectives to find the concept of social media banking, the penetration of bulgarian customers on social media, and the intensity of the top ten bulgarian banks' presence on facebook. the results revealed that customers are more penetrated by the facebook platform, most of the banks are more intense on facebook, and the concept of social media banking, as defined by the author, is the intersection of electronic banking channels and social media. customers' attitudes towards social media banking among postgraduate students of the university of southampton, uk, found that relative advantage, compatibility, and trial ability among the five attributes of rogers diffusion of innovation theory had a significant association with customers' attitudes. relative advantage was more prevalent among customers than other attributes (majekodunmi & harris, 2016). from the literature, studies related to social media in various fields are available worldwide, especially from foreign countries. most studies on social media in banks focus on multiple purposes, such as marketing, advertising, communication, sales, etc. still, very few studies are available regarding banking transactions (both financial and nonfinancial) through social media platforms, i.e., social media banking, from foreign countries. hence, this study attempted to analyze the banker's perspective on social media banking services of indian commercial banks that provide smb services to their customers. ramasamy et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 1-9 4 the following are the hypotheses that this study takes into account. h1: there is no influence of the demographic profile (gender, educational background, and bank category) of the bankers on the reasons for social media adoption. h2: there is no influence of the demographic profile (age, educational qualification, designation, and bank category) of the bankers on the reasons for social media adoption. h3: there is no influence of the demographic profile (gender, educational background and bank category) of the bankers on the benefits of smb h4: there is no influence of the demographic profile (gender, educational background and bank category) of the bankers on the challenges of smb h5: there is no influence of the demographic profile (age, educational qualification, designation and experience) of the bankers on the benefits of smb h6: there is no influence of the demographic profile (age, educational qualification, designation and experience) of the bankers on the challenges of smb conceptual framework figure 1. the conceptual framework for bankers' demographic profiles influences the reasons for social media adoption. figure 2. the conceptual framework for bankers' demographic profile effect on benefits and challenges of socia media banking. materials and methods this piece of work adopts primary data methodology collected through a survey. based on the existing literature, a structured questionnaire was constructed and tested with a pilot study of 50 respondents. the questionnaire was tested with the help of a reliability test. the cronbach alpha showed 0.92, indicating a high reliability level persists among the respondents. with the help of the pilot study, a few variables were reconsidered, and the final questionnaire comprises the following variables: social media adoption in banks, benefits of social media banking and challenges of social media banking. for the variable social media adoption in banks, we have considered nine reasons regarding different usages of social media in banks. then, the other two variables relating to social media banking services were considered, i.e., the benefits and challenges of social media banking. concerning the benefits of social media banking, the researcher has considered and compiled eleven benefits from bankers' perspective. finally, the variable challenges of social media banking were considered, and ten varieties of challenges were compiled for further analysis from bankers' perspectives. the final questionnaire was circulated among the employees of banks that provide social media banking services. the study has considered sbi, icici, hdfc, indusind bank, axis bank of tamilnadu and puducherry. the researcher has adopted a simple random sampling method to collect data from bank employees. the data was collected through google forms, and printed questionnaires were circulated to all the bank employees. the researcher contacted the bank employees through their known contacts and contacts of contacts. the bank employees were requested to share the questionnaire with all bank employees. altogether, the researcher received back 523 filled-in questionnaires. the researchers discarded 121 partially filled questionnaires, and the 402 questionnaires were finally selected for the study. therefore, the sample size of the study was 402. statistical tools used to attain the objectives of this study are the independent t-test and anova test (malkawi et al., 2016). demographic profile social media adoption in banks customer relationship brand strengthening reduce advertisement exp. demographic profile social media banking benefits challenges ramasamy et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 1-9 5 variables the variables considered include the demographic profile of the bankers, social media adoption in banks, benefits of social media banking adoption and challenges in social media banking services. the demographic profile of the bankers comprises gender, educational background, bank category, age, education qualification, designation and experience in banking. results and discussions effect of demographic variables on social media adoption in banks before analyzing the benefits and challenges of social media banking services, the adoption of social media in banks has been assessed to find out how the banks use social media for various activities such as customer relationships, advertising, sales, etc., the variable, adoption of social media in banks provides various social media usage in banks by analyzing the nine reasons related to usage listed in the questionnaire. the top three reasons for social media adoption are analyzed to determine the effect of bankers' demographic profiles on social media adoption in banks. independent t-tests and anova were used for analysis. the top three reasons for social media adoption are,  improve customer relationships with new and existing customers (mean score:3.20)  brand strengthening (mean score:3.37)  reduce advertisement expenses on banking products and services (mean score:3.17) table 1. influence of demographic profile (gender, educational background and bank category) of bankers on reasons for social media adoption reasons for social media adoption in banks gender educational background bank category mean t value mean t value mean t value customer relationship 3.44 (m) 4.71*** 3.54 (it) 4.99*** 3.43 (private) 3.52*** 2.82 (f) 2.90 (non-it) 2.98 (public) brand strengthening 3.40 (m) 0.72 3.59 (it) 5.33*** 3.50 (private) 3.16*** 3.34 (f) 3.19 (non-it) 3.26 (public) reduce advertisement expenses 3.23 (m) 1.49 3.54 (it) 7.35*** 3.42 (private) 5.07*** 3.08 (f) 2.85 (non-it) 2.93 (public) ***** sig at 5% and 1% respectively source: author’s own estimation the independent t-test has been carried out to find the effect of demographic profile variables (gender, educational background, and bank category) of the bankers and reasons for social media adoption represented in table 1. from the above results, it is inferred that gender only influences improving the customer relationship with new and existing customers (i.e., the null hypothesis is rejected at the 1% level). the null hypothesis (h1) is accepted for the remaining two constructs, i.e., brand strengthening and reduced advertisement expenses. the mean score for males is higher than for females, so male bankers are likelier to improve customer relationships with new and existing customers through social media than female bankers. regarding educational background, bankers with an it educational background influence all three constructs of social media adoption. so, the null hypothesis (h1) about educational background is not accepted. bankers with an it educational background are more likely to use social media in banks for various purposes than non-it bankers. the bank category also influences selected constructs of social media adoption. private-sector bankers tend more towards social media adoption than public-sector bankers. so, the null hypothesis (h1) is rejected for the bank category about all three constructs of social media adoption. the prevailing competition in the banking sector could have motivated private-sector banks to concentrate on customer satisfaction. table 2. influence of demographic profile (age, educational qualification, designation and bank category) of bankers on reasons for social media adoption variables age educational qualification designation experience mean f value mean f value mean f value mean f value customer relationship 3.68 (below 25) 25.19*** 2.62 (graduation) 17.45*** 3.16 (clerk) 8.74*** 3.74 (>5 yr) 29.84*** 3.55 (25 to 35) 2.36 (36 to 45) 3.45 (p.g) 3.54 (officer) 3.12 (6 to 10 yr) 2.00 (46 to 55) 2.43 (11 to 15 yr) 1.50 (above 55) 2.75 (others) 2.96 (manager) 2.29 (<15 yr) brand strengthening 3.47 (below 25) 13.44*** 3.16 (graduation) 5.39*** 3.48 (clerk) 6.91*** 3.43 (>5 yr) 16.74*** 3.54 (25 to 35) 3.11 3.45 (p.g) 3.65 ramasamy et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 1-9 6 (36 to 45) 3.53 (officer) (6 to 10 yr) 2.50 (46 to 55) 2.96 (11 to 15 yr) 2.50 (above 55) 3.40 (others) 3.24 (manager) 2.96 (<15 yr) reduce advertisement expenses 3.21 (below 25) 26.99*** 2.88 (graduation) 6.54*** 3.52 (clerk) 4.55*** 3.39 (>5 yr) 18.22*** 3.42 (25 to 35) 2.89 (36 to 45) 3.26 (p.g) 3.21 (officer) 3.32 (6 to 10 yr) 1.38 (46 to 55) 2.91 (11 to 15 yr) 1.50 (above 55) 3.50 (others) 3.06 (manager) 2.39 (<15 yr) ***** sig at 5% and 1% respectively source: author’s own estimation table 2 shows that the anova test was carried out for demographic variables with more than two attributes in relation to constructs of social media adoption. the test result reveals that age influences all three constructs of social media adoption. so, the null hypothesis (h2) was rejected for age with three select constructs of social media adoption. the mean scores of the younger age categories, such as those below 25 and 25 to 35, are more than the other three age categories. then, bankers with educational qualifications other than graduation, such as both p.g. and others (professional courses like ca, icwa, and cs), have higher mean scores, indicating that higher educational qualifications influence social media adoption more. so, the null hypothesis (h2) can be rejected for all three constructs of social media adoption with the educational qualifications of bankers. the result of bankers' designation shows that clerks and officers have more mean value than managers for all the selected social media adoption constructs, representing that clerks and officers feel that their banks use more social mediarelated activities than managers. so, the null hypothesis is rejected for designation with usages of social media adoption. the experience of bankers with the constructs of social media adoption has resulted in significant influence. so, the null hypothesis (h2) cannot be accepted. the more experienced bankers have lower mean scores, which reveals that, compared to bankers with more experience, lower experienced bankers feel that their banks are using social media for various experiences. benefits and challenges of social media banking (smb) here, all the benefits and challenges of smb have been consolidated and further analyzed, including the benefits and challenges of smb among public and private sector bankers. table 3 calculates the benefits based on the cutoff mean value of 33 (since the benefit has 11 elements) for each respondent. the less benefit has a mean value of less than 33, whereas the more benefit has a mean value of greater than or equal to 33. so, the results in table 3 explain that 91 and 92 percent of bankers from public and private sector banks, respectively, get more benefits through social media banking services. thus, irrespective of banks, all are getting more benefits from smb services. table 3. benefits of social media banking public sector banks private sector banks frequency percentage frequency percentage less benefit 18 8.9 16 8 more benefit 184 91.1 184 92 total 202 100 200 100 source: author’s own estimation concerning the challenges of social media banking, the cutoff mean value is set by 30 (since the challenge has 10 elements) for each respondent. here, the less challenge has a mean value of less than 30, whereas the more challenge has a mean value of greater than or equal to 30. so, the results from table 4 depict that 100 percent of public and private sector bankers face some challenges through social media banking services. table 4. challenges of social media banking public sector banks private sector banks frequency percentage frequency percentage less challenge 0 0 0 0 more challenge 202 100 200 100 total 202 100 200 100 source: author’s own estimation ramasamy et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 1-9 7 since both public and private sector bankers (respondents) feel that social media banking services provide benefits and challenges, the researcher employed further analysis to assess the effect of demographic variables on the benefits and challenges of social media banking. effect of demographic variables on benefits and challenges of socia media banking table 5. influence of demographic profile (gender, educational background and bank category) of bankers on benefits and challenges of social media banking (smb) variables gender educational background bank category mean t value mean t value mean t value benefits 41.53 (m) 3.25*** 41.72 (it) 2.98*** 40.78 (private) 0.15 39.42 (f) 39.84 (non-it) 40.68 (public) challenges 38.76 (m) -2.01** 38.51 (it) -2.54** 38.51 (private) -2.65*** 39.69 (f) 39.65 (non-it) 39.70 (public) ***** sig at 5% and 1% respectively source: author’s own estimation the independent t-test for gender with smb benefits was carried out in table 5, and the results show a difference between males and females. so, the null hypothesis (h3) can be rejected for gender and smb benefits. the value of the mean scores of genders implies that male bankers feel more benefits are derived from smb than female bankers. the educational backgrounds of the bankers differ significantly between it and non-it with benefits of smb. bankers with it educational backgrounds feel that smb offers more benefits than non-it bankers. so, the null hypothesis (h3) is rejected for the educational background with benefits of smb. the bank category does not significantly influence the benefits of smbs, which are similar in both private and public sector bankers. so, the null hypothesis (h3) is accepted for the bank category with the benefits of smbs. regarding smb bankers' challenges, female bankers feel more challenged than male bankers. there is also a significant difference between males and females. so, the null hypothesis (h4) is rejected for gender and challenges of smb. suppose you consider the challenges of smb and the educational background of the bankers. in that case, the bankers with non-it educational backgrounds feel that smb have more challenges (mean scores) than the ones with it educational backgrounds bankers. so, accept the alternative hypothesis for the educational background and challenges of smb. the bank category also influences the challenges of smbs. private sector bankers feel that smbs have fewer challenges than public sector bankers. so, the null hypothesis (h4) can be rejected for the bank category with the challenges of smbs. indian private sector banks are adopting more it and social media-related services than public sector banks in their banking activities. table 6. influence of demographic profile (age, educational qualification, designation and experience) of bankers on benefits and challenges of social media banking variables age educational qualification designation experience mean f value mean f value mean f value mean f value benefits 40.31 (below 25) 6.92*** 39.99 (graduation) 1.11 39.84 (clerk) 2.56 41.90 (>5 yr) 7.37*** 41.89 (25 to 35) 41.04 (6 to 10 yr) 38.69 (36 to 45) 40.92 (p.g) 41.64 (officer) 36.81 (46 to 55) 38.39 (11 to 15 yr) 36.25 (above 55) 41.85 (others) 40.28 (manager) 38.25 (<15 yr) challenges 40.10 (below 25) 4.07*** 39.36 (graduation) 2.40 40.19 (clerk) 6.40 *** 38.26 (>5 yr) 5.41*** 38.42 (25 to 35) 40.31 (36 to 45) 38.85 ( p.g) 38.60 (officer) 39.29 (6 to 10 yr) 39.75 (46 to 55) 39.89 (11 to 15 yr) 41.75 (above 55) 40.90 (others) 39.89 (manager) 40.82 (<15 yr) ***** sig at 5% and 1% respectively source: author’s own estimation table 6 shows the anova test result for the demographic profile of the bankers and the benefits of smb. from the above result for the variable, age with benefits of smb, it is revealed that there is a significant influence between the age of the bankers and the benefits of smb. so, the null hypothesis (h5) is rejected for the age and benefits of smb. the mean scores of the younger age categories, such as those below 25 and 25 to 35, are more than the other three age group categories. the banker's educational qualification does not influence the benefits of smb. so, the null hypothesis (h5) is accepted for the benefits of smb with the educational qualification of the bankers. then, the banker's designation also does not influence the benefits of smb. so, the null hypothesis (h5) cannot be rejected for the benefits of smb with the designation of the bankers. ramasamy et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 1-9 8 the experience of bankers with the benefits of smb has had significant results. so, the null hypothesis (h5) is rejected. bankers with more experience have lower mean scores, which reveals that less experienced bankers feel there are more benefits of smb than bankers with higher experience. age influences the challenges of smb. so, the null hypothesis (h6) is rejected for age with challenges of smb. the mean scores of 25 to 35 are more than the other four age group categories. this difference is because of bankers with new entry into the bank and more than 35-year-old bankers. bankers with educational qualifications do not influence the challenges of smb. so, the null hypothesis (h6) is accepted for the challenges of smb with the educational qualification of the bankers. then, the designation of bankers influences the challenges faced by smb. so, the null hypothesis (h6) is rejected for the challenges of smb with the designation of the bankers. officer cadre bankers feel there are fewer challenges in smb than clerks and managers. the bankers' experience with smb challenges is significantly influential. so, the null hypothesis (h6) is rejected. bankers with more experience have higher mean scores, which reveals that less experienced bankers feel that smb's challenges are less than experienced bankers. conclusions adopting ict-enabled services has become the need of the hour for all industries, and the banking industry is no exception. in line with this, banks are focusing more on social media banking to sustain themselves in this competitive world and win over customers' confidence. the study concludes that the adoption of social media among indian commercial banks is nascent; the study found that banks are adopting social media for numerous reasons, including prioritizing customer relationships, brand strengthening, and advertisement expense reduction. also, the bankers' perspectives on adopting smb revealed that the challenges of smb are more than the benefits. though the banks adopting smbs face challenges, the benefits of adopting smbs are multifold. this study is beneficial to the customers, banks and regulators to understand the perspectives on the benefits and challenges of smb. the study considered only indian commercial banks which are adopting smb. future studies can focus on incorporating foreign banks' adoption, benefits and challenges of smb and also a comparative study on the different platforms of smb, i.e., facebook, twitter, whatsapp, etc., concerning adoption, benefits and challenges of smb. this study furnishes the theoretical implications of introducing a new concept, social media banking, to research groups in india. the detailed benefits and challenges of social media banking support the literature regarding the concept of social media banking in india. in terms of practical implications, the study provides policy implications for regulators and banks to implement the generalized framework and guidelines on social media banking. author contributions: conceptualization, m.r. and j.s.; methodology, m.r.; software, m.r., j.s., d.b. and p.r.; validation, j.s. and d.b.; formal analysis, m.r., j.s., d.b. and p.r.; investigation, m.f.e.a.; resources, m.r. and j.s.; data curation, m.r., j.s., d.b. and p.r., writing – original draft preparation m.f.e.a.; writing – review & editing, m.r., j.s., d.b. and p.r.; visualization, m.r.; supervision, m.r.; project administration, m.f.e.a.; funding acquisition, m.r., j.s., d.b. and p.r. author has read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. due to restrictions, they are not publicly available. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references agnihotri, d., kulshreshtha, k., & tripathi, v. 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(2017). social media as a marketing tool: opportunities and challenges. indian journal of marketing, 47(3), 16– 28. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2017/v47/i3/111420 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 19-29 19 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 2 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa individual and contextual factors of malnutrition in moroccan children under five mustapha berrouyne (a) hinde hami (b)1 (a) phd student, faculty of sciences, ibn tofail university, kenitra, morocco; e-mail: mbmberrouyne@gmail.com (b) professor, faculty of sciences, ibn tofail university, kenitra, morocco; e-mail: hinde.hami@uit.ac.ma a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 15th april 2024 reviewed & revised: 16th april to 28th june 2024 accepted: 30th june 2024 published: 8th july 2024 keywords: undernutrition, overnutrition, determinants, children under five, multilevel modeling. jel classification codes: i14, i12 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t this study investigates the multifaceted determinants of malnutrition among moroccan children under five, focusing on individual, household, and community influences. utilizing data from the 2018 population and family health survey, the study analyzes 5,983 children aged 0–59 months. this study employs a multilevel modelling methodology to consider the data's hierarchical structure. the results reveal that 18% of moroccan children suffer from undernutrition, while 10% experience overnutrition. factors influencing malnutrition include child sex, age, birth weight, parental education, breastfeeding practices, household size, and poverty. male children and those with a low birth weight are also at increased risk, with ors of 1.49 and 1.93, respectively. parental education, especially maternal education, protects against undernutrition (or = 1.45). breastfeeding practices impact child nutrition, with children not breastfed having higher odds of undernutrition (or = 2.03). children from poorer households are more likely to suffer from undernutrition (or = 2.40). conversely, children from wealthier households are at a higher risk of overnutrition (or = 1.78). community-level factors, such as poverty and regional disparities, influence undernutrition outcomes, with notable differences in regions like beni mellal-khenifra (or = 6.15). children living in rural areas are more likely to experience undernutrition than their urban counterparts (or = 1.87). the findings of this study conclude that addressing child malnutrition in morocco requires multi-level interventions, focusing on parental education, breastfeeding promotion, support for low-birth-weight infants, and targeted strategies for socio-economic and geographic disparities. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction being interested in children's health also means being interested in the health of adults of the next generation, and the challenge is to lead these children to adult life in the best possible conditions. malnutrition, a critical public health issue, has devastating effects: it kills children, impedes their intellectual development, and causes significant economic losses (unicef, 2021). this phenomenon, manifesting as undernutrition and overnutrition, remains a critical public health challenge with important implications for child development and overall health. undernutrition can lead to severe health consequences, including stunted growth, weakened immunity, and cognitive impairments (unicef, 2023). overnutrition, often resulting from diets high in calories but low in nutritional value, contributes to childhood obesity and associated health issues such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (who, 2024). this dual burden of malnutrition presents a complex problem that hinders efforts to improve child health globally and a complex challenge that varies across different regions and socio-economic contexts (alaba et al., 2023; davis et al., 2020; menon & peñalvo, 2020). in 2011, researchers reported that chronic malnutrition stunted 18.1% of moroccan children under five, while acute malnutrition affected 9.3% (moroccan ministry of health, 2012). despite some progress in reducing stunting to 15.1% by 2018, the issue of overnutrition has escalated, with 10.8% of children under five classified as overweight (moroccan ministry of health, 2019). as the world progresses towards the 2030 sustainable development goals, the fight against child malnutrition remains a central challenge, demanding concerted action from governments and international organizations (heidkamp et al., 2021). this study aims to identify the multifaceted factors of undernutrition and overnutrition in moroccan children under five, focusing on individual and contextual influences. our analysis employs a multilevel modeling approach, which allows us to uncover the interconnections among children, their families, and communities through hierarchical data (andriani et al., 2023). this approach is critical because traditional logistic regression models, which frequently violate the assumption of data independence in hierarchical data, may yield biased estimates. the paper's outline is as follows: the literature review examines the various determinants of child malnutrition. 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-1803-0115 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i2.2221 to cite this article: berrouyne, m., & hami, h. (2024). individual and contextual factors of malnutrition in moroccan children under five. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(2), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i2.2221 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i2.2221 https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7290-3608 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1803-0115 berrouyne & hami, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 19-29 20 the materials and methods section details the data sources, population sample, and multilevel modeling techniques. the results section presents key findings from the multilevel analyses, highlighting factors associated with undernutrition and overnutrition. in the discussion section, this research is compared to previous works in the field. the last section provides a concise overview of the main arguments and suggests policies to help reduce child malnutrition in morocco. literature review we adopted a structured approach to gathering literature, using keywords such as "multi-level regression techniques," "malnutrition", "determinants or risk factors", and "child under five". we searched for relevant articles in electronic databases like scopus, google scholar, and pubmed via the "publish or perish" platform, employing boolean operators "and/or." across various studies, individual-level factors such as age, gender, birth characteristics, health conditions, breastfeeding practices, and maternal factors significantly influence child malnutrition. a child's age plays a crucial role, as stunting is more common in children older than 11 months, especially those between 12 and 24 months. additionally, the risk of undernutrition increases for children aged 12-36 months. conversely, children aged 2-3 years have a lower risk of obesity or overweight compared to those younger than two years, highlighting different vulnerabilities across age groups (adekanmbi et al., 2013; aman & kawo, 2020; amegbor et al., 2020; ayele et al., 2022; chikako et al., 2021; dabale & sharma, 2014). however, in some contexts, female children are more frequently malnourished due to gender inequalities, while other studies found no significant gender difference in malnutrition rates (adekanmbi et al., 2013; aman & kawo, 2020; amegbor et al., 2020; bhowmik & das, 2019). multiple births present higher malnutrition risks due to increased competition for nutrition among siblings, leading to a higher risk of being stunted and underweight compared to single births. this is due to higher demands on maternal resources, as well as lower individual care and nutrition (adekanmbi et al., 2013; aman & kawo, 2020; amegbor et al., 2020; asmare & agmas, 2022; tamir et al., 2022). birth order and birth interval are also significant determinants. a higher birth order and shorter birth intervals increase the risk of malnutrition. later-born children face higher malnutrition risks, potentially due to resource constraints, while shorter birth intervals can lead to maternal nutritional depletion, impacting the health of subsequent children (haile et al., 2016; muche & dewau, 2021; tamir et al., 2022). parental education and healthy practices are critical determinants of child nutrition. higher maternal education levels are consistently associated with lower rates of child stunting and underweight. mothers' levels of education positively impact maternal health, child nutrition, and access to healthcare. mother's proper health practices, such as health-seeking behaviors, antenatal care visits, vaccinations, breastfeeding, and maintaining a healthy bmi, significantly impact child nutrition. children of mothers with regular health check-ups and proper feeding practices are less likely to be malnourished. studies indicate that maternal and health-seeking behaviors reduce the likelihood of child malnutrition, while poor health practices exacerbate these risks. numerous studies (al-sadeeq et al., 2018; amegbor et al., 2020; aman & kawo, 2020; asmare & agmas, 2022; ayele et al., 2022; begashaw & moges, 2020; hanandita & tampubolon, 2015; rajaram et al., 2007; roobiati et al., 2019; tesfaw & dessie, 2022) emphasize these protective effects. paternal education contributes to better child nutritional outcomes, although its impact is generally less pronounced than maternal education. fathers with higher education levels are likely to support health and nutritional practices that benefit children (amegbor et al., 2020; haile et al., 2016). proper breastfeeding practices are essential for child nutrition. inconsistent or nonexistent breastfeeding increases the risk of stunting. researchers have linked the timely introduction of complementary foods to lower odds of malnutrition, underscoring the importance of early and appropriate nutritional interventions (begashaw & moges, 2020). furthermore, children of empowered mothers who make decisions about their health, purchases, and visits to health institutions are less likely to experience concurrent wasting and stunting. this empowerment positively impacts child nutrition, as these mothers are more likely to seek timely healthcare, adopt better nutritional practices, and overcome cultural barriers that might otherwise hinder their children's nutritional status. consequently, empowered mothers contribute significantly to reducing malnutrition among their children (roba & başdaş, 2023). household wealth, sanitation, water access, and area of residence are critical determinants of child nutrition. across various studies, children from poorer households have significantly higher odds of being malnourished compared to those from wealthier households. economic constraints in poorer households limit access to nutritious food and healthcare, exacerbating malnutrition risks. moreover, access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation is crucial for preventing malnutrition. poor sanitation and a lack of clean water led to higher rates of infections like diarrhoea, exacerbating nutritional deficiencies. furthermore, whether children live in urban or rural areas plays a role in determining nutritional outcomes. children residing in rural areas are more likely to be malnourished compared to those in urban areas. urban areas generally provide better infrastructure and services that support child nutrition. studies across various contexts emphasize the importance of these factors in reducing malnutrition and promoting better health outcomes (ayele et al., 2022; dabale & sharma, 2014; das & gulshan, 2017; aheto et al., 2015; kalinda et al., 2023; kumar et al., 2019; muche & dewau, 2021; mulyaningsih et al., 2021; kaid et al., 2022; sahiledengle et al., 2022; sk et al., 2021; smith & shively, 2019; yunus & rahman, 2019). community-level factors such as illiteracy rates, geographic and environmental conditions, religion, maternal employment, and poverty significantly influence child nutritional outcomes. poverty at the community level exacerbates malnutrition by limiting access to essential resources. effective interventions must consider these community-level factors (aman & kawo, 2020; amegbor et al., 2020; chikako et al., 2021; enbeyle et al., 2022; gebru et al., 2019; haile et al., 2016; aheto et al., 2015; kumar et al., 2019; roba & başdaş, 2023). the availability and quality of public health infrastructure, including healthcare facilities and services, are critical to addressing malnutrition. communities with robust berrouyne & hami, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 19-29 21 health infrastructure can better prevent and manage malnutrition (fotso, 2007). community-wide education programs on nutrition and health can significantly reduce malnutrition. educating whole communities can ensure widespread knowledge and improve practices across the board (sahiledengle et al., 2022). in summary, this literature review has analyzed the determinants of child malnutrition, highlighting its complexity and multifactorial nature, influenced by socio-economic, environmental, and cultural factors. this study aims to investigate the determinants of undernutrition and overnutrition among moroccan children under five, focusing on individual, household, and community influences using a multilevel modeling methodology. despite extensive research, unresolved issues remain, including contradictions about gender influence and maternal employment's impact on malnutrition. the role of cultural factors and the effectiveness of community-wide interventions also need further exploration. this study will address these gaps by analyzing multi-level factors contributing to child malnutrition in morocco and proposing strategies for reducing malnutrition rates. this research aims to bridge the gap in understanding how global determinants of malnutrition manifest in the moroccan context. based on the literature review, we propose nine hypotheses to investigate the multifaceted determinants of malnutrition among moroccan children under five. the following are the hypotheses that this study takes into account. hypothesis h1: child-specific factors, including being a twin, age, gender, birth sequence, and low birth weight, significantly influence the risk of malnutrition among children. hypothesis h2: lower levels of parental education and younger maternal age are associated with children's malnutrition rates (both undernutrition and overnutrition). hypothesis h3: maternal behaviors, such as place of delivery, previous breastfeeding practices, and the ability to provide quality nutrition, are crucial factors of malnutrition among children under five. hypothesis h4: the composition of the household family, whether nuclear or extended, significantly impacts the two phenomena. hypothesis h5: because of resource constraints, larger household sizes are associated with higher malnutrition rates among this population. hypothesis h6: according to the wealth quintile, household wealth is a strong indicator of undernourishment in children. hypothesis h7: communities with a higher proportion of poor households have higher rates of undernourishment in children due to limited access to healthcare and proper nutrition. hypothesis h8: the proportion of educated women in the community significantly influences malnutrition rates among children under five, with higher education levels within the community associated with lower malnutrition rates. hypothesis h9: urbanization is associated with a dual burden of malnutrition among children under five, with urban areas experiencing both undernutrition and overnutrition due to lifestyle and dietary shifts. materials and methods source of data we utilized data from the 2018 population and family health survey (pfhs) for this research. the survey collected detailed responses from 9,969 women aged 15 to 49 and interviewed 15,022 households. our study analyzes a subset of the data, encompassing 5,983 children aged 0 to 59 months. this sample includes 3,120 males and 2,863 females, offering a balanced gender perspective. we employ multilevel modeling techniques to dissect the complex interplay of determinants at three levels (individual, household, and community). multilevel modeling techniques are exceptionally well suited to our dataset's level composition. this structure embeds children in households, integrating them into broader community settings. outcome variables this study uses a dual-index approach to assess nutritional status, classifying children with a score of 1 for any form of malnutrition (stunting, underweight, wasting, overweight, or obesity) and 0 otherwise. we constructed these variables based on who standards (moroccan ministry of health, 2019; who, 2006). this dual-index approach, integrating all five components of malnutrition, offers a more precise evaluation of the nutritional challenges in the child population. in response to the complex nature of child malnutrition, we will construct two separate dependent variables. we derive the first variable, undernutrition, from its three key components and formulate the second variable, overnutrition, from its two distinct elements. utilizing this methodology enhances precision in evaluating the nutritional issues encountered by the child population (nandy & svedberg, 2012). explanatory variables building upon the literature review presented above, which explores a range of determinants from socio-economic to contextual factors, we develop a detailed understanding of the explanatory variables pertinent to child malnutrition in morocco. we will adopt the unicef conceptual framework, which classifies the factors affecting child malnutrition into three levels: individual, meso, and macro. "child characteristics" refers to a child's various attributes and conditions that may influence health outcomes. it considers the presence of twins in addition to commonly analyzed variables such as the child's age, gender, birth sequence, and weight at birth. parental characteristics refer to various attributes of the parents that can impact the health and nutrition of the child. these include parental education level and the mother's age. maternal behaviors are the mother's various actions and practices that can impact the child's health and nutrition. key variables include the place of delivery, previous breastfeeding practices, and the ability to provide quality nutrition to the child. at the meso level, we will consider household family composition, family size, and the well-being quintile. household family composition: this includes parents, siblings, grandparents, and other extended family members living within the household. berrouyne & hami, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 19-29 22 size of the household: this refers to the total number of household members. quintile of well-being: this refers to dividing the population into five equal parts based on economic status. we classify these values as "poor'' for the first and second quintiles, "middle" for the third quintile, and "rich" for the fourth and fifth quintiles. for the contextual level, we constructed two other variables besides the area and region of residence variables. thus, we have synthesised two variables by aggregating household characteristics at the cluster level, the primary unit of analysis in the 2018 pfhs. we divide the proportion of educated women in the community into low, high, and very high levels. finally, we consider the area of residence, differentiating between rural and urban modalities. statistical analysis this study employs multi-level modeling. given that the dependent variables are dichotomous and taking the data's hierarchical structure into account, there is a potential for correlation among observations at the same level. this correlation challenges the assumption of independence fundamental to most single-level analysis models (snijders & bosker, 1999). we estimated two models for each dependent variable to evaluate the impact of independent variables on children's malnutrition across the three analysis levels we considered. null model (m0): this model yields the intra-class correlation coefficient (icc) as a key statistic. a significant deviation of this coefficient from zero indicates the presence of multiple unseen factors associated with children in the same community or household, which are likely to impact the incidence of child malnutrition. the greater the variance, the more pronounced the difference between groups. we can express the null model as follows: 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒊𝒕(𝒀𝒊𝒋𝒌) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑷 ((𝒀𝒊𝒋𝒌 = 𝟏)/(𝟏 − 𝑷(𝒀𝒊𝒋𝒌 = 𝟏)) = 𝜷𝟎 + 𝒗𝒌 + 𝒖𝒋𝒌 + 𝒆𝒊𝒋𝒌 i stands for individual-level observations, j for household-level observations, and k for community-level observations. in this model, the symbol 𝑌𝑖𝑗𝑘 represents the undernutrition or overnutrition of the child on three levels. expression 𝑣𝑘 + 𝑢𝑗𝑘 + 𝑒𝑖𝑗𝑘 constitutes the random component of the model, and 𝛽0 represents its fixed part. here, 𝑣𝑘, 𝑢𝑗𝑘, and 𝑒𝑖𝑗𝑘 are unobserved random variables, each following a normal distribution with variances 𝜎𝑣 2, 𝜎𝑢 2, and ᴨ²/3, respectively, and mean 0. the full model (m1) incorporates all explanatory variables. the full model (m1) incorporates all explanatory variables. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒊𝒕(𝒀𝒊𝒋𝒌) = 𝜷𝟎 + 𝜷𝟏 𝒙𝒊𝒋𝒌 + 𝜷𝟐 𝒙𝒋𝒌 + 𝜷𝟑 𝒙𝒌 + 𝒗𝒌 + 𝒖𝒋𝒌 + 𝒆𝒊𝒋𝒌 we use stata, version 17 software, to analyze the data. results in 2018, 18.4% of moroccan children (0–59 months) suffered from undernutrition, which includes stunting, underweight, or wasting, as shown in table 1. additionally, 10.8% of children in this age group experienced overnutrition, which manifested as overweight or obesity. table 1. undernutrition and overnutrition status of children child victims of malnutrition undernutrition overnutrition yes 18.4 10.8 non 81.6 89.2 total 100.0 100.0 tables 2 and 3 comprehensively summarise the multi-level modeling results for undernutrition and overnutrition based on various explanatory variables. these tables present the odds ratios (or) for different factors across the two models (m0 and m1), highlighting how individual, household, and contextual factors affect children's nutrition. the empty model's findings (m0) highlight significant contributions across different levels of child undernutrition. with intra-class correlation coefficients at 56% for the meso level and 12% at the community level, it is evident that unobserved factors at both household and community levels drive disparities in undernutrition. on the other hand, when we look at overnutrition, we see that mesoand community-level factors (with intra-class correlation coefficients of 57% at the meso level and 7% at the community level) have a significant effect. this shows that we cannot see household and community factors influence these nutritional outcomes. table 2. null model results (m0) ***p-value < 0.001; ** p-value < 0.01; * p-value < 0.05 characteristics undernutrition overnutrition constant 0.08*** 0.04*** random effects community var(constant) 0.90*** 0.52*** community>hh var(constant) 3.32*** 3.90*** icc community 0.12*** 0.07*** icc hh> community 0.56*** 0.57*** χ² de wald 385*** 170*** berrouyne & hami, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 19-29 23 model 1 integrates individual, household, and contextual factors, offering a comprehensive perspective on the diverse influences on nutritional outcomes. the youngest children, particularly those under six months, show significantly higher odds of undernutrition (or = 2.32, p<0.001) and overnutrition (or = 6.80, p<0.001) compared to the reference group of 48–59 months. furthermore, the analysis for this complete model reveals a notable gender disparity, with male children facing higher odds of both undernutrition (or = 1.48, p<0.001) and overnutrition (or = 1.42, p<0.01). moreover, birth weight is another critical factor influencing undernutrition among children. the results indicate that children with a low birth weight have significantly higher odds of undernutrition (or = 1.93, p<0.01) than those with a high birth weight. this demonstrates that low birth weight is a substantial risk factor for undernutrition, highlighting the necessity for targeted nutritional support and monitoring for infants born with low or average birth weight to mitigate these risks. thus, the results partially verify hypothesis h1, which suggests that child-specific factors like being a twin, age, gender, birth sequence, and low birth weight significantly influence the likelihood of malnutrition among children under five. hypothesis h2, which links lower levels of parental education and younger maternal age to higher rates of malnutrition (both undernutrition and overnutrition) among children under five, only partially supports parental traits. it turns out that the level of parental education is the most critical factor, especially when both parents lack education, which has a significant effect on undernutrition (or = 1.45, p<0.01). this highlights the importance of educational interventions targeting parents to improve child nutrition and health knowledge and practices. maternal behaviors are also crucial determinants of malnutrition. we also partially confirm hypothesis h3 that maternal behaviors, including place of delivery, previous breastfeeding practices, and the ability to provide quality nutrition, are crucial determinants of malnutrition among children under five. model 4 sheds light on the importance of breastfeeding practices and the place of birth, which, while not significantly influential in the overnutrition model, show relevance to undernutrition outcomes. the meso-level analysis does not directly test hypothesis h4, that the type of family in a household, including whether the family is nuclear or extended, significantly affects the nutritional status of children under five, with extended families being better at helping with child nutrition. the analysis does not explicitly differentiate between nuclear and extended family impacts on child nutrition, focusing instead on household size and wealth. however, the model's result confirms hypothesis h5, that resource constraints associated with larger household sizes lead to higher malnutrition rates among children under five. the model brings to light the challenges faced by larger households. specifically, those with seven or more members are associated with an increased risk of undernutrition (or = 1.42, p<0.05), pointing towards the dilution of resources or inadequate food distribution within these families. this finding calls for policies that support families effectively managing their nutritional needs, regardless of size. furthermore, the wealth quintile confirms hypothesis h6, that household wealth significantly predicts child malnutrition, with children from poorer households more likely to suffer from malnutrition. the stark contrast in nutritional outcomes based on household wealth is evident, as children from poorer households exhibit significantly higher odds of undernutrition (or = 2.40, p<0.001). this correlation underscores the critical link between economic status and nutritional health, highlighting poverty as a root cause of nutritional disparities. the macro level confirms h7's hypothesis that communities with a higher proportion of poor households have higher rates of malnutrition among children under five due to limited access to healthcare and proper nutrition. additionally, the broader socio-economic environment, reflected in the community's poverty level, shows a pronounced impact on nutritional health, with communities experiencing higher rates of poverty associated with increased odds of undernutrition (or = 1.61, p<0.01). this analysis aspect further illustrates the complex interplay between socioeconomic factors and child nutrition. our findings do not support hypothesis h8, which posits that higher education levels within the community are associated with lower malnutrition rates. the focus is more on the immediate educational status of parents than the broader community. lastly, we partially confirm hypothesis h9 that urbanization is associated with a dual burden of malnutrition among children under five, with urban areas experiencing undernutrition and overnutrition due to lifestyle and dietary shifts. the influence of living in rural areas emerges as a significant factor, with children in these settings showing higher odds of undernutrition (or = 1.73, p<0.01). model 1 further emphasizes geographic disparities by shedding light on the significant regional variations affecting nutritional outcomes among moroccan children under five. notably, while beni mellal khenifra emerges as a region with a markedly higher risk of undernutrition (or = 6.15, p<0.001), it is not the only area facing such challenges. the results uncover similar disparities in other regions, indicating a broader pattern of regional influence on nutritional health. in short, the findings highlight the multifaceted nature of child malnutrition, which is influenced by the three-level factors. tackling these problems calls for focused, multi-level interventions considering parental education, child-specific characteristics, maternal behaviors, household composition, economic status, and geographic disparities. the insights from this analysis underscore the importance of comprehensive policies and programs that address these diverse determinants to improve child nutritional outcomes. table 3. multi-level undernutrition and overnutrition modeling results (m1) characteristics undernutrition overnutrition characteristics undernutrition overnutrition characteristics undernutrition overnutrition constant 0.006*** 0.02*** under 25 years 1.05 0.82 percentage of poor in the community individual factors 25-29 years 0.98 0.67 lowr 1.00 1.00 child age months 30-34 years 1.04 0.66. high 1.61** 1.16 48-59 monthsr 1.00 1.00 35-39 years 1.14 0.65** % of educated women in the community under 6 months 2.32*** 6.80*** place birth of a child very highr 1.00 1.00 berrouyne & hami, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 19-29 24 ***p-value < 0.001; ** p-value < 0.01; * p-value < 0.05. r reference category; icc: intraclass correlation coefficient. discussions this study used 2018 pfhs data to investigate the factors influencing under and over-nutrition among moroccan children under five. the multi-level analyses revealed that various factors determine these two phenomena at different levels of analysis. according to our results, undernutrition affects two out of eleven (18%) moroccan children under five, while overnutrition affects one out of ten (10%). the findings of this study underscore the multifaceted nature of malnutrition among moroccan children under five, influenced by individual, household, and community-level factors. our results reveal concordances and discordances with existing literature, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions. so, our study confirms children under six months' critical vulnerability to undernutrition and overnutrition, with odds ratios (or) of 2.25 and 6.49, respectively, compared to children aged 48-59 months. this aligns with previous research indicating that infancy is a high-risk period for malnutrition due to significant nutritional needs during early development (adekanmbi et al., 2013; aman & kawo, 2020; amegbor et al., 2020). however, our findings contradict some studies that suggest older children are more prone to certain forms of malnutrition (chikako et al., 2021). this discrepancy might be due to differences in feeding practices and healthcare access in different contexts. furthermore, our analysis indicates that male children are at higher risk for undernutrition (or = 1.49) and overnutrition (or = 1.42). this finding is consistent with studies highlighting gender-specific vulnerabilities yet contrasts with others that found no significant gender difference (bhowmik & das, 2019). this disparity suggests that cultural and biological factors influencing malnutrition vary significantly across countries. our results indicate that the rank of the child within the family is not an essential predictor of malnutrition, which contrasts with existing literature that suggests higher birth order is associated with increased risk of malnutrition due to resource dilution (haile et al., 2016; muche & dewau, 2021). this discrepancy might be due to variations in family dynamics, resource allocation, or cultural practices in morocco that mitigate the negative impacts of higher birth order. similarly, low birth weight emerges as a significant determinant of undernutrition (or = 1.93), corroborating studies associating low birth weight with poor prenatal nutrition and subsequent health complications (asmare & agmas, 2022; haile et al., 2016). however, our findings differ from some research that indicates multiple births as significant predictors of malnutrition (adekanmbi et al., 2013). in our study, twinning was not considered an important risk factor, 6-11 months 1.90** 5.06*** health institutionr 1.00 1.00 low 0.71 0.79 12-23 months 2.20*** 8.15*** home 1.01 0.98 high 0.89 1.03 24-35 months 2.70*** 4.02*** breastfeeding place of residence 36-47 months 1.63** 1.90** yesr 1.00 1.00 urbanr 1.00 1.00 sex of children no 1.35* 0.86 rural 1.73** 0.92 femaler 1.00 1.00 quality of food region of residence male 1.48*** 1.42** yesr 1.00 1.00 casablanca settatr 1.00 1.00 child rank no 1.04. 1.05. tanger tetouan al hoceima 1.51 1.11 4 or overr 1.00 1.00 household factors oriental 3.03*** 1.47 1 0.98 0.95 family composition of the household fes meknes 1.26 0.69 2-3 1.27 1.44 nuclearr 1.00 1.00 rabat sale kenitra 1.66 0.98 birth weight extended to ascendants 1.03 1.36 beni mellal khenifra 6.15*** 2.82*** highr 1.00 1.00 extended to siblings 1.19 1.47 marrakech safi 2.36*** 0.50** low 1.93** 0.63 extended to others 0.85 0.93 draa tafilalet 3.02*** 0.83 normal 1.46* 0.79 hh and children 0.44 0.80 souss massa 1.32 0.62 twin childr hh, children, and others 1.07 0.90 guelmim oued noun 4.67*** 1.15 nor 1.00 1.00 others 0.73 1.06 laayoune sakia el hamra 5.67*** 2.54* yes 1.13 0.42 household size ed dakhla oued ed dahab 3.93** 0.38 parents education level 2-4r 1.00 1.00 random effects parents with secondary or higher educationr 1.00 1.00 5-6 1.16 0.95 community var(constant) 0.35*** 0.43*** parents without education 1.45** 0.76 7 or over 1.42* 0.67. community>hh var(constant) 3.73*** 3.94*** parents with primary education 1.40** 1.18 household wealth quintile icc community 0.05*** 0.06 mother more educated than father 0.83 0.91 richr 1.00 1.00 icc hh> community 0.55*** 0.57 mother less educated than father 0.96 0.87 poor 1.46* 0.81 χ² de wald 269*** 150*** maternal age middle 1.40* 0.76 40 years or overr 1.00 1.00 contextual level factors berrouyne & hami, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 19-29 25 possibly reflecting differences in healthcare practices or support systems available to mothers of twins in morocco. in addition, parental education, particularly maternal education, is crucial in reducing malnutrition risks. our results show that children of uneducated parents are more likely to be undernourished (or = 1.45), aligning with numerous studies that demonstrate the protective effects of maternal education on child nutritional status (aheto & alangea, 2021; begashaw & moges, 2020; kumar et al., 2019). interestingly, our findings also highlight the significant impact of paternal education, albeit to a lesser degree, which diverges from the predominant focus on maternal education in many studies (bhusal, 2022; fotso, 2007). this suggests that in the moroccan context, both parents' educational levels should be considered in nutritional interventions. contrary to studies indicating that younger maternal age is associated with malnutrition rates (aheto & alangea, 2021; al-sadeeq et al., 2018), our results show that maternal age is not a significant predictor of overnutrition. this might suggest that other factors, such as socioeconomic status and maternal education, play a more crucial role in influencing overnutrition in moroccan children. our study did not find a significant link between where a child was born (at home vs. a healthcare facility) and malnutrition. this differs from previous research suggesting home births are more likely to lead to malnutrition because of limited access to immediate postnatal care and nutritional guidance (roba & başdaş, 2023; seboka et al., 2021). this discrepancy may be due to improvements in community healthcare support and nutritional education that mitigate the risks traditionally associated with home births in morocco. our analysis indicates that breastfeeding practices significantly impact child nutrition. previous breastfeeding practices show relevance to undernutrition, aligning with studies emphasizing the importance of proper breastfeeding in preventing malnutrition (begashaw & moges, 2020; enbeyle et al., 2022). however, our findings did not significantly impact overnutrition, suggesting that while breastfeeding is crucial for preventing undernutrition, overnutrition may require additional interventions focused on dietary quality and lifestyle. additionally, our study did not find a significant impact of food quality on malnutrition outcomes, contrasting with numerous studies emphasizing the importance of dietary quality in preventing undernutrition and overnutrition (adeyonu et al., 2022; smith & shively, 2019). this lack of significance might be due to the challenges in accurately assessing food quality or variations in dietary patterns and food availability in morocco. it suggests that other factors, such as food security and access to diverse foods, might be more critical in this context. furthermore, our study finds no significant impact of family composition on child nutrition, which is in discordance with existing literature. indeed, previous studies suggest that children living in extended families have better nutritional outcomes than those in nuclear families due to more robust social support systems and resource sharing (kalinda et al., 2023; titaley et al., 2019). however, our results did not show a significant difference, which might reflect unique cultural or socioeconomic dynamics in moroccan households that differ from other contexts. similarly, household size significantly impacts child nutrition, with larger households facing higher risks of undernutrition (or = 1.81 for households with seven or more members). this supports existing literature highlighting resource constraints in larger households (kalinda et al., 2023; titaley et al., 2019). however, our finding that larger households show a lower risk for overnutrition (or = 0.72) contrasts with some studies that did not find significant differences based on household size (roba & başdaş, 2023). this might indicate varying food distribution dynamics and dietary quality across different contexts. in line with these findings, our results reveal that household wealth significantly predicts child malnutrition. children from poorer households are more likely to suffer from undernutrition (or = 2.40), aligning with numerous studies that associate poverty with higher malnutrition rates (adekanmbi et al., 2013; aheto & alangea, 2021; al-sadeeq et al., 2018). conversely, children from wealthier households are more likely to be overnutrition, suggesting a dual burden of malnutrition influenced by economic status. this supports the notion that while poverty exacerbates undernutrition through limited access to nutritious food and healthcare, affluence might increase overnutrition risks due to higher consumption of calorie-dense, low-nutrient foods (smith & shively, 2019; yunus & rahman, 2019). our findings confirm the substantial influence of community-level factors on child nutrition. communities with higher poverty rates are associated with increased odds of undernutrition (or = 1.71), emphasizing the impact of socioeconomic status on nutritional health (adekanmbi et al., 2013; banu et al., 2023; aman & kawo, 2020; bhusal, 2022). contrary to several studies that emphasize the importance of community-wide education levels in reducing malnutrition rates (roba & başdaş, 2023), our findings do not support the hypothesis that higher community education levels are associated with lower malnutrition rates. instead, immediate parental education appears to be more influential. this discrepancy may indicate that local interventions focused on improving parental education could be more effective than broader community education initiatives. additionally, the higher risk of undernutrition in rural areas (or = 1.87) reflects geographical disparities in access to nutritional resources and healthcare, consistent with findings from other studies (ayele et al., 2022). moreover, while previous research underscores the significant impact of urbanization on malnutrition, leading to both undernutrition and overnutrition due to lifestyle and dietary shifts (smith & shively, 2019; yunus & rahman, 2019), our results show a more pronounced risk of undernutrition in rural areas. this suggests that rural-urban disparities in access to nutritional resources and healthcare are more critical determinants of undernutrition in morocco. our findings also indicate significant regional disparities in malnutrition outcomes among moroccan children, with regions such as beni mellal-khenifra showing notably higher risks of undernutrition (or = 6.15). this supports existing literature that emphasizes the impact of geographic and socioeconomic factors on child health (ayele et al., 2022). however, our results also reveal that certain regions do not follow this pattern, suggesting that local interventions and policies might differ in effectiveness. this regional variability highlights the need for region-specific strategies to address malnutrition effectively. berrouyne & hami, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 19-29 26 conclusions this study aimed to identify the multifaceted determinants of undernutrition and overnutrition in moroccan children under five, using data from the 2018 pfhs. the study used a multilevel modelling methodology to account for the data's hierarchical structure, which embeds children within households and communities. the multi-level analysis revealed that factors at all three levels of analysis contribute significantly to child malnutrition. specifically, child sex, age, birth weight, and parental education emerged as critical determinants. younger children, especially those under six months, are particularly vulnerable to undernutrition and overnutrition. male children and those with a low birth weight are also at increased risk. parental education, particularly maternal education, plays a protective role against undernutrition, while larger household sizes increase the risk of undernutrition but decrease the risk of overnutrition. community-level factors, such as poverty rates and rural residence, significantly influence undernutrition outcomes, with notable regional disparities, particularly in regions like beni mellal-khenifra. this study's unique contribution lies in its multi-level approach, which provides a nuanced understanding of how individual, household, and community factors influence child nutrition outcomes. unlike many previous studies, our analysis incorporates a comprehensive set of variables, offering a holistic view of the determinants of malnutrition in morocco. theoretically, this study advances the research on child malnutrition by highlighting the importance of considering multiple levels of influence. it supports the notion that addressing malnutrition requires interventions targeting individual behaviors, household dynamics, and community conditions. from a managerial perspective, the findings suggest that policies and programs to improve child nutrition should prioritize maternal education, support for larger households, and targeted regional interventions. enhancing community healthcare support, particularly in rural areas, and ensuring access to diverse and nutritious foods are critical to mitigating undernutrition and overnutrition. we must strengthen healthcare services, especially in underserved rural regions, to provide timely and adequate nutritional support. additionally, policies should promote food security and access to a balanced diet, particularly for poorer households. this study has several limitations. the cross-sectional design of the data makes it difficult to determine causation, and relying on self-reported data may lead to reporting biases. regional disparities in this study highlight the need for more localized research to understand specific regional dynamics better. future research should focus on longitudinal studies to establish causal relationships between the identified determinants and malnutrition outcomes. investigating the impact of particular interventions over time would provide valuable insights into their effectiveness. further research is necessary to investigate the mechanisms by which communitylevel factors impact malnutrition, especially in diverse regional contexts. addressing child malnutrition in morocco requires a multifaceted approach considering the factors at three levels. comprehensive policies and programs targeting these diverse determinants are essential for improving child nutritional outcomes and achieving sustainable health improvements for future generations. author contributions: conceptualization, m.b. and h.h.; methodology, m.b.; software, m.b.; validation, m.b., and h.h.; formal analysis, m.b. and h.h.; investigation, m.b. and h.h.; resources, m.b. and h.h.; data curation, m.b., writing – original draft preparation, m.b. and h.h.; writing – review & editing, m.b. and h.h.; visualization, m.b.; supervision, h.h.; project administration, m.b. and h.h.; funding acquisition, m.b. and h.h. author has read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. due to restrictions, they are not publicly available. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references alaba, o. a., chiwire, p., siya, a., saliu, o. a., nhakaniso, k., nzeribe, e., ... & lukwa, a. t. 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e-mail: thoratabhi782@gmail.com (b) research scholar, school of environment and earth sciences, kbcnmu jalgaon maharashtra, india; e-mail: rmingale01@gmail.com (c) research scholar, school of environment and earth sciences, kbcnmu jalgaon maharashtra, india; e-mail: raktevijay777@gmail.com (d) research scholar, school of environment and earth sciences, kbcnmu jalgaon maharashtra, india; e-mail: ketkisangle310@gmail.com (e) professor and director, school of environment and earth sciences, kbcnmu jalgaon maharashtra, india; e-mail: drst118@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 11th december 2023 reviewed & revised: 12th december 2023 to 9th march 2024 accepted: 10th march 2024 published: 16th march 2024 keywords: characteristics, solid waste dumping site, chhatrapati sambhaji nagar (aurangabad) jel classification codes: g32, f65, l66, l25, m41 peer-review model: external peer-review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t with rapid industrial development and the progress of civilization, the problem of increased waste generation has become more complex in urban areas. this research evaluates the composition and characteristics of municipal solid waste produced in a representative residential neighbourhood. ten samples were taken from the disposal site of the chhatrapati—sambhajinagar (aurangabad) city area. gathered from garbage, nine bacterial isolates were made using a nutrient agar medium. investigations were conducted into the best culture conditions, microbiological traits, biochemical traits within the strains, tolerance to five heavy metals (cadmium, zinc, arsenic, lead and mercury), sensitivity to four different antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, and gentamycin), and extracellular enzyme production of the microbial strains. all six strains that could produce protease were used for the waste degradation efficiency test. due to these findings, there is now a greater chance of identifying bacteria of scientific significance from municipal waste disposal sites, and these isolates may be a key source of compounds with practical applications in industry. based on the research, it is possible to extract beneficial bacteria for the environmentally friendly bioconversion of solid waste from the (chhatrapati. sambhajinagar (aurangabad) city area. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction solid waste is defined as waste type that includes principally household waste/domestic waste, with sometimes the addition of commercial waste collected by a municipality within a given area. they are generally in either solid or semisolid form. exclude industrial hazardous wastes. solid waste microflora is the collective name for microorganisms living in solid waste (swm). fungi and bacteria are the most prevalent organisms typically found in solid waste. the waste materials serve as a growth substrate for these microorganisms. they develop and increase this waste using the many solid waste elements. furthermore, it has been found that these organic wastes contain a wide range of harmful microbes. the study of microflora has yet to be conducted in this field. so, we are interested in investigating the bacteria present in solid wastes and their applications. since the beginning of humankind, waste has been generated in the form of bones and other parts of animals they slaughter for their food or the wood they cut to make their carts; with the progress of civilization, waste generation has become more complex. waste disposal threatens cooperation between man, animals and the soil. like chemical hazards, aetiologic agents might be dispersed in the environment through water and wind. poisonous plants, insects, animals and indigenous pathogens 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-2172-6030 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under the responsibility of cribfb, u.s.a. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i1.2196 to cite this article: thorat, a., ingale, r., rakte, v., sangle, k., & thorat, s. (2024). a study on efficient microorganisms isolated for degradation from municipal solid waste of chhatrapati sambhajinagar, maharashtra, india. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i1.2196 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5429-4970 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i1.2196 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2172-6030 https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4765-3571 https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9841-874x https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6499-4986 thorat et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 15-24 16 are biological hazards that might be encountered at the waste site (khupe, 1996; chetan et al., 2017). solid waste microflora is the collective name for microorganisms living in solid waste (swm). fungi and bacteria are the most prevalent organisms typically found in solid waste. the waste materials serve as a growth substrate for these microorganisms. using the many elements that comprise solid waste, they develop and increase this waste. furthermore, it has been found that these organic wastes contain a wide range of harmful microbes (amalra et al., 2006). there was no significant study of microflora. so, we are interested in investigating the microorganisms present in solid wastes and their applications. the solid waste disposal industry divides solid waste into four major categories for disposal depending on the state in which they are disposed of. the waste produced in urban areas is generally known as municipal solid waste (m.s.w.). 28.8% of india's population resides in urban areas (census 2011). it is predicted that 41% of the population will reside in cities by 2011. in india, waste quantity increased from 46 million tons in 2001 to 65 million tons in 2011 (kumar & gaikwad, 2011)—solid waste in chhatrapati. sambhajinagar (aurangabad) generates large amounts of poorly disposed and untreated waste, so there is an urgent need to design scientifically unified solid waste management for the town. earlier studies showed that people in urban areas produce half a kilogram, 10% of being burned. the average solid waste generation rate in low-income states or cities is only 0.4 to 0.6 kg/person/day, compared to 0.7 to 1.8 kg/person/day in fully commercial states (cointreau, 1982; blight & mbande, 1996). every day, massive amounts of waste materials are generated in all cities and municipal areas of india. solid waste in urban areas has a very high organic content, ranging from 70% to 85%. india's urban solid trash generation is increasing with the country's population growth and per capita g.d.p.— the only municipality in chhatrapati. sambhajinagar (aurangabad), which has a population of 10.07 million and an area of 325 square kilometres, believes that 3000 tons of waste are generated daily by the a.m.c. in the chhatrapati. sambhajinagar (aurangabad) city area, the daily rubbish generation per capita ranges from 0.35 kg to 0.4 kg. the formal system efficiently collects all garbage generated. a formal system recycles about 10%–15% of waste, but illegal or self-disposable discarded uncollected waste makes up 35–50% (joerger et al., 2009). therefore, this biodegradable fraction could be combined or co-composted as biofertilizers and soil conditioners (parr & hornick, 1992). the five main microorganisms in soils are actinomycetes, bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. bacteria make up the majority and are crucial for the breakdown of waste (sultana, 1997). bacteria utilize waste for their metabolism, and as a result, they create a few straightforward yet helpful mixes crucial for plant growth, soil health, and maintaining the overall equilibrium of a natural ecosystem. composting involves the regulated breakdown or conversion of organic matter, typically in the presence of oxygen, into a stable, soil-like substance known as manure. the quantity of microorganisms, in addition to rodents and insects, is essential for the decomposition of solid waste. since bacteria are the most significant, it is possible to use efficient microorganisms to aid in solid organic waste's breakdown. this study was conducted considering the critical importance of garbage decomposition to create a repeatable procedure and search for more active decomposer bacteria that could efficiently and effectively break down organic wastes and provide valuable components for plant nutrition (sultana, 1997; zaved et al., 2008; chetan et al., 2017). materials and methods study area: chhatrapati. sambhajinagar (aurangabad) is an a-grade municipal corporation and the capital of marathwada located at n19°53'47"–e75°23'54" of maharashtra state. the city is bounded by mountains in all directions, titled "the city of gates", and the strong presence of these can be felt as one drive through the city. chhatrapati. sambhajinagar (aurangabad) is maharashtra's tourism capital and the fifth largest city in maharashtra. it has an average rainfall of 756.6 mm, and the maximum and minimum temperatures of the town are 42.60c and 9.10c, respectively. temperature and wetness during the rainy season lead to a higher humidity content in municipal solid waste, which raises the weight of the trash. furthermore, heat and high humidity accelerate the breakdown of the organic waste component, creating challenges for processing and disposal that have an immediate negative impact on the residents' and garbage workers' environmental health. sample collection: ten waste samples were collected; five came from the chhatrapati. sambhajinagar (aurangabad) municipality's garbage transfer facility and the other five came from the city's industrial zone and landfill in naregaon. blended soil and garbage were evaluated, collected aseptically, stored at 40°c, and stamped as per their source and location as needed. microbe samples were brought to the laboratory for soil isolation, and ph and moisture content were noted. in nutrient agar, all the microorganism cultures were kept at 40c. every culture was subcultured every fifteen days. s1: solid waste collected from housing colony a.m.c. area; s2: solid waste from dumping (garbage, behind ghati hospital) area at chhatrapati. sambhajinagar (aurangabad) city area dump; s3: soil surface, salim ali lakeside of delhi gate, chhatrapati. sambhajinagar (aurangabad); s4: transportation of solid waste in amc area wet soil, drain side of naregaon area chhatrapati. sambhajinagar (aurangabad); s5: solid waste dump sites in a.m.c. area drain side garbage, chhatrapati. sambhajinagar (aurangabad); s6: soil surface, segregation of waste and recycled items in a.m.c. area, chhatrapati. sambhajinagar (aurangabad); s7: waste encroached road in chikalthana industrial area wet soil of drain. s8: waluj industrial area housing colony waste dumping sites in wet soil of drain. s9: garbage, chitegaon area, chhatrapati. sambhajinagar (aurangabad) and s10: refuse, slaughterhouse, padegaon area, chhatrapati. sambhajinagar (aurangabad). three bacterial samples, s1 through s3, had superior growth on their ideal medium. these three samples were labelled as s3, s2, and s1, respectively, since i.u.l. was observed on nutrient agar media (n.a.), dump was observed on basic czapek-dox-agar medium (bcda), and s1 was observed on basic czapekdox-agar medium (bcda). previous research teams have noted this unappealing pattern in the literature (bundela et al., 2010; chatterjee, 2010; thorat & chavan, 2021). residential areas should not be too close to waste disposal sites, and covered rubbish bins are a good idea. waste disposal plants are sporadically located near the a.m.c. area's residential areas thorat et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 15-24 17 and public buildings. a typical view of these types of trash disposal sites can be found at the naregaon site, which is in one of the government-reserved zones of chhatrapati. sambhajinagar (aurangabad) municipal council area (amc). characteristics of waste: the following parameters of the synthetic normal for the test were broken down: organic matter (%), absolute n (%), p(%), and k(%). following a quick titration technique, natural carbon was resolved agarwal 2005. the trash was processed using a combination of acids (hclo4, hno3, and h2so4) to determine the aggregate nitrogen content. this was done using the kjeldahl methodology, as demonstrated by the method presented by agarwal 2005. a colourimetric approach was used to evaluate all the phosphorus using stannous chloride and ammonium molybdate. the flame photometric approach was used to measure absolute potassium. pure culture: a solitary colony was detected and subsequently re-streaked onto the surface of a nutrient agar plate along with basic czapek-dox agar (bcda) medium as the major inoculant. after that, the plates were incubated at either room temperature or 30°c. pure cultures were examined using nutrient agar plates and basic czapek-dox agar (bcda). gramme dye was chosen to confirm that the cell morphology and gram reaction were identical to the original colony's. at this stage, pure cultures were again examined using the previously described procedures, and a new nutrient agar plate and basic czapek-dox agar (bcda) were re-streaked with the appropriate colony. once a pure culture was obtained, the same colony was streaked onto a bcda slant and nutrient agar. these cultures were refrigerated for a full day of incubation. the isolates from the soil were used for further experiments. biochemical tests: the catalase test detects soil bacteria; 2-3 ml of the hydrogen peroxide solution was poured into a test tube. using a sterile wooden stick, several colonies of the test organisms were removed from the nutrient agar plate and basic czapek-dox agar (bcda) medium and immersed in the hydrogen peroxide solution. bubble formation was then observed. lactose and mannitol fermentation differentiate the microorganisms fermenting carbohydrates such as lactose and mannitol. voges proskauer test was carried out to detect the production of acetylmethylcarbinol acetoin, a natural product formed from pyruvic acid during glucose fermentation. the buffered glucose broth and the organism were inoculated and incubated at 370c for three days. approximately 3 ml of alpha naphthol was added, followed by 1 ml of 40 % k.o.h. and mixed well for 30 minutes. for the result, the pink solution means v.p. (+) and no change means v.p. (-). isolation of microorganisms: municipal sludge and sewage were the sources of the soil samples. these germs were isolated using serial dilution and streaking methods until a single colony was obtained. twenty agar plates were prepared aseptically. after the agar plate was ready, the fast-growing bacteria plate was taken. the bacteria on the plate are chosen based on the different shapes. the selective bacteria on the agar plate are streaked using an aseptic technique. the plate is divided into four parts. the streak agar plate is sealed and kept in a 30°c incubator for growth. after 24 hours, the bacteria was purified by another spread plate technique and incubation. besides that, gram staining was done on the previous plate. samples were observed under a microscope and characterized based on chetan et al. (2017). biochemical tests were performed to identify microorganisms using a standard procedure based on bergey’s manual. numerous biochemical identification techniques were employed to identify these bacteria from municipal sludge, including the gramme stain, spore formation, strict anaerobes, starch hydrolysis, voges-proskauer, and swollen cell test. municipal sludge can be identified biochemically using various techniques, including the gram stain, starch hydrolysis, citrate test, and voges-proskauer. a urease test was used to detect soil bacteria; a dense "milky" suspension of the test organism was prepared in 0.25ml physiological saline in a small tube. a urease tablet was added into the tube and incubated at 35370c for up to 4h or overnight. the color change was observed in the test organism. an indole test was done to detect the soil bacteria. the culture contained tryptophan for the development of test organisms. this medium was prepared in a bijou bottle with 3 ml of sterile tryptone water. the medium was then added with 0.5 ml kovac’s reagent (4p-dimethylamino-benzaldehyde) with gentle shaking, and the colour was observed. the ability of an organism to use citrate as a carbon source and ammonia as a nitrogen source is known as the citrate utilization test. the media will turn green to blue if the citrate utilization test is positive. results and discussions this study involved isolating and characterizing bacterial strains from various locations within the chhatrapati— sambhajinagar (aurangabad) municipality area and from industrial zones. numerous physiochemical factors affect bacterial growth, including medium, ph, temperature, incubation time, carbon source, etc. bacteria can grow in a wide range of moisture levels. the current investigation began with the discovery that the moisture content of the samples obtained ranged from 25.09 to 78.19%. the samples from s3 and s2 had the highest moisture content (78.19%), while those from s1 had the lowest moisture content (25.09%). the relationship between a soil's bacterial population and moisture content is well-established. the maximum bacterial density is found in regions of high moisture content, and the optimum level for the activities of aerobic bacteria is often 60 to 70 % of the soil's moisture-holding capacity (sonawane et al., 2010). most aerobic soils include large numbers of achromobacter, pseudomonas, and bacillus species; anaerobic and damp environments favor the growth of clostridium. under such circumstances, actinomycetes are proven to a comparable reckonable growth (sonawane et al., 2010) observed using a variety of growth media, including potato dextrose agar (p.d.a.), nutrient agar (n.a.), and czapek-dox agar (both acidic and basic), the investigation's isolated strains were seen to develop. nutrient agar (n.a.) medium was found to be fitting for the massive growth of the s3 strain in table 2, whereas basic czapek-dox-agar (bcda) was found to be suitable for the thorat et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 15-24 18 massive growth of the s1 and s2 strains in table 1. table 1. effect of different ph on the growth of isolated strains in bcdaa medium ph of medium strains incubation period 6 h 12 h 24 h 36 h 48 h 72 h 7.1 s1 ng pg gg gg gg gg s2 ng pg gg gg gg gg s3 ng pg mg gg gg gg s1 ng pg gg gg gg gg 7.6 s2 ng pg gg gg gg gg s3 ng ng pg mg gg gg s1 ng ng pg pg mg mg 9.1 s2 ng ng pg pg pg pg s3 ng ng ng ng pg mg s1 ng ng ng ng ng ng 10.6 s2 ng ng ng ng ng ng s3 ng ng ng ng ng ng s1 ng ng ng ng ng ng 12.10 s2 ng ng ng ng ng ng s3 ng ng ng ng ng ng abcda = basic czapek-dox-agar; ng = no growth; pg = poor growth; mg = moderate growth; gg = good growth. table 2. effect of different ph on the growth of isolated strains in naa medium ph of medium strains incubation period 6 h 12 h 24 h 36 h 48 h 72 h 4.2 s1 ng ng ng ng ng ng s2 ng ng ng ng ng ng s3 ng ng ng ng ng ng 5.7 s1 ng ng ng ng pg pg s2 ng ng ng ng pg pg s3 ng ng ng ng pg pg 7.2 s1 ng pg mg mg gg gg s2 ng pg mg mg gg gg s3 ng pg mg gg gg gg 8.7 s1 ng ng mg mg mg mg s2 ng ng pg pg mg mg s3 ng ng pg mg mg gg 10.2 s1 ng ng ng pg pg pg s2 ng ng ng pg pg pg s3 ng ng ng pg pg pg ana = nutrient agar; ng = no growth; pg = poor growth; mg = moderate growth; gg = good growth. it was discovered that the ph range of the two media was 7-8. bacterial strains grew most readily in n.a. and bcda at ph 7.2 and 7.6, respectively. based on the previously mentioned data, the ph values of the s2, s1, and s3 strain samples were 7.79, 7.95, and 7.86. this could be the cause of the bacteria's successful in vitro growth at ph 7-8 in bcda and n.a. although bacteria can react with soil at ph values ranging from 4 to 10, most prefer a ph somewhat on the alkaline side of neutrality. certain bacillus spp. can thrive at ph 11, but thiobacillus thiooxidans and acetobacter spp. can only grow at ph levels 0 and 2. agarwal (2005). thermo-actinomycetes can only develop at temperatures between 50°c and 65°c. their optimal growth occurs at ph levels 8 or 9, while reactions at approximately five significantly inhibit their growth. (amalraj, 2006). mycobacterium tuberculosis var. grows well but slowly (2–6 weeks) at 37°c on glycerin agar or a solid medium such as coagulated egg, serum, or blood. escherichia coli, vibrio, and streptococcus faecalis can also withstand an alkaline reaction (ph 8–9) (amalraj, 2006). three strains of bacteria were used in this experiment, and their cultures were cultured at various temperatures—25, 29, 34, 37, and 40°c. 37°c was the temperature at which all strains grew massively. for bacteria, the ideal temperature range is between 25 and 36°c. the temperature range of 10-40°c is suitable for the growth of many microorganisms. sultana (1997) noted that the optimal temperature range for bacterial growth was 33–40°c. some bacteria grow most quickly at temperatures lower than 200 degrees celsius. some thermophiles can multiply below 40°c, and thermophiles often grow at temperatures between 45 and 65°c 2010 saw (sonawane et al., 2010). while m. chelonei and m. marinum grow well at lower temperatures (18–30°c), mycobacterium avium thrives best at 40°c. on tomato juice agar, lactobacillus sp. grows best at 25 to 39°c. on standard laboratory media, agrobacterium sp. grows well at ph of 6.8 to 25 and 39°c (sultana, 1997). at around 25°c, streptococcus lactis can be grown on agar plates with milk, whey, tomato juice, or sterile milk. it grows most readily when lactose or glucose is present. around 35°c is better for growing than 25°c (amalraj, 2006). the strains used in this investigation underwent varying lengths of incubation (6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours). the s1 and s2 strains grew well with a 24-hour incubation period. however, the s3 strain required a 36-hour incubation period. coliform bacteria grow in the incubation period of 24±2 h and at 32°c, and they show good growth at 370c for 48h of incubation. three methods were used to characterize the selected strains: nonmicroscopic or visual observation, microscopic observation, and biochemical tests. upon visual inspection, it was thorat et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 15-24 19 discovered that following a 24-hour incubation period, s1 had turned pale orange, s2 had turned white, and s3 had turned light brown in their chosen media (bcda and n.a.). following a 48–72-hour incubation period, s1 turned orange, s2 turned yellow, and s3 turned brown. while s3 had a creamy colony type, the s1 and s2 strains had wet colonies. staphylococci and micrococci develop golden brown, yellow, or white colonies on regular media. certain enterococci, coryneform, and enterobacteria can form black colonies on a regular medium. according to chatterjee (2010), staphylococcus aureus produces glossy, convex, black colonies on the baird-parker medium. an established and trustworthy technique for observing microorganisms is gram staining—alcohol-decolored gram-negative bacteria, causing them to lose their crystal violet-purple hue. according to uwadiegu and iyi (2014), gram-positive bacteria did not decolourize and continued to be purple. every isolated strain found in the current study tested positive for gram-positive bacteria. because the isolated strains (s1, s2, and s3) produced oxygen gas from hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) through enzymatic degradation, they all showed positive catalase test results. a similar result was observed in zurbrugg (2002). several biochemical tests have been performed to study the characteristics of bacterial strains, as shown in table 3. a fermentation test differentiates the microorganisms that ferment carbohydrates, such as lactose and mannitol. the isolated strains exhibited positive lactose and mannitol fermentation tests because open and sealed tubes produced a yellow color. in the urease test, due to red and pink color formation through the media, the s2 strain showed a positive urease test, which could decompose urea to ammonia. s1 and s3 showed negative tests because they did not produce a red-pink color in this medium. the indole test demonstrates the ability of certain bacteria to split the amino acid tryptophan into indole, which accumulates in the medium. the s3 strain showed a positive test and produced a red color in the media. s2 and s1 strains showed negative tests because they did not produce a red color in the media (butu & mshelia, 2014). they also observed the same result. s2 and s3 strains showed positive results in the hydrogen sulphite production test because they produced black color in the media. however, s1 displayed a negative test as this strain did not produce a black color in the media. sultana (1997) observed the same result. the citrate utilization test was based on an organism's ability to use citrate as its only carbon source and ammonia as its only nitrogen source. the s3 strain showed a positive citrate utilization test because the medium turned green to blue. s1 and s2 did not turn the media blue; therefore, they showed negative tests, as shown in table 4. numerous researchers conducted studies demonstrating how domestic waste decomposition accumulated and separated lower volatile fatty acids and volatile organic compounds (v.o.c.s) (sonawane et al., 2010). the weight and volume of the stuff diminish as bacteria break down the waste. because of the bacteria that broke down the waste and transformed it into simple molecules, we also saw a decrease in the weight and volume of the treated rubbish in the current breakdown study. after 30 days of treatment with s2 strain, the maximum weight loss in suspension treatment for the breakdown of solid waste without additives was observed at 50.70%. chatterjee (2010) initiated the highest weight loss (26.06 %) using the trichoderma strain after 30 days in a similar study. table 3. biochemical tests of some waste-decomposing bacteria strains catalase lactose fermentat ion test mannitol fermenta tion test voges proskauer test urease test indole test citrate utilization test identified bacteria s3 +ve +ve +ve -ve -ve /+ve -ve /+ve +ve xanthomonas spp. s2 +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve -ve -ve bacillus spp. s1 +ve +ve +ve +ve -ve -ve -ve pseudomonas spp. table 4. changes in temperature during garbage decomposition by bacterial suspension and different concentrations of molasse solution at 3-day intervals. a m.s., molasses solution, b c.t., control. after 30 days, the highest volume loss for the s2 strain in suspension treatment was 38.67%, and in pellet treatment, it was 36.73%. additives such as sucrose can be used with garbage for decomposition, increasing the growth of bacteria (mohapatra, 2006). it was observed that by treating with sucrose solution, the growth of bacteria was high, and the decomposition rate was also high. it added sucrose solution to the garbage and enhanced the decomposition rate through days temperature (°c) of decomposition garbage by treating b.c. dump strain and molasses solution. temperature (°c) of decomposition garbage by treating s1 and molasses solution temperature (°c) of decomposition garbage by treating s3 strain and molasses solution 5% msa 10% msa 15% msa c.t. b 5% msa 10% msa 15% msa c.t. b 5% msa 10% msa 15% msa ct b 3 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 6 31 31 32 29 31 31 31 29 31 31 31 29 9 33 33 34 30 33 33 33 30 32 32 33 30 12 35 35 36 30 34 35 35 30 33 33 34 30 15 37 37 39 30 36 37 37 31 35 35 36 31 18 37 38 40 31 36 37 38 31 35 36 37 31 21 35 38 40 31 34 35 37 31 33 34 36 31 24 33 36 37 31 32 34 35 31 31 32 34 31 27 32 34 34 30 31 32 33 30 30 31 31 30 thorat et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 15-24 20 increasing fermentation. after 30 days of inoculation, the s2 strain showed the most significant percentages of weight loss (52.73%, 55.32%, and 65.12%, respectively) in the 5%, 10%, and 15% sucrose solution treatment (together with the bacterial strain). of all those treatments, the s2 strain with a 15% sucrose solution had the most significant weight loss at 65.12%. a similar pattern for volume loss was discovered. with a 30% sucrose solution added and 30 days of inoculation, the s2 strain showed the most significant volume loss (51.34%). thus, regarding weight reduction and volume loss, s2 and a 15% sucrose solution were the most effective strains for sucrose treatment . since sucrose treatment successfully facilitated trash decomposition, molasses was eventually employed as a less expensive and alternative source of carbohydrates to aid in the breakdown of solid waste. following a 30-day inoculation, the s2 strain showed the highest weight loss percentages of 56.70%, 62.70%, and 80.24% in the 5%, 10%, and 15% molasses solution treatments, respectively. of all those treatments, the s2 strain's 15% molasses solution resulted in the most significant weight loss, at 80.24%. a similar pattern for volume losses was discovered. after 30 days of inoculation with the s2 strain and 15% molasses solution, the most significant volume loss was discovered to be 64.27% (both in terms of weight loss and volume loss). again, comparing the effect between different concentrations of sucrose and molasses treatment for degradation of solid waste with bacterial suspension, the highest weight loss was 80.24 % in the 15 % molasses solution in the s2 strain. in contrast, the 15% sucrose solution in s2 resulted in the most significant weight loss, 65.12%. a similar pattern for volume losses was discovered. thus, the waste breakdown method using 15% molasses was the most successful regarding volume losses, followed by a 15% sucrose solution. on the other hand, bacterial suspension without any additives reduced volume change more than treatments including additives. the maximum volume loss (%) in the 15% sucrose treatment was 51.34% after 30 days of inoculation in the s2 strain; the highest volume loss (%) in the 15% molasses solution was 64.27%. a related investigation (ramesh & mathivanan, 2009) discovered that trichoderma strains with 4% glucose concentrations lost 66% of their body weight. after two weeks of composting, the ultimate weight of the dead and after-birth piglets in the composting pile was just 3.1 kg (6.9 lb), according to (zaved et al., 2008). the remaining tissue easily crumbled in the sawdust medium. over 6% of the initial animal mass was lost on average per day in this experiment. the current study found that molasses treatment outperformed sucrose treatment regarding volume loss (%) and weight loss (%) when breaking down organic solid waste with bacterial suspension. it can be explained in this way that in molasses, some extra components (which were absent in sucrose) could give extra nutrients to the rapid growth of bacteria and increase the number of bacterium cells. so, the degradation process with molasses solution was higher with more bacteria than with sucrose solution treatment. so, the growth of bacterial strains was the main factor in decomposing garbage. the relationship between volume loss and weight loss was linear, and no interaction was found between the two parameters. both volume loss (%) and weight loss (%) increased gradually with the progression of the decomposition process, and the result was the same for each strain treatment. the weight loss (%) was higher than volume loss (%) in garbage decomposition in each strain treatment, as shown in figure 1. (a) (b) (c) figure 1. weight loss (%) and volume loss (%) of decomposed garbage at 7-day intervals using s2 suspension and different concentrations of molasses solution. (a) s2 + 5% molasses solution; (b) s2 +10% molasses solution; (c) s2 +15% molasses solution. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 20 40 60 7 14 21 28 v o lu m e l o ss ( % ) w ei g h t l o ss ( % ) days weight loss volume loss 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 20 40 60 7 14 21 28 v o lu m e l o ss ( % ) w ei g h t l o ss ( % ) days weight loss volume loss 01020304050607080 0 50 100 7 14 21 28 v o lu m e l o ss ( % ) w ei g h t l o ss ( % ) days weight loss volume loss thorat et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 15-24 21 according to ezeah and roberts (2012) and bundela et al. (2010), heat is produced, and the temperature rises when bacteria break down garbage. in this investigation, we found that the temperature grew steadily in all cases after 4-6 days, peaked after 15–24 days, gradually decreased after 28–30 days, and finally decreased to its starting point. designed for decomposition in the composting method of solid waste in vitro conditions by bacterial suspension and culture pellet, the highest temperature was 37°c after 15-18 days in suspension treatment of s2 and s1 (figures 2 and 3). figure 1(a)x figure 1(a) figure 1(b) figure 1(c) figure 2. changes of temperature (°c) during garbage decomposition at 3-day intervals using suspension and culture pellet of the three strains: (a), s2 strain; (b), s1 strain; (c), s3 strain. 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 3 6 9 1 2 1 5 1 8 2 1 2 4 2 7 3 0 te m p er a tu r e( °c ) days suspension culture pellete control 27 29 31 33 35 37 3 6 9 1 2 1 5 1 8 2 1 2 4 2 7 3 0 t e m p e r a t u r e (° c ) days suspension culture pellete control 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 3 6 9 1 2 1 5 1 8 2 1 2 4 2 7 3 0 t em p er at u re (° c) days suspension culture pellete control thorat et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 15-24 22 figure 2(a) figure 3. changes of temperature (°c) during garbage decomposition at three-day intervals using the three strains separately, along with the most effective concentration of additives. (a), three strains + 15% sucrose solution; (b) three strains + 15% molasses solution. the maximum temperature reached by the s2 strain with 15% sucrose solution after 18 days was 39°c. after 18 days, the maximum temperature for the molasses solution, which included 15% molasses solution in the s2 strain, was 40°c. thus, it may be concluded that a high decomposition rate may be related to temperature. this study's treatment with the highest temperature had the most significant weight and volume loss. the s2 strain had the most weight and volume loss in all instances, along with a high temperature. the original ph of the fresh rubbish used in this experiment was 4.11, which is acidic. the ph of degraded waste in suspension and pellet treatments and treatments with sucrose and molasses changed from an acidic to an alkaline condition in all cases. the ph ranged from 7.31 to 11.06. the s2 strain-decomposed 15% molasses solution yielded the highest ph of 11.06. when bacteria are grown in a medium with a ph of 7, it is quite probable that this ph will alter due to substances the organism produces, which could be primary or acidic (thorat & chavan, 2021). it has been noted that as composting progresses, the ph changes over time. most bacteria thrive in the ph range of 6.0 to 7.5. for the remaining composting, use 7.5 to 8.5. composting produces organic acids at the first stage. the ph value lowers in the first few days for this acidic state. however, after a few days, the temperature rises, and the ph value rises as more organic waste decomposes. after 10, 20, and 30 days, an unpleasant smell was associated with the bacterial culture pellet decomposition of organic kitchen waste, suggesting a slow degradation of organic materials. after ten days, there was a pungent stench in the solid waste decomposition process caused by bacterial suspension. after 30 days, there was no stench, suggesting that the organic kitchen wastes had possibly wholly degraded. in a related study, ahsan (1999) found that composting reduced the odour during the breakdown of solid waste. according to the study, beneficial bacteria may be separated from the surrounding environment to favourably facilitate the bioconversion of solid organic waste. this study demonstrates how valuable and successful the established method of waste 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 s-2 s-1 s3 control 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 te m p er at u re ( °c ) days s-2 s-1 s3 figure 2(b) thorat et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 15-24 23 decomposition is in safeguarding human health and the environment from waste-related issues. the study was conducted to see the effect of fresh, decomposed garbage and bacterial suspensions on biomass production on a freshweight basis of potato solanum tuberosum. for the experiment, decomposed garbage using bacterial suspension and 15 % molasses, fresh garbage, and bacterial suspensions were used separately in the soil pot of potato. a control treatment using simple garden soil was carried out for every treatment. the highest biomass output (65.61 g) was obtained in the decomposed garbage treatment, broken down by s2 suspension and 15% molasses. in contrast, fresh garbage and bacterial suspension showed 50.98 and 39.31 g of biomass production, respectively. the maximum biomass output (58.41 g) was shown by the decomposed garbage treatment, which was broken down by s1 suspension and 15% molasses; fresh garbage and bacterial suspension showed 48.45 and 37.07 g of biomass production, respectively. the highest biomass output (52.18 g) was obtained in the decomposed garbage treatment, broken down by 15% molasses and s3 suspension. in contrast, fresh garbage and bacterial suspension produced 47.69 and 34.19 g of biomass, respectively. in all cases, the addition of decomposed garbage to soil enhanced biomass production when compared with fresh garbage or bacterial suspension treatment. with decomposed waste and a 15% molasses solution, s2 suspension produced the most biomass in terms of fresh weight, followed by s1 and s3. fresh trash and bacterial suspension outperformed the control: garden soil alone. conclusions solid waste contains different microorganisms. furthermore, it is concluded that several drug-resistant organisms are found in solid waste and garbage in chhatrapati—sambhajinagar (aurangabad) city and industrial areas, which spread bacterial diseases. hence, solid waste should be segregated and purified before being sent for recycling. because civil solid waste is a blend of many substrates, it is an ideal advancement medium for the growth of different microorganisms. our current research shows that a metropolitan trash dump may serve as a breeding ground for various mechanical and antimicrobial microorganisms. furthermore, it can be a valuable tool for bio-searching new or rare species, which may produce important bioactive particles essential for environmentally harmful trash contamination. in combination, it can also serve as a respectable adjunct in the industrial sector. in contrast to other natural conditions, the metabolically dynamic nature of the microbes in this environment produces various catalysts and bioactive mixtures. therefore, it is crucial to understand the waste implied by tiny creatures from a biological perspective and how they might benefit environmental biotechnology. author contributions: conceptualization, a.t. and s.t.; methodology, a.t.; software, v.r.; validation, s.t. and r.i.; formal analysis, k.s.; investigation, a.t.; resources, k.s.; data curation, v.r.; writing – original draft preparation, v.r.; writing – review & editing, v.r.; visualization, r.i.; supervision, s.t.; project administration, s.t.; funding acquisition, a.t., r.i., v.r., k.s. and s.t. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgements: the authors thank the school of environmental and earth sciences, kavayitri bahinabai chaudhari north maharashtra university, for supporting this research. they are also thankful to chhatrapati. sambhajinagar (aurangabad) municipal corporation (a.m.c.) for permitting us to collect samples and encouraging us during this work. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references ahsan, n. 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(1997). isolation of cellulolytic microorganisms and their activities (doctoral dissertation, m. phil thesis. biochemistry department, rajshahi univ. bangladesh). sonawane, a. u., shirva, v. k., & pradhan, a. s. (2010). estimation of skin entrance doses (s.e.d.s) for common medical x-ray diagnostic examinations in india and proposed diagnostic reference levels (drls). radiation protection dosimetry, 138(2), 129-136. thorat, a. s., & chavan, t. p. (2021). status of urban solid waste management in chh. sambhajinagar (chhatrapati. sambhajinagar (aurangabad) town of maharashtra region. aayushi international interdisciplinary research journal, 8(1), 1-9. uwadiegu, b. o., & iyi, e. a. (2014). an evaluation of the operational efficiency of a public agency: a case study of enugu state waste management authority (eswama) in enugu city, nigeria. british journal of environmental sciences, 2(2), 27-34. zaved, h. k., rahman, m. m., rahman, m. m., rahman, a., arafat, s. m. y., & rahman, m. s. (2008). isolation and characterization of effective bacteria for solid waste degradation for organic manure. current applied science and technology, 8(2), 44-55. zurbrugg, c. (2002). urban solid waste management in low-income countries of asia how to cope with the garbage crisis. presented for: scientific committee on problems of the environment (scope) urban solid waste management review session, durban, south africa, 6, 1–13. publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 9-20 9 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 8 no 1 (2023) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa usage of additive manufacturing in the automotive industry: a review abusaleh md nayeem (a)1 mir md nasim hossain (b) (a) researcher, mawlana bhashani science and technology, tangail, bangladesh; e-mail: nayeemmbstu@gmail.com (b)phd student, new jersey institute of technology, new jersey, united states of america; e-mail: nasimhossain95@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 18th august 2023 revised: 26th november 2023 accepted: 2nd december 2023 published: 7th december 2023 keywords: additive manufacturing, automotive industry, 3d printing, metal additive manufacturing, automobile. jel classification codes: y90 a b s t r a c t additive manufacturing (am), commonly known as 3d printing, is an emerging technology with immense potential across various industries, particularly in the automotive sector. it involves the layer-by-layer fabrication of parts by gradually depositing material, distinguishing itself from traditional manufacturing through various ways, including design flexibility, reduced material wastage, shorter lead time, and the absence of tooling requirements. it is still in its nascent phase, and several drawbacks, such as a lack of mechanical strength, limited material availability, and poor surface finish, still hinder its integration into the mainstream production workflow. as a result, further exploration is required to harness its potential along with traditional methods. the automotive sector is long known for its adoption of cutting-edge technologies. due to the vast potential of am, the automotive industry is actively trying to incorporate additive manufacturing into mainstream production processes. consequently, the automotive industry continuously explores ways to enhance this process for seamless integration into product development. however, research elucidating different additive manufacturing processes used within the automotive industry, such as stereolithography (sla), fused deposition modeling (fdm), and selective laser sintering (sls), is limited. this paper aims to illuminate various additive manufacturing processes used by automotive companies worldwide. in addition to exploring different processes, the study delves into the advantages and limitations of additive manufacturing, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of its application in the automotive manufacturing landscape. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction additive manufacturing (am) is a relatively new technology that involves creating three-dimensional objects through the gradual deposition of material layer by layer. it is a straightforward process for creating intricate products from a cad model using different types of 3d printers. am differs from conventional manufacturing in several aspects, such as design flexibility, reduced material wastage, shorter lead time, reduced tooling requirement etc. though initially embraced by hobbyists and researchers for making custom products, due to its immense potential, manufacturing industries are now seeking to harness its capabilities. it is thought to be a game-changer which may change the production process by replacing traditional manufacturing. however, am is currently in its nascent phase, and its integration into the mainstream manufacturing process to replace traditional methods will require time. as a result, all the manufacturing industries, such as aerospace, automotive, consumer electronics, and healthcare, are exploring it. the automotive industry has a long history of adopting cutting-edge technologies to enhance vehicle design, production, and performance. am offers a range of advantages, including rapid prototyping, design flexibility, and the capacity to produce complex, lightweight components. as a result, in recent times, all the major automotive companies have started using am to some extent. the field of manufacturing can be categorized into five fundamental processes: subtractive, additive, joining, dividing, and transformative (abdulhameed et al., 2019). subtractive manufacturing is the most common method, involving the removal of material to achieve the desired shape of the final product. traditional manufacturing relies heavily on subtractive processes, such as machining with lathes or cnc machinery. with the advancements in computer numerical control technology, cnc has gained widespread adoption across all manufacturing industries. however, subtractive manufacturing suffers from significantly lower material efficiency when compared to additive manufacturing. material efficiency directly impacts both the cost and energy consumption associated with the production process. additive 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0004-6169-4998 © 2023 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under the responsibility of cribfb, u.s.a. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v8i1.2135 to cite this article: nayeem, a. m., & hossain, m. m. n. (2023). usage of additive manufacturing in the automotive industry: a review. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 8(1), 9-20. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v8i1.2135 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6169-4998 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v8i1.2135 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1189-5100 nayeem & hossain, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 9-20 10 manufacturing offers a potential solution to improve material efficiency, thereby reducing energy consumption and costs. this enhancement of material efficiency can be quantified through a metric known as the “buy-to-fly ratio”, which measures the ratio between the mass of the initial raw materials and the mass of the final product. in a specific case, it has been observed that the typical buy-to-fly ratio in traditional subtractive manufacturing is approximately 10:1(kobryn et al., n.d.). this means that if the final product has a mass of 10 kilograms, the manufacturing process starts with a 100 kilogram material block. consequently, a substantial portion of the material, 90 kilograms in this case, is discarded as waste, making it challenging to reuse directly. furthermore, the energy consumed during the production process is higher due to the substantial waste percentage. so, the overall cost of manufacturing the product significantly increases when employing the traditional subtractive manufacturing approach. consideration is given to am for its potential to reduce material waste and energy consumption while enabling the production of complex products. its layer-by-layer gradual production process results in minimal waste. for complex designs, am often requires support materials. additionally, its buy-to-fly ratio is quite low, typically ranging from 1:1 to 3:1(blakey-milner et al., 2021). 3d printing is particularly valuable for creating complex products in small quantities, a process that typically involves extensive preparation, steps, and time in traditional manufacturing. as a result, it can significantly reduce lead times for both emergency and low-volume production. in the automotive industry, where product weight plays a crucial role in fuel efficiency, am can produce lightweight parts without compromising desired properties. however, it’s important to note that in most cases, the mechanical performance of 3d printed products still falls short of traditional manufacturing standards. nonetheless, there is optimism that in the near future, am may achieve mechanical properties similar to those of traditional processes, leading to more extensive use. despite this potential, various regulatory bodies have not yet fully approved 3d printed parts for large scale production. to comprehend the necessity of am in the automotive industry, it is essential to analyze market trends. according to a recent study, the 3d printing market in the automotive sector is projected to reach a value of usd 9.7 billion by 2030 with a cagr of 15.94% (akre, 2023). the north american region is going to lead the 3d printing in automotive industry followed by europe, asia and other region. over the past few years, research into 3d printing has experienced exponential growth, a trend expected to persist until the full potential of 3d printing is harnessed across various sectors. the advantages of 3d printing over traditional manufacturing methods, including cost-effectiveness, lead time reduction, the creation of lightweight complex parts, and the development of high-performance materials, collectively contribute to the expansion of am in the automotive industry. initially, am was primarily employed for prototyping in the automotive sector, given its ability to swiftly produce accurate prototypes. however, automotive companies are progressively exploring the use of am for manufacturing entire vehicles. initially, polymers were the preferred materials for am, but the use of metals, ceramics, and alloys has since gained traction (herzog et al., 2016; lakhdar et al., 2021). numerous research studies have already explored additive manufacturing processes within various industries. however, research addressing the am processes within the automotive industry remains relatively limited. approaches and procedures used in the automotive industry regarding am are not well known, necessitating a comprehensive examination of status. this paper aims to comprehensively address various am processes, advantages, and challenges utilized by automotive industry leaders. initially, we will cover the fundamentals of the am procedure. then, we will focus on classifications of am followed by a description of different processes such as sla, fdm, sls, etc. finally, we will discuss am trends in the automotive industry. materials and methods this section will outline the typical additive manufacturing procedure, followed by categorizations. subsequently, we will explore some commonly used processes and methods of am implemented across different industries. this comprehensive overview aims to provide insights and understanding of the key am processes. fundamentals of additive manufacturing am differs from traditional manufacturing processes, which often involve complex tooling and extensive preparation. in common machining operations such as turning, facing, drilling, and milling, material is gradually removed from the workpiece. for molding or casting, specific tools tailored to each product are necessary, rendering the development process complex, costly, and time-consuming. in contrast, the am process is largely uniform across different products. by following a set of basic steps, am can create complex parts by gradually depositing material. this stands in contrast to traditional processes, which tend to generate substantial material waste that requires extra effort to reuse. a typical am process can be divided into four fundamental steps:  cad modeling of product  preprocessing  3d printing  post processing the am process begins with the modeling of the product in cad. the current advancements in 3d printer technology are closely connected with cad, cam & cae processes. following the design and analysis of the product, the final cad model undergoes a series of steps for 3d printing. this step is called preprocessing which includes creating stl file from the cad model, fixing the stl file in case of any issue, adding support structure of the part to tackle overhanging geometry, and slicing the model into layer by layer. the stl format, a specialized file type, represents the shell of the product using triangular facet data. each facet consists of a unit normal and three vertices which are specified by three coordinates each (chen et al., 1999). nayeem & hossain, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 9-20 11 an stl file can be generated directly from all the common cad packages such as solidworks, catia, creo or special extension can be used to convert to stl if required. each cad system has its own file format to represent parts, assemblies and drawings. however, for 3d printing, a uniform format is required to make manufacturing independent of cad packages. as a result, most available 3d printers use stl file format for manufacturing. there are some other file formats available, but slicing stl format is easier comparing to other formats like b-rep, csg (liou, 2019). though some resolution is lost due to the use of triangles, still most cad systems support stl (ahn et al., 2002). stl file is then sliced into a series of 2d layers which is served as a tool path or path for layer-by-layer deposition of materials. user has the freedom of controlling slice number which ultimately control the layer thickness of part. orientation of printing part is selected before slicing which helps the user optimize best possible way to print the part with least overhanging portion. support structure is created for overhanging portion during slicing that ensures printing of whole part without failure. slicing parameters has effect on the part strength, build time, wight & surface finish (liou, 2019). finally, this sliced file is sent into the printer for 3d printing. all kinds of 3d printing technology automatically build the part according to the sliced file. support is also created during printing, which is removed during post processing step. depending on the printing technology, different materials are used. some printers can create support using separate material, while most printers use same material for printing both part and support. after printing, the post-processing process includes removing support materials, cleaning, polishing etc. according to the design requirement. overall am process is outlined as below: figure 1. typical additive manufacturing process most common additive manufacturing processes am can be classified based on several aspects, but most popular classification is based on the state of printing material. considering the state of material, it can be classified into three types. a classification tree of some common am methods is given below: figure 2. classification of different am processes nayeem & hossain, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 9-20 12 stereolithography (sla) am began with stereolithography (sla) around 1980. it is a liquid-based 3d printing process founded on the principle of photopolymerization. mainly, photosensitive resin is cured using uv laser light layer-by-layer to create 3d objects. two types of approaches are available for sla printing: 1) bottom-up approach, and 2) top-down approach. in the top-down approach, the printing platform is lowered into the vat during printing, while platform is raised during printing in the case of bottom-up process (khadilkar et al., 2019). a vat of photosensitive resin, typically epoxy, vinyl ether, or an acrylate, contains a platform that can vertically up or down during printing. the printed part is created on this moving platform layer by layer. during slicing, stl file is sliced in thousands of layers which are used by uv laser light to trace the part. the polymer is hardened by laser light due to its photosensitive nature. a sweeper is used after every layer to relocate the liquid resin, continuing from starting to finish. as liquid resin cannot provide support to the overhanging portions of the parts, a support structure is also created during laser scanning (liou, 2019; khadilkar et al., 2019). sla printing is fully automated, meaning that external assistance is not required once the printing begins. the sla process can build parts with any geometrical shape with up to 0.05mm accuracy. due to liquid printing material, the printed part has a very good glass like finishing. however, material options are limited for sla process and printed parts are relatively brittle and prone to curling and warping. additionally, several studies have shown that uncured resin can be toxic and harmful for user and surroundings (kostoryz et al., n.d.; wendel et al., 2008). as a result, sla printing process needs special care and is not suitable for in desktop printing. solid ground curing (sgc) another liquid-based am process is solid ground curing (sgc), which is even suitable for batch production. it is also very similar to the sla process, but the whole layer can be made simultaneously using mask. in this process, a photosensitive resin is sprayed on the building platform. then, a mask is generated electrostatically using an electron gun and toner on a glass plate, which is a negative image of part cross section. as a result, light can pass through the transparent area, which is exactly the cross-section of the part. then the mask is placed between uv light source and the photosensitive resin layer. uv light passes through the mask and cures the resin layer. the whole layer is fully cured due to the intensity of the uv light. glass mask is cleaned to make the next layer, and the uncured resin is cleared using a vacuum cleaner. then, the void of the layer is filled using hot liquid wax, which works as a support. after the wax solidifies, a milling cutter is used to machine the extra wax from the above layer of photosensitive resin so that the next layer can be printed on it. this process is repeated continuously until the full part is made. advantage of this process is high throughput as each layer can be printed at the same time. however, secondary operation is needed, such as wax for support, which can be melted or washed away after the operation. this method has a high accuracy and fabrication rate but suffers considerable operation costs(liou, 2019; gu et al., 2001) . figure 4. sgc 3d printing process figure 3. top-down sla 3d printing process uv laser mirror sweeper resin platform printed part nayeem & hossain, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 9-20 13 fused deposition modeling (fdm) fdm is the most widely used am process, which uses thermoplastic material that is extruded from the bottom up using a heated nozzle in a printing platform. fdm was first developed by advanced ceramics research in tucson, arizona, but it was significantly advanced by stratasys (liou, 2019). materials are in the form of solid filament, which is fed through the nozzle. nozzle temperature is maintained very close to the melting temperature of printing material (usually 2°c high) so that molten material can solidify as early as possible (prakash et al., 2018). according to the part design, nozzle moves over the printing platform and deposits the first layer of the part. materials solidify almost instantly, so the second layer can easily be deposited on top of the first layer. extra support is also needed based on the part design. some fdm 3d printers use separate nozzles and materials for making support structures, but using the same material and nozzles is also very common for support. after printing each layer, the nozzle changes vertical position, which ensures the deposition of the next layer on top of the previous layer. the fdm process is hassle-free and harmless, so it can be easily used in an office environment. layer height of 0.1mm can be achieved with fdm, while wall thickness can be around 0.5 mm. typically, polymer materials like abs, pla, polycarbonate, and various versions of those materials are used in fdm printing. besides, polymer/ceramic, ceramic/metal, polymer/metal, etc. materials are continuously being explored for fdm printing. compared to other technologies, fdm is very inexpensive. the surface finish of fdm technology is not very good compared to other 3d printing technology, but improvement is going on to get a smooth surface. typically, the stair-stepping problem is pervasive for fdm 3d printing. extra post-processing is necessary to make the surface smooth, which can increase the cost. besides, the removal of support material is another major drawback of fdm technology. due to poor resolution, surface finish fdm is not directly used in the automotive industry. still, fdm can be used for producing molds of different parts that can be used in the automotive industry (romero et al., 2021). for example, fdm can be used to make a mold for polyurethane (pur) parts widely used in automotive. chemical finishing using acetone vapors or similar chemicals is used to polish the rough surface of those molds. laminated object manufacturing (lom) lom is one of the fastest 3d printing technologies used to manufacture 3d objects using the sheet lamination process. it can make complex geometrical shapes with less printing time and less cost. this process uses layers of sheet materials, such as paper, plastics, composites, etc., to complete the printing process. lom was first developed and introduced by helisys inc. in 1985. the thickness of the layer in the lom process depends on the printing sheet, which can be 0.001-0.005 in thick (liou, 2019). printing involves cyclic stacking, bonding, and cutting sheets to the desired shape. at first, a roller stacks adhesive-coated paper sheets on the printing platform. another hot roller or pressurized hot plate melts the plastic-coated paper to the bottom surface, creating bonding. finally, a laser cut the sheet according to the design to remove excess material from the layer, which gives the layer the desired shape. this completes the layer, and the platform moves vertically to make the next step. again, it starts from the first step, and the same process continues until the entire part is made (mekonnen et al., 2016). the lom process can make very large parts, and no support is needed for this process. also, the finished part does not experience shrinkage, warpage, or other deformation. however, surface finish and accuracy are not very good compared to other 3d printing processes. nevertheless, the produced part can be machined to get the desired finish. laser is used to cut the paper sheet so smoke can be generated, which requires a smoke filtration system and a sealed chamber. besides paper material, metallic material can also be used in this process, but laser cutting induces a high amount of thermal energy that weakens the bond between sheets (mekonnen et al., 2016). figure 5. fdm 3d printing nayeem & hossain, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 9-20 14 wire arc additive manufacturing (waam) waam is a popular am technique that is different from powder-based printing techniques like sls or ebm. instead of a laser or electron beam, a welding arc is used for melting and depositing metal wire layer by layer. in the building platform, the welding torch is moved by a robot or any other axis system to deposit molten wire according to the part design. waam can again be divided into three types based on the heat source: metal inert gas (mig), tungsten inert gas (tig), and plasma arc welding (paw). mig is the most common welding process that creates an electric arc between the wire electrode and the workpiece. as a result, consumable wire is melted. there could be a lot of variation in the waam system as advanced systems can be equipped with various sensors to measure welding signals, deposited bead geometry, temperature of molten metal, interpass cooling, etc. a schematic diagram of a waam system equipped with gas cooling process is presented. in this system, a moveable gas nozzle, which provides argon, nitrogen, or co2 gas, is used to provide active cooling during the fabrication process. waam process can achieve a deposition rate of 50-130 g/min compared to electron beam or laser power sources, which can get a maximum deposition rate of up to 2-10 gm/m. a lot of metal material in the form of wire, such as ti6al4v, copper-coated steel, inconel 625, steel-bronze bimetal, etc, can be used as a feeding material in the waam process (singh et al., 2020). waam does not require a vacuum environment, and components for making the waam system are cheap compared to other fusion-based methods, as welding instruments can be used to make the waam system. besides, the electric arc-based system offers higher efficiency than the laser-based method (cunningham et al., 2018). selective laser sintering (sls) sls is one of the most important and earliest powder-based am processes, which was patented in 1989. almost any material in the form of powder, such as polymer, metal, ceramic, or composites, can be used in the sls process (kruth et al., 2003). the sls process is similar to sla in several aspects, but powder of the intended material is used in sls. a laser is used in sls to sinter material powder to make the final product. whole process is completed in a building chamber, which is kept at a specific high temperature based on the printing material. as a result, the laser can instantly sinter the material. the sls process consists of a few cyclic steps. there are separate beds for printing and powder materials. bed containing powder material rises according to the layer thickness (typically 0.1-0.3 mm). a roller is used for successive deposition of metal powder to the printing bed. excess powder is also removed with the roller. after powder deposition, a laser sinters the material based on the part's design. each layer is sintered to the previous layer which creates a final solid part based on the supplied design. when sintering is done, printing bed goes down based on layer height for making the next layer. powder containing bed again goes up, and roller is ready for making the next layer of the part. in sls process, unsintered powder is used as support, so extra support is not required for overhanging portion. sls process is normally operated in an inert gas environment. this process can produce parts with very high mechanical strength; in fact, the material properties of the printed part are very close to the used material. however, the sls process has some disadvantages, such as the surface finish and lower density, and the printed part suffers from porosity as the material is sintered using a laser. digital metal laser sintering (dmls) is very similar to sls, but only metal alloys can be used in dmls process (joshi & sheikh, 2015). dmls gives excellent part accuracy due to full control over the temperature and atmosphere of the building chamber (atzeni & salmi, 2015). in this process, fully dense metal parts can be made (atzeni & salmi, 2015). multi-jet fusion (mjf) printing is also close to the sls process but uses infrared lamps as the energy source with a fusing agent that can absorb radiation energy to fuse the material (cai et al., 2021). other extensively used metal 3d printing technologies, such as electron beam melting (ebm) and selective laser melting (slm), are also very similar to sls but use higher energy density than sls. in ebm, instead of a laser, the electron beam is used to melt powder metal. its ability to make complex parts with excellent mechanical properties made it a dependable metal manufacturing technology. zinc, bronze, steel, titanium alloy, etc. can be easily used as a material to produce complex, high-density parts (biamino et al., 2011; liou, 2019). figure 6. waam printing nayeem & hossain, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 9-20 15 discussions all the major automotive companies are exploring am to utilize its advantages in the main production line. bmw is one of the pioneers of additive manufacturing in the automotive industry. they started their 3d printing research in 1990 (bmw group, 2015). initially, the bmw group started using 3d printing for prototyping car parts due to the fast availability of components, flexible design requirements, and no tooling requirements. however, they are working toward systematic integration of 3d printing at the industrial level. in 2018, bmw announced that they had produced one million 3d-printed parts (bmw group, 2018). in different sites across the global production network, bmw is using both metal and polymer 3d printing. polymer parts are generated using multi-jet fusion and selective laser sintering, while metal parts use laser beam melting technology (bmw group, 2020). they have printed mounting for the top cover and window guide rail for the bmw i8 roadster using hp jet multi jet fusion technology (bmw group, 2018). those components are complex in design and would not be possible using traditional casting process. material is another concern for am as minimal materials are available for different processes. for those parts, bmw used aluminum alloy, which weighs even less than injectionmolded plastic parts. audi uses am as a quick solution for on-demand auxiliary tools, prototyping, and spare part development. due to the quick and inexpensive nature of am, audi's production department regularly prints positioning guides, safety devices, and casting molds. 3d printers give audi the power of precision, simplicity, and user-friendliness, which is very complex and time-consuming with traditional methods. audi is preparing to achieve the capability of applying 3d-printed parts directly on cars in the future. they are currently focusing on both polymer and metal am technology. for polymer 3d printing, they extensively use printers made by ultimate & makerbot with pla material (vialva, 2019). on the other hand, for metal 3d printing, audi uses the slm 3d printing-based printer slm280 made by slm solutions (petch, 2018). recently, audi has partnered with eos to make some selected tools entirely using metal 3d printing eos m 400 system (eos, 2021). another prominent automotive industry leader, toyota, also uses am continuously. though they have not started using am directly in manufacturing production parts, they use it for tool making and prototyping. on toyota motor north america research & development (tmna r&d), toyota regularly uses fdm, sls, sla, mjm, and dlp-based 3d printers (sae international, 2021). toyota racing development (trd) has partnered with a polymer 3d printing leader, stratasys, to make production-ready parts for toyota gr86 (stratasys, 2022). ford is using autonomous technology in addition to 3d printers to take advantage of advanced manufacturing. they have already made an autonomous robot named javier, which can operate a carbon 3d printer precisely, on time, and continuously throughout the day (redford, 2022). autonomous system integration gives the power to run a 3d printer continuously without human interaction, decreasing cost while increasing throughput. ford has used this system to produce parts such as brake line brackets for the mustang shelby gt 500 (cune, 2018). ford also extensively uses fdm 3d printers, such as prusa and lulzbot, with thermoplastic material to solve various problems in their production process. they have used those printers to print assembly line pucks, which has saved around $394,000 per year (donaldson, 2021). besides polymer, ford is also working with metal am. they are now working toward full-scale production of parts with the exone metal binder jet printer, which can produce metal parts using aluminum 6061(molitch-hou, 2021). physical properties of those printed parts are comparable to the die casting process. ford is more interested in binder jet instead of laser powder bed fusion because binder jet does not need any support material as the loose powder can support the part. volvo uses am technologies to produce tools and fixtures in their dublin new river valley plant (nrv). they use around 500 manufacturing tools and fixtures in the nrv plant made by 3d printing. as the quality and precision of 3d printers are increasing day by day, volvo is focused on utilizing the unique abilities of 3d printing in their production. they are using selective laser sintering (sls) to produce production-related tools and solve sudden problems uniquely. they developed a one-piece diffuser for paint atomizer cleaning process that saves $1,000 for each part. besides, they are printing roof seal gauges, fuse installation platens, drilling fixtures, brake piston gauges, etc. (volvo group, 2019) figure 7. sls printing process nayeem & hossain, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 9-20 16 other automotive companies are also gradually adopting am and setting goals to incorporate it as much as possible in prototyping, tool development, and spare parts development. table 1. automotive companies and their corresponding am approach company am processes bmw fused deposition modeling (fdm)(davies, 2023) selective laser sintering (sls)(ricoh 3d, 2020) multi jet fusion (bmw group, 2020) laser beam melting (bmw group, 2020) audi selective laser melting (slm)(petch, 2018) stereolithography (sla) (krassenstein, 2015) fused deposition modeling (fdm) (krassenstein, 2015) multi jet fusion (mjf) (krassenstein, 2015) toyota selective laser sintering (sls)(sae international, 2021) fused deposition modeling (fdm)(sae international, 2021) stereolithography (sla)(sae international, 2021) multi jet modeling (mjm) (sae international, 2021) digital light processing (dlp) (sae international, 2021) honda liquid deposition modeling (ldm) (everett, 2021) ford selective laser sintering (sls) (ford motor company, n.d.) stereolithography (sla) (ford motor company, n.d.) fused deposition modeling (fdm)(cune, 2018) metal binder jet printing (molitch-hou, 2021) volvo selective laser sintering (sls)(volvo group, 2019) fused deposition modeling (fdm) (pearson, 2020) rolls-royce electron beam melting (ebm) (molitch-hou, 2015) selective laser melting (slm) (tyrrell, 2022) direct energy deposition (ded) (kingsbury, 2019) chevrolet selective lase sintering (sls) (general motors, 2020) selective laser melting (slm) (general motors, 2020) fused deposition modeling (fdm) (general motors, 2020) nissan fused filament fabrication (fff) (the manufacturer, 2021) selective laser sintering (sls) (3d systems, 2015) multi jet printing (mjp)(3d systems, 2015) tesla sand binder jetting (madeleine p., 2023) fused deposition modeling (fdm) (3d printing.com, 2020) mercedes-benz selective laser melting (slm)(additive news, 2017; moore, 2020) fused deposition modeling (fdm)(moore, 2020) stereolithography (sla)(moore, 2020) selective laser melting (slm) (moore, 2020) volkswagen binder jetting (volkswagen ag, 2021) fused deposition modeling (fdm) (jackson, 2017) advantages of additive manufacturing in automotive industry additive manufacturing gives numerous advantages over traditional manufacturing. though both processes have their strengths and weaknesses, additive technologies can be useful for specific scenarios when traditional methods are not very useful. below, we have mentioned a few advantages of additive manufacturing:  design flexibility: traditional manufacturing methods impose constraints on the shape and structure of the product design. as a result, manufacturing complex parts is difficult. but additive manufacturing offers design flexibility due to layer-by-layer design capability. internal channels and features can be made gradually, which gives unparalleled freedom in additive manufacturing design. moreover, complex parts can be designed as a single part, which gives better freedom during design and performance.  rapid prototyping: rapid prototyping facilitates making workable designs directly from digital files, which is one of the best traits of additive manufacturing. traditional manufacturing requires tooling or molds for prototypes, while additive manufacturing can make that without any complex tool requirements. this saves time and money during the production phase. due to the speed of rapid prototyping, additive manufacturing is particularly beneficial to the automotive industry, where time-to-market is critical.  reduced material waste: additive manufacturing significantly reduces waste material compared to traditional manufacturing. conventional manufacturing largely depends on the subtractive process, which has a higher buyto-fly ratio. however, additive manufacturing has a higher buy-to-fly ratio, which generates very low waste. typically, based on the design, the material used for support material is the only waste in the additive nayeem & hossain, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 9-20 17 manufacturing process.  light weight: additive manufacturing can produce lightweight products through topology optimization, hollow sections, and lattice structures. topology optimization is the process of analyzing internal and external structures based on performance requirements. the lattice structure makes geometric patterns with a high strength-to-weight ratio. due to distinctive manufacturing freedom, additive manufacturing can produce parts designed using topology optimization having lattice or hollow structures. this reduces weight significantly without sacrificing performance requirements.  consolidation of parts: additive manufacturing has the strength to produce complex parts at the same time, which reduces assembly requirements. in the automotive industry, complex parts are required, especially in the engine. integration of multiple components into a single structure gives multiple production benefits. finally, consolidating parts gives better performance within a limited budget without additional materials. due to simple part design using topology optimization and the capability to produce lightweight parts, fuel-efficient design is possible using additive manufacturing. moreover, no tooling requirement alters the supply chain during the product development phase, which enables rapid deployment of the final product. even low-volume production is possible using additive manufacturing, which significantly benefits the workflow. finally, additive manufacturing facilitates the repair and replacement of parts within a short time, which would not be possible without the development of additive manufacturing. challenges of additive manufacturing in automotive industry in recent years, additive technologies have been incorporated into almost all major industries. there are a number of advantages of additive methods that come due to the inherent nature of the technology. still, it has many drawbacks that deter its rapid acceptance in mainstream production. almost all am processes suffer from significant weaknesses that have to be removed before using am in the primary production. in this section, we will discuss some common drawbacks of additive manufacturing.  product quality: while am offers excellent flexibility in product manufacturing, product quality is still one of the most critical drawbacks when considering traditional manufacturing. in many cases, additively manufactured products suffer from a lack of mechanical strength and distorted geometry. after manufacturing, the material property is changed under cyclic thermal loading conditions (volvo group, 2019). in the case of metal printing, anisotropy and heterogeneity in microstructure are also seen (kok et al., 2018). besides voids, porosity is very common on additively printed products, which creates a severe alteration in main product design and hampers accuracy. for example, extrusion-based processes such as fdm create voids inside the layers that result in anisotropic mechanical properties and delamination (abdulhameed et al., 2019).  low volume production: build volume is a major challenge in additive manufacturing process. as product is built in layer-by-layer fashion, it takes a long time for making parts that ultimately results low product volume. it is true that additive does not require excessive tools and fixtures for individual design, but when still am lags behind of traditional methods comes to large scale production. while traditional methods capable of produce thousands of parts in a fraction of time, still am takes long time for making any types of products. even cutting down large product into small parts cannot increase the production volume.  limited material: the quality of 3d printed products depends on the material significantly. almost all technologies have limited materials for printing parts. for example, fdm 3d printing depends on thermoplastic material, and sla needs resin that can be photocurable; for metal 3d printing, stainless steel, gold, silver, inconel, copper, titanium, and nickel-based alow are preferred. however, many materials with remarkable mechanical properties cannot be used in am. so, am cannot be considered when parts require high mechanical properties. advanced research is being conducted to develop high-entropy alloys, magnetic alloys, functionally graded materials, novel material composites, etc (scott, 2018).  post-processing: the requirement of excessive post-processing is one of the main hurdles of additive manufacturing. firstly, the surface finish of additively manufactured products may not meet industry standards, necessitating labor-intensive processes, such as sanding, polishing, or chemical treatments, to achieve a smooth finish. the surface finish also affects dimensional accuracy, which may constrain the usage of 3d-printed parts in low-accuracy-related applications. moreover, removing support materials can be a daunting task, requiring extra time and money.  lack of standards: the need for standardized processes and materials in am poses significant challenges. the absence of universally accepted standards can lead to inconsistencies in part quality, making it challenging to ensure uniformity and reliability across different am technologies. variability in material properties and printing parameters can affect printed objects' mechanical strength and performance. this lack of standardization complicates interoperability between 3d printers and software, limiting design portability. moreover, the absence nayeem & hossain, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 9-20 18 of standardized testing protocols makes it difficult to validate the quality and safety of 3d-printed components. these issues hinder widespread adoption, particularly in industries such as aerospace and healthcare, where adherence to strict standards is critical. conclusions in summary, additive manufacturing brings game-changing abilities in design freedom, rapid prototyping, waste reduction, and lightweight constructions to the automotive space. in its initial stages, additive manufacturing (am) was primarily used for prototyping. over time, am is progressively securing its position on the primary production line with each passing day. as technology and materials advance, 3d printing can solve more complex engineering problems cost-effectively. automakers worldwide are increasingly investing in industrial 3d printers and leveraging this cutting-edge method for design iterations, tooling, jigs and fixtures, and end-use parts production. however, issues around inferior quality, slow build speeds, limited material selection, and lack of standards need resolution for extensive incorporation along automotive assembly lines. as printers and allied systems grow more sophisticated, component quality and volumes should reach levels acceptable for full-scale manufacturing. with ongoing r&d, additive techniques are poised to complement conventional automotive manufacturing in the years ahead. for the ongoing analysis of tracking additive manufacturing (am) progress in the automotive industry, our primary data collection was from company websites. occasionally, we had to resort to internet sources, the verification of which posed challenges. nonetheless, we maintain confidence that this study successfully identified the most prevalent processes employed in the automotive industry. in future research endeavors, there is potential to enhance the current study by incorporating upcoming am technologies used in automotive and conducting a thorough analysis of the challenges in additive manufacturing (am) during that time. author contributions: conceptualization, a.m.n. and m.m.n.h.; data curation, a.m.n.; methodology, a.m.n.; validation, a.m.n.; visualization, m.m.u.; formal analysis, a.m.n. and m.m.n.h.; investigation, a.m.n.; resources, a.m.n. and m.m.n.h.; writing original draft, a.m.n., m.m.n.h.; writing review & editing, a.m.n. and m.m.n.h.; supervision, m.m.n.h.; software, a.m.n.; project administration, a.m.n.; funding acquisition, a.m.n. and m.m.n.h. all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgement: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references 3d printing.com. 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(2008). additive processing of polymers. in macromolecular materials and engineering, 293(10), 799–809. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.200800121 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 1-8 1 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 8 no 1 (2023) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa iot sensor technology and cloud application on farming practice: plant live data monitor in agriculture tanjea ane (a)1 tabatshum nepa (b) mahfuzur rahman khan (c) (a) assistant professor, department of computer science and information technology, faculty of agriculture, bangabandhu sheikh mujibur rahman agricultural university, salna, gazipur-1706, bangladesh; e-mail: tanjea@bsmrau.edu.bd (b) department of social policy, school of history and social sciences, bangor university, bangor, gwynedd, north wales, ll57 2dg, united kingdom; e-mail: niipa.ju35@gmail.com (c) department of business administration, faculty of bachelor of business administration, university of asia pacific, bangladesh, e-mail: shaon2028@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 8th august 2023 revised: 26th october 2023 accepted: 20th november 2023 published: 25th november 2023 keywords: internet of things (iot), cloud application, smart farming, mysql database, live data monitor j.e.l. classification codes: q110, q130, q160 a b s t r a c t modern farming practices emphasize cutting-edge technology for plant data monitoring since data monitoring enables farmers to promote sustainable farming practices in fieldwork. world agriculture is looking at sustainable management practices on agricultural farms. real-time plant data monitoring gets priority in precision farming, making farmers informed plant decisions. the study aims to design a sensor and cloud application for farmers’ plants’ live data monitor that provides an opportunity for earlier disease and pest detection to control long-term and effective agricultural development and provides sensor wireless network support to track plants' natural characteristics and anomalies detection. this research investigates sensor applications in farming practices to collect plant live data to produce information before making decisions about plants by farmers. the application applied the mysql cloud database to store plants' analogue data; smart devices connect farmers to the plant field virtually. the article experiment reveals that remote farmers can direct plants’ current condition to the environment. farmers get support to take immediate actions based on live data behaviour in an innovative way; thus, fast response for plants improves production quality and optimizes resource use. the study found that live data monitoring with a sensor network and cloud server application provides a technology-driven data collection model that efficiently analyzes data interpretation for farming practices. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction innovative technology has changed conventional farming output into the modern farming industry. global agriculture has experienced farming challenges through traditional agriculture criteria without using advanced smart farming policies. modern farming is being followed by world agriculturists/farmers; therefore, adopting smart farming practices is needed to meet the growth demand for agricultural products. natural ecosystems with environmental disaster threats and crop field agriculture are likely to shift towards sustainable agriculture quickly. industrial revolution technology shows directly an agricultural revolution from traditional to smart agriculture with emerging sensor technology used in farming to make it sustainable. food production, supply in the market, user demand, the price set in the market, and service for farmers and end users are highly related to agriculture and business, i.e., agribusiness. its branch significantly employs farming and agricultural practices. while agriculture deals with the development of crops, soil, and food production, other cases keep agriculture under commercialization, causing no agricultural production value in the supply chain. the food market demands to feed seventy per cent of the population by 2050 and needs more consumption demand for increased consumption in the future world, according to ravi and gopal (2017). therefore, food demand will surge demanding in future farming emphasizing iot (internet of things) and ioft (internet of farm things) that could assist in food production. internet of farm 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-0329-8626 © 2023 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under the responsibility of cribfb, u.s.a. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v8i1.2129 to cite this article: ane, t., nepa, t., & khan, m. r. (2023). iot sensor technology and cloud application on farming practice: plant live data monitor in agriculture. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 8(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v8i1.2129 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0329-8626 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v8i1.2129 https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1745-7025 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6891-0326 ane et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 1-8 2 things (ioft) smart devices are used to monitor field analogue data and data from crop growth zoon. ioft devices are technologically used in innovative agricultural farming practices. besides, the article (quddus & kropp, 2020) investigated agricultural farmers living with challenges, especially in the lagging regions of bangladesh, and their farm income, agricultural practice, input patterns, and farmers’ technical support survey most people here earn from agricultural production like others country community hence technology priority should be given into agricultural practice for lagging regions farmers. another article (farooq et al., 2020) surveyed iot technology and technology solutions to meet context quality and quality production demand for agriculture industrialization. sensor wireless networks help farmers collect crop information, and cloud services allow farmers to access field data remotely to make crop decisions. crop production-related climate change and soil moisture issues are addressed (dhanaraju et al., 2022). to improve crop production and reduce the use of fertilizers and pesticides, consider the advancement of iot technology in automatic agricultural operations, such as utilizing communication infrastructure, acquiring data, intelligent information systems, decision-making, etc. jurišić et al. (2021) encompassed frequently used sensors in agriculture applications and depicted sensor types according to detection, recording, measuring, and data representation. the application of various sensors records the real-time in farm production processes. sensor technology is operationally efficient, and it can accurately detect data factors. authors claimed that sensor technology made precision agriculture development. furthermore, nakhon et al. (2017) examined how technology can solve many traditional farming issues, such as manual labour price, improper water management, and environmental change conditions. proposed smart farming techniques using sensor devices can accurately detect humidity, temperature, and water levels in the soil, and explained three key components to implement the smart farming model sensor device, gateway, and cloud service. industrial technologies used in agricultural experiment fields are likely to grow merely high-quality production and quantity and decrease farm manual labour, i.e., using smart devices like smartphones, sensors, robotic applications, smart irrigation, field root data analysis, etc. technology applications have a significant impact on agricultural production systems. sensor technology is a potential key driver to transform agriculture to digitalization. sensor application helps farmers prevent crop diseases, assess plants’ health, and improve data and information analysis to produce yields. the sensor revolution in technology significantly impacts all farming practices and management systems. sensor technology can assist in environment, soil, and plant growing conditions, monitoring trees’ health factors, mapping their biological viability, detecting growing risks, and so on (kayad et al., 2020) discussed sensors application. the above studies examined different technologies and found iot sensor applications, cloud services, smartphones, and robotics transforming agriculture to industrialization. hence, iot-based smart devices provide more agricultural benefits in farming practices than traditional agricultural production processes for industry. the smart production strategy helps farmers make knowledge-based decisions in farming practices. farmers can be alert about crop insect attacks and natural calamities by using devices through notifications. farmers are becoming smarter in agricultural work. the article (rubio & más, 2020) says modern farming can manage agricultural goals with objective information emerging from data-driven solutions in farming. also, klerkxa et al. (2019) picked digital agriculture's social and economic conditions. agriculture 4.0. it employs precision farming and digital agriculture, linking modern digital agricultural practices with farm diversity and transparent production in the supply value chain. big data, the internet of things, robotics, sensors, drones, 3d printing, and artificial intelligence are many forms of digitalization applied in modern digital agriculture. kilpatrick and johns (2003) studied how farmers learn farming and business management to follow strategic and tactical changes. farmers learning change farm management successfully, marketing practice makes capability to make them outward looking and focused on people connecting extensive networking. internet technology and communication are applied to farm management in agriculture and modern gardening. the u.k. farm business adopts internet technology for agricultural business. farmers apply e-commerce technology to launch small to medium-sized enterprises (warren, 2004). in contrast, farmers use internet technology for agricultural microbusiness, resulting in agricultural development and human capital-related commercial business. another study examined that agriculturists are highly influenced to apply i.c.t. and iot technology in farming practices. the modern gardening system follows i.c.t. technology to handle information management system (wang et al., 2010) and hold essential guidelines for garden marketing such as planting, seeding, caring, harvesting, maintenance, spraying, and monitoring are tracked down using technology. another article (tiwari et al., 2016) wrote on cad (computer-aided designing) developed for landscape gardening that creates 2d and 3d gardening models using computer application software. agricultural iot development for garden planning and flower design management, smart gardening proposed (jia, 2021). iot technology developed machine-based irrigation systems that assist farmers in getting more relevant information for better decisions (ragab et al., 2022) to make agriculture more sustainable. robotics knowledge is applied to operate complex tasks for a human expert. smartphones with digital features and more powerful computing devices are added to farming practices (pongnumkul et al., 2015). now, producers can work and run farm businesses using a smartphone. iot and cloud service applications based on cloud technology are powerful and demandable online applications for farming to fix traditional agricultural challenges (awan et al., 2021). iot services in agriculture require low power, maintenance, and installation costs to operate and also provide more robust network connectivity among farming agents, ensuring agricultural and industrial zones with large-scale production parameters (basnet & bang, 2018). according to obaideen et al. (2022) designed a sensory smart irrigation system, highlighting precision farming with low-cost iot technology. the technique developed a network of wireless sensor nodes used by irrigation systems to sense, compute, and transmit information on different essential parameters to control the growth of plants. the authors considered two types of irrigation systems, i.e., suspended cycle irrigation systems based on traditional timer controllers and water-on-demand irrigation that sets the ane et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 1-8 3 threshold to meet soil-required moisture. therefore, the authors explored survey articles related to modern agricultural technology that result in iot sensors and cloud applications that have brought modern farming practices, and embracing these technologies illuminates the challenges of increasing production demands. the paper is organized into several sections, including an introduction explaining sensor technology development in agriculture, application process, and controlling farm management using modern technology. the section on materials and methods describes the model flowchart, sensor application and configuration for plant data collection, and farmers’ mobile app configuration. the result and discussion section presents output in the serial monitor of sensor data values, cloud-designed live database, and farmers’ mobile notifications. lastly, the conclusion section shows agricultural field research findings, limitations, and future research applications. materials and methods the proposed article application flowchart is presented in figure1. i defined all iot sensor devices as configured to retrieve data from plant areas. the collected data is in analogue format; hence, information must be processed from analogue data. iot microcontrollers can read analogue data and convert it into readable format. then, plant data and information are easily accessible by field designers. the iot sensor technology circuit is designed to connect plant field data directly to the computing chips of the microcontroller. retrieve sensor data needs to be sent to the cloud database for storage, so the cloud database (mysql) query is open-source and is preferred to be implemented for our research experiment. the database is initially empty because manual data are not kept in the dataset. only plant live data are stored here. dataset designed for plants’ live data type. if the data type does not fit, a false value will be generated as identification in the decision-making stage, i.e., 'is cloud storage connected or not?'. microcontroller and cloud storage connection established include php script coding. retrieved plants’ analogue data cannot be performed before any logical processing; hence, serial plotters and monitors capture real-time live plant data to check the data connection channel from the iot sensor to the microcontroller. online database storage plants live data, so we designed a cloud server database. cloud technology database load in the online version can hold dynamic data changes in a real-time environment. all data are stored as a sensor data type with a mention of time and date. in other cases, data connection failures like internet interruptions or troubleshooting problems with missing data can be figured out quickly. hence, time stamp data needs to be designed on a cloud database. the primary key is defined as unique data indexing; therefore, no mismatching data are found on the online cloud database, or if data redundancy occurs, it’s quickly possible to remove it from the database. an internet connection, i.e., wifi or mobile data, establishes a communication channel between plants’ live data and plant designers so that smart mobile applications monitor plants’ live data as long as the database demands. smartphones have the advantage of using bluetooth systems and pairing capabilities with other devices. allowing pairing bluetooth devices, plant designers get current mobile notifications in their hands. live data connected to sensor devices and analogue data from plants to receivers is updated until applications automatically stop. once data retrieval starts, it automatically sends data to the server without human interruption until it stops programming code. then, microcontroller commands upload and verify post data, whereas analogue data begins to be retrieved from the field, and stored data is automatically visible on the cloud database. cloud online servers store live plant data and make it presentable to plant designers/farmers in the mobile application, which is compatible with pairing. in the disconnection of the database or sensor device, power immediately informs the plant designer there is a connection error or missing information for live data retrieval of plants. figure 1. data collection and cloud storage workflow ane et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 1-8 4 results experiment configuration and result design iot sensor technology has many types; three types of sensors are applied to field data collection for experiment purposes. soil moisture, temperature, and humidity sensor technology are applied to plant field data and designed on the circuit board for data retrieval. arduino microcontroller receives data from sensor devices, and arduino software writes programming code to implement sensor data. arduino uploads the code, and the serial monitor screen makes data visible in readable data format. the agricultural plant data research model requires arduino software, application library files with iot sensors, and a microcontroller—circuit designed on a breadboard plate. the microcontroller connects breadboard positive (+) and negative (-) connection pins using a few jumper wires. the arduino board model u.n.o. r3 was designed for experimentation. analogue plant live data is directly recorded from the plant root environment using sensor technology, i.e., soil moisture, temperature, and humidity sensors. the moisture sensor needs a vcc pin connected to an arduino 5v pin, a gnd pin to an arduino gnd pin, and then an analogue output (a.o.) pin to an arduino analogue port a2 pin. temperature and humidity sensor values are retrieved using a dht11 sensor with three pins. the data pin of the sensor is connected to board digital port 2—the other two pins, including ground and power, are connected to arduino pins, respectively. the esp32 chip microcontroller supports wifi and bluetooth connection to the internet and smart mobile phones. arduino bluetooth module hc-05 is part of the circuit design to get notifications on mobile phones via bluetooth. model design local server using xampp, including two modules, apache and mysql. before the application triggers, it must install devices—a cloud technology online cloud server designed to store real data from plants. live data are stored on the localhost/phymyadmin cloud server. data change automatically reflects on cloud storage. the experiment model created a database with five variables, i.e., plant's id: primary id, that each plant data has a unique number identification. moisture_data: retrieve live plant data from the field using a moisture sensor device. temperature_data: holds weather temperature using the dht11 sensor, and humidity_data collects humidity data using the dht11 sensor. the data_record_time variable shows the data collection time and date. for every sample data collection, five variable values are inserted into the cloud database from the plant's root zone. plant i.d. is an auto-generated number, so data redundancy can be traced. sensor values in the database are stored only integer (int) numbers. figure 2 shows the experiment configuration step by step. arduino ide software designed arduino 2.2.1 version. library files are required to be installed for sensor data reading. d.h.t. sensor library 1.3.7 and <wire.h>, <wifi.h>,<httpclient.h>,<dht.h> library files are attached with program software. arduino board port com3 is selected to upload code, and the result is displayed on the serial plotter and monitor. figure 2. experiment with configuration and set database design coding implementation to collect live data from plants is shown in figure 3. variables to collect sensor values temporarily are initialized as zero values. three values are declared according to a cloud server's phpmyadm in database design. url holds the xampp file location with the local computer's ip address. figure 4 presents how the esp32 board with arduino ide uses the post method to send data from arduino ide to the cloud site. ane et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 1-8 5 figure 3. plants' live data retrieval process through the sensor figure 4. esp32 connected and retrieved plants' live data figure 5 depicts the ways of php scripting code for sql queries in cloud databases to store live data entry. the isset() function checks whether three data variables are retrieved from the plant. the function returns an actual value if the variables are filled and are not null. otherwise, the function returns a false value. coding sql variable holds insertion query into the database while query successfully done results echo (print) denotes record completed. plant designers have the mobile bluetooth app ‘arduino bluetooth receiver’ to open ardutooth to pair the h.c. 05 module with a smartphone to get plant sensor values as notifications. figure 5. mysql database, arduino bluetooth receiver, and h.c. 05 module plant data presentation ane et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 1-8 6 discussions the experiment output is shown in figure 6 to upload the arduino ide code. the serial monitor in arduino software displays the output result. three sensor values are retrieved from plant accurate data—live data value changes with time milliseconds, accounting for two to five milliseconds in programming code. sensor a.d.c. value is calculated in output monitor by soil moisture sensor that detects plants value min 302 and max 341. moisture a.d.c.'s high value defines soil as not moisture, and a.d.c.'s low value defines the soil as moist as the recorded amount. at the same time, temperature sensors sense weather temperatures nearly 30 oc. the cloud server database is designed to store only integer temperature data values in phpmyadmin, stores 30 oc and the humidity sensor retrieves 83 per cent values in a particular time. moisture sensor data temperature sensor data humidity sensor data figure 6. sensor data values in the output monitor this execution phase is crucial to explain since collected plants’ live data were successfully retrieved from plants. zoon now needs to transfer the data’s original value as it is captured to the live database. we designed the mysql database to catch sensor values from fields through communication channels. cloud database is connected online via the xampp local server of the workstation computer. to automatically collect data in the local server, apache and mysql module action must start, and another function must not occupy the port. figure 7 summarizes two vertical views of how agricultural live data are monitored by farmers or plant designers. cloud servers hold live databases for plant data and self-directing update actions for holding considerable data in the server. each data has an index as a denoted primary number. data are captured, and that particular date and time are recorded in the database. the second part of the following figure shows the farmer's front-end execution output of our research experiment. the farmers’ bluetooth app is paired with the ardutooth hc 05 module. while farmers are not in the field or nearby, the paring feature can access plants’ live data monitoring just using a smart mobile phone device. farmers may attend to the mobile screen and decide what is necessary for plants and when they need more plant care. cloud server for plants lives database notification in farmers' mobile. figure 7. agricultural live data monitoring farmer or plant designers get mobile notifications through iot and cloud applications with existing online systems. the cloud server database collects live sensor data retrieved from root plants. php script implements code to transfer sensor ane et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 1-8 7 data to farmers’ mobile as a notification. on specified dates and times, plant designers/farmers explore plants’ live data on hand, indicating today’s plant data, such as soil moisture value of 332, the temperature at 30 oc, and humidity at 83 per cent. conclusions agricultural practice is changing and highly influenced to equip with sensor technology. sensor technology with mobile applications assists farmers in continuing modern farming practices diversely and makes farmers aware of precision planting decisions in a more innovative way. this study implemented iot sensor applications in agricultural live data collection. live and accurate data from plants' root zone triggers computers or machines to execute necessary plant decisions. virtually monitored data by farmers added new farming practices in the agricultural industry that resulted in modern and digital farming practices with technology. farmers get all the necessary information about environmental effects on plants, which is vital in making fast and immediate plant decisions for field planting. this study also covered online cloud databases so that farmers can send plants live data or share it with experts for more solutions. our research has a few limitations. it is applied to individual farmers’ practices and field applications. however, in the future, we will expand our work so that the application model can be applied to industrial farming practices. training functions will be arranged if necessary to make farmers-friendly use of sensor technology and smart mobile phone applications. author contributions: conceptualization, t.a., t.n. and m.r.k.; data curation, t.a.; methodology, t.a.; validation, t.a.; visualization, m.m.u.; formal analysis, t.a., t.n. and m.r.k.; investigation, t.a., t.n. and m.r.k.; resources, t.a.; writing original draft, t.a., t.n. and m.r.k.; writing review & editing, t.a., t.n. and m.r.k.; supervision, t.a.; software, t.a.; project administration, t.a.; funding acquisition, t.a., t.n. and m.r.k. all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgement: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. 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e-mail: sharifazmir@gmail.com (b) lecturer, department of business administration, pundra university of science & technology, rangpur road, gokul, bogura, bangladesh; e-mail: atiqurrahamancp@gmail.com (c) mba in hrm, dhaka university, bangladesh; e-mail: mitaranim0@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 7th june 2022 accepted: 22nd july 2022 online publication: 27th july 2022 keywords: human resource management, ready-made garment, covid-19 non-financial job satisfaction working environment, job safety jel classification codes: g32, f65, l66, l25, m41 a b s t r a c t this study aims to assess the impact on human resource management (hrm) practices of the readymade garments sector, evaluate major changes due to covid-19 in hrm, and examine employees' non-financial job satisfaction during covid-19. this study collected data from 100 randomly selected respondents from ready-made garments of bangladesh to accomplish these objectives. the findings show that job satisfaction (non-financial) has positive significant (p<0.05) relation with working environment conditions (wec) and also has a positive significant (p<0.05) association with employee management relationship (emr). in contrast, a similar positive correlation is also found between wec and emr. however, during covid-19, non-financial job satisfaction, including hand sanitizer, soap, masks, sick leave, health safety issues, etc., was increased and indicated a satisfactory rank. this suggests that most firms maintain health issues, safety, and others during a pandemic, which enhances non-financial job satisfaction. on the contrary, financial benefits are reduced, loss of jobs, and lack of job safety increases, which cannot be ignored. moreover, this study also recommends several policies that may improve the employees' productivity and the industry as a whole. © 2022 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction since the liberation war, bangladesh has been steadily working toward its goal of being a sustainable development country. bangladesh's administration pursued a socialist economic model. private sector development, industrialization, competitiveness, and human resource management (hrm) are all issues that need to be addressed and were not prioritized by the government or politicians. bangladesh had remarkable economic growth after converting its economic policies from socialism to a free-market economy in the early 1990s. it presently has an industrial contribution to gdp of roughly 28.5 percent. ready made garment (rmg) is one of the booming manufacturing sectors with a greater contribution to the national economy of bangladesh. rmg has been the main source of export for the last 25 years, and this sector employs more than 3 billion people in bangladesh, of whom about 90% are poor and underprivileged women. this sector became important in generating employment, foreign exchange earnings, and contributing to gross domestic product (gdp). despite being a thriving national trade and finance sector, rmg is having trouble expanding its product lines, locating new markets, managing transport for product delivery due to inadequate infrastructure utilization, and creating backward and forward links. in addition, other significant issues with the rmg sector include poor working conditions and work practices (such as irregular factory pay) and a lack of social conformity, which contribute to frequent labor unrest and lower job satisfaction. most of the people working in the rmg sector in bangladesh are poor who live in rural areas and char lands and 1corresponding author: orcid id: 200000-0002-3120-719x © 2022 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v5i1.1774 to cite this article: sharif, m. a., rahman, m. a., & mallik, m. r. (2022). investigating the effect of covid-19 on human resource management and non-financial job satisfaction: empirical evidence from the rmg sector of bangladesh. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 5(1), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v5i1.1774 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v5i1.1774 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3120-719x https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7029-150x https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2512-1434 sharif et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 14-20 15 somehow connect with microfinance credit which gives credit at minimum conditions with high interest to the local poor people (banu et al., 2021), has background role for moving people of char lands (hoque et al., 2021) and rural areas to special urban garments sector jobs. another reason they enter into job sectors early with low payment is a lack of education and training on special skills (hoque et al., 2021). instruction takes time, and most of them have little capital, so they are interested in income-earning activities early. on the contrary, they are mainly involved with agriculture (rabbani & ahmad, 2021), which also influences their specialization in agriculture. in the financial crisis, they have very few options, including the rmg sector for the job. covid-19 has shaken all organizations to their core because of an unavoidable and hard environment for human resource management (hrm) practitioners who must create inventive ways to maintain their organizations' existence and assist their people in coping with this new crisis. by examining the impact of covid-19 on hrm, this work intends to broaden the area of management research. it observes the significant challenges and opportunities that have evolved because of this epidemic. this research will help these sector hrm professionals to gain insight into future directions of the company development that may come into view because of these opportunities. this epidemic has undoubtedly brought a tough and stressful phase for human resource management practitioners. hrm professionals need to think out of the box to keep their businesses in a stable position and assist their staff in coping with new problems. hrm practitioners require relevant information to help them navigate this crisis effectively and efficiently. studies on covid19 impact on hrm in the rmg sector are not in large number, so it is difficult for the hrm practitioners to know the challenges and problems. the major purpose of this study is to look into the influence of covid-19 on hrm and identify the issues. this research also provides recommendations for future hrm orientations in bangladesh's rmg sector. this research will help management from a scientific standpoint and give them a vast area from the research point of view. non-financial job satisfaction the success of an organization largely depends on its employee's job satisfaction (alternatively said as employee satisfaction or workplace satisfaction). staff is satisfied by providing financial or non-financial benefits. in one of his studies, clifford (1985) noted that various types of rewards or benefits have relationships with employees' job satisfaction. employees who are highly satisfied with their work conditions become more productive and loyal to their work. however, the organization also provide different types of non-financial benefits and facilities to enhance job satisfaction and increase the motivation level of their employee. we can define non-financial benefits as that employees will not get any monetary value or amount but will be satisfied with it. these types of benefits are considered intrinsic benefits also. non-financial job satisfaction plays a vital role in satisfying and motivating employees. providing a supportive working environment; maintaining manager-employee good relations; giving work flexibility; ensuring health and hygiene for officers; apprising for good work, and arranging training for staff organizations can satisfy employees at some or no cost. non-financial benefits give considerable levels of employee satisfaction at no cost. in the covid-19 situation, rmg faces various problems and financial threats also. non-monetary benefits have been a key element in improving employee satisfaction to increase productivity and sustain competitive advantage. objectives of the study  to know about the scenario of bangladesh’s rmg industries during covid-19.  to assess the impact on hrm practices and evaluate major changes due to covid-19 in hrm.  to find out employees' non-financial job satisfaction during covid-19. this particular research is all about the ready-made garments industry. this sector's human resource practices and the challenges they face in this pandemic. this research tries to get information on how hr practitioners handle this crisis. as a result, this study will help identify the problems which can be resolved easily. also, allow them to make this epidemic an opportunity. literature review human resource management methods boost organizational performance and competitive advantage (absar, 2014). employee turnover, productivity, and job unhappiness are all exacerbated by a lack of proper hrm practices. however, successful implementation of hrm techniques can help to improve overall organizational performance and growth (absar, 2014). incompetence in hrm procedures always impacts organizational competitiveness, as the staff is the most important aspect in achieving quality results. inadequate workforce planning is an important key issue in human resource management, as well as personnel shortages and surpluses, which represent the reality of hrm practices incompatible with business objectives. for many years, the ready-made garments industry's human resource management practices have been a popular area of research. however, despite the fact that bangladesh's ready-made garments business is a thriving industry, there have been insufficient studies undertaken in this field in bangladesh. a standardized questionnaire was used to conduct a study in several ready-made clothes factories in dhaka, and the results were objectively assessed. the study recommends that relevant authorities should be aware of employee training to improve employee performance and the organization's performance. the impact of the coronavirus disease (covid-19) pandemic on bangladesh's ready-made garment (rmg) industry is discussed in this study (worldometer, 2020). no such measures were noticed prior to the state or bgmea reopening the rmg factories to protect rmg workers from any health concerns. the decision to reopen the plants was made solely for economic reasons. sharif et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 14-20 16 without a doubt, authorities and factory owners have chosen to preserve their livelihoods over their workers' lives by reopening factories when the covid-19 pandemic is still a significant threat. european and north american countries are actively fighting the second wave of covid-19 following importation, but countries with a more vulnerable healthcare system are in danger, like bangladesh. the policies and procedures involved in carrying out the "human resource (hr)" aspects of a management position, such as hr planning, job analysis, recruitment, selection, orientation, compensation, performance appraisal, training and development, and labor relations, are collectively referred to as human resource management (hrm) (dessler, 2007; khan, 2010). hrm is a crucial organizational resource that aids an organization's ability to sustain itself and remain competitive (marchington & wilkinson, 2008; schuler, 1990; absar et al., 2010). it is a crucial factor that affects various employee attitudes and behaviors, including intent to leave, degrees of job satisfaction, and organizational commitment (lee, 2000; sarker, 2014). many researchers have looked into bangladesh's garment industry's health, hygiene, and safety concerns (hossain, 2007). according to researchers, the rmg sector's working conditions are subpar and don't fulfill ilo criteria. the following are only a few of them: labor laws and rights are regularly ignored at rmg factories in bangladesh. additionally, because of the unhygienic environment, workers contract various diseases, and many workers are killed in industrial accidents, fires, and panicked stampedes. the lack of effective steps to ensure the enforceability of current legislation protecting employees' rights and maintaining workplace safety worries the rmg sector. management does not effectively address the safety and physical comfort of female employees. discrimination in salaries, insufficient maternity leave, weekly holiday, and infant care system are all human acts by security guards toward female workers. the industrial structure hasn't enough fire exits and air circulation openings. in most garment factories, the fire and smoke alarm bells don't work, and many don't have a fire and smoke alarm system. due to the sector's importance as a source of foreign exchange, various modifications are required. several studies have looked into the working conditions in bangladesh's garment industry. workers in the rmg sector do not have access to a safe and healthy working environment that follows neither the bla of 2006 nor the ilo-based international standard. according to kumar (2006), garment workers are concerned about an unsafe work environment and inadequate working conditions. employers treat rmg workers like slaves, mistreating them to increase profit margins and keep their industry competitive in the face of growing foreign competition. working conditions in the rmg industry frequently break international labor regulations and codes of conduct. regulatory measures, as well as their strict implementation and monitoring by government agencies, were also suggested to address the workplace security concerns of bangladeshi garment workers. occupational dangers such as musculoskeletal ailments and infectious infections are common in overcrowded work environments with limited workplaces. fire and building collapse injuries, deaths, disablement, and death are common in the rmg sector. job loss and a pay cut bangladesh's rmg sector began to face challenges considerably sooner than the rest of the world. the initial difficulties were procuring raw materials after china's business activity was suspended as the illness spread across the country. china is a major source of raw materials for the industry. this also accounts for a sizable chunk of bangladesh's multibillion-dollar chinese imports. because of the diversification of supply chains and the liberalization of commercial operations in china, the raw materials issue has finally been resolved. then there were the cancellations, putting the sector's survival in peril. the management of people is the focus of human resource management. when managers engage in human resource tasks as part of their job, they aim to make it easier for people to contribute to the organization's goals and objectives. human resource management refers to actions designed to support and coordinate human efforts to contribute to the organization's goals. since the covid-19 threat became all-too-real in bangladesh at the beginning of march 2020, labor leaders have demanded factory closures to protect workers from contracting the deadly virus. initially, the government strongly opposed industrial closures, claiming that workers' safety would be prioritized. while factory safety and entry were hot topics of discussion among labor leaders, the government, and the owners' organization, safety and cleanliness outside the plants were only addressed in passing. there were no clear programs or policies to guarantee that workers did not get the virus outside the plants. though the government decided to cut the workforce in all organizations by half due to the increase in covid19 infections and deaths, ready-made garment owners have continued running factories at full force while adhering to health recommendations. they express concern about the government mandate, claiming that full-force factory production is required to deliver items on the schedule, avoiding order cancellations or deferred payments. they also stated that keeping the industry running during the countrywide shutdown was the only way to keep the economy alive. according to a recent survey, more than half of bangladesh's export-oriented ready-made garment (rmg) producers have had to accept orders of products at a lower rate than the previous rate in the event of an emergency caused by the ongoing covid-19 outbreak. hrm methods can increase productivity by raising the standard of employees' work lives (huselid, 1995). hrm policies improve employee skills by acquiring and developing a firm's human capital. this research examines the current hr conditions in the rmg industry in bangladesh, focusing on employment conditions and hr practices such as performance appraisal. in today's business world, evaluating employee performance is standard practice. the importance of performance appraisal in a business has long been recognized. in most firms, employee performance evaluations are a hot topic. one reason for this is that performance appraisal judgments have an impact on employee salary and recognition. the research aims to assess the state of human resource management in the rmg industry. the primary research goals are to determine the sector's recruitment, job analysis, training and development, performance evaluation, and remuneration system following the completion of the study. workers' health, well-being, and occupational safety are being protected through various initiatives. according to some surveys, factories must exercise health safety procedures regularly to reopen the business. these procedures are examples of these healthy measure temperature checks, masks, hand washing, hand sharif et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 14-20 17 sanitizer, and maintaining social distance while at work. considering the conditions under which businesses will operate in the coming year and how to prepare for future crises, we must remember to put the worker first. the crisis can be handled by ensuring worker safety, establishing worker protection mechanisms in the event of job loss, and creating financial tools to maintain liquidity. building a positive relationship between the owner and the employees requires early intervention and proactive action to create a meaningful interaction between the parties involved. all of these are incorporated into hr procedures. all stakeholders have a role to play, including the bangladesh government, foreign organizations, brands, suppliers, and labor unions. the loss in this period is huge. only the rmg owners cannot handle or improve the condition by implying hr strategies. to ensure the economy's long-term viability, the government must increase support for backward linkage traders, lower tariffs, and lift other tariffs to protect domestic industries. innovation, product quality development, and skill development should all be prioritized. it is necessary to lower the cost of doing business. good governance must be followed. previous studies show the effect of covid-19 on the performance of the firms, rmg sectors, and other firms on a percentage basis and descriptive statistics only, such as syed (2020), khanam (2021), kabir et al. (2021), ali et al. (2021), akpa et al. (2022) and abdou et al. (2022) were the most recent work identified. still, this study tries to capture the issues with perception index as well as with correlations analysis. current status and difficulties of bangladesh's rmg sector in the 60th decade of the 19th century, the foundation of the textile industry was initially laid. in 1965–1966, the industry exported shirts (mercury shirts), made in karachi, for the first time to the european market. nine exporting industries were available in the latter in 1977–1978. riaz garments, jewel garments, and paris garments were the three biggest industries at the time. the most well-known and established of these was riaz garments at the time. the establishment of the clothing sector benefited greatly from the quota system. bangladesh gained a great deal from using that. as a result, the clothing business has developed today. but in 2004, as the quota system was ready to terminate, many people became concerned about bangladesh's rmg industry. even while the latter cannot be affected here, as the experts seemed to believe, it overcame the post-quota challenges and turned that story into a success. according to private figures, there are currently more than 5000 garment factories in bangladesh's rmg sector, employing more than 12 million workers, of which 85% are women. however, the bgmea estimates that there are about 4000 garment factories in bangladesh. with exports worth over $24.49 billion in the most recent fiscal year, the rmg sector is currently the nation's greatest foreign exchange earner. the fact that bangladesh has a much higher capacity for ready-made clothing than other south asian suppliers is fantastic news. even though bangladesh's rmg sector is the second-largest clothing exporter, it faces numerous challenges. the lack of safety at work and poor working conditions for the millions of garment workers are currently the rmg sector's biggest issues. it has become a significant challenge for bangladesh's forthcoming fiscal year. political stability is an additional crucial factor. the tazreen fire and the rana plaza collapse, two important events in bangladesh's rmg industry, have highlighted the importance of worker safety and prompted all relevant parties to take appropriate action. however, the formation of numerous platforms like the bangladesh accord on fire and building safety, the alliance for bangladesh worker safety, and the national plan of action in response to the regrettable incidents, aim to enhance the building and fire safety of bangladesh's garment industry, is good news for the rmg sector. additionally, bgmea and bkmea are collaborating here to find solutions to these kinds of issues. they have also invested significant money and completed the appropriate steps. the bangladeshi rmg industry is negatively impacted by political stability. if it persists, eliminating our most important industry will be a huge blow. therefore, political leaders should act quickly to address these issues. materials and methods study areas, sample size and data collection this study is a qualitative investigation. this design involved assessing a cross-section or sample of a population using surveys or questionnaires at a single point in time to deduce findings for the entire population. this study was based on primary and secondary data. primary data were collected from 100 randomly selected respondents, all of whom have been invited to participate in this inquiry. to acquire the necessary information, an online survey was conducted with the managers at the head office and the factories and interviews with their staff. 100 personnel from the head office were included in a convenient sampling for data collecting. as of the sample size, the respondents were employees of different garments ltd. the "convenient sampling method" is used as a point of clarification. it will assist in identifying and practically solving the problem. this study summarized the data, and analysis was done through correlation analysis in statistical package for social sciences (spss) 22.0 version because the sample size was small, and when sample sizes are small then, it easy to analysis the data through correlation analysis. correlation analysis coefficient correlation measures the strength of the relationship between variables ranging from -1 to +1, where 0 means no relationship, 1 refers exact relationship, -1 means a strong negative relationship, and +1 refers to a strong positive relationship that existed among the variables (taylor, 1990 and aguero et al., 2006). 𝑟 = ∑ (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥)((𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦)𝑛 𝑖=1 √[∑ (𝑥𝑖 − �̅�)2𝑛 𝑖=1 ][∑ (𝑦𝑖 − �̅�)2𝑛 𝑖=1 ] sharif et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 14-20 18 where, r = correlation coefficient 𝑥𝑖 = values of the x-variable in a sample �̅� = mean of the values of the x-variable 𝑦𝑖 = values of the y-variable in a sample �̅� = mean of the values of the y-variable measurement of respondents’ attitudes towards jobs to fulfill the third objective of this paper, a three-point likert scale was used in this analysis, including agree, neutral, and disagree. researchers commonly use this to measure the respondents' attitudes on a particular issue (burns & burns, 2008; kulsum et al., 2019). this formula is given below: 𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = (3 × 𝐴𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒) + (1 × 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒) + (2 × 𝑁𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙) here, agree means the respondents agreed with the statement, disagree means the respondents have disagreed with the statement, and neutral means either the respondents do not know the statement or s/he does not want to reply. result and discussion estimated result of correlation table 1 shows the result of the correlation stating that the variable under considering job satisfaction (js) is related to working environment conditions (wec) and employee management relationship (emr), which is statistically significant (p<0.05) that the relationship is significant at 0.05 level of confidence. another variable, wec, is also related to emr at a 5% significance level, indicating a positive relationship between variables. this result represents a positive relationship among the variables, highlighting employee satisfaction with their non-financial job facilities. table 1. estimated result of correlations variables job satisfaction (js) working environment conditions (wec) employee management relationship (emr) js pearson correlation 1 0.350** 0.259** sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 0.009 n 100 100 100 we pearson correlation 0.350** 1 0.267** sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 0.007 n 100 100 100 emr pearson correlation 0.259** 0.267** 1 sig. (2-tailed) 0.009 0.007 n 100 100 100 source: author's own calculation from field survey, 2020-21. ** refers to a 5% level of significance covid-19 and attitudes of the respondents towards jobs table 2 below shows the respondents' perception of their jobs and the facilities provided during covid-19. most respondents agreed that their firms maintained the health care safety (hand wash, mask, and disinfection booth) of the covid-19, which was ranked first and scored 293. this indicated that the firms are aware of the covid-19 and ensured the safety issue of their workers during covid-19. the second importance was given to the maintenance of the protocol due to covid-19 with points of 288; the third was given to the environmental safety issue for the employees by their firms. the fourth position was the higher rate of fire from the jobs during covid-19. this clearly shows the immediate shock of the pandemic situation. likewise, the lowest score was found for sick leave grants for the employees scoring 140, which was ranked as 17. in contrast, another is 160 notified in incentives and benefits given to the employees during covid19. this indicates that most employers were not providing many financial benefits and sick leave to the employees, which should be increased to ensure higher productivity. table 2. attitudes of the respondents towards jobs during covid-19 sl. no. statement agree neutral disagree total rank 1. employee working environment is safe 89 02 09 280 3 2. provide health care safety (hand wash, mask, and disinfection booth). 93 07 0 293 1 3. follows covid-19 protocol 92 04 04 288 2 4. medical facility given 42 20 38 204 13 5. the organization helps to get the vaccine 73 0 27 246 9 6. salary is given on a regular basis 60 20 20 240 11 7. sick leave is given 10 10 80 140 17 8. sick leave with pay is given 38 16 46 192 14 9. incentives and benefits are given 14 32 54 160 16 10. gives training to the employees 82 11 7 275 5 11. evaluate employee performance strictly 64 2 14 210 12 12. evaluate the working efficiency of the employees 73 11 16 257 7 sharif et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 14-20 19 13. labor laws are followed 79 12 9 270 6 14. during the covid-19 pay cut issued 84 7 9 275 5 15. employees get fired 89 0 11 278 4 16. employee turnover happens frequently 48 32 20 248 8 17. job security high 28 19 53 175 15 18. employee and manager relation is good 76 14 10 266 6 19. management and labor union relation is good 63 19 18 245 10 source: authors’ own computation from field survey, 2020-2021 conclusions and recommendations in bangladesh, the concept of human resource management is relatively new. to maintain legal compliances, hrm is now receiving greater attention due to the growth of mnc companies and ngo activities. due to its substantial sales volume on the international market, the rmg sector in bangladesh plays a significant role in the economy. however, due to the suspension of the generalized system of preferences, this sector is experiencing business difficulties (gsp). health and safety issues are caused by some rmg industry accidents, such as the rana plaza collapse and the tazreen fashions firing. now, covid-19 has created economic havoc in this sector and the employee well-being management during this pandemic situation. employee involvement in labor unrest has grown as the working conditions in this industry deteriorate. according to the results of this study, hrm practice is influenced by financial and non-financial elements. the employees will be happier and less likely to participate in labor unrest if the company can offer them appropriate financial and non-financial rewards. therefore, it can be stated that implementing sound hrm procedures can be a different approach to lowering unrest in bangladesh's rmg industry. since there isn't enough data to know how long covid-19 can survive on diverse surfaces, the virus could likely transcend international borders if covid-19-infected workers produce the clothing. covid19 has an impact on a variety of economic sectors in addition to the rmg industry. assistance to the rmg industry, the largest contributor to urban poverty reduction, may help other associated sectors in the supply chain and normalize the economy significantly and faster. most rmg businesses in bangladesh do not run formal orientation programs or recruitment and selection processes. as a result, when employees begin their jobs, they do not know what the company does or its purpose. employees are unaware of what is required of them by their bosses at the same time. rmg organizations should follow formal recruitment, selection, and orientation program. several steps can be adopted based on the existed present problems for betterment given below.  fair job appraisal practices and exit interviews are essential for every organization if it wants to keep talented employees and identify the causes of employee turnover.  this study also found that only a small number of rmg employers provide adequate medical and healthcare services. employers must pay attention to this to give the workers access to health care facilities.  employers must provide friends and family perks (such as daycare facilities, subsidized meals at the staff cafeteria, transit facilities, etc.) to help employees balance work and family life.  the employer should be sensitive to the needs of the employees' families and provide a comprehensive range of job-related benefits, such as paid sick days, a separate sanitary facility, flexible work hours, and workplace safety and security.  based on the findings of this study, it is concluded that improving job satisfaction requires financial and nonfinancial facilities. therefore, non-financial hrm activities should receive special attention.  to prevent legal issues in the event of discrimination, rmg enterprises should adhere to equity and equal employment opportunity compliance. after ensuring all of the above mentions strictly enforced and maintained, we can hope to have a better environment in our rmg sectors which will also draw the young talented, skilled job seekers to build their future in this sector which also enhances the contribution of this sector in the economy as a whole. author contributions: conceptualization, m.a.s. and m.r.m.; data curation, m.r.m. and m.a.r.; methodology, m.a.s.; validation, m.a.s. and m.a.r.; visualization, m.a.s. and m.r.m.; formal analysis, m.a.s. and m.r.m.; investigation, m.a.s. and m.a.r.; resources, m.a.s., m.r.m. and m.a.r.; writing – original draft, m.a.s. and m.r.m.; writing – review & editing, m.a.s. and m.a.r.; supervision, m.a.s., software, m.a.s.; project administration, m.a.s.; funding acquisition, m.a.s. and m.a.r. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references abdou, a. h., khalil, a. a. f., mahmoud, h. m. e., elsaied, m. a., & elsaed, a. a. 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(2020). coronavirus update. retrieved from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2022 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256741 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 7-14 7 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 1 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa education in the era of artificial intelligence: an evidence from dhaka international university (diu) saikat pande (a)1 jannat sharmin moon (b) md. fazlul haque (c) (a) lecturer, department of economics, dhaka international university, bangladesh; e-mail: saikatpande.eco@yahoo.com (b) lecturer, department of economics, sheikh hasina university, netrokona, bangladesh; e-mail: jannatmoon154@gmail.com (c) associate professor, department of sociology, dhaka international university, bangladesh; e-mail: fhaquesw@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 11th october 2023 reviewed & revised: 12th october 2023 to 8th february 2024 accepted: 9th february 2024 published: 10th february 2024 keywords: education, artificial intelligence (ai), ai for educational purposes, random sampling surveys, privacy concerns and ethical issues, ai tools jel classification codes: i2, o33, i21, c83, k31 peer-review model: external peer-review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t this study investigates the transformative impact of artificial intelligence (ai) on education, assessing both its advantages and drawbacks. employing the random sampling survey method, data was collected from 160 participants at dhaka international university. the respondents, predominantly aged between 18-21 years with an average age of 20.6, exhibited varying levels of awareness regarding ai tools46 percent were familiar, 44 percent somewhat aware, and 10 percent unfamiliar. notably, 72.5 percent of participants gained knowledge about artificial intelligence through online sources such as websites, research papers, and forums. the study identified prominent ai tools used by respondents, with chatgpt being the most widely employed, alongside google translator, microsoft bard, grammarly, quillbot, and youchat. chatgpt, in particular, found extensive application in academic studies, research, website development, and app development. interestingly, 17.5 percent of respondents reported being paid users of ai tools. beyond usage patterns, the research delved into the efficacy of ai in enhancing education, addressing privacy concerns, and exploring associated challenges, benefits, impacts, ethical considerations, and potential future directions. employing a likert scale for assessment, the study concludes by advocating for the integration of ai in education while underscoring the imperative for safeguards to mitigate potential misuse. this comprehensive exploration provides valuable insights into the evolving landscape of ai within the educational sector. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction artificial intelligence, bolstered by digital technology, has assumed a pivotal role in our daily existence, fundamentally reshaping our cognitive processes, behaviors, and interactions. since its inception, ai has witnessed remarkable progress and expansion, notably with the rise of artificial neural networks (ann) and deep learning (dl) (chan & zary, 2019). the swift ascent of artificial intelligence (ai) has profoundly impacted education. ai's growth has led to discoveries and developments that have imprinted various aspects of daily life. education has greatly benefited from these ai advancements as a vital component of societal progress and individual growth. incorporating ai into educational systems is transforming the approaches to student learning, teaching methodologies, and administrative operations. ai drives a transformative educational shift by customizing learning experiences, automating administrative tasks, and providing immediate, real-time feedback. as the importance of ai in education is acknowledged, it is crucial to consider its implications carefully (kamalov et al., 2023). when chatgpt became available in november 2022, it marked a significant milestone in accepting ai within society. it’s remarkable writing and comprehension abilities captivated a broad audience, generating unprecedented interest. for the first time, individuals beyond the machine learning community recognized the potency and relevance of ai. the impact of chatgpt is notably observed in the education sector, where ai finds application across multiple avenues, such as personalized learning, intelligent tutoring systems, automated assessment, and the facilitation of teacher-student 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-4645-4705 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under the responsibility of cribfb, u.s.a. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i1.2186 to cite this article: pande, s., moon, j. s., & haque, m. f. (2024). education in the era of artificial intelligence: an evidence from dhaka international university (diu). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(1), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i1.2186 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4645-4705 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s2666920x20300023#bib27 https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i1.2186 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6861-1250 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8769-2350 pande et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 7-14 8 collaboration. the scalability of ai allows personalized learning to be extended to every student (wollny et al., 2021). reinforcement learning stands out as an ai system adept at dynamically adapting to an individual student's needs and adjusting the learning experience accordingly. intelligent tutoring systems actively engage students and provide valuable feedback when combined with personalized learning. automation of assessments is another pivotal aspect of ai in education, with systems incorporating computer vision and natural language processing to grade assignments, tests, and quizzes automatically. using artificial intelligence in education underscores the significant potential benefits these systems can offer. the advantages of ai include better learning outcomes, cost and time savings, accessibility to quality education worldwide, and other factors. incorporating new ai technologies into the curriculum is more advantageous than impeding their progress in education. khan academy's partnership with openai to integrate chatgpt into their educational systems demonstrates an illustrative roadmap for implementing ai in education. the clear path forward entails embracing and adopting new technology while instituting safeguards to prevent potential misuse. this paper objective is derived from a recent literature analysis, is to delve into the potential impact of ai on education. this paper will revolve around three primary areas: examining applications, delineating advantages, and addressing challenges within this domain. the paper maintains a standard structure with five primary sections. the introduction sets the stage by introducing the topic and research goals. background information provides context and reviews prior research. materials and methods outlines research materials and methodology. in results and discussion, the paper presents findings and discusses their implications. finally, the conclusion and recommendations summarize vital findings and suggest directions for future research. literature review several studies have been dedicated to analyzing the factors that influence artificial intelligence. notably, significant research has been conducted not only in bangladesh but also in diverse countries worldwide. alafnan et al. (2023) investigate the progressions in artificial intelligence and its various applications. it shows a role in education, particularly in communication and business writing courses. it highlights the potential for accurate information retrieval and idea generation but notes concern about unethical use. the study suggests improved plagiarism detection software is needed due to chatgpt's adept paraphrasing capabilities. besides, baidoo-anu and ansah (2023) noted that chatgpt, released in november 2022, gained rapid popularity for its advanced capabilities. this study assesses its educational benefits, like personalized learning and formative assessment support, while also noting limitations, such as misinformation and biases. recommendations include collaborative efforts to enhance education with chatgpt safely. chan and tsi (2023) also present a preprint that delves into specific topics concerning teachers, ai, and higher education. this study explores ai's role in higher education, finding that while ai may enhance teaching, human teachers remain irreplaceable due to qualities like critical thinking and emotions. it underscores the significance of social-emotional skills cultivated through human interaction. a roadmap is introduced to guide educators and students in balancing human and ai strengths for a holistic learning experience. similarly, cotton et al. (2023) scrutinizes innovations in education and teaching methodologies. using ai, encompassing tools such as chatbots and gpt-3, in higher education showcases benefits such as heightened engagement and improved accessibility. nevertheless, it also raises apprehensions regarding academic integrity and plagiarism-related issues. the study discusses the capabilities of these tools and their potential for misuse, emphasizing the need for universities to develop ethical guidelines, offer training, and employ detection methods to ensure responsible use in academia. furthermore, dwivedi et al. (2023) explore the opportunities presented by generative ai and the ethical and legal challenges associated with its implementation. it highlights their potential benefits in the banking and tourism industries and raises concerns about privacy, biases, and misinformation. while experts differ on whether to restrict chatgpt, the article identifies research areas focusing on ai skills, biases, optimal use, accuracy assessment, and ethical considerations. in addition, kamalov et al. (2023) review ai's impact, highlighting applications like collaborative learning and personalized teaching, along with advantages and challenges. ethical concerns are noted, but the consensus is to embrace ai with safeguards against misuse for sustainable educational development. moreover, lodge et al. (2023) delve into the application of generative ai within tertiary education. ai on tertiary education, highlighting the need for rethinking and research in various areas. the swift advancements in generative ai are groundbreaking and might not have been entirely foreseen by the educational ai community. ai tools such as chatgpt in research and writing underscore the continuously evolving landscape of this domain and the potential for future enhancements or revisions. qadir (2022) examines the advantages and drawbacks of generative ai in education. engineering education is evolving with generative ai like chatgpt, offering personalized learning and simulations. however, it has limitations, including biases and ethical concerns. educators must adapt to harness ai benefits while minimizing negatives for future engineers. according to huang et al. (2021), the increasing role of artificial intelligence (ai) in education highlights its applications in adaptive learning, teaching evaluation, and virtual classrooms. it emphasizes the positive impact of ai on enhancing teaching quality and student learning. however, it also addresses potential challenges ai in education may encounter in the future. additionally, miao et al. (2021) explore ai in educational policy. this paper shows that using ai in education balances opportunities and risks. it encompasses ai fundamentals, trends, and ethical considerations, highlighting advancements toward sustainable development goal 4 (sdg 4) with actionable recommendations. correspondingly, borenstein and howard (2021) scrutinize the ethical implications of artificial intelligence pande et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 7-14 9 technologies. ai is transforming the world with both benefits and risks. to prepare future ai professionals and stakeholders, it's crucial to integrate ai ethics into education. this paper outlines ai ethics approaches and provides recommendations for ai ethics education. in addition, knox (2020) explores the intricate relationship between government policy and private-sector engagement in ai education in china. it reveals regional variations and emphasizes the active role of private companies like new oriental group, tal, and squirrel ai in shaping the field. this interplay between the public and private sectors is vital in understanding china's ai education landscape. the existing literature predominantly emphasizes a qualitative narrative analysis of ai in education. in contrast, this paper will prioritize a quantitative and qualitative analysis, covering aspects such as the purpose of ai, its utilization, public awareness, and a comparative study of ai in education versus traditional methods. materials and methods data collection method this study employed a survey questionnaire to gather opinions, experiences, and attitudes toward artificial intelligence in education from students at dhaka international university. the sample collection utilized random sampling across different departments and student batches. the research methodology is field-based, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative data. the questionnaire included a mix of open-ended and closed-ended questions. data collection spanned from july to august 2023. cochran's sample size formula (cochran, 1977) allows for the adjustment of sample size using the equation: n = z^2 * p(1-p) / d^2 where, n represents the sample size, z is the z-score corresponding to the desired confidence level, p denotes the estimated proportion or probability, and d represents the margin of error. if the margin of error is intended to be 6%, apply cochran's sample size formula with this margin of error: n = (1.96) ^2 * 10000(1-10000) / (0.06) ^2 n = 256 hence, considering a 6% margin of error, the recommended sample size for this research would be 256. please note that these calculations offer estimations, and the sample size required may vary based on the unique context of your research. consulting a statistician for personalized guidance is advisable. tools and techniques the study employed a range of tools, including percentage analysis, scaling techniques, tabulation, graphical representations, and calculating average means, to ensure a comprehensive and rigorous analysis. this information can be summarized in table 1. table 1. methodologies and techniques employed in the study statistical tools purposes software used descriptive statistics the analysis of the impact of variables reflecting students' aspects of artificial intelligence ms word, ms excel likert scaling the analysis of student's perception of artificial intelligence microsoft word, google docs column chart the frequency of artificial intelligence by participants microsoft excel, google sheets, google data studio pie chart the general state of growth of artificial intelligence microsoft excel, google sheets, google data studio source: author’s compilation based filed survey, 2023 results descriptive analysis descriptive analysis portrays age (year), education (year of schooling), and gender. table 2. descriptive statistics categories subcategories respondents average percentage total age of the respondents (years) 18-21 110 20.6 68.75 260 22-25 25 15.62 26-28 17 10.63 29above 8 5.00 years of schooling 13-14 98 13.2 61.25 100 15-16 37 23.13 17-above 25 15.62 gender male 132 82.5 100 female 28 17.5 source: author’s compilation based filed survey, 2023 pande et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 7-14 10 results and discussions respondents’ familiarity with the concept of artificial intelligence (ai) tools figure 1. how familiar is the concept of ai to respondents source: author’s compilation based filed survey, 2023 from this result, the respondents are familiar with the concept of artificial intelligence (ai), with 46 percent categorized as very knowledgeable. this means we substantially understand ai, encompassing its foundational principles, various techniques, and extensive applications across different domains. additionally, 44 percent of respondents fall under the category of somewhat familiar; this suggests that we have a comprehensive understanding of ai concepts and can offer information and insights across a broad spectrum of ai-related subjects. only a small portion, 10 percent, is categorized as unfamiliar, which means there are some aspects of ai where our knowledge may be limited or less comprehensive. overall, we can provide detailed information and explanations on most aspects of ai, as the result shows. assess respondents' familiarity with artificial intelligence (ai) figure 2. assessing respondents' familiarity with ai source: author’s compilation based filed survey, 2023 according to our results, artificial intelligence (ai) is primarily derived from the internet, accounting for 72.5 percent of ai-related information. this reflects the wealth of online resources, including websites, research papers, forums, and other digital platforms, where we have gathered insights into ai's history, techniques, and applications. social media contributes significantly, making up 23.75%, as these platforms often serve as hubs for ai discussions, news, and insights shared by professionals and enthusiasts. traditional newspapers make a minor contribution at 2.5 percent, occasionally covering noteworthy ai events or societal impacts. verbal communication, represented by mouth at 1.25 percent, is minimal, encompassing insights gained from conversations with individuals. our understanding of ai is primarily internetbased, supplemented by social media, newspapers, and verbal exchanges, though the internet remains the dominant source. most ai tools used by the respondent figure 3. most uses ai tools source: author’s compilation based filed survey, 2023 10% 44% 46% not familiar at all somewhat familiar very familiar internet 72.5% mouth 1.25% newspaper 2.5% social media 23.75% percentage 186 12 55 79 24 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 chat gpt quillbot microsoft bard google translator grammarly youchat pande et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 7-14 11 the percentages we've provided represent the frequency or extent we utilize various ai tools for different tasks. youchat appears to be used the least at 1 percent, suggesting minimal usage, while grammarly is used more often at 10 percent for grammar and writing assistance. google translator takes up 40 percent of your ai tool usage, likely indicating frequent language translation needs. microsoft bard holds a significant 30 percent share, indicating considerable reliance on it for specific tasks. quillbot ai is utilized at 9 percent, indicating moderate use for paraphrasing or rewriting content. chatgpt tops the list at 118 percent, signifying extensive reliance on it for various tasks, perhaps due to its versatile language capabilities. respondent's purposes for using ai programmes figure 4. purpose of using ai tools source: author’s compilation based filed survey, 2023 the result shows that 52% of our usage is directed towards academic study, indicating a strong focus on leveraging ai for educational and research purposes. research is the second most prevalent purpose at 45 percent, suggesting a significant reliance on ai tools for data analysis and information gathering. additionally, 32 percent is dedicated to selfcorrection, showcasing a commitment to improving the quality of our work through ai assistance. the use of ai for creating websites and producing innovative concepts accounts for 8 percent and 9 percent, respectively, indicating a moderate yet noteworthy involvement in web development and innovation. a smaller fraction, seven percent, is allocated to reasoning tasks, showcasing a reliance on ai for logical thinking and problem-solving. app development commands 4% of our ai tool usage, implying a partial engagement in software development endeavors. paid ai user figure 5. paid ai tools user source: author’s compilation based filed survey, 2023 the result shows that usage of paid ai tools is notably low, with only 17.5 percent of ai tool usage falling under this category. surprisingly, 72.5 percent of users use unpaid ai tools; usage pertains to non-paid or free ai tools, indicating that they may prefer cost-free alternatives for ai-related needs. on the contrary, 10% of respondents do not use ai tools. 76 86 13 16 52 12 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 72.5% 17.5% 10% 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 no yes don’t use any ai tools ai tools user pande et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 7-14 12 ai and traditional education system table 3. option on ai and traditional education system ai could replace traditional teaching methods in the future category frequency percentage cumulative frequency yes 138 no 96 may be 26 10 100 total 260 100 source: author’s compilation based filed survey, 2023 the data we've provided shows the responses to a question regarding the potential for ai to replace traditional teaching methods in the future. out of the total 160 responses, a majority, 53.12 percent, indicated a belief that ai could indeed replace conventional teaching methods. on the other hand, 36.88 percent expressed skepticism, stating that ai may not replace traditional teaching methods. a smaller portion, 10 percent, falls into the may-be category, suggesting uncertainty about the future role of ai in education. overall, these results highlight a notable division of opinions, with a significant number of respondents considering ai as a possible substitute for traditional teaching but a substantial portion remaining uncertain or unconvinced about this possibility. measure attitudes and perceptions about ai table 4. effectiveness of ai-based interventions statement 1 2 3 4 5 the effectiveness of ai tools and applications currently used in education. 114 46 81 9 10 ai-enhanced education can help to learn more effectively. 101 120 35 4 0 students are excited to use ai-enhanced educational tools for learning. 133 62 42 9 14 integrating ai into education can facilitate the development of skills necessary for the future among students. 130 68 36 6 20 students are concerned about the potential negative impacts of ai-enhanced education. 91 85 61 14 9 students have had positive experiences with ai-enhanced education in the past. 94 71 70 19 6 students believed that ai-enhanced education was the future of education. 100 72 46 22 20 students often use ai-enhanced educational tools in their learning. 78 91 58 19 14 students benefit from using ai-enhanced educational tools. 94 74 62 21 9 ai-enhanced education can be improved. 104 78 48 13 17 students are concerned about the potential negative impacts of ai-enhanced education. 97 62 74 14 13 ai-enhanced education will impact the future of education. 124 58 58 10 10 (scale: 1= very effective, 2=effective, 3=neutral, 4=ineffective, 5=very ineffective) source: author’s compilation based filed survey, 2023 the provided table data presents valuable insights into the perceptions and experiences of individuals regarding ai-enhanced education. the scale used for evaluation ranges from 1 (very effective) to 5 (very ineffective). notably, respondents generally express positive attitudes towards ai in education. a majority (70 percent) find the current ai tools and applications in education compelling, indicating the perceived value of these technologies. furthermore, a substantial proportion (62 percent) believe that ai-enhanced education can enhance their learning effectiveness and help them acquire future-relevant skills (80 percent). the data also highlights excitement about ai-enhanced educational tools, as 82% of respondents expressed enthusiasm about their use. additionally, more than half (58%) have had positive past experiences with ai-enhanced education, reinforcing its potential benefits. furthermore, a considerable majority (62 percent) believe that ai-enhanced education signifies the future of learning, emphasizing ai's evolving and influential role within the education domain. however, it's worth noting that there are concerns about potential negative impacts, with 56 percent expressing worries. understanding and addressing these concerns is crucial for responsible ai integration in education. this data provides valuable input regarding the current usage of ai-enhanced educational tools, with 48 percent of respondents indicating their frequent use. identifying the most commonly used ai tools and their perceived benefits and challenges is essential to enhance their implementation further. in summary, this data emphasizes the predominantly optimistic outlook regarding ai in education, signaling its capacity to improve learning results and equip individuals for the future. however, the concerns expressed indicate the need for careful implementation and ongoing evaluation to harness ai's benefits while mitigating potential drawbacks in the educational context. discussions the influence of artificial intelligence (ai) in educational settings has experienced substantial growth, significantly impacting learning methodologies. as ai rapidly evolves, educators face the imperative task of understanding how to utilize ai techniques to bolster students' academic performance effectively. moreover, fostering close collaboration between educators and ai learners is crucial in aligning ai advancements with pedagogical effectiveness. our study underscores the considerable impact ai has had on the education landscape. it highlights the need for a concerted effort to integrate ai techniques in ways that optimize learning outcomes. ai's integration into education introduces novel prospects alongside inherent challenges. according to owoc et al. (2019), ai's influence on teaching and learning yields diverse outcomes, encompassing both advantageous and detrimental effects within the education sector. building on this, the studies by hwang et al. (2020) and yufeia et al. (2020) accentuate ai's role in fostering innovative and notably efficient learning practices, thereby enhancing technology-driven learning environments. ai's impact on education encompasses pivotal facets, including the facilitation of teacher feedback, pande et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 7-14 13 automated grading systems, and the implementation of adaptive learning methodologies. our study delves into ai's impact on education through a random sampling survey involving participants, including students, faculty, and administration. it investigates their familiarity with ai, favored ai tools, and perspectives on ai's contributions to education. according to akgun and greenhow (2022), ai offers tailored learning materials to students, adapting to their specific needs and subjects. kose and koc (2015) also emphasized ai's capacity to augment distance education, particularly when combined with other intelligent systems. significant scope for research and exploration exists within this topic. our paper prioritizes a comprehensive analysis encompassing both quantitative and qualitative aspects. it aims to explore various dimensions, such as the objectives of ai, its applications, and public awareness, and undertake a comparative evaluation of ai's role in education compared to traditional methodologies. addressing privacy concerns in ai technologies is pivotal. prioritizing ai in education while implementing strategies catering to teachers and students is crucial for enhancing academic performance. our paper suggests embracing ai in education with precautionary measures to address privacy concerns, ethical challenges, and potential misuse. these insights serve as a cornerstone for future advancements in ai's educational role. conclusions this study presents a comprehensive exploration of the transformative impact of artificial intelligence (ai) in the education sector, drawing insights from a random sampling survey involving 160 participants, all of participants are students. the findings emphasize a positive outlook on the role of ai in education, highlighting its potential to enhance the overall quality of the student learning experience. however, the study underscores the necessity for a balanced and responsible integration of ai, with a clear recommendation to implement safeguards that mitigate potential misuse and address privacy, challenges, and ethical considerations. in this research contributes unique insights by not only identifying the potential advantages of ai but also emphasizing the critical importance of safeguarding against its misuse. this nuanced perspective positions our study as a valuable resource for policymakers, educators, and technology developers navigating the complex landscape of ai integration in education. theoretical implications of our study contribute to the ongoing discourse on ai in education by providing a conceptual framework. emphasizing the significance of effective teacher training programs, equitable access, and stringent data privacy measures, our findings offer theoretical foundations for policymakers and educational institutions. from a managerial standpoint, the recommendations underscore the need for a multifaceted approach, addressing practical aspects such as collaboration between technology companies, educators, and policymakers. for practitioners, our study recommends prioritizing teacher training programs to empower educators in seamlessly integrating ai tools into their teaching methods. ensuring equitable access to ai-powered resources, particularly in underserved communities, is identified as crucial for fostering equal educational opportunities. additionally, the implementation of stringent data privacy measures is advised to safeguard students' personal information, ensuring responsible and ethical use of ai in educational settings. while providing valuable insights, our study acknowledges certain limitations. the sample size of 160 participants may not fully capture the diverse perspectives within the education sector, and the rapidly evolving nature of ai may impact the generalizability of findings. researchers should consider these limitations when interpreting results and extending the study's findings to different contexts. suggestions for future research include exploring the evolving landscape of ai in education, considering emerging technologies and their impact on teaching and learning. longitudinal studies could provide a deeper understanding of the sustained effects of ai integration over time, while investigating cultural and contextual variations in ai adoption within educational systems would contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of its global implications. furthermore, ongoing research should delve into effective strategies for overcoming potential challenges and enhancing ethical considerations associated with ai in education. author contributions: conceptualization, s.p.; methodology, s.p., j.s.m. and m.f.h.; software, s.p., j.s.m. and m.f.h.; validation, s.p., j.s.m. and m.f.h.; formal analysis, s.p., j.s.m. and m.f.h.; investigation, s.p. and j.s.m.; resources, j.s.m.; data curation, s.p.; writing – original draft preparation, s.p., j.s.m. and m.f.h.; writing – review & editing, s.p., j.s.m. and m.f.h.; visualization, s.p., j.s.m. and m.f.h.; supervision, s.p.; project administration, s.p.; funding acquisition, s.p., j.s.m. and m.f.h. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgments: the department of economics at dhaka international university, bangladesh, provided partial help for this study. we express our gratitude to mohammad asrarul hasanat, lecturer, department of economics, and dhaka international university for his valuable help and insightful remarks, which significantly enhanced the quality of the paper. we express our gratitude to all the teachers of the department of economics, dhaka international university for their valuable insights and skills, which significantly contributed to the study. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references akgun, s., & greenhow, c. 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(2020). review of the application of artificial intelligence in education. international journal of innovation, creativity and change, 12(8), 548-562. https://doi.org/10.5334/ij.ic.20200807 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.61969/jai.1337500 https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-020-00002-7 https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.01185 https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.01185 https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2023.2190148 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642 https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0077 https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610220000988 https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610220000988 https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2020.1754236 https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6276-6 https://doi.org/10.54675/pcsp7350 https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434.v1 https://doi.org/10.5334/ij.ic.20200807 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 25-31 25 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 1 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa effect of training programs on trainees’ learning md. faisal-e-alam (a)1 (a) ph.d. fellow, institute of bangladesh studies (ibs), university of rajshahi-6205, bangladesh and assistant professor, department of management studies, begum rokeya university, rangpur-5404, bangladesh; e-mail: faisal.mgt@brur.ac.bd a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 12th december 2023 reviewed & revised: 13th december 2023 to 11th march 2024 accepted: 12th march 2024 published: 19th march 2024 keywords: trainees’ learning, human capital theory, knowledge-based outcomes, skill-based outcomes, affective outcomes jel classification codes: g21, m53, o15. peer-review model: external peer-review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t employees’ learning is the primary driver of organizational sustainability. to achieve sustainability, organizations are required to invest in training for their employees’ continuous learning. evaluation of training programs is the heart of continuous improvement in employees’ learning. this study investigates the effect of training programs on employees’ learning, focusing on knowledge-based outcomes (kbo), skill-based outcomes (sbo), and affective outcomes (ao). drawing upon human capital theory (hct) and the second level of the kirkpatrick's training evaluation model, a pre-experimental research design and quantitative method were employed. stratified random sampling technique is used to select a sample of 381 employees from eight private commercial banks (pcbs) of four bank generations in bangladesh who participated in pre-test and post-test assessments. statistical techniques including comparison chart, normality tests (shapiro-wilk w test and skewness and kurtosis test), and paired t-test were utilized to analyze the data. findings indicate significant improvements in kbo, sbo, and ao following training interventions, supported by statistical test conducted using ms excel v.13. later, findings from executing stata v.12 also underscore the effect of training programs on upgrading employees’ learning in the pcbs. limitation includes the absence of a control group that hinders the influence of potential external factors on learning outcomes, which is a new avenue for future research. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction the effective utilization of human capital becomes paramount for organizations to maintain a competitive edge and achieve sustainable growth. recognizing the significance of knowledgeable and skilled employees, firms invest substantially in training programs aimed at enhancing the capabilities of their workforce (blundell et al., 1999). furthermore, the rapid pace of environmental change necessitates continuous learning and adaptation among employees to remain relevant and responsive to emerging challenges and opportunities (hall & moss, 1998). so, the importance of employees' learning emerges as the cornerstone of organizational development (austin & bartunek, 2003). the ability of organizations to nurture a learning culture not only enhances individual performance but also lays the foundation for business growth and innovation. furthermore, the institutionalization of culture and system focused on development strengthens the link between employee learning and company’s success (gebhardt et al., 2006; gephart et al., 1996). hence, training programs are integral components of organizational development strategies, serving as vehicles for knowledge transfer, skill enhancement, and performance improvement (riege, 2005). in today's knowledge-based economy, service sector faces constant pressure to adapt to digital transformation, risk management, and quality management practices. as such, the ability of employees to acquire new competencies and skills through training programs is critical for organizational agility and competitiveness (karman, 2019). research has consistently shown that organizations with a strong learning culture outperform their competitors, demonstrating higher levels of innovation, productivity, and employee engagement (ghasemzadeh et al., 2019). updated and skilled employees are empowered to explore new ideas, challenge conventional thinking, and drive positive change (alvesson & sveningsson, 2015). without measuring learning outcomes, 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-7341-7945 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under the responsibility of cribfb, u.s.a. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i1.2198 to cite this article: faisal-e-alam, m. (2024). effect of training programs on trainees’ learning. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(1), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i1.2198 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7341-7945 alam, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 25-31 26 it becomes difficult to ascertain whether training programs effectively boost employees’ knowledge, skills, and abilities (ksa). thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of training programs on updating employees’ learning. the study addresses a practical need by evaluating the effectiveness of training programs in improving learning outcomes. learning outcomes describe what learners are expected to understand and exhibit at the end of their learning experience (mckimm & swanwick, 2009). thus, learning outcomes of training are considered the new style of qualification. though trainees’ expectations regarding the ksa they will acquire may be unrealistic due to high reality shock. the business firms are therefore provide better support to their employees’ career advancement. this research comprises six sections, including introduction. moving forward, the literature review section synthesizes relevant theory and existing studies. after that, the materials and methods section details the research approach. then, the results section presents key findings, followed by discussions section that interpret the study outcomes. finally, the conclusions section summarizes the main findings, discusses their implications, and suggests avenues for future study. literature review learning as the second evaluation level of kirkpatrick's model refers to the extent to which trainees acquire and enhance their knowledge, skills, and abilities as a direct result of participating in a training program. the learning evaluation indicates how much the trainees improved their ksa. that means, assessing at this level can only ensure that the knowledge, skills, and abilities have been learned to perform at workplace (gomez, 2003). at this level, evaluation is directed to differentiate between what trainees knew before training and what they learned after completing training. this level confirms that participants have not only attended the training but have also internalized the knowledge and skills they have gained. this internalization is essential for translating training into practical action and ultimately achieving the training program's objectives. human capital theory (hct) is an economic and sociological theory that views education and training as investments in individuals, enhancing their ksa. this, in turn, enhances their productivity, potential earnings, and organizational success. since becker’s path-breaking “human capital revolution” in 1962 (bowman, 1966), hct has changed the landscape of research in social science discipline (sun & wang, 2014). human capital, widely used after gary becker won the novel prize, initiated “human capital theory”. hct stated that a different level of education and training contributes to a different level of wages and salaries, the more knowledge, skill, and ability, the more likely to get a better job (becker, 1964). human capital is defined as a set of knowledge, skills, and abilities that reside in the individual and that are used by him/her (schultz, 1961). trainees’ learning consists of ksa improvement, as evaluated in the second level of the kirkpatrick model, can indeed be closely related to the hct. the value of human capital theory is widely accepted in order to increase organizational performance, so an organization relies on employees’ ksa as a key concept of value creation (wuttaphan, 2017). therefore, hct provides a solid foundation for understanding how training contributes to trainees' learning outcomes in terms of knowledge, skills, and affective attributes. in the second level of kirkpatrick’s training evaluation model, the effect of the training program was evaluated on participants’ learning using pre-test and post-test (heydari et al., 2019). another study proved a significant improvement in relevant basic knowledge and cognitive skills by comparing the mean scores of pre and post mcqs tests (abdulghani et al., 2014). for the quality evaluation of blended learning, pre-tests were taken and post-test together with scale surveys and questionnaires, as well the learning evaluation in this way has given an optimistic perspective (misut et al., 2013). overall, knowledge and skill acquisitions are affirmed between the pre-test and the post-test of training. training is the strategy for helping the bank employees develop their personal and organizational knowledge, skills, and abilities (roy & pall, 2020). moreover, training studies aimed at improving all three kinds of knowledge (strategic, content or factual, and metacognitive). but in actual fact, it is easier to measure change in some domains than in others, as this study undertakes empirical investigation (brown et al., 1981). a past study illustrated that participants learn concepts taught in the training sessions but are also prone to guessing more in the post-test assessment as compared to the pre-test assessment (samuel et al., 2019). a method using preand post-course evaluations has been made into a simple and effective tool for gathering data and assessing learning outcomes (sumner & capano, 2010). thus, the following null and alternative hypotheses were taken based on the above reviews. ho1: there is no significant difference between the pre and post training assessment at employees’ learning level. ha1: there is significant difference between the pre and post training assessment at employees’ learning level. materials and methods study design this study follows a pre-experimental research design as well as employs a quantitative research method. the utilization of quantitative research provides a structured framework for systematic data collection and analysis. additionally, the quantitative study method allowed for the application of statistical techniques to draw reliable conclusions. sample size a study population refers to a specific set of individuals or entities sharing common characteristics (sekaran & bougie, 2014). a stratified random sampling (stage-1) technique was used to select the sampling frame from the population of this study. the sampling frame consisted of employees engaged in general banking functions of eight private commercial banks (pcbs) representing four generations of banks in bangladesh. to determine the sample size, the formula for a finite population was employed to select the size of sample of 381 (kothari, 2004). alam, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 25-31 27 measures learning evaluation involves a two-step process, including a pre-test conducted one week before training and a post-test administered one week after completion (warr et al., 1999). three sub-dimensions like five items measure knowledgebased outcomes (kbo), five items evaluate skill-based outcomes (sbo), and three items assess affective outcomes (ao) are included in both pre and post survey. all 13 items in these three sub-dimensions have been founded on a study undertaken by kraiger et al. (1993). the five-point likert scale is used in this survey. data collection this study used again a stratified random sampling (stage-2) technique for the primary data collection from the selected sample. in addition, geographical diversity was incorporated in the sampling strategy. data were collected through two questionnaire surveys conducted: one week before and one week after completing the training programs in four major cities in bangladesh – dhaka, chattogram, rajshahi, and khulna. this geographical representation adds an extra layer of richness to the data. data analysis the analytical framework included the computation of descriptive statistics, such as mean scores for comparison charts of three sub-dimensions of learning outcomes, using ms excel v.13. to fortify the validity of parametric test, normality checks, including the shapiro-wilk w test and skewness and kurtosis test, were conducted. then, a paired t-test was employed to examine the statistical significance of pre-post differences in learning outcomes. stata v. 12 was performed for both the normality tests and paired t-test. finally, the findings are presented in tabular format. ethical considerations participants received detailed information about the research, covering its title, purpose, and procedures, before providing consent. confidentiality is maintained by keeping participants' names and positions undisclosed. the researcher prioritizes respondents' autonomy, allowing them to withdraw their opinions at any stage of the survey. rigorous checks are in place for missing or incorrectly entered data after collection. reporting of findings is conducted with utmost objectivity, ensuring the research maintains a high standard of ethical integrity. results item wise comparison learning of trainees is measured in three ways such as knowledge based outcomes (kbo), skill based outcomes (sbo), and affective outcomes (ao). based on figure 1, the trainees’ perceptions of knowledge are assessed, taking into consideration the scores before and after the training program. the survey conducted that illustrates the required basic knowledge (kbo-1) has been increased (bt= around 2.7 and at= around 3.6) to perform the task. the average score of slightly above 2.3 (bt) to just above 3.5 (at) specified that trainees gathered more knowledge than before training in order to identify and solve problems (kbo-2) at daily jobs. as regards trainees exposed, the ways they incorporated new information into existing knowledge (kbo-3) are greater when intervention takes place (from mean score of around 2.2 to a slight above 3.5). the trainees assert that they can judge more accurately (mean value increased from bt scores to at scores by 1) with intervention to identify the difficulty of problems and identify the necessary steps to work them out (kbo-4). the overall mean scores of difference between before and after intervention are less than one and a half (approximate change value is 1.3), which makes sure they are more competent to sort out their own mistakes in accomplishing the assignment or tasks (kbo-5) after receiving training intervention. figure 1. trainees’ kbo before and after the training source: comparison outputs of ms excel based on field survey, 2022 alam, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 25-31 28 similarly, the opinions of trainees’ concerning skill improvement taken from the former view and post view of training have been presented in figure 2. the chart reported that, where the average score before training was 2.3 that has increased to 3.9 due to training, which means trainees do the current job with less error, faster, and flexibly (sbo-1) than the past. comparing the skills application between two time streams, trainees are better able to apply the skills to new task settings (sbo-2) in the organization (the average value has risen from 2.2 to 3.7, approximately). the views of trainees are different (the next average is bigger than the previous average) when the intervention is given so that they can successfully change the skills depending on the situation (sbo-3). the status of finishing the task without regular monitoring further affirms the notable comparative mean score (about 2.3-3.8 estimated) between the earlier and later part of intervention (sbo-4). certainly, the comparison between the intervention and non-intervention cases clearly portrayed that trainees are more proficient at performing situational pressure or additional work with accuracy (sbo-5), but the improvement, as opposed to the other four, is lower in the skill-based outcomes phase. figure 2. trainees’ sbo before and after the training source: comparison outputs of ms excel based on field survey, 2022 finally, three aspects of affective outcomes of learning are unveiled in figure 3. looking at these aspects, employees change their minds rarely on a particular issue (ao-1) afterward the training. because they have learned to respond in the way that controls their mood. a change in one part may create a change in other parts of the attitude. as follows, high mean value rationalizes that the opinions of employees are right when they discuss a specific issue with their colleagues (ao-2) whereas the mean value is lower in same state of affairs with no training intervention. according to the survey, it is ascertained that many issues come up when the trainees discuss a particular issue in question (ao-3). because the mean score has advanced from almost 2.1 to 3.5 between preand post-training. figure 3. trainees’ ao before and after the training source: comparison outputs of ms excel based on field survey, 2022 test of normality shapiro-wilk w test of normality is given in table 1 where the prob >z value listed in the output is the p-value. the wvalue is 0.996 and z-value is 0.274 with the p-value greater than 0.05. therefore, the w-value is almost one due to the high distribution normality of differences between preand post-scores of learning owing to training programs. alam, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 25-31 29 table 1. shapiro-wilk test of normality for learning differences variable observations w v z prob>z difference (learning) 381 0.996 1.122 0.274 0.392 source: normality outputs of stata based on field survey, 2022 table 2 below shows the results obtained after performing the skewness test and kurtosis test for data normality. the test exposes the number of observations, which are 381, and the probability of skewness, which is 0.294, referring to the fact that skewness is asymptotically normally distributed (p-value of skewness > 0.05). similarly, pr (kurtosis) points out that kurtosis is also asymptotically distributed (p-value of kurtosis > 0.05). finally, chi (2) is 0.279, which is directly above 0.05, establishing its level of significance at 5%. consequently, according to the test result of normality, residuals of learning differences show a normal distribution. table 2. skewness and kurtosis test of normality for learning differences variable observations pr(skewness) pr(kurtosis) adj chi2(2) prob>chi2 -------------joint------------ difference (learning) 381 0.294 0.230 2.550 0.279 source: normality outputs of stata based on field survey, 2022. hypothesis test table 3 discloses the outputs from the paired t-test. there is a mean difference between the pre-test and post-test of 1.333 (mean) with a standard error of the mean of 0.032 (std. err.), a standard deviation of 0.630 (std. dev.), and 95% confidence intervals of 1.269 to 1.396. as well, the table is being presented with an obtained t-value (t) of 41.285, the degrees of freedom, which are 380, and the statistical significance (2-tailed p-value) of the paired t-test (pr(|t| > |t|) under ha: mean(diff) != 0), which is 0.000. as the p-value is less than 0.05 (i.e., p < .05), it can be inferred that there is a statistically significant difference between two scores of learning (pre-test and post-test). in other words, the difference between the two different period scores is not equal to zero, which supports the alternative hypothesis (ha1). thus, positive changes occur at trainees’ learning level after training. table 3. paired t test for trainees’ learning 95% ci variable observations mean std. err. std. dev. lower upper learning post test 381 3.620 0.032 0.619 3.558 3.683 learning pre test 381 2.287 0.010 0.195 2.268 2.307 difference 381 1.333 0.032 0.630 1.269 1.396 mean(diff) = mean(learning post test learning pre test) t = 41.285 ho: mean(diff) = 0 degrees of freedom = 380 ha: mean(diff) < 0 ha: mean(diff) != 0 ha: mean(diff) > 0 pr(t < t) = 1.000 pr(|t| > |t|) = 0.000 pr(t > t) = 0.000 source: test outputs of stata based on field survey, 2022 discussions the analysis reveals positive effect of the training programs on trainees' learning outcomes. a summary of the outcomes from the data analysis presented above under second level of the kirkpatrick’s model. the comparison chart, which assesses a comparison of each of the three sub-dimensions of trainees’ learning evaluation. here, the progress level appears the same in employees’ capability to include new information and their ability to find their own mistakes. the next improvement is found in problem identification and solution, followed by advancement in judging the difficulty of the problem. however, the required knowledge of trainees is increased at work, but not in the way the other four improved. again, employees feel that they are more able to do present tasks with less error, faster, and flexibly; to apply skills to new tasks; to change skills depending on the situation; and to work without regular supervision due to training. improvement was found in employees’ abilities to perform extra work or under situational pressure with accuracy, but it is a little less than the previous ones. the last sub-dimension provided evidence that learning also took place. accordingly, the affective outcomes reveal a positive shift in trainees' emotional responses, as indicated by the stability in holding opinions, the increased ability to express right opinions in discussions, and to handle challenges during issue discussions. although less change occurred in third sub dimension (ao) than the first two sub dimensions (kbo and sbo). after running the paired t test, it was proven that learning processes involved in training advance employees’ ability to keep pace with the rate of changes, like organizational change. the outcomes align with earlier research, showcasing skill and ability improvement following training (athar & shah, 2015). training initiatives notably enhance knowledge and develop skills of employees (munoli, 2021). another study validated the current findings that training programs boost employees' knowledge, skills, and intellectual capacities (kumar & siddika, 2017). alam, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 25-31 30 conclusions the findings collectively suggest that the training program effectively escalates trainees' knowledge, skills, and abilities. the detailed item-wise comparison analysis provides valuable insights and highlights the impact of the training. the statistically significant results from the hypothesis test further strengthen the effectiveness of the training programs in positively influencing trainees' learning process. these results contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the importance of targeted training interventions in organizational learning and development. this findings underscore the need of strategic investments in training programs. training strategies should be adapted to match the needs of the modern workforce with a focus on continuous improvement. this not only ensures the development of hard skills of employees but also nurtures ongoing enhancements in soft skills of employees. however, the absence of a control group also poses challenges in isolating training effects from external factors which limits the generalizability of findings. to advance this research area, future studies could explore additional factors influencing the observed learning outcomes. author contributions: conceptualization, m.f.e.a.; methodology, m.f.e.a.; software, m.f.e.a.; validation, m.f.e.a.; formal analysis, m.f.e.a.; investigation, m.f.e.a.; resources, m.f.e.a.; data curation, m.f.e.a.; writing – original draft preparation m.f.e.a.; writing – review & editing, m.f.e.a.; visualization, m.f.e.a.; supervision, m.f.e.a.; project administration, m.f.e.a.; funding acquisition, m.f.e.a. author has read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: 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(2017). human capital theory: the theory of human resource development, implications, and future. life sciences and environment journal, 18(2), 240-253. publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.78.2.311 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1133603 https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2009.70.7.43125 https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270510602746 https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v8n3p122 https://doi.org/10.1348/096317999166725 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 1-6 1 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 1 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa pre-extension demonstration of shiro type field pea technologies in the highlands of guji zone, oromia regional state, ethiopia basha kebede (a)1 tekle bobo (b) dembi korji (c) (a) agricultural extension researcher, bore agricultural research center, oromia agricultural research institute, oromia, ethiopia; e-mail: bsshkbd@gmail.com (b) socio economics researcher, bore agricultural research center, oromia agricultural research institute, oromia, ethiopia; e-mail: bobotekle@gmail.com (c) agricultural extension researcher, bore agricultural research center, oromia agricultural research institute, oromia, ethiopia; e-mail: korjidembi@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 10th october 2023 reviewed & revised: 11th october 2023 to 8th february 2024 accepted: 9th february 2024 published: 10th february 2024 keywords: agricultural extension, demonstration, field pea, bilalo. jel classification codes: q16, o32, o13 peer-review model: external peer-review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t agricultural research centres have released wide varieties to improve field pea production. however, the productivity of field peas is low due to insufficient demonstration of released and adapted varieties at the farmers’ level. hence, demonstrating released and improved varieties is the critical approval for large-scale production of field peas. therefore, this experiment was exhibited at three highlands to estimate profitability and evaluate the yield of shiro-kind field pea varieties. the bilalo variety was demonstrated with local varieties by 12 farmers in 2022. yield and costs of production were collected. the data was analyzed through cost-benefit analysis and descriptive statistics. the result indicated that the bilalo variety gave a better yield (25.92 qt/ha) than the local variety (18.33 qt/ha). cost-benefit analysis indicated that the bilalo variety gave better returns (108672 etb/ha) than the local variety (54022 etb/ha). farmers prefer the bilalo variety because it provides a higher harvest, is more disease tolerant and has a higher market value over the local variety. the improved shiro field pea variety is significant for yield increment and profit growth. thus, the bilalo variety should be used for shiro-type field pea production in highland areas. additional research is desirable to promote the bilalo variety through scaling up in the highlands and similar agroecology of the guji zone. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction field pea is one of annual crops grown in ethiopia. it is the main nutrition pulse, a low-priced center of protein possessing critical amino acids which ensure high nutritious (getachew, 2019). it grows in the highland areas. field pea has the perspective of emergent in flexible ranges of elevations from 1800masl to 3000 masl (tesfaye, 2021; gadissa et al., 2022). the crop is also produced in different soil types except salty and drenched circumstances (endres et al., 2016). the rank of field pea among the worldwide pulse is second (muoni et al., 2019; cherinet & tazebachew, 2015) and in ethiopia it occupies the fourth rank of pulse crops and covers 219,927.59 hectares. the yield productivity of field pea is 17.27qt/ha (ethiopian statistics service, 2022). it is the chief diet peas and inexpensive sources of protein having important amino acid for poor farmers (kapila et al., 2012). it has environmental and economic significance in ethiopia. field pea is appropriate for alternation arrangements to diminish the undesirable influences of mono-cropping on cerealbased farming (muoni et al., 2019; fikere et al., 2014). field pea is also used as a means of revenue generation to small holders and alien exchange for the nation (shahidur et al., 2010; girma, 2003). regardless of its significance, 1.7 t/ha of field pea productivity is very little (ethiopian statistics service, 2022) 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-0781-6526 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under the responsibility of cribfb, u.s.a. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i1.2185 to cite this article: kebede, b., bobo, t., & korji, d. (2024). pre-extension demonstration of shiro type field pea technologies in the highlands of guji zone, oromia regional state, ethiopia. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i1.2185 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0781-6526 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i1.2185 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0962-0754 https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1863-9477 kebede et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 1-6 2 related to possible production of 3.556 t/ha (tolessa et al., 2013) and mogiso (2017) show that 4.17 t/ha field pea was harvested from research stations while the most yield of 7-8 t/ha was harvested in developed nations (smýkal et al., 2012). the small production of field peas by farmers is mostly due to the use of local varieties (mogiso, 2017; ali et al., 2021; boere et al., 2015). contrast this, above 80 new field pea diversities have been released to highland areas of ethiopia (shumi et al., 2021). these released varieties are not exhaustively produced by the smallholder farmers. accessibility and usage of released field pea is a great challenge. therefore, the government of ethiopia dedicated demonstration of new and improved varieties to a learning process of farmers about varieties before large scale production. the highland guji zone is suitable for field pea cultivation. the crop can be used in shiro type (in powder used to prepare ethiopian wat eaten with injera) in households and in hostels. shiro type field pea cultivation is imperative as the variety is typically consumed in the country, including rural and town areas. meat prices are increasing at an alarming rate and farmers and poor people cannot afford them. however, the field pea can substitute meat since it has amino acids and is a source of protein for farmers and people. therefore, promotion of field peas in the form of demonstration is desirable. in guji zone, farmers used local field pea varieties (shumi et al., 2021). as a result, small produce of the crop is harvested irrespective of the capabilities of highland parts. field pea is extremely wanted domestically and countrywide due to its daily nutritional utilization and high value crop for farmers. therefore, demonstration of such a valuable crop is important as an entry point for large production. the objectives of this study were to assess harvest performance, estimate cost-effectiveness of farmers’ circumstances and judge farmers’ responses to the promotion of improved shiro field pea in selected highlands of guji zone. literature review demonstration is an event for providing farmers with experiment showing how the new variety, technology and methods can be applied and utilized to bring positive changes on farmers’ farm (ingram et al., 2018). in agricultural demonstration, researchers test and demonstrate the critical advantage of technologies and approaches (sutherland & marchand, 2021; burton, 2020). demonstration can be envisaged in actual circumstances to which farmers can relate (marchand et al., 2019). on farm demonstrations could thus be arranged for transferring the traditional knowledge and skills of farmers to the contemporary and engage the active bottom up learning activities (cooreman et al., 2021). demonstration event could provide the opportunity for farmers and other stakeholders to discuss about technology or variety, cooperatively resolve the problems, compare practices in similar to their own and familiar to the practical activities (ingram et al., 2018). demonstration recognized as hands-on engagements perceived by organizers and partakers to generate a wide range of positive belongings for farmers, with a principal concentration on certifying actual learning opportunities and empowerment of farmers on demonstration (adamsone-fiskovica et al., 2021). agricultural research institutes visibly show an imperative role in on-farm demonstration to transfer their research output to be more successful on farmers land than advisory services (kebede & bobo, 2023; sutherland et al., 2021). in ethiopia, there are different agricultural technology transfer approaches from research to the farmers. participatory variety selection, pre-extension demonstration, pre scaling up and large scale technology promotions are currently applied approach in the country (korji et al., 2023). in participatory variety or technology selection, different varieties will be shown to the farmers and the farmers will judge the best variety to their contest. in pre-extension demonstration, farmers themselves participated in the research at their land from land preparation to post management in order to approve the importance of the recommended new or improved variety/technology in their farming circumstance. at this stage farmers decision and preference can determine the adoption of the variety. the best variety selected at preextension demonstration stage can further popularized through pre-scaling up and large scale production (kebede et al., 2023) to increase production and maximize farmers’ benefit. in this study context, the pre-extension demonstration intended to test the recommended and the improved shiro type field pea variety and packages to the local context. after the approval of varieties by the farmers the scaling up and large scale production through cluster farming is expected from extension system. materials and methods site and farmers’ selection the demonstration was organized in three (3) highlands. based on field pea production, bore, ana sora and arda jila mea boko districts were purposively selected. in each district, two kebeles were selected from the highlands. finally, in each kebele, three (3) experimental farmers sowed shiro type field pea. research design and materials the improved shiro form field pea called bilalo variety and the local variety was used during 2022 year. twelve (12) experimental farmers planted bilalo and local field peas. each variety was sown on the plot area of 10mx10m. this demonstration used the recommended 100kg/ha of nps, 100kg/ha of seed, 10cm between plants and 40cm between rows. knowledge and skills of farmers’ on shiro type field pea production was enhanced through training. mini-field day was arranged at one of the highland districts at maturity time to disseminate the shiro type field pea in the guji zone. data collection and analyze interview, observation and measurement methods were used in data collection. cost of inputs (fertilizer, seed, and land rent), labor costs (harvesting, threshing, weeding and sowing) and the yield were collected and analyzed via cost benefit and descriptive statistics. the multiplication of the yield and farm gate price of field peas at threshing time gives the total revenue (tr). the total variable cost (tvc) included costs of fertilizer, seed and labor costs. the land rent was the fixed cost (fc) assumed for field pea production. the summation of tvc and fc gave the total cost (tc). in this demo, the costkebede et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 1-6 3 effectiveness of producing field pea varieties was analyzed via cba (cost benefit analysis), gained by deducting the tc from the tr. the benefit cost ratio (bcr) was calculated by dividing the tr of each variety by its tc. farmers’ opinions on a field pea trait and varieties were analyzed in descriptive way. …………………………………………………… (1) ……………………………………………. (2) …………………………………………… (3) results and discussions stakeholders’ participation on training and mini-field day on shiro type field pea demonstration stakeholders such as development agent, farmers, subject specialists and others were trained to improve production and promote field peas in their farming. consequently, 33 kebele based development agents, 182 farmers, and 25 district agricultural office subject specialists were trained during the demonstration. moreover, different stakeholders and farmers visited the demonstration site on the mini-field day. participants witnessed that the improved field pea variety was recognized by the participants, and they were excited to produce the bilalo variety and decided that the improved variety was delivered by a research center and/or gained from other seed sources. training and mini-field days have facilitated the technology transfer from research to large extension. hence, agricultural extension service should concentrate on the capabilities of end users (kebede et al., 2022). table 1. participants on shiro type field pea demonstration the yield performance of improved shiro type field pea varieties from table 2, the bilalo variety produced 25.92 qt/ha while the local variety gave 18.33qt/ha. the improved shiro type variety produced more yield than the local one. the yield gap between bilalo and the local variety was 7.59 qt/ha. this indicated that bilalo yielded more than the local variety. the yield of bilalo harvested from this demonstration was more than the national productivity of field pea (17.27qt/ha) in ethiopia (ethiopian statistics service, 2022). this revealed that the highland districts of arda jila mea boko, bore and ana sora were most suitable for shiro field pea farming. at demonstration period, bilalo returned a 32 qt/ha yield. this designated the use of better-quality such as the bilalo variety can raise the field pea yield. the yield harvested in the highlands of guji was comparable to the results of lemma (2023) who indicated that on the farm and on the station, bilalo, could have 20.39 qt/ha and 26.68 qt/ha, respectively. this revealed that there was yield disparity between on farms and on stations as on station was managed by researchers and on farms were managed by farmers where there were diverse management practices that lead to yield difference. besides, in some highlands of the guji zone, the bilalo variety generated 38.96 qt/ha (shumi et al., 2021) which was more than the yield result of this study. this variation might be due to management performance by the farmers and weather conditions. the bilalo variety was also eaten by wild animals in the vegetative stage. due to the sweetness of the variety, it was eaten by humans at pod stage. these challenges affected the yield of bilalo during demonstrations. hence, bilalo production should be near to home to supervise and protect humans and wild animals. among the selected three districts, the bilalo variety gave better yield (27qt/ha) at ana sora district while there was a lower yield at arda jila mea boko (figure 1). although the variety was affected by wild animals and humans, the ana sora highland areas were more conducive to shiro variety production than other highlands of the guji zone. table 2. yield (qt/ha) result of demonstrated shiro type field pea varieties varieties n minimum maximum mean std. dev. bilalo 12 22 32 25.92 2.88 local 12 15 22 18.33 2.55 the results of the independent t test showed that there was a 7.58 qt/ha yield difference between the local and bilalo varieties (table 3). based on the independent t-test (p =.001 <.05), the improved bilalo variety and the local differ in their yield performance. table 3. mean yield difference analysis yield t-test for equality of means (qt/ha) t df sig. (2tailed) mean difference std. error difference 95% confidence interval of the difference lower upper equal variances assumed 6.854 22 .001 7.583 1.106 5.289 9.878 equal variances not assumed 6.854 21.660 .001 7.583 1.106 5.287 9.880 capacity building methods used stakeholders development agents farmers subject matter specialist others male female total male female total male female total male female total training 23 10 33 160 22 182 16 5 21 4 4 mini field day 5 1 6 40 11 51 4 4 2 2 total 28 11 39 200 33 233 22 3 25 6 6 kebede et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 1-6 4 figure 1. yield production of improved bilalo and the local variety among the districts cost-effectiveness of shiro type field pea production more yield and return can determine the acceptability of variety in agricultural production. adoption of varieties by farmers is interlinked with the amount of return generated from a new variety. more cost-effectiveness variety or technology is easily adopted and produced by farmers. therefore, estimation of the profitability of the shiro type variety in this study is essential to decide whether the return was financially feasible for the farmers. the local variety cost 4000 etb/qt while bilalo was 5000etb/qt in the production year. the return obtained from the bilalo variety was108672.50 etb/ha and the local variety generated 54022.50 etb/ha. bilalo variety production by farmers in the highlands of ana sora, arda jila mea book and bore was more cost-effective (6.25) than the local one (3.5). this discovered that field pea production by improved seed returned twofold from producing the local variety. bilalo can profit from the lowest of 88800 etb/ha and the extreme of 139100 etb/ha (table 4). this showed that in addition to household consumption branded as shiro wat in ethiopia, the bilalo variety can generate excess earnings that can help farmers with their livelihood. the cost benefit analysis showed that the use of the bilalo variety produced additional profits over the local variety in the guji highlands. table 4. cost benefit analysis of demonstrated shiro type field pea production elements n min max mean std. dev yield of bilalo (qt/ha) 12 22 32 25.92 2.88 yield of local (qt/ha) 12 15 22 18.33 2.54 farm gate price of bilalo (etb/ha) 12 5000 5000 5000.00 .00 farm gate price of local variety (etb/ha) 12 4000 4000 4000.00 .00 tr of bilalo (etb/ha) 12 110000 160000 129583.33 14374.59 tr of local (etb/ha) 12 60000 88000 73333.33 10138.44 tvc of bilalo (etb/ha) 12 12350 13400 13119.17 276.09 tvc of local (etb/ha) 12 10750 11800 11519.17 276.09 fc (etb/ha) 12 7500 8000 7791.67 257.46 tc (etb/ha) 12 19850 21400 20910.83 417.08 cba of bilalo (etb/ha)= tr-tc 12 88800 139100 108672.50 14484.23 cba of local (etb/ha)= tr-tc 12 40200 69050 54022.50 10366.59 bcr of bilalo = tr/tc 12 5 8 6.25 .87 bcr of local = tr/tc 12 3 4 3.5 .52 farmers’ preferences and feedbacks on shiro type varieties the size of land occupied by the field was becoming smaller and smaller as pod borer troubled the local variety. this limits the farmers to producing field peas in larger areas due to low yield and diseases have affected the yield of local field pea. in addition, there was a mixture of seed as it revolved from farmer to farmer for a long period and obtaining pure seed was challenging as the farmers were mentioned during the demonstration. in a demonstration of shiro type field, the bilalo variety was mostly chosen by experimental farmers as it has market demand, more purity, tolerance to diseases and higher yield. compared to the local variety, the bilalo variety has a more number of branches and a more number of pods that used to increase yield. farmers gave their intension to using the improved shiro type rather than the local one. moreover, the shiro type field pea was highly demanded because many people use it for day-to-day wat preparation. hence, the supply and production of the bilalo variety can increase farmers’ income, which can diversify farmers' agricultural business for improvement of their livelihood. the dark color of bilalo, likened by farmers as a small amount of hot pepper powder, is enough for shiro wat preparation. this can save farmers and hotel owners from extra expense for the purchase of berbere in preparing wat. 26 27 25 26 18 20 17 18 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 bore district ana sora district arda jila district total yield of bilalo variety (qt/ha) yield of local variety (qt/ha) kebede et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(1) (2024), 1-6 5 table 5. farmers’ choice standards for field pea shiro type varieties rank give possible reasons for rank bilalo 1st higher yield, disease tolerant and uniformity of seed local 2nd lower yield, susceptible to disease and no uniformity conclusions improved variety is important to boast agricultural productivity. therefore, demonstrating the role of improved variety on farmers' land is imperative. hence, technology transfer through agricultural extension is a commitment to demonstration. bilalo and local varieties were demonstrated to indicate their potential on farmers' land. based on the findings, the bilalo variety was a high yielder and generated a feasible return over the local variety. in addition, the bilalo variety was preferred by experimental farmers because of more market demand, more disease tolerant, higher yield and more purity than the local one. dissemination of bilalo variety in the form of large scale and cluster farming is expected from the agricultural extension research. farmers should sow their field peas around home to escape from wild animals and people attack. author contributions: conceptualization, b.k.; methodology, b.k.; software, b.k.; validation, b.k., t.b. and d.k.; formal analysis, b.k.; investigation, b.k. and t.b.; resources, b.k.; data curation, b.k. and t.b.; writing – original draft preparation, b.k.; writing – review & editing, b.k., t.b. and d.k.; visualization, b.k. and t.b.; supervision, b.k. and t.b.; project administration, b.k.; funding acquisition, b.k. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received direct funding from oromia agricultural research institute. acknowledgments: the authors acknowledged the oromia agricultural research institute for funding the research. bore agricultural research center thanked for vehicle and facilitation support. pulse and oil research team was acknowledged for their technical and research materials delivery. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. conflicts of 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(2013). genotype× environment interaction and performance stability for grain yield in field pea (pisum sativum l.) genotypes. international journal of plant breeding, 7(2), 116-123. publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v8i1.2160 https://agridemo-h2020.eu/docs/d6.1_best%20practical%20approaches_final.pdf https://agridemo-h2020.eu/docs/d6.1_best%20practical%20approaches_final.pdf https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224x.2020.1828115 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 22-34 22 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 7 no 1 (2023) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa water and vegetation cover change detection using multispectral satellite imagery: a case study on jhenaidah district of bangladesh abul bashar (a) md. inzamul haque (b)1 most. atia parvin (c) md. anik hossain (d) (a) graduate student, dept. of geography and environment, islamic university, kushtia-7003, bangladesh; e-mail: bashar.ge.iu@gmail.com (b) assistant professor, dept. of geography and environment, islamic university, kushtia-7003, bangladesh; e-mail: mihaque.iu@gmail.com (c) graduate student, dept. of geography and environment, islamic university, kushtia-7003, bangladesh; e-mail: atiabd99@gmail.com (d) graduate student, dept. of geography and environment, islamic university, kushtia-7003, bangladesh; e-mail: anikhossain1998.ah@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 2nd may 2023 revised: 27th july 2023 accepted: 5th august 2023 published: 15th august 2023 keywords: baor, gis, rs, savi, lulc jel classification codes: c21, q24, q25 a b s t r a c t water and vegetation cover are the two most important land cover features of any natural setting. the jhenaidah district of bangladesh is known for its remarkable physical geography, featuring diversified vegetation cover and numerous oxbow lakes. due to several anthropogenic causes this majestic land cover is degrading rapidly. this study examines the spatiotemporal water and vegetation cover change of the study area from 1990 to 2020. freeware satellite imageries from usgs data archive was used as the main secondary data source, ensuring consistency by collecting images of the dry season. in addition, open discussion with the residents provided valuable insights into the situation. remote sensing (rs) based soil adjusted vegetation index (savi) was used to detect the water and vegetation cover from the preprocessed satellite imageries. furthermore, the water and vegetation cover were classified based on a classification scheme developed by field observation and discussion with the residents. the analysis reveals an overall 84.47% decline in dense vegetation, 63.01% decline in deep water cover, 185.69% increase in shallow water cover and 16.08% increase in agricultural lands within the mentioned time frame. almost all the upazila of jhenauidah district experience the criticality of the land cover change. among the upazila shailkupa faced unprecedented decline in deep water (95.29%), kaliganj faced heavy decrease in forested vegetation (92.40%) whereas shallow water expanded significantly in sadar upazila (251.37%) and agricultural land experienced most increasing trend (32.70%) in shailakupa upazila. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction bangladesh, a riverine and agriculture-dependent nation, is acutely aware of the paramount significance of water as the primary resource for agricultural sustenance (huque et al., 2013). the absence of this vital element can unleash a profound negative impact on agricultural production, thereby engendering potential shifts in the delicate balance of the ecosystem (van schilfgaarde, 1994). terrestrial vegetation, on the other hand, can play an important role in providing the environmental context and shaping the dynamics of regional and global ecosystem processes by meeting a variety of needs ranging from local uses such as cooking fuel to industrial utilization for construction materials. (samrat et al., 2023; hérault & piponiot, 2018; lafleur et al., 2018; lee et al., 2014; sun & liu, 2020). jhenaidah, a region nestled in the southwestern part of bangladesh, boasts a prominent expanse of baor, which is considered one of the invaluable wetlands dotting the bangladeshi landscape (samad et al., 2022) and is reputed for moderate to dense vegetation cover but urbanization causing deforestation. anthropogenic factors also reduce the number of wetlands in this region has undergone a drastic decline over the past four decades (mustafa et al., 2010). most of the areas in bangladesh facing the changing trend of lulc and as a result the biodiversity is despoiling day by day. furthermore, due to high industrialization, the water and vegetation cover declining rapidly not only in bangladesh but also all over the world. water availability and vegetation cover serve as pivotal 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-1756-5561 © 2023 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v7i1.2061 to cite this article: bashar, a., haque, m. i., parvin, m. a., & hossain, m. a. (2023). water and vegetation cover change detection using multispectral satellite imagery: a case study on jhenaidah district of bangladesh. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 7(1), 22-35. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v7i1.2061 mailto:bashar.ge.iu@gmail.com mailto:atiabd99@gmail.com http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v7i1.2061 https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v7i1.2061 https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5602-9009 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1756-5561 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2718-9259 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3670-8727 bashar et. al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 22-34 23 components within earth's intricate ecosystems, wielding significant implications for both ecosystem services and human well-being. diminished water supply and vegetation cover can lead to drought conditions, adversely affecting the survival of plants, animals, and humans particularly in areas already grappling with the scarcity of this vital resource. the consequences of water scarcity can manifest in reduced crop yields, thereby unleashing serious ramifications for food security. according to a study by the united nations, certain regions could experience up to a 50% reduction in crop yields due to water scarcity by 2050 (mekouar, 2019). as the reduction in vegetation cover and the loss of wetland ecosystems are interconnected, lulc assessment can provide valuable insights into the dynamic change in nature, biodiversity, and the economic condition of the people and overall ecological health of the region. the primary goal of this study is to evaluate the overall spatiotemporal water and vegetation cover change of the jhenaidah district from 1990 to 2020 using multispectral satellite imageries. additionally, this study tries to find out the upazila wise change dynamics focusing on the change magnitude of each vegetation and water cover. furthermore, it also attempts to understand the possible causes behind the change. rs index-based method e.g., savi was applied to detect the water and vegetation cover from the preprocessed satellite imageries. moreover, the water and vegetation cover were classified based on a classification scheme developed by field observation and discussion with the residents. this article is divided into six major sections e.g., introduction, literature review, materials and methods, results, discussions, and conclusions. in the first section, background, justification, objectives, and brief information on methods is presented. in the literature review section, some latest relevant research is presented which helps to find out the research gaps and formulation of hypothesis. in the third section, detailed methodological framework is discussed sequentially which covers details of the materials and methods used. the result section represents the findings of the upazila wise lulc assessment and the discussion section explains the overall change dynamics of the study area. the last section represents the general summary of the findings, implications and recommendations, research limitations and suggestions for future research. literature review in the arid regions of northwest china, alterations in water availability have been found to strongly correlate with changes in vegetation cover, highlighting the profound influence of water on vegetation extent (gao et al., 2017). given bangladesh's heavy reliance on agriculture and vulnerability to climate change, it presents an intriguing case study for investigating water and vegetation cover changes using multispectral satellite images. in a separate investigation, uzzaman et al. (2020) utilized multispectral landsat satellite imageries of 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2021 to identify transformations in water bodies and vegetation cover within the sundarbans, an expansive mangrove forest in southwestern bangladesh. the study revealed a decreasing trend of forest vegetation and a subsequent increase of water bodies during the study period, attributed to a combination of anthropogenic factors like deforestation, coastal accretion, and erosion. water scarcity is a major global concern, inducing shifts in plant communities with some species attaining dominance while others face extinction (jury & vaux, 2007). dhaka city has experienced significant reductions in wetland area (76.67%) and rivers and canals (18.72%) over the past three decades (mahmud et al., 2011). this undeniable alteration can be attributed to the relentless encroachment of agricultural pursuits and the relentless march of urbanization that has persistently ravaged the pristine wilderness (hossain et al., 2023). according to a study that employed ndvi and supervised classification approach, between 1989 and 2020, urbanization, agricultural activity, and weather condition changed about 49.25 percent of the vegetation cover in the barguna district (islam et al., 2023; morshed et al., 2022). in jhenaidah, a region in the southwestern expanse of bangladesh, water and vegetation dynamics are of utmost importance due to its substantial expanse of baor, an influential wetland (kundu et al., 2018; mredul et al., 2021). regrettably, these vital wetlands have undergone a precipitous decline over the past four decades (mustafa et al., 2010), underscoring the need for meticulous analysis to understand the implications on nature, biodiversity, and socioeconomic well-being. according to rahman et al. (2017), the rate of increase in urban areas in jhenaidah is 0.25 km2 /year leading agriculture and vegetation to a decline of 0.14 km2 and 0.06 km2 per year respectively. in a study conducted by hasan et al. (2021), over 29 years, notable changes were observed in the urban area, woodland, water bodies, and vegetation cover. water bodies and forest areas accounted for 9.20% and 3.86% of the total area, respectively. during this period, urban areas expanded, converting 5.18% of the land, which now comprises 6.27% of the total area. additionally, there was a positive development in vegetation cover, increasing by 3.36%. it is evident that the study on vegetation and water cover is highly important in bangladesh. while significant water and vegetation-related research has been conducted in adjacent areas, jhenaidah remains unexplored in this regard. furthermore, spatiotemporal change study on natural land cover using satellite indices is highly admissible throughout the world, which can help land use planners and policymakers in sustainable land use planning and development. materials and methods study area jhenaidah district lies between 23º13ʹ and 23º46ʹ north latitude and between 88º42ʹ and 89º23ʹ east longitude. jhenaidah is surrounded on the north by kushtia and rajbari districts, on the east by magura district, on the south by jessore district, and on the west by chuadanga district and india (fig. 1). the total area of the district is 1,964.77 sq. km (758.60 sq. miles) and is situated within the ganges-brahmaputra-meghna delta region. bashar et. al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 22-34 24 figure 1. study area satellite image selection and preprocessing landsat satellite images are regarded as an effective tool for detecting and assessing environmental changes owing to their intermediate spatial resolution and accessibility to long-term data. in this study, high resolution multispectral landsat 5 (tm) and landsat 8 (oli) satellite data were acquired from usgs satellite data archive (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/). the chosen images were in geotiff format, level-1 with a minimum percentage of cloud cover (less than 10%) and were projected to universal transverse system zone 46 of the wgs 1984 (world geodetic system). the details of the acquired satellite imageries are given in table 1. to obtain the bottom-of-atmosphere reflectance, the top-of-atmosphere (toa) reflectance values of each image were converted by atmospheric modification. table 1. details of acquired satellite images spectral index in remote sensing, various indices such as ndvi, ndwi, ndbi, savi, ndssi, etc. are used to perform change detection. these indices generate values ranging from -1 to +1. in this study, the soil-adjusted vegetation index (savi) was calculated using equation 1. the savi is an index used to assess vegetation cover and health while accounting for variations in soil brightness. it was developed as an enhancement of the normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi) to minimize the influence of soil reflectance on vegetation measurements (fatiha et al., 2013). the savi is useful for a variety of applications, such as monitoring agricultural crops, assessing land cover changes, and estimating carbon stocks in forests. details of the bands used for savi analysis are presented in table 2. the savi formula incorporates a soil adjustment factor, "l," which is determined based on the background soil brightness. here, l is a soil-adjustment factor ranging from 0 to 1 that controls the influence of soil reflectance on the index. savi values typically range from -1 to 1, with higher values indicating denser and healthier vegetation reflectance on vegetation indices (huete, 1988). the formula is as follows: savi = ((nir red) / (nir + red + l)) x (1 + l) ………………………………………………………………. (1) table 2. spectral properties of the bands used in this study spectral region landsat 5(tm) landsat 8(oli_tirs) band wavelength (µm) resolution (m) band wavelength (µm) resolution (m) red 3 0.63-0.69 30 4 0.64-0.67 30 near infrared (nir) 4 0.76-0.90 30 5 0.85-0.88 30 land cover change assessment using the savi index assessing land cover change using the savi can provide valuable insights into vegetation and water cover and changes in land cover over time. four distinct land cover classes deep water, shallow water, agricultural land, and forested vegetation were determined by on-field observation and interviewing the local people. then the savi values were categorized into four distinct classes by partitioning the threshold values using random classifier and specifying the thresholds for savi satellite id sensor id path/row acquisition date spatial resolution image quality landsat 5 tm 138/44 1990-01-30 30 9 landsat 5 tm 138/44 2000-02-11 30 7 landsat 5 tm 138/44 2010-02-06 30 9 landsat 8 oli_tirs 138/44 2020-02-02 30 9 bashar et. al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 22-34 25 classification, which are represented in table 3. table 3. the threshold value range used in savi classification and classification scheme types description threshold value 1990 2000 2010 2020 deep water perennial waterbodies such asrivers, lakes, beels, boar -0.08-0.03 -0.14-0.03 -0.08-0.03 -0.07-0.03 shallow water ephemeral water bodies and semi-inundated land 0.03-0.15 0.03-0.09 0.03-0.11 0.03-0.12 agricultural land crops, paddy, vegetable field 0.15-0.22 0.09-0.18 0.11-0.21 0.12-0.24 dense/forested vegetation natural or manmade forests, plantation 0.22-0.48 0.18-0.41 0.21-0.44 0.24-0.42 accuracy assessment the validity of a defined land cover is determined by its accuracy. accuracy assessment operations have typically been carried out using either ground truth data or, in contrast, using a few designated points on a previously classified map (arifeen et al. 2021). to accomplish this assessment, approximately 100 random sample points were selected from each classified image (2001, 2011, and 2021). after that those sample points were validated through a reference map. in this study, google earth pro was used as a reference map for assessing the ground truth. a proper examination of the results was carried out using a confusion matrix, which is designated as a powerful tool to ascertain key performance indicators such as user accuracy, producer accuracy, total accuracy, and the kappa coefficient for every selective year (eq. 2-5). overall accuracy = total number of corrected pixel total number of reference pixel ×100........................................................ (2) user accuracy = number of correctly classified pixels total number of classified pixels (row total ) ×100............................................. (3) producer accuracy = number of correctly classified pixels total number of classified pixels(column total) ×100.................................. (4) kappa coefficient = (ts×tcs)−∑(column total ×row total) (ts×ts)−∑(column total×row total) ......................................................... (5) where, ts is the total sample and tcs is the total corrected sample. results accuracy assessment results the validity of a classified land cover depends on accuracy evaluation. to validate the land cover class obtained from the savi for 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020, the following validations were performed: overall accuracy, kappa coefficient, user accuracy, and producer accuracy. for the entire study area, a total of 100 arbitrary reference points were taken and visualized using google earth pro. a kappa value greater than 0.75 indicates that the classification accuracy is very good, whereas a kappa value less than 40 indicates poor accuracy. (rahman & shozib, 2021; congalton, 1991). table 4. accuracy assessment result of the lulc map year lulc type user accuracy producer accuracy overall accuracy kappa coefficient 1990 deep water 100% 96% 76% 0.68 shallow water 65% 96% agricultural land 75% 31% dense vegetation 69% 88% 2000 deep water 84% 100% 88% 0.84 shallow water 92% 84.46% agricultural land 88% 78.57% dense vegetation 88% 88% 2010 deep water 88% 95.65 % 90% 0.87 shallow water 80% 86.96 % agricultural land 96% 82.76 % dense vegetation 80% 96% 2020 deep water 85% 94.44% 88% 0.84 shallow water 88.24% 96.77% agricultural land 90% 69.23% dense vegetation 88.46% 95.83% bashar et. al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 22-34 26 upazila-based lulc assessment shailkupa upazila the result of the change assessment of water and vegetation cover of shailkupa upazila is presented in figure 2 and 3. the analysis found that the dense vegetation cover decreased almost all over the area of shailkupa. much of the deep-water cover vanished from 1990 to 2020. agricultural land expands rapidly in the western part of the upazila and shallow water cover in the northern part of shailakupa upazila. the kumar river and nabaganga river in shailakupa almost died. the main madhumoti river is in danger. the lulc change statistics of shailakupa upazila are given below in table 5 and figure 4. figure 2. shailakupa land cover in 1990 figure 3. shailakupa land cover in 2020 table 5. lulc of shailakupa upazila figure 4. water and vegetation cover change of shailkupa upazila harinakunda upazila figure 5 and 6 show that the deep-water cover was replaced by shallow-water cover, and the dense vegetation cover decreased significantly in the whole harinakundu upazila. agricultural land increased mostly in the eastern part of harinakundu upazila. the lulc change of harinakundu upazila is given below in table 6 and figure 7. 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 deep water shallow water agricultural land dense vegetation ac re → lulc of shailakupa upazila from 1990 to 2020 1990 2020 lulc type change area (ac) 1990 2020 change area percentage (%) deep water 15476.82 727.93 -14748.89 -95.29% shallow water 14929.94 34689.35 19759.41 132.35% agricultural land 40772.98 54105.28 13332.30 32.70% dense vegetation 21942.17 3580.01 -18362.16 -83.68% bashar et. al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 22-34 27 figure 5. harinakundu land cover in 1990 figure 6. harinakundu land cover in 2020 table 6. lulc of harinakundu upazila figure 7. water and vegetation cover change of harinakundu upazila jhenaidah sadar upazila figure 8 and 9 show that the deep-water cover was replaced by shallow water cover, and the dense vegetation cover decreased significantly throughout jhenaidah sadar upazila due to extensive urbanization and industrialization. agricultural land increased mostly in the eastern part of jhenaidah sadar upazila. the lulc change in jhenaidah sadar is given below in table 7 and figure 10. figure 8. jhenaidah sadar land cover in 1990 figure 9. jhenaidah sadar land cover in 2020 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 deep water shallow water agricultural land dense vegetation ac re → lulc of harinakundu upazila from 1990 to 2020 1990 2020 lulc type change area (ac) 1990 2020 change area percentage (%) deep water 10854.88 3420.561 -7434.32 -68.48% shallow water 8466.95 24808.31 16341.36 193% agricultural land 22853.65 25940.59 3086.94 13.50% dense vegetation 14054.71 2064.29 -11990.42 -85.31% bashar et. al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 22-34 28 table 7. lulc of jhenaidah sadar upazila figure 10. water and vegetation cover change of jhenaidah sadar upazila kaliganj upazila figure 11 and 12 show that the deep-water cover was significantly replaced by the shallow-water cover, and the dense vegetation cover decreased significantly throughout kaliganj upazila due to extensive urbanization and industrialization. the dense vegetation cover almost vanished in kaliganj upazila. the largest baor (oxbow lake) “marjad baor” in bangladesh (alam & jahan, 2014) is also in an alarming situation. the agricultural land in kaliganj upazila decreased by 2624.07 acres over the last 3 decades. the lulc change in kaliganj upazila is given below in table 8 and figure 13. table 8. lulc of kaliganj upazila figure 11. kaliganj land cover in 1990 figure 12. kaliganj land cover in 2020 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 deep water shallow water agricultural land dense vegetation ac re → lulc of jhenaidah sadar upazila from 1990 to 2020 1990 2020 lulc type change area (ac) 1990 2020 change area percentage (%) deep water 31581.15 14138.83 -17442.32 -55.54% shallow water 14851.91 52185.55 37333.64 251.37% agricultural land 42516.47 45100.06 2583.93 06.07% dense vegetation 26411.81 3927.65 -22484.16 -85.13% lulc type change area (ac) 1990 2020 change area percentage (%) deep water 20489.02 10321.35 -10167.67 -49.62% shallow water 11038.83 37217.13 26178.30 237.15% agricultural land 31721.02 29096.95 -2624.07 8.27% dense vegetation 14486.56 1101.51 -13385.05 -92.40% bashar et. al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 22-34 29 figure 13. water and vegetation cover change of kaliganj upazila kotchadpur upazila figure 14 and 15 show that the deep-water cover was significantly replaced by shallow water cover, and the dense vegetation cover decreased significantly throughout kotchapur upazila due to extensive urbanization and industrialization. the dense vegetation cover almost vanished in kotchadpur upazila. the joydia baor and boluhar baor (oxbow lake) in kotchadpur upazila are also in an alarming situation. boluhar baor almost died in the last 3 decades. in the northeastern part of the kotchadpur, upazila had beels that almost died and were replaced by shallow water cover. the agricultural land in kotchadpur upazila increased mostly in the western part of kotchadpur upazila. the lulc change in kaliganj upazila is given below in table 9 and figure 16. figure 14. kotchadpur land cover in 1990 figure 15. kotchadpur land cover in 2020 table 9. lulc of kotchadpur upazila 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 deep water shallow water agricultural land dense vegetation ac re → lulc of kaliganj upazila from 1990 to 2020 1990 2020 lulc type change area (ac) 1990 2020 change area percentage (%) deep water 9701.99 2924.56 -6777.43 -69.86% shallow water 5695.16 17350.30 11655.14 204.65% agricultural land 15854.98 20159.06 4304.08 27.15% dense vegetation 10865.90 1684.83 -9181.07 -84.49% bashar et. al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 22-34 30 figure 16. water and vegetation cover change of kotchadpur upazila mohespur upazila figure 17 and 18 show that the deep-water cover was significantly replaced by shallow water cover, and the dense vegetation cover decreased significantly throughout mohespur upazila due to extensive urbanization and industrialization. the dense vegetation cover almost vanished in mohespur upazila. mohespur upazila is very important for the wetland area, as there are many baors and beels situated in this upazila. the purapara baor, nostir baor, nepar baor, baghadangar baor, fatepur baor, chapatola-vabnagar-srinathpur baor, golla baor, mirzapur baor, katgara baor, khusolpur baor (oxbow lake) in mohespur upazila and many smaller baors. the beels in mohespur upazila include mailbariya beel, ukhri beel, talsar beel, dubli beel, pakrail beel and many more. those baors and beels are also an alarming situation. from the mid to southwestern part of the mohespur, upazila is mainly in a wetland area, as there are many baor and beels situated, which almost died in the last 3 decades and were replaced by shallow water cover. agricultural activity in the northeastern part of mohespur upazila increased. the lulc change in mohespur upazila is given below in table 10 and figure 19. figure 17. mohespur land cover in 1990 figure 18. mohespur land cover in 2020 table 10. lulc of mohespur upazila figure 19. water and vegetation cover change of mohespur upazila 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 deep water shallow water agricultural land dense vegetation ac re → lulc of kotchadpur upazila from 1990 to 2020 1990 2020 0 20000 40000 60000 deep water shallow water agricultural land dense vegetation ac re → lulc of mohespur upazila from 1990 to 2020 1990 2020 lulc type change area (ac) 1990 2020 change area percentage (%) deep water 29401.04 10484.30 -18916.74 -64.34% shallow water 15490.85 47665.86 32175.01 207.70% agricultural land 32934.64 39673.48 6738.84 20.46% dense vegetation 23202.22 3213.806 -19988.42 -86.15% bashar et. al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 22-34 31 discussions year-wise temporal lulc change of the study area is illustrated in fig. 14 and the overall trend of change is presented in figure 21. from the figure it is evident that the deep-water bodies and dense or forested vegetation are decreasing significantly whereas the shallow water bodies and agricultural lands are following the opposite trend. the graph shows that from 1990 to 2020, the deep-water cover decreased by 63.01%, and the dense vegetation cover decreased by 84.47%, which is alarming for the environment and biodiversity. in the meantime, shallow water cover and agricultural land increased by 185.69% and 16.08%, respectively. figure 20. area covered by different land cover features from 1990-2020 table 11. area covered by different land cover feature from 1990-2020 lulc category 1990 2000 2010 2020 area in acre % area in acre % area in acre % area in acre % deep water 116382.9 23.95 30280.59 6.23 26648.66 5.48 43045.38 8.86 shallow water 74773.09 15.38 153150.1 31.52 168868.3 34.75 213620.7 43.96 agricultural land 182484.1 37.55 251281.3 51.71 233254.6 48 211822.9 43.59 dense vegetation 112282.8 23.11 51211.04 10.54 57151.42 11.76 17433.96 3.59 total area 485921.97 100 485923.03 100 485922.98 100 485922.96 100 bashar et. al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 22-34 32 figure 21. area covered by different land cover feature from 1990-2020 table 11 summarizes the temporal magnitude of each land cover feature from 1990-2020, and table 12 shows the overall temporal lulc change summary for each classified land cover. most of the deep-water bodies decreased between 1990-2020 about 86100 acres, while shallow water bodies increased heavily about 78377 acres in the same time period. the residents of the study area blamed unplanned urbanization and extensive agricultural growth behind the widespread water cover change. the response of the locals also aligned with the results of the agricultural change as the table 12 shows around 68797 acres of agricultural land have been increased between 1990 and 2000. most of the dense vegetation also decreased between the mentioned time period. table 12. temporal lulc change summary of each classified land cover. from informal interview with the locals, it was found that local government had taken some necessary steps such as extensive afforestation, riverbank management, baor conservation, agricultural innovation with mechanization and introduction of hybrid variety etc. after the year 2000. but the management system was not sustainable as the deep-water cover, especially the baors and forested vegetation found its declining trend. conclusions the lulc analysis of jhenaidah district from 1990 to 2020 demonstrates considerable changes in the landscape. deep water and dense vegetation coverage declined by 63.01% and 84.47%, respectively, while shallow water and agricultural land inclined by 185.69% and 16.08%, respectively. at the upazila level, shailkupa experienced the greatest decline in deep water cover (95.29%) and dense vegetation (83.68%), while kaliganj experienced a more modest decrease (49.62% and 92.40%, respectively). jhenaidah sadar saw the most increase in shallow water (251.37%), while shailkupa saw the least (132.35%). shailkupa also experienced the greatest increase in agricultural land (32.70%), whereas jhenaidah sadar experienced the smallest increase (6.07%). these shifts are mostly driven by growing food supply demand, which leads to increased agricultural land, gentrification, and river management behaviors, all of which contribute to an increase in shallow water coverage. meanwhile, the abundance of built-up regions has reduced dense vegetation across jhenaidah. this research can be a cost-effective solution to land use land cover monitoring and management. index based method assures reliability and accuracy as it consists of both automated and manual approach which is maintained in every step of this research. furthermore, the calculated threshold values for water and vegetation cover identification might be applied to satellite-based vegetation and water cover delineation of similar landscapes. one of the study's major weaknesses is its reliance on publicly available data sources for land cover research. the precision of the conclusions may be influenced by the accuracy and resolution of the data used. to increase accuracy, future studies could benefit from employing higher-resolution and more recent satellite images or combining ground-based data. while this analysis identifies significant changes in land cover, no direct causal links are established. various underlying variables, such as socioeconomic advancements, policy initiatives, or climate fluctuations, could be driving these shifts. further research using advanced modeling approaches or doing field surveys could aid in determining the underlying causes of the observed trends. the research is being carried out at the district level, which may obscure local-scale variability in 0 100000 200000 300000 area cover (ac) of 1990 area cover (ac) of 2000 area cover (ac) of 2010 area cover (ac) of 2020 a cr es analysis of savi 1990 to 2020 changing trend deep water cover shallow water cover agricultural land dense vegetation cover linear (deep water cover) linear (shallow water cover) linear (agricultural land) linear (dense vegetation cover) lulc type change area (ac) 1990 2000 2000 -2010 2010 2020 deep water -86101.41 -3631.93 16396.72 shallow water 78377.01 15717.90 44752.70 agricultural land 68797.2 -18026.70 -21431.70 dense vegetation -61071.76 5940.38 -39717.46 bashar et. al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 22-34 33 land cover changes. future research should look into doing studies at a finer geographical scale in order to capture more localized trends and understand the variety of land use changes within the district. extending the analysis to larger time frames could also provide a more complete knowledge of land cover patterns and their effects throughout time. author contributions: conceptualization, a.b. and m.i.h.; methodology, a.b. and m.i.h.; software, a.b., m.i.h, and m.a.p.; validation, a.b., m.i.h., m.a.h., and m.a.p.; formal analysis, a.b. and m.a.p.; investigation, a.b. and m.a.p.; resources, a.b.; data curation, a.b., m.i.h., m.a.h., m.a.p.; writing – original draft preparation, a.b. and m.a.h.; writing – review & editing, a.b., m.i.h., m.a.h., and m.a.p.; visualization, m.i.h., m.a.h., m.a.p.; supervision, m.i.h.; project administration, m.i.h. author agreement: all the authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to the research does not dealing with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: we the authors like to acknowledge united states geological survey (usgs) to grant free access to landsat satellite data. we also extend our heartfelt gratitude to the local peoples of jhenaidah district who helped us to validate the results. finally, we would like to thank the teachers, students, and staffs of dept. of geography and environment of islamic university, kushtia, bangladesh to help us in every step of this research. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references alam, m. f., & jahan, n. 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(1994, july). irrigation — a blessing or a curse. agricultural water management, 25(3), 203–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(94)90061-2 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2020.10.007 https://hdl.handle.net/10568/24606 https://doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v6i2.21006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11326 https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2022.2045505 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-019-0210-2 https://doi.org/10.3329/aba.v24i2.55781 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(94)90061-2 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 21-30 21 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 5 no 1 (2022) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa anaemia among the adolescent, non-pregnant and pregnant women in the rural northern bangladesh masuma tunazzin rim (a) anusree ghosh (b)1 anwara akter khatun (c) md. shihabul awal (d) (a) lecturer, department of food science and engineering, faculty of engineering sciences, german university bangladesh, dhaka, bangladesh; email: rim.hstu@gmail.com (b) research officer, science connect ltd., dhaka, bangladesh; e-mail: anusreeghosh62@gmail.com (c) associate professor, department of food science and nutrition, faculty of engineering, hajee mohammad danesh science and technology university, dinajpur, bangladesh; e-mail: anwaraazim@yahoo.com (d) assistant professor, department of food science and nutrition, faculty of engineering, hajee mohammad danesh science and technology university, dinajpur, bangladesh; e-mail: shihab@hstu.ac.bd a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 17th june 2022 accepted: 29th july 2022 online publication: 12th august 2022 keywords: anemia, food security women and adolescent diet diversity jel classification codes: i18, h51, r00 a b s t r a c t the study investigates the nutritional deficiency resulting in anemia among girls and women in northern bangladesh. the severity of the anemia problem was measured by observing the anemia patient who visited two clinics in dinajpur sadar upazila. in a cross-sectional survey of 120 rural non-pregnant pregnant women and adolescents, severe anemia (hb<7.0 g/dl) was uncommon. data on sociodemographic and weekly diet diversity was collected by questionnaire survey during may and june 2021 in health care centers randomly among those women and adolescents. the study found that 37.0% suffered moderate anemia (hb=7.0-9.9g/dl), and 83% sustained mild anemia (hb=10-12g/dl). when evaluating the effect of iron-rich food consumption on hemoglobin concentration, a difference was found in daily or weekly dose schedules. the study showed that 81.7% of participants suffered from prolonged menstrual bleeding, and the remaining 18.3% didn't. as menorrhagia can cause iron deficiency anemia, differences were found in hemoglobin levels. in the case of the moderate anemic group, the major percentage had prolonged menstrual bleeding and also suffered from dysphagia, glossitis, and cheilitis. mild anemia is higher in the low monthly household food expenditure group. the findings of the study suggest that socio-economic factors influence anemia. © 2022 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction in recent years anemia has been a global public health issue. it can be defined as a "fall of hemoglobin concentration below a statistically defined threshold laying at two standard deviations below the median of a healthy population of the same age, sex, and stages of pregnancy". anemia could be mild anemia, moderate anemia, severe anemia, low serum ferritin, high serum transferrin receptor, iron deficiency anemia, etc. although pregnant women are most frequently affected, it is also prevalent in non-pregnant women and other population groups, including children and adolescents. it has been estimated that around 2 billion people worldwide are anemic, most of which are found in low-income countries in asia and africa (who, 2015). in bangladesh, anemia affects 46% of pregnant women, 64% of children aged 6-23 months, 42% of children aged 24-59 months, 30% of adolescent girls, and 33% of non-pregnant women (bbs/unicef, 2004). adolescence is a period of life with specific health and developmental needs and rights. it is also a time to develop knowledge and skills, learn to manage emotions and relationships, and acquire attributes and abilities that will be important for enjoying the adolescent years and assuming adult roles (sen & kanani, 2006). there are about 1.2 billion adolescents in the world, which is 1/5th of the world's population, and their numbers are increasing daily. out of these, 5 million adolescents live in developing countries (mathur, 2007). in bangladesh, there are 28 million adolescents. 13.7 million of them are girls, and 14.3 million are boys. furthermore, in our country, around 12 percent of the whole population are adolescent girls (lloyd, 2005). adolescence is a particularly unique period in life because it‟s criteria of intense physical, psychosocial, and cognitive development. increased nutritional needs at this stage 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0001-7274-6491 © 2022 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v5i1.1780 to cite this article: rim, m. t., ghosh, a., khatun, a. a., & awal, m. s. (2022). anaemia among the adolescent, non-pregnant and pregnant women in the rural northern bangladesh. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 5(1), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v5i1.1780 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v5i1.1780 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7274-6491 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7930-9075 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7608-4616 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2479-6640 rim et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 21-30 22 relate to adolescents gaining up to 50% of their weight. moreover, more than 20% of their adult height and 50% of their adult skeletal mass during this period happened (khara & mates, 2015). the main nutrition problems which are affecting adolescent populations worldwide include undernutrition in terms of stunting and thinness, catch-up growth, and intrauterine growth retardation in pre-adolescent girls, iron deficiency and anemia, iodine deficiency, vitamin a deficiency, calcium deficiency, other specific nutrient deficiencies, e.g., zinc, folate, and obesity. all, iron deficiency anemia (ida) constitutes the major anemia during the adolescent period. accelerated development, hormonal changes, malnutrition, and starting of menstrual periods in girls are major causes of this period (sölvell, 1970). anemia has serious consequences in adolescence with growth retardation and impaired physical and cognitive performance. iron is also an essential nutrient for the functioning of neurotransmitters having a role in cognition, and in scarcity of hemoglobin, hypoxia develops with decreased cardiac output. several studies reported that iron supplementation among anemic adolescents had a role in cognition. higher behavioral disturbances, reduced learning capacities, and suboptimal school performance have also been documented among anemic school children. moreover, adolescent girls with anemia tend to commence their pregnancy with an increased risk of morbidities and mortality for both mother and child—anemia during pregnancy results in serious health impacts. if there is anemia, the blood doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to her tissues and the baby. if the pregnant mother is not getting enough iron or certain other nutrients, her body might not be able to produce the number of red blood cells it needs to make this additional blood. it's normal to have mild anemia when someone is pregnant. but she may have more severe anemia from low iron or vitamin levels or other reasons. anemia can leave her feeling tired and weak. if it is severe but goes untreated, serious complications like preterm delivery can increase (grantham-mcgregor & ani, 2011). pregnancy during adolescence deprives the girls of achieving their total growth according to their genetic potential. one way to break the intergenerational malnutrition cycle is to improve adolescent girls' nutrition before conception. the vicious cycle of malnutrition, if not broken, will go on, resulting in more severe consequences. iron deficiency anemia is the main type of anemia among young children in bangladesh due to poor dietary iron intake. therefore, this study aims to assess the prevalence of anemia and its risk factors so we can create awareness among people (pathak et al., 2003). as outlined above, anemia is widespread during pregnancy and adolescent period. the objectives of this study were to measure the severity of anemia in rural women of the dinajpur district. the specific objectives were to determine the participants' socio-demographic status and measure the severity of anemia. materials and methods study design the investigation was a cross-sectional observational study. the current observational study analyzed data from a representative subset at a specific time. the study was conducted in the dinajpur district of bangladesh. it mainly covers 'surjer hashi clinic' and ‘marie stopes clinic’ of dinajpur sadar, birol, kaharol, chirirbandar, birampur, and parbotipur. this study assessed the severity of nutritional anemia among adolescent and pregnant women. a questionnaire containing closed and open-ended questions were developed to obtain relevant information on anthropometric, socio-economic, diet diversity scores, and health status. the questionnaire was divided into five sections:  demographic information  anthropometry  socio-economic information  diet diversity score  health status all questions were designed, pre-tested, modified, and resettled to obtain and record information easily. any modifications necessary were then made, and a final pre-coded, pre-tested questionnaire was drawn up. a total of 120 adolescents and pregnant women aged between 15 and 50 years were selected purposively. a precoded and pre-tested questionnaire was administered to the adolescent and pregnant women by asking questions. both qualitative and quantitative data were collected by interviewing and measurement from their record file. the record files were collected from local ‘surjer hashi clinic’ and ‘marie stopes’s clinic’. the anthropometric data were collected based on standard methods. the following anthropometric data were collected: body mass index (bmi): for the study population, body mass index (bmi) was calculated. bmi was calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. classification of nutritional status by bmi was done according to the who (1995) classification and asian bmi classification. bmi=weight (kg)/height (square meter) table 1. nutritional status based on the who and asian criteria values nutritional status who cut-off asian cut-off underweight <18.5 <18.5 normal 18.5-24.9 18.5-22.9 overweight 25-29.9 23-24.9 pre-obese 25-29.9 obese ≥30 ≥30 obese type 1 30-40 30-40 obese type 2 40.1-50 40.1-50 obese type 3 >50 >50 rim et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 21-30 23 dietary information a diet diversity score card that covered their daily dietary consumption in a week was formed. the food groups attached to the questionnaire were different vitamin a-rich vegetables and iron-rich foods. other cereals, roots, and tubers, as well as different poultry food items (milk and milk product, fleshy meat and fish), and fruits were attached. health status different health statuses of subjects were determined by asking them frequent questions. other important data were collected from their record files provided by their local ‘surjer hashi clinic’ and ‘marie stopes clinic’ if necessary. variables selection and measurement dependent variable anaemia status was the dependent variable in this study. based on hemoglobin concentration (g/dl), world health organization (who) guidelines were followed to measure anemia status (who, 1994). stratification of anemia status was limited to mild, moderate, and severely anemic. covariates socio-economic, demographic, and different health statuses were categorized in the following way:  types of respondents: adolescent and pregnant and non-pregnant women;  educational qualification of respondents and spouse  occupation of respondents and spouse  monthly household income  monthly household food expenditure  weekly dietary intake  category of bmi  category of hemoglobin  diagnosis of anemia before  prolonged menstrual bleeding data analysis all characteristics were presented using descriptive statistics and group comparisons, viz., mild anemic, moderate anemic, and severely anemic, were shown by cross-tabulation. pearson’s chi-square tests were performed to check for statistical association among mild, moderate, and severe anemic groups for food security status and the socio-economic variables. all the dependent and independent variables were categorized to facilitate the analysis. all tests were two-tailed, and statistical significance was set at a p-value less than 0.05. data analyses were performed with spss 16 (spss inc., chicago, il, usa) results the severity of anemia of adolescent and pregnant women according to socio-demographic characteristics and food intake patterns. table 2. frequency distribution of socio-demographic status frequency distribution variables categories frequency percent (%) a. type of respondents adolescent 21 17.5 women 25 20.8 pregnant women 74 61.7 b. marital status married 78 65 unmarried 42 35 c. education of respondent pse 18 15 jsc 41 34.2 ssc 27 22.5 hsc 12 10.0 honors 7 5.8 ms 11 9.2 no formal education 4 3.3 d. education of the spouse 1. pse 1 8 2. jsc 28 23.3 3. ssc 24 20.0 4. hsc 7 5.8 5. honors 16 13.3 6. ms 1 8 e. respondent’s occupation 1. student 53 44.2 2. housewife 67 55.8 f. husband’s occupation 1. farmer 2 1.7 2. auto-biker 15 12.5 3. service holder 8 6.7 4. day-labor 38 31.7 5. business 12 10.0 6. student 1 0.8 rim et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 21-30 24 7. others 1 0.8 g. monthly household income 1. 5000-10000 38 31.7 2. 11000-15000 32 26.7 3. 16000 to above 50 41.7 h. monthly household food expenditure 1. 2000-3000 52 43 2. 3500-5000 30 25 3. above 5000 38 31.7 frequency distribution of socio-demographic status types of respondents among the respondents, there were 17% adolescents, 20.8% non-pregnant women, and 61.7% pregnant women. marital status sixty-five percent of the representatives were married, and the rest, 35%, were unmarried. educational qualification of respondents it was observed that 15%, 34.2%, 22.5%, and 10.0% of respondents had studied up to primary school certificate, junior school certificate, and secondary and higher secondary levels, respectively. 5.8% of respondents studied up to honors, 9.2% of respondents studied up to master's level, and 3.3% of respondents didn’t have any formal education. respondent’s occupation from the frequency distribution in table 2, it was observed that 44.2% of respondents were studying, and the rest, 55.8%, were housewives. according to this, they were categorized into students and housewives. husband’s occupation table 2 represented that the major percentage of married respondents' husbands was day labor, and it comprised 31.7%. the rest, 12.5%, 10.0%, and 6.7 %, husbands were auto-bikers, businessmen, and service holders, respectively. from the results, it was determined that lots of people are leading a lower-middle-class life which has a significant impact on household food expenditure. monthly household income respondents' monthly household income was categorized into three groups. those were 5000-10000, which was 31.7%, 11000-15000, which was 26.7%, and 16000 to above which was 41.7% of the total population (table 1). monthly household food expenditure it was observed from table 2 that the monthly household food expenditure of respondents was categorized into three different ranges, i.e., 2000-3000, which comprised 43.3%, 3500-5000%, which was 25.0%, and above 5000 which was 31.7% of total respondents. table 3. frequency distribution of weekly dietary intake frequency distribution variables categories frequency percent (%) consumption of cereals 2-3 days a week 0 0 4-5 days a week 48 40 daily 72 60 consumption of tea or coffee yes 77 64.2 no 42 35.0 dark green leafy vegetables and tubers 2 days per week 36 30 3 days per week 43 35.8 4 days per week 39 32.5 everyday 2 1.7 milk and milk products 2 days per week 16 13.3 4 days per week 83 69.2 everyday 21 17.5 legumes and pulses 2 days per week 50 41.7 3 days per week 70 58.3 egg 1. 2 days per week 37 30.8 2. 3 days per week 41 34.2 3. 4 days per week 40 33.3 4. everyday 2 1.7 fleshy meat and fish 1. 1 day per week 69 57.5 2. 2 days per week 30 25.0 3. 3 days per week 21 17.5 citrus fruits 1. 1 day per week 77 64.2 2. 3 days per week 40 33.3 rim et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 21-30 25 3. daily 3 2.5 other fruits 1. 2 days per week 37 30.8 2. 3 days per week 41 34.2 3. 4 days per week 40 33.3 4. everyday 2 1.7 frequency distribution of weekly dietary intake consumption of cereals according to table 3, respondents' weekly consumption was categorized into three groups. those were consumption of cereals two to three days a week, four to five days a week, and daily. and the percentages were 0%, 40%, and 60%. consumption of tea or coffee table 3 showed that, of the total respondents, 64.2% of respondents consumed tea or coffee, and the yield 35.8% didn't consume tea or coffee. weekly consumption of dark green leafy vegetables and root vegetables consumption of dark green leafy vegetables and root vegetables was categorized into four groups. those were: two, three, four days per week and every day. and the resultant amount was 30%, 35.8%, 32.5% and 1.7% respectively. weekly consumption of milk and milk products this data was categorized into three groups. these are 2 days, 4 days, and every day in a week. from the results, the percentage of respondents' consumption of milk and milk products were 13.3%, 69.2%, and 17.5%, respectively. weekly consumption of legumes and pulses from table 3, it was observed that 41.7% consumed legumes and pulses 2 days per week, and the rest, 58.3%, consumed 3 days per week. weekly consumption of egg from the frequency distribution of weekly dietary intake, it was seen that the weekly consumption of eggs is categorized into three groups. the categories with their percentages were: two days per week (30.8%), three days per week (34.2%), four days per week (33.3%), and daily (1.7%). weekly consumption of fleshy meat and fish it was observed that 57.5% of respondents consumed fleshy meat and fish 1day per week, 25.9% consumed 2 days per week, and left 17.5% consumed 3 days a week. weekly consumption of citrus fruits table 3 showed that people who consumed various citrus fruits (mainly orange and lemon) daily was 2.5%, those who consumed three days per week was 33.3%, and one day per week was 64.2%. other fruits per week it was observed from table 3 that people who consumed various fruits daily was 1.7%, who consumed four days per week was 33.3%, who consumed three days per week was 34.2%, and finally, those who consumed 2 days per week was 30.8%. table 4. frequency distribution of health status variables categories frequency distribution frequency percent (%) category of bmi underweight 23 19.2 normal 71 59.2 overweight 21 17.5 obese 5 4.2 category of hemoglobin moderate 37 30.8 mild 83 69.2 diagnosis of anemia before yes 49 40.8 no 71 59.2 prolonged menstrual bleeding yes 98 81.7 no 22 18.3 headache, chest pain, abdominal pain in pregnancy yes 71 59.2 no 5 4.2 dysphagia, glossitis, cheilitis yes 95 79.2 no 25 20.8 rim et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 21-30 26 frequency distribution of health status category of bmi the body mass index (bmi) of respondents was categorized into four groups in table 3. those are underweight, normal, overweight, and obese people, and their percentages were 19.2%, 59.2%, 17.5%, and 4.2%, respectively. category of hemoglobin: according to the collected values of hemoglobin of all respondents, hemoglobin level was categorized into four groups. these were: severe, moderate, mild, and normal anemia. from the results, it was obtained that 30.8% of respondents were suffering from moderate anemia, and the rest, 69.2% of respondents were suffering from mild anemia. diagnosis of anemia before it was observed that, from all the respondents, 59.2% of respondents didn’t have a diagnosis of anemia before, and the rest, 40.2% had. anemia isn't an uncommon diagnosis, and there is some likelihood that someone may have been diagnosed with it. so, it may have positive significance. prolonged menstrual bleeding according to table 4, 81.7% of respondents were suffering from prolonged menstrual bleeding, and the left 18.3% didn’t. menorrhagia can be a cause of iron deficiency anemia. so, this may have significance. headache, chest pain, abdominal pain in pregnancy: respondents who were suffering from headache, chest pain, and abdominal pain in pregnancy were 59.2%, and the rest, 33.3%, didn't have that symptom. preeclampsia is a very serious condition that, in addition to the above symptoms, can cause a type of anemia. so, it might have significance. dysphagia, glossitis, and cheilitis respondents who were suffering from difficulty with swallowing (dysphagia) or noticed any changes in the appearance of their tongue or lips (glossitis and cheilitis) were 79.2%, and the rest, 20.8%, who didn’t have any of those signs. bivariate analysis chi-square test is a method of bivariate analysis that is used to know the association among several covariates with the response variable. in this section, the obtained results are illustrated by using this chi-square method. table 5. results of the severity of anemia for socio-demographic status category of hemoglobin variables categories moderate anemia (%) mild anemia (%) p-value monthly household income 5000-10000 37.8 28.9 11000-15000 32.4 24.1 0.208 16000 to above 29.7 47.0 monthly household food expenditure 1. 2000-3000 62.2 34.9 2. 3500-5000 18.9 27.7 0.019 3. above 5000 18.9 37.3 results of severity of anemia for socio-demographic status monthly household income from table 5, it was observed that respondents whose monthly household income was 5000-10000, 37.8% and 28.9% were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, respectively. whose monthly household income was 11000-15000, 32.4% and 24.1% were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, respectively. whose monthly household income was above 16000, 29.7% and 47.0% were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, respectively. from the chi-square test, the resultant pvalue was 0.208, which means there hasn’t been a strong association between monthly household income and the severity of anemia. monthly household food expenditure for the monthly household food expenditure, it was observed that whose monthly household food expenditure was between 2000 to 3000, 62.2% and 34.9% were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, respectively. respondents whose monthly household food expenditure was between 3500 to 5000, 18.9% and 27.7% were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, respectively. whose monthly household food expenditure was above 5000, 18.9% and 37.3% were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, respectively. it was observed from the resultant p-value (0.019) that there exists an association between monthly household food expenditure and the category of hemoglobin. table 6. results of the severity of anemia for weekly dietary intake category of hemoglobin variables categories moderate anemia (%) mild anemia (%) p value consumption of tea or coffee yes 97.3 49.4 no 2.7 50.6 0.000 rim et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 21-30 27 dark green leafy vegetables and tubers 2 days per week 91.9 2.4 3 days per week 2.7 50.6 0.000 4 days per week 5.4 44.6 everyday 0 2.4 milk and milk products 2 days per week 24.3 8.4 4 days per week 54.1 75.9 0.028 3. everyday 21.6 15.7 fleshy meat and fish 1 day in a week 70.3 51.8 2 days a week 13.5 30.1 0.111 3 days a week 16.2 18.1 eggs 2 days per week 94.6 2.4 3 days per week 2.7 48.2 0.000 4 days per week 2.7 47.0 everyday 0.0 2.4 citrus fruits 1 day per week 100 48.2 3 days per week 0.0 48.2 0.000 daily 0.0 3.6 other fruits 2 days per week 100 0 3 days per week 0.0 49.4 0.000 4 days per week 0.0 48.2 everyday 0.0 2.4 results of severity of anemia for weekly dietary intake consumption of tea or coffee it was observed that 97.3% of respondents who consumed tea or coffee were suffering from a moderate level of anemia, and the rest 2.7% of respondents were suffering from mild anemia. conversely, 50.0% of respondents who didn't drink tea or coffee were suffering from moderate anemia, and the rest, 50.0%, were suffering from mild anemia. from the p-value (0.000), it can be said that there exists a highly significant association between the consumption of tea or coffee and the category of hemoglobin. dark green leafy vegetables, roots, and tubers from table 6, it was observed that among those respondents who consumed dark green leafy vegetables two days a week, 91.9% of them were suffering from moderate anemia, and 2.4% were suffering from mild anemia. on the other hand, 2.7% and 50.6% of respondents were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, respectively, by consuming dark green leafy vegetables and tubers three days a week. furthermore, 5.4% and 44.6% of respondents were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, respectively, by consuming dark green leafy vegetables four days a week. the rest, 2.4%, of respondents were suffering from mild anemia by consuming those vegetables daily. from the resultant p-value (0.000), it can be said that there exists a significant association between weekly consumption of dark green leafy vegetables and tubers with the category of hemoglobin. milk and milk products it was found that 21.6% and 8.4% of respondents were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, respectively, by drinking milk and milk products two days a week. again, 56.8% and 75.9% of respondents were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, respectively, by drinking milk and milk products four days a week. finally, 21.6% and 15.7% of respondents were suffering from moderate and mild anemia by drinking milk and milk products daily. and according to the resultant p-value (0.067), it can be said that there does not exist any strongly significant association between drinking milk and milk products with the category of hemoglobin. eggs it was found that 94.6% and 2.4% of respondents were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, respectively, by consuming eggs two days a week. again, 2.7% and 48.2% of respondents were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, respectively, by consuming eggs three days a week. after that, 2.7% and 47.0% of respondents were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, respectively, by consuming eggs four days a week. finally, 1% of respondents had mild anemia, and they consumed eggs daily. according to the resultant p-value (0.000), it can be said that there exists a strongly significant association between the consumption of eggs and the category of hemoglobin. fleshy meat and fish table 6 showed that 70.3% and 51.8% of respondents were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, respectively, by consuming fleshy meat and fish one day a week. again 13.5% and 30.1% of respondents were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, respectively, by consuming those food items two days a week. the rest, 16.2% and 18.1% of respondents, were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, respectively, by consuming three days a week. the p-value was 0.111, and it shows that there did not exist a strong association between the severity of anemia and the weekly consumption of fleshy meat and fish. rim et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 21-30 28 citrus fruits for the covariate consumption of citrus food in a week, it was found that 100% and 48.2% of the respondents consumed one day in a week, and their status was moderate and mild anemia, respectively. again, the table showed that 48.2% consumed three days a week and were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, respectively. finally, those who consumed daily were suffering from only mild anemia (3.6%). the resultant p-value was 0.000, which means there exists a strong significant association between the consumption of citrus fruits and the category of hemoglobin. other fruits it was observed that 100% of the respondents were suffering from moderate anemia by consuming locally available fruits two days a week. again, 49% of them were suffering from mild anemia by consuming three days a week. besides these, 48.2% were suffering from mild anemia by consuming four days a week. finally, 2.4% were suffering from mild anemia by consuming daily. the resultant p-value was 0.000, which means there exists a strong significance between consuming locally available fruits and the category of hemoglobin. table 7. result of the severity of anemia with another health status variables category of hemoglobin categories moderate anemia (%) mild anemia (%) p-value prolonged menstrual bleeding yes 94.6 75.9 0.015 no 5.4 24.1 long time illness yes 86.5 57.8 no 13.5 42.2 0.002 dysphagia, glossitis, cheilitis yes 97.3 71.1 0.001 no 2.7 28.9 headache, chest pain, abdominal pain in pregnancy yes 95.7 92.5 0.605 no 4.3 7.5 result of severity of anemia with other health status prolonged menstrual bleeding it was found that 94.6% and 75.9% of respondents were suffering from moderate and mild anemia and both had prolonged menstrual bleeding. conversely, 5.4% and 24.1% were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, and both did not have prolonged menstrual bleeding. the resultant p-value was 0.015. this value shows that there must have significance between prolonged menstrual bleeding and the category of anemia. long-time illness for the covariant long-time illness, it was found that 86.5% and 57.8% of respondents were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, and they both had the long-time illness. and the remaining 13.5% and 42.2% of respondents were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, but they did not have a long-time illness. the resultant p-value was 0.002, which represents that there is a significant association between long-time illness and the category of hemoglobin. dysphagia, glossitis, and cheilitis it was observed from table 7 that 97.3% of respondents had dysphagia or glossitis or cheilitis, were suffering from moderate anemia, and the remaining 2.7% did not have any of there. again, 71.1% of respondents had dysphagia or glossitis or cheilitis, were suffering from mild anemia, and the remaining 28.9% did not have any of these. from the p-value of 0.000, it can be said that there is a strong significant association between dysphagia, glossitis, and cheilitis with the category of hemoglobin. headache, chest pain, abdominal pain in pregnancy table 7 showed that 95.7% and 92.5% of respondents from pregnant women were suffering from moderate and mild anemia and had a headache, chest pain, and abdominal pain during pregnancy. conversely, 4.3% and 7.5% of pregnant women were suffering from moderate and mild anemia, respectively. the resultant p-value was 0.605, and it shows that there does not have a strong association between the severity of anemia and headache, chest pain, and abdominal pain in pregnancy. discussion socio-demographic features of the respondent in this cross-sectional study, a total of 120 participants attended for the study. most of them are studied up to primary as well as secondary school level. it is a common belief that educated peoples are conscious of consuming the requisite and balanced diet. the number of moderate anemic is higher in the low monthly household income group (pprc, 2015), but at the same time, mold and anemic are also equally high in this income group. moderate anemic is higher in the low monthly household food expenditure group. a slight difference in percentages can be taken as significant, which is evident from the chi-square value and p-value (p=0.019) of the test of association. it is seen that the participants who expend the highest, moderate anemic is lowest there. to justify the fact statistically whether the monthly household food expenditure status of participants does influence the anemic condition, the chi-square test was employed, which shows that there is a significant association. rim et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 21-30 29 relationship of severity of anemia with weekly dietary intake of the respondent within-group analysis shows that the majority percentage of participants in the moderate anemic group were consuming tea or coffee regularly, whereas, in the mild anemic group, respondents were not consuming tea or coffee regularly. the association between the two groups with respect to the category of hemoglobin was found to be statistically significant as the p-value (p=0.000) is less than the level of significance of 0.05. a large amount of tea or coffee and these types of drinks make it harder for our bodies to absorb iron (sivasankar, 2002). the weekly consumption of dark green leafy vegetables and tubers plays an important role in the category of hemoglobin in individuals. table e envisages that almost a major percent of the respondents having moderate anemia was from the categories having consumption of those kinds of diet irregularly. a gradual decrease in the percentage of moderate anemic girls was seen in groups as the consumption level increased. a significant association was found between the categories of dark green leafy vegetable consumption and the category of hemoglobin, suggesting that both the groups are affected by that consumption (p=0.000). most vegetables contain ascorbic acid, riboflavin, and thiamine. root vegetables, including carrots, are rich in carotene, a precursor for vitamin a. fruit vegetables, including tomatoes, eggplant is rich in calcium, and vitamin c. besides these, and dark green leafy vegetables are a good source of iron. respondents whose consumption level of these vegetables was lower, i.e., two days a week, were suffering from a moderate level of anemia. the highest percentages among the moderate anemic group consumed milk or milk-based products and eggs irregularly. in order to ascertain whether there is any association between the two groups with respect to the consumption of milk or milk-based products and eggs by the respondents, the chi-square test was employed, which shows that there is a statistically significant association (p=0.028 and p=0.000) between the two groups. similarly, the highest percentages among moderate anemic group citrus and other locally available fruits irregularly. in order to ascertain whether there is any association between the two groups with respect to the consumption of these kinds of fruits by the respondents, the chi-square test was employed, which shows that there is a statistically significant association (p=0.000 and p= 0.000) between the two groups. consumption of citrus fruits like orange and lime has importance in a regular diet. and that is, it helps in iron absorption from the diet. this is positively associated with rising hemoglobin concentration. relationship of anemia with certain conditions of the respondent pregnancy causes increased physiological requirements of iron and folate. anemia occurs in many pregnant women because their iron stores need to serve their own increased blood volume as well as be a source of hemoglobin for the growing fetus (luke, 1991). table 7 shows that in the case of the moderate anemic group, the major percentages had prolonged menstrual bleeding. the association between the two groups with respect to the category of hemoglobin was found to be statistically significant as the p-value (p=0.015) is less than the level of significance of 0.05. heavy periods and pregnancy are very common causes of iron deficiency anemia. blood contains iron within red blood cells. so, if someone loses blood, she loses some iron. women with heavy periods are at risk of iron deficiency anemia because they lose blood during menstruation (luke, 1991). in the case of the moderate anemic group, the highest percentage had a duration of long-time illness. the association between the two groups with respect to the category of hemoglobin was found statistically significant as the pvalue is less than the level of significance (0.05). actually, chronic disease can have long-term effects on other aspects of human health, such as the way in which the human body produces blood. these diseases can cause anemia or chronic disease. it can also be seen from table 6 that the highest percentages of moderate anemic groups are suffering from dysphagia, glossitis, and cheilitis. in order to ascertain whether there is any association between the two groups with respect to the health status of the respondents, the chi-square test was employed, which shows that there is a statistically significant association (p=0.001) between the two groups. along with iron deficiency anemia, respondents had difficulty with swallowing (dysphagia) or noticed changes in the appearance of their tongue or lips (glossitis, cheilitis). conclusions early marriage and not sufficient educational background are prevalent in the rural area of dinajpur, i.e., in northern bangladesh. promotion of community and nutrition is a necessity for those people. many interrelated socio-economic factors are influencing anemia. the promotion of iron-rich food and urban living conditions is a necessity in the study to combat anemia. based on that, some recommendations could be presented. the introduction of balanced diets rich in vitamin a and iron during pregnancy and lactation is a necessity. nutrition education should be introduced and enhanced among mothers to accept knowledge about the source of iron-rich foods and other nutritious food sources. more care should be provided to adolescence. it is essential to increase awareness about taking more iron during the adolescent period to reduce the prevalence of anemia. the urban poor should be supported by appropriate socio-economic development programs to curb financial inflation, which adversely deprives this segment of society. promotion of urban living conditions could be through provisioning adequate housing conditions; income generation sources to poor urban households, stopping accelerated financial inflation; and reducing rates of rural-urban migration to avoid the addition of more urban poor and growth of squatter settlements. rim et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 5(1) (2022), 21-30 30 author contributions: conceptualization, m.t.r. and a.a.k.; data curation, m.t.r.; methodology, m.t.r., a.a.k. and m.s.a.; validation, m.t.r. and m.s.a.; visualization, a.g.; formal analysis, m.t.r. and a.g.; investigation, m.t.r.; resources, m.t.r. and a.g.; writing – original draft, m.t.r. and a.g.; writing – review & editing, a.g.; supervision, a.a.k. and m.s.a., software, m.t.r. and a.g.; project administration, m.t.r.; funding acquisition, m.t.r. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: authors are grateful to md. sobuj ali, lecturer, department of statistics, hajee mohammad danesh science and technology university, dinajpur, and tabassum rahman and monika sharna for their kind supports in the research work. sincere thanks to the manager of ‘surjer hashi clinic’ and ‘marie stopes clinic’ for allowing to data support. we would like to express my respect and sincere thanks to all of the respondent women. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references bbs/unicef. 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(2015). the global prevalence of anaemia in 2011. geneva: world health organization; 2015. publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2022 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/adolescent-nutrition-policy-and-programming-sun-countries/ https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/adolescent-nutrition-policy-and-programming-sun-countries/ https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11174/growing-up-global-the-changing-transitions-to-adulthood-in-developing https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11174/growing-up-global-the-changing-transitions-to-adulthood-in-developing https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0camqw7ajahckewiy6qqp1bh5ahuaaaaahqaaaaaqag&url=https%3a%2f%2fwww.cbspd.co.in%2fpreventive-and-social-medicine-a-comprehensive-textbook-9788123914947-mathur&psig=aovvaw0q6wajw3bnnid11pmbagtj&ust=1659856407057008 https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0camqw7ajahckewiy6qqp1bh5ahuaaaaahqaaaaaqag&url=https%3a%2f%2fwww.cbspd.co.in%2fpreventive-and-social-medicine-a-comprehensive-textbook-9788123914947-mathur&psig=aovvaw0q6wajw3bnnid11pmbagtj&ust=1659856407057008 https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0camqw7ajahckewiaypjk1rh5ahuaaaaahqaaaaaqag&url=https%3a%2f%2fpdfcoffee.com%2ffood-processing-and-preservation-4-pdf-free.html&psig=aovvaw29wyqegpcgrvpgudxitqqt&ust=1659856799760297 http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/who_trs_854.pdf http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/who_trs_854.pdf http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 24-29 24 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 6 no 1 (2022) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa students’ dropout at the secondary level of education in bangladesh: a case study of nawabganj govt. pilot high school & college at kalakopa union of nawabganj upazila mohammad mehedi hasan (a)1 sabina yasmin surjamokhey (b) (a) lecturer, department of political science, dhaka international university (diu), dhaka, bangladesh; e-mail: mehedihasanemil@gmail.com (b) mss (thesis) student, department of political science, jagannath university (jnu), dhaka, bangladesh; e-mail: sabinasurjo@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 22nd november 2022 accepted: 25th december 2022 online publication: 30th december 2022 keywords: education, secondary education, dropout, students’ dropout, poverty, eve-teasing, school jel classification codes: g32, f65, l66, l25, m41 a b s t r a c t education is a staircase that moves us from the darkness to light and leads us to a new height. education removes our inner ignorance and broadens our minds and outlook. bangladesh has made outstanding progress in the education sector. the government of bangladesh has been able to restrain the dropout rate at the primary level of education but needs to check the dropout rate at the secondary level. it is still alarming. so, it is necessary to study the issue to know the real picture of the students' dropouts. the study examines the causes behind students' dropout and to understand the current status of students' dropout at nawabganj govt. pilot high school & college. the study employs a simple random sampling process through interviews to collect the primary data based on qualitative research. the result of the study reveals mainly the ignorance of parents, parents' unconsciousness, poverty, child labor, migration, lack of adequate facilities, lack of quality education, early marriage, eve-teasing, disobedience to parents, addiction to mobile phone and internet as well as addiction to drugs are the leading causes of students' dropout. the study's finding suggests that to mitigate or eradicate the dropout of students, there should be some necessary steps likeincreasing parental awareness and activity, confirming adequate sports arrangements at the school, ensuring a beautiful environment for education, and enhancing stipends facilities for the poor and meritorious students. © 2022 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction english philosopher francis bacon said, 'education is the root of all power .'another is saying that education is the backbone of the nation. like the backbone of a person, education is one of the most crucial parts of a country. just as curry has no flavor without salt, a nation can never imagine progress without education. if a nation is to advance on the upward path of improvement or to reach the highest pinnacle, there is no alternative but education. education is the very thing that provides us with wisdom. article 17 of the constitution of bangladesh has ensured free and compulsory education for all children. the process of education in bangladesh starts from the primary level. then, the next level is secondary education which is very significant to every citizen as primary education (bangladesh bureau of educational information and statistics, 2010). the period of education between primary education level and higher secondary education level is called secondary education. so, this education acts as a bridge between primary and higher education. secondary-level education in bangladesh implies education from six to ten grades in bangladesh. the importance of secondary education is immense to educate the nation. through secondary education, students know national consciousness, context, constitutional responsibility, and a sense of duty. moreover, human values, democratic consciousness, and values towards society are developed among the students from this level. that is why; this education level is the foundation stage for the students. bangladesh has shown much success in the education sector. since bangladesh is a densely populated country (ahmad et al., 2022), it cannot be 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-6357-7742 © 2022 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1884 to cite this article: hasan, m. m., & surjamokhey, s. y. (2022). students’ dropout at the secondary level of education in bangladesh: a case study of nawabganj govt. pilot high school & college at kalakopa union of nawabganj upazila. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 6(1), 24-29. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1884 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1884 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6357-7742 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8612-5928 hasan & surjamokhey, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 24-29 25 possible to transform this large population into a productive asset without quality education. the bangladesh government has successfully improved the quality of education but cannot stop school dropouts. the dropout rate in primary education has been reduced through various government programs. besides, several ngos in bangladesh have also provided support to the government in attaining this goal; for example, brac has made an outstanding contribution (banu et al., 2021), but the dropout problem remains in the secondary level of education due to poverty, child marriage, child labor, unawareness, low quality of education, poor management of schools, etc. a large number of students drop out every year from a second level which is not suitable for the country and the nation because when a student drops out from a crucial stage of education, it is an irreparable loss to the country and the nation. at the same time, the high dropout rate indicates a shortage of quality education. the dropout rate of secondary levels in bangladesh is alarming. the banbeis annual education survey shows that the dropout rate for girls' students is 8.90% higher than for boys, while the total dropout rate is 37.80%. according to the report, there are 20,467 secondary educational institutions with 10330695 students, 54.20% girls (nowrin, 2021). apart from this, vast numbers of boys students are dropping out of the secondary education level in bangladesh. according to a draft report prepared by the government in 2011, around 47 percent of boys dropped out before completing secondary education, but the rate fell to 34.9% in 2012. the report also shows that the national dropout rate among boys in 2018 was 36.01%; in 2017, it was 33.43%; in 2016, it was 33.88%; in 2015, it was 33.72%; in 2014, it was 34.52%; in 2013 it was 34.18%, in 2012 it was 34.90%, and in 2011 it was 46.73% (the daily star, 2019). the government of bangladesh is providing all-out efforts to augment access to secondary education through various initiatives and measures. still, in bangladesh, the dropout rate at the secondary level is vast. the study aims to investigate the causes behind the students' dropout at the secondary level of education at the nawabganj govt. pilot high school & college. moreover, to explore the current status of students' dropouts and suggest some policy recommendations to negotiate the students' dropout at nawabganj govt. pilot high school & college. literature review sarker et al. (2019) in the article focused on the economic impacts of school dropout in the scenario of bangladesh. the study showed that school dropout is badly associated with economic progress in bangladesh. the study found the main reasons behind school dropout like poverty, parent's unwillingness, financial problems, school's poor infrastructure, lack of quality education, unequal access to education, and security problems for girls as well; as the study suggested some policy solicitations like ensuring free education program, raising awareness of parents by teacher-parents relationship, improving school's infrastructure, confirming equal access to education, providing quality training for teachers, provision of all related facilities should be assured at the policy level by the government. hasnat (2017) pointed out the causes behind the dropout of students at school in bangladesh and showed the information on a percentage basis of the comparison between enrollment and dropouts. the study indicated the government statistics from banbeis showing that in 2015, the national dropout rate in the secondary level was 40.29%, out of which 45.92% were girls and 33.72% were boys. besides, the paper focused on the national dropout rate of bangladesh. in the article, latif et al. (2015) stated the causes of students' dropout. the paper pointed out the causes of students' dropout, such as financial problems, parent's unwillingness, distances from the school and lack of basic facilities, lousy quality of education, inadequate school environment and building, overcrowded classrooms, foul languages of teaching, carelessness of teachers and security problems of girls. moreover, the authors presented the impact of students' dropouts on the economyshowing the negative impact on the student's dropouts on the economy because education is the crucial component of economic growth because it has a direct influence on entrepreneurship, productivity growth, and it increases employment opportunities and women empowerment. besides, the authors suggested some remedial measures to reduce student dropout. in the article, doll et al. (2013) indicated the specific causes of dropout students. the article has shown various factors behind the students' dropout, including school & family-related, peer-related as well as health-related factors likedisfavoring school students, early marriage of the girls, poor health condition of students, and financial crisis also. the authors concentrated on the dropout of students from several states and provided a lengthy discussion on the issue. in the article, sabates et al. (2013) pointed out the different factors associated with school dropout using data collected between 2007 and 2009 in bangladesh. the study found significant factors of school dropout, like financial constraints, including lack of income, school expenditure, parental support for children's school work, and school absenteeism. the study suggested some policy recommendations to diminish school dropout, including the curtailment of the expense of schooling and augmentation of educational support. ahmed et al. (2010) in the book revealed the students' dropout rate in bangladesh. the study used direct primary data sources for the survey methodology and focused on the main reasons behind student dropout in bangladesh. the paper demonstrated the causes of students' dropout, including poverty, child marriage of girls, etc. in addition, the authors recapitulated the solution to the dropout of students at the secondary level in bangladesh. sabates et al. (2010) in the book addressed the main reasons for school dropout in bangladesh, mentioning poor health conditions of the students, shortage of nutrition, lack of motivation to learn, child labor, migration, poverty, teacher absenteeism, school location and the poor quality of education. hasan & surjamokhey, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 24-29 26 materials and methods this present study used data collected from nawabganj govt. pilot high school & college at kalakopa union of nawabganj upazila. this study adopted a qualitative research design to collect data. the data were collected using a simple random sampling process from 120 respondents, including teachers, guardians, and students. this research was based on primary data and secondary data. the questionnaire, including open and close-ended, was prepared and filled up with a face-to-face interview to collect primary data. this study used secondary data from books, journals, articles, published works, newspapers, websites, and documents. to analyze the collected data, descriptive statistical tools were used. results and discussions the following table mainly presents the enrollment and dropout data of the students of nawabganj govt. pilot high school & college in three different years from class six to ten, including the students' enrollment per year, the number of the students' dropouts among the boys and girls students per year, as well as the percentages of students' dropout among the boys and girls students separately. table 1. students’ enrollment & dropout information at nawabganj govt. pilot high school & college source: field survey from nawabganj govt. pilot high school & college the study finds the data for 2018 firstly, which shows the information relating to the student's enrollment and drop out of the year. the total enrollment of classes six and seven was 349, including boys 268 & girls 81 and 263, including boys 200 & girls 63. analyzing the data, 26 students, including 16 boys & girls, and 10 dropped out of class seven. 7.44% of students dropped out, including boys 5.97% and girls 12.34%. in classes eight, nine & ten, the total enrollments were 268, including boys 195 & girls 73, 232 including boys 171 & girls 61, and 218, including boys 181 & girls 37. exploring the data, it is found that many students dropped out respectively, 15, including boys 6 & girls 9, 27 including boys 15 & girls 12 and 8 including boys 3 & girls 5 at classes eight, nine & ten. a total of 5.70% of students dropped out, including boys 3% & girls, 14.28% in class eight; 10.07% of students dropped out in class nine, including boys 7.69% & girls 16.43%. moreover, about 3.44% of students dropped out of class ten, including boys, 1.75% & girls, 8.19%. apart from this, the above table shows the students' enrollment, dropout, and dropout rate, including boys and girls students of 2019 nawabganj govt. pilot high school & college. the table points out that the total enrollments of classes six and seven of the year 2019 were 376, including boys 309 & girls 67, and 295, including boys 216 and 79, respectively. considering the data, it is noticed that a total of 25 students, including 17 boys and 8 girls, dropped out of class seven. the total dropout rate of the class was 6.64%, including boys at 5.50% and girls at 11.94%. in class eight, the total enrollment was 256, including boys 195 and girls 61. about 12 students, including boys 1 and girls 11, dropped out of class eight. the total dropout rate was 4.06% of the class, including boys at 0.46% and girls at 13.92%. in classes nine & ten, the total enrollments were 369, including boys 285 and girls 84 and 217, including boys 162 & girls 55. the total numbers of dropout of the classes were 35, including boys, 21 & girls, 14, and 36, including boys, 19 & girls, 17. the total dropout rates of the classes were 13.67%, including boys at 13.67% & girls at 22.95%, as well as 9.75%, including boys at 6.66% & girls at 20.23%, respectively. in addition, the above table presents the students' enrollment, dropout, and dropout rate, including boys and girls students of 2020 nawabganj govt. pilot high school & college. the table indicates the total enrollments of classes six and seven of the year 2020 was 206, including boys 167 & girls 39 and 275, including boys, 199 and 76, respectively. the data shows that 20 students, including boys 17 and 3 dropped out of class seven. the total dropout rate of the class was 9.70%, including boys at 10.17% and girls at 7.69%. in class eight, the total enrollments were 228, including 162 boys and 66 girls. about 30 students, including 21 boys and girls 9, were dropped out of class eight. the total dropout rate was 10.90% of the class, including boys at 10.55% and girls at 11.84%. in classes nine & ten, the total enrollments were 270, including boys 199 and girls 71, and 253, including boys 211 & girls 42. the total numbers of dropout of the classes were 39, including boys, 26 & girls, 13, and 23, including boys, 9 & girls, 14. the total dropout rates of the classes were 17.10%, including boys at 16.04% & girls at 19.69%, and 8.51%, including boys at 4.52% & girls at 19.71%, respectively. year grade enrollment students dropout rate of dropout total boys girls total boys girls total % boys % girls % 2018 6 349 268 81 7 263 200 63 26 16 10 7.44% 5.97% 12.34% 8 268 195 73 15 6 9 5.70% 3% 14.28% 9 232 171 61 27 15 12 10.07% 7.69% 16.43% 10 218 181 37 8 3 5 3.44% 1.75% 8.19% 2019 6 376 309 67 7 295 216 79 25 17 8 6.64% 5.50% 11.94% 8 256 195 61 12 1 11 4.06% 0.46% 13.92% 9 369 285 84 35 21 14 13.67% 13.67% 22.95% 10 217 162 55 36 19 17 9.75% 6.66% 20.23% 2020 6 206 167 39 7 275 199 76 20 17 3 9.70% 10.17% 7.69% 8 228 162 66 30 21 9 10.90% 10.55% 11.84% 9 270 199 71 39 26 13 17.10% 16.04% 19.69% 10 253 211 42 23 9 14 8.51% 4.52% 19.71% hasan & surjamokhey, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 24-29 27 causes of students’ dropout at nawabganj govt. pilot high school & college according to the respondents from the study area including teachers, guardians, and students, the study identified some specific causes of students' dropout at nawabganj govt. pilot high school & college. firstly, the ignorance of parents, the apathy of the parents towards education, not understanding the significance of education, and the need to be able to motivate the children in the right way. the parents of illiterate and less educated refuse to invest in education for their children. their ignorance guide and stimulate child labor. besides, poverty is one of the factors most responsible for students' dropout. bangladesh's education system is still stuck in the vicious cycle of poverty. impoverished people spend a large part of their income on affording food. education is nothing special to those deprived of food, housing, and treatment. low-income families cannot afford the expense of their children's schooling. for those who need help to eat correctly, education is fancy. they need more money to afford the cost of their child's education. when parents fail to provide expenses for a child's education due to poverty, they employ children to earn money. child labor is one of the most important reasons for the closure of secondary education. in the middle of secondary education, students drop out of school because of child labor. parents send them to work, believing it costs money to study, but it gives them cash to work. migration is one of the significant causes of student dropout at the secondary level. in order to earn a living, parents usually change their workplace at any time. as a result, the study of the student needs to be improved. either they change their school, or they take part in classes from a long distance. as a result, the students become irregular in school, leading to dropouts. the disobedience to the parents is one reason for students dropping out. many students are disobedient to their parents. even though their parents are very cordial in educating them, they want to avoid going to school. because many students get addicted to drugs, and at the same time, they do not like going to school due to mobile and internet addiction. some students are indifferent to their studies and going to school. they deliberately skip school. as a result, they get very low marks and ultimately drop out in the middle of their secondary education. one of the biggest reasons for the dropout of girl students is child marriage. girls are married off at an early age. as a result, their study needs to be improved. the parents give their daughters an early marriage showing an excuse for security. the majority of cases of early marriage come at the secondary level. eve-teasing, sexual abuse, and harassment are the significant reasons for girls' dropout to the secondary level. parents think of the security of their children. eve-teasing is one of the biggest causes of student dropout, especially for girls. when the parents feel unsafe sending their daughters out for schooling, their study is hampered. by the side or at the corner of the road, the bad boys stand for teasing the girls. many girls do not want to go to school for this fear. the reasons mentioned above led to the students' dropout at nawabganj govt. pilot high school & college. conclusions education implies light. it works as a light that illuminates and brings darkness to light. there goes a proverb that the more educated the nation is, the more advanced the nation is. education is a process it includes opportunity, knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, habits, and so on. education is a social process in which one can learn principles, values, and behavior. secondary education is also essential to every student's life because it offers basic education that students must learn before going to higher studies. it is called the preparation level for the students. the necessity of secondary education is obvious. students are prepared for higher education at this stage. because secondary education basically strengthens the overall education base of the country. every year, many students are dropped out of the secondary level of education in bangladesh. if we behold the education sector of bangladesh, we can visualize that the literacy rate has been exacerbated over the past decade. although the dropout rate at the primary level has lessened over the past decade, the school dropout at the secondary level still exists in bangladesh and is still alarming. there are many reasons for student dropout at the secondary level in bangladesh, such as poverty, lack of awareness, child marriage, bad physical condition, the effect of relationships, insecurity, eve-teasing and sexual violence, lack of adequate facilities, lack of quality education, and so on. nawabganj govt. pilot high school & college at kalakopa union is not beyond this problem. like other educational institutions of bangladesh, many students are dropped out at the secondary level of education at nawabganj govt. pilot high school & college. according to the respondents, due to having many reasons the students are dropped out at the secondary level the ignorance of parents, parents' unconsciousness, poverty, child labor, migration, early marriage, eve-teasing, disobedience to parents, addiction to mobile phones and the internet, addiction to drugs. several necessary steps can be taken to solve students' dropout at the secondary level at nawabganj govt. pilot high school & college at kalakupa union. students at risk of dropout must be provided tremendous aid in school and outside to motivate them to continue. this can boost them as provoking to attend school regularly. the students who practice regularly staying away from school, those who make low results, and those who are repeated in the same class should remain under monitoring. to stop the students' dropout, parents must be more cautious and aware of their children. parents have to play a major role in restraining students' dropouts. the first step to removing students' dropouts would be making every family aware of the significance of education. if parents were sentient to their child's schooling, it would be possible to stop dropping out at the secondary level. education expense is not a waste; it is an investment for the future. they must understand that the most valuable investment in life is education. all types of facilities in the school should be increased by which the students will be inspired to go to school. besides, the government should increase the education budget, which will ultimately facilitate the students. there should be increased sports arrangements at the school. students are encouraged to study when they have access to sports. they do not want to miss school for sports. besides, sports keep the mind and body sound. moreover, there should be created a beautiful environment for education at school. many students do not want to go to school because of having a below-standard teaching-learning environment. there is no alternative to creating a good environment to direct the students to school. there hasan & surjamokhey, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 24-29 28 should be increased stipend facilities for the poor, needy, and meritorious students. the present government is granting stipends for poor and meritorious students. however, these are not enough, and at the same time, it should be checked by the authority whether those who are supposed to get they are having them or not. there should be increased monitoring for the students. parents and teachers should monitor why students are not attending school, what they are doing, and why they are not attentive to their studies. socio-economic development can be a solution to this problem. it can be a remedy to solve students' dropout at the secondary level. many families are left behind socio-economically. as poverty is one of the main factors of students dropping out at the secondary level, the easy dropout problem would be stopped if poverty could be abolished. there should be taken the special care for inattentive and absentminded at school. a little care can change their life. even many talented students drop out because of inattentiveness. so, if they can be guided properly, it will be much better for them and will help them increase their interest in education. school authorities should take special initiatives against eve-teasing and always keep a watchful eye so that no girl student is subjected to physical and mental abuse. if this social disease can be treated properly, girls will feel free to go to school. it will help to increase their attendance at school. child marriage has to be stopped. due to child marriage, many girls students are dropped out in the middle of their secondary level of education. so, at any cost, child marriage has to be stopped, which will surely stop the girls' dropout. the efficient administrator and teacher should be appointed at the secondary level of the education board and the school. to enhance the quality of education, it is very required to have the expertise and adept teachers and administrators. qualified teachers can provide better service to students and play a vital role in preventing dropouts at the secondary level of education. to solve student dropout, there should be given proper training for the teachers, which will enhance the capacity of the teachers as well as will ensure the quality of education certainly. teachers can play a significant role in stopping the dropout problem. besides, there should be provided proper counseling for the students. if the students are addicted to mobile phones, the internet, or addicted to drugs, then parents and teachers, or school authorities should counsel them to return to their normal life. the students should inform about the bad effects of mobile phones, smoking, drug addiction, and internet addiction. as a result, they will understand those bad impacts and focus on studying and being school-oriented. apart from this, to check the students' dropout, schools should have enhanced facilities, including a common room, library, computer, club, etc. if these are available in the school, the students will be highly interested in going to school, which will surely restrain the students' dropout to the secondary level of education. author contributions: conceptualization, m.m.h.; methodology, m.m.h.; software, n/a.; validation, n/a.; formal analysis, m.m.h. and s.y.s.; investigation, m.m.h.; resources, m.m.h. and s.y.s.; data curation, n/a. and s.y.s.; writing – original draft preparation, m.m.h.; writing – review & editing, m.m.h.; visualization, m.m.h.; supervision, m.m.h.; project administration, m.m.h.; funding acquisition, m.m.h. and s.y.s. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: the authors want to thank all the respondents for the study. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references ahmed, s. g., & rahman, m. m. 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(2021). effect of microfinance adoption on rural household income in selected upazila of kushtia district of bangladesh. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 3(1), 24-32. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v3i1.954 doll, j. j., eslami, z., & walters, l. (2013). understanding why students drop out of high school, according to their own reports: are they pushed or pulled, or do they fall out? a comparative analysis of seven nationally representative studies. sage open, 3, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013503834 hasnat, m. a. (2017, september 8). school enrollment high but dropouts even higher. dhaka tribune. retrieved from https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/education/2017/09/08/school-enrollment-highdropouts-even-higher latif, a., choudhary, a. i., & hammayun, a. a. (2015). economic effects of students’ dropouts. international journal of economics, commerce and management, 6(3), 1511-1521. retrieved from https://ijecm.co.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2015/06/3693.pdf http://banbeis.portal.gov.bd/ https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v3i1.954 https://ijecm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/3693.pdf https://ijecm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/3693.pdf hasan & surjamokhey, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 6(1) (2022), 24-29 29 nowrin, n. (2021). average dropout rate of girls recorded at 17.3% at secondary level in 2018-19: wcd ministry, return to front page. retrieved from https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/average-dropout-rate-of-girls-recorded-at173-at-secondary-level-in-2018-19-wcd-ministry/article33761098.ece sabates, r., hossain, a., & lewin, k. m. (2010). school drop out in bangladesh: new insights from longitudinal evidence. create pathways to access. research monograph no. 49. retrieved from http://www.createrpc.org/pdf_documents/pta49.pdf sabates, r., hossain, a., & lewin, k. m. (2013). school drop out in bangladesh: insights using panel data. international journal of educational development, 33(3), 225–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2012.09.007 sarker, m. n. i., wu, m., & hossin, m. a. (2019). economic effect of school dropout in bangladesh. international journal of information and education technology, 9(2), 136-142. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2019.9.2.1188 the daily star. (2019). boys' dropout highest in seven years, the daily star. retrieved from https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/boys-dropout-highest-seven-years-1700446 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2022 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0camqw7ajahckewio1rgfh7d8ahuaaaaahqaaaaaqaw&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.create-rpc.org%2fpdf_documents%2fpta49.pdf&psig=aovvaw3inotmwqq4xt52qumn3u3y&ust=1672995228874093 https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0camqw7ajahckewio1rgfh7d8ahuaaaaahqaaaaaqaw&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.create-rpc.org%2fpdf_documents%2fpta49.pdf&psig=aovvaw3inotmwqq4xt52qumn3u3y&ust=1672995228874093 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 10-18 10 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 2 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa user attitude towards preference of e-learning in bangladesh mustafa manir chowdhury (a) md. shahidul islam (b) mohammad toufiqur rahman (c) kulsuma akter (d) a. m. shahabuddin (e)1 (a)associate professor, department of business administration, international islamic university chittagong, bangladesh; e-mail: mustafa_manir@iiuc.ac.bd (b)divisional officer, service engineering division, bangladesh forest research institute, bangladesh; e-mail: engr.shahidul.islam@gmail.com (c)associate professor, department of business administration, international islamic university chittagong, bangladesh; e-mail: toufiq_robin@yahoo.com (d)assistant professor, department of business administration, international islamic university chittagong, bangladesh; e-mail: nahidkulsuma@iiuc.ac.bd (e)associate professor, department of business administration, international islamic university chittagong, bangladesh; e-mail: ams_iiuc@yahoo.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 31st march 2024 reviewed & revised: 1st april to 12th june 2024 accepted: 15th june 2024 published: 21st june 2024 keywords: e-learning, user attitude, preferences, awareness, cost jel classification codes: d83 peer-review model: external peer-review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t information and communication technology (ict) is crucial in facilitating the teaching and learning process in the current educational setting during covid-19. in this context, the global demand for the integration of ict in education has rapidly increased. during the covid-19 pandemic, e-learning gained widespread popularity as people remained indoors for health and safety reasons. this situation led to a rapid increase in positive attitudes toward e-learning. this study investigates the factors influencing students' attitudes toward e-learning and examines whether this attitude impacts their preference for e-learning. utilizing survey data from 400 respondents collected between january and march 2024, this research employs a purposive sampling approach with questionnaires measuring awareness of e-learning, e-learning education facilities, benefits, costs, attitudes, and preferences, all on a five-point likert scale. factor analysis categorizes the data into six factors, which are then validated using cronbach's alpha in ibm spss statistics 26. a structural equation model (sem) is developed in ibm spss amos 22 to analyze the preference for e-learning education based on attitudes and their associated factors, further validated through convergent and discriminant validity. the results reveal that e-learning facilities and benefits positively influence attitudes towards e-learning, while the cost of e-learning negatively impacts these attitudes. however, awareness of e-learning only significantly affects attitudes. a positive attitude towards e-learning significantly enhances the preference for elearning education. the findings of this study highlight the critical role of perceived benefits and cost considerations in shaping student attitudes and preferences for e-learning education. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction the education system, which traditionally relied on the triangular relationship between school, instructor, and student, has increasingly embraced new, diverse, and multi-channel options facilitated by technological advancements. one of them is referred to as "online learning". online education is a flexible means of delivering learning materials encompassing all online learning types. online learning allows instructors to engage with students who cannot partake in a conventional classroom curriculum and assist students who want to study alone and at their own pace. the prevalence of distance learning and online degrees is substantial, and they are experiencing tremendous growth across several disciplines. furthermore, there is a burgeoning proliferation of educational establishments and organizations that provide opportunities for remote learning through online platforms. students pursuing online degrees must exercise caution to verify their coursework is completed through a recognized and certified institution. amidst the covid-19 pandemic, information and communication technology (ict) is crucial in facilitating the teaching and learning process in the current educational setting. hence, it is now essential to integrate ict into schooling. the global demand for online courses through the integration of ict in 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-2692-3634 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i2.2217 to cite this article: chowdhury, m. m., islam, m. s., rahman, m. t., akter, k., & shahabuddin, a. m. (2024). user attitude towards preference of e-learning in bangladesh. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(2), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i2.2217 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i2.2217 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8085-9864 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5755-2365 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-0861 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9232-9740 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6469-1873 chowdhury et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 10-18 11 education has rapidly increased in this context. the international landscape has continuously transformed since the onset of the covid-19 (coronavirus) epidemic in wuhan, china. over time, covid-19 began to impact countries worldwide, and on 08 march 2020, the virus was detected in bangladesh, causing widespread fear among the population. despite initial concerns from educational institutions on the continuity of academic activities during the epidemic, the education sector has gradually transitioned to an internet platform. around 70% of graduate and undergraduate students actively engage in online teaching and learning, most of whom use smartphones. online education has gained significant traction in industrialized nations, with professors and students embracing it as a credible form of education. this is mainly attributed to the exceptional instructional standards and the accessibility offered by online platforms. insufficient resources and many constraints make it challenging for students in underdeveloped nations like bangladesh to adjust to online education, which is still a relatively new type of instruction. following the covid-19 pandemic, the bangladesh government implemented many measures to facilitate the widespread adoption of online education across all levels of the education system. due to its recent implementation in bangladesh, students face several challenges in online education, such as limited technical support, insufficient access to devices and the internet, bad network connectivity, and expensive internet packages. consequently, these obstacles impact students' motivation to engage in online learning. a significant number of studies have been conducted on the attitudes of instructors. however, more research needs to be done on students' attitudes to online learning in bangladesh, spanning primary, secondary, and higher education levels. therefore, the research aims to fill in the knowledge gap. as the concept is new in the context of bangladesh, it requires a rigorous study, keeping in mind the demands of the stakeholders. e-learning requires many issues to be settled to gain full benefits. the facility gaps necessary to be consulted in the studies we consulted are to be identified. so, there is a research gap that needs to be minimized to make e-learning effective by mitigating the demands of the users and developing the infrastructure. an empirical study is undertaken to reduce the gap that may be utilized in policy decisions and implementation to popularise e-learning education in the digitalization of smart bangladesh. the study aims to help formulate educational policy by determining the factors affecting the user's (student) attitude toward e-learning. additionally, whether this attitude plays any role in the preference for e-learning has also been tested (faisal-e-alam, 2024). the remainder of the paper is structured as follows. the second section provides a brief literature review and provides the hypotheses, while the data and methods are defined in the third section. the fourth section analyses the findings and presents the discussion. in the final section, the conclusion includes the key findings, managerial implications and drawbacks of the study, and recommended lines for future inquiry. literature review sanders and morrison-shetlar (2001) investigated undergraduate students' perceptions of a biology course's web-based learning elements. the results influenced students' critical thinking abilities, problem-solving aptitude, and learning outcomes. rhema and miliszewska (2014) examined the viewpoints and observations of students on the use of technology for learning at two universities in libya. the study examined the impact of demographic variables, technological exposure, and proficiency in using learning technology, technical abilities, and contentment with technology on students' attitudes. the results indicated that demographic factors, including student locality, gender discrepancies, current year of enrolment, and age, did not influence students' attitudes toward e-learning. students who had been exposed to technology were more inclined towards e-learning. students' technological proficiency has a significant role in shaping their attitudes towards elearning. teachers have a pivotal role in educational settings, and their comprehension of e-learning impacts students' disposition towards e-learning. krishnakumar and rajesh (2011) evaluated the disposition of higher education instructors towards e-learning. the study findings indicated a cheerful disposition. there were differences in the approach between technologically proficient instructors and technologically unskilled teachers. alsaaty et al. (2016) examined business students' perceptions of conventional and online higher education learning. the survey revealed that 30.2% of students find the materials provided in online classrooms to be accessible, simple to use, and comprehend. conversely, 69.2% of students expressed discomfort with the online materials due to their perceived lack of ease. yang and cornelius (2004) conducted a qualitative research study with three participants. their objective was to identify the determinants for assuring the quality of online teaching and learning in higher education. both positive and negative feedback were identified throughout their investigation. the students expressed their positive experiences regarding flexibility, cost-effectiveness, access to electrical research, ease of internet connectivity, and well-designed class interface. conversely, the negative feedback included delayed instructor feedback, unresponsive technical support, insufficient self-regulation and motivation, feelings of isolation, unengaging instructional methods, and inadequately designed course content. islam et al. (2021) studied the perspective of tertiary-level students in bangladesh toward online classrooms during the covid-19 epidemic. they aimed to enhance the quality and acceptance of online classes in the future. the assessment of students' perceptions has been conducted across many categories. using the snowball sampling approach, six hundred seventy-seven students participated in the online survey. the study revealed that 84.19% of the participants were enrolled in private universities, and 75.2% utilized smartphones to attend online classes. approximately 38.8% of students rely on expensive cellphone data. in his qualitative study, naomee (2023) examines the perspectives of university of dhaka students on this novel approach to education and its impact on their lives. the discovery indicates that the primary difficulties pertain to infrastructural circumstances, economic circumstances, mental wellness, and the interaction between teachers and students. this study also examines potential resolutions for these obstacles and methods to integrate online or blended education systems into the higher education system of bangladesh. rahman et al. (2023) conducted a study on the perspective of chowdhury et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 10-18 12 online education among higher secondary students in bangladesh during the covid-19 pandemic. the objective is to discover the elements that influence their attitudes. the research is quantitative. data from 1078 students were collected via an online survey employing a multistage random sampling method. the findings indicate that three key aspects, namely the obstacles and complexities associated with online learning, the efficacy of online education, and students' motivation, significantly influence students' perceptions of online learning. the data obtained from 699 participants were analyzed using the spss 23 program. the study's findings will enable educational institutions and policymakers to advance the online learning process in a forward-looking manner—the survey conducted by haque (2023) aims to determine the instructors' attitudes toward online classrooms and the problems they encountered while giving these sessions. the inquiry utilized a mixed-method approach, collecting data through surveys and in-depth interviews. the research findings indicate unanimous agreement among teachers on the indispensability of online classes, particularly in a pandemic such as covid-19. sarkar et al. (2021) researched to investigate the opinions of public university students in bangladesh about online classes during the covid-19 epidemic. an online survey was conducted to gather data from students at islamic university, kushtia, bangladesh. the study employed a quantitative methodology, utilizing the survey technique as a means of data collection. the findings indicated that most students had challenges actively engaging in virtual classrooms and experienced difficulties communicating effectively with their peers during online sessions. gurung et al. (2022) conducted a study to examine the elements and beliefs that impact instructors' inclination to utilize online classroom software for online teaching. the study employed a descriptive cross-sectional survey involving 227 instructors teaching online throughout the pandemic. the results indicated a favorable view of teaching online through online platforms. the study results suggest that elements such as training and administrative support, trust, digital literacy, online teaching competence, and perceived security significantly impact the desire to utilize online classroom applications. afroz et al. (2021) conducted an assessment of the attitudes of students and instructors about transitioning to a fully online learning environment in response to covid-19. the primary aim of the study was to examine the perspectives of students and teachers on online education in bangladeshi government colleges during the covid-19 pandemic. the findings indicated that the online learning experience was frequently praised for its cost and time-effectiveness, safety, convenience, and improved participation. however, it was also commonly criticized for causing distraction. it reduced focus, having a heavy workload, encountering problems with technology and the internet, lacking ict knowledge, facing poor network infrastructure, having limited availability of educational resources, experiencing low attendance of learners, dealing with uncooperative learners, and receiving insufficient support from instructors and colleagues. the study conducted by ahmed et al. (2022) investigated the attitude towards online teacher education courses (otec). this survey was conducted among the teacher educators and trainee teachers of bangladesh open university. the study employed a mixed research strategy, utilizing triangulation, which involved conducting a descriptive survey, two focus group discussions (fgds), and one key person’s interview. a total of 602 teacher trainees (182 m.ed. students and 420 b.ed. students) and 12 teacher educators were included in the study. the participants were recruited using diverse sampling procedures. this research enhances the existing knowledge base by conducting an exploratory survey of all relevant stakeholders throughout the nation of interest. the study aims to determine the factors that affect the user's (student) attitude toward e-learning. another study objective is to determine whether this attitude plays a vital role in the preference for e-learning. the following hypotheses have been developed based on the literature review and the above discussion. then the conceptual model of the study is depicted in figure 1. hypothesis h1: user awareness substantially affects user’s e-learning attitude. hypothesis h2: available e-learning facilities lead to forming a positive e-learning attitude. hypothesis h3: users' perceived benefits positively affect their e-learning attitude. hypothesis h4: user cost hurts e-learning attitude. hypothesis h5: there is a positive effect of e-learning attitude on preference for e-learning. conceptual framework hy h figure 1. conceptual model e-learning awareness e-learning facilities e-learning benefit e-learning cost e-learning attitude e-learning preference h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 chowdhury et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 10-18 13 materials and methods an exploratory approach was followed to determine the preference for e-learning by collecting data from the major stakeholders. the methodology mediates between research questions and data and relates the collected data to the desired outputs. the research was conducted by collecting primary data. data were coded and analyzed using statistical tools after collecting data from the respondents. sampling is a procedure in which a small number of items from a large number are chosen. a sample is a subset or a piece of a population that has been selected. the goal of employing sampling is to make it easier for a small number of people to estimate some known features of a population. the survey questionnaire was pre-tested with 20 experienced respondents. after necessary modifications and corrections, the survey questionnaire (appendix a) was distributed to 500 respondents selected by a purposive sampling approach. from the collected response data, 400 responses were finally selected (which covers a confidence level of 95%, margin of error of 5%, and population proportion of 50% with unlimited population size), as some respondents answered all the questions the same rank and did not answer many questions. among the valid respondents, 262 (65.5%) are male, and 138 (34.5%) are female respondents, from which 142 (35.5%) studied in business administration faculty, 104 (26.0%) studied in science and engineering faculty, 90 (22.5%) studied in social science faculty and 64 (16.0%) studied in law faculty. the collected response questionnaire data are classified into six categories using factor analysis: user (student) attitude of e-learning, e-learning awareness, e-learning facility, e-learning benefit, e-learning cost, and preference of elearning education and validated by cronbach's alpha (ibm spss statistics 26). based on the above classification, a structure equation model (sem) is developed in ibm spss amos 22 for the preference of e-learning education from its attitude of e-learning with its factors and validated with convergent and discriminant validity. finally, all the hypotheses are tested, and the necessary conclusion is reached. results and discussions descriptive statistics of respondents the descriptive statistics (n, min, max, median) and normality test (kolmogorov– smirnov test and shapiro–wilk test) of the respondent values for awareness toward e-learning, e-learning education facility, benefit of e-learning education, cost of e-learning education, attitude of e-learning education and preference of e-learning education are shown in table 1. table 1. descriptive statistics and normality test result sl. no. questionnaire variable name n min max kolmogorov– smirnov test (sig) shapiro–wilk test (sig) median 1. awareness toward e-learning 1. (a) are you acquainted and involved with elearning awareness1 400 1 5 0.208 (0.000) 0.909 (0.000) 3 1. (b) e-learning is web-based learning education based on electronically awareness2 400 1 5 0.205 (0.000) 0.887 (0.000) 3 1. (c) e-learning is a blended approaches that integrate online components into traditional classes awareness3 400 1 5 0.333 (0.000) 0.758 (0.000) 4 1. (d) understanding e-learning examples, explanations, assessments, and exercises awareness4 400 1 5 0.217 (0.000) 0.907 (0.000) 3 2. e-learning education facility 2. (a) internet facility for e-learning facility1 400 1 5 0.307 (0.000) 0.845 (0.000) 4 2. (b) computer, laptop, modem, etc. facility facility2 400 1 5 0.298 (0.000) 0.851 (0.000) 4 2. (c) access to the requisite technology facility3 400 1 5 0.277 (0.000) 0.865 (0.000) 4 2. (d) instructors' attitude towards online education facility4 400 1 5 0.297 (0.000) 0.853 (0.000) 4 3. benefits of e-learning education 3. (a) e-learning education is flexible 24/7 benefit1 400 1 5 0.309 (0.000) 0.769 (0.000) 4 3. (b) no communication barrier benefit2 400 1 5 0.313 (0.000) 0.772 (0.000) 4 3. (c) convenient for submitting their assignment benefit3 400 1 5 0.294 (0.000) 0.804 (0.000) 4 3. (d) students can easily discuss views with classmate benefit4 400 1 5 0.297 (0.000) 0.798 (0.000) 4 4. cost of e-learning education 4. (a) the cost of the e-learning method is higher than the traditional method cost1 400 1 5 0.312 (0.000) 0.792 (0.000) 2 4. (b) e-learning is more costly with electronic reading material cost2 400 1 5 0.289 (0.000) 0.808 (0.000) 2 4. (c) e-learning is a standardized way to deliver content cost3 400 1 5 0.290 (0.000) 0.810 (0.000) 2 4. (d) e-learning is highly costly for sharing knowledge and experience cost4 400 1 5 0.310 (0.000) 0.805 (0.000) 2 5. attitude to e-learning education 5. (a) are you interested in an e-learning system attitude1 400 1 5 0.338 (0.000) 0.820 (0.000) 4 5. (b) e-learning feel more comfortable attitude2 400 1 5 0.367 (0.000) 0.777 (0.000) 4 5. (c) e-learning feels more effective attitude3 400 1 5 0.319 (0.000) 0.839 (0.000) 4 5. (d) e-learning can be used with learning exercises that allow learners to apply attitude4 400 1 5 0.341 (0.000) 0.810 (0.000) 4 chowdhury et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 10-18 14 concepts realistically 6. preference for e-learning education 6. (a) preferred online for distance learning system preference1 400 1 5 0.335 (0.000) 0.821 (0.000) 4 6. (b) resources are available in e-learning preference2 400 1 5 0.363 (0.000) 0.787 (0.000) 4 6. (c) teaching methods are sufficient for elearning preference3 400 1 5 0.369 (0.000) 0.780 (0.000) 4 6. (d) online education is more interactive preference4 400 1 5 0.358 (0.000) 0.799 (0.000) 4 each item's minimum and maximum values for the response variables on a five-point likert scale are 1 and 5, respectively. the kolmogorov– smirnov test statistic and shapiro–wilk test statistic values of each item for awareness toward e-learning is 0.205 to 0.333 and 0.758 to 0.909; e-learning education facility is 0.277 to 0.307 and 0.845 to 0.865, the benefit of e-learning education is 0.294 to 0.313 and 0.769 to 0.804, cost of e-learning education is 0.289 to 0.312 and 0.792 to 0.810, attitude of e-learning education is 0.319 to 0.367 and 0.777 to 0.839and preference of e-learning is 0.335 to 0.369 and 0.780 to 0.821 respectively at the significance level 0.000. so, the survey response values are not normally distributed, and in this case, median values are considered for mean rank comparison in the non-parametric test. the median values of each item for awareness toward e-learning are 3 and 4; the e-learning education facility is 4, the benefit of elearning education is 4, the cost of e-learning education is 2, the attitude of e-learning education is four, and the preference of e-learning is four respectively. factor analysis in the factor analysis, the kaiser-meyer-olkin measure of sampling adequacy value is 0.794 (p = 0.000). so, we can apply the factor analysis method to divide the questionnaire response values into different factors (table 2). table 2. factor analysis, cronbach's alpha, and convergent validity test result rotated component matrix convergent square component cronbach’s validity root of 1 2 3 4 5 6 alpha (ave) ave facility2 0.959 facility1 0.957 0.985 0.941 0.970 facility4 0.941 facility3 0.928 attitude2 0.871 attitude4 0.858 0.911 0.676 0.822 attitude1 0.824 attitude3 0.822 preference3 0.867 preference1 0.863 0.902 0.705 0.840 preference2 0.845 preference4 0.823 cost3 0.848 cost2 0.846 0.923 0.700 0.837 cost1 0.834 cost4 0.823 benefit4 0.883 benefit3 0.867 0.853 0.602 0.776 benefit2 0.714 benefit1 0.658 awareness1 0.937 awareness4 0.926 0.844 0.621 0.788 awareness2 0.728 awareness3 0.689 extraction method: principal component analysis. rotation method: varimax with kaiser normalization. from the above factor analysis table, the survey response values are classified into six-factor variables such as learning education facility (factor leading 0.928 to 0.959), attitude of e-learning education (factor leading 0.822 to 0.871), preference of e-learning (factor leading 0.823 to 0.867), cost of e-learning education (factor leading 0.823 to 0.848), benefit of e-learning education (factor leading 0.658 to 0.883) and awareness toward e-learning (factor leading 0.689 to 0.937) respectively. here, all factor loadings are more significant than 0.400, which indicates that all measurements for each factor are reliable. the cronbach's alpha value of each factor variable learning education facility is 0.985, the attitude toward elearning education is 0.911, the preference for e-learning is 0.902, the cost of e-learning education is 0.923, the benefit of e-learning education is 0.853 and awareness toward e-learning is 0.844, respectively (all the cronbach's alpha values are >0.7). this indicates that the survey response with the following factors is reliable, valid, and consistent. now, from the above factor analysis, the factor variables are defined by (1) awareness toward e-learning is identified as (a) are you acquainted and involved with e-learning (awareness1), (b) e-learning is the web-based learning education based on the electronic (awareness2), (c) e-learning is blended approaches that integrate online components into traditional classes (awareness3) and (d) understanding e-learning examples, explanations, assessments and exercises chowdhury et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 10-18 15 (awareness4). (2) e-learning education facility is identified as (a) internet facility for e-learning (facility1), (b) computer, laptop, modem, etc. facility (facility2), (c) access to the requisite technology (facility3), and (d) instructors attitude towards online education (facility4). (3) benefit of e-learning education is identified as (a) e-learning education is flexible 24/7 (benefity1), (b) no communication barrier (benefit2), (c) convenient for submitting their assignment (benefit3), and (d) students can discuss easily views with classmate (benefit4). (4) the cost of e-learning education is identified as (a) the cost of the e-learning method is higher than the traditional method (cost1), (b) e-learning is more costly with electronic reading material (cost2), (c) e-learning is a standardized way to deliver content (cost3) and (d) e-learning is higher costly for sharing knowledge and experience (cost4). (5) attitude of e-learning education is identified as (a) are you interested in the e-learning system (attitude1), (b) e-learning feel more comfortable (attitude2), (c) e-learning feel more effective (attitude3) and (d) e-learning can be used with learning exercises that allow learners to apply concepts realistically (attitude4). (6) preference for e-learning education is identified as (a) preferred online for distance learning system (preference1), (b) resources are available in e-learning (preference2), (c) teaching methods are sufficient for e-learning (preference3) and (d) online education is more interactive (preference4). based on the above factor analysis result, a structural equation model of the attitude of e-learning education from awareness toward e-learning, e-learning education facility, benefit of e-learning education, and cost of e-learning education to preference of e-learning education is developed (figure 2). figure 2. structure equation model according to the above structural equation model, the standardized regression weights for awareness toward elearning are 0.49 to 1.01; e-learning education facility is 0.92 to 1.00; the benefit of e-learning education is 0.46 to 1.01, cost of e-learning education is 0.64 to 1.01, attitude of e-learning education is 0.59 to 0.99andpreference of e-learning education is 0.78 to 0.90 respectively (which are nearly between –1 to 1). each factor loading is exceptionally high and statistically significant (p <0.05). the covariance values between e6 and e7is 0.60, e9 and e10 are 0.58, e14 and e15 are 0.99, and e18 and e20 are 0.93 in the model and are also significant (p < 0.05). in the selected model, the model index values observed as χ2/df is 2.321 (which is < 3), comparative fit index (cfi) value is 0.975 (which is > 0.9), incremental fit index (ifi) is 0.975 (which is > 0.9), tucker lewis index (tli) is 0.972 (which is > 0.9), normed fit index (nfi) is 0.957 (which is > 0.9) and root mean square error of approximation is 0.058 (which is < 0.08). here, the model index values fulfill all of the standard requirements of the survey, and hence, the selected model fits well. now, to validate the model-chosen average variance expected (ave) to test convergent validity (table 2). chowdhury et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 10-18 16 the average variance expected (ave) to test convergent validity (from table 2) for awareness toward e-learning is 0.621; e-learning education facility is 0.941; benefit of e-learning education is 0.602; cost of e-learning education is 0.700; attitude of e-learning education is 0.676 and preference of e-learning is 0.705 respectively. here, all the ave values are more significant than 0.5, which indicates that the model has achieved convergent validity. table 3. discriminant validity and path coefficient result correlation estimate msv path co-efficient estimate p awareness <--> attitude 0.004 attitude <--awareness 0.002 .957 facility <--> attitude 0.319 attitude <--facility 0.233 *** benefit <--> attitude 0.270 attitude <--benefit 0.457 *** cost <--> attitude – 0.252 attitude <--cost – 0.099 .028 attitude <--> preference 0.403 preference <--attitude 0.439 *** to test the discriminant validity, the maximum shared variance (msv) of awareness and attitude is 0.004 (from table 3), which is less than the square root of ave for awareness (0.788) and the square root of ave for attitude (0.822). again, the maximum shared variance (msv) of facility and attitude is 0.319 (from table 3), which is less than the square root of ave for facility (0.970) and the square root of ave for attitude (0.822). also, the maximum shared variance (msv) of benefit and attitude is 0.270 (from table 3), which is less than the square root of ave for benefit (0.776) and the square root of ave for attitude (0.822). again, the maximum shared variance (msv) of cost and attitude is – 0.252 (from table 3), which is less than the square root of ave for cost (0.837) and the square root of ave for attitude (0.822). moreover, the maximum shared variance (msv) of attitude and preference is 0.403 (from table 3), which is less than the square root of ave for attitude (0.837) and the square root of ave for preference (0.822). so, the selected model has achieved discriminant validity. hypothesis testing in the structure equation model, the regression weight (path coefficient) of awareness toward e-learning to the attitude toward e-learning education is 0.002 (p = 0.957). so, the awareness of e-learning has no significant contribution to the attitude toward e-learning education (as the p-value is more critical than 0.05) practice in bangladesh. so, there is insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis h1 for awareness of e-learning and the attitude toward e-learning education. as a result, e-learning awareness contributes little to e-learning education's attitude. in the structure equation model, the regression weight (path coefficient) of the e-learning education facility to the attitude of e-learning education is 0.233 (p = 0.000). so, the e-learning education facility significantly contributes to the attitude of e-learning education (as the p-value is less than 0.05) practice in bangladesh. so, the null hypothesis h2 is rejected for e-learning education facilities compared to the attitude of e-learning education. as a result, e-learning education facilities should contribute positively to e-learning education's attitude. in the structure equation model, the regression weight (path coefficient) of e-learning education's benefit to elearning education's attitude is 0.457 (p = 0.000). so, the benefit of e-learning education significantly positively contributes to the attitude of e-learning education (as the p-value is less than 0.05) practice in bangladesh. so, the null hypothesis h3 is rejected for the benefit of e-learning education to the attitude of e-learning education. as a result, the benefit of e-learning education contributes positively to the attitude of e-learning education. in the structure equation model, the regression weight (path coefficient) of the cost of e-learning education to the attitude of e-learning education is – 0.099 (p = 0.028). so, the cost of e-learning education significantly negatively contributes to the attitude of e-learning education (as the p-value is less than 0.05) practice in bangladesh. so, the null hypothesis h4 is rejected for the cost of e-learning education to the attitude of e-learning education. as a result, the cost of e-learning education should contribute negatively to the attitude of e-learning education. in the structure equation model, the regression weight (path coefficient) of the attitude of e-learning education to the preference for e-learning education is 0.439 (p = 0.000). so, the attitude toward e-learning education has a significant positive contribution to the reference of e-learning education (as the p-value is less than 0.05) practice in bangladesh. so, the null hypothesis h5 is rejected for an attitude of e-learning education to the preference of e-learning education. as a result, the attitude toward e-learning education should contribute positively to the preference for e-learning education. conclusions the study results show that e-learning education facilities and the benefits of e-learning positively affect the user's attitude toward e-learning education. besides that, the study reveals that the cost of e-learning education negatively impacts the user's attitude. however, awareness doesn't have any influence on e-learning. the user attitude toward e-learning also contributes to the preference for e-learning education. finally, this study reveals that e-learning facilities, benefits, and costs significantly impact user attitudes towards e-learning, where facility and benefit have a positive effect, and cost hurts elearning attitudes. simultaneously, awareness does not substantially affect the form of attitude. finally, e-learning attitudes significantly formed e-learning preferences. although there are many advantages, students have different opinions and attitudes towards this modern learning process. this study was designed to examine students' attitudes towards e-learning. the result suggests that the government may pay attention to infrastructural development like internet connection, high bandwidth, and data security to promote positive attitudes in students, which will help integrate e-learning into the educational process. the study could have contributed better if government agencies had been incorporated as respondents, chowdhury et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 10-18 17 which is one of the significant limitations. further research will use qualitative techniques applied to small sample users using or using an e-learning system. the aim will be to identify problems that appear in the use of it & c for e-learning. author contributions: conceptualization, m.m.c. and m.s.i.; methodology, m.s.i.; software, m.s.i. and k.a.n.; validation, m.t.r.; formal analysis, m.s.i. and a.m.s.; investigation, m.t.r.; data curation, m.m.c. and m.t.r.; writing – a.m.s.; writing – review & editing, m.s.i., m.m.c. and k.a.n.; visualization, m.s.i.; project administration, m.m.c.; funding acquisition, m.m.c. and k.a.n., a.m.s. and m.t.r. author has read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. due to restrictions, they are not publicly available. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references afroz, r., islam, n., rahman, s., & anny, n. z. 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(2004). students' perceptions towards the quality of online education: a qualitative approach. association for educational communications and technology, 861–877. appendices appendix a: user attitude towards preference of e-learning in bangladesh the respondents' information will be kept confidential and used only for research purposes. questionnaire name faculty business studies science and engineering social science law gender male female questionnaire strongly agree agree neutral disagree strongly disagree 1. awareness toward e-learning chowdhury et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 10-18 18 1a are you acquainted and involved with elearning? 1b e-learning is web-based learning education based on electronically 1c e-learning is a blended approaches that integrate online components into traditional classes 1d understanding e-learning examples, explanations, assessments and exercises 2. e-learning education facility 2a internet facility for e-learning 2b computer, laptop, modem etc. facility 2c access to the requisite technology 2d instructors attitude towards online education 3. benefits of e-learning education 3a e-learning education is flexible 24/7 3b no communication barrier 3c convenient for submitting their assignment 3d students can easily discuss views with classmates. 4. cost of e-learning education 4a the cost of the e-learning method is higher than that of the traditional method. 4b e-learning is more costly with electronic reading material. 4c e-learning is a standardized way to deliver content. 4d e-learning is highly costly for sharing knowledge and experience. 5. attitude to e-learning education 5a are you interested in an e-learning system? 5b e-learning feel more comfortable 5c e-learning feels more effective 5d e-learning can be used with exercises that allow learners to apply concepts realistically. 6. preference for e-learning education 6a preferred online for distance learning system 6b resources are available in e-learning. 6c teaching methods are sufficient for e-learning. 6d online education is more interactive. publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 30-44 30 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 2 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa tax avoidance and earnings management in malaysian firms: impact of tax incentives salsiah mohd ali (a)1 mariati norhashim (b) nahariah jaffar (c) (a) lecturer, faculty of sciences, faculty of accountancy, universiti teknologi mara, cawangan selangor, kampus puncak alam, 42300, puncak alam, selangor, malaysia; e-mail: salsiahma@uitm.edu.my (b) senior lecturer, faculty of management, multimedia university, persiaran multimedia, 63100 cyberjaya, malaysia; e-mail: mariati.norhashim@mmu.edu.my (c) associate professor, putra business school, level 3, office building of the deputy vice chancellor (research & innovation), upm, serdang, selangor, malaysia; e-mail: nahariah@putrabs.edu.my a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 10th may 2024 reviewed & revised: 11th may to 20th july 2024 accepted: 24th july 2024 published: 27th july 2024 keywords: tax avoidance, tax incentive, earnings management, effective tax rate, discretionary accruals earnings management jel classification codes: h26, m4, m48 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method a b s t r a c t understanding the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management is crucial to evaluating tax policies and ensuring transparent financial reporting. prior research has highlighted complexities and inconsistent findings, particularly concerning the impact of tax-related reporting incentives. this study addresses these issues by examining the influence of tax incentive recipient status on tax avoidance and earnings management among firms listed on the kuala lumpur stock exchange (klse). it examines whether firms receiving tax incentives from the malaysian investment development authority (mida) exhibit different earnings management behaviours than non-recipient firms. this study employs the effective tax rate (etr) as a measure of tax avoidance and discretionary accruals (dem) for earnings management. the dataset includes manually extracted financial information from firms listed on the klse for the financial year 2017 and a listing of tax incentive recipient firms from mida. analytical techniques include anova, independent samples t-test, and multiple regression analysis. the findings of this study suggest that higher tax avoidance relates to higher earnings management. additionally, firms receiving tax incentives exhibit significantly higher etrs than nonrecipients. they are less likely to engage in earnings management, suggesting that tax incentives may deter aggressive financial reporting practices due to compliance pressures. the additional analysis indicates that tax incentives do not significantly moderate the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management, implying that other pressures still play a crucial role. this study contributes to existing knowledge by emphasizing the need for robust regulatory frameworks that balance economic growth and financial reporting integrity. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction understanding the effects of tax avoidance strategies on corporate governance and financial reporting integrity is challenging due to the complexity of tax regulations and their widespread use. this complexity is further heightened by various factors, as reported by prior studies. for example, challenges in economic recovery post-covid-19 (karlinah et al., 2024), the influence of powerful ceos and diverse boards on reducing tax burdens (hooy & phua, 2023), and international regulatory cooperation (yu et al., 2024) all contribute to the complexity in understanding the effect of tax avoidance practices. additionally, high non-tax costs, such as audit risks and operational frictions (mcclure, 2023), along with the unique firm characteristics, agency costs, and objectives of tax avoidance strategies, such as lowering the debt costs (sánchez-ballesta & yagüe, 2021), further complicate the landscape. on the other hand, balakrishnan et al. (2019) emphasize that a lack of tax transparency also complicates this situation, making it difficult to evaluate how decreases in tax burdens due to tax avoidance affect reporting incentives. the potential for financial data manipulation related to avoidance strategies affects regulatory scrutiny and interferes with investor decision-making. high-profile events like the luxembourg leaks in 2014, the panama papers in 2016, and the paradise papers in 2017 have brought attention to the prevalent practice of corporate tax avoidance (fitzgibbon & starkman, 2017). these disclosures underscore significant declines in government revenues on a global scale. for instance, corporate tax avoidance in the united states reduces tax revenues by around $70 billion annually, accounting for approximately 20% of total corporate tax receipts (zucman, 2017). in underdeveloped countries, such as those in west africa, the amount of tax income lost each year due to avoidance is substantial. nigeria alone contributes $2.9 billion to the total loss of $9.6 billion (shaxson, 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-0523-6293 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i2.2223 to cite this article: ali, s. m., norhashim, m., & jaffar, n. (2024). tax avoidance and earnings management in malaysian firms: impact of tax incentives. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(2), 30-44. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i2.2223 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i2.2223 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0523-6293 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2812-6807 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2072-0879 ali et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 30-44 31 2015). recent data from malaysia reveal that tax avoidance resulted in a significant loss of rm6.34 billion in 2023, exceeding the annual budgets of critical ministries, including health and education, as pfordten (2024) reported in the star newspaper. these findings highlight the urgency of promptly addressing these difficulties. therefore, understanding the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management has become a central study area for addressing these significant issues. this focus is motivated by the substantial impact on the quality of financial reporting and company conduct, which can affect users' decision-making. the considerable revenue losses due to tax avoidance recorded by the inland revenue board in malaysia underline the importance of this research. it is vital to understand the reasons that lead corporations in malaysia to minimize tax liabilities and potentially engage in manipulative accounting methods and whether financial reporting can become a credible platform for both regulatory bodies and other users to anticipate such tax-related reporting incentives in firms' reporting in response to any tax policy change. these activities challenge the interests of shareholders and affect the integrity of financial statements. we can improve regulatory scrutiny and investor decision-making by addressing these issues. thus, this study aims to understand better the complex relationship between tax avoidance, earnings management, and tax incentives among publicly traded companies in malaysia. more precisely, it seeks to investigate how tax incentives influence the actions of companies involved in tax avoidance strategies. this research seeks insights into optimizing tax policies to promote compliance and improve transparency in financial reporting by comparing the economic practices of organizations that receive tax incentives with those that do not. by doing so, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how tax policies can be structured to reduce tax avoidance and enhance the overall quality of financial reporting. the remaining paper structure includes section two, which reviews the literature on the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management. section three details the study's methodology, including the sample selection and data analysis techniques. results and discussions are presented in section four, and the study's conclusions are provided in section five. literature review effective tax rate and discretionary accruals earnings management investigating the relationship between tax avoidance, measured by effective tax rate (etr), and discretionary accruals earnings management (dem) is crucial due to its complexity and the diverse findings in the literature (akter, 2021; blaylock et al., 2015; desai & dharmapala, 2006; karjalainen et al., 2023; seidman & stomberg, 2017). prior studies produce inconsistent results, partly (among other factors) due to various methodological limitations and the broad spectrum of tax avoidance activities that etr alone cannot capture (gupta & newberry, 1997; hanlon & heitzman, 2010; mills & newberry, 2001). research shows mixed findings regarding the relationship between etr and earnings management. guenther et al. (2021) provide a theoretical framework to identify when tax avoidance measures reflect tax avoidance related to and unrelated to earnings management. they highlight that alternative measures like the ratio of cash taxes paid to pretax operating cash flows can avoid attributing earnings management results to tax avoidance. in addition, while etr serves as a standard proxy for tax avoidance, it fails to encompass the full spectrum of tax avoidance strategies (gupta & newberry, 1997; hanlon & heitzman, 2010; mills & newberry, 2001) studies indicate that etr primarily reflects the reduction of explicit taxes but does not capture if the practice is due to aggressive tax planning and tax sheltering activities (blaylock et al., 2015; hanlon & heitzman, 2010). methodological constraints limit etr's ability to account for temporary differences and other tax timing strategies (blaylock et al., 2015). empirical findings, such as those by karjalainen et al. (2023) and seidman and stomberg (2017), illustrate the varied results and challenges in measuring tax avoidance solely through etr, suggesting it might underreport aggressive tax strategies, especially in multinational corporations with sophisticated tax planning capabilities (ardyansah & zulaikha, 2014). hanlon and heitzman (2010) define tax avoidance as the deliberate reduction of explicit taxes but also acknowledge the challenges in capturing aggressive tax planning and tax sheltering through etr alone. dyreng et al. (2008) expand on this by including aggressive tax avoidance, tax sheltering, and tax risk in their definition, which may need to be adequately reflected in a simple etr measure. this limitation is significant because it suggests that etr, as a measure, might need to capture the complexities of corporate tax avoidance behaviours fully. frank et al. (2009) explore how higher effective tax rates incentivize firms to manage earnings to align reported earnings with tax liabilities. they find that firms with volatile earnings are particularly prone to such manipulations as a means to present a stable financial outlook. this aligns with the findings of desai and dharmapala (2006), who note that complexities and ambiguities in tax codes provide fertile ground for earnings manipulation, especially for firms with sophisticated tax planning capabilities. gupta and newberry (1997) provide an international perspective, showing that firms in countries with stringent tax regulations and higher tax rates are more inclined to manage earnings to minimize taxable income. their comparative analysis highlights the significant role that external tax environments play in shaping corporate financial behaviours. however, guenther et al. (2017) find low tax rates usually stay low over time, with no substantial evidence that these tax-avoiding actions lead to more giant swings in future tax payments or stock prices. in other words, tax strategies, including tax incentives, can lower the amount of tax a company has to pay and make their financial reporting more transparent; they might not significantly affect the overall riskiness of the company's tax avoidance strategies. further, more recent studies also demonstrate the complex relationship between etr and earnings management. for example, delgado et al. (2023) find that discretionary accruals have a positive and statistically significant relationship with etr indicators, suggesting that earnings management, measured by discretionary accruals, does not necessarily correlate with aggressive tax avoidance. adding to the complexity, the geographical variability in research findings makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. ali et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 30-44 32 in the u.s., studies by dhaliwal et al. (2004) and blaylock et al. (2015) identify a strong link between aggressive tax strategies and aggressive financial reporting. however, guenther et al. (2017) report a negative relationship, suggesting that different proxies for tax avoidance and earnings management can lead to divergent conclusions. shim et al. (2022) examine the effects of earnings management on effective tax rates (etr) and recommend using an alternative measure of operating cash flow-based effective tax rate (cfo etr) to account for the robustness against earnings management. their findings suggest that etr might overestimate tax avoidance due to earnings management, emphasizing the need for a dual approach in empirical analysis. these conflicting results indicate that regional factors, such as regulatory environments, corporate governance practices, and cultural differences, also play a significant role in shaping these relationships, among other factors. the above discussion shows that understanding these complexities and inconsistencies is essential for developing more effective tax policies and improving financial reporting quality. this study addresses these gaps by examining the relationship between dem and tax avoidance in malaysian listed companies. the unique regulatory environment and specific tax incentives in malaysia provide a relevant and vital setting for such an investigation. firm’s tax incentive recipient status (mida) and the magnitude of discretionary accruals (earnings management) tax incentives are a standard policy tool to promote economic growth, attract investment, and encourage innovation. however, it is argued that the receipt of the tax incentive can have mixed outcomes and sometimes lead to unintended consequences, especially in financial reporting and earnings management. the complexity arises because tax incentives can create pressure to comply with regulatory expectations while simultaneously aiming to minimize tax burdens. given these dynamics, it is essential to design tax incentive policies thoughtfully. prior studies offer varied insights, indicating a need for further investigation into how tax incentives impact corporate behaviour. most studies on tax incentives focus on their impact on investment and job creation, but they often overlook their effects on financial reporting practices. okoth (2023), for example, investigates tax incentives in emerging economies like indonesia, kenya, malaysia, and türkiye, finding that tax incentives for production, sales, transfers, profits, and capital gains may slightly boost investment but often have a nonsignificant or even negative effect on overall economic growth. this suggests that tax incentives might not consistently deliver the expected economic outcomes. in contrast, kang et al. (2023) reveal that fiscal subsidies and tax incentives can promote corporate innovation, but their effectiveness depends on broader economic conditions. fiscal subsidies have a more significant impact during economic downturns, while tax incentives are more effective during periods of growth. this observation implies that the context in which tax incentives are applied plays a critical role in determining their success. additionally, ghazinoory and hashemi (2021) explore tax incentives and direct financial support, showing that both can encourage corporate growth, but their effectiveness varies, particularly in high-tech industries. direct support for r & d investment is more effective for large companies, while tax incentives are more successful in promoting new product development. this finding underscores the need to tailor tax policies to specific industry needs and company sizes. on the other hand, klemm and van parys (2012) examine tax incentives in over 40 countries and find that reduced corporate income tax (cit) rates and extended tax holidays attract foreign direct investment (fdi) in some regions but not in others. this suggests that tax incentives can stimulate economic growth in specific contexts but do not explore their impact on financial reporting. this gap raises concerns about whether tax incentives encourage earnings management or financial misreporting to meet regulatory benchmarks. adding to the complexity, caiumi (2011) finds that regional investment tax credits in italy's piedmont region positively impact productivity and investment at the firm level. however, other studies, such as those by kolko and neumark (2010) and bondonio and greenbaum (2006), report mixed results, indicating that tax incentives only sometimes lead to consistent job growth or economic stability. moreover, the mixed results from studies on tax incentives raise concerns about their potential to pressure firms to engage in manipulative financial practices to meet regulatory expectations. this pressure could lead firms to adjust their financial reporting to satisfy specific regulatory benchmarks or avoid scrutiny. given these risks, careful implementation and oversight of tax incentives are crucial to ensure they do not unintentionally encourage harmful financial behaviour. however, only some studies have examined this issue in depth, leaving significant gaps in our understanding. for example, capras et al. (2024) examine whether tax avoidance is a purpose of financial data manipulation in romanian companies. their study indicates a negative association between effective tax rates and earnings management, suggesting companies manipulate earnings to reduce tax burdens. they also find that return on assets (roa) negatively influences the effective tax rate, while firm size, growth, and big4 audit have no significant effect. similarly, tian et al. (2020) investigate china's super deduction policy, which allows firms with less than a 10% increase in prior-year r&d expenditures to claim a 50% tax deduction. their findings indicate that firms newly eligible for these tax incentives catch up in r&d spending and product innovation without showing signs of financial manipulation or misreporting. taxes are designed and implemented carefully, and tax incentives can promote positive corporate behaviour without triggering earnings management. however, contrasting evidence comes from wang et al. (2024), who study china's 2014 accelerated depreciation policy for fixed assets. this policy increases earnings management, implying that tax incentives sometimes encourage firms to manipulate financial statements. this might occur when firms feel pressured to meet regulatory expectations or seek ways to minimize their tax burden without resorting to aggressive tax avoidance. in addition, wu (2024) investigates the interaction between incentive and opportunity in corporate tax planning, focusing on financially constrained firms. wu's study reveals that financial constraints, as an incentive factor, strengthen the positive association between tax planning opportunities (tpos) and tax avoidance. this highlights that firms with higher tpos are more likely to engage in tax ali et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 30-44 33 avoidance when under financial constraints. wu's findings underscore the importance of considering incentive and opportunity factors in understanding corporate tax planning behaviour. these contradictory findings underline the complexity of tax incentives and their potential impact on financial integrity. the dual nature of tax incentives—as both a compliance tool and a tax relief mechanism—creates a challenging environment for policymakers. on the one hand, tax incentives can encourage positive corporate behaviour by promoting investment and innovation. on the other hand, they can inadvertently foster an environment where firms feel compelled to manipulate financial information to meet regulatory expectations. the uncertainty surrounding these outcomes emphasizes the need for additional research to understand the broader implications of tax incentives on corporate behaviour, especially regarding financial reporting and earnings management. policymakers must know the risks and carefully design tax incentive programs that promote economic growth without compromising financial integrity. this balance is crucial for maintaining a healthy business environment and ensuring that tax policies do not create unintended incentives for financial misreporting. these varied outcomes suggest that tax incentives can have different effects depending on the context, industry, and specific design of the incentives. the dual nature of tax incentives—as both a regulatory benchmark and a tax relief mechanism—creates a complex environment where these incentives could either encourage or discourage earnings management. this ambiguity highlights the need for further research to guide the design of tax policies that promote economic growth while safeguarding financial integrity. given the limitations in prior studies, this study aims to explore the relationship between tax avoidance, tax incentives, and earnings management, addressing both regulatory pressures and the opportunities for reducing tax burdens without resorting to aggressive avoidance strategies. this research seeks to clarify the role of tax incentives in corporate financial behaviour and provide policymakers with insights for creating compelling and balanced tax policies. in addition to the conflicting results, it is also unclear whether tax incentives generally lead to increased or decreased earnings management. the complexity of their dual role—acting as both a regulatory benchmark and a tax relief mechanism—implies that these incentives could encourage or discourage earnings management. this uncertainty reinforces the need for further research to understand these relationships and guide the design of tax policies that balance economic growth with financial reporting integrity. effective tax rates between malaysian public firms with mida status and those without mida status tax incentives in malaysia, particularly those overseen by the malaysian investment development authority (mida), have shaped corporate tax behaviours. these incentives, designed to foster economic growth, include pioneer status, investment tax allowance, and reinvestment allowance, among others. the effectiveness of these incentives in reducing tax burdens and promoting transparency in financial reporting has been a subject of significant debate. malaysia features a prevalent range of tax incentives, encompassing income exemptions, capital expenditure allowances, double deductions for expenses, preferential tax treatments for promoted sectors, and exemptions from import and excise duties. although malaysia does not fall under the classification of a tax haven or a low-tax jurisdiction, certain eligible firms can benefit from considerably reduced effective tax rates compared to the ordinary corporate tax rate of 24%. as an illustration, a manufacturing firm eligible for a pioneer status tax incentive experiences an effective tax rate of 7.2%. furthermore, only 30% of its profits are liable to be taxed. integrating tax incentives to mitigate growth risks or pursue economic and social objectives is a widespread fiscal mechanism, particularly in developing nations. these incentives, such as tax credits, aim to stimulate economic activities that might not occur or would occur to a lesser extent without such credits. this approach is widely embraced as an economic development tool in countries like malaysia. facilitating these efforts, the malaysian investment development authority (mida) assumes a fundamental role, overseeing the promotion and facilitation of both foreign and domestic investments in malaysia, including the administration of tax incentives. collaborating with entities like the ministry of finance and the inland revenue board, mida ensures an environment conducive to investment. various tax incentives, such as pioneer status, investment tax allowance, and reinvestment allowance, are offered to eligible companies and designed to foster investments in vital economic sectors. for instance, pioneer status grants a 70% tax exemption on the company's statutory income over five years, while investment tax allowance allows a deduction of 60% for qualifying capital expenditure within five years from the first qualifying capital expenditure. reinvestment allowance offers a 60% deduction for qualifying capital expenditure within twelve years from the initial expenditure. in addition to these incentives, mida supports investors in obtaining necessary approvals and licenses, such as manufacturing licenses and expatriate posts, facilitating investments. this incentive-driven approach has proven successful in promoting investments in targeted sectors of the malaysian economy. research indicates that tax incentives can impact firms' effective tax rates (etrs) and financial reporting practices. for example, bornemann et al. (2023) analyze the impact of intellectual property (ip) boxes on innovative activity and tax benefits. their study shows that adopting ip boxes increases innovative activity, such as patent applications and grants, while also lowering effective tax rates for firms with patents. the findings suggest that ip boxes can lead to modest increases in innovative activity and significant tax benefits, particularly for multinational firms. further, zhang et al. (2023) explore the effect of local fiscal pressure on corporate tax avoidance behaviour using the abolition of agricultural tax reform as a quasi-natural experiment. they find that sudden loss of fiscal revenue reduces tax evasion by encouraging firms to improve productivity. thus, firms with mida status often benefit from substantial tax reductions, potentially encouraging and discouraging the need for more aggressive tax avoidance. several factors, including regulatory oversight, corporate governance, and the firms' strategic objectives, influence the relationship between tax incentives and etrs. noor et al. (2008) highlight that malaysian tax reforms aim to attract foreign investment and stimulate economic growth by offering various tax incentives. these incentives are intended to reduce the effective tax burden on companies, thereby enhancing their financial performance and competitive edge. however, derashid and zhang (2003) argue that while these incentives ali et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 30-44 34 can stimulate investment, they might also encourage firms to engage in aggressive tax planning to maximize their tax benefits, potentially leading to less transparent financial reporting. moreover, chien et al. (2021) find that tax incentives in malaysia, such as the pioneer status and investment tax allowance, are associated with lower etrs for recipient firms. this reduction in tax liability provides these firms with additional resources to reinvest in their operations, theoretically promoting growth and innovation. however, the study also notes that the effectiveness of these incentives depends significantly on the firms' adherence to compliance requirements and the rigour of regulatory enforcement. ghazinoory and hashemi (2021) explore the impact of tax incentives on corporate growth, noting that while these incentives can promote investment and economic development, they also create opportunities for earnings management. firms may manipulate their financial statements to appear compliant with tax incentive requirements, thereby securing tax benefits while potentially obscuring their financial position. this dual effect underscores the complexity of tax incentives as both a tool for economic stimulation and a potential catalyst for financial manipulation. studies on the relationship between tax incentives, effective tax rates, and earnings management present a complex picture. while tax incentives can reduce tax burdens and promote investment, they also have the potential to either encourage or discourage earnings management and financial manipulation. this notion has yet to be fully understood in the existing literature. in the context of malaysian public firms, the impact of mida status on effective tax rates (etrs) and earnings management is particularly significant. while tax incentives can provide substantial financial benefits to recipient firms, ensuring these incentives do not lead to manipulative financial practices is crucial. this requires robust regulatory frameworks and effective corporate governance mechanisms to monitor and control managerial behaviour, thereby enhancing the transparency and reliability of financial reporting. thus, this study aims to examine the impact of the status of tax incentives received on earnings management and effective tax rates in malaysian public firms. specifically, it investigates the relationship between tax incentive status (mida), effective tax rates, and the magnitude of discretionary accruals. building on insights from the literature, the following hypotheses are formulated: h1: there is a significant and negative relationship between effective tax rate and discretionary accruals earnings management. h2: there is a significant relationship between a firm’s tax incentive recipient status (mida) and the magnitude of discretionary accruals (earnings management). h3: there is a significant difference in the effective tax rates between malaysian public firms with mida status and those without mida status. materials and methods research design this study investigates the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management among malaysian public firms listed on the kuala lumpur stock exchange (klse) for the financial year 2017. the stable financial reporting environment justifies the choice of 2017 before significant accounting changes (mfrs 15 and mfrs 16), political shifts in 2018, and the disruptions caused by the covid-19 pandemic starting in 2020. by focusing on 2017, the study avoids these confounding factors, allowing for a more precise analysis of corporate behaviour and financial reporting practices. sample selection the study initially targeted all malaysian public firms listed on the klse as of december 2017. from these, 390 firms across 11 sectors were randomly selected based on their core business activities, and utilities and financial firms were excluded due to their unique tax planning opportunities and incentives. further exclusions were made for firms with net operating losses or negative cash flow (gupta & newberry, 1997; kim & limpaphayom, 1998), negative pretax income (rohaya et al., 2010), effective tax rates (etrs) exceeding one (gupta & newberry, 1997; kim & limpaphayom, 1998), and negative etrs (zimmerman, 1983). the final sample consisted of 202 firms. table 1 presents the sample selection details, resulting in a final sample of 202 firms. table 1. summary of the sample selection details sample selection number of firms listed firms in klse original sample 390 exclude: firms with net operating loss (or negative cash flow) and net operating loss carryforward 68 exclude: firms with negative pretax income 58 exclude: firms with an effective tax rate (etr) exceeding one 47 exclude: 2%–5% outlier procedure 15 final sample 202 firms in the list of top 500 mida tax incentive recipients (tr firms) 48 firms not on the list of top 500 mida tax incentive recipients 154 to ensure the adequacy of the sample size, a power analysis was conducted using gpower software, considering an effect size of 0.15, an alpha level of 0.05, and a desired power of 0.95. the gpower analysis indicated a total sample size of 194 participants would be appropriate. recognizing the importance of sample size in research design, this study opted to surpass the recommended minimum, recruiting 202 participants to ensure adequate statistical power and reduce the probability of type ii errors. ali et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 30-44 35 figure 1. g power intepretation data analysis tools and software used the research question and objectives were analyzed through quantitative data analysis using spss software to perform multiple regression analysis and t-tests, as well as various validity tests to guarantee the accuracy and reliability of the data (field, 2013). spss was chosen for its ability to handle complex data structures and multiple variables, making it ideal for running multiple regression analyses, thus increasing the accuracy and reliability of the findings (salkind, 2017). spss provided various tools for testing the validity and reliability of the data. normality tests were conducted to check if the data followed a normal distribution, and multicollinearity tests were conducted to ascertain the absence of significant correlations among the independent variables. these tests helped to ensure that the results were accurate and reliable and that the statistical assumptions underlying the analysis were met (tabachnick et al., 2013). in conclusion, spss was justified in this study as it provided a powerful statistical analysis tool for examining the relationships between variables and allowed for various validity and reliability tests to be conducted. the results obtained from this analysis were statistically significant, contributing to a greater understanding of the research question and objectives (pallant, 2020). measures of earnings management this study focuses on discretionary accruals, identified using the modified jones model, a widely applied and reliable method for detecting earnings management (dechow et al., 1995; xie, 2001). 𝐷𝐸𝑀{𝜏} = 𝑇𝐴{𝜏} − 𝑁𝐷𝐴{𝜏}-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(1) 𝑇𝐴{𝜏} = 𝑎1( {1}/{𝐴{𝜏−1}}) + 𝑎2(𝛥𝑅𝐸𝑉{𝜏}) + 𝑎3(𝑃𝑃𝐸{𝜏}) + 𝜈{𝜏}-------------------------------------------(2) 𝑁𝐷𝐴{𝜏} = 𝛼1( {1}/{𝐴{𝜏−1}}) + 𝛼2(𝛥𝑅𝐸𝑉{𝜏} − 𝛥𝑅𝐸𝐶{𝜏}) + 𝛼3(𝑃𝑃𝐸{𝜏})-----------------------------------(3) 𝐷𝐴_{𝜏}  =  [𝛼1( {1}/{𝐴{𝜏−1}}))  +  𝛼_2 (𝛥𝑅𝐸𝑉_{𝜏}  +  𝛼_3 (𝑃𝑃𝐸_{𝜏})  +  𝜈_{𝜏} ┤] − [𝛼1( {1}/{𝐴{𝜏−1}}) + 𝛼_2 (𝛥𝑅𝐸𝑉_{𝜏} − 𝛥𝑅𝐸𝐶_{𝜏}) + 𝛼_3 (𝑃𝑃𝐸_{𝜏}) ┤]---------------------------------------------------------(4) where taτ = total accruals in year τ scaled by lagged total assets in year τ-1 daτ = estimated discretionary accruals in year τ ndaτ = estimated non-discretionary accruals in year τ δrev = revenues in year τ less revenues in year τ-1 scaled by total assets at τ-1 δrec = net receivables in year τ less net receivables in year τ-1 scaled by total assets at τ -1 ppeτ = gross property, plant, and equipment in year τ scaled by total assets at τ-1 aτ-1 = total assets at τ-1 α1, α2, α3 = firm-specific parameters a1, a2, a3 = ordinary least squares estimates of α1, α2, α3 υτ = measurement error in year τ measures of tax avoidance effective tax rates (etrs) are key indicators of tax burdens relative to gross profits, incorporating tax shelters and incentives (harris & feeny, 2003; rohaya et al., 2010). the public and policymakers widely use them to assess tax system neutrality and differentiate firms based on tax burdens (harris & feeny, 2003). this study calculates etrs as current income tax expenses (excluding deferred tax expenses) divided by pretax income derived from firm-level financial statements. tax expenses represent the numerator, reflecting a firm's income tax burdens, while pretax income is the denominator. measures of tax incentive recipient status as moderator this study used a dummy variable of "1" for the tax incentive recipient status and "0" for otherwise. mida's top 500 tax recipient list in 2017 was used as a reference for this study to determine the tax incentive recipient status of each participating firm in this study. ali et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 30-44 36 control variables real earnings management according to roychowdhury (2006), normal cash flow from operation (cfo) is expressed as a linear function of sales and change in sales. abnormal cash flow from operation (cashabs) refers to the subtraction of the actual cfo from the average level of cfo calculated using the estimated coefficient using the following cross-sectional regression for each industry and year: 𝐶𝐹𝑂𝑖,𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 = 𝑘1𝑡 ( 1 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 ) + 𝑘2 ( 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖,𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 ) + 𝑘3 ( 𝛥𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖,𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 ) + 𝜖𝑖,𝑡-------------------------------------------------------------(5) meanwhile, production costs refer to the sum of costs of goods sold (cogs )and inventory changes. the overall model for production costs is expressed in the following: [ 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐷𝑖,𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 = 𝑘1𝑡 ( 1 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 ) + 𝑘2 ( 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖,𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 ) + 𝑘3 ( 𝛥𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖,𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 ) + 𝑘4 ( 𝛥𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 ) + 𝜖𝑖,𝑡---------------------------------------(6) the equation model is then developed to estimate the normal level of production costs, where cogs is modelled as a linear function of contemporaneous sales: 𝐶𝑂𝐺𝑆𝑖,𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 = 𝑘1𝑡 ( 1 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 ) + 𝑘2 ( 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖,𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 ) + 𝜖𝑖,𝑡----------------------------------------------------------------------------------(7) in addition, inventory growth is modelled as follows: 𝛥𝐼𝑁𝑉𝑖,𝑡 = 𝑘1𝑡 ( 1 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 ) + 𝑘2 ( 𝛥𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖,𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 ) + 𝑘3 ( 𝛥𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 ) + 𝜖𝑖,𝑡----------------------------------------------------------------(8) as for the curtailment of discretionary costs, the following cross-sectional models for each industry and year are estimated (roychowdhury, 2006): 𝑆𝐺&𝐴𝑖,𝑡 = 𝛽1 + 𝛽2 ( 1 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 ) + 𝛽3 ( 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 ) + 𝜖𝑖,𝑡------------------------------------------------------------------(9) 𝑅&𝐷𝑖,𝑡 = 𝛽1 + 𝛽2 ( 1 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 ) + 𝛽3 ( 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖,𝑡−1 ) + 𝜖𝑖,𝑡------------------------------------------------------------------(10) empirical model a regression model was developed for this study to determine the influence of etr (tax avoidance) on discretionary accruals (earnings management): 𝐷𝐸𝑀 = 𝑎1𝐸𝑇𝑅 + 𝑎2𝑀𝐼𝐷𝐴 + 𝑎3𝐴𝑈𝐷𝐼𝑇 + 𝑎4𝐷𝐼𝑅𝐸𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑅 + 𝑎5𝐼𝑁𝑆𝑇𝐼 + 𝑎6𝑁𝑂𝑀𝐷𝐼𝑅𝐸𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑅 + 𝑎7𝐼𝑁𝐷𝐷𝐼𝑅𝐸𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑅 + 𝑎8𝐿𝐸𝑉 + 𝑎9𝑆𝐼𝑍𝐸 + 𝑎10𝐴𝐺𝐸 + 𝑎11𝐴𝐵𝑆𝑅𝐸𝑀_𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐷 + 𝑎12𝐴𝐵𝑆𝑅𝐸𝑀_𝐷𝐼𝑆𝐸𝑋𝑃 + 𝑎13𝐴𝐵𝑆𝑅𝐸𝑀_𝐶𝐹𝑂 + 𝜖----------------(11) where dem = the absolute value of discretionary accruals to measure earnings management etr = the ratio of current income tax expenses divided by income before interests and taxes mida = a dummy variable of "1" for tax incentive recipient status and "0" for otherwise audit = the dummy variable of "1" for big four audit firms and "0" for otherwise directorshold = managerial ownership by directors (in percentage) insti = institutional ownership (in percentage) no director = size of the board of directors inddirector = number of independent directors lev = leverage, or specifically, the total debt at the end of the year divided by the total assets at the end of the year size = the natural logarithm of total assets age = age of the firm from the year incorporated to the year 2017 absrem_prod = the absolute value of real earnings management measure for abnormal production absrem_disexp = the absolute value of real earnings management measure for abnormal discretionary expenses absrem_cfo = the absolute value of real earnings management measure for abnormal cash flows as shown in equation (11), earnings management (dem) was measured as this study's dependent variable. mida, etr, and the interaction variable of mida*etr represented the tax avoidance measures, specifically for this study to determine whether the incentives to manage tax would significantly influence earnings management by managers. furthermore, the analysis was expected to yield empirical evidence on whether engagement in tax avoidance would compromise the quality of financial reporting and whether the receipt of tax incentives would weaken the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management. results descriptive statistics table 2 presents the results of descriptive statistics for dem (dependent variable), etr and mida (main independent variables), and other control variables. ali et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 30-44 37 table 2. descriptive statistics descriptive statistics number of observations minimum value maximum value skewness kurtosis mida 202 0 1 1.242 -0.462 etr 202 0.0025 37 0.783 -0.639 audit 202 0 1 -0.428 -1.835 directorshold 202 0 66.37 2 3.356 insti 202 0 69 3.03 12.302 nomdirector 202 4 15 0.43 0.077 inddirector 202 0 9 -0.074 1.894 lev 202 0 0.8 2.19 5.798 size 202 7.774 20.51 0.971 1.327 age 202 3 191 2.047 7.586 dem 202 0 1.1748 1.465 0.767 totalrem 202 0 1.96259 4.035 19.208 absrem_prod 202 0 1.20581 4.373 22.06 absrem_disexp 202 0 0.81501 4.179 23.786 absrem_cfo 202 0 0.43683 2.108 5.466 valid n (listwise) 202 correlation matrix table 3 displays the correlation matrix, revealing significant relationships among the variables. age correlates positively with etr, lev, and dem, suggesting older firms tend to have higher effective tax rates leverage and engage in more earnings management. totalrem correlates positively with insti, size, and dem, indicating real earnings management links to institutional ownership, size, and earnings management. institutional ownership may curb earnings management, while larger firms have more resources for real earnings management. lower etrs are observed among firms with higher institutional ownership and real earnings management, while higher leverage is seen in firms with more institutional ownership. additionally, firms with more non-executive directors tend to have more independent directors. ownership appeared to engage in higher levels of real earnings management. the obtained results further indicated a higher number of non-executive directors among firms with higher levels of institutional ownership. meanwhile, firms with more nonexecutive directors demonstrated a higher propensity to have more independent directors. table 3. correlation matrix table 4. main results testing of h1 this section presents the results of the h1 testing, specifically on the relationship between tax avoidance (measured by effective tax rate) and earnings management. in other words, this study determined whether tax avoidance would motivate firms to engage in earnings management. the obtained results are presented in table 4. correlations (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (1) etr 1 -0.019 -0.120 0.013 -0.011 -0.112 0.069 0.177* -0.041 0.083 (2) directorshold -0.019 1 -0.110 -0.096 -0.178* 0.010 -0.133 0.024 -0.002 0.092 (3) insti -0.120 -0.110 1 0.103 0.150* 0.242** 0.094 0.141* -0.065 -0.013 (4) nomdirector 0.013 -0.096 0.103 1 0.351** 0.086 0.132 -0.105 0.087 0.009 (5) inddirector -0.011 -0.178* 0.150* 0.351** 1 0.170* 0.170* 0.069 0.021 0.032 (6) lev -0.112 0.010 0.242** 0.086 0.170* 1 0.091 0.173* 0.022 0.088 (7) size 0.069 -0.133 0.094 0.132 0.170* 0.091 1 0.059 0.367** 0.143* (8) age 0.177* 0.024 0.141* -0.105 0.069 0.173* 0.059 1 0.141* 0.130 (9) dem -0.041 -0.002 -0.065 0.087 0.021 0.022 0.367** 0.141* 1 0.416* * (10) totalrem 0.083 0.092 -0.013 0.009 0.032 0.088 0.143* 0.130 0.416** 1 notes: * denotes statistical significance at 0.05 level (two-tailed); ** denotes statistical significance at 0.01 level (two-tailed). coefficients model items unstandardized coefficients beta std. error standardized coefficients beta t sig. 1 (constant) -0.710 0.142 -5.016 0.000 etr -0.004 0.002 -0.118 -2.050 0.042 mida -0.185 0.047 -0.237 -3.904 0.000 audit 0.060 0.040 0.088 1.510 0.133 directorshold -0.001 0.001 -0.028 -0.499 0.618 insti -0.004 0.002 -0.115 -1.970 0.050 nomdirector 0.020 0.010 0.125 2.056 0.041 inddirector -0.013 0.015 -0.057 -0.903 0.368 lev -0.170 0.141 -0.072 -1.205 0.230 size 0.049 0.009 0.332 5.767 0.000 age 0.002 0.001 0.166 2.821 0.005 absrem_prod 0.272 0.153 0.139 1.772 0.078 absrem_disexp 0.213 0.255 0.066 0.833 0.406 absrem_cfo 1.702 0.302 0.358 5.636 0.000 ali et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 30-44 38 table 5. results of anova (h1 and h2) model summary model r r2 adjusted r2 std. error of the estimate 1 .657a 0.432 0.393 0.259 a. predictors: (constant), absrem_cfo, nomdirector, etr, audit, directors hold, insti, size, age, mida, lev, inddirector, absrem_prod, absrem_disexp anovaa model sum of squares df mean square f sig. 1 regression 9.622 13 0.740 11.000 .000b residual 12.650 188 0.067 total 22.272 201 a. dependent variable: dem b. predictors: (constant), absrem_cfo, nomdirector, etr, audit, directors hold, insti, size, age, mida, lev, inddirector, absrem_prod, absrem_disexp referring to these results, this study empirically demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between tax avoidance (etr) and the magnitude of discretionary accruals (dem) at the 0.01 level. the relationship was statistically and economically significant, with a negative correlation between etr and the absolute value of discretionary accruals. in other words, lower etr (indicative of higher tax avoidance) resulted in a higher magnitude of earnings management. therefore, h1 was supported in this study. these findings highlight the potential motivations and mechanisms of tax avoidance influencing managerial conduct and financial reporting outcomes. this is consistent with the results from previous studies by putri et al. (2016) and desai and dharmapala (2006, 2009), which similarly reported a relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management. managers often exploit various tax avoidance strategies to manipulate earnings to benefit their interests rather than shareholders (desai & dharmapala, 2009; olaniyi et al., 2020). the significant influence of tax avoidance on managers' adoption of earnings management strategies (desai & dharmapala, 2006, 2009; desai et al., 2007) is highly plausible and justified. the incentive to engage in tax avoidance promotes the incentive to engage in earnings management, driven by the need for financial flexibility and risk mitigation (desai & dharmapala, 2006, 2009; gunny, 2010). tax avoidance strategies typically involve obfuscating transactions to acquire tax benefits without detection by tax authorities (christensen & murphy, 2004; desai & dharmapala, 2009; goncharov & zimmermann, 2006). shareholders find it challenging to monitor managerial conduct effectively due to the need for more transparency in transactions, resulting in tax evasion. firms' earnings are often manipulated to align with desired tax outcomes and yield favourable financial conditions for tax planning. through earnings management, managers can cover up potential indications of aggressive tax planning and minimize the likelihood of scrutiny from tax authorities (desai & dharmapala, 2006, 2009). conditions for earnings management are facilitated by tax expenses (schipper, 1989), making tax expenses more susceptible to manipulation as part of firms' income management practices. these findings are statistically and economically significant, indicating substantial corporate governance and financial transparency implications. testing of h2 referring to table 5, this study observed a statistically significant negative relationship between tax incentive recipient status (mida) and the magnitude of discretionary accruals (dem), supporting h2. the coefficient value of -0.237 indicated a 23.7% lower likelihood of tax incentive recipient firms engaging in earnings management than non-recipients. control variables such as institutional ownership (insti), number of directors (nomdirector), firm size (size), firm age (age), and absolute value of discretionary accruals (absrem_prod and absrem_cfo) were significantly related to discretionary accruals, consistent with previous studies (beatty et al., 2002; chen et al., 2010; dechow et al., 1996; fan & wong, 2002; klein, 2002). managerial ownership (directorshold), leverage (lev), and a number of independent directors (inddirector) showed no significant influence on discretionary accruals (augustine & dwianika, 2019; park & shin, 2004). this study demonstrates that tax avoidance negatively influences earnings management among malaysian public firms, with tax incentive recipient firms showing a lower propensity for earnings management compared to nonrecipients. this raises the question of whether tax incentives motivate tax avoidance for lower tax burdens, as increased agency problems, litigation risks, and reputational harm might offset improved cash flows from tax avoidance. tax incentive recipients might avoid aggressive tax planning to prevent reputational damage and regulatory scrutiny. the following section tests h2, examining the difference in tax avoidance between tax incentive recipients and non-recipient firms in malaysia. testing of h3 table 6 presents the independent samples t-test results on the difference in the etrs between firms with mida status and non-mida status. in particular, firms with mida status recorded an average etr of 10.911%, whereas firms with nonmida status recorded an average etr of 8.405%. although both average etrs were lower than the statutory tax rate of 25%, it was evident that the receipt of tax incentives lowered the tax burdens for firms with mida status. however, the reduction in tax burdens was less substantial than that observed for firms with non-mida status. ali et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 30-44 39 table 6. results of independent samples t-test (h3) group statistics mida n mean std. deviation std. error mean etr 1 48 10.911 9.008 1.300 0 154 8.405 8.685 0.700 independent samples t-test levene’s test for equality of variances t-test for equality of means f sig. t df sig. etr equal variances assumed 1.043 0.308 1.730 200 0.085 equal variances are not assumed. 1.697 76.209 0.094 note: significant at 0.10 level (two-tailed) thus, providing tax incentives effectively reduces firms' tax burdens, making them less likely to engage in aggressive tax avoidance due to associated costs and risks. tax incentive recipients achieve substantial tax savings with lower costs and risks than tax avoidance. these results highlight the relationship between tax incentives, tax avoidance, and earnings management, offering valuable insights for policymakers and regulators in designing tax incentive initiatives and monitoring tax avoidance practices. additional analysis: moderating effect of tax incentives the costs and risks of aggressive tax avoidance are typically higher than those associated with tax incentives. however, whether tax incentives strengthen or weaken this relationship remains unresolved. hanlon and slemrod (2009) found lower tax avoidance among firms receiving r&d tax incentives, suggesting that such incentives drive r&d spending and future earnings, reducing tax avoidance. similarly, goerke (2019) found that firms with robust csr initiatives are less likely to engage in tax evasion due to reputational risks. these findings imply a potential moderating effect of tax incentives on the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management. the moderating effect of tax incentives on the tax avoidanceearnings management relationship has yet to be thoroughly explored. tax incentive recipients manipulate earnings to meet incentive requirements, or the incentives mitigate this relationship due to lower costs and risks. this study examines this effect among malaysian public firms, focusing on the interaction between etr and mida and mida's influence on the etr-dem relationship. three possible outcomes are considered: (1) tax incentives weaken the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management; (2) tax incentives strengthen the relationship; (3) tax incentives do not affect the relationship. the third outcome may occur if firms face high pressure for both practices, weakening the influence of tax incentives. the study hypothesizes that tax incentives significantly moderate this relationship, as tax incentive recipients may view tax avoidance practices unfavourably. additionally, firms might manipulate accounting figures to demonstrate strong financial performance for future tax incentives. despite receiving tax incentives, the pressure to meet both requirements may motivate firms to engage in tax avoidance and earnings management. using the following empirical model, additional analysis on the moderating effect of tax incentives was conducted: dem = a1etr + a2mida + a3mida*etr + a4audit + a5director + a6insti + a7nomdirecto+ a8inddirector + a9lev + a10size + a11age + a12 absrem_prod + a13absrem_disexp + a14absrem_cfo + ε-----------------------------(12) table 6 presents the results of this study's additional analysis. with the coefficient value of -0.258, mida as a dummy variable exhibited a statistically significant influence on dem at 0.01 level. with all other independent variables as control variables, the results revealed a significantly lower tendency to engage in discretionary accruals (earnings management) among firms classified as tax incentive recipients (mida = 1) than firms classified as non-tax incentive recipients (mida = 0) by a magnitude difference of 2,851 in dem. these results reaffirmed the results of hypothesis testing for h2 and demonstrated the potential influence of tax incentives on firms' earnings management. besides that, the results revealed the significant influence of control variables, specifically audit, size, and age, as well as absrem_prod and absrem_cfo, on dem, which were found to be in line with the results reported by prior studies (park & shin, 2004). the remaining control variables of directorshold, lev, inddirector, and insti did not significantly influence dem, which extended the current understanding of factors that influence earnings management. table 7. results of anova on the relationship between etr and absolute value of discretionary accruals conditional to mida as dummy variable model summary model r r2 adjusted r2 std. error of the estimate 1 .658a 0.432 0.390 0.260 a. predictors: (constant), etr_mida, directors hold, lev, absrem_cfo, nomdirector, audit, size, insti, age, inddirector, etr, absrem_prod, absrem_disexp, mida anovaa model sum of squares df mean square f sig. 1 regression 9.629 14 0.688 10.173 .000b residual 12.643 187 0.068 total 22.272 201 a. dependent variable: dem ali et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 30-44 40 b. predictors: (constant), etr_mida, directors hold, lev, absrem_cfo, nomdirector, audit, size, insti, age, inddirector, etr, absrem_prod, absrem_disexp, mida coefficients model standardized coefficients beta sig. 1 (constant) -0.699 0.000 audit 0.059 0.086 0.145 directorshold -0.001 -0.031 0.595 insti -0.004 -0.113 0.058 nomdirector 0.020 0.121 0.051 inddirector -0.013 -0.056 0.376 lev -0.161 -0.068 0.264 size 0.049 0.332 0.000 age 0.002 0.162 0.009 mida -0.201 -0.258 0.005 etr -0.005 -0.127 0.050 absrem_prod 0.275 0.141 0.076 absrem_disexp 0.207 0.064 0.422 absrem_cfo 1.700 0.357 0.000 etr_mida 0.002 0.031 0.755 a. dependent variable: dem the results on the interaction between etr and etr_mida further revealed the statistically significant and negative relationship between etr and dem (beta coefficient of -0.127) at 0.05 level. thus, this study did not obtain adequate evidence to support the proposed hypothesis that the receipt of tax incentives significantly moderates the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management. in other words, providing tax incentives has little impact on firms' engagement in tax avoidance and earnings management. the complexities of tax incentives, tax avoidance, and earnings management, the effects of different factors on various firms, sectors, and industries, as well as the strategic behaviours and conducts of businesses, have contributed to the difficulty of accurately determining the relationship of tax incentives, tax avoidance, and earnings management. moreover, institutional pressures may compel firms to engage in tax avoidance, regardless of whether they receive tax incentives. on a similar note, sánchez-ballesta and yagüe (2021) contended the discrete effects of the pressures associated with tax avoidance. they reported earnings on the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings manipulation. discussions this study investigates the relationship between tax avoidance, measured by the effective tax rate (etr), and earnings management, measured by discretionary accruals (dem), among malaysian public firms. it also examines the impact of tax incentive recipient status on this relationship. the findings confirm a significant negative relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management, indicating that higher tax avoidance is associated with increased earnings manipulation. the negative relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management suggests that managers engage in opportunistic behaviour to maximize their utility at the expense of shareholders. these findings align with prior research by desai and dharmapala (2006), who highlight that tax avoidance strategies allow managers to manipulate financial outcomes in ways not immediately apparent to shareholders or regulators. by reducing the firm's tax liabilities, managers can free up resources for short-term financial targets or increased compensation, creating opportunities for earnings management. this pattern is consistent across different contexts, as observed in studies by putri et al. (2016) and desai and dharmapala (2006). however, this study contradicts such studies as delgado et al. (2023), who find a positive relationship between etr indicators and discretionary accruals, suggesting that higher etrs do not necessarily correlate with reduced earnings management. this contradiction may stem from differences in sample selection, measurement methods, or regional economic conditions. additionally, geographical variability in research findings further complicates the understanding the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management. for example, dhaliwal et al. (2004) and blaylock et al. (2015) in the u.s. find a strong link between aggressive tax strategies and financial reporting, while guenther et al. (2017) report a negative relationship, indicating different outcomes based on regional factors such as regulatory environments, corporate governance practices, and cultural differences. further, the study reveals that tax incentive recipient firms are less likely to manage earnings than non-recipients. this finding is statistically significant and economically meaningful, suggesting that tax incentives may deter aggressive earnings management due to increased regulatory scrutiny and compliance requirements. this finding contributes to the literature on the impact of tax incentives, such as those by okoth (2023) and wang et al. (2024), but shows varied outcomes. while some studies find that tax incentives promote positive corporate behaviour and reduce tax avoidance, others suggest that tax incentives lead to increased earnings management to meet regulatory benchmarks. these compliance requirements encourage conservative accounting practices and improved internal controls, reducing the likelihood of earnings manipulation. this is supported by research from guenther (1994) and lin et al. (2016), as well as aligns with armstrong et al. (2016) and bauer et al. (2018), who found that external monitoring and oversight can mitigate earnings management. nonetheless, the additional analysis shows that tax incentives do not significantly moderate the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management. firms may still face pressure to manage earnings, so work on managing tax incentives is needed. the findings imply that while tax incentives can reduce earnings management, they are not strong enough to moderate the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management. this suggests that other pressures, such as regulatory scrutiny and the need to present favourable financial outcomes, influence managerial behaviour. this study highlights the complex relationship between tax avoidance, earnings management, and tax incentives. while tax incentives can reduce earnings management, they are insufficient to moderate the relationship between tax avoidance and ali et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 30-44 41 earnings management, suggesting the need for more robust regulatory frameworks and effective corporate governance to mitigate these practices. conclusions this study explores the relationship between tax avoidance, measured by the effective tax rate (etr), and earnings management, measured by discretionary accruals (dem), among malaysian public firms while examining the impact of tax incentive recipient status on this relationship. the findings reveal a significant negative relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management, suggesting that higher tax avoidance is associated with increased earnings manipulation. this aligns with existing literature indicating that tax avoidance strategies allow managers to manipulate financial outcomes, thereby maximizing their utility at the expense of shareholders. a notable contribution of this study is that firms receiving tax incentives are less likely to engage in earnings management than non-recipients. this suggests that tax incentives deter aggressive earnings management due to increased regulatory scrutiny and compliance requirements. however, tax incentives do not significantly moderate the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management despite this deterrence. this indicates that other pressures, such as regulatory scrutiny and the need to present favourable financial outcomes, continue to influence managerial behaviour. the unique contribution of this paper lies in its detailed analysis within the unique setting of malaysian public firms, explicitly considering the tax incentive recipients' status data. this context provides new insights into how tax incentives can influence managerial behaviour regarding earnings management and tax avoidance. the study provides empirical evidence that, while tax incentives can reduce earnings management, they must be sufficiently strong to discourage the practice entirely when firms face significant pressures to reduce tax burdens and manage earnings. the theoretical implications of this study suggest that while tax incentives can reduce earnings manipulation to some extent, they are not a potent remedy for mitigating the adverse effects of tax avoidance in influencing earnings management. from a managerial perspective, the findings highlight the need for robust regulatory frameworks and effective corporate governance mechanisms to control managerial behaviour and enhance the transparency and reliability of financial reporting. policymakers should carefully design tax policies that balance promoting economic growth with the need for financial integrity. this study's limitations include its focus on malaysian public firms, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other contexts. additionally, the study does not account for potential industry-specific effects or differences in corporate governance practices across firms. future research could address these limitations by exploring the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management in different countries and industries. longitudinal studies also provide insights into how changes in tax policies and economic conditions influence this relationship over time. author contributions: conceptualization, s.m.a., m.n. and n.j.; methodology, m.b.; software, m.b.; validation, s.m.a., m.n. and n.j.; formal analysis, s.m.a., m.n. and n.j.; investigation, s.m.a., m.n. and n.j.; resources, s.m.a., m.n. and n.j.; data curation, s.m.a., writing – original draft preparation, s.m.a., m.n. and n.j.; writing – review & editing, s.m.a., m.n. and n.j.; visualization, s.m.a.; supervision, s.m.a.; project administration, s.m.a.; funding acquisition, s.m.a., m.n. and n.j. author has read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. due to restrictions, they are not publicly available. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references ardyansah, d., & zulaikha, z. 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e-mail: jumpiofcit@gmail.com (b)professor, department of electrical engineering, assam engineering college, guwahati, assam, india; e-mail: dchanda2007@rediffmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 14th may 2024 reviewed & revised: 14th may to 25th july 2024 accepted: 27th july 2024 published: 3rd august 2024 keywords: emotion recognition, assamese, feature extraction, mel frequency cepstrum coefficient, deep learning, long short-term memory network, convolutional neural network. jel classification codes: c880, y100, y800 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method a b s t r a c t in music information retrieval (mir), emotion-based classification is a complex and challenging task for researchers. in modern-day information technology, understanding music emotions through humancomputer interaction plays a vital role in capturing the attention of both researchers and the music industry. this paper presents a learning algorithm by adopting the decision tree, random forest, knearest neighbors, multi-layer perceptron (mlp), long short-term memory (lstm) neural network, convolutional neural networks (cnns), and cnn-lstm hybrid deep learning approaches with relevant feature extraction techniques. many researchers have performed emotion recognition in music for different languages such as english, chinese, spanish, turkish, hindi, etc. however, languages like assamese have drawn very little attention in the research of music emotion recognition (mer). this work aims to perform a novel approach to emotion recognition in assamese songs. in this study, a newly created assamese dataset of 200 song samples is used with four different emotions and another dataset used is the ravdess emotional song database which consists of 1012 song samples with six different music emotions. relevant features such as mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (mfcc), mel spectrogram, and chroma features are extracted from the song samples to investigate the performance of the proposed method. a comparative analysis using different classifiers is carried out and the findings of this study suggest that the cnn-lstm model has shown better accuracy with both datasets. the accuracy is 85.00% with the assamese dataset, and with the ravdess dataset, the accuracy is 89.66% compared to the other classifiers used in this work. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction emotion is a state of feeling that reflects the conscious mental reaction based on an event, a situation, or a set of circumstances, accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes in the body (domínguez-jiménez et al., 2020). music emotion recognition (mer) is one of the important subfields of music information retrieval (mir) that has grown over the last few years to enhance human-machine interaction (hmi). the emotion recognition task in music has many applications, such as music recommender systems, automated playlist generation, music therapy, mental health monitoring, and so on (hizlisoy et al., 2021; modran et al., 2023). with enormous song generating every day on the internet and offline digital music, the task of organizing and retrieving information from such music becomes quite challenging. thus, music emotion recognition is an emerging area of research with several issues that need to be dealt with, such as emotion labelling, selection of appropriate feature extraction techniques, and classification algorithm. traditional music retrieval methods of retrieving music information are widely used based on classification tags such as artists' names, song names, and album names. however, these traditional methods are considered insufficient to meet people's demand for advanced and personalized music recommendations. as a result, new approaches have been needed to enhance the music retrieval experience, and therefore, many music websites have introduced music recommendation services. in recent years, various listening platforms have provided song recommendation services for different moods by analysing users' preferences and listening history (jitendra & radhika, 2021). in mer, one of the researchers' challenges is dealing with copyrighted audio data. the datasets available in various studies have restrictions in the modification and distribution of the audio material. researchers may be unable to share the 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0008-8265-9242 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i3.2230 to cite this article: dutta, j., & chanda, d. (2024). music emotion recognition and classification using hybrid cnn-lstm deep neural network. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(3), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i3.2230 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i3.2230 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8265-9242 https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3704-716x dutta & chanda, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 21-32 22 dataset due to legal constraints, which may restrict other researchers from accessing the same data for further research. researchers may consider the annotations and metadata obtained from social music websites to evaluate mer algorithms. moreover, the quality and reliability of annotation from such sources may vary (aljanaki et al., 2017). a self-built assamese database consisting of 4-emotions is used in the proposed work. assamese is a regional language from north-eastern india, primarily spoken in the state of assam. this work on emotion recognition in assamese not only addresses a significant research gap but also contributes to both academic knowledge and cultural preservation. the proposed work also uses a ravdess emotional song database consisting of 6 emotions. many researchers have performed their work using ravdess speech databases (christy et al., 2020; farooq et al., 2020), but to our best knowledge, the publications still need to address the ravdess song database using a deep-learning approach. this work focuses on selecting appropriate machine learning algorithms; therefore, a cnn-lstm (agga et al., 2022) deep learning approach is used for music emotion recognition. the remaining part of the paper is structured as follows: literature reviews have been discussed in section 2. the materials and methods including feature extraction and classification has been discussed in section 3. section 4 presents the results and discussions. section 5 concludes the paper with some possible future directions. literature review for the analysis of emotion recognition, an annotated emotional database is necessary. among the various approaches for labeling emotions in music, mainly the categorical (panda et al., 2015) and dimensional (er & esin, 2021; x. liu et al., 2017) approaches can be found in research papers related to music emotion recognition. in the categorical approach, emotions are identifying by giving labels to music excerpts such as happy, sad, angry, fearful, relaxed etc. (patra et al., 2016). hevner’s affective ring model (er & esin, 2021; patra et al., 2018) is one of the popular models in emotion research with 8 groups of emotions. in the dimensional approach, emotion is represented with dimensional space. (russell, 1980) proposed a 2d general model of affection that consists of valence and arousal as the primary dimensions (delbouys et al., 2018; weninger et al., 2014). panda et al. (2020) adopted russell’s emotion quadrant to evaluate the performance of their work for music emotion recognition by creating a public dataset of 900 audio clips. distinguishing relevant features is essential for recognizing music's emotion. zhang et al. (2016) used a random forest classifier with four emotions: happy, sad, fear, and relaxed. music audio signals are extracted using mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (mfcc), rms energy, zero-crossing rate (zcr), and fundamental frequency f0. the model tested with an emotional apm music database and the classification accuracy has shown to be 83.29%. panda et al. (2015) have shown the classification of emotional state in audio music based on both standard (253) and melodic (98) audio features. it is evident from their experiment that melodic features perform better than the standard audio features. patra et al. (2018) use acoustic features (deng & leung, 2012; kaya et al., 2020), such as rhythm, timbre, and intensity, to classify various moods of hindi and western songs. masood et al. (2016) use spectral features such as root mean square energy, brightness, roughness, spectral roll-off, skewness, and flatness for singer identification in hindi songs. rmse (root mean square error), mae (mean absolute error), and r2 (square coefficient) are used by yang (2021) in music emotion recognition using neural network technology. nowadays, machine learning and deep learning approaches are used by many researchers to recognize music emotions in a dataset. deep learning architectures achieve excellent results along with some suitable feature extraction techniques. a deep learning method of one-dimensional residual convolutional neural network (1d cnn) with the inception gate recurrent unit (gru) has been proposed by han et al. (2023). they experimented on the soundtrack dataset and observed that the proposed model performs effectively in emotion detection and classification tasks in music with an accuracy of 84%. hizlisoy et al. (2021) adopted a new turkish emotional music database with a duration of 30 seconds each, classified using the long short-term memory (lstm) and deep neural network (dnn) that has shown 99.19% accuracy. the performance of lstm+dnn is compared with knn, svm, and random forest classifiers. x. liu et al. (2017) proposed a mer method using a deep convolutional neural network (aziz, 2020). and performed the experiment on the standard cal500 and cal500exp datasets. additional effort on extracting specific features is optional in their model as it is included in the training procedure of the cnn model. he and ferguson (2022) adopted va model to experiment using bidirectional lstm model to predict emotion for the music excerpt. aljanaki et al. (2017) developed a new music dataset, mediaeval database for emotional analysis in music (deam), one of the most extensive datasets of dynamic annotation consisting of 1,802 excerpts. de benito-gorron et al. (2019) used the google audioset dataset for speech and music event detection, classified using convolutional and lstm recurrent networks that have produced an accuracy of 85%. a database amg1608 created by chen et al. (2015) contains 1,608 songs annotated by 665 subjects and represents the emotion in valence and arousal. soleymani et al. (2013) also collected a large emotional database that consisted of 1000 song samples. moodswing dataset, developed by schmidt et al. (2010), contains 240 segments of us pop songs, each lasting 15 seconds. the dataset is annotated with valence-arousal (va) annotations per second. svm, knn, and ann classifiers are used by er and esin (2021) to test their model on a new 4-class turkish music dataset for music emotion recognition. materials and methods the architecture adopted for the proposed mer has been depicted in figure 1. dutta & chanda, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 21-32 23 figure 1. mer block diagram of the proposed model the song databases used in our work are as follows: ravdess song database: the ryerson audio-visual database of emotional speech and song (ravdess) database is used to illustrate the study. the ravdess database consists of both emotional speech and song samples. it consists of 24 professional actors (12 male and 12 female) and is recorded in a north american accent. song samples contain six emotions: happy, sad, angry, calm, fearful, and neutral (no song file of actor 18). our work uses the ravdess song database comprising 1012 song samples (livingstone & russo, 2018). calm, happy, sad, angry, and fearful emotions were recorded with two levels of expression: strong and normal, except for the neutral emotion. neutral emotion was recorded in normal expression only. each sentence sample had two repetitions (livingstone & russo, 2018). assamese song database: in the proposed work, a newly created assamese song database is used, collected from five well-known singers of assam. based on selecting songs with different emotions, pre-processing is performed using audacity software, where different emotions in the lyrics are considered and separate the singer's voice from the instrumental part. the dataset contains 200 song samples with both male and female singers, and each input audio sample is 5 seconds long. the samples contain four emotions namely calm, happy, neutral, and sad. table 1 indicates the types of emotions with their properties. table 1. types of emotions and their properties emotion description/ properties signal happy the pitch value is high. sad the pitch value is low. dutta & chanda, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 21-32 24 angry high-intensity value. calm audio with calm remains uniform neutral audio without any emotion is neutral. fearful fear is considered as a negative emotion. not easy to detect. feature extraction mfcc: mfccs are a popular and effective analytical tool used in the music analysis domain. the computation of mfcc mainly involves the following operations: pre-emphasis, framing, windowing, fft, mel filter bank, and dct. in the initial steps, the music signal is divided into short frames and then fast fourier transform is applied to each frame. a bank of filters is applied to the dft/fft spectrum and then converted to log mel spectrum. in the final step, discrete cosine transform (dct) is used to calculate mfccs from the log mel spectrum (christy et al., 2020). frequency f hertz can be converted to mel scale by using equation (1). m(f) =1125 ln(1 + f ∕700) ------------------------(1) in this work, a total of forty mfcc coefficients are used. the process of extraction of mfccs is depicted in figure 2. figure 2. mfcc block diagram dutta & chanda, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 21-32 25 mel spectrogram: the mel spectrogram contains a short-time fourier transform (stft), which converts each frame from frequency scale to logarithmic mel-scale. the audio signals are passed through a bank of filters to get the mel spectrogram (zhou et al., 2021). in this work, we considered 128 mel features. chroma feature: chroma feature or chromatogram is a powerful tool in music audio analysis. also referred to as pitch class profiles, pitches can often be classified into twelve classes. each octave incorporated with 12 semitones or chroma, a feature vector of length 12 is obtained (ellis & poliner, 2007; murthy et al., 2018). in this work, twelve chroma features are considered. feature selection feature selection is the process of choosing the relevant features from the extracted features according to certain evaluation criterion. this is necessary to improve the recognition accuracy of the learning algorithm. classification methods decision tree: the decision tree is one of the widely used machine learning techniques for supervised classification where predictions are made by considering each feature in the dataset. the entire dataset is visualized as a tree with nodes in the decision tree algorithm. from the node point, the tree splits according to the value of some specific dataset feature (zuber & vidhya, 2022). first, we need to select the best attribute or feature from the entire features list of the dataset for the root node and sub-nodes. after the selection of the best feature, the dataset is divided into smaller subsets and the leaf node of a class constitutes the decision (christy et al., 2020). k-nearest neighbors: k-nearest neighbor is a relatively simple classification algorithm. in this approach, all the data points are plotted in space, and to classify a new song, the system will observe its k-nearest points in space and decide by comparing the new song with the other songs in the training dataset (jamdar et al., 2015). in knn, k is known as the nearest neighbor. the algorithm is known as the nearest neighbors algorithm when the value of k is equal to 1. in this approach, selecting the optimal value of k is quite challenging. the process is repeated for different values of k to find its optimal value. random forest: random forest is a supervised machine learning algorithm with many decision trees. it acts as ensemble learning by using which complex problems can be solved by combining many classifiers. the algorithm establishes output based on the outcomes of the decision trees. the results are determined by considering the mean or average of the outcomes from various trees. since the random forest is a collection of decision trees, increasing the number of trees gives better results and can reduce the issue of overfitting in the decision tree. thus the algorithm is more accurate than the decision tree algorithm. this algorithm can also handle missing data (christy et al., 2020; murthy et al., 2018). multi-layer perceptron (mlp): mlp is a feedforward ann consisting of three main layers of nodes: input, hidden, and output. usually, mlps are applied to supervised learning problems (bhatkar & kharat, 2015). the backpropagation algorithm is used to train the network to build a higher value at the output, representing the appropriate class as output, and all other values are low (iversen et al., 2006). long short-term memory (lstm): lstm network is a modified version of recurrent neural networks (rnns). it can handle the problem of vanishing gradient problem faced by traditional rnns (h. liu et al., 2018). the lstm network architecture consists of three gates; the first gate is called forget gate, the second is called the input gate, the third is the output gate, and the memory unit is known as cell. the memory cell is the core of the lstm network. lstm, just like a rnn, also has a hidden state known as short-term memory and the cell state is known as long-term memory. the first gate can keep the useful information coming from the previous time and forget the useless information. in the input gate, the cell tries to quantify the importance of new information. in the output gate, the cell passes the latest updated information to the next timestamp (h. liu et al., 2018; qing & niu, 2018). in bidirectional lstm, the output is generated by a forward and backward layer. this work creates an lstm model with two bidirectional lstm layers. the first layer has a parameter return sequences which is set to zero to get all the hidden state. 'relu' activation function is used with this layer. it is followed by another bidirectional lstm layer with 100 neurons. convolutional neural networks: convolutional neural networks (cnn) are one of the most popular algorithms in the field of deep learning. cnn can be applied in speech, audio, image, and video processing. cnn combines three layers: convolutional layers, pooling layers, and fully connected layers (mustaqeem & kwon, 2019). the first convolutional layer has some filters to apply to input and extracts features from the data matrix. the pooling layer is used to reduce or downsample the data matrix. different pooling operations used in cnns are max pooling, min pooling, mean pooling and average pooling. the last component of cnn architecture is the fully connected (fc) layer. the final pooling layer output is flattened and fed to the fully connected layer. this layer is used for extracting features and then fed to a suitable classifier like 'softmax'. in our model, we have been using a 1d convolution layer to deal with audio signals. initially, we chose 64 numbers of filters and 'relu' as the activation function. the pooling layer with a pool size of 8 follows it. we have created a fully connected layer using the 256 'dense' layers. the final output ‘dense’ layer used the ‘softmax’ activation function with six nodes. dutta & chanda, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 21-32 26 proposed cnn-lstm model: cnn-lstm is a hybrid deep learning (hdl) model that combines cnn and lstm layers (aksan et al., 2023; kim et al., 2013; tasdelen & sen, 2021). in this hybrid model, the cnn layer extracts features from the input data, and then cnn output is fed to the lstm layer as input data to provide sequence prediction (tasdelen & sen, 2021). this helps the lstm to get features from the input data that cnn has recognized. the cnn-lstm can be applied for activity recognition, image, and video labeling. the proposed cnn-lstm model integrated several layers. initially, we use two convolutional layers with the ‘relu’ activation function and with 64 and 128 numbers of neurons, respectively. this is followed by the max-pooling layer with a pool size of 4 and the dropout layer. after this, another convolutional layer with the activation function relu was built, followed by the max-pooling and dropout layers. lstm layer is used with 100 neurons followed by a dropout layer. the final output ‘dense’ layer uses 6 neurons with a ‘softmax’ activation function. as the optimizer, ‘adam’ with a learning rate of 0.001 and the 'categorical_crossentropy' loss function has been used. the structure of the cnn-lstm model is shown in figure 3. the proposed cnn-lstm structure of the layer can be described as follows: con1d layer (filters:64, filter size:10, relu activation) + conv1d layer (filters:128, filter size:10, relu activation) + maxpooling1d ( polling size:4) + dropout (0.4) + conv1d layer (filters:128, filter size:10, relu activation) + maxpooling1d ( polling size:4) + dropout (0.4) + lstm layer (neurons: 100) + dropout (0.4) + dense layer (neurons: 6, softmax activation). figure 3. the structure of the proposed cnn-lstm model results and discussions both the assamese and ravdess databases are divided into training and testing samples. out of these samples, 80% of data are used for training, and 20% of data are used for testing purposes. the individual performances of each feature category have been constructed, and the accuracy values obtained with different classifiers are shown in table 2. the overall comparison of accuracies is depicted in figure 4 for the entire classification model, in which the classification accuracy of the cnn-lstm model is better compared to the other classification models. the results are presented in terms of accuracy (eq.(2)), recall (eq. (3)), precision (eq.(4)), and fmeasure (eq. (5)) (hizlisoy et al., 2021). the value of accuracy is calculated using the equation as defined in eq. (2). accuracy= (true positive+true negative)/(true positive+true negative+false positive+false negative) ----------(2) table 2. emotion recognition accuracy of different classifiers sl no. classifiers accuracy in % for assamese dataset accuracy in % for ravdess song dataset 1 decision tree 72.50 60.59 2 kneighbors 65.00 78.33 3 random forest 82.50 81.28 4 lstm 77.50 81.77 5 mlp 80.00 82.76 6 cnn 82.50 87.68 7 cnn-lstm 85.00 89.66 figure 4. overall classification accuracy 6 0 .5 9 7 8 .3 3 8 1 .2 8 8 1 .7 7 8 2 .7 6 8 7 .6 8 8 9 .6 6 7 2 .5 6 5 8 2 .5 7 7 .5 8 0 8 2 .5 8 5 d e c i s i o n t r e e k n e i g h b o r s r a n d o m f o r e s t l s t m m l p c n n c n n + l s t m ravdess dataset assamese dataset dutta & chanda, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 21-32 27 the confusion matrix of emotion recognition with cnn-lstm classifiers are depicted in table 3. the confusion matrix shows how the results of the classification model are distributed over the whole sets of emotion classes. the matrix evaluates the performance of a classification model. for example, in table 3, in the third row, 42 samples belong to the target class happy. out of which, 38 samples are correctly classified by the model and 4 samples are misclassified as calm. therefore the classification accuracy for that particular emotion is 90.48%. this percentage is known as recall value. recall= true positive true positive+false negative -------------------------(3) similarly, in table 4, in the fourth column, out of 9 samples, 8 samples correctly belong to the target class sad, and 1 sample is misclassified as calm. thus the percentage of the correctly classified sample is 88.89%. this value is called the precision value. precision= true positive true positive+false positive -----------------------(4) f-measure is the harmonic mean of precision and recall value and provides a test model's accuracy. it combines precision and recall into a single value representing both properties. if the value of precision and recall is 1, then this gives a best f-measure score of 1. f-measure= 2 ×precision ×recall 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛+𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 --------------------------------(5) based on the confusion matrix in table 3 and table 4, a set of evaluation measures have been calculated, as shown in table 5 and table 6. table 3. confusion matrix for ravdess song dataset using cnn-lstm classifier table 4. confusion matrix for assamese song dataset using cnn-lstm classifier for the ravdess song dataset, the cnn-lstm model trained with 281,286 parameters and with 200 epochs has shown an accuracy of 89.66%. the model accuracy with cnn-lstm classifiers and the corresponding model loss is shown in figure 5 figure 5. model accuracy and the corresponding model loss for the ravdess dataset using cnn-lstm classifier for the assamese dataset, the cnn-lstm model trained with 338,724 parameters and with 100 epochs has shown an accuracy of 85.00%. the model accuracy with cnn-lstm classifiers and the corresponding model loss is shown in figure 6. emotions neutral calm happy sad angry fearful neutral 25 0 0 0 0 0 calm 0 28 0 0 0 0 happy 0 4 38 0 0 0 sad 0 0 1 23 0 4 angry 0 0 0 0 41 3 fearful 0 1 0 5 3 27 emotions calm happy neutral sad calm 10 4 0 1 happy 1 6 0 0 neutral 0 0 10 0 sad 0 0 0 8 dutta & chanda, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 21-32 28 figure 6. model accuracy and the corresponding model loss for the assamese dataset using cnn-lstm classifier table 5. evaluation measures for ravdess song dataset using cnn-lstm classifier table 6. evaluation measures for assamese song dataset using cnn-lstm classifier the emotion detection of song samples using the ravdess song dataset is shown in figure 7, and the assamese dataset is shown in figure 8 using cnn-lstm. the line graph for emotion detection with different classifiers using the ravdess song dataset is shown in figure 9, and the assamese dataset is shown in figure 10. a comparative analysis is done with the proposed work and some of the research papers on music emotion recognition, tabulated in table 7. figure 7. emotion detection with cnn-lstm classifier for ravdess dataset evaluation measure/ emotion precision recall f-measure neutral 1.00 1.00 1.00 calm 0.85 1.00 0.92 happy 0.97 0.90 0.94 sad 0.82 0.82 0.82 angry 0.93 0.93 0.93 fearful 0.79 0.75 0.77 evaluation measure/ emotion precision recall f-measure calm 0.91 0.67 0.77 happy 0.60 0.86 0.71 neutral 1.00 1.00 1.00 sad 0.89 1.00 0.94 dutta & chanda, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 21-32 29 figure 8. emotion detection with cnn-lstm classifier for assamese dataset figure 9. emotion detection with different classifiers for the ravdess dataset figure 10. emotion detection with different classifiers for the assamese dataset dutta & chanda, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 21-32 30 table 7. some of the significant works on music emotion recognition reference paper database emotion model number of emotions /approach methods (features and classifiers) best result (accuracy in %) proposed mer model ravdees song database assamese song database categorical categorical neutral, calm, happy, sad, angry, fearful calm, happy, neutral, sad mfcc, mel spectrogram, and chroma; decision tree, random forest, multi-layer perceptron (mlp), k-nearest neighbours, lstm, cnn, cnn-lstm 89.66 85.00 han et al. (2023) soundtrack dimensional valence and arousal 1d-cnn based on the optimized inception –gru residual structure, svm 84.27 he and ferguson (2022) pmemo and allmusic dimensional valence and arousal bidirectional-lstm (bilstm) 79.01 (valence) 83.62 (arousal) er and esin (2021) turkish music dataset categorical happy, sad, angry, relax svm, knn, and ann; rms energy, tempo, spectrum centroid, spectral entropy, zcr, mfcc, chroma 79.30 yang (2021) mediaeval emotion in music (mem) dimensional valence and arousal artificial bee colony (abc) algorithm; rmse, mae, and r2 mae: valence=0.8872 arousal=0.9156 hizlisoy et al. (2021) turkish emotional music database dimensional valence and arousal knn, rf, svm; lstm+dnn 99.19 de benito-gorron et al. (2019) google audioset mel spectrum/mel spectrogram, cnn-lstm 84.20 zhang et al. (2016) apm music database categorical happy, sad, fear, relax mfcc, rms energy, zero crossing rate (zcr), fundamental frequency f0; random forest 83.29 jamdar et al. (2015) last.fm website (a popular social musical discovery website) categorical calm, energetic, dance, happy, sad, romantic, seductive, hopeful, angry enery, tempo, danceability; knearest neighbors 83.40 conclusions this research work proposed a hybrid deep learning cnn-lstm model to identify music emotion and compare its performance with other classifiers to predict the music emotion in assamese and ravdess song databases. this research first classifies the features of music in a combined form for emotion classification, and a total of 180 features are extracted using mfcc, mel spectrogram, and chroma features. secondly, combined 1d-cnn and bidirectional lstm neural network models are constructed to verify the recognition results of the databases. finally, the evaluation measure is performed in terms of precision, recall, and f-measure, and it is observed that, in terms of performance evaluation, the proposed cnnlstm model can be employed to achieve better results in recognizing music emotions for both the assamese and ravdess song databases compared to other models. in this study, introducing a new assamese song dataset deep learning algorithm and identifying relevant features of mer enhance the theoretical contributions to the mer literature. regarding practical implications, the mer studies highlight its ability to recognize and respond to a listener's emotional state, offering significant support for both music recommender systems and mental health applications. in the future, the model's accuracy can be further enhanced by choosing relevant features and investigating new classification models that can perform effectively in all evaluation metrics. we will also study the performance of the proposed model with different emotional music databases. author contributions: conceptualization, j.d. and d.c.; methodology, j.d.; software, j.d.; validation, j.d. and d.c.; formal analysis, j.d. and d.c.; investigation, j.d.; resources, j.d. and d.c.; data curation, j.d., writing – original draft preparation j.d.; writing – review & editing, j.d. and d.c.; visualization, j.d.; supervision, d.c.; project administration, j.d.; funding acquisition, j.d. and d.c. author has read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study due to the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the ravdess data described in this research paper are openly available at https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/uwrfkaggler/ravdess-emotional-song-audio. the assamese data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references agga, a., abbou, a., labbadi, m., houm, y. e., & ali, i. h. o. 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(2022, july). detection and analysis of emotion recognition from speech signals using decision tree and comparing with support vector machine. in 2022 international conference on innovative computing, intelligent communication and smart electrical systems (icses) (pp. 1-5). ieee. https://doi.org/10.1109/icses55317.2022.9914046 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 35-43 35 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 7 no 1 (2023) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa smart and intelligent production strategy for the flower market using data mining knowledge-based decision tanjea ane (a)1 tabatshum nepa (b) mahfuzur rahman khan (c) (a) assistant professor, department of computer science and information technology, faculty of agriculture, bangabandhu sheikh mujibur rahman agricultural university, salna, gazipur-1706, bangladesh; e-mail: tanjea@bsmrau.edu.bd (b) department of social policy, school of history and social sciences, bangor university, bangor, gwynedd, north wales, ll57 2dg, united kingdom; e-mail: niipa.ju35@gmail.com (c) department of business administration, faculty of bachelor of business administration, university of asia pacific, bangladesh, e-mail: shaon2028@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 8th august 2023 revised: 16th october 2023 accepted: 27th october 2023 published: 31st october 2023 keywords: production strategy, computer application, data mining, knowledge based decision, association rule. jel classification codes: q130, q160, q180 a b s t r a c t the agriculture industry has been an enormous economic pillar in the production and consumption market value chain. the agriculture industry resets flower production factors with the agricultural technology revolution. the fastest technology provides innovative and intelligent decision-making strategies in seasonal cut flowers to increase production. this study briefs out existing farming practices, chain activity and farming technology’s significant impacts on the agriculture field and garden industry. authors try to investigate cut flower production status and analyze production values to design innovative and intelligent strategies, especially for seasonal flower production. the study employs a flower dataset; hence, it applies floral parameter inputs and data mining association rules to create an output of the flower production category, which fits appropriately to evaluate flower market production value in a particular season. the article's result reveals that the proposed flower production strategy provides efficient and intelligent guidelines to increase flower production according to market demand. this study suggests an intelligent and friendly production strategy for gardeners that indicates the flower market gets continuous and quality production to meet consumers’ immediate market demand. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction we, the people globally, can see agricultural evolutionary trends in society. a more updated policy for agriculture is called sustainable agriculture, demanding a change in traditional farming output. once conventional agriculture caused harmful effects in the agricultural framework, farming sites went through awful aftermath decisions about crops. now, the agricultural industry is looking forward to adopting sustainable police for modern farming practices. the agricultural product market has an excellent contribution to sustainable management. sustainable agriculture farming principles experienced in agricultural ecology integrate market production and supply units, according to das et al. (2020). agriculture has both positive and negative impacts on the economy and human civilization. to meet global food demand, agriculture practices should be modified in how producers practice to produce more food, as claimed by authors (pierrette et al., 2021). sustainable agricultural practices are urgently needed to be promoted in the world production industry. among them, a few categories are mentioned, i.e., pest control, farming mechanization, nutrient management, natural agroforestry, and soil and water management to improve agricultural practices to achieve sustainable agriculture. another article (reganold et al., 1990) stated that once agriculture was worst envy in case to produce food with labour efficiency, then started to apply chemicals and fertilizers and improved with mechanization in contrary damaging soil fertility. hence, conventional agriculture practices became industrialized and achieved sustainable goals for high production criteria. the industrial revolution significantly affected agriculture (ane & yasmin, 2019) and integrated technology with agriculture to develop agricultural farming principles. more powerful computing devices are connected to farming activities 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-0329-8626 © 2023 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, u.s.a. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v7i1.2110 to cite this article: ane, t., nepa, t., & khan, m. r. (2023). smart and intelligent production strategy for the flower market using data mining knowledge-based decision. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 7(1), 35-43. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v7i1.2110 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0329-8626 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v7i1.2110 https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1745-7025 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6891-0326 ane et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 35-43 36 published in a review article (pongnumkul et al., 2015), such as smartphones, because their mobility behaves with natural activity changes. producers efficiently work in fields with smartphone applications that are user-friendly to apply in fieldwork. sensor devices are embedded, such as motion sensors, environmental sensors and position sensors. these sensors provide force, surroundings, environment, and position measurements to smartphones through communication channels. sensors in smartphones are used in farm work and activities. however, more research has been found to keep sustainable agriculture by developing agronomic practices and improving food security through soil management. white et al. (2012) proposed that soil contains optimum mineral elements for living organisms and good soil management also ensures sufficient nutrients for organisms. due to the global population, changing climate and market pressure (wang et al., 2017) need to accelerate production in agriculture. authors suggest agriculture immediately needs breeding crops with higher production. hence, advanced genomic processes can make fast crop breeding. to improve both productivity and sustainability, application genomics in agriculture is a rapid requirement comparing the growth of the population. then, agriculture experienced the application of nanotechnology (sabir et al., 2014) in farming practice. nanotechnology transforms conventional agriculture into a new form with emerging technology which spreads fertilizer and pesticides in controlled order and accelerates crop production to reach the target position, also reducing crop loss. the authors recommend adapting this technology to make sustainable agriculture management. besides, more engineering and i.c.t. technological practices have been conveyed in several farming activities. engineering occurs in agricultural farming practices recorded in a few articles. researchers (mo et al., 2014) established the idea of reusing materials to create lightweight products and emphasized that many waste materials are used to produce productive output. waste material can damage the sound environment made by industry and can be applied for further processing input. iot and cloud computing-based technology are applicable in fixing farming challenges investigated by (awan et al., 2021). iot technology can track environment monitoring, having the ability to diagnose and control the agricultural environment. technology and engineering make conventional farming practice intelligent farming. however, iot-based agriculture protocol requires low energy and is more stable with solid network connectivity. furthermore, to improve agricultural products and value chains, researchers conducted sensor and ict-based data analytic procedures to transform agriculture into knowledge-intensive production agriculture. basnet and bang (2018) reviewed the article and explained that industrial zone agriculture gets through small and large-scale production criteria. they also proposed that sensor fusion and wireless sensor networks can get more data insights that reduce single technology or sensor limitations. i.c.t. establishes value chain activity and adds commercial value to agriculture. to commercialize agricultural crop article (kanwar & kumar, 2008) responds to different cultural media. therefore, the modern gardening system follows technology-based information management system research conducted by (wang et al., 2010) to help the urban garden management system and integrated decision-making platform for designing, planning, simulation and programming for garden management, including planting, seeding, harvesting, maintenance and monitoring, depending on technological processes. cad (computer-aided designing) developed for landscape gardening in a review article (tiwari et al., 2016)—technology-designed cad tools to create 2d and 3d gardening models using computer-specified software. then, flower production in market demand became a vital research topic. article (prodhan et al., 2017) studied cut and seasonal flower production and found that gerbera flower is weather long-lasting, has a unique beauty and more demand in the flower market—tissue culture for gerbera proposed by (navya et al. 2017). also, i.c.t., cloud computing, and switching technology emerged in farming activities to shift practices towards modern farming cultures. cloud computing client-server technology directs agriculture in future generations (abbasi et al., 2019) since data generated from plants or soils are heterogeneous, and an enormous amount needs to be connected by cloud applications for sustainable agriculture. iot and i.c.t. are ample support duration for rural viet nam, presented by kaila and tarp (2019), internet access and agricultural production that could be used for efficient agrarian applications. band and ingole (2019) proposed innovative solar pump-switching technology for farming activities. studies covered flower gardening, iot impacts on gardening, and thoughtful design planning for gardening conducted research by rayhan and rashid (2020) focus on gerbera flowers by horticulture dept. in bangladesh, gerbera plots can be grown on all types of soil with moist conditions; another article (giri & beura, 2020) researched practices' effects on hybrid gerbera flowers. agricultural iot develops planning and design for innovative flower gardening (jia, 2021). in the u.k., farm businesses adopt internet technology for agricultural business production (warren, 2004). in contrast, farmers are using internet technology in agricultural practices and related commercial companies with farming, business whereas farming results starkly compared to general agricultural business output. near future agricultural practice will achieve online materials and suggestions for all sectors, statistics summary picked from nepal and bangladesh agriculturist graduates study (ane & nepa, 2021). therefore, gardening on farms demands a smart production strategy. at the same time, gardeners may make intelligent planting decision just in time and apply industrial local and export market production plan to benefit economically by reducing manual labour gardening cost. therefore, this study’s aim is to design innovative and intelligent production strategies for the flower market, suggesting that gardeners follow computer knowledge-based decisions in industrial flower production. furthermore, production strategy helps flower producers to meet flower market demands with appropriate choices as well as enables them to verify different flower market cultures among the agriculture industrial community. the paper is organized into several sections, such as an introduction briefing on the modern technological farming practice in the industry, technology development activity in gardening, and different research production scenarios for the flower gardens. section of materials and methods, describe the proposed gardening strategy, flowchart steps discussion. the result and discussion section presents experimental output in graphics and production outcome aspects, and the conclusion section summarizes study findings, its limitations and future research applications. ane et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 35-43 37 materials and methods flowchart steps for strategy the following flowchart, figure 1, describes a proposed smart and intelligent working strategy for flower market production in a research experiment. the model takes flower specifications as input parameters, i.e., colour, bloom, growth, shape, size, and petal quality. input data needs to be processed into information. to identify flower production categories k-nn data mining algorithm is designed to plot similar and dissimilar flower data into categories. applied algorithms produce information from raw data facts—association rules in the data mining approach form knowledge for process application. knowledge applications forward the data information to the decision stage. decision value matches whether to market demand; then flowers are ready to supply unless there are further steps to follow for alternate decisions. alternative decisions are iterative looping to generate knowledge since another decision is requested to meet the market. therefore, the right decision depends on the current flower parameter. model flowchart allows gardeners to decide about flower production based on data inputs and generated knowledge information. this automatic computer application decision helps the gardeners to predict which action to perform next. figure 1. flowchart for intelligent decision in flower production data mining algorithm data mining in flower agricultural enterprises creates immense opportunities to explore data and make a relationship form between necessary hidden patterns of data. a study (milovic & radojevic, 2015) carried out on data mining applications for agriculture and data mining finds rules from data to make decision patterns for unknown data objects. the k-nn algorithm is very closely planned for a prediction about flower classification because it does not require a training dataset before sorting. then it can be easily classified into a few categories using the kn.n. algorithm edited by steinbach and tan (2009). this article applied the k-nn data mining algorithm and designed an algorithm model for the study (figure 2). the algorithm draws six categories for the flowers dataset. each colour gerbera groups into flower types before separating the training and testing dataset. binary classification is applied for decision control work described in the article (bahel et al., 2020; issac et al., 2021). the binary classification works on computer decision control applications, so we select a binary classifier for multi-class identification of the flowers dataset. that learns data classification to outcome decisions. classifiers identify flowers in multi-class contains variables, i.e., flowers dataset and levels like flowers in the multi-category. figure 2. k-nn algorithm applied for flower production strategy to learn the data model, the whole dataset is divided into train and test datasets. the training dataset is organized, and the distance value is used to classify the test dataset into flower categories. amont datapoints distance metrics (dt) is calculated while x and y are variables of data points, n is the number of total observations, as following euclidean distance equation1, ane et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 35-43 38 dt (𝑋, 𝑌) = √∑ (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑦𝑖) 2𝑛−1 𝑖=0 ………(1) computer application for decision process the data pre-processing steps of computer application for smart and intelligent production strategy is shown in figure 3. firstly, import the data libraries in the implementation file. the flowers database containing flower parameters such as colour, petal quality, bloom time, and flower status needs to load in a computer execution file. flower input dataset load in computer memory .cvs format. the dataset has 3000 entries with four data variables. in summer, autumn and winter, the flower growing rate is different, so the experiment accepts different range samples for observations in each seasonal output. split the dataset for analyzing dataset into train and test data. data mining algorithms applied for flower classification and association rules find knowledge-based rules for the outcome as a decision. finally, computer decisions are graphically viewed by experts or gardeners to analyze market production decisions on flower gardening. figure 3. pre-processing steps for strategy association rule in data mining association rules data mining plots independently different raw data that happens repeatedly within the extensive database. data classification provides several categories where each class has similar samples, i.e., each category dataset matches or is closer to other categories. association rule was established, and the flower data sample showed a strong relationship. the association rule analyzes the whole dataset and classifies the dataset into category decide on flower production in three seasons. defined rules for data occurrence numbers as counting support(sd) and confidence(cd) numbers for data observations by following equations expression2, if xvalue = { fn1,fn2,fn3,fn4} then {yvalue} …………..(2) analyzed data are observed to margin into support and confidence frequency numbers. evaluation expression is measured as support count (sd) and confidence count (cd) occurrence. in contrast, data value occurrence is defined as 𝝈, the observation set is n, and the data variable is denoted as fn. the rule satisfies the following equation expressions: 3 and 4. sd = 𝜎 ({fn1,fn2,fn3,fn4}) / | n | ……………………….(3) cd = 𝜎 (fn1,fn2,fn3,fn4) / (fn1,fn2,fn3) ………………(4) association rule data mining helps to define similar and dissimilar flower groups by observing frequently occurring patterns. this study makes information including rule1, rule2 and rule3. information generates knowledge by analyzing flowers' different categories. knowledge presents meaningful parameters that act as decision outcomes. the study developed three rules to construct information to establish knowledge and then come into production decisions. each decision is applied to knowledge extracted from data information. rules work, for instance, is following figure 4. figure 4. association rules data mining. raw data is extracted to make information that constructs knowledge. a decision is made by computer applications based on knowledge working principle. ane et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 35-43 39 research area and dataset for design and experiment purposes, a gerbera flower garden is prepared. three thousand survey data entries are primarily selected with six different colours. the detailed profile is listed in figure 5. gerbera garden area is located near tangail district (beltiabari) in dhaka division, bangladesh. the garden land of 0.5 acres was prepared for gerbera plantation. gerbera daisies (gerbera jamesonii) are bright, colourful and seasonal cut flowers. gerbera daisies have yellow, orange, pink, lavender and red and more plants are preferred for the flower market. figure 5. six cultivars of gerbera daisies plant (a-f) garden preparation and management the garden plant requires a bed height of 45 cm and width of 60 cm, i.e., on bed preparation, there are two flower planting rows: one plant to second plant horizontally space 37.5 cm and vertically 30 cm. we follow functional gardening plan management that requires an open ventilated playhouse; it takes sufficient light intensity from nature for cultivation, and following garden management practice ensures maximum output (home et al., 2018; maitra et al., 2020). gerbera requires approximately 500 to 700 ml of water per plant daily. the soil of gerbera beds is to be kept moist, but excess water should be avoided. thus, our gerbera garden is prepared with 2024 square metres of playhouse area with 3000 seeds for cultivation. the gerbera plant bed is shown in figure 6. the authors outline three different times for gerbera cultivation in bangladesh perspective. due to geographical diversion, data samples are collected at four-month intervals around the year. gerbera is a three-year flower commercially cultivated in a garden. an average of 80-90 days is required to bloom after first plant cultivation. a recent year (march, 2022-february, 2023) was chosen to plant the gerbera flowers and collected data in 3 times (in winter, summer, autumn) of four-month intervals. so natural climate effects can be retrieved, and extracted data are stored in the flower dataset before 11 a.m. and in the evening before 6 p.m., the preferred time selected for gerbera harvesting. figure 6. bed preparation for gerbera cultivation under polyhouse. plants’ bed height is 45 cm and width 60 cm; plants require spaces between horizontally 37.5 cm and vertically 30 cm. results and discussions in the proposed strategy, attention must be drawn to ensure effective and quality number output rather than productive less number flower supply. the supportive, innovative application acts as farm guidance for monitoring flower plant production for the best outcome through the intelligent system; thus, gardeners are confident using intelligent strategy and application to understand computational market value and feel interested in innovative gardening. data mining smart application for gerbera garden makes an innovative bridge between producers by adding additional skilled power to gardeners; figures 7, 8 and 9 show the proposed strategy output circumstances in summer, autumn and winter, respectively. winter record results show that flower status usually is growing, colourful blooming is peak value, and poor petal quality is equal to zero on the graph plane (figure 7). graph point recommends that yellow and orange flowers have average growth, bright colour and a good number in production. the pink colour flower has dissimilarity from other coloured flowers. pink gerbera flower condition is not good, and fragile flowers are blooming. among plants, 300 flower plants are ane et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 35-43 40 weak. few are delay bloomed. fifty plants have poor petal quality. yellow, orange and pink gerbera plants are equal numbers in production units. figure 7. production output and outcome flower decision in winter gerbera cultivars, i.e., pink, orange and yellow colours, are picked and experimented in winter environments. yellow gerbera summarized that flowers have a good supply in market demand. no weak flowers are bloomed in season among the dataset. the highest flower stalks, usually with brightness, bloomed. data mining applications decide if yellow gerbera can meet user demand by gerbera production, then decide any alternative decisions for orange or pink colour gerbera production and supply in the winter season. gardeners may get production numbers and solutions to produce more yellow gerbera flowers. the outcome of the flower decision chart is shown in figure 7. summer records in flower production say that harvesting time temperature is between 20-270c recorded. after winter results, most of the plants are not equal level to the experiment. then, only 1500 gerbera flower plants are selected. there are also six different colours. each plant is 250 for observations due to high temperatures in the summer march to june period considered for data surveying. data sample orange, pink, and lavender flower plants combination is taken. here, three colours of flowers are typically grown. orange and pink colours are more bright and blooming than lavender gerbera. however, the lavender gerbera 135 plants are delayed to grow. all lavenders are good-quality petal flowers. pink gerbera is better than the winter result. this time, orange, pink, and lavender gerbera plants are at average levels in production units—figure 8 shows a statistical view of summer flower decision. figure 8. production output and outcome flower decision in summer gerbera cultivars, i.e., orange, pink, and lavender colours, are picked and experimented with in summer environments. pink gerbera summarized that flowers have less delayed blooming and poor petal quality. large flower stalks production with brightness has average growth. data mining applications decide whether pink gerbera can meet user demand by gerbera production, then decide any alternative decisions for orange or lavender colour gerbera production and supply high production in the summer season. gardeners may get good production numbers and solutions to produce more pink gerbera flowers. the outcome flower decision chart is shown in figure 8. survey result outcomes in autumn specify that four gerbera colour flowers, red, white, pink, and yellow combination, were measured for result analysis. newly red and white are experimented and the rest, pink and yellow, are repeated colours in winter and summer. the majority of red is weak conditions. others have a few poor petals and delayed flower growth. average growing and bright flowers are less produced than the other two times. figure 9 shows a statistical view of autumn flower decisions on the gerbera flower. ane et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 35-43 41 figure 9. production output and outcome flower decision in autumn gerbera cultivars i.e., red, white, pink and yellow colors, are picked and experimented in summer environments. red gerbera summarized that flowers have less production performance in the season, large flower stalks are weak conditions, so demand for red colour is below the mark, and flowers have obstacles in normal growing, and flowers are not bright colours. data mining applications decide in autumn; red gerbera production is no sound output, then any alternative decisions for white, pink and yellow colour gerbera production and supply in the autumn season. gardeners may get production numbers and solutions to produce whiter, pink and yellow gerbera flowers. the outcomes flower decision graphical chart is shown in figure 9. conclusion in conclusion, it is a revolutionary time for gardeners’ interest in flower agriculture to apply wise production decisions and intelligent flower plantation strategies. flower market dimensions are changing in competitive market design, forwarding gardening concepts from village to urban areas; the authors proposed a thoughtful and intelligent production strategy for flower gardens that helps gardeners to apply knowledge-based decisions to reduce multiple bottlenecks in the flower market. judgement would be brilliant to solve significant due to flower market threats and managing consumer demand in any complicated situation. the study has experimental limitations applied to flower garden datasets. next, we will take actual market production data and design an a.i. (artificial intelligence) interface with agricultural technology to predict smart flower production decisions that may apply to existing flower markets. now is the right time for garden industrialization, when gardeners need good ideas for production and consumption. to meet growing flower plantation demand, innovative application in gardening is essential to boost quality production and proper supply in the market. author contributions: conceptualization, t.a., t.n. and m.r.k.; data curation, t.a.; methodology, t.a.; validation, t.a.; visualization, m.m.u.; formal analysis, t.a., t.n. and m.r.k.; investigation, t.a., t.n. and m.r.k.; resources, t.a.; writing original draft, t.a., t.n. and m.r.k.; writing review & editing, t.a., t.n. and m.r.k.; supervision, t.a.; software, t.a.; project administration, t.a.; funding acquisition, t.a., t.n. and m.r.k. all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgement: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references ane, t., & yasmin, s. 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(2017). the promise of agriculture genomics. international journal of genomics, 2017(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9743749 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 45-54 45 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 2 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa vader sentiment analysis on twitter: predicting price trends and daily returns in india’s stock market amlan baruah (a)1 banajit changkakati (b) (a)research scholar, department of business administration, gauhati university, guwahati, india; e-mail: baruahamlan0@gmail.com (b)associate professor, department of business administration, gauhati university, guwahati, india; e-mail: banajitc@gauhati.ac.in a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 11th may 2024 reviewed & revised: 11th may to 20th july 2024 accepted: 25th july 2024 published: 28th july 2024 keywords: stock trend prediction, sentiment analysis, text mining, stock market, indian stock market, machine learning, vader algorithm jel classification codes: g14, g17, c55, d85 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method a b s t r a c t the study explores the effectiveness of sentiment analysis in predicting stock price movements, specifically focusing on the indian stock market. the study investigates the reliability of social media sentiment analysis in financial markets and its implications for investors and traders. the research utilizes a sample of twitter data comprising tweets containing hashtags related to the state bank of india (sbi), used as a representative sample of the broader indian stock market, collected from january 2021 to february 2024. the valence aware dictionary for sentiment reasoning (vader) algorithm was employed to analyse the sentiment of the twitter data. machine learning methods, including random forest, xgboost, and adaboost, were used to integrate sentiment scores with technical indicators for predicting stock price trends. the results reveal that using only sentiment analysis achieved an accuracy of around 60% in predicting stock price direction. however, this accuracy increased to 70% with the adaboost method, 79% with the xgboost method, and 82% with the random forest method combined with technical indicators while increasing the f1 scores from 0.4 to 0.8 in all three methods. integrating sentiment analysis with technical indicators enhances financial market predictions by combining realtime investor sentiment with empirical historical data, leading to more accurate and adaptive trading strategies. sentiment score was found to have a strong positive correlation with positive daily returns compared to negative daily returns, indicating that higher positive sentiment is associated with increased returns. although negative sentiment exhibits a statistically significant correlation with daily returns, it shows a weaker positive association. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction in recent times, amidst the surge of social media interaction in the digital era, vast amounts of data covering diverse topics are consistently generated and deposited within social media platforms. this reservoir of data stands as the contemporary equivalent of a goldmine, brimming with valuable information. within this landscape, twitter sentiment analysis has emerged as a potent instrument in stock prediction. by harnessing the extensive real-time data flow on platforms such as x (formerly twitter), analysts can delve into sentiments expressed in tweets related to specific stocks or financial markets, thereby uncovering valuable insights into investor sentiment, market trends, and potential price movements. this innovative approach to stock forecasting is based on the extraction, measurement, and analysis of sentiment from tweets using machine learning and natural language processing techniques. whether positive or negative, these sentiments can serve as early indicators of shifts in market sentiment, empowering traders and investors to make more astute decisions. integrating sentiment analysis with machine learning and natural language processing methodologies has revolutionized stock forecasting strategies. whether identifying positive or negative sentiments, these analyses empower traders and investors to enhance decision-making processes, complementing traditional financial analysis methods. recently, several studies have explored using vader (valence aware dictionary and sentiment reasoner) for sentiment analysis in stock price prediction. vader, a lexicon and rule-based tool, has shown superior accuracy in analysing sentiments from news headlines and social media compared to traditional machine learning algorithms (ekaputri & akbar, 2022; soni & mathur, 2023). researchers have combined vader with other techniques like lstm to create 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0002-0353-0990 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i2.2226 to cite this article: baruah, a., & changkakati, b. (2024). vader sentiment analysis on twitter: predicting price trends and daily returns in india’s stock market. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(2), 45-54. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i2.2226 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i2.2226 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0353-0990 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1802-8891 baruah & changkakati, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 45-54 46 hybrid models for improved stock price forecasting (dutta et al., 2021). these approaches consider both time-series data and sentiment analysis to predict intra-day stock movements. some studies have modified vader by incorporating financial lexicons to enhance its performance in the financial domain (ekaputri & akbar, 2022). the integration of vaderbased sentiment analysis with traditional stock metrics has also been explored, resulting in accurate stock recommendation systems (rao et al., 2022). this paper follows this general direction of integrating sentiment analysis and time-series data in the financial markets. despite advancements in sentiment analysis for stock prediction, a critical gap persists in understanding whether sentiment analysis offers more dependable signals compared to traditional methods when applied independently or in conjunction. this gap warrants investigation to ascertain sentiment analysis's reliability and comparative advantage in forecasting price trends and daily return fluctuations within the indian stock market. the primary objective of this study is to ascertain the effectiveness of sentiment analysis in predicting price trends and daily return fluctuations within the indian stock market. specifically, we aim to evaluate whether sentiment analysis provides more dependable signals compared to traditional methods when used singularly or combined with other methods. to achieve this, we utilize tweets data and financial data pertaining to the state bank of india (sbi) as a representative sample of the broader indian stock market. the remainder of the paper is organized as follows: the second section provides a comprehensive literature review of several key previous studies and presents the hypotheses. the third section describes the data and methodologies used to reach our research conclusions. the fourth section presents our experiments' results, while the fifth section offers a detailed discussion of our findings. the conclusion summarizes the research and its key points in the final section. literature review in the rapidly evolving landscape of stock market forecasting, sentiment analysis has emerged as a crucial tool for understanding and predicting market movements. the literature review explores various themes surrounding this field, emphasizing the development and evaluation of sentiment analysis tools and their application in financial contexts. studies highlight the significant impact of sentiment analysis on stock market prediction, showcasing how sentiment extracted from social media platforms like twitter can provide valuable insights into investor behavior and stock returns. one prevalent theme revolves around developing and evaluating sentiment analysis tools tailored for specific contexts. hutto and gilbert (2014) introduce (valence aware dictionary and sentiment reasoner (vader), a sentiment analysis tool designed for microblog-like platforms, showcasing its superiority over existing tools through a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. the authors emphasize the importance of human expertise in the tool's development process, leading to remarkable results in sentiment analysis within computer science. another significant theme centers on the impact of sentiment analysis on stock market prediction. feng et al. (2017) investigate the relationship between market sentiment and the effectiveness of technical trading approaches, finding that technical indicators perform better during periods of high sentiment, particularly for small stocks. similarly, deng et al. (2011) propose a stock price prediction model that integrates features from both time series data and social networks, outperforming traditional methods in predicting stock prices. these studies highlight the potential of sentiment analysis to improve the accuracy of stock market forecasts. sentiment analysis on social media significantly impacts stock trends by providing valuable insights into investor sentiments and predicting stock returns. studies like those by chang et al. (2021) and gu and kurov (2020) demonstrate that sentiment extracted from platforms like twitter can predict stock returns without subsequent reversals, offering new information about analyst recommendations, price targets, and quarterly earnings. additionally, research by chen et al. (2022) shows that investor sentiment, classified by theme, is positively correlated with stock excess return, with different themes exerting varying degrees of influence on short and long-term trends. integrating sentiment analysis with other data sources, such as news articles and historical stock data, as proposed by ray et al. (2021) and ho and huang (2021), can enhance the accuracy of stock trend predictions by capturing nonlinear structures and anomalies in the market, ultimately aiding in making more informed investment decisions. applying sentiment analysis in financial domains is another focal point of the literature. g. wang et al. (2014) assess the impact of content on social investment platforms, demonstrating the outperformance of seeking alpha articles in stock market returns over a baseline market. njølstad et al. (2014) address limitations in sentiment analysis within news articles, proposing feature categories and machine learning methods to enhance classification precision. additionally, bhardwaj et al. (2015) explore the influence of internet-based technologies on the indian stock market, underscoring the significance of sentiment analysis in forecasting stock prices. utilizing social media data for stock market analysis emerges as a prominent subtheme. nguyen et al. (2015) have demonstrated that incorporating topic-specific sentiments from social media can enhance stock price movement prediction models, outperforming historical price-based methods. similarly, batra and daudpota (2018) apply sentiment analysis to predict stock movements using tweets related to apple products, revealing a positive correlation between sentiments expressed in tweets and market data. various methods are employed across the studies to conduct sentiment analysis and predict stock market movements. these methods include machine learning algorithms like support vector machines (svm), decision trees, random forests, and multiple kernel learning regression frameworks. additionally, qualitative analyses, empirical analyses, and correlation studies are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of sentiment analysis tools and predictive models. baruah & changkakati, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 45-54 47 machine learning algorithms predict stock market trends using social media trends by analyzing alternative data sources like social media commentary, news articles, and sentiment analytics (ashtiani & raahemi, 2023; dong et al., 2021; gülmez, 2023; hansen & borch, 2022; sharaf et al., 2023). these algorithms utilize sentiment analysis of covid-19 news, text mining on social media data, and gps data to extract insights for stock price prediction (ashtiani & raahemi, 2023; sharaf et al., 2023). techniques such as lstm models optimized by metaheuristic algorithms like aro, dynamic predictor selection algorithms, and text mining are employed to process social media data and predict stock movements accurately (ashtiani & raahemi, 2023; dong et al., 2021; gülmez, 2023). by harnessing the power of machine learning and text mining on social media data, these algorithms can provide valuable insights for investors and traders in predicting stock market trends based on social media trends and sentiment analysis. the use of these diverse methods underscores the interdisciplinary nature of sentiment analysis in finance and highlights the need for robust analytical approaches to extract insights from large datasets. despite the potential of sentiment analysis, contradictions in using social media models to predict the stock market lie in the challenges of user motivations, prediction quality, and the impact of external factors. while social media platforms like stocktwits can be predictive of stock performance (bouadjenek et al., 2023), incorporating sentiments and technical indicators can enhance prediction accuracy (z. wang et al., 2023). however, the presence of misleading information from users with potentially ulterior motives can hinder the reliability of predictions (bouadjenek et al., 2023). additionally, the dynamic and nonlinear nature of stock trends requires careful consideration of various influence factors at different phases, emphasizing the need for a hybrid model that integrates social media sentiments and technical indicators for more accurate predictions (z. wang et al., 2023). despite the potential of deep learning techniques and word embedding methods to forecast stock movements using social media data, the high volatility of stock markets and the randomness of events pose challenges in accurately quantifying the different influences of news and social media on stock prices (khan et al., 2022; kilimci & duvar, 2020; j. liu et al., 2020). nevertheless, social media models are justified for predicting financial asset prices due to their ability to provide real-time data, sentiment analysis, and market efficiency insights. studies like polyzos et al. (2024) propose using social media as a proxy for financial information, showcasing successful forecasts for over 8000 cryptocurrencies. additionally, research by wang introduces a multimodal deep learning model that incorporates twitter content to predict extreme price fluctuations in bitcoin, demonstrating the impact of social media on asset prices (zou & herremans, 2023). furthermore, de arriba-perez et al. (2020) highlight the value of detecting positive predictions in tweets to support investors' decisionmaking, emphasizing the importance of sentiment analysis from micro-blogging sources like twitter. researchers can enhance stock movement predictions and improve investment decision-making processes by leveraging social media data, including opinions, sentiments, and news shared online (mehta et al., 2021; sawhney et al., 2020). the primary unresolved issues in sentiment analysis models that impede their accurate prediction of stock prices include the lack of transparency and explainability in deep neural network (dnn)-based methods (mei et al., 2023), the challenge of balancing performance and resource consumption in multimodal sentiment analysis, especially when facing missing modalities, and the difficulty in identifying erroneous predictions in sentiment analysis models prior to deployment (z. liu et al., 2021). incorporating financial news data alongside stock fundamental features has enhanced prediction accuracy, indicating the importance of considering textual data in stock price forecasting (dahal et al., 2023; rubi et al., 2022). by addressing these issues through enhanced transparency, resource optimization, and error detection mechanisms, sentiment analysis models can improve their ability to accurately predict stock prices in the highly volatile and complex stock market environment. despite these challenges, the justification for continuing research in this area is robust. social media platforms provide real-time data and market efficiency insights invaluable for financial forecasting. studies such as polyzos et al. (2024) & zou and herremans (2023) demonstrate the successful use of social media in predicting asset prices, underscoring the importance of this data source. moreover, incorporating financial news and textual data alongside traditional stock features has enhanced prediction accuracy (dahal et al., 2023). given these considerations, this study aims to explore the use of advanced machine learning algorithms— random forest, extreme gradient boosting (xgboost), and adaptive boosting (adaboost)—in conjunction with the vader sentiment analysis tool to predict stock market prices. these algorithms, known for their robustness and ability to handle complex datasets, will leverage the nuanced sentiment data extracted by vader from social media platforms like x (formerly twitter). by addressing the identified challenges and building on the strengths of previous research, this study seeks to advance the field of sentiment-driven financial forecasting, offering more accurate and interpretable predictions for stock market movements. the primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of sentiment analysis in predicting stock price movements within the indian stock market, both independently and when combined with technical indicators, taking state bank of india (sbi) stock as the representative sample for this analysis. additionally, a secondary objective is to assess the effectiveness of sentiment analysis in forecasting daily return fluctuations. the following research hypothesis is developed to be tested during the research h01: sentiment analysis does not provide more dependable signals when combined with technical analysis when predicting price trends of the state bank of india (sbi) stock. h02: sentiment analysis does not effectively predict daily return fluctuations of the state bank of india (sbi) stock. baruah & changkakati, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 45-54 48 materials and methods material selection the dataset in this study comprises twitter hashtag data gathered through the utilization of the x (formerly twitter) api and data provided by the third-party twitter data vendor 'tweetbinder'. specifically, the dataset encompasses tweets featuring the hashtags #sbin and #sbi, amounting to a total of 3087 tweets. these tweets were amassed over a comprehensive period spanning three years, commencing in january 2021 and concluding in february 2024. notably, the dataset encapsulates a rich array of insights derived from twitter users' discussions pertaining to the state bank of india (sbi). data from 654 unique days was incorporated throughout the analysis, ensuring a robust and diverse representation of temporal dynamics within the dataset. the financial data of the stock 'sbi' is derived from the use of the 'yahoo_fin' library in python, which derives data from the website'www.yahoofinance.com'. the technical analysis used two technical indicators, the 'relative strength index'(rsi) and the 'on-balance volume'(obv), to predict the price signal. the daily price signals are derived from the ‘ adjusted close’ column. the price signals are given by: price signal = where pt is the current price and pt-1 is the previous price. preprocessing prior to analysis, the dataset underwent meticulous scrutiny to filter out spam tweets. spam tweets were identified as promoting stock purchases with promises of immediate gains, needing more substantive market sentiment. after manual review, 3087 tweets across 654 trading days were deemed suitable for further analysis, ensuring the integrity and reliability of the dataset. measures and covariates the study utilized primary outcome measures such as sentiment scores derived from the vader algorithm applied to social media data (tweets). sentiment scores were categorized into positive, negative, and neutral sentiments based on numerical values ranging from -1 (most negative) to 1 (most positive), with 0 representing neutral sentiment. secondary outcome measures included financial metrics like the daily returns of the sbi stock, calculated as the percentage change in stock price from one trading day to the next. covariates considered in the analysis included technical indicators commonly used in financial analysis, such as the relative strength index (rsi) and on-balance volume (obv). these covariates were integrated into the analysis to assess their combined predictive power with sentiment scores on stock price movements. research design the research design employed in this study was a correlational research design. it focused on analyzing sentiment trends in social media data and their correlation with stock market performance without manipulating variables or creating experimental conditions. sentiment analysis was conducted using the vader algorithm to categorize tweets as positive, negative, or neutral, reflecting public sentiment towards the sbi stock. sampling procedures data collection utilized secondary data obtained through judgmental sampling. this sampling approach involved selecting tweets related to sbi stock from the dataset based on their relevance and authenticity, ensuring the inclusion of diverse perspectives and market conditions. vader sentiment score the valence aware dictionary for sentiment reasoning (vader) (hutto & gilbert, 2014) stands as a significant advancement in natural language processing (nlp), designed to gauge the polarity and intensity of sentiment expressions. leveraging a comprehensive lexicon comprising words, phrases, emoticons, and acronyms, each meticulously rated by human annotators for polarity and intensity, vader employs a sophisticated algorithmic framework augmented by grammatical rules. these rules effectively handle linguistic nuances such as negations and intensifiers, ensuring a nuanced sentiment assessment across various textual contexts. vader, integrated into the widely-used natural language toolkit (nltk) within the python programming language, boasts an expansive lexicon encompassing approximately 7,500 sentiment features, with unlisted words defaulted to a neutral sentiment classification. in this study, sentiment analysis of selected stocks was conducted utilizing the natural language toolkit (nltk) within the python programming language. each tweet was subject to individual analysis by the python program package, generating two distinct sentiment scores: a positive sentiment score and a negative sentiment score. subsequently, the final sentiment score for each tweet was derived through a weighted average calculation, wherein the contribution of each word within the tweet's textual composition was considered. in the case of multiple tweets in a single day, the average 'sentiment score' of the tweets is taken as the 'sentiment score' of the day. { 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑝𝑡 > 𝑝𝑡−1 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑝𝑡 ≤ 𝑝𝑡−1 baruah & changkakati, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 45-54 49 sample validation the dataset was divided into training and testing sets in an 80:20 ratio using randomization to validate the study's findings. additionally, numerical values used in both the training and testing phases were normalized using min-max normalization. this normalization technique standardizes the scale of data values, reducing potential biases arising from differing data ranges and enhancing the reliability of analytical results. results the following results were obtained after using relevant libraries like ‘scikit-learn’, ‘vadersentiment’, and nltk in python, executed through the google colab environment running on cloud-based gpus provided by google. vader sentiment scores the tweets are classified as positive, negative, or neutral based on the sentiment score, which ranges from 1 to -1, with 1 being the most positive and -1 being the most negative. a score of 0 is taken as neutral sentiment. in our analysis, the distribution of tweets is represented by the pie diagram given below: figure 1. the distribution of positive, negative, and neutral tweets in the dataset reliability analysis the reliability analysis was conducted by scrutinizing price trend data, represented as binary values (1 for upward trend, 0 for otherwise), in conjunction with sentiment scores derived from the vader algorithm, ranging from -1 to 1. initially, the price trend was evaluated solely based on sentiment scores with supervised machine learning algorithms. subsequently, the price trend underwent analysis incorporating machine learning techniques applied to technical indicators, followed by the inclusion of sentiment scores corresponding to each respective day. comparative assessments were made across the three scenarios, examining accuracy scores and f1 scores to discern their relative efficacy. our experiment uses three supervised machine learning methods: random forest classifier, xgboost, and adaboost. table 1. accuracy and f1 scores of sentiment analysis using different methods and combinations method ml method accuracy f1 score only sentiment scores random forest 0.601 0.452 xgboost 0.618 0.452 adaboost 0.511 0.452 only technical indicators random forest 0.756 0.738 xgboost 0.802 0.794 adaboost 0.664 0.793 sentiment scores + technical indicators random forest 0.824 0.806 xgboost 0.794 0.807 adaboost 0.702 0.807 *accuracy and f1 relate to machine learning algorithms. for more details, see note a and note b. the table presents a comparative analysis of sentiment analysis methods utilizing sentiment scores alone, technical indicators alone, and a combination of both. across various machine learning algorithms such as random forest, xgboost, and adaboost, the incorporation of sentiment scores alongside technical indicators consistently demonstrates an improvement in accuracy. notably, adding sentiment scores leads to significant enhancements in accuracy compared to using technical indicators alone, with the combined approach yielding the highest accuracy scores. despite this boost in accuracy, the f1 scores, which reflect the balance between precision and recall, remain consistent or slightly increase when sentiment scores are integrated, indicating that the combination maintains the model's ability to correctly classify sentiment without sacrificing performance metrics. baruah & changkakati, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 45-54 50 since our first null hypothesis (h01) was 'sentiment analysis does not provide more dependable signals when combined with technical analysis when predicting price trends of the state bank of india (sbi) stock', we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis that sentiment analysis, when combined with technical indicators, increases the predictive ability to know the price trend. the results are validated through the use of separate train and test data. these findings underscore the significance of incorporating sentiment scores alongside traditional technical indicators, offering a more robust and accurate approach to sentiment analysis that can potentially enhance decision-making processes in financial markets. effect of sentiments on daily returns to determine the effect of sentiments on daily returns, we calculate the correlation of the stock's daily returns with the overall sentiment score. additionally, the analysis is conducted separately for the days when the daily returns are either positive or negative. table 2. correlation between sentiment score and daily returns the table shows the correlation between sentiment scores and daily returns of sbi in the national stock exchange (nse) of india, delineated across distinct sentiment directions: positive, negative, and any direction. the correlation test results enable us to reject the null hypothesis (h02) that ‘sentiment analysis does not effectively predict daily return fluctuations of the state bank of india (sbi) stock’. since the p-value is less than 0.05, indicating a significant correlation between twitter sentiments and daily return fluctuations in any three conditions. therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant correlation between sentiment analysis and daily returns. discussions the classification of tweets into positive, negative, and neutral categories based on the vader sentiment scores provides an insightful overview of the sentiment landscape within the dataset. by categorizing the sentiment scores into these three distinct groups, we better understand the prevailing emotional tones expressed in the tweets. this foundational step is critical as it sets the stage for deeper analyses, allowing us to track sentiment trends over time and correlate them with market movements. visualizing this distribution through a pie chart further aids in illustrating the proportion of each sentiment type, highlighting the dominance or scarcity of particular sentiments within the dataset. the reliability analysis underscores the importance of integrating sentiment scores with traditional technical indicators in enhancing the predictive accuracy of financial models. the comparative evaluation using random forest, xgboost, and adaboost algorithms reveals that models incorporating both sentiment scores and technical indicators consistently outperform those relying on a single data source. this finding is significant as it demonstrates that the addition of sentiment scores can provide a richer, more nuanced understanding of market dynamics, thereby improving model accuracy. the accuracy of the 3 machine learning methods received a boost of an average of 19.6 % when used in conjunction with technical indicators. the slight improvements in f1 scores suggest that the enhanced accuracy does not come at the expense of the model's precision or recall capabilities. this holistic approach to financial modeling, which leverages both sentiment analysis and technical indicators, offers a robust framework for market prediction, potentially leading to better-informed investment decisions. analyzing the correlation between sentiment scores and daily returns provides compelling evidence of the impact of market sentiment on stock performance. the strong positive correlation between positive sentiment and daily returns indicates that higher positive sentiment is associated with increased returns, a statistically significant finding. this relationship highlights the influence of public sentiment on investor behavior and market outcomes. on the other hand, negative sentiment, while also showing a significant correlation with daily returns, exhibits a weaker positive association. this suggests that while negative sentiments do affect market performance, their impact is less pronounced compared to positive sentiments. the modest yet significant correlation for sentiment in any direction further emphasizes the importance of sentiment analysis in understanding market dynamics. these findings align with existing literature on the subject, reinforcing the notion that market sentiment plays a crucial role in financial markets. in prior research, pagolu et al. (2016) analyzed around 250,000 microsoft-related tweets using n-gram and word2vec methods, reporting accuracies of 57% to 70%. despite a smaller sample, our study's lowest accuracy was 62%, rising to 82% when combined with technical indicators using random forest. in another study, mardjo and choksuchat (2022) used the hyvadrf (hybrid valence aware dictionary and sentiment reasoner–random forest) and gray wolf optimizer (gwo) model. vader calculated polarity scores and classified sentiments, overcoming manual labeling weaknesses, while random forest acted as the supervised classifier. the researchers collected tweets, analyzed dataset sizes, and used gwo for parameter tuning, achieving a 75.29% accuracy. this study solely used sentiment analysis, while our research integrates sentiment analysis and technical analysis, which increased the accuracy score by the random forest method to 82.4%. when integrated with technical indicators, sentiment analysis enhances the accuracy and reliability of financial market predictions through a synergistic approach that leverages qualitative and quantitative data. while sentiment analysis gauges market sentiment and investor emotions from textual sources such as social media, news articles, and financial daily return correlation p-value positive 0.5890248051173522 3.4133153188880307e-10 negative 0.19155963401027593 0.036089508382569815 any direction 0.11926219140966826 0.002250469657582959 baruah & changkakati, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 45-54 51 reports, technical indicators provide empirical insights derived from historical price and volume data. by combining these methodologies, analysts can capture nuanced market behaviors that neither method alone can fully discern. sentiment analysis enriches technical analysis by offering real-time insights into investor perceptions and market psychology, which can influence trading decisions and price trends. moreover, the incorporation of sentiment data into technical models allows for more adaptive and responsive trading strategies that reflect current market sentiment alongside historical trends, thereby improving overall forecasting accuracy and decision-making processes in financial markets. sentiment analysis shows a stronger correlation with positive daily returns in the stock market due to investor behaviors influenced by optimism and confidence. positive sentiment tends to amplify market momentum, leading to continued price appreciation as more investors join the bullish sentiment bandwagon. in contrast, negative sentiment, associated with fear and uncertainty, may not always trigger immediate or significant price declines, as investors may react less decisively to pessimistic signals. investors may react more swiftly and decisively to positive news or sentiment due to the allure of potential gains. in contrast, negative sentiment may sometimes be discounted or countered by other market factors, such as long-term fundamentals or market corrections. future research prospects include incorporating computationally intensive deep learning models with vader for improved accuracy and contextual understanding of social media sentiments influencing market trends. expanding data sources to include diverse platforms like forums and blogs can provide a richer dataset that better reflects market sentiment, aiding in stock price prediction. additionally, refining vader's sentiment classification and incorporating temporal and cross-market analysis could offer more granular insights and reveal patterns of sentiment contagion across different markets, ultimately enhancing investment decision-making. conclusions this study utilized the vader sentiment analysis algorithm implemented in python's nltk to evaluate its effectiveness in predicting stock price trends, focusing specifically on the sbi stock from january 2021 to february 2024. the analysis revealed that sentiment analysis achieved an accuracy rate of approximately 60% in predicting stock price directions independently, with substantial improvements noted when integrated with technical indicators. among the machine learning models tested, the random forest classifier consistently outperformed xgboost and adaboost, highlighting its efficacy in combining sentiment analysis with technical signals for enhanced predictive accuracy. the study's findings underscore the significant influence of sentiment on market dynamics, remarkably amplifying bullish sentiment during periods of rising prices. conversely, bearish sentiment showed less impact during market downturns compared to bullish sentiment during upturns. despite these insights, the study acknowledges challenges such as linguistic subjectivity, cultural nuances, and data scarcity, which limit the reliability of sentiment analysis. the contributions of this research lie in its demonstration of sentiment analysis as a valuable supplementary tool for market participants, offering enhanced insights when integrated with traditional analytical approaches. investors, traders, and financial analysts can leverage these insights to refine decision-making strategies, combining sentiment analysis with technical analysis to better anticipate market trends and optimize investment outcomes. theoretical implications highlight the evolving landscape of financial analysis, where sentiment analysis offers a nuanced perspective on market sentiment dynamics. managerially, this study encourages practitioners to adopt integrated analytical frameworks incorporating sentiment analysis, enriching their understanding of market behaviour and improving decision-making in volatile market conditions. future research could explore the robustness of sentiment analysis methodologies during periods of market volatility, examine the influence of market sentiment in intraday trading contexts, and investigate the impact of financial news on market opening conditions. author contributions: conceptualization, a.b. and b.c.; methodology, a.b.; software, a.b.; validation, a.b. and b.c.; formal analysis, a.b. and b.c.; investigation, a.b. and b.c.; resources, a.b. and b.c.; data curation, a.b., writing – original draft preparation, a.b. and b.c.; writing – review & editing, a.b. and b.c.; visualization, a.b.; supervision, b.c.; project administration, a.b. and b.c.; funding acquisition, a.b. and b.c. the author has read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. due to restrictions, they are not publicly available. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. notes note a: accuracy score accuracy is the ratio of correctly predicted instances to the total instances in the dataset. accuracy = note b: f1 score the f1 score is the harmonic mean of precision and recall. it is a single metric that combines both precision and recall. f1 score = number of correct predictions total number of predictions 2 ∗ precision × recall precision + recal baruah & changkakati, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 45-54 52 where: precision is the ratio of correctly predicted positive observations to the total predicted positive observations. precision = recall (also known as sensitivity or true positive rate) is the ratio of correctly predicted positive observations to all the actual positive. recall = appendices appendix a: calculation of vader scores calculation of vader scores of a tweet may be summarized with the help of the following example. example tweet – "kudos to sbi for making banking more accessible and inclusive with the revamped yono app. now, everyone can enjoy the benefits of digital banking! 🌐 #accessiblebanking #inclusiveservices" step-by-step calculation: 1. tokenize the tweet: "kudos", "to", "sbi", "for", "making", "banking", "more", "accessible", "and", "inclusive", "with", "the", "revamped", "yono", "app.", "now,", "everyone", "can", "enjoy", "the", "benefits", "of", "digital", "banking!", "🌐", "#accessiblebanking", "#inclusiveservices" 2. identify sentiment words and scores: according to the vader lexicon, the words and their scores are: "kudos": +2.0, "accessible": +1.5, "inclusive": +1.5, "enjoy": +2.0, "benefits": +1.5 3. adjust for modifiers and punctuation: there are no specific intensifiers or negations in this tweet, but there is an exclamation mark. exclamation marks ("!") can amplify the sentiment score. one exclamation mark typically adds 0.292 to the sentiment intensity. let's adjust the scores: o "kudos": +2.0 (no modifier) o "accessible": +1.5 (no modifier) o "inclusive": +1.5 (no modifier) o "enjoy": +2.0 (no modifier) o "benefits": +1.5 (no modifier) o adding the exclamation mark: let's assume it adds 0.292 to the total positive sentiment score. 4. sum up the scores: o positive sentiment: 2.0 (kudos) + 1.5 (accessible) + 1.5 (inclusive) + 2.0 (enjoy) + 1.5 (benefits) + 0.292 (exclamation mark) = 8.792 o negative sentiment: 0 (no negative words) o neutral sentiment: non-sentiment words are counted as neutral. for simplicity, let's count all other words as neutral. 5. normalize the scores: o the positive, neutral, and negative scores are normalized by the total number of words. final scores calculation:  positive score: sum of positive sentiment scores divided by the number of sentiment words: o positive score = 8.7925/5 = 1.7584 (considering five sentiment-bearing words: "kudos", "accessible", "inclusive", "enjoy", and "benefits")  negative score: there are no negative sentiment words, so: o negative score = 0  neutral score: if there are 21 neutral words: o neutral score = 21/26 ≈ 0.8077  compound score: the compound score is a normalized score ranging from -1 to 1, calculated using a formula that incorporates the positive and negative scores with a normalization factor. this score is not as straightforward to calculate manually because vader uses a specific formula involving a sigmoid function to compute it. in our example:  positive: 1.7584  negative: 0 true positive true positives + false positives true positives true positives + false negatives baruah & changkakati, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(2) (2024), 45-54 53  neutral: 0.8077 (normalized by total words)  compound: using vader's internal algorithm, which typically involves summing the normalized positive and negative scores and applying a normalization factor. these calculations are done manually to show how vader 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(2023). prebit—a multimodal model with twitter finbert embeddings for extreme price movement prediction of bitcoin. expert systems with applications, 233, 120838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.120838 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 33-41 33 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 3 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa unravelling the determinants of social media payment platform (smpp) usage: a qualitative study on user intentions and adoption lata kumari pandey (a)1 jayashree bhattacharjee (b) ranjit singh (c) ambrish singh (d) (a) research scholar, department of management studies, indian institute of information technology allahabad, prayagraj-211015, uttar pradesh, india; e-mail: rsm2022503@iiita.ac.in (b) assistant professor, symbiosis school of banking and finance, symbiosis international deemed university, lavale, pune, india, maharashtra, india; e-mail: jayashree.bhattacharjee@ssbf.edu.in (c) professor, department of management studies, indian institute of information technology allahabad, prayagraj-211015, uttar pradesh, india; e-mail: ranjitsingh@iiita.ac.in (d) assistant professor, department of management, rajkiya engineering college, azamgarh-276201, uttar pradesh, india; e-mail: f18ambrishs@iima.ac.in a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 15th may 2024 reviewed & revised: 15th may to 26th july 2024 accepted: 28th july 2024 published: 5th august 2024 keywords: social media payment, social media, qualitative analysis, digital payment. jel classification codes: r1, m2, m4, b4 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method a b s t r a c t lately, social media companies worldwide have introduced payment features on their social media platforms. this has given social media users the option to make payments to their near and dear ones without changing the platform while engaged in chatting. the adoption of social media payment platforms (smpp) varies across user groups and is influenced by socio-demographic characteristics, convenience, and perceived risk. understanding these factors is essential for enhancing user engagement and trust, thereby addressing the gaps in current smpp adoption research. the purpose of this study is to ascertain the behavioural intention and perception level of users toward social media payment platforms (smpp) adoption and to identify the factors which motivate and inhibit from using social payment apps. to understand the intention of the users to behave and adopt smpp, we conducted in-depth structured interviews. qualitative analysis was used to analyse the data, using pre-defined categories (deductive) and code emerging from the respondent discussions (inductively) to identify the relevant influencing factors. through data analysis, we identified three key themes that categorised user behaviour: socio-demographic, convivence and vulnerability to risks, which is further divided into several sub-themes such as age, gender, education, occupation under socio-demographic, while perceived usefulness (pu) and perceived ease of use (peou) comes under the theme of convivence and lastly, under vulnerability of risk includes privacy, security and platform features. the findings of the study can be validated and explored in future research, which will provide a clear understanding of identifying factors that influence smpp adoption and behaviour intention. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction the origins of digital transactions can be traced back to the 1960s, when banks began leveraging mainframe computers to automate functions such as cheque processing and customer account management. this era also witnessed the introduction of automated teller machines (atms) and payment cards, laying the foundation for future digital innovations in banking. the 1980s marked a significant shift with the advent of digital networks and early broadband, setting the stage for the emergence of online banking. by the 1990s, the widespread availability of the internet made online banking more accessible to the masses. the early 2000s witnessed a remarkable leap in digital banking as improvements in broadband technology and e-commerce systems accelerated its evolution. in recent days, digital transactions with smartphones emerging as the preferred tool for conducting these transactions (smith, 2022). this shift highlights the growing reliance on mobile technology for financial activities, underscoring its integral role in modern banking practices (johnson, 2023). this modern era of digital banking extends beyond online and mobile platforms to encompass middleware solutions that seamlessly integrate operating systems, 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-0771-0649 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i3.2231 to cite this article: pandey, l. k., bhattacharjee, j., singh, r., & singh, a. (2024). unravelling the determinants of social media payment platform (smpp) usage: a qualitative study on user intentions and adoption. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(3), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i3.2231 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i3.2231 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0771-0649 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9942-1996 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9408-9525 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0676-4162 pandey et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 33-41 34 databases, and other applications, offering customers a comprehensive and convenient banking experience cantered around digital transactions. furthermore, the integration of digital banking with social media payment platforms (smpp) has further revolutionized the landscape. smpps now serve as conduits for financial transactions, enabling users to seamlessly transfer funds, make purchases, and engage in financial activities within their social networks. this convergence of digital banking with social media has reshaped the way individuals interact with money, bridging the gap between social connectivity and financial transactions. in 2013, venmo's e-wallet integration with facebook enabled transactions through status updates and messages, streamlining payments and reducing the need for multiple apps. this innovation introduced in-chat payment facilities, seamlessly integrating payments into social interactions. studies on smpp adoption reveal significant insights: wu et al. (2016) explore user behaviour in social payments, stress the integration of smpps into daily life, and unger et al. (2020) examine factors like privacy and ease of use affecting adoption rates. huang and tang (2015) highlight perceived usefulness as a key determinant, while kaplan and haenlein (2009) emphasize the role of integrated payment functions. additionally, smpps offer secure transactions via upi interfaces. by 2022, platforms like instagram and facebook revolutionized product showcasing and payments. despite smpps' advantages, challenges persist in their adoption. he et al. (2020) identifies technological disruptions as a major issue, while a 2020 npci study reveals that only 1% of india's population found whatsapp payments comfortable and convenient. thus, understanding user behaviour is essential to overcoming these barriers. this study employs thematic analysis to examine user intentions and barriers to adopting smpps. kiger and varpio (2020) highlight thematic analysis as a flexible qualitative method for identifying and analysing patterns and themes in textual data. it differs from other approaches by not adhering to rigid frameworks, allowing for exploration of diverse perspectives (castleberry & nolen, 2018). emphasize its utility in uncovering and organizing patterns, essential for understanding complex phenomena. additionally, nowell et al. (2017) note that thematic analysis enhances rigor through systematic data analysis, ensuring transparency and reproducibility in research findings (guest et al., 2012). this study has two objectives: (1) to ascertain factors that influence the adoption of smpp (2) to identify the factors that inhibit the smpp adoption or usage. this research also addresses smpp use by outlining the implications for researchers, policymakers, financial educators, and financial professionals. below are the two principal research questions guiding this study: rq1. what are the factors that influence the adoption of smpp adoption? rq2. what are the factors that inhibit the smpps adoption? the study has the following sections: section 2 defines the literature review, section 3 outlines the research methodology, section 4 provides findings and analysis, section 5 addresses the implication, section 6 provides limitations and future scope of the study, and section 7 discloses the conclusion. literature review the scope of smpp research has substantially expanded, probing into diverse areas such as user motivations, implementation intricacies, and potential challenges, reflecting the maturing field's growing depth and breadth. perceived usefulness, defined as the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would enhance their performance, plays a critical role in social media payment platforms (smpp) adoption. studies by qu et al. (2015), ramasamy et al. (2024); mu and lee (2017), and tavera-mesías et al. (2023) have shown a strong positive correlation between perceived usefulness and the intention to adopt smpps. user believes that smpp have simplified transactions, offered convenience, or provided benefits over traditional payment methods. other than perceived usefulness, social image, gender, and age has also played a leading role in smpp adoption (liébana-cabanillas et al., 2018). qu et al. (2015) find a positive correlation between user intention and adoption behaviour. han and windsor (2011) cited that the trust generated from social activities was transferrable to potential business transactions being conducted on social network sites. smpp has integrated the features of financial platforms and social features in a single app and the make online payment easier. this leads to the shift of user preference from the upi payment system to social payment. the user may switch their mode of payment from upi to social payment, as it is easy to use without shifting to different apps. miraz and haikel-elsabeh (2019) found that factors like privacy, safety, societal, behavioural intention, and cultural norms affect perception and smpps adoption. perceived interactive value, perceived social value, and perceived entertainment value also influence payment behaviour through smpps (li et al., 2023). huang and tang (2015) highlight the user behaviours as well as perception and development status of we chat pay. the payment and development status may help the future researcher to predict the trend of smpps. the technology acceptance model (tam) is a widely utilized framework for understanding user acceptance of technology, including social media payment platforms (smpp). qu et al. (2018) used the technology acceptance model (tam) to predict the acceptability and popularity of smpps adoption. the factors such as perceived usefulness, gender, financial literacy, subjective norm, social inclusion, etc which motivate and inhibit the user to use smpps (mu & lee 2017; mcdonald, 2020; qu et al., 2015; seldal & nyhus, 2022; wang & gu, 2017). tinmaz and doan (2023) found that the factor of convenience encouraged the user to use wechat pay though it is perceived to be unsecure. smpps are a convenient pandey et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 33-41 35 payment method because of their widespread usage and comfort with social media (wei et al., 2021). since, most people already use social networking apps to connect to each other and share material, adding the ability to pay is a natural fit. although smpps offer numerous benefits, they also pose several risks. horn et al. (2020) identified various risks associated with smpp adoption, including technological, ecological, opportunity, and societal risks that affect user payment systems. these risks highlight the complexities and potential vulnerabilities inherent in adopting smpps. additionally, wong et al. (2022) discussed several cognitive behavioral factors that influence user behavior on mobile social payment platforms. these factors include perceived risk, perceived entertainment, social influence, and consumer innovativeness, each playing a significant role in shaping user attitudes and behaviors toward smpps. liébana-cabanillas et al. (2020) further emphasized that perceived usefulness, perceived satisfaction, perceived risk, and perceived trust are critical factors influencing the intention to use mobile payment services. the interplay of these factors underscores the multifaceted nature of smpp adoption and the need for a comprehensive understanding of user perceptions and behaviors. furthermore, smpps facilitate cross-border shopping directly within social media apps such as instagram and facebook, as noted by mclean et al. (2020). this integration of payment functionalities within popular social media platforms exemplifies the growing trend of combining social networking and financial transactions, offering convenience and enhanced user experience. however, the associated risks and cognitive factors must be carefully managed to ensure user trust and satisfaction. therefore, subsequent review of the literature, we have identified the research gap that this research uncovered the determination to do shopping and buy on product through social media platforms such as, instagram and facebook which is further influenced by various elements such as demographics, cognitive factors, and beliefs. as mobile phones became increasingly prevalent, social network platforms emerged as ubiquitous media, paving the way for online purchasing to become a popular trend in e-commerce. materials and methods the research methodology adopted in this study is explained in the following paragraphs: research design the study was carried out with a qualitative approach. in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted in this study. these semi-structured interviews were then put to thematic analysis. it allowed us to fully understand the participant's behaviour patterns and perception of smpp users. thematic analysis is the most relevant method for qualitative analysis. braun and clarke (2016) found that thematic analysis can be used to predict the experience and behaviour patterns of users on a particular phenomenon. we used a blend of latent and deductive approach of thematic analysis. sample selection for this study, the sample of 12 participants of different age groups with aligning interests of smpps have been selected from uttar pradesh (up), india. in the year 2020, national payment corporation of india (npci) introduced in-chat payment facilities in popular social media apps such as whatsapp pay, facebook pay, and instagram pay. with india boasting 467.0 million social media users as of january 2023, constituting 32.8% of the total population, integrating payment features into these platforms significantly enhances digital transactions (kemp, 2013). uttar pradesh, one of india's largest states in both population and geographical size. with a population exceeding 240 million in 2024, uttar pradesh holds the distinction of being the world's most populous sub-national entity. according to the national family health survey-5, 30.6% of females and 59.1% of males in uttar pradesh use the internet. among internet users, 70% utilize it for social media purposes, and 71% prefer digital payments for online transactions. shed light on the adoption and usage of digital payments among rural communities in uttar pradesh, indicating a shifting landscape towards digital transactions in the region. ofori-okyere et al. (2023) in their studies found that a sample size of twelve individuals is considered ideal for analysing qualitative data. these respondents were carefully selected based on their ability to provide relevant information crucial for the study, as highlighted by ofori-okyere (2019). the concept of sample size saturation, ranging from 9 to 17 interviews as described by hennink and kaiser (2022), further supports the adequacy of the chosen sample size. quality of information is emphasized over quantity, irrespective of the number of interviewers involved, as noted by braun and clarke (2016). hence, for our study, a total of 20 participants were initially identified for the focus group. however, during the pre-screening round, it was found that eight participants did not align with the topic of smpps. therefore, the final sample size was determined to be 12 participants, ensuring that only individuals with relevant interests and perspectives were included as respondents for the study. to gather insights into the behaviour and perceptions of the respondents towards smpps, a semi-structured interview schedule was prepared for the study. interview schedule consists of fifteen questions related to social media and payment platforms to understand the behaviour intention and perception of smpps in this new era of technology. data collection the interviews were conducted in december 2023 and the participants agreed to be recorded explicitly making their information confidential. we carried out in-depth one-on-one interviews with students, teachers, and bank employees from different ages in the state of uttar pradesh. depending on the preferences and comfort levels of the participants, the interviews were taken in two languages (english and hindi). their responses illuminated the diverse determinants and challenges they experienced. the duration of each interview ranged from 15 to 30 minutes, depending on the discussion. pandey et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 33-41 36 we have classified different themes based on the participant’s responses. the profile of the respondents chosen for the study is given in table 1. table 1. demographic profile of respondent serial no. respondent gender experience in using digital payment education 1. teacher female 10 graduation +blib 2. teacher female 12 ba+ master in computers 3. student male 4 bba 4. student male 10 mba 5. student female 7 mba 6. student female 5 mba 7. student male 6 bba 8. investment banker female 10 post-graduation 9. student male 4 bba 10. freelancer meme marketer male 10 mba 11. student male 5 bba 12. student male 6 post-graduation data analysis the recorded interviews were then transcribed, some were translated from the hindi language into english in word documents, and thematic analysis was used to derive different empirical themes. in the initial phase, in addition to the recordings, the transcribed data was analysed numerous times to get a comprehensive picture, and different codes were created from the original data to determine responses which helped to identify the concept and behavioural pattern (guest et al., 2012). in the second phase, the generated codes were clustered into comprehensive, higher-level patterns, i.e., the identified codes were organized into different themes. ultimately, in the final phase, by examining the findings and determining the key themes, proceeding towards the conceptualization of themes (nowell et al., 2017). table 2. bifurcation of themes and sub-themes themes sub-theme citation socio-demographics age liébana-cabanillas et al. (2018); tang et al. (2021); wang and gu (2017) gender liébana-cabanillas et al. (2018); tinmaz and doan (2023); tavera-mesías et al. (2023); wang and gu (2017) education wang and gu (2017) occupation wang and gu (2017) convenience easy to use and perceived usefulness chua et al. (2019); mu and lee (2017); ma et al. (2018); qu et al. (2015); qu et al. (2018); tang et al. (2021); tavera-mesías et al. (2023) vulnerability to risks security poudel and sapkota (2022) privacy poudel and sapkota (2022) payment failure singhal and chauhan (2021) results in this section, the responses of the interviewer were discussed in detail. thematic evaluation was used to develop themes, which were then used to classify the interviews. the key themes presented in table 2, that were generated from the data analysis such as socio-demographic, convenience, vulnerability to risks which are further divided into sub-themes. the socio-demographic factors include age, gender, education, and occupation. perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use constitute the part of convenience. security, payment failure and privacy are the part of vulnerability of risk. the analysis of the responses was discussed based on table 2 which was categorized into different themes. socio-demographic agur et al. (2020); ghosh et al. (2020); mohan et al. (2020), and nandru and rentala (2020) found that social demographic factors play a vital role in the technology adoption in socio-economically divided population. we identified the sub-themes such as age, gender, education, and occupation found to be the most significant determinants that influence smpp adoption. the responses of the participants are divided based on socioeconomic factors as discussed below. age wang and gu (2017) found that growing age is the factor which refrain the user from adopting smpp. in the matter of age and adoption of smpp, the response of respondent 4 is worth mentioning which goes as “for me being young it is easy to use the payment facilities of social media platforms but for an elderly person it is difficult as i have personally observed.” thus, it can be inferred that elderly people as compared to young people, does not prefer to use and adopt smpp. gender gender was found to be the main factor for adopting digital payment platform such as whatsapp pay, insta pay, facebook pay. male normally prefer to adopt digital payment as compared to female (tinmaz & doan 2023; tavera-mesías et al., 2023). through our literature, we concluded male dominance prevails over female for digital payment adoption and usage. gutierrez-leefmans and adewale olaleye (2021) highlights that male were more aware about digital platform than female. pandey et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 33-41 37 in this study, no such discrimination was found through the responses we received. respondent 4 specifically went on stating that “for me smpp is platform where male and female use this feature equally and there is no such discrimination to use and adopt smpp in between the gender. thus, gender does not play a significant role in the adoption and utilization of smpp (kullmann, 2018). education a basic level of education is required to operate the digital payment platform. wang and gu (2017) found that educated people easily adopt the new advanced payment technology as compared to uneducated. the need of education better can be understood through the responses from respondent 2 as it goes like this “education plays an important role in being able to use new technologies and being aware of the ongoing advancements”. from the responses, it can be inferred that individuals with literacy are more likely to readily embrace smpp then illiterate people. therefore, education appears to facilitate easier for smpp adoption based on these responses. occupation devi and singh (2022) shed light on the upliftment of digital payment platform occupational activities during covid-19 pandemic. this aspect of study shows interrelation between digital payment occupation. devi and singh (2022) found that the occupation of the participant may decide their willingness to adopt the new technology for payment systems. responses from respondent 8 define that there is no correlation between occupation and the adoption of smpp. respondent 8 went on to explain as follows, “i work as an investment banker even then i have my qualms regarding payment through a social media platform”. we can interpret that the adoption of smpp does not depend on the type of occupation. the adoption of smpp depends on the user’s ability to take risks and payment failure issues. convenience the word convenience from the latin word convenient which means how easily one can perceive the upcoming and upgraded technology for adoption. there are two aspects such as perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. perceived usefulness can be defined as the user perception to cope with the development of technology (chua et al., 2019; nan et al., 2020; wong et al., 2022). perceived usefulness perceived usefulness (pu) can be defined as a person's level of optimism over the potential utility of a given technological development (mu & lee, 2017; qu et al., 2015). qu et al. (2015) found that perceived usefulness plays an important role in smpp adoption. respondent 5 and 7 discloses in their responses that perceived usefulness is an important factor in adoption of smpp. respondent 5 specifically addresses this issue and revealed that “i feel it is easy for me to use and makes it easier for me when i’m shopping on facebook and there’s no need to switch between platforms and it has an in-chat facility for payment. we can chat and make payments at the same time” respectively. thus, from the respondent’s responses, we conclude that perceived usefulness plays a crucial role in the adoption of smpp. perceived ease of use tavera-mesías et al. (2023) found that perceived ease of use influences the usage as well as adoption of smpp. another important issues that affect the social media payment is that public awareness about adoption and usage. the response of respondent 3 goes like, “yes, i feel it is easy for me to use and convenient, and we can chat and make payments at the same time, qr automatically gets scanned” and response of respondent 1 describe their responses as, “yes, i feel it is easy for me to use as i am already well acquainted with how social media platforms work”. from the respondent’s response, we can see that the respondent can easily use smpp but security concerns refrain the user from using it. vulnerability to risk the major problem to avoid the adoption of smpp is the risk and security of the user. the user does not want to take the risk due to payment failure, privacy of their data, and fraud that occurs due to smpps. there is various risk which influence the user to use the smpps such as transaction with bitcoins on the facebook pay platform is quite risky. the respondent 2 seems to be very cautious on this aspect and he went on to describe the phenomenon as, “the risk is losing your money and anybody can just hack your account as i am aware of some incident that happened with a friend so anything can happen”. there are three important aspects of vulnerability of risk which are explained below: security safety and security can be defined as avoiding potential dangers, whether those dangers originate in the environment or are the result of human actions (miraz & haikel-elsabeh, 2019; tang et al., 2021). people usually avoid adopting smpps due to privacy concerns. response from respondent 7 in this respect is worth mentioning “security and privacy issue, server issues are quite common”. from the response, we can say that in u.p is prone to fraud and scams and this refrains the user from adopting the smpps (rohilla, 2017). privacy privacy is a crucial factor to consider while conducting financial transactions in well-lit environments. safety and security features help social media users to switch from upi apps to smpps to use on regular basis. miraz and haikel-elsabeh (2019) highlights that privacy concerns were one of the major issues. response from respondent 8 and 11 describe privacy concern pandey et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 33-41 38 is a serious concern when we talk about smpp adoption. it goes as follows “privacy concerns, cybercrime, fraud, and scams lack of trust and fear of leak of private financial data”. el haddad et al. (2018) found that privacy concern plays an important role in evaluating the behaviour intention of smpp users. platform feature platform features such as the interface for payment, interactive internet facility as well as in-chat facility on the same social media app (li et al., 2023). one of the major issues users face while transacting through smpps is payment failure (sun et al., 2021). thus, the payment feature can also be used for analysing the user’s behaviour and smpp adoption. we used the thematic analysis to evaluate the respondent responses and based on the responses we bifurcated several themes. here, the responses of respondent 9 and 10 goes like that, “the risk of payment failure multiplies as we are using the social media platform for transactions” and “the facility of balance checking is not possible in whatsapp pay we have to shift upi apps to check the balance and debited amount”. discussions this study was conducted to identify the factors affecting the adoption of smpp by the users. we conducted in-depth interviews with 12 respondents and through those responses identified three key themes of the study. rq1 focused on identifying factors that influence users' intentions to adopt smpps. our findings revealed three key themes which were further divided into nine sub-theme factors. our first theme is socio-demographic, which comprised of age, gender, education, and occupation. the convenience theme covered perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use (pou), while the vulnerability of risk consists of platform features, security concerns, and privacy concerns (seldal & nyhus, 2022; qu et al., 2015; wang & gu, 2017). these factors can be further categorized into distinct themes for a deeper understanding. the above findings can be summed up with the help of a diagram presented as figure 1 in this paper. rq2, aimed to identify factors that motivate and inhibit smmp adoption. interestingly, all nine factors identified for rq1 play an important role here as well. however, factors such as perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and appealing platform features motivate users to adopt smpps (qu et al., 2015). conversely, privacy concerns, security concerns, and platform features that are difficult to use the platform can inhibit users and prevent them from adopting smpps (li et al., 2023; tang et al., 2021). figure 1. proposed model conclusions this study depicts the user behavior towards the adoption of social media payment platforms (smpps) through in-depth interviews with 12 participants. the responses were analyzed, and based on it three key themes were identified to evaluate user behavior. social demographic evolved as the first theme with subsequent sub-themes such as age, gender, education, and occupation. all the sub-themes play equally important roles except gender was not an important factor in influencing the behavioral perception and smpps adoption of users. the second theme was convenience, which include both ease of use and perceived usefulness. however, the platform feature seems to lack appeal in this regard. while the user can operate perceived usefulness perceived ease of use behavioral intention of users adoption of smpps age education social demographic convivence vulnerability to risk security privacy platform features gender occupation pandey et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 33-41 39 smpps, they don’t use them due to security concerns. lastly, the third theme is the vulnerability to risk which is further categorized into three sub-themes such as security, privacy, and payment failure. the user avoids using smpp adoption due to fraud and scams. privacy plays a vital role which refraining the user from using smpps. in essence, users' decisions to adopt smpps hinge on a balance between perceived benefits and potential drawbacks. platforms feature such as payment failure which may result in irrelevant transactions. our analysis suggests that user-friendly smpps with robust security and privacy features are more likely to achieve widespread user adoption. using the findings of this study, managers can develop targeted marketing campaigns about smpp and its usage for “z” generation. marketers should highlight the platform features such as reward, gift, coupons security, privacy of user’s data to attract users. the manager of the social media company adds a secure payment feature as said by respondent 2 “the facility of balance checking is not possible in whatsapp pay so we have to shift to upi apps to check the balance. in whatsapp pay only transaction history is recorded”. smpp developers can leverage these findings to create user-friendly secure platforms and robust security platform features. managers can identify areas of confusion within the smpp platform. service providers can tailor marketing and user education programs to address user concerns and highlight the benefits of smpps, ultimately driving user adoption. this research helps to develop our understanding of user adoption behaviour in the technological context and specifically for smpps. this study offers valuable insights for all types of users by identifying factors that motivate and inhibit users. different themes were identified to analyse the smpp adoption and usage. for further research, the researcher can do study on the single social media payment apps with same or different themes and sub-themes. the researcher can also study on smpp with themes that were not identified in this study. this type of analysis i.e., thematic analysis in the area of smpp has not been done yet. policymakers should frame a policy for creating features to bring more transparency so that relevant, timely and inclusive information in the payment platform is included to enhance smpp adoption. a healthy smpp ecosystem requires fair competition. policies can prevent dominant players from stifling innovation and harming consumer choice. in this study, a limited number of respondents were included, and factors influencing smpp adoption were identified based on their responses. we should increase the sample size to enhance the generalizability of our findings and achieve a more precise understanding of smpp user behaviours. this study suggests that future researchers should extend their investigations to multiple states, augmenting both respondent numbers and interview schedule items conducted in uttar pradesh, india. users’ adoption of smpp is influenced by a variety of variables, and not all of these variables are equally significant. there is a relationship between the parameters and social network analysis can be used to ascertain that relationship as was utilized to determine this association. author contributions: conceptualization, l.k.p., r.s., j.b. and a.s.; methodology, r.s.; software, l.k.p.; validation, l.k.p.; formal analysis, l.k.p.; investigation, l.k.p., r.s., j.b. and a.s.; resources, l.k.p.; data curation, l.k.p.; writing – original draft preparation, l.k.p.; writing – review & editing, l.k.p., r.s., j.b. and a.s.; visualization, , l.k.p.; supervision, r.s., j.b. and a.s.; project administration, r.s., j.b. and a.s.; funding acquisition, l.k.p., r.s., j.b. and a.s. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references agur, i., peria, s. m., & rochon, c. 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(2016). google's neural machine translation system: bridging the gap between human and machine translation. arxiv preprint arxiv:1609.08144 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-022-09512-9 https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16050103 https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2022.2054729 https://doi.org/10.48009/4_iis_2017_1-8 https://doi.org/10.1108/itp-09-2019-0456 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 1-10 1 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 7 no 1 (2023) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa the management functions are the ribs of successful entrepreneurship: a study on entrepreneurs in bangladesh md. mayeen uddin (a)1 (a) basic bank limited, feni, bangladesh; e-mail: mahinus@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 2nd january 2023 revised: 28th february 2023 accepted: 26th march 2023 published: 11th april 2023 keywords: management, management functions, entrepreneurship, entrepreneur jel classification codes: g32, h12, m12, m13, o32 a b s t r a c t a growing number of people, particularly young people, and women, are establishing their own businesses or starting new ventures, resulting in an increase in entrepreneurship in recent years. within the first 15 years, 75% of new businesses fail. in bangladesh, very few studies have been conducted on the utilization and roles of management functions in entrepreneurship. this study sought to highlight the protective qualities of management functions in entrepreneurship in bangladesh by investigating some factors that define management functions and entrepreneurship success. the descriptive statistics design was used in the study. this study was based on a field survey conducted in the bangladeshi city of chattogram and an online questionnaire distributed to entrepreneurs from various sectors in bangladesh. the sample was chosen using the cluster random sampling technique. the questionnaire was given to 207 people, and 150 responded; hence analyzed and presented in frequency distribution tables with percentages and some statistical analysis. other data were obtained from published academic journals, articles, and other relevant internet materials. the findings indicate that utilizing management functions protects and maintains the success of entrepreneurship. according to the study, entrepreneurs should learn more about and utilize management functions to protect themselves from business failure. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction over the past 50 years, there have been significant changes in the social role of entrepreneurship. the significance of entrepreneurship and business appeared to be diminishing in the years following world war ii. few people argued for the preservation and protection of small businesses on the basis of economic efficiency, despite concerns that they were necessary for social and political reasons. in recent years, this viewpoint has been dramatically reversed. the world's economic and social progress is now driven by entrepreneurship. between the old and new economies, entrepreneurship's function has undergone a significant transformation. bangladesh has established itself as a development leader, with consistent economic growth and a population of 168 million people, 50 percent of who are under the age of 35. according to the bangladesh bureau of statistics, there is a mismatch between the country's economic supply and demand for labour, and approximately 400,000 young people with university degrees are now unemployed (bbs). entrepreneurship could fill this void by creating job opportunities for the massive unemployed workforce. entrepreneurship is expanding in bangladesh, especially in the service and technology industries. the bangladesh association of software and information services (basis) and the bangladesh small and cottage industries corporation (bscic) are two programs and organizations that assist and promote entrepreneurship. according to the bbs, approximately 13 million msmes contribute 25% of gdp and 35.5 percent of total employment. in bangladesh, the entrepreneurial ecosystem is expanding. the world bank estimates that private sector employment in bangladesh will account for 54% of all employment by 2020, up from 47% in 2010. additionally, the number of officially recognized micro, small, and medium-sized businesses (msmes) has been rising. new business prospects have also been made possible in bangladesh recently because to the expansion of e-commerce and the rise of technology entrepreneurs. the potential for innovation and entrepreneurship in the nation is still high due to the growing usage of technology. a major 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0001-9245-148x © 2023 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v7i1.1985 to cite this article: uddin, m. m. (2023). the management functions are the ribs of successful entrepreneurship: a study on entrepreneurs in bangladesh. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 7(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v7i1.1985 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9245-148x http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v7i1.1985 uddin, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 1-10 2 portion of the people in bangladesh is employed by small and medium-sized enterprises (smes), which form the foundation of the country's economy. in recent years, a growing number of start-ups and technology-based businesses are being founded by young people, who are more involved in entrepreneurship. entrepreneurs in bangladesh are said to face significant difficulties due to a lack of proper knowledge in business, a lack of access to financing and a lack of support from government organizations. entrepreneurship persists despite obstacles. the bangladeshi government has also been actively pushing entrepreneurship as a means of fostering the nation's economy and generating jobs. micro, small, and mediumsized enterprise (msme) is one of the main sectors fostering entrepreneurship in bangladesh. this industry employs a sizable section of the workforce and contributes significantly to the nation's economic activities. many business owners in bangladesh are launching ventures in this industry, especially in sectors like retail, manufacturing, and services. due to lack of easy opportunity to be employed, people, especially youths and women, want to do start a new business. according to bls data, over 20% of new businesses fail within the first two years of operation, 45% fail within the first five years, and 65% fail within the first ten years. only 25% of newly founded companies survive for 15 years or more. the ribs form a cage that protects the organs in the chest, such as the heart and lungs, from damage. management functions are the ribs of entrepreneurship that protect it from failure. reasons behind fail of entrepreneurship are lack of proper plans, proper organizing, proper commanding, proper coordinating and proper controlling that means lack of utilization of management functions. different authors revealed different functions of management. we took here the most popular and furnished the five management functions that every manager should perform revealed by henri fayol. the five functions are planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. planning includes vision and mission, goals and objectives, strategies, actions and methods designing. mission and vision serve three crucial functions: (1) communicating the organization's purpose to stakeholders; (2) guiding the development of the organization's strategy; and (3) creating quantifiable goals and objectives that can be used to assess the strategy's effectiveness. objectives can aid a company in expanding, achieving compliance, and defining its long-term financial objectives. business is better defined, has a purpose, and a set of values thanks to strategy. understanding what success genuinely looks like is beneficial. it offers a business roadmap, displays the destination, and identifies helpful rest stops along the journey. organizing includes human resources, capital, tools, raw materials and information. organization needs human resources who run business. capital is the life of business. effective tools and raw materials are also essential for business. commanding includes directing, inspecting, emphasizing, fighting against incompetence and knowing subordinates better. all of the management's organizing and planning activities are tied together by direction, which unites the entire organization in pursuing the organization's objectives. coordinating includes monitoring production, monitoring stocks and holding meeting, observing financial resources and researching market. monitoring production and inventories enables businesses to provide immediate support and sustain the supply chain. to ensure the proper operation of the business, consider the financial resources. market research must be conducted prior to business expansion. controlling includes monitoring people, measuring performance, monitoring operation and taking corrective action. also, a human resources department is in responsibility of ensuring the wellbeing and satisfaction of its staff. businesses need effective performance management. systems, resources, and personnel should all be coordinated to achieve strategic goals. another way to manage resources is by employing a monitoring procedure. corrective action helps to address the problem's underlying causes. an entrepreneurship’s success depends on its revenue growth, profit margin, overall environment, customer satisfaction and its security and policy. revenue is the cash one receives from the sale of goods or services. a metric that shows a company's success is revenue growth. a corporation can determine trends in business expansion as well as an increase or drop in sales volume by computing the revenue growth rate. revenues less expenses are the company's profits. a company's ability to make a profit determines whether it can obtain bank financing, draw in investors to finance its operations, and expand. without making a profit, businesses cannot stay in operation. maintaining the office environment enhances productivity, aids in talent retention, and, most importantly, is beneficial to the mental wellbeing of the business as a whole. more employee recognition is a result of effective interpersonal communication. employees are more inclined to compliment one another's work and offer helpful criticism when they get along well with one another and their superiors. client satisfaction is crucial because it shows whether one target audience approves of what one is doing. according to research, excellent customer satisfaction increases customer retention, increases customer lifetime value, and boosts business reputation. poor customer satisfaction ratings are also significant. business policies are a crucial instrument for ensuring that the company runs as efficiently as possible. these policies outline the expected conduct, role, and reporting for the entire organization. workplace security protects employees and physical offices from harm. workplace security strategy should protect critical data and information for company from hackers and other cyber security threats. it also ensures that one is in compliance with the most recent laws and regulations in one country or region. the goal of our study is to find out the utilization of management functions and their protection roles in successful entrepreneurship. a very few study was conducted regarding the utilization and role of management functions in entrepreneurship in bangladesh. this study aimed at highlighting the management functions’ protecting qualities in entrepreneurship in bangladesh by exploring some factors that specify management functions and success of entrepreneurship. the study used descriptive statistics design. this study was based on a field survey that was carried out in the bangladeshi city of chattogram as well as online questionnaire from entrepreneurs of different sector in bangladesh. cluster random sampling technique was used to pick up the sample. the questionnaire was presented to 207 respondents, 150 of them responded; hence analyzed and presented in frequency distribution tables with their corresponding percentages and some statistics analysis. other data were sourced from published academic journals, articles, and other relevant materials on the internet. the results indicate that the utilization of management functions protects entrepreneurships and keeps them being successful. the study suggests that entrepreneurs should learn more about and utilize management function for protecting them from failure in business. uddin, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 1-10 3 literature review there appears to be a very few literature related to the management functions are the ribs of successful entrepreneurship. the following section describes management, management functions, entrepreneurship and entrepreneur. management the word management has assumed so much importance in the present business world that there is hardly any person who has not heard of it. every kind of organization whether it is business or non business organization require some form of management for the achievement of its goals. the term management has generally used today is a term which is philosophy and religion define exact meaning. the management definition is a single or group of individuals who challenge and oversee a person or collective group of people to accomplish desired goals and objectives. furthermore, the definition of management includes the ability to plan, organize, monitor and direct individuals. a management definition is also a person or collective group with the executive abilities to lead a group through hardships, aspiring to meet an organization’s purpose and visions. according to mc farland, "management is defined for conceptual, theoretical and analytical purposes as that process by which managers create, direct, maintain and operate purposive organization through systematic, co-ordinated cooperative human effort". as henry fayol defines, "to manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to compound, to coordinate and to control". harold koontz says, "management is the art of getting things done through and within formally organized group". mary parker follett defines management as the "art of getting things done through people". george r. terry defines management as a process "consisting of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling, performed to determine and accomplish the objectives by the use of people and other resources". management functions henri fayol is a french engineer and one of the prominent theorists and practitioners of management since the early twentieth century. he is the creator of the so-called "school of administrative management" and the author of several important management concepts that have become a classic nowadays. in fayol (1916), published his greatest work, the book industrial and general administration. in it, he reveals the five management functions that every manager should perform. the five functions are planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. weihrich and koontz (2005) in their publication have described the basic functions of management from the global perspective with the case study related to it. it helps the reader to understand how actually the organization works and helps the reader to be more efficient managers. more stress is on the implication of the managerial functions through modern information system. overall the book makes the readers to understand the global review of the management. robbins and coulter (1998) in their publication have explore with the management functions i.e. planning, organizing, direction, controlling, motivating, leading, functions related to human resources, production to maintain quality, quality control. it also presented the examples from the corporate world which would make the reader understand the functions in practical that how it is performed by the managers and the management. they have also put forward a box of managers’ dilemma and ask the reader to respond it. this will enable the reader to develop the insight of the managerial problems and find a suitable solution. at the end of every chapter selfassessment exercise makes to reader know how far they understood the concepts, terms and ideologies. entrepreneurship entrepreneurship is a multifaceted concept with many facets (bula & tiagha, 2012). the term "entrepreneurship" dates back to 1732, when richard canillton, the first economist to define the term, defined it as any individual willing to engage in forms of arbitrage involving the financial risk of a new venture (minniti & levesque, 2008). timmons (1989) asserts "entrepreneurship is the process of creating and constructing something useful. it is about being able to take risks and overcome the fear of failure". entrepreneurship is the process of developing, organizing, and running a new business to generate profit while taking on financial risk. entrepreneurship is the ability and readiness to develop, organize and run a business enterprise, along with any of its uncertainties in order to make a profit. the most prominent example of entrepreneurship is the starting of new businesses. according to schumpeter (1961), entrepreneurship is a driving force of innovation and more generally an engine for economic development. entrepreneurship is an act of being an entrepreneur, or "the owner or manager of a business enterprise who, by risk and initiative, attempts to make profits". say (2013) provided definition of entrepreneurship that shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and greater yield". entrepreneurship involves the decisions and actions of individuals. these individuals may act alone or within the context of a group. entrepreneurship involves units of analysis at the levels of the industry as well as at spatial levels, such as cities, regions and countries. entrepreneur entrepreneurs create something new and unique—they change or transmute value. entrepreneurs are believed to contribute to economic development and structural transformation in the economy by reallocating resources from less to more productive uses and by performing "cost-cutting", "gap-filling", and "input completing" functions in the economy. many other eminent economists and scholars including adam smith, j. b. say, alfred marshall, and frank knight also emphasise an entrepreneur's role as a leader and organiser, and coordinator of production and recognise entrepreneurship as the "fourth factor" of production. though entrepreneurship is commonly regarded as an important input of economic development, there is no universally accepted definition of the term. there are too many definitions that rarely agree with one another, rendering the task of finding an unambiguous definition of the concept almost impossible. however, the most popularly https://strategiccfo.com/that-squirrel-will-kill-you/ https://strategiccfo.com/how-to-train-people-for-success/ https://strategiccfo.com/activity-based-management-abm/ https://strategiccfo.com/perfect-quotes/dont-blame-marketing-department-buck-stops-chief-executive/ uddin, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 1-10 4 used concept of entrepreneurship is provided by joshep who calls him an innovator, bringing new ideas, new goods, and technologies to market, opening up new markets, processes, and commercialising new knowledge in the developed countries. the schumpeterian entrepreneur is noted to be characterised as a coordinator of production and an agent of change. as argued by audretsch et al. (2016) entrepreneurship is about change, just as the entrepreneurs are agents of change. schumpeterian innovative entrepreneurs also coexist with "defensive", and "necessity" entrepreneurs who enter a business, not because of market opportunities and innovative ideas, but simply because they need an income to survive. this type of "distress pushed" or "survival driven" and self-employment seeking entrepreneurs is particularly defused in developing countries. later on, schumpeter (1976) himself modified his position since the generic term entrepreneur may include a population of very heterogeneous "agents", comprising real innovative entrepreneurs bringing in "creative destruction" together with "positive followers" bringing in overoptimistic and even escapees (self-employment seekers) from positive unemployment. hence adopting a provocative and/or rigid stance regarding radical innovation and entrepreneurship as synonymous may lead to unfavourable consequences of overoptimistic implications. materials and methods sampling area and sample selection this study was based on a field survey that was carried out in the bangladeshi city of chattogram as well as online questionnaire from entrepreneurs of different sector in bangladesh. the sample was chosen using a technique called cluster random sampling. 150 out of 207 respondents received the questionnaire and returned it were included in the analysis for this study. sources of data in this study, primary and secondary data were utilized. the primary data was gathered by a thorough questionnaire survey, while the secondary data was gathered from the published papers and existing literature in the linked subject. questionnaire design for gathering primary data, a structured, closed-ended questionnaire was employed. the closed-ended questions were graded on a five-point likert scale, with 5 denoting strong agreement, 4 agreeing, 3 neutral, 2 disagreeing, and 1 strongly disagreeing. there were three sections to the questionnaire. the respondents' business and demographic profiles were covered in the first section, statements on how management functions carries out in the respondents' businesses were covered in the second section, and statements about the respondents' success were covered in the third section. we asked 25 questions regarding 05 (five) management functions equally divided into five groups (planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling). the rest 12 questions were asked regarding success of entrepreneurship divided into five groups (profit, revenue, customer satisfaction, environment and security-policy). tools and techniques used descriptive analysis technique was used to analyze the mentioned subject. ms excel software was used to calculate the above statistics and interpret the results. reliability and validity of data the reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by considering cronbach’s alpha. the reliability is said to be satisfactory when cronbach’s alpha have a value greater than 0.70 (hair, 2006). the value of the cronbach’s alpha of the questionnaire of this study was 0.858 (table 1) which is higher than the above recommended value (.70). that means the data had sufficient reliability. table 1. reliability statistics cronbach's alpha n of items .858 37 there were enough fixes and modifications made to the survey. results the data used in this analysis is based on the respondents' replies to the 37 questions grouped in ten categories, which were each scored on a range of 1 to 5 using the likert scale. sd stands for strongly disagree, d for disagree, u for uncertain/neutral, a for agree, and sa for strongly agree. we showed some statistical data, rounding down to 2, with: x = mean, σ = standard deviation, s2 = variance and se= standard error. table 2. respondents’ demographics age (in decade) frequency percentage (%) 20-30 38 25.34 30-40 39 26 40-50 47 31.33 50-60 21 14 uddin, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 1-10 5 60-70 5 3.33 total 150 100 table 2 above revealed that the respondents’ age demographics. range from 40 to 50 is the majority with 31.33%, while second majority range from 30 to 40 is 26%. the table represented 25.34% is youths entrepreneurs and third highest of the table. the lowest range is from 60 to 70. table 3. respondents’ experience range (in years) frequency percentage (%) 1-3 24 16 3-6 48 32 6-9 8 5.33 9-12 2 1.34 12+ 68 45.33 total 150 100 table 3 above revealed that the respondents’ experience in business. 45.33% of respondents have above twelve years experience. while second majority range is from 3 to 6 is 32%. the lowest range is from 9 to 12. table 4. planning focal point sa a u d sd x σ s2 se mission and vision 28 (18.66) 108(72) 10(6.67) 4(2.67) 4.07 0.60 0.36 0.05 goals and objectives 21(14) 115(76.66) 13(8.67) 1(0.67) 4.04 0.50 0.25 0.04 strategies 21(14) 117(78) 10(6.67) 2(1.33) 4.05 0.51 0.26 0.04 designed actions plan 14(9.33) 103(68.67) 30(20) 3(2) 3.85 0.60 0.35 0.05 designed methods 18(12) 75(50) 49(32.67) 8(5.33) 3.69 0.75 0.57 0.06 above table revealed most of the respondents have planning. 92% have business strategies. 90.66% have goals and objectives. 90.66% have mission and vision. 78% have designed action plan. 62% have designed methods. 138 respondents have business strategies. 136 respondents have goals and objectives. 136 respondents have mission and vision. 117 respondents have action plan. 93 respondents have methods. above focal points’ mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 4.07, σ 0.60, s2 0.36, se 0.05; x 4.04, σ 0.50, s2 0.25, se 0.04; x 4.05, σ 0.50, s2 0.26, se 0.04; x 3.85, σ 0.60, s2 0.35, se 0.05 and x 3.69, σ 0.75, s2 0.57, se 0.06 respectively. table 5. organizing focal point sa a u d sd x σ s2 se sufficient human resources 19 (12.67) 100 (66.67) 29(19.33) 2(1.33) 3.91 0.61 0.37 0.05 sufficient raw materials 17(11.33) 90(60) 41(27.33) 2(1.33) 3.81 0.64 0.41 0.05 enough and modern tools 20(13.33) 88(58.67) 38(25.33) 4(2.67) 3.83 0.68 0.47 0.06 sufficient capital. 26(17.33) 85(56.67) 30(20) 9(6) 3.85 0.77 0.60 0.06 enough information regarding business 19(12.67) 87(58) 38(25.33) 6(4) 3.79 0.71 0.50 0.06 above table showed, 79.34% have sufficient human resources. 74% have sufficient capital. 72% have enough and modern tools. 71.33% have sufficient raw materials. 70.67% have enough information regarding business. 119 respondents have sufficient human resources. 111 respondents have sufficient capital. 108 respondents have enough and modern tools. 107 respondents have sufficient raw materials. 106 respondents have enough information regarding business. above focal points’ mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 3.91, σ 0.61, s2 0.37, se 0.05; x 3.81, σ 0.64, s2 0.41, se 0.54; x 3.83, σ 0.68, s2 0.47, se 0.06; x 3.85, σ 0.77, s2 0.60, se 0.06 and x 3.79, σ 0.71, s2 0.50, se 0.06 respectively. table 6. commanding focal point sa a u d sd x σ s2 se competent personnel/employees 11(7.33) 99(66) 36(24) 4(2.673) 3.78 0.61 0.37 0.05 conducting periodic inspections 10(6.67) 87(58) 48(32) 5(3.33) 3.68 0.65 0.42 0.05 knowing subordinates better 9(6) 97(64.67) 41(27.33) 3(2) 3.75 0.59 0.35 0.05 uddin, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 1-10 6 giving directions for action and emphasize the main priorities 8(5.33) 99(66) 41(27.33) 2(1.33) 3.75 0.57 0.32 0.05 fights against incompetence 9(6) 96(64) 41(27.33) 4(2.67) 3.73 0.61 0.37 0.05 above table presented that 73.33% have competent personnel/employees. 71.33% give directions for action and emphasize the main priorities. 70.67% know their subordinates better. 70% fights against incompetence. 64.67% conduct periodic inspections. 110 respondents have competent personnel/employees. 107 respondents give directions for action and emphasize the main priorities. 106 respondents know their subordinates better. 105 respondents fights against incompetence. 97 respondents conduct periodic inspections. above focal points’ mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 3.78, σ 0.61, s2 0.37, se 0.05; x 3.68, σ 0.65, s2 0.42, se 0.05; x 3.75, σ 0.59, s2 0.35, se 0.05; x 3.75, σ 0.57, s2 0.32, se 0.05 and x 3.73, σ 0.61, s2 0.37, se 0.05 respectively. table 7. coordinating focal point sa a u d sd x σ s2 se holding meetings 11(7.33) 93(62) 38(25.33) 8(5.33) 3.71 0.68 0.46 0.06 observing financial resources 76(50.67) 61(40.67) 11(7.33) 2(1.33) 4.41 0.69 0.47 0.06 monitoring production needs 89(59.33) 52(34.67) 9(6) 4.53 0.61 0.37 0.05 monitoring stocks 91(60.67) 50(33.33) 8(5.33) 1(0.67) 4.54 0.63 0.40 0.05 researching market demand 25(16.67) 70(46.67) 53(35.33) 2(1.33) 3.79 0.73 0.53 0.06 above table expressed, 94% monitor production needs and stocks. 91.34% observe financial resources. 69.33% hold meetings. 63.34% research market. 141 respondents monitor production needs and stocks. 137 respondents observe financial resources. 104 respondents hold meetings. 95 respondents research market. above focal points’ mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 3.71, σ 0.68, s2 0.46, se 0.06; x 4.41, σ 0.69, s2 0.47, se 0.06; x 4.53, σ 0.61, s2 0.37, se 0.05; x 4.54, σ 0.63, s2 0.40, se 0.05 and x 3.79, σ 0.73, s2 0.53, se 0.06 respectively. table 8. controlling focal point sa a u d sd x σ s2 se standard for measuring performance 15(10) 81(54) 49(32.67) 5(3.33) 3.71 0.69 0.48 0.06 periodical measurement of performance 22(14.67) 74(49.33) 49(32.67) 5(3.33) 3.75 0.74 0.55 0.06 monitoring people 90(60) 53(35.33) 7(4.67) 4.55 0.59 0.34 0.05 monitoring operation 101(67.33) 38(25.33) 10(6.67) 1(0.67) 4.59 0.65 0.42 0.05 taking corrective actions 23(15.33) 56(37.34) 66(44) 5(3.33) 3.65 0.78 0.61 0.06 above table revealed, 95.33% monitor people. 92.66% monitor operation. 64% maintain standard for measuring performance. 64% do periodical measurement of performance. 52.67% take corrective actions. 143 respondents monitor people. 139 respondents monitor operation. 96 respondents maintain standard for measuring performance. 96 respondents do periodical measurement of performance. 79 respondents take corrective actions. above focal points’ mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 3.71, σ 0.69, s2 0.48, se 0.06; x 3.75, σ 0.74, s2 0.55, se 0.06; x 4.55, σ 0.59, s2 0.34, se 0.05; x 4.59, σ 0.65, s2 0.42, se 0.05 and x 3.65, σ 0.78, s2 0.61, se 0.06 respectively. table 9. profit focal point sa a u d sd x σ s2 se profit margin 16(10.67) 100(66.67) 29(19.33) 5(3.33) 3.85 0.64 0.41 0.05 table 9 revealed 77.34% have good profit margin. 116 respondents have good profit margin. above focal points’ mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 3.85, σ 0.64, s2 0.41, se 0.05 respectively. table 10. revenue focal point sa a u d sd x σ s2 se revenue/sales level 7(4.67) 113(75.33) 25(16.67) 5(3.33) 3.81 0.56 0.41 0.05 table 10 showed that 80% have satisfactory level of sales. 120 respondents have satisfactory level of sales. above focal points’ mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 3.81, σ 0.56, s2 0.41, se 0.05 respectively. uddin, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 1-10 7 table 11. customer satisfaction above table specified that 85.34% have satisfied customers. 128 respondents have satisfied customers. above focal points’ mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 3.95, σ 0.61, s2 0.37, se 0.05 respectively. table 12. environment above table stated that 76.67% opined regarding good working conditions. 77.33% opined regarding good interpersonal relationship. 130 respondents are in favor of good working conditions. 116 respondents are in favor of interpersonal relationship. above focal points’ mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 3.98, σ 0.55, s2 0.30, se 0.04 and x 3.89, σ 0.57, s2 0.33, se 0.05 respectively. table 13. security-policy focal point sa a u d sd x σ s2 se satisfaction with business 22(14.67) 96(64) 30(20) 2(1.33) 3.92 0.63 0.40 0.05 satisfaction with the opportunities of growth & development 7(4.67) 95(63.33) 40(26.67) 8(5.33) 3.67 0.65 0.42 0.05 satisfaction with the achievement and opportunities 8(5.33) 107(71.33) 28(18.67) 7(4.67) 3.77 0.61 0.38 0.05 satisfaction with challenges 10(6.67) 102(68) 33(22) 5(3.33) 3.78 0.61 0.37 0.05 implementation of business policy 11(7.33) 80(53.34) 53(35.33) 6(4) 3.64 0.68 0.46 0.06 products/services are fit for business. 13(8.67) 93(62) 42(28) 2(1.33) 3.78 0.61 0.37 0.05 security of business 27(18) 77(51.33) 39(26) 7(4.67) 3.83 0.78 0.60 0.06 above table displayed that 78.67% have satisfaction with business 76.66% have satisfaction with achievement and opportunities. 74.67% have satisfaction with challenges. 70.67% have product accuracy. 69.33% have secured business. 68% have satisfaction with the opportunities of growth & development. 60.67% have implemented business policy. 118 respondents have satisfaction with business. 115 respondents have satisfaction with the achievement and opportunities. 112 respondents have satisfaction with challenges. 106 respondents have product accuracy. 104 respondents have secured business. 102 respondents have satisfaction with the opportunities of growth & development. 91 respondents have implemented business policy. above focal points’ mean, standard deviation, variance and standard error are x 3.92, σ 0.63, s2 0.40, se 0.05; x 3.67, σ 0.65, s2 0.42, se 0.05; x 3.77, σ 0.61, s2 0.38, se 0.05; x 3.78, σ 0.61, s2 0.37, se 0.05; x 3.64, σ 0.68, s2 0.46, se 0.06; x 3.78, σ 0..61, s2 0.37, se 0.05 and x 3.83, σ 0.78, s2 0.60, se 0.06 respectively. discussions data from above revealed that most of the participants are from 40 years to 50 years. very few is from 60 years to 70 years. 25.34% is youth entrepreneurs. most of the entrepreneurs have 12 years above experience in business. while second majority range is from 3 years to 6 years is 32%. the lowest range is from 9 years to 12 years. data reveals that in some cases young aged entrepreneurs have more experience than older aged. as they started business before they did. planning provides a framework for action. planning ensures that goals and objectives are clearly defined so that they can be used as a guide to decide what action to take and in which direction. 82.67% respondents have specific planning. 14.93% are unware wheather they have planning or not. 2.40% have no specific planning. organizing is a management function that entails creating an organizational structure and allocating human resources to ensure that goals are met. the organizational structure is the framework within which effort is coordinated. 73.47% respondents have acceptable organizing. 23.46% are unware wheather they are well organized or not. 3.07% are not well organized. employees with less tenure and experience benefit from a chain of command since it demonstrates where they fit in and who they may contact for help. lower-level employees are given the opportunity to feel more empowered and confident as a result, which increases their potential for advancement. 70% do utilize commanding functions. 27.60% do not know whether they utilize it or not. 2.40% do not utilize it. conflicts, rivalries, wastage, delays, indifferences, and other organizational issues are reduced by coordination. it guarantees the organization's efficient operation. hence, coordination enables an organization to quickly achieve its goals. 82.40% do utilize coordination. 15.87% do not know whether they utilize it or not. 1.73% does not utilize it. controlling is the process focal point sa a u d sd x σ s2 se customer satisfaction 19(12.67) 109(72.67) 17(11.33) 5(3.33) 3.95 0.61 0.37 0.05 focal point sa a u d sd x σ s2 se working conditions 19(12.67) 111(74) 18(12) 2(1.33) 3.98 0.55 0.30 0.04 interpersonal relationship 17(11.33) 99(66) 34(22.67) 3.89 0.57 0.33 0.05 uddin, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 1-10 8 by which entrepreneurs ensure that resources are obtained and used efficiently and effectively to achieve the organization's goals. it is a dynamic function that is interconnected with the other management functions and plays a critical role in achieving organizational success. 73.74% do utilize controlling functions. 24.13% do not know whether they utilize it or not. 2.13% does not utilize it. any company's success is determined by its ability to generate profits on a consistent basis. profit is calculated by subtracting a company's revenues from its expenses. profitability is important to a business because it influences whether a company can obtain bank financing, attract investors to fund its operations, and grow its business. 77.34% agreed that they have good profit margin. 19.33% do not want to share anything. 3.33% did not agree that they have good profit. revenue is what keeps the company going. revenue, in addition to providing a lifeline, can provide important insights into business. if one wants to increase one’s company's profits, one must first increase its revenue. one can increase one’s profits by keeping an eye on one’s revenue and focusing on increasing it. 80% agreed that they have good revenue growth. 16.67% were neutral in this issue. 3.33% did not agree. customer satisfaction is defined as an indicator of how satisfied customers are with a company's products, services, and capabilities. customer satisfaction data, such as surveys and ratings, can assist a company in determining how to improve or change its products and services. customer satisfaction is important because it indicates that one’s customers like what one is doing. customer satisfaction, according to research, leads to higher customer retention, higher lifetime value, and a stronger brand reputation. 85.34% agreed that they have satisfied customer. 11.33% were neutral in this issue. 3.33% did not agree. working circumstances have a big impact on how productive employees are and how successful a business will be in the end. effective business owners are aware of and cognizant of the circumstances in which they anticipate their employees to perform. for establishing and keeping genuine human connections at work, interpersonal skills are crucial. so, those with effective interpersonal communication abilities can create wholesome working relationships with their coworkers and perform significantly better as a team. 82% respondents opined that they have good working environment and interpersonal skilled employees. efficient and dependable workplace security is crucial for any company because it lowers the amount of insurance, benefits, liabilities, and other costs that the firm must pay to its stakeholders. this, in turn, increases corporate income and lowers operational costs. policies are crucial because they safeguard a company's physical and digital assets. they include every resource owned by the business as well as potential dangers to it. the product satisfies a consumer's need and/or want. products come in numerous forms. convenience products are popular allowing consumers to make quick purchase decisions (most often habitual purchases). 71.24% opined that they have strong security regarding different business issues and implemented policy very well. 25.24% were neutral in this issue. 3.52% did not agree. figure 1. percentage of opinion regarding utilization of management functions the above figure-1 shows that responses percentage of respondents in terms of management functions. from above we see maximum entrepreneurs have planning. second highest management function that entrepreneurs utilize is coordinating. third highest management function that entrepreneurs utilize is controlling. organizing and commanding are in fourth and fifth respectively. figure 2. percentage of success indicators what respondents possessing 0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% planning organizing commanding coordinating controlling strongly agree agree uncertain disagree strongly disagree 0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% profit revenue customer satisfaction environment security-policy strongly agree agree uncertain disagree strongly disagree uddin, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 1-10 9 figure 2 above displays the respondents' responses as a percentage of success indicators. from above, we can see that most entrepreneurs concur that their clients are happy. the second-highest percentage of entrepreneurs concurred that their workplace culture and employee relationships are excellent. the third-highest percentage of business owners affirmed that their revenue is sufficient. security-policy and profit are ranked fourth and fifth, respectively. figure 3. relationship between management functions and success of entrepreneurship we see from above figure-3 that the greater the use of management functions, the more successful the entrepreneurship. their trend lines flow almost same direction. we found a strong correlation between management functions and success of entrepreneurship, r (148) = .67, p < .0001. rounding down to 2, the sentiment score of our survey in term of mean of all questions responded by participants is x 3.91, the deviation of mean of all questions is σ 0.27, skewness is y1 1.62, variance s2 = 0.07, range is r 0.95, coefficient of variation is cv 0.07, mean absolute deviation is mad 0.20, relative standard deviation is rsd 6.88%, interquartile range is iqr 0.22, mid range is mr 4.12 and standard of error is 0.04. table 14. summary of analysis x σ y1 r s2 cv mad rsd iqr mr se 3.91 0.27 1.62 0.95 0.07 0.07 0.20 6.88% 0.22 4.12 0.04 the results show that the success of entrepreneurship is significantly influenced by management functions. management functions are the ribs of successful entrepreneurship as those protect it from demolish just like ribs protect organs in chest. the results may vary due to a lack of opinions from all entrepreneurs in bangladesh. because of the small sample size and the lack of information about the participants' opinions, the findings of this study should be interpreted with caution. a future study could collect more data and involve more participants to increase the sample size regarding management functions are the ribs of successful entrepreneurship. conclusions management functions shield entrepreneurship from failure in the same way that ribs shield organs in the chest. we asked mentioned focal points related questions to the entrepreneurs that define the utilization of management functions and success of entrepreneurship. most entrepreneurs are between the ages of 40 and 50 and have at least 12 years of expertise. a large number of entrepreneurs have detailed plan. having well organizing, top-notch commanding, suitable coordinating, and efficient controlling are in satisfactory level. the majority of entrepreneurs concurred that the levels of revenue, customer satisfaction, and working environments are superb. having a healthy profit margin and security policy are in acceptable level. the correlation between management functions and success of entrepreneurship is inevitable. the findings indicate that management functions have a significant impact on the success of entrepreneurship. entrepreneurs should confirm that management functions are being used to their fullest capacity. the more utilized the management functions are, the more successful the entrepreneurship will be. management functions can be a powerful framework for effective entrepreneurs to categorize and prioritize their tasks and responsibilities, identifying where elements of entrepreneurship fit best. the current study can be seen as the beginning of a larger investigation of management functions are the ribs of successful entrepreneurship. due to the limited sample size and the absence of whole information regarding the opinions of the all entrepreneurs, the results of this study should, nevertheless, be interpreted with caution. future studies could gather more information and involve more people to increase the sample size and produce more reliable findings regarding management functions are the ribs of successful entrepreneurship. it might also help us comprehend that the management functions are the ribs of successful entrepreneurship. 3.5 4 4.5 1 2 3 4 5 management funtions success of entreprenuership uddin, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 1-10 10 author contributions: conceptualization, m.m.u.; data curation, m.m.u.; methodology, m.m.u.; validation, m.m.u.; visualization, m.m.u.; formal analysis, m.m.u; investigation, m.m.u.; resources, m.m.u.; writing original draft, m.m.u.; writing review & editing, m.m.u.; supervision, m.m.u.; software, m.m.u.; project administration, m.m.u.; funding acquisition, m.m.u. all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgement: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references audretsch, d. b., keilbach, m. c., & lehmann, e. e. (2006). entrepreneurship and economic growth (1st ed.). oxford university press. bula, h., & tiagha, e. (2012). women entrepreneurs: a demographic perspective european. journal of business and management iiste publishers, 4(9), 20-22. retrieved from https://www.iiste.org/journals/index.php/ejbm/article/view/2208/2221 fayol, h. (1916). general and industrial management, pitman, 1949. translated by constance storrs from original administration industrielle et general. minniti, m., & lévesque, m. (2008). recent developments in the economics of entrepreneurship. journal of business venturing, 23(6), 603-612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.01.001 robbins, s. p., & coulter, m. (1998). management. prentice hall. say, j. b. (2013). a treatise on political economy: or the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth. charleston. schumpeter, j. a. (1961). the theory of economic development an inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle. ny: oxford university press. schumpeter, j. a. (1976). capitalism, socialism and democracy. routledge. timmons, j. a. (1989). the entrepreneurial mind. penguin random house. weihrich, h., & koontz, h. (2005). management: a global perspective. mcgraw-hill, 1994 744 pages. publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 1-11 1 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 3 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa quality of life and professional efficacy of school teachers in west bengal, india prerna mukhia (a)1 boyillapalli venkata rao (b) (a)ph.d. research scholar, department of education, nagaland university, india; e-mail: prernamukhia96@gmail.com (b)associate professor, department of education, nagaland university, india; e-mail: boyillapalli.vrao@nagalanduniversity.ac.in a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 12th may 2024 reviewed & revised: 12th may to 20th july 2024 accepted: 25th july 2024 published: 31st july 2024 keywords: quality of life, professional efficacy, teaching learning process, professional development, 21st century skills, nep 2020. jel classification codes: 120, 121, 123 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method a b s t r a c t quality of life and professional efficacy of teachers are significant factors that facilitate the entire educational scenario. the excellent quality of life and high level of professional efficacy of teachers can immensely help the sound functioning of the educational system. however, different and numerous variables may impact these two significant factors. thus, the study investigates these two factors and examines their relationship with demographic variables such as the location of schools and subject streams. using a descriptive survey method from 300 school teachers, the study employs a stratified random sampling technique with a scale (qols) developed by sarika sharma and nakhat nasreen and a self-made scale (pes). the qols was revalidated using an updated sample to identify its applicability in the context of west bengal. cronbach's alpha for the qol was found to be 0.789, and the results of the splits-half (odd-even) show 0.678 (p-value 0.00<0.01) positive correlations at the 0.01 level. cronbach's alpha reliability for the self-made tool (pes) was 0.938. at the 0.01 level, the pes's splitshalf produces a result of positive correlations of 0.855 (p-value 0.00<0.01). the result reveals the average level of professional efficacy of teachers. a significant difference between teachers' subject streams and professional efficacy is found. additionally, the result demonstrates a significant association between location and levels of quality of life and between subject streams and professional efficacy. the study also shows a positive correlation between professional efficacy and subject streams. the study's findings suggest necessary measures for improving teachers' professional efficacy. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction teaching is defined as assisting an individual in learning and is considered the most imperative profession in the universe (leoci et al., 2023). the two most significant aspects of the teaching profession that significantly impact the educational scenario are the teachers' quality of life and professional efficacy. teoli and bhardwaj, 2023 state'quality of life' is the 'well-being' of an individual. for any individual, qol expresses that a collection of wants, when fulfilled, makes an individual happy and satisfied. the strengths and competence of any educational framework are heavily reliant on the efforts of its teachers and their capacities. (raju & vardhini, 2022). a good quality of life for teachers can improve work performance, whereas working under adverse circumstances reduces work quality (erturk, 2022). the ‘integrated theory of quality of life’ (qol), according to ventegodt, 2003 identify quality of life (qol) as a good life with high quality. the conception of a good life can be perceived from subjective to objective. the theory identifies subjective aspects such as well-being, satisfaction with life, happiness, and meaning in life, as well as objective aspects such as realizing life's potential fulfillment of needs and individuals' ability to adapt to values and cultural norms. bandura's social-cognitive theory of behavioral change (1977) inspired the concept of self-efficacy. self-efficacy is an assessment one makes of what one is capable of doing with those abilities. professional efficacy is a teacher's ability, belief, and confidence in their profession. the belief that one holds about one's capabilities. the theory emphasizes the role of observational learning, social experience, and reciprocal determinants in the growth of self-efficacy (woolfolk & kapur, 2019). the 'selfdeterminant theory' (sdt) focuses on the importance of autonomy and opportunities for growth that can enhance professional efficacy. among all the qualities of teachers, teachers' efficacy is considered the most influential quality that contributes to students' success (guskey, 2021; hasan & surjamokhey, 2022). there needs to be more practice for teachers to enhance their well-being and efficacy, which can severely impact the student's performance and the smooth functioning 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0003-7616-0086 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i3.2227 to cite this article: mukhia, p., & rao, b. v. (2024). quality of life and professional efficacy of school teachers in west bengal, india. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i3.2227 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i3.2227 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7616-0086 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2434-6802 mukhia & rao, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 1-11 2 of educational settings. understanding how teachers' general well-being affects their professional performance and vice versa is essential to integrating the concepts of quality of life (qol) and professional efficacy for school teachers. suppose the teachers are satisfied and happy and able to fulfill their needs and adapt to societal values and cultural norms. in that case, this can significantly increase their efficacy in their profession. overall, good qualities of life have a positive and significant impact on teachers' overall performance and capabilities, which will efficiently enhance the total performance of the school environment. focusing on all these aspects, a rigorous study needs to be undertaken. the study aims to assess the two significant factors of school teachers, i.e., quality of life and professional efficacy. many studies have been conducted separately on these variables. still, all of the surveys are separate from these two variables (quality of life and professional efficacy of school teachers) in the context of west bengal. however, more research needs to be done on teachers' quality of life and professional efficacy at all levels. thus, the study aims to fill in the knowledge gap. the gaps that are discussed in the study are to be identified. an empirical study is undertaken to diminish the gap that may benefit the teachers and essential stakeholders such as students, teachers, parents, and the authorities. additionally, whether the demographic variables (location and subject steams) significantly impact these two variables has also been analyzed. the remaining paper structure includes section 2, which reviews the literature on the study variable quality of life and professional efficacy. section 3 elaborates on the study's methodology. results and discussion are presented in section 4, and the study's conclusion is given in section 5. literature review the existing research work conducted in the area of quality of life and professional efficacy is detailed in this section. mahadevaswamy and praveena (2023) conducted a study concerning categorical variables such as gender and type of school. a descriptive survey method was employed. samples of 114 secondary school teachers were selected using simple random sampling. the findings revealed no significant difference between gender and type of school regarding quality of life. sharma et al. (2023) conducted a comparative study between government and private school teachers regarding their quality of life. a massive difference was observed between teachers of private and government schools based on their quality of life. most teachers from private schools fall under the high range of quality of life rather than the average and low level. on the contrary, most government school teachers fall under the average quality of life rather than high and low levels. paschal and srivastava (2021) investigated the difference in self-efficacy among secondary school teachers regarding their gender, type of institution, and year of teaching experience. the researchers adopted a survey method to carry out the study. a sample of 258 secondary school teachers preferred the purposive and stratified sampling technique. the study's findings revealed significant differences in the self-efficacy of secondary school teachers regarding their gender and type of institution. based on teacher effectiveness, a significant difference was observed between teachers teaching in private and government schools, but no significant difference was observed between male and female teachers. a significant relationship was found between the self-efficacy and teacher effectiveness of the participants. barni et al. (2019) conducted a study on "teachers' self-efficacy: the role of personal values and motivations for teaching". the study examined the relationship between teachers' values and self-efficacy. the focus of the survey was italy. the study sample consists of 227 teachers. selfa constructed questionnaire was administered to the participants. the study investigated the positive relationship between teachers' values and teachers' self-efficacy about the level and type of motivation. differences were observed between openness to change and self-efficacy and between self-transcendence and self-efficacy. teachers' value and efficiency also depend on their motivation. lalompoh et al. (2019) investigated teachers' quality of work based on their performance. the investigators followed a path analysis model with 33 high school teachers as a sample. spss software was used to analyze the collected data. the findings indicated that teachers' quality of life plays a vital role in accelerating teachers' performance. further, the variables are taken, i.e., principal managerial competence and teachers' emotional intelligence, which also greatly influence teachers' quality of life. dabiran et al. (2018) examined the quality of life of teachers working at tehran high school (iran). a positive association was observed between marital status and physical functioning and between vitality and total physical health. overall, the study revealed teachers' low quality of life compared to the standard population. akram et al. (2017) conducted a comparative analysis to compare school work quality and teachers' quality of life in turkey and pakistan. turkish teachers were found to have higher mean scores in administrative support, work facilities, and developmental opportunities compared to pakistan's teachers. on the contrary, pakistani teachers have higher mean scores on adequate work conditions and fair income than teachers in turkey. generally, the study revealed pahigherani teachers' high quality of life and compton teachers. kumar et al. (2017) observed no significant difference between male and female school teachers of higher secondary level towards self-efficacy. male teachers have a higher level of self-efficacy than female teachers. the study's findings revealed no significant difference among higher secondary teachers of jammu and kashmir towards self-efficacy regarding subjects, educational qualifications, and teaching experience. menon and sobha (2017) investigated how secondary teachers perceive an average level of efficacy. the study discovered no significant difference in the mean scores of teachers' efficiency in their management and type of teaching experience. shahzad and naureen (2017) investigated the impact of teacher self-efficacy on secondary school students' academic achievement. it was revealed that teachers' self-efficacy positively impacts students' academic achievement. hunger et al. (2016) studied teachers' quality of life by surveying the design of seven earlystages. the study discovered that research participants positively perceive their well-being (quality of life). a significant relationship was also observed between self-conduct and quality of life. kaur and paramjot (2017) conducted a study to inspect the relationship between teacher efficacy and teaching competency among school teachers (secondary level) regarding their gender and locality. no mukhia & rao, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 1-11 3 significant difference was seen between male and female secondary school teachers regarding their teacher efficacy and teaching competency. at the same time, considerable difference was observed between secondary teachers belonging to the location (rural and urban) of the gurdaspur district of punjab regarding their teacher efficacy and teaching competency. no significant relation was observed between teacher efficacy and teaching competency of the district's secondary school teachers. in summary of the reviews mentioned, research has been done on the quality of life of teachers; however, more research is needed to focus on the professional efficacy of school teachers. the mentioned studies have undertaken demographic variables such as gender, type of school, teaching experience, educational qualification, and subject, revealing different results based on these demographic variables. these two variables, which the researcher in this study has examined, have yet to be combined in previous investigations. as a result, this study is unique and was carried out in uncharted territory. the following hypotheses have been developed based on selected demographic variables. the hypotheses have been formulated for each dimension of the self-made tool of professional efficacy. the following are the hypotheses of the study. h1: there is no significant difference in the mean scores of quality of life of school teachers with regards to their location of school h2: there is no significant difference in the mean scores of professional efficacy of school teachers about their location at school h2a: there is no significant difference in school teachers' mean efficacy scores toward the teaching-learning process regarding their location. h2b: there is no significant difference in the mean efficacy scores toward school teachers' professional development regarding their location. h2c: no significant difference exists in school teachers' mean efficacy scores toward 21st-century skills regarding their location. h2d: no significant difference exists in school teachers' mean efficacy scores towards acquaintance to nep 2020 regarding their location. h3: there is no significant difference in the mean scores of quality of life of school teachers regarding their subject streams (arts, commerce, and science). h4: there is no significant difference in the mean scores of professional efficacy of school teachers regarding their subject streams. h4a: there is no significant difference in the mean scores of efficacy towards the teaching-learning process of school teachers regarding their subject streams. h4b: no significant difference exists in the mean efficacy scores toward school teachers' professional development regarding their subject streams. h4c: no significant difference exists in school teachers' mean efficacy scores towards 21st-century skills regarding their subject streams. h4d: no significant difference exists in school teachers' mean efficacy scores towards acquaintance to nep 2020 regarding their subject streams. h5: there is no significant association between the levels of quality of life and the type of location of school teachers (rural and urban) h6: there is no significant association between the levels of quality of life and subject streams of school teachers (arts, commerce, and science) h7: there is no significant association between the levels of professional efficacy and the location of school teachers h8: there is no significant association between the levels of professional efficacy and subject streams of teachers h9: there is no significant association between quality of life and professional efficacy levels. h10: there is no significant interrelationship between the quality of life and the professional efficacy of school teachers. mukhia & rao, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 1-11 4 figure 1. conceptual model of quality of life and professional efficacy materials and methods a descriptive survey method was carried out for the present study. descriptive studies or methods entail more than just data gathering; they also include measurement, classification, analysis, comparison, and interpretation (sandra, 2020). quality of life is an independent variable, and professional efficacy is a dependent variable. the data was collected and analyzed quantitatively. therefore, a quantitative design was adopted for the present study. the population of the current study consists of school teachers (both secondary and higher secondary) from two northern districts of west bengal, india. 300 teachers of concerned districts were chosen as a representative number of samples adopting stratified random sampling. to compile the study's data, quality of life (qols-ssnn) was constructed and standardized by s. sharma and n. nasreen with 3a 3-point likert scale (always, seldom, never). the investigator revalidated the tool on a fresh sample (100). at first, content and face validity were established, and the cronbach's alpha reliability of qol was established to be 0.789, which is considered acceptable and reliable. the splits-half (odd-even) gives a result of 0.678 (p-value 0.00<0.01) positive correlations at 0.01 level. therefore, the tool (qols) was considered applicable to the west bengal context. as per the existing literature, another tool, the professional efficacy scale (pes), was constructed with 5a point likert scale (strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree, strongly disagree) and tested with the pilot study of 124 research participants for item selection, after the selection of the final items of pes (in a total of 53 items, only three items get excluded). again, cronbach's alpha reliability of pes was found to be 0.938, which was excellent and reliable. the splitshalf of pes gives a result of 0.855 (p-value 0.00<0.01) positive correlations at 0.01 level, which means the scale is significantly reliable to measure the professional efficacy of school teachers of concerned districts of west bengal. to gather data from the research participants, the investigators first selected the secondary and higher secondary schools from two districts (darjeeling and cooch behar) of west bengal randomly, and from those selected schools, the sample was taken adopting stratified random sampling. considering the demographic variables, i.e., location and subject streams of teachers, the investigator personally visited the chosen schools and explained the scale and purpose of the study. the consent of participants is given to the investigators. since the targeted sample size was 300, the collected data of 300 research participants were quantitatively analyzed employing different statistical techniques like frequency and percentage, mean, independent sample t-test, chi-square, one-way anova, and pearson correlation. life satisfaction goals and motivation spirituality happiness hopes and wishes stress reduction frustration adjustment physical well-being effectiveness of myself personal development quality of life professional efficacy efficacy towards teaching learning process efficacy towards professional development efficacy towards 21st century skills efficacy towards acquaintance to nep 2020 mukhia & rao, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 1-11 5 participants figure 2. demographic profile of the research participants as per location 31.3% figure 3. demographic profile of the research participants as per subject stream results and discussions table 1. levels of school teachers' quality of life and professional efficacy qol pes levels frequency percentage levels frequency percentage high 189 63% high 58 i9.3% average 66 22%average 153 50.8% low 45 15% low 90 29.9% from the above table, it can be stated that 63% of the secondary and higher secondary school teachers have a high level of quality of life, 22% of teachers have an average level of quality of life, and 15% of the school teachers have a low level of quality of life. additionally, 19.3% of the teachers fall under the high professional efficacy. 50.8% of participants perceive the average level of professional efficacy, and 29.9% of the teachers fall under a low level of professional efficacy. the finding reveals teachers' high quality of life and school teachers' average level of professional efficacy. in their studies, akram et al. (2017), faisal-e-alam (2024) and sharma et al. (2023) also revealed a high quality of life among teachers. menon and sobha (2017) also found that secondary teachers perceive an average level of efficacy. table 2. levels of professional efficacy of school teachers in terms of 4 dimensions efficacy towards teaching-learning process (1) level of pes high f 63 percentage 21% average 157 52.3% efficacy towards professional development (2) low level of pes high 80 f 73 26.7% percentage 24.3% average 152 50.7% efficacy towards 21st century skills (3) low level of pes high 75 f 68 25% percentage 22.7% average 149 49.7% efficacy towards acquaintance to nep 2020 (4) low level of pes high 83 f 64 27.7% percentage 21.3% average 169 56.3% low 67 22.1% the above table states that most of the research participants (school teachers) in the entire dimensions of professional efficacy fall under average level, i.e., 52.3% in dimension 1, 50.7% in dimension 2, 49.7% in dimension 3, and 56.3% in dimension 4. few participants are directed towards high and low levels of professional efficacy in the given 1, 2, 3, and 4 dimensions. table 3. means, sd, and t-value of school teachers regarding quality of life and professional efficacy about their location of school variables location n mean sd t-value decision qol rural 138 109.05 7.59 0.708@ (p>0.05) urban 162 108.43 7.67 (p=0.48) ns pes rural 138 191.86 23.26 0.447@ (p>0.05) urban 162 196.41 23.56 (p=0.65) ns not significant at 0.05 level demographic profile rural urban 46% 54% demographic profile arts commerce science 33.7% 31.3% 35% mukhia & rao, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 1-11 6 it is observable from the above table that the t-value of the quality of life of school teachers regarding their location of school is 0.70 8(p=0.48), which is greater than the threshold value at 0.05 level. the p-value is also more than 0.05. therefore, there is no significant difference in the mean scores of quality of life of significance for west bengal regarding their location. the null hypothesis h1 is accepted regarding the professional efficacy of school teachers regarding their location. the school is 0.447. so, there is no significant difference in the mean scores of professional efficacy of school teachers of west bengal regarding their school location as the p-value (0.65) is more than the threshold value at 0.05 significance level. there is insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis h2, so the null hypothesis h2 is accepted. table 4. means, sd, and t-value of school teachers towards 4 dimensions of professional efficacy about their location dimensions location n mean sd t-value decision efficacy towards rural 139 62.70 6.92 0.012@ (p>0.05) teaching learning process (1) urban 161 62.69 6.28 (p=0.151) ns efficacy towards rural 139 36.60 6.15 2.078** (p<0.05) professional development (2) urban 161 38.03 5.71 (p=0.038) sig efficacy towards 21st rural 139 54.74 7.82 0.051@ (p>0.05) century skills (3) urban 161 54.74 7.80 (p=0.704) ns efficacy towards rural 139 39.43 6.53 0.077@ (p>0.05) acquaintance to nep 2020 (4) urban 161 39.49 6.55 (p=0.716) ns **significant at 0.05 level it is evident from the above table that the critical/obtained t-values of dimensions 1, 3, and 4 of pes are lesser than the threshold value, i.e., 1.96 at 0.05 levels. all p-values of all 1 (p=0.151),3 (p=0.704), and 4 (p=0.716) dimensions of pes are more than 0.05. hence, no significant difference exists in the mean scores of school teachers regarding efficacy in the teaching-learning process, 21st-century skills, and acquaintance with (nep, 2020) regarding their location. the null hypotheses h2a and h2c h2d are not rejected. at the same time, the critical/obtained t-values of dimension ' efficacy towards professional development' are more significant than the threshold value, i.e., 1.96 at 0.05 level. the p-value of dimension 2 is also less than 0.05 (p=0.038). therefore, a significant difference exists in the mean scores of efficacy school teachers towards professional development. thus, the null hypothesis h2b is rejected. as a result, the school's location significantly impacts the efficacy of west bengal teachers towards their professional development. table 5. summary of one-way anova: quality of life and professional efficacy with three categories (subject streams) qol mean f-value pes mean f-value between groups 341.133 2.967 (p=0.053) between groups 9043.099 8.604** (p=0.000) within groups 17073.347 within groups 156080.888 total 17414.480 total 165123.987 **significant at 0.05 level the above table presents school teachers' quality of life and professional efficacy based on their subject streams (arts et al.). the calculated f-value is 2.967 (p=0.053) for the quality of life, which is not significant (p>0.05) at 0.05 level, which shows that the mean scores of quality of life of school teachers about their subject streams do not differ significantly. thus, the null hypothesis (h3) is accepted. on the contrary, the calculated f-value, which is 8.604 (p=0.000) for the professional efficacy of school teachers in their subject streams, is significant (p<0.05) at the 0.05 level. this means that the mean scores of professional efficacy of school teachers regarding their subject streams differ significantly. therefore, it is evident that the null hypothesis h4 is rejected. differences are there between the teachers of different subject streams. to determine which category of the subject stream had a significantly higher mean score for professional efficacy, the data were further analyzed with the help of post-hoc analysis. table 6. post hoc analysis for pes about subject streams mean scores arts commerce science 187.60 200.56 194.25 streams (i) (j) mean difference sig streams (i) (j) mean difference sig arts commerce 13.25318 .000** commerce arts 13.25318 .000** science 6.65136 .108 science 6.60182 .107 streams (i) (j) mean difference sig science arts 6.65136 6.60182 .108 .107 commerce *the mean difference is significant at a 0.05 level it is evident from the above table that the teachers of arts and commerce streams differ significantly (p<0.05) with a mean difference of 13.25. in contrast, the arts and science teachers, with a mean difference of 6.65, do not differ significantly (p>0.05) towards professional efficacy based on their subject streams. in addition, teachers with commerce and arts backgrounds differ significantly (p<0.05), with a mean difference of 13.25. in contrast, teachers with commerce and science streams, with a mean difference 6.60, do not differ significantly (p>0.05). no significant difference was found mukhia & rao, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 1-11 7 between teachers with science and arts backgrounds, with a mean difference of 6.65, and teachers of science and commerce streams with a mean difference of 6.60. from the analysis of the above table, teachers of commerce streams are better than teachers of arts and science streams as the mean scores of teachers in commerce stream are comparatively higher than those of arts and science streams. table 7. summary of one-way anova: 4 dimensions of professional efficacy with three categories (subject streams) efficacy towards teaching learning process (1) sum of squares df mean square f sig. between groups 538.023 2 within groups 12394.977 297 269.011 6.446 .002** total 12933.000 299 41.734 efficacy towards professional development (2) sum of squares df mean square f sig between groups 283.200 2 within groups 10328.987 297 141.600 4.072 .018** total 10612.187 299 34.778 efficacy towards 21st century skills sum of squares df mean square f sig between groups 787.115 2 within groups 17430.922 297 393.558 6.706 .001** total 18218.037 299 58.690 efficacy towards acquaintance to nep 2020(4) sum of squares df mean square f sig between groups 781.250 2 within groups 11971.480 297 390.625 9.691 .000** total 12752.730 299 40.308 *the mean difference is significant at a 0.05 level from the above table, the calculated f-values of all 4 dimensions of the professional efficacy of school teachers in their subject streams are significant. all p values are also less than 0.05. it indicates that the subject stream of teachers of west bengal significantly impacts teachers' efficacy towards the teaching-learning process, professional development, 21stcentury skills, and acquaintance with (nep, 2020). as there is sufficient evidence to reject null hypotheses h4a, h4b, h4c, and h4d, the null hypothesis (h4a), (h4b), (h4c), and (h4d) are rejected. to determine which category of the subject stream had significantly higher mean scores for dimensions of professional efficacy, the data were further analyzed with the help of post hoc analysis. table 8. post hoc analysis of 4 dimensions (efficacy towards teaching-learning process, professional development, 21st century skills and acquaintance to (nep, 2020) of pes about subject streams efficacy towards teaching learning process (1) mean scores arts 61.3663 commerce 38.3396 science 37.7284 (1) subjects (j) subjects mean difference sig. arts commerce science commerce arts science science arts commerce 3.09593* .77345 3.09593* 2.32248* .77345 2.32248* .002** .683 .002** .032** .683 .032** efficacy towards professional development (2) mean scores arts 36.0594 commerce 38.3396 science 37.6989 (1) subjects (j) subjects mean difference sig arts commerce science commerce arts science science arts commerce 2.28022* 1.63952 2.28022* .64070 1.63952 64070 .016** .131 .016** .725 .131 .725 efficacy towards 21st century skills (3) mean scores arts 52.9208 commerce 56.7736 science 54.3441 (1) subjects (j) subjects mean difference sig. arts commerce science commerce arts science science arts commerce 3.85279* 1.42329 3.85279* 2.42950 1.42329 2.42950 .001** .400 .001** .068 .400 .068 efficacy towards acquaintance to nep 20202 (4) mean scores mukhia & rao, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 1-11 8 arts 37.2574 commerce 40.9906 science 40.1398 (1) subjects (j) subjects mean difference sig. arts commerce science commerce arts science science arts commerce 3.73314* 2.88236* 3.73314* .85078 2.88236* .85078 .000** .005** .000** .613 .005** .613 *. the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. table 8 shows a post hoc analysis of 4 dimensions of pes. teachers of arts and commerce streams differ significantly (p<0.05) in terms of efficacy towards the teaching-learning process. in contrast, no significant differences were seen (p>0.05) in the mean scores of teachers of arts and science streams. a significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the mean scores of teachers of commerce and arts and commerce and science streams towards the teaching-learning process. science and arts teachers do not differ significantly (p>0.05). on the contrary, teachers of science and commerce differ significantly (p<0.05) in the teaching-learning process. the teachers of arts streams are better than those of commerce and science streams in dimension 1. in dimension 2, i.e., efficacy towards professional development, it is seen that teachers of arts and commerce differ significantly (p<0.05), whereas teachers of arts and science do not differ significantly (p>0.05). a significant difference was seen in the mean scores of teachers belonging to commerce and arts streams (p<0.05), whereas no significant difference was observed in the mean scores of teachers of commerce and science streams (p>0.05). again, no significant differences were found between science and arts teachers and science and commerce streams (p>0.05). the analysis also reveals that teachers of commerce streams are better than teachers of arts and science streams in dimension 2, as the mean scores of teachers of commerce streams are comparatively higher than teachers of arts and science streams. dimension 3, i.e., efficacy towards 21st-century skills, shows a significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean scores of teachers belonging to arts and commerce streams. in contrast, no significant differences were shown (p>0.05) in the mean scores of teachers belonging to arts and science streams. teachers belonging to commerce and arts differ significantly (p<0.05). in contrast, teachers belonging to commerce and science, science and arts, and science and commerce do not differ significantly (p<0.05) towards 21st-century skills. teachers of commerce streams are better than arts and science teachers in dimension 3. in dimension 4, i.e. (efficacy towards acquaintance to nep 2020), a significant difference (p<0.05) was shown in the mean scores of teachers belonging to arts and commerce, arts and science and commerce and arts. teachers of commerce and science do not differ significantly (p>0.05), whereas a significant difference was shown (p<0.05) in the mean scores of teachers belonging to the science and arts streams. in addition, no significant difference was observed (p>0.05) in the mean scores of teachers belonging to science and commerce. the analysis also shows that teachers of commerce streams are better than teachers of arts and science streams in dimension 4. table 9. results pertaining association between levels of quality of life and professional efficacy and categories of undertaken variables (location and streams qol location rural chi-square pes location rural chi-square 54.33% (level 1) **24.079 (p=0.001) 21.6% (level 1) 1.380 (p=0.502) 31% (level 2) (p<0.05) 47.5% (level 2) (p>0.05) 14.66% (level 3) urban 60% (level 1) 30.9% (level 3) urban 17.4% (level 1) 24.66% (level 2) 53.4% (level 2) streams 15.33% (level 3) arts 58.66% (level 1) streams 29.2% (level 3) arts 8.9% (level 1) 25.66% (level 2) 53.5% (level 2) 15.66% (level 3) commerce 12.459 (p=0.052) 37.6% (level 3) commerce **12.870 (p=0.012) 55% (level 1) (p>0.05) 27.4% (level 1) (p<0.05) 26.66% (level 2) 48.1% (level 2) 18.33% (level 3) science 61% (level 1) 24.5% (level 3) science 21.5% (level 1) 23% (level 2) 50.5% (level 2) 15.33% (level 3) 28% (level 3) *. the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. from the above table, it is stated that the chi-square value of location and quality of life of school teachers is 24.079 (p=0.001), which is significant at 0.05 level of significance (p<0.05). thus, there is a significant association between the quality of life and the location of school teachers. in addition, the chi-square value of levels of quality of life and subject streams of teachers is found to be 12.495 (p=0.052) at a 0.05 significance level (p>0.05). therefore, no significant association exists between quality of life levels and school teachers' subject streams. quality of life is dependent on the location of schools and independent of the subject streams of school teachers. it is evident that the null hypothesis (h5) is mukhia & rao, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 1-11 9 rejected, and the null hypothesis (h6) is not rejected. again, the above table identifies that the chi-square value of location and level of professional efficacy is 1.380 (p=0.052), which is not significant at 0.05 level (p>0.05). thus, no significant association was found between professional efficacy levels and school teachers' location. as the p-value is more significant than 0.05 (p>0.05), there is insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis h6. thus, the null hypothesis h6 is accepted. the chi-square value of subject streams and level of professional efficacy is found to be 12.870 (p=0.012), which is significant (p<0.05). therefore, it is investigated that there is a significant association between subject streams and school teachers' professional efficacy levels. professional efficacy is independent of the location of the school and dependent on subject streams. as the p-value is less than 0.05 (p<0.05), there is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis h8. thus, the null hypothesis h8 is rejected. table 10. results pertaining association between quality of life and professional efficacy qol pes chi-square 63% (level 1) 19.3% (level 1) **25.646 (p=0.001) 22% (level2) 15% (level3) 50.8% (level2) 29.9% (level3) (p<0.05) *the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level the analysis of the above table shows the chi-square value of the above-mentioned categorical variables is 25.646 (p=0.001), which is significant at 0.05 level of significance (p<0.05). therefore, a significant association was shown between quality of life and professional efficacy. as the p-value is less than 0.05, it is evident that the null hypothesis h9 is rejected. the quality of life and professional efficacy are dependent on each other. table 11. coefficient correlation between quality of life and professional efficacy of school teachers quality of life pearson correlation quality of life 1 professional efficacy .158** sig. (2-tailed) .006 n 300 300 professional efficacy pearson correlation sig. (2-tailed) .158** .006 1 n 300 300 ** correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). the above table identifies the coefficient correlation between quality of life and professional efficacy, which is positive and statistically significant (p<0.05) at 0.01 level. therefore, it is revealed that the quality of life and professional efficacy of school teachers are positively correlated. if teachers have a positive quality of life, their professional efficacy will also be positive. both quality of life and professional efficacy are interdependent. conclusions the study was undertaken to assess school teachers' quality of life and professional efficacy and to study its relationship with demographic variables (location of school and subject streams). the study results show that secondary and higher secondary school teachers of the northern district of west bengal have an incredibly high quality of life and average levels of professional efficacy. a significant difference was observed between teachers of arts and commerce streams toward professional efficacy. teachers with commerce streams are better than arts and science in their professional efficacy. the study also reveals a significant association between the location of schools and quality of life and between subject streams and levels of professional efficacy of school teachers in northern west bengal districts. a significant association was also found between the categorical variables of quality of life and professional efficacy. finally, the study reveals a significant correlation between quality of life and professional efficacy. thus, the study concludes that integrating teachers' quality of life and professional efficacy with undertaken demographic variables has different impactful findings. the study's findings suggest that examining the different aspects of teachers' professional efficacy is necessary. a significant concern is a need for more proficiency in several areas related to professional effectiveness. specific policies, practices, and training programs must be implemented at every stage of teacher education to raise school teachers' efficacy levels. so many teaching areas still need clear standards of practice, especially in technological aspects. if appropriately implemented, regular practices and efficient teachers' training programs in all spheres, workshops, and conferences to enhance teaching skills and knowledge can improve their professional efficacy, leading to enhanced teaching quality, student learning outcomes, and overall school success. it is also imperative to prioritize the quality of life of teachers, as it can positively impact professional performance, well-being, and the education system as a whole. the study also has some limitations. in the present study, numerous variables such as gender, teaching experience, age factors, and type of school were not considered. hence, other researchers are recommended to investigate the relationship between teachers' quality of life, professional efficacy, and these variables. the other researchers are recommended to carry out the same study, adopting different research designs and methods to see whether the findings vary. mukhia & rao, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 1-11 10 author contributions: conceptualization, p.m and b.v. methodology: p.m.; software, p.m and b.v.; validation, b.v.; formal analysis, p.m. investigation, p.m.; resources, b.v.; data curation, p.m. and b.v. writingoriginal draft preparation, p.m.; writingreview & editing, b.v.; visualization, p.m.; supervision, b.v.; project administration, p.m. and b.v.; funding acquisition, p.m. and b.v. author has read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: rac (research advisory committee) waived ethical review and approval for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the funding source for this research was provided through the ugc non-net fellowship, nagaland university (a central university), government of india. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. due to restrictions, they are not publicly available. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references akram, m., iigan, a., ozu, o., & shah, a. a. 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(2019). educational psychology. pearson india education service. publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i8-17 http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2003.82 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 34-43 34 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 8 no 1 (2023) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa evaluation of genotypes with environmental interactions of lablab (purpureus l.) and it is dry matter yields stability in the midland of guji zone, southern oromia, ethiopia teshale jabessa (a)1 getachew tesfaye (b) ketema bekele (c) (a) animal feed researcher, oromia agricultural research institute, ethiopia; e-mail: teshalejabessa@gmail.com (b) animal feed researcher, oromia agricultural research institute, ethiopia; e-mail: getchtesfaye48@gmail.com (c) animal feed researcher, oromia agricultural research institute, ethiopia; e-mail: ketamabekele@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 24th august 2023 revised: 29th november 2023 accepted: 22nd december 2023 published: 31st december 2023 keywords: dry matter, environment, interactions, lablab, stability jel classification codes: f25, q35, w22, m83 a b s t r a c t animal feed is one of the main challenges facing livestock producers, due to inadequate nutrition, particularly during the dry season. the aim of this study was to identify lablab genotypes performance in different midlands areas of guji zones. a 3mx2m plot was used to seed twelve genotypes of lablab purpureus, which were obtained from the international livestock research institute gene bank, and a tick registered variety from bako agricultural research centre. during the main cropping rainy season in 2021-2022, three locations dufa, gobicha, and kiltu sorsa, adola subsite, and on farms in two (2) consecutive years, respectively were studied using randomized complete block designs (rcbd) with three replications. information was gathered regarding the establishment, duration of various physiological stages, dry matter yield of fodder, chemical compositions, and additional relevant factors. ammi and the sas statistical analysis programmer, version (2002), were used to perform an analysis of variance on the gathered data. the list significant difference test was used to compare the means. the results of the ammi analysis of variance for forage dry matter yield showed that there were substantial (p<0.01) variations in genotype and environment, but not in the effects of the g x e interaction. both the representative testing site and the testing conditions (adola woyu and kiltu sorsa) were quite good at differentiating genotypes. the combined analysis of the data revealed that non-significant (p>0.05) differences for plant height and thousand seed weight, but significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences for days to flowering, days to maturity, number of branches, leaf to steam ratio, number of pods, and number of seeds across the tested environments. the results showed that, out of all the examined locations, g-11620 (15.43 t/ha) and g-14486 (11.12 t/ha) had the highest forage dry matter production. it was observed that the leaf to steam ratio was higher in both g-11486 and g-11620. all chemical compositions across the tested genotypes were found to be significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) among parameters, with the exception of domd and ivdmd, which did not showed significant (p >0.05) variations among genotypes. the recorded cp content ranged from 21.15% for g-14486 to 23.50% for g-11620, with the lowest value coming from typical cheek gabis 10.8%. the highest and the lowest ndf were recorded from g-11620 (11.2%) and gabis (22.23%) respectively. generally the mean performance, yield and stability of the g-11620 and g-14486 were high and stable across the tested locations. therefore, genotypes (g-14486 and g-11620) were promoted to variety verification for further evaluation and possible for release. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction animal feed is one of livestock producers' most significant issues (mohamed, 2017). like other tropical countries, ethiopia's smallholder crop-livestock farmers face substantial challenges due to inadequate nutrition, particularly during the dry season when pastures and crop leftovers are scarce and of low nutritional value (tolera et al., 2000). introducing improved types of highly productive forage plants with good dietary quality is crucial given the enormous activities at fodder production (tekalign, 2014). among cultivated plants in the leguminosae family, lablab (lablab purpureus (l) sweet) is a primarily self-fertile herbaceous forage crop with chromosomal number 2n 22 (kshirsagar et al., 2018). due to its higher forage yields than cowpea and adaptability to various agroecologies, it has tremendous potential as a species of forage crop (adebisi et al., 2004). lack of agronomic practices, genetic erosion, limited research focus, absence of improved varieties, poor 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-2936-2374 © 2023 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under the responsibility of cribfb, u.s.a. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v8i1.2169 to cite this article: jabessa, t., tesfaye, g., & bekele, k. (2023). evaluation of genotypes with environmental interactions of lablab (purpureus l.) and it’s dry matter yields stability in the midland of guji zone, southern oromia, ethiopia. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 8(1), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v8i1.2169 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v8i1.2169 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2936-2374 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0265-3520 https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8168-1777 jabessa et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 34-43 35 management practices and improvement, and variations in climate patterns have all contributed to the decline in lablab production patterns (bhatt et al., 2019). lablab is multipurpose fodder, and various plant parts, including seeds, young grains, green beans, leaves, and biscuits, can be eaten (davari et al., 2018). lablab purpureus forage is a short-lived, upright perennial herbaceous crop frequently planted annually (kikafunda et al., 2004). it is recommended because of its high nutritional content, palatability, and strong forage production. furthermore, lablab purpureus is a good candidate for intercropping. it is shade-tolerant and has been cultivated in dry and semiarid environments because of its drought tolerance (aganga & tshwenyane, 2003). nowadays, one of the main fodder crops used as green manure and leguminous is lablab purpureus. nevertheless, the forage yield is significantly lower than its potential because of several biophysical and socioeconomic limitations and a limited variety selection. therefore, one of the most significant ways to reduce those production constraints is to cultivate forage crop varieties that are resistant to substantial biotic and abiotic stress and that improve adaptation to changing environments and in different agro-ecologies therefore, the present study was initiated to estimate the magnitude of genotype, environment and genotype by environment interaction for forage yield and yield components of lablab yield stability across different environments. literature review lablab is a high-yielding forage legume which can be grazed, harvested for hay or silage, or used as a green manure and break crop in sub-tropical and tropical farming systems (chakoma et al., 2016). it is commonly used as a supplementary feed (tulu et al., 2018) for intercropping with cereal crops (mpairwe et al., 2002). it is considered to have significant potential for the sustainable intensification of smallholder crop/livestock production systems (miller et al., 2018). it tolerates acid soil conditions (mugwira & haque, 1993) and addresses soil fertility decline. lablab is also used to control insect pests (qureshi et al., 2016) and in ethno-veterinary medicine. lablab forage yields range from 6-9 tonnes of dry matter (d.m.) per hectare. forage has an average crude protein content of about 16% d.m., which can vary from 8-33% in sub-saharan africa, depending on local conditions and stage of harvest. the crude protein levels in the leaves range from 21-38%, in the stem 7–20%, and in the grain 20-28%. the digestibility of leaves ranges from 55-76% (mudunuru et al., 2008). the latest research findings report the effectiveness of lablab bean extracts in impeding infections of viral diseases such as influenza and sars-cov-2, which has been described as a world pandemic (liu et al., 2020). the crop also greatly ensures income security among smallholder farmers, especially in dryland and semi-dryland ecosystems (rai et al., 2018). this demonstrates the necessity of improving its production and utilization. lablab is a multipurpose crop. several plant parts can be consumed for human consumption (rana et al., 2021) and animal feed (minde et al., 2021). lablab is a drought-resilient crop with multiple benefits (naeem et al., 2020). it is popularly regarded as a grain legume, vegetable, and fodder, rich in protein (comparable with soybean), nutrients, and vitamins (minde et al., 2020). its ability to thrive when rainfall resumes after drought has led to its greater resilience compared with other legumes such as common beans (phaseolus vulgaris), soybeans (glycine max), cowpeas (vigna unguiculata), and pigeon peas (cajanus cajan) (miller et al., 2018). phenotypic plasticity in plants refers to the changes in physiological responses that contribute to their adaptability to the new environment (alpert & simms, 2002). morphologically, the mechanisms include glabrous and trailing stems, a vigorous extension of shoots, shifting of leaf inclinations to reduce sun rays, decrease in leaf sizes and structures, changes in chlorophyll contents and greenness of the crop, alterations in stomatal behaviour, and their distribution to control evapotranspiration as well as deep root penetration (2 m) to the soil (chakoma et al., 2016) materials and methods description of the study locations the experiment was conducted at three locations (adola et al., 2021), sorsa on the farm in the guji zone of southern oromia for two consecutive years. the areas under examination cover the sub-humid mid-altitude primary crop-growing region with an altitude range from 1450 to 1900 meters above sea level. the area's first and most significant rainy season falls between april and august, while the second rainy season falls between september and november. the area has bimodal rainfall. the district receives 1084 mm of rainfall annually and is divided into three agroecologies: lowland (60%), midland (29%) and highland (11%). the research site's average annual lowest temperature is 15.93 °c, while its average yearly maximum temperature is 9.89 °c. the primary soil types of the area are basaltic soil (nitisols) and orthic aerosols (etefa & dibaba, 2011). approaches and design of experiments twelve lablab genotypes, including standard checks (gabisa-17 and beresa-55), were included in the genetic materials and examined at six different locations throughout the study period between two years (2021 to 2022). a randomized complete block (rcbd) with three replications was used in each location. with a 2 m length, 1.8 m width, and 30 cm inter-row spacing, each genotype was seeded in six rows. when planting, 20 kg ha-1 of seeds and 100 nps kg ha-1 of fertilizer were applied. sources of planting materials the international livestock research institute (ilri) first provided the planting materials used in this investigation. based on their performance in terms of herbage yield and other agronomic parameters, the lablab genotypes aside from the check (gabisa-17 and beresa-55) assessed in the presented study were chosen from those previously adapted to the environment. jabessa et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 34-43 36 methods of data collections the agronomic data like date of 50% flowering, number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf to stem ratio, plant height (cm), dry matter yield (t/ha), number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed yield (kg/ha) and thousand seed weight (g) was carefully collected. forage sampling was collected at the 50% flowering stage, and seed sampling was conducted at the maturity stage of the plant. in all plots, sampling was done from the middle four rows, excluding the border rows. biomass yield determination a delicate balance was used in the field to weigh the herbage yield, which was harvested 10 cm above the ground. fresh subsamples will be independently obtained from each plot, weighed, and chopped into pieces ranging from 2 to 5 cm to determine the dry matter content. the weighed fresh sub-samples (fwss) were oven-dried at 600c for 72 hours and reweighed (dwss) to estimate dry matter yield. the dry matter yield (t/ha) = (10 x totfw x dwss / ha x fwss)) (tarawali et al., 1995). (1) where: tfw = total fresh weight from the plot in kg dwss = dry weight of the sample in grams fwss = fresh weight of the sample in grams. h.a. = harvest area in meter square, and 10 is a constant for the conversion of yields in kg m2 to tone/ha analysis of chemical compositions the methods outlined by aoac (1990) were used to determine the total ash and crude protein content levels. the methods drawn by van soest (1988) were used to analyze acid detergent lignin (adl), neutral detergent fiber (ndf), and acid detergent fiber (adf). methods of data analyzing before doing the combined analysis, hartley's test (f-max test) was performed to evaluate the homogeneity of error variance (hartley, 1950). the entire variation was then divided into components remaining to genotype (g), environment (e), and genotype with environment (g x e) interaction effects using pooled analysis. the sas statistical programmed version (2002) was used to compute the anova for each location and the total anova over locations. the ammi and gge biplots were created using genstat (2012). results and discussions ammi analysis of variance the ammi analysis of variance for forage dry matter yield showed significant (p<0.01) variations in genotype and environment but not in effects of the g x e interaction. while genotype and genotype by environment interaction captured 15.95% and 1.31% of the overall variation, respectively, the environment captured 18.73%. the strong impact of environments on the forage dry matter yield performance of lablab genotypes was revealed by a more significant total variance caused by environment. accordingly, different authors have documented significant yield variations of lablab genotypes because of observed environments (arega et al., 2023). this suggests that the tested lablab genotypes exhibit a significant degree of different reactions to modifications in the growing areas and a differential discriminating capacity in the test conditions. additional y ammi analysis showed that the robust g x e interaction impact could be broken down into principal component analysis (pca). with the first ipca accounting for 73.83% and the second accounting for an extra 13.1%, the first two ipcas accounted for 86.92%, with ipca1 being the only important one. various researchers, amare and tamado (2014) and temesgen et al. (2014) suggested that the first two ipcas may be used to determine the correct model for ammi. the genotypes are more stable or adaptable across all environments sampled when the ipca scores are closer to zero. according to the study authors, there was a substantial difference in dry matter yield for each genotype in the various areas (arega et al., 2023; oliveira et al., 2014). table 1. ammi anova for forage dry matter yield of 12 lablab genotypes evaluated at 6 locations over two consecutive years. source of variation d.f ss ms % explained pvalues total variations g x e g x e cumulative total 215 134.16 0.624 genotypes 11 38.65 3.513** 15.95 <0.001 environments 5 44.84 8.969** 18.73 <0.001 g x e interactions 55 15.85 0.288ns 1.31 0.1086 blocks (envts) 12 5.75 0.479** 2.17 0.0163 ipca 1 15 6.43 0.428* 1.94 73.83 0.0241 ipca 2 13 4.55 0.35ns 1.59 13.1 86.92 0.0956 residuals 27 4.88 0.181 0.82 0.7192 error 132 29.07 0.220 d.f= degree of freedom, ss= sum of square, ms= mean sum of square, gxe= genotype with environment jabessa et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 34-43 37 the genotypes' mean dry matter yield performances the significant relationship between environment and genotypes suggested that various genotypes reacted differently to changing environmental conditions. out of all the investigated genotypes, g-11620 (15.43 t/ha) and g-14486 (11.12 t/ha) had the highest forage dry matter yield (table 2). compared to the standard checks beresa-55 and gabis-17, the dry matter yield advantage was 129.9% and 61.2%, respectively. this variation may result from the genotypes' genetic potential. there was a significant genotype by environment interaction in terms of dry matter yield, as observed by the variations in yield rank of lablab genotypes across tested areas. table 2. lablab genotypes performance for dry matter yields (t/ha) across locations and over the year genotypes dry matter yield (t/ ha-1) 2021 2022 adola-woyu kiltu-sorsa gobicha adola-woyu kiltu-sorsa gobicha 18622 4.31b 7.96bcd 4.51c 1.64b 11.03a 5.54cd gabis 1.33b 1.07e 1.07d 0.33c 2.27b 1.60d 10979 4.42b 5.41d 4.52c 1.92ab 10.1a 6.57bc 10953 4.62b 8.74bcd 4.52c 2.26ab 9.41a 4.86cd 11620 14.8a 14.63a 17.2a 3.11a 14.0a 16.3a beresa 4.12b 5.65cd 5.61c 1.55b 12.94a 6.77bc 11630 4.01b 6.93cd 4.6c 1.82ab 9.72a 6.03bcd 14489 4.2b 8.34bcd 5.11c 1.99ab 10.83a 5.43cd 14486 12b 11.2b 9.47b 2.42ab 12.67a 10.13b 11612 4.82b 9.05bc 5.12c 1.72b 10.5a 7.37bc 14465 5.32b 5.35d 4.92c 1.66b 10.89a 6.18bc 14474 4.2b 8.3bcd 5.91c 1.98ab 8.48a 5.98bcd means 5.68 7.72 6.05 1.86 10.23 6.89 lsd (5%) 4.05 3.09 2.46 1.16 4.87 4 cv (%) 4.21 27 2.4 36.8 2.81 3.43 means in a column within the same category having different superscripts differ (p<0.05); d.m. t/ha-1 = dry matter yield tone per hectare; lsd=least significance difference; cv=coefficient of variations. composite agronomic trait performances of the genotypes the combined analysis of variance for the genotypes of lablab purpureus tested across locations for assessed agronomic parameters is shown in (table 3). except for non-significant differences in plant height and thousand seed weight, the genotypes showed significant differences in days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches, leaf-tosteam ratio, number of pods, and number of seeds across the investigated settings. days to 50% flowering were significant (p<0.05) among the genotypes tested. table 3 shows no variation in the plant height at fodder harvest and thousand seed weight between genotypes (p>0.05). this could be because of the environment's impact on fodder crops' physiological growth and development. the standard control variety, gebis-17, took longer (111.6 days) to reach physiological maturity than the seed from genotype 11620, which was the shortest (97 days). the observed differences could be related to differences in number of days taken to flowering. early flowering results in early physiological maturity for seed harvest. in line with this, kc et al. (2016) reported that lablab genotypes took (81130) with 50% flowering, whereas kankwatsa (2018) reported a shorter number of days and 50% flowering (52 to 69 days). the genotypes under-tested had composite mean dry matter yield tones/hectare ranging from 1.44 to 15.43t/ha-1 in various environments. the reported dry matter yields were 1.44 t/ha, 11.12 t/ha (g-14486), and 15.43 t/ha (g-11620), respectively. the most extensive yield advantages over the standard checks, beresa-55 and gebisa-17, are shared by two genotypes, 11620 and 14486, with yield advantages of 129.9% and 61.2%, respectively. the current study's conclusion is consistent with ogedegbe et al. (2011) earlier report, which stated that the maximum dry matter yield ever recorded was 10.2 t/ha. muir (2002) also noted that rainfall significantly influences the dry matter yields of warm-season legumes. however, the dry matter yields of the lablab that were observed in this investigation fell within mihailovic et al.'s (2016) published range of values (1.8-12.9 dm t ha-1). however, lower dry matter yields of 6.8 and 6t ha-1 for various lablab species were recorded (hidosa et al., 2016). similarly, lablab's sub-humid climate in western oromia recorded a forage dry matter yield of 5.4 t ha-1 (tulu et al., 2018). the leaf-to-stem ratio significantly impacts the forage's nutritional quality because leaves have lower fiber content and higher nutrient levels than stems. leaf-to-steam ratios ranged in mean from 0.38 to 0.91. the leaf-to-steam ratio was found to be higher in both g-11620 and g-14486. the leaf-to-stem ratio significantly impacts diet choice, forage intake, and quality (zailan et al., 2018). the observed variations among the genotypes examined may be attributed to probable genetic variations resulting from environmental interactions. table 3. mean dry matter yields agronomic traits for lablab genotypes tested in regional variety trials combined at 6 locations (adola et al., 2021) over two years, 2021 and 2022. genotypes days to plant height (cm) number of branches leaftosteam ratio number of pods per plant number of seeds per pod 1000 seed weight (g) dmy t/ha dmy yield advantage over check (barasa17) dmy yield advantage over check (gabis-55) flowering (days) maturity (days) jabessa et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 34-43 38 18622 101.56cb 175.2b 96.97 5.3abc 0.573cde 57.4ab 3.79ab 1.66b 6.65c gabis 111.6a 183.4a 100.69 4.de 0.38e 52.9 a 3.8 ab 0.36c 1.44d 10979 100.7cb 175.7b 100.26 4.7b-e 0.75abc 57.1ab 4.08ab 1.62b 6.45c 10953 100.5cb 176.6b 95.92 5.3abc 0.66bcd 55.6 ab 3.6a 1.72b 6.86c 11620 97c 154.3c 100.88 6.48b 0.85ab 87.86b 4.1b 2.26a 15.43a 129.9 971.6 barasa 107.7ab 181.6a 99.79 3.8e 0.53de 54.2a 3.79ab 1.62b 6.87c 11630 102.06cb 177.2b 97.38 4.6b-d 0.68bcd 55.2ab 3.79ab 1.75b 6.43c 14489 101.8cb 176.9b 100.58 5.3bcd 0.69bcd 56.3ab 3.92ab 1.72b 6.98c 14486 101.5cb 175.6b 99.63 5.83ab 0.91a 73.4ab 3.97ab 1.82ab 11.12b 61.2 672.2 11612 101.2cb 176.7b 97.72 4.3cde 0.74a-d 53.6a 3.75ab 1.64b 7.28c 14465 102.7cb 175.1b 94.37 4.5cde 0.73a-d 51.3a 3.75ab 1.67b 6.55c 14474 100.8cb 176.3b 100.07 4.7b-e 0.71a-d 56.7ab 3.75ab 2.03ab 6.87c mean 102.4 175.4 98.7 4.9 1.06 59 4 1.6 7.4 c.v 7.2 2.24 17.3 23.4 4.98 35.8 7.8 4.31 3.84 lsd 4.8 2.6 11.22 0.76 3.4 19.9 0.3 0.47 1.87 means in a column within the same category having different superscripts differ (p<0.05); d.m. t/ha=dry matter yield tone per hectare; lsd=least significance difference; cv=coefficient of variations. ammi bi-plot stability analysis of dry matter yield thus, the gge bi-plot has been applied in crop genotype trials to efficiently determine the genotype or genotypes that perform best across environments, to determine the best genotypes for the delineation of specific environments so that particular genotypes can be recommended to particular environments, and to assess genotype stability and yield (yan & kang, 2003). because they were closer to the biplot's centre, g-14486, g-11630, and g-11620 exhibited extensive adaptability throughout the settings. the mean genotypes exhibit consistent responses to environmental changes, with a small value of ipca1. environment: because the examined materials had longer vectors (possible environments), kiltucorsa was considered highly discriminating. figure 1. ammi 2 bi-plot for ipca 1 against ipca 2 scores for 12 genotypes and seven environments gge bi-plot analysis in the mega-environments (mge), the genotypes near the polygon's vertices either had the best or worst performance. the jabessa et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 34-43 39 polygon view of the gge bi-plot was the most effective method for identifying winning genotypes and visualizing the patterns of interaction between genotypes and environments by yan et al. (2000) and yan and kang (2003). the vertex (winning genotypes) in the sector where environments were placed in the mge sector were genotypes g-11620, g-14486, and g-11612. the bi-plot analysis displayed various mega-environments. figure 2. the gge-bi-plot for which -won -where the pattern for genotypes and environments evaluation of genotypes the optimal genotypes for stable and increased dry matter production ability were g-11486 and g-11620, located in the centre of concentric circles. furthermore, the genotypes g-11612 and g-14465, situated on the subsequent concentric circle, are also desirable. compared to other genotypes, genotypes far from the first and second concentric circles such as gabisa17 and others were undesired. different writers, arega et al. (2023) on lablab and dabessa et al. (2016) on various crops, obtained similar results. figure 3. gge-bi-plot based on genotype-focused scaling for comparison of the genotypes jabessa et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 34-43 40 discriminating and representativeness of test environments the centre of the concentric circles, or the ideal test environment, can distinguish between genotypes in terms of the genotypic main effect and can also better depict the various habitats. the representative testing site and the testing conditions (adola et al., 2021) were quite good at differentiating genotypes. figure 4. gge-bi-plot based on environment-focused scaling for comparison of the environments. mean performance and stability of genotypes the most stable genotype in all circumstances is one with a shorter absolute projection length in either of the two aec ordinate directions (positioned closer to aec). this genotype indicates a lower propensity of the g x e interaction. according to their mean performance and stability, high-yielding and stable genotypes were g-14486 and g-18622. figure 5. gge ranking bi-plot shows means performance vs stability chemical composition all chemical compositions among the tested lablab genotypes demonstrated substantial (p < 0.05) changes, according to the combined analysis of variances, except domd and ivdmd, which did not show significant (p > 0.05) differences (table 4). the lowest c.p. content was found in standard cheek gabis at 10.8%, while the highest and lowest c.p. contents were found in g-11620 and g-14486, respectively, at 23.5 and 21.15. within the 15-30% range, hector and jody (2002) reported a higher c.p. content in lablab fodder. murphy and colucci (1999) found a lower range value of 14.8 to 21.0%. in general, the crude protein values observed in this study could satisfactorily supply the crude protein acquirement of the animals' ruminants. therefore, lablab has a high c.p. value, which can supplement low-quality roughages which could not attain the c.p. requirement of ruminant livestock like natural pasture, rhodes grass, and crop residues with very low c.p., which is in line with different authors (abebe et al., 2015; asmare et al., 2017). jabessa et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 34-43 41 cell wall components (ndf, adf, and adl) showed significant change across genotypes at (p<0.05). similar studies on and other legume species have been reported in the literature. this suggests that the genotypes under test were of excellent quality when compared to the bulk of widely used feed supplies in the study area. however, according to kazemi et al. (2012), who identify feeds with ndf (47 to 53%) and adf (31 to 40%) content as high-quality feeds, all of the genotypes under investigation could be regarded as good-quality feed resources and appropriate as a supplement for ruminants consuming low-quality feed. the difference observed could be due to soil structure and condition variations and genotype differences. table 4. pooled mean chemical compositions of lablab genotypes tested in regional variety trial from 6 locations (adola et al. 2021) means in a column within the same category having different superscripts differ (p<0.05); d.m. = dry matter; c.p. = crude protein; om= organic matter; ndf =neutral detergent fiber; adf = acid detergent fiber; ash= total ash; adl= acid detergent lignin; ivomd = in vitro organic matter digestibility; ivdmd=in-vitro dry matter digestibility cv=coefficient of variation; lsd=least significance difference. conclusions the combined analysis of variance showed that the tested lablab's dry matter yield performances were significantly influenced by the environment and genotypes but not by genotype, environments and their interaction (gei). this suggested that different genotypes may react differently to a given environment or that specific genotypes might not function uniformly under various environmental conditions. the substantial influence of the environment and genotype interaction on dry matter yield raises the possibility of sustained genotype selection with superior dry matter yield performance. the current findings suggested that genotype and environment impacted lablab genotype yield and yield components. consequently, the genotypes g-14486 and g-11620, which demonstrated a high dry matter yield and consistent performance, were selected for the variety verification trial for additional assessment and potential to release. author contributions: conceptualization, t.j.; methodology, t.j., g.t. and k.b.; software, t.j.; validation, g.t., t.j. and k.b.; formal analysis, t.j.; investigation, t.j., g.t. and k.b.; resources, t.j., g.t. and k.b.; data curation, t.j.; writing – original draft preparation, t.j.; writing – review & editing, t.j., g.t. and k.b.; visualization, t.j., g.t. and k.b.; supervision, t.j., g.t. and k.b.; project administration, t.j. and k.b.; funding acquisition, t.j. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received direct funding from the oromia agricultural research institute. acknowledgements: oromia agricultural research institute was acknowledged as a funding source for this activity. holeta agricultural research center is also acknowledged for doing chemical compositions. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references abebe, y. e. n. e. s. e. w., tafere, m., dagnew, s., tolla, m., gebre-selassie, y., amane, a., & molla, d. 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(2018). yield and nutritive quality of napier (pennisetum purpureum) cultivars as fresh and ensiled fodder. japs, journal of animal and plant sciences, 28(1), 63-72. publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 21-26 21 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 8 no 1 (2023) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa pre extension demonstration of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties at midland districts of guji zone, southern oromia, ethiopia dembi korji (a) basha kebede (b)1 tekle bobo (c) (a) agricultural extension researcher, oromia agricultural research institute, ethiopia; e-mail: korjidembi@gmail.com (b) agricultural extension researcher, oromia agricultural research institute, ethiopia; e-mail: bashakbd48@gmail.com (c) socio economic researcher, oromia agricultural research institute, ethiopia; e-mail: bobotekle@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 20th august 2023 revised: 27th november 2023 accepted: 22nd december 2023 published: 30th december 2023 keywords: demonstration, orange fleshed, sweet potato, farmers preference. jel classification codes: n75, o13, o32, q16 a b s t r a c t this study examines an on-farm demonstration of an improved orange-fleshed sweet potato. the role of sweet potatoes in household nutrition and health benefits is highly recognized in developing countries like ethiopia. hence, promoting such nutrition-sensitive crops through demonstrations is significant for farmers. this demonstration was piloted to assess farmers’ feedback on orange-fleshed sweet potatoes and evaluate the performance of improved varieties of two midlands of the guji zone. this study used naspot 12 and naspot 13 to improve orange-fleshed and local varieties. each variety was planted on 10mx10m plots of 10 farmers’ land. training and the mini-field day were used to promote orangefleshed sweet potatoes. the collected data for this demonstration was analyzed through descriptive statistics and description forms. the result indicated that naspot 13, naspot 12, and the local variety gave 142 qt/ha, 114 qt/ha, and 93 qt/ha, respectively. there were more root tuber/ plants in naspot 13 and naspot 12 than in the local variety. both improved varieties performed well in the adola rede and wadera districts. the findings of this study suggest that despite the higher yield of improved varieties, farmers did not prefer naspot 13 and naspot 12 due to the sweetness of varieties that were not like the local variety. farmers preferred the improved orange-fleshed sweet potato varieties for livestock feed. breeding and adaptation of sweet potatoes in the study areas are needed to identify household consumption varieties. therefore, until new varieties are identified, farmers should continue sweet potato production using the array in their hands. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction the nutrition aspect of food production is a recognized approach to increase maternal and child diets in the less developed countries (mohammed, 2023). but the degree of progress seen with nutrition aspects frequently failed because of inappropriate strategy and operation of programs. hence, strategies to advance the contribution of nutrition the consideration of projects in sub saharan african where deprived nutrition value and motherly and teenager below nourishment persevere (girard et al., 2021). in sub-saharan africa, the sweet potato (ipomoea batatas lam) is the chief root plant esteemed for nutrition and nutritive safety (sapakhova et al., 2023; mohammed, 2023). in ethiopia there were different challenges of underfeeding, vitamin deficits, and other health problems. crucial and concentrated strategies are compulsory to recover the nutritious position of susceptible populations, especially offspring and prenatal women, to block the problem of oxidative healthiness disarrays (lamaro et al., 2023). orange-fleshed sweet potato (ofsp) is important to solve micronutrient deficits (mohammed, 2023). consumption of orange-fleshed sweet potato diminishes the occurrence of vitamin a deficit and optical weakening in kids and expectant mothers (barnabas et al., 2023; mbela et al., 2021). in addition, it decreases the undernourishment and the danger of many diseases like cardiovascular illness, cancer, cataract and age-based muscular collapse, and impaired vision mostly in offspring and expectant and breastfeeding moms (olasanmi et al., 2023). the crop is rich in pro-vitamin a, which is used 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-0781-6526 © 2023 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under the responsibility of cribfb, u.s.a. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v8i1.2160 to cite this article: korji, d., kebede, b., & bobo, t. (2023). pre extension demonstration of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties at midland districts of guji zone, southern oromia, ethiopia. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 8(1), 21-26. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v8i1.2160 https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1863-9477 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v8i1.2160 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0781-6526 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0962-0754 korji et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 21-26 22 for standard vision, healthy skin and mucous tissues, vigorous cell development, and resistance to measles, respiratory and malaria illnesses (bhuyan et al., 2022). the nutritious qualities of sweet potato include beta-carotene, starch, protein, vitamins (c, b, and e), dry matter and mineral nutrients like zinc, iron, copper, calcium, phosphorus, manganese and potassium (pati et al., 2021; iheonu et al., 2023; oyewole, and sennuga, 2020). the nutritional values, nutrition and profits earning advantages of orange-fleshed sweet potato are through promotion of improved and new ofsp varieties (girard et al., 2021). due to its high pro vitamin a, it is the prerequisite to encourage ofsp species production for-resource poor farmers and children (barnabas et al., 2023).sweet potato is extensively produced in many parts of ethiopia, mostly in eastern, southwestern and south and predominantly consumed in fresh (ejigu et al., 2022, hendebo et al., 2022). since the crop is important to maintain food security, the government of ethiopia gave consideration to the production of sweet potato (gobena et al., 2022). nevertheless, productivity of the crop is very little to 8 t·ha−1 when compared to the prospective harvest of 30-73 t ha−1 (hendebo et al., 2022). the low production of the crop is because of inaccessibility of better-quality varieties and traditional production techniques (dawit and habte, 2023; olasanmi et al., 2023; ebem et al., 2021). among the root crops, sweet potato is one of the best chief tubers in the guji zone (teshome et al., 2020). in spite of its benefits and appropriateness, the use of ofsp varieties in the midlands of guji zone is challenging due to the lack of promotion of improved varieties. to solve this problem, sweet potato researchers have adapted different orange sweet potato varieties. however, the adapted varieties were not evaluated in farmers’ condition. hence, this research experiment was designed to demonstrate ofsp with the objectives of evaluating productivity of improved orange fleshed sweet potato varieties, assess farmers’ feedback on varieties and to boost the knowledge and skills of farmers’ on the cultivation of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. literature review as a form of agricultural extension, agricultural on-farm demonstration has attracted the attention of policymakers and academics as a means of promoting and studying farmers’ learning and innovation (burton, 2020). demonstrations have proved to be an important and effective element of the agricultural knowledge and innovation system (adamsone-fiskovica et al., 2021). through on-farm demonstration, innovations and novel practices can be developed, tested, and exchanged in farming networks (sutherland et al., 2021). the effects go beyond increased productivity and profitability, to encompass enhanced capacity for adaptation, improved environmental sustainability, improved quality of life, and/or empowerment of farmers (adamsone-fiskovica et al., 2021). agricultural research centers are releasing and adapting varieties for each agro-ecology. in line with the release of new and adapted varieties reaching farmers through demonstration and popularization are the main target of extension services in ethiopia (kebede and bobo, 2023). before the promotion of improved or new varieties to farmers, technology transfer researchers and development partners must evaluate the adapted and released varieties’ performance under farmers’ circumstance. this can be done either by demonstration, on farm demonstration or participatory variety selection by a few farmers prior to large production. in this situation, the role of researchers and development agents were facilitation while farmers learn on the field and share the results of demonstration to other farmers through peer learning on the specified variety. through a farmers' test, the best and preferred variety by the farmers could be recommended for large production. if the variety is not promising in farmers’ conditions, then it cannot be disseminated. materials and methods description of the study districts adola rede and wadera districts were one of the midland areas of guji zone, southern oromia. adola rede district is 468 km from addis ababa. the district is positioned between 5º44'10"-6º12'38" latitudes and 38º45'10"-39º12'37" longitudes. it is surrounded by ana sora district in the north, wadera district in the south and odo shakiso in the west and girja district in the east. the agro-ecology of the districts includes humid, subhumid and dry arid. the area has an elevation range of 1350–2340 meters above sea level, an annual mean of 1000mm of rain and an annual average of 28°c of temperature. the district obtained bimodal rainfall for lowland and midland and mono-modal for highland kebeles. most of the agricultural production of the district is based on rainfall. there are different soil types conducive for different crop cultivation, such as barley, maize, wheat, haricot bean and sweet potato. bananas, avocado, and mango are produced by the farmers. the district also has the potential for coffee production (korji et al., 2023). wadera district is located 535 km away from addis ababa. astronomically, the district is sited between 5o39'5"6o2'28" northing latitudes and 39o5'30"-39o27'52" easting longitudes. mixed farming is the major economic activity of the farmers. wadera district is surrounded by the bale zone to the east, girja district to the north, adola rede and odo shakiso districts to the north west and south west respectively, and gorodola district to the south east. the district is categorized by two types of distinctive climatic areas. specifically, arid (60%) and semi-arid (40%) weather with an annual temperature ranging from 120c-340c, and it has a bimodal rainfall pattern. it is the maximum hot and sub-hot situation with a smaller growing period. the annual rainfall ranges between 915 mm and up to 1,900 mm. the district ranges from 500 m and the greater share of the district lies between 950 m to 1,900 m at mean sea level. the long wet season begins from mid-march to may (45–60 days) while the short wet period begins from mid-september to october (30–40 days) in years. the soils of the district are good for teff, maize, haricot bean, wheat, barley and sweet potato crops (dembi et al., 2021). farmers’ selection this study was conducted at two midland districts of guji zone during 2021 and 2022/23 years. adola rede and wadera districts were purposively selected due to their sweet potato production. two kebeles were purposively selected based on their potential and conducive for monitoring purpose. derartu and kiltu sorsa kebeles were selected from adola rede while korji et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 21-26 23 calo and andewa keno kebeles were selected from wadera district. at adola rede there were four experimental farmers whereas at wadera district there were 6 experimental farmers. totally, the demonstration was conducted at 10 experimental farmers on plot size of 10mx10m. research materials naspot 13 and naspot 12 varieties were demonstrated with local variety. materials were planted with the recommended space of 30 cm and 100 cm between rows and tillers, respectively. in all, farmers plot 100kg/ha of nps and 100kg/ha of urea was applied as the recommendation for the crop. stems of tillers were cut and planted in early april. technology promotion methods for sustainable crop production, appropriate technological promotion methods are needed. for this reason, this farm demonstration used training, exchange and mini-field day methods in order to promote ofsp in midland areas of guji zone. data collection and analysis methods both interview and measurement methods were used to collect the data. yields of sweet potato varieties and experimental farmers’ preference data were collected. descriptive statistics were used to analyze the yield output from demonstrations. farmers’ preference was analyzed qualitatively through narration form. results and discussions promotion of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties this activity used training as a promotion approach for ofsp. conceptual training was given to produce methods of ofsp and crop characteristics at the selected kebele. practical training was also given to farmers to simplify the theoretical training in the field. accordingly, 60 farmers (48 male and 12 women) were trained on sweet potato. other stakeholders such as development agents who were assigned as technology facilitators at each kebele and district experts were refreshed, with their knowledge of sweet potato production. totally, eight development agents and four agricultural experts were trained on the demonstration, production and promotion of ofsp. after establishment of ofsp at each kebele there was exchange visit between experimental farmers. this exchange visit was organized in order to share the experience of ofsp production and management practices between the experimental farmers and non-experimental farmers. farmers can learn more from farmers themselves than researchers and development agents due to their social interaction aspects. hence, this activity uses exchange visits by farmers for promoting ofsp varieties. moreover, a mini-field day was organized for further promotion of ofsp in the midlands of guji zone (table 1). table 1. number of participants attended the promotion of ofsp varieties promotion approaches number and types of stakeholders participant on ofsp farmers development agents experts others m f t m f t m f t m f t training 48 12 60 8 8 4 4 3 3 exchange visit 18 3 21 4 4 1 1 mini-field day 13 7 20 3 1 4 2 2 m= male, f= female, t=total performance of demonstrated orange fleshed sweet potato on farmers land both improved ofsp gave a result over local variety. from demonstrated varieties, more yield (142.20 qt/ha) was obtained from naspot 13 followed by naspot 12 (114.50). the least yield was harvested from a local variety at 93.70 qt/ha (table 2). this indicated that the use of improved ofsp variety could a give a good yield which could maintain household and community food availability and dietary diversity. the yield result of this study was similar to bikamo and ebrhim (2023) as the white fleshed sweet potato of the hawassa-09 variety generated a fresh root yield of 144.40qt/ha. however, the yield performance obtained from orange fleshed sweet potato in this study was less than the national sweet potato yield (228.79 qt/ha) (ess, 2022). adaptation result of naspot 13, naspot 12 and local varieties in the midlands of guji zone were 650.8qt/ha, 626.9 qt and 571.9 qt/ha root tuber, respectively (teshome et al., 2020). this root tuber yield variation with the current yield might be due to the performance of varieties in diverse locations. findings were reported by gurmu and mekonen (2019) as the yield performance of sweet potato is determined by the genotypes and different environments. in addition, ejigu et al., (2022) confirmed that the variation in yield of ofsp could be because of ecological influence and genomic changeability between varieties. a greater number of tubers per plant were obtained from naspot 13 followed by naspot 12 and the least root tuber per plant was obtained from a local variety (table 2). the number of tubers per plant had a direct relationship with total tuber yield per hectare. therefore, a higher number of tubers/ plants of variety were important for farmers. the number of root tubers/ plants in this demonstration was higher in all varieties than the study of dawit and habte (2023) who recorded 6.43 root tubers/plants from the awassa-83 sweet potato variety. the difference in number of roots between the varieties might be influenced by the genetic variance, as the variability in generic character affects the growth performance of varieties. korji et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 21-26 24 2. performance of root yield (qt/ha) and number of tuber/plants of ofsp varieties districts root yield of varieties number of tuber/plant naspot 13 naspot 12 local naspot 13 naspot 12 local adola rede n 4 4 4 4 4 4 minimum 120 100 85 6 4 4 maximum 190 150 110 22 16 12 mean 156.25 121.25 96.25 14.00 9.75 6.50 std. dev. 34.00 20.97 11.09 6.73 4.92 3.70 wadera n 6 6 6 6 6 6 minimum 115 90 85 8 8 5 maximum 145 124 100 18 14 10 mean 132.83 110.00 92.00 12.00 10.75 6.83 std. dev. 10.97 12.78 5.10 4.05 2.23 1.94 total n 10 10 10 10 10 10 minimum 115 90 85 6 4 4 maximum 190 150 110 22 16 12 mean 142.20 114.50 93.70 12.80 10.35 6.70 std. dev. 24.46 16.46 7.76 5.30 3.33 2.58 both naspot 13 and naspot 12 performed better in adola rede than in wadera district. at adola rede, 156 qt/ha was obtained from naspot 13 followed by a yield of 138 qt/ha from naspot 13 at wadera district. figure 1 showed that naspot 12 gave higher tuber yields in adola rede experimental farmers than in the wadera district. this indicated that adola rede district was more suitable for sweet potato production when compared to wadera district. figure 1. performance of ofsp varieties across districts despite numerical variation in yield of the varieties, there is no statistical significant variation between the four selected kebeles in the two districts. this indicated from the demonstrated varieties accessible variety can be used for ofsp produce in the midland districts of guji zone. table 3. the analysis of variance on kebele factor varieties sum of squares df mean square f sig. naspot 13 between groups 3347.933 3 1115.978 3.286 .100 within groups 2037.667 6 339.611 total 5385.600 9 naspot 12 between groups 1021.167 3 340.389 1.441 .321 within groups 1417.333 6 236.222 total 2438.500 9 local between groups 247.600 3 82.533 1.681 .269 within groups 294.500 6 49.083 total 542.100 9 farmers’ preference for orange fleshed sweet potato varieties farmers’ preference and feedback on the demonstration stage is important prior to large production of a crop. it is important to suggest farmers’ feedback back to the research system for the improvement of variety, and it is also essential in minimizing the drawbacks of the variety in larger areas. for sustainable production of sweet potato, assessing farmers' preference on demonstrated is important. this is because farmers have their own criteria for further production of varieties 156.25 121.25 96.25 132.83 110 92 naspot 13 yield (qt) naspot 12 yield (qt) local yield (qt) adola rede district wadera district korji et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 8(1) (2023), 21-26 25 on their land. during this demonstration, farmers’ preferences for varieties were assessed. despite the higher root yield of the naspot 13 and naspot 12 farmers preferred local variety due to the local variety having more nutritional status over the improved varieties. both naspot 13 and naspot 12 were not as sweet as the local variety. in addition, the tubers of improved varieties were oversize and not attracted to the market. farmers mentioned that naspot 13 and naspot 12 were preferred for fattening animals as varieties had a greater number of branches, leave and root tubers than local variety. midland areas of guji zone were frequently affected by drought which has a direct impact on forage production for livestock. surveillance of improved varieties was higher and this might help farmers to feed their livestock. generally, farmers preferred improved varieties for livestock feed instead of household consumption. conclusions based on the findings, it can be concluded that naspot 12 and naspot 13 orange fleshed sweet potato varieties gave higher yield compared to the local cultivars in the midlands of the guji zone. though good yield was harvested from the improved varieties, all experimental farmers preferred the locally produced variety due to its better sweetness over the improved varieties. on the other hand, farmers preferred the demonstrated naspot 12 and naspot 13 for fattening of animals rather than household consumption. for human consumption, releasing ofsp varieties with a good nutrition status is expected from agricultural research center. farmers should continue the use of varieties in their hand for sweet potato production until other new varieties are recommended for the midlands areas of the guji zone. author contributions: conceptualization, d, k., methodology, d, k., b, k., and t, b.; software, b, k.; validation, d, k., b, k., and t, b.; formal analysis, b.k.; investigation, d, k., b, k., and t, b.; resources d, k., b, k., and t, b.; data curation, b.k.; writing – original draft preparation, b.k.; writing – review & editing, d, k., b, k., and t, b.; visualization, d, k., b, k., and t, b.; supervision, d, k., b, k., and t, b.; project administration, d.k. and b. k; funding acquisition, d.k. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received direct funding from the oromia agricultural research institute. acknowledgements: oromia agricultural research institute was acknowledged as funding this activity. the 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(2020). adaptability and evaluation of improved orange fleshed sweet potato (ipomoea batatas l.) varieties in the mid altitude of guji zone, southern ethiopia. advances in bioscience and bioengineering, 8(2), 35. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.abb.20200802.14 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.26765/drjafs29873477 https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.93.10320 https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n18p36 https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132516 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 42-50 42 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 3 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa divulging young population’s willingness to purchase green products werner j. krings (a)1 sayma sharmen (b) md. faisal-e-alam (c) abul bashar bhuiyan (d) (a)professor, department of marketing, framingham state university, usa; e-mail: wkrings@framingham.edu (b)assistant professor, department of business administration, dhaka international university, dhaka, bangladesh; e-mail: sayma.bba@diu.ac (c)ph.d. fellow, institute of bangladesh studies (ibs), university of rajshahi-6205, bangladesh and assistant professor, department of management studies, begum rokeya university, rangpur-5404, bangladesh; e-mail: faisal.mgt@brur.ac.bd (d)associate professor, faculty of business and accountancy, university of selangor, malaysia; e-mail: bashariuk@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 16th may 2024 reviewed & revised: 16th may to 27th july 2024 accepted: 29th july 2024 published: 6th august 2024 keywords: health consciousness, environmental consciousness, green product knowledge, purchase intention, young population jel classification codes: d12, m31, q50 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method a b s t r a c t over the past few years, the concern for growing consumer interest in green products has rapidly expanded throughout the world. this study investigates the factors influencing consumers’ purchase intention of green products. the target population of this study is the young users who are basically students from several universities in framingham, usa. for this study, data were gathered through google form sent by email, along with a cover letter for the respondents’ convenience. the respondents made up the final sample size of the research. they were sent invitations to participate, and their responses were gathered after their approval. a five-point likert scale was used where ‘1’ stands for ‘strongly disagree’ and ‘5’ stands for ‘strongly agree’ to determine the item-wise questionnaire. the final sample size was n=514. moreover, to evaluate the hypotheses, a 5% significance level and spss software was used to analyze the data for research. the outcome of this study shows that health consciousness, environmental awareness, and green product knowledge have a positive and significant impact on consumers’ intention to buy green products. these variables can explain 46.80% of the variance in predicting behavioral intentions to purchase green products. it is found that among the three determinants, health consciousness (β = 0.413) had the highest impact on the purchase intention of green products among young people compared to other variables. this research might provide significant clues to the manufacturers of green products that can severely influence consumers to buy eco-friendly goods for their well-being. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction the rapid growth of the global economy and the quick development of industrial sectors have resulted in a significant increase in global consumption worsening environmental degradation. as consumers become more conscious of the environmental impact of their purchase habits, they tend to seek out sustainable products, with the products to benefit. although meeting human wants remains a crucial element of consumer behaviour, the conservation of the environment has become a primary concern. participating in green consumption is a practical way to improve environmental sustainability. aware of the worsening environmental conditions, environmentally conscious consumers prioritise products with minimal ecological impact when purchasing. consumers have a crucial role in promoting the green revolution, as their involvement in environmentally friendly consumption has good effects on the environment, economy, and society (nekmahmud & fekete-farkas, 2020). more attention is being paid to purchasing eco-friendly products to reduce customers’ environmental impact (adrita, 2020). however, despite significant efforts and increasing consumer concerns regarding environmental issues, the market share for environmentally friendly items remains significantly restricted (wang et al., 2019). internationally, the drive towards sustainable development compels consumers to reassess their outlooks and priorities, which are becoming more closely linked to the acquisition of products. as a result, green consumerism has become a topic of discussion, acknowledged for its complexities and vulnerability to several factors, such as housing issues that greatly affect consumers’ inclination to buy ecologically friendly products. simultaneously, developing nations increasingly express 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-2071-5703 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i3.2237 to cite this article: krings, w. j., sharmen, s., faisal-e-alam, m., & bhuiyan, a. b. (2024). divulging young population’s willingness to purchase green products. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(3), 42-50. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i3.2237 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i3.2237 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2071-5703 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8641-2820 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7341-7945 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1763-124x krings et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 42-50 43 a growing concern for the environment, impacting their attitude towards environmentally friendly items. the usa, a developed country in north america, is seeing tremendous progress in its industrial sectors, making it vulnerable to environmental deterioration and the release of greenhouse gases due to the excessive use of fossil fuels. as a result, people in this area are becoming more vocal about the negative impact on the environment and the consequences that come with it. this study aims to clarify the factors that significantly impact customers’ tendency to make environmentally conscious purchases, specifically by examining their purchasing intentions in the context of usa. the article outlines its structure, including the introduction. the literature review section examines relevant prior studies. the materials and methods section describe the research design and procedures. the results and discussions present and interpret the findings and the conclusions summarize key insights and implications. literature review green products are items that are produced using clean or green technologies, which are essentially ecologically beneficial technology (chanda et al., 2023). these goods offer consumers and the environment advantages by reducing their impact on environmental degradation. at the same time, they help save natural resources by speeding up recycling operations (costa et al., 2021). according to chen and chai (2010), green products involve tactics such as recycling, using recycled materials, reducing packaging, and minimising the use of harmful substances to impact the environment positively. fraccascia et al. (2018) defined green products as those typically made from materials with low adverse effects on the environment, making them easier to dispose of and recycle. this strategy guarantees long-term economic expansion and promotes a conducive atmosphere for the overall welfare of individuals. within the literature on consumption behaviour, green products are defined as goods produced using techniques that employ less natural resources, demonstrate diminished adverse environmental effects, and produce minimum waste (policarpo & aguiar, 2020). in their procurement process analysis, researchers identified purchasing intention as a crucial element influencing the entire buying process (prentice et al., 2019). hence, we consider health consciousness, environmental consciousness, and green product knowledge as the determinants of intent to purchase green products in the usa. consumers increasingly emphasise their health, actively searching for food choices that provide both mental gratification and physical sustenance to minimise potential negative impacts on their overall well-being (glanz et al., 1998). individuals who want to maintain a high standard of living often participate in health-conscious activities and use preventative measures to protect their health and overall well-being (michaelidou & hassan, 2008). individuals prioritising their health in everyday activities are classified as “health-conscious” consumers (yadav & pathak, 2017). customers often prioritise health factors while purchasing (xu et al., 2020; hossain & alam, 2022; rose & shanthi, 2024). choosing organic products, as demonstrated by parwez et al. (2022), is associated with multiple health benefits. ditlevsen et al. (2019) argue that consumers’ main reason for buying organic products is frequently based on health considerations. in this sense, health consciousness refers to the degree to which individuals actively engage in and oversee health-related activities (moorman & matulich, 1993). health consciousness refers to the degree to which an individual incorporates health issues into their daily activities (wang et al., 2019). considering health factors is crucial when making decisions regarding the acquisition of green products (wandel & bugge, 1997), including the act of acquiring such environmentally friendly products (ritter et al., 2015). consumers’ increased health awareness positively influences their desire to buy environmentally friendly items, highlighting the connection between personal well-being and eco-conscious consumer decisions. research has shown that customers are increasingly becoming more conscious of health concerns and prefer buying natural and health-focused food products (iqbal et al., 2021). consumers’ health consciousness substantially influences the purchase intention of organic food products. therefore, our argument suggests that individuals who are more aware of their health are likely to actively seek out green items that do not offer any health hazards. as a result, they may gain a more extensive understanding of this endeavour. environmental consciousness refers to individuals’ recognition of environmental concerns and their proactive commitment to addressing them (wang et al., 2016). environmental consciousness comprises factors related to an individual’s tendency towards engaging in pro-environmental behaviour. with advancements in research and the easy availability of information to consumers, citizens have been interested in sustainability-related issues and their environmental effects. this encompasses those who previously had limited interest in environmental matters, impacting consumers’ intentions to purchase (kushwah et al., 2019). environmental consciousness, a component of social consciousness, is an internal factor that reflects psychological characteristics that influence individuals’ tendency towards engaging in pro-environmental behaviours (sharma & bansal, 2013). it encompasses values, emotional responses, personality traits, and attitudes (kautish & sharma, 2018). mishal et al. (2017) conducted a study on environmental knowledge and customer attitudes towards green products, which found a favourable association between the two factors. environmental consciousness covers an individual’s comprehension of environmental challenges and their associated actions (lin & niu, 2018). hence, customers’ adoption of green products promotes principles and convictions that benefit the environment. environmental consciousness refers to a particular aspect of personal values that guide consumer behaviour to benefit the environment (abd’razack et al., 2017). in addition, persons who possess environmental consciousness exhibit traits and attitudes such as loyalty and a strong feeling of dedication (law et al., 2017). pagiaslis and krontalis (2014) confirmed that environmental awareness substantially and directly influences consumers’ inclination to buy ecologically sustainable products. consumers with a deep understanding and awareness of the environment are likelier to have positive attitudes toward green practices. this, in turn, leads to more competition in the market, driven by consumer behaviour that prioritises environmental consciousness (law et al., 2017). assarut and srisuphaolarn (2010) conducted a study demonstrating that an individual’s environmental awareness indirectly impacted purchasing intentions by influencing krings et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 42-50 44 attitudes towards environmentally friendly products. therefore, our argument advocates that individuals who are more aware of the environment are likely to look for green products that do not affect the environment. product knowledge refers to the understanding and information about a particular product, which helps stakeholders make informed decisions (stanton & cook, 2019). the information retained in the memory of customers has a substantial impact on their assessment and choices when making purchases (wang et al., 2019). environmental value is derived from environmental awareness, leading to green purchasing, as stated by the theory of green purchase behaviour (han, 2020). similarly, acquiring information about ecologically sustainable items through environmental advertising enhances customers’ awareness and comprehension of such products, impacting their purchasing decisions in favour of ecofriendly options. likewise, customers’ understanding of environmentally friendly items can strengthen their intent to purchase green products. increased understanding of environmentally friendly and green products, driven by a greater awareness of the environment, influences consumers’ choices to buy green products (zameer & yasmeen, 2022). a robust understanding of products significantly contributes to environmentally conscious purchasing behavior (harahap et al., 2018). previous studies have shown a robust association between awareness of environmentally friendly items and the level of trust or belief in the effectiveness of such products (vermeir & verbeke, 2008). consumers who deeply understand the characteristics, features, and usefulness of environmentally friendly items tend to feel more assured when assessing these products, directly impacting their intentions to buy them (harris & goode, 2010). moreover, green product knowledge indirectly affects the green purchase willingness of the consumers (wang et al., 2019). therefore, our argument suggests that individuals who are more aware of green products are likely to buy green products that do not affect the environment actively. the literature review offers a summary of scholarly works, imparting valuable insights and delineating connections among the influence exerted by health consciousness (hlthcn), environmental consciousness (encn) and green product knowledge (gnpkn) on the purchase intention of green products. this research aims to measure the impact of hlthcn, encn, and gnpkn on green product purchase intention among young people in the usa. based on the above literature review, we propose the following hypotheses: h1: there will be a positive connection between health consciousness (hlthcn) and intent to purchase green products (ipgp). h2: there will be a positive connection between environmental consciousness (encn) and intent to purchase green products (ipgp). h3: there will be a positive connection between green product knowledge (gnpkn) and intent to purchase green products (ipgp). figure 1. study framework materials and methods this study aimed to analyse consumer behaviour in the usa about the propensity to buy ecologically green items. the research technique used is effective for its overall objective and employs a scaling methodology for its analytical approach. the study sample consisted of university students located in framingham, usa. the reason for choosing this particular demographic, rather than the larger population, stemmed from the expectation that its members would have a higher level of exposure to and knowledge of green products. in order to streamline the process of gathering data in framingham, usa, a total of 600 questionnaires were given to university students using google forms sent via email. these questions were accompanied by a cover letter and were shared across many internet platforms. participants were motivated to increase the response rate by providing incentives, such as mobile recharge vouchers, as a reward for completing the survey. the authors obtained 514 responses from participants, out of which 86 contributions were considered ineligible due to inappropriate entries and were subsequently eliminated from the analysis. the response rate was 86 percent. the survey consisted of two sections, which included four separate concepts and demographic information about the participants. the study utilised four scales: health consciousness, environmental consciousness, green product knowledge, and purchase intention. to evaluate health consciousness (hlthcn) environmental consciousness (encn) intent to purchase green products (ipgp) h2 (+) green product knowledge (gnpkn) krings et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 42-50 45 the hypotheses, we employed recognised and trustworthy multi-item assessment scales that had been previously validated. the questionnaire was created using scales borrowed from preexisting studies. the items for each construct were assessed using a 5-point likert scale, where “1” represented a position of “firm disagreement” and “5” indicated a stance of “firm agreement” on the scale. table 1. reliability and validity analysis construct items loading cronbach () value health consciousness (hlthcn) hlthcn1 0.748 0.785 hlthcn2 0.846 hlthcn3 0.847 hlthcn4 0.945 environmental consciousness (encn) encn1 0.793 0.936 encn2 0.883 encn3 0.925 encn4 0.849 green product knowledge (gnpkn) gnpkn1 0.984 0.873 gnpkn2 0.749 gnpkn3 0.725 intent to purchase green products (ipgp) ipgp1 0.703 0.847 ipgp2 0.937 ipgp3 0.839 ipgp4 0.937 data analysis is conducted using a three-step approach. first, a preliminary test is performed to remove measures within each construct that do not adequately explain the variation in the relevant construct. following that, confirmatory factor analysis is conducted to evaluate the reliability and validity of the model. finally, hypotheses are analysed via spss software. the reliability of the collected data from the questionnaire was assessed using cronbach’s alpha. the results revealed that the alpha coefficient was 0.77, which is considered a satisfactory number, indicating a high level of reliability for the current study. the measurement scales are displayed in table 1. health consciousness (hlthcn) and environmental consciousness (encn) were taken from parashar et al. (2023), green product knowledge (gnpkn) was taken from wang et al. (2019), and intent to purchase green products (ipgp) was taken from islam et al. (2023). results and discussions the tabulated data (in table 2) presents the demographic characteristics of the respondents, including students from several universities in framingham, usa. the information includes factors pertaining to age, gender, and educational qualifications. among the respondents, there are 372 individuals aged between 18 and 30, accounting for 72.4% of the total. a total of 98 individuals, representing 19.1%, fall within the age range of 31 to 40 years. table 2. demographic information items n % age (in years) from 18 to 30 years 372 72.4% from 31 to 40 years 98 19.1% more than 40 years 44 8.5% gender male 365 71.1% female 149 28.9% education bachelor degree 432 84% postgraduate degree 82 16% **n=514 there are 44 respondents in a demographic segment that is over 40 years old, which represents 8.5% of the total sample. there are 365 male responders, making up 71.1% of the total. in contrast, the group of female participants consists of 149 individuals, accounting for 28.9% of the total sample. the number of individuals with a bachelor’s degree is 432, which accounts for 84% of the total respondents. the number of individuals having a postgraduate degree is 82, accounting for 16% of the total respondents. the total sample size is indicated as n=514 respondents. this detailed demographic analysis provides extensive insights into the makeup of the surveyed student population in framingham, usa. table 3. descriptive analysis of the study variables variables n mean std deviation health consciousness (hlthcn) 514 4.746 0.3647 environmental consciousness (encn) 514 4.637 0.4362 green product knowledge (gnpkn) 514 4.735 0.4039 intent to purchase green products (ipgp) 514 4.879 0.3573 krings et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 42-50 46 table 4. analysis of the normality test variables skewness kurtosis health consciousness (hlthcn) 0.462 -0.473 environmental consciousness (encn) 0.274 -0.542 green product knowledge (gnpkn) -0.242 0.454 intent to purchase green products (ipgp) -0.345 0.433 table 3 displays the descriptive statistics for the study variables associated with the purchase intention of green products among usa’s individuals. the results of the normality assessment fall within the specified range (see table 4), and are thus considered acceptable. table 5. correlation matrix variables hlthcn encn gnpkn ipgp health consciousness (hlthcn) 1.000 environmental consciousness (encn) 0.463** 1.000 green product knowledge (gnpkn) 0.349** 0.444** 1.000 intent to purchase green products (ipgp) 0.306** 0.348** 0.531** 1.000 **p < 0.05 (n=514) table 5 illustrates the correlation matrix, highlighting the relationships between independent variables and intent to purchase green products (ipgp). health consciousness (hlthcn) (r = 0.306, p < 0.01), environmental consciousness (encn) (r = 0.348, p < 0.01), and green product knowledge (gnpkn) (r = 0.531, p < 0.01) show significant positive correlations with ipgp. these correlations indicate that higher levels of health consciousness, environmental consciousness and greater knowledge of green products are associated with a stronger intent to purchase green products. table 6. regression coefficient analysis β value tvalue sig. tolerance vif hlthcn 0.413 6.634 0.000** 0.748 2.083 encn 0.337 5.637 0.000** 0.874 1.937 gnpkn 0.273 4.865 0.000** 0.937 2.182 r2 = 0.468 or 46.8% durbin watson value= 2.382 dependent variable: intent to purchase green products (ipgp) *p < 0.10; **p < 0.05 (n= 514) figure 2. regression results in this research, table 6 (six) and figure 2 (two) shows the test of hypotheses. table 6 (six) also indicates that r2=0.468 or 46.8% determines the variance on intention which encirclements three variables like health consciousness (hlthcn), environmental consciousness (encn), and green product knowledge (gnpkn) where these are accepted at a 5% significance level. in terms of regression analysis, hypothesis 1 (one) shows there is a causal connection between health consciousness (hlthcn) and intent to purchase green products (ipgp) that is accepted at the rate of 5% significance level (β = 0.413, p < 0.05). the past study also supports this result as health consciousness act as a robust influencing factor of consumers’ behavioral intention in context of the purchasing green products (xu et al., 2020; hsu et al., 2916). the results of this study highlight the importance of individuals’ awareness and concern for their health in influencing their intentions to purchase environmentally friendly products in the usa’s market. the research underscores that health-consciousness influences hlthcn encn ipgp h2: β=0.337 gnpkn r2 = 46.80% krings et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 42-50 47 consumers’ inclination to purchase environmentally-friendly products. the correlation between health consciousness and the intention to buy green items indicates that people who demonstrate increased consciousness and concern for their own well-being are more likely to make environmentally conscious buying decisions (nguyen et al., 2020; iqbal et al., 2021). this is consistent with the idea that health-conscious individuals view environmentally friendly items as a way to protect their health and well-being, contributing to the increasing popularity of eco-friendly consumption. hypothesis 2 proves a causal connection, suggesting a positive relationship between environmental consciousness (encn) and the intention to buy green products (ipgp). this statement is supported by evidence at a 5% level of significance (β = 0.337, p < 0.05). previous studies support this discovery, highlighting the strong impact of environmental consciousness on customers’ intentions to act, specifically when it comes to purchasing eco-friendly products (mishal et al., 2017; assarut & srisuphaolarn, 2010). the presence of a direct relationship between environmental consciousness and the desire to buy environmentally friendly items underlines the importance of ecological factors in consumers’ decision-making processes in the usa’s market. individuals that possess an intensified environmental consciousness are more likely to use green items, demonstrating a conscientious dedication to ecological responsibility (zameer & yasmeen, 2022; wang et al., 2020). this promotes the claim that, in the specific context of usa, consumers who demonstrate greater levels of environmental awareness are more inclined to indicate a desire to buy environmentally friendly products. hypothesis 3 (three) establishes a causal connection, signifying a positive relationship between green product knowledge (gnpkn) and the intention to buy green products (ipgp). this statement is supported by evidence at a 5% level of significance (β = 0.273, p < 0.05). previous studies support this discovery, accentuating the strong impact of green product knowledge on customers’ intentions to purchase green products in usa. past studies confirm this finding, emphasizing the strong impact of green product knowledge on customers’ intentions to act, specifically when it comes to purchase environmentally friendly products (wang et al., 2019; chen & deng, 2016). this study shows the significant influence of green product knowledgeas a factor in affecting consumers’ inclinations to participate in environmentally sustainable consumption habits (suprihartini et al., 2022). the presence of a direct relationship between knowledge about environmentally friendly items and the desire to acquire them stresses the significance of making well-informed choices when it comes to adopting eco-friendly products in the usa market. consumers who have a thorough knowledge of green products are more likely to show a willingness to buy, which demonstrates an informed dedication to making sustainable choices (ahmed et al., 2020). this supports the claim that, in the specific context of usa, people who have a deeper understanding of environmentally friendly items are more inclined to express a desire to buy such products. in order to promote environmentally conscious purchasing habits, governmental and corporate activities should prioritise enhancing consumers’ favourable views towards eco-friendly items. this can be accomplished by spreading positive information about environmentally friendly commodities and promoting sustainable lifestyles (wang et al., 2019). governments should take action to shape societal norms around environmentallyfriendly consumption. this can be done by encouraging the use of green office supplies, offering ongoing financial support for green products, and improving infrastructure to make it easier for people to adopt green products. these measures will help increase consumers’ sense of control over their behaviour concerning green consumption. simultaneously, corporations should actively pursue technological innovation in order to create new environmentally-friendly products that offer improved performance while being more cost-effective. conclusions this study aimed to identify the factors influencing customers’ decisions to buy green products in the usa, thereby addressing a gap in the literature. the analysis reveals that healthand environmentally-conscious consumers generally favour green products and are likely to purchase them for consumption. the findings suggest that factors such as health consciousness, environmental consciousness, and green product knowledge are critical determinants of purchase intent of green goods among health-conscious consumers in the usa. specifically, this study focuses on analyzing the level of understanding of green products and how it influences the intention to purchase—a factor that has not been previously investigated in studies on green product consumption behavior in the usa. managers should prioritise highlighting the health advantages linked to eco-friendly products in marketing initiatives, demonstrating how these items positively impact individuals’ overall health and wellness. integrating themes that align with health-conscious principles can increase the attractiveness of environmentally friendly products in usa. efforts to educate consumers about the beneficial health effects of environmentally-friendly products can play a crucial role. clear information shown on labels or conveyed through advertising materials can sway health-conscious consumers’ purchasing choices. companies ought to incorporate environmentally conscious branding tactics to fit with the values of eco-aware consumers in usa. conveying a firm dedication to environmental sustainability through multiple channels helps build a favourable brand perception. exhibit transparency in sustainable activities, including sourcing and production, is essential. companies should effectively convey their environmental initiatives, certifications, and eco-friendly activities to establish confidence and attract environmentally sensitive consumers. it is crucial to allocate resources toward consumer education programs to enhance awareness and understanding of environmentally friendly products. companies can disseminate extensive information regarding environmentally friendly products’ ecological elements, certifications, and advantages through diverse communication methods. facilitating informed decision-making can be achieved by ensuring the availability of comprehensive information on green products in retail areas. transparent product labeling and clear information about the sustainability characteristics of items can help consumers make environmentally informed decisions. to recapitulate, companies in the usa have the opportunity to strategically tailor their marketing and communication strategies to address the unique concerns and preferences of health-conscious, environmentally aware, and well-informed consumers. by aligning strategies with these crucial factors, it is possible to effectively impact the purchasing intentions of usa consumers towards environmentally friendly goods and products. krings et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 42-50 48 author contributions: conceptualization, w.j.k., s.s., m.f.e.a. and a.b.b.; methodology, w.j.k.; software, w.j.k.; validation, w.j.k., s.s., m.f.e.a. and a.b.b.; formal analysis, w.j.k., s.s., m.f.e.a. and a.b.b.; investigation, w.j.k.; resources, w.j.k.; data curation, w.j.k.; writing – original draft preparation, w.j.k., s.s., m.f.e.a. and a.b.b.; writing – review & editing, w.j.k., s.s., m.f.e.a. and a.b.b.; visualization, w.j.k.; supervision, w.j.k.; project administration, w.j.k.; funding acquisition, s.s., and m.f.e.a. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references adrita, u. w. 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(2022). green innovation and environmental awareness driven green purchase intentions. marketing intelligence & planning, 40(5), 624-638. https://doi.org/10.1108/mip-12-2021-0457 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.1108/mip-12-2021-0457 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 44-49 44 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 7 no 1 (2023) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa a review on efficiency of artificial insemination in cattle breeding in ethiopia teweldemedhn mekonnen (a)1 selam meseret (b) (a) tigray agricultural research institute-humera begait animals research center, tigray, ethiopia; e-mail: teweldem2004@gmail.com (b) international livestock research institute, box 5689, addis ababa, ethiopia; e-mail: s.meseret@cgiar.org a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 9th august 2023 revised: 19th october 2023 accepted: 27th october 2023 published: 10th november 2023 keywords: artificial insemination, efficiency, cattle, conception rate, calving rate, breeding a b s t r a c t ethiopia has large cattle population in africa. the output of decades of crossbreeding programme in ethiopia through ai service was quite insignificant because the exotic breeds and their crossbreds of the country accounted for about 1.44%. the objective of this review is to present the efficiency of artificial insemination (ai) service in cattle breeding in ethiopia. the optimum recommended mean number of services per conception (nsc) for profitable dairy cow is about 1.4. however, conventional cattle ai breeding indicated that the mean nsc of different studies ranged from 1.14 in local cows up to 2.47 in different genotypes of cows kept under different management systems and conception rate at first insemination (cr1) ranged from 7.14% to 75.5% in different genotypes of dairy cows kept under extensive and intensive management systems. estrus synchronization followed ai breeding indicated that cr1 ranged from 24.69% to 70.6% in zebu cows kept under semi-intensive management system. calving rate (cr) is the most appropriate measure of fertility of dairy cows which is defined as the number of calves born per 100 services. the poor efficiency of the country cattle ai service is a huge biological economic loss in cattle production and managerial monetary losses. strategic interventions on cattle ai service efficiency improvement options should be identified and practiced considering breed type, production system and agro-ecology. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction livestock production provided approximately 35 to 49% of the total agricultural gdp and 16 to 17% of national foreign currency earnings of ethiopia (metaferia et al., 2011). the output of decades of crossbreeding programme in ethiopia through artificial insemination (ai) was quite insignificant because the total number of exotic and crossbred female cattle are few (csa, 2013). about 98.56% of the total ethiopian cattle populations are indigenous zebu (bos indicus) cattle while exotic breeds and their crossbreds account for about 1.44% (csa, 2016). however, crossbreeding of indigenous cattle with highly productive exotic cattle have been considered a realistic solution to improve the low productivity of indigenous cattle (tadesse, 2002). for example, the types of exotic cattle breeds used for crossbreeding through the use of ai in tigray region, ethiopia comprised of holstein friesian (hf) and jersey, and 50% crossbred of hf and the indigenous begait cattle (ashebir et al., 2016). ai is one of the most important techniques ever devised for the genetic improvement of farm animals (bearden et al., 2004). the greatest advantage of ai is maximum use of superior sires whilst the use of one bull is limited to less than 100 mating per year. the use of ai enabled one dairy sire to provide semen for more than 60,000 services in one year (webb, 2003). ai service enables maximum use of outstanding males, rapid dissemination of superior genetic material, improve the rate and efficiency of genetic selection, introduction of new genetic material by import of semen rather than live animals (verma et al., 2012). the critical factors in artificial reproductive management are estrus detection and insemination of the cow at the correct time in the estrus cycle. estrus detection and conception rates are the main determinants of reproductive efficiency (bekana et al., 2005). reproductive failure is a major source of economic loss in dairy and beef industry (perry, 2005). the application of reproductive technologies accelerates genetic progress and enhance the reproductive performance of farm animal genetic resources (gizaw et al., 2016). ai has a good potential to improve cattle productivity in ethiopia. however, its use is limited 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-9655-4096 © 2023 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under the responsibility of cribfb, u.s.a. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v7i1.2115 to cite this article: mekonnen, t., & meseret, s. (2023). a review on efficiency of artificial insemination in cattle breeding in ethiopia. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 7(1), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v7i1.2115 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9655-4096 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v7i1.2115 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1178-1821 mekonnen & meseret, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 44-49 45 due to the challenges related to infrastructure and the availability and skills of ai technicians (ndambi et al., 2017). infrastructure, managerial and financial constraints, poor heat detection, improper timing of insemination and embryonic death were the factors which resulted in very low level efficiency of the ai service in ethiopia (shiferaw et al., 2003). although the use of cattle ai service is increasing in ethiopia, oestrus detection is difficult in zebu breeds due to their poorly expressed estrus (bekuma & ketema, 2019). failure to accurately detect estrus is the major factor limiting optimum reproductive performance on many farms (graves, 2012). reproductive management tools such as estrus synchronization involves induction of estrous in a group of females to breed relatively in around the same time (schafer et al., 2007; rick, 2013). estrus synchronization (es) and ai are influential technologies for cattle producers in terms of genetic improvement, reproductive management and performance (jinks et al., 2013). mean number of services per conception (nsc), conception rate at first insemination (cr1) and calving rate (cr) are essential parameters which enable breeders to determine the efficiency of ai service. therefore, the objective of this review is to present the efficiency of ai service in cattle breeding in ethiopia. discussions the major determinants of efficiency of ai in cattle breeding in ethiopia are presented below (table 1). the mean nsc, cr1 and cr mainly determine fertility and efficiency of dairy cattle. number of services per conception (nsc) nsc as an indicator of reproductive efficiency has been defined as the number of services required for a successful conception (albero, 1993; haile mariam et al., 1993; negussie et al., 1998; shiferaw et al., 2003). the optimum recommended nsc for profitable dairy cow ranges from 1-1.7 (evelyn, 2001). the nsc under conventional cattle ai breeding ranged from 1.14 in local dairy cows kept under mixed crop-livestock production up to 2.47 in different genotypes kept under mixed crop livestock and urban dairying whilst under fixed time ai breeding the nsc ranged from 1.44 in crossbred cows kept under extensive production system up to 2.36 in local cows kept under extensive production system (table 1). the differences in nsc could be due to intrinsic (genotype, age, parity, body condition score, semen quality) and extrinsic (ecology, production system, heat detection, time of insemination, skill of inseminator, type of insemination, semen handling procedures) factors. conception rate at first insemination (cr1) in most african countries, poor semen quality, poor semen handling procedure, inadequate insemination skill, poor estrus detection and wrong time of insemination resulted in low cr1 (tegegne et al., 1995). the cr1 under conventional cattle ai breeding ranged from 7.14% in different genotypes of cows kept under mixed crop livestock and urban dairying up to 75.5% in crossbred dairy cows kept under extensive and intensive production systems whilst under timed ai breeding the cr1 ranged from 24.69% in zebu cows kept under unknown production system up to 70.6% in boran cows kept under semi-intensive production system (table 1). the differences in cr1 could be due to ecology, genotype, parity, body condition score, skill of inseminator, insemination time, production system and semen quality. calving rate (cr) the most appropriate measure of fertility is cr which is defined as the number of calves born per 100 services (mohamed, 2004). the cr under conventional cattle ai breeding ranged from 22.0% in local dairy cows kept under mixed croplivestock production system up to 54.8% in hf x zebu crossbred cows kept under urban and peri-urban production system whilst under fixed time ai breeding the cr ranged from 10.67% in dairy cows kept under extensive production system up to 13.58% in zebu cows kept under unknown production system (table 1). the differences in cr could be due to prevalence of reproductive diseases, production system and number of services provided per cow. therefore, as per the reviewed publications, average nsc is the same in conventional cattle ai breeding (1.74) and fixed time ai breeding (1.74) whilst the average cr in conventional cattle ai breeding (38.4%) and fixed time ai breeding (12.1 %) are not comparable which reveal poor ai efficiency. table 1. efficiency of artificial insemination in different parts of ethiopia ai type cattle breed group management system nsc (mean) cr1 (%) cr (%) author(s) conventional ai local dairy cows extensive and intensive systems 72.9 befkadu et al., 2019 crossbred dairy cows extensive and intensive systems 75.5 befkadu et al., 2019 local dairy cow extensive and intensive systems 53.5 hamid et al., 2021 crossbred cows extensive and intensive systems 69.1 hamid et al., 2021 local zebu cows extensive system 48.9 abdula and bilal, 2022 local zebu cows extensive system 37.4 abdula and bilal, 2022 zebu cows extensive system 24 hamid, 2012 mekonnen & meseret, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 44-49 46 hf x zebu crossbred cows extensive system 60 hamid, 2012 zebu x holstein-friesian farmer’s management system 1.8 kumar et al., 2017 hf x zebu, jersey x zebu cows intensive system 62.5 abdula and bilal, 2022 hf x zebu, jersey x zebu cows intensive system 41.5 abdula and bilal, 2022 not specified mixed crop livestock 1.78 34.29 gebreegziabiher, 2008 not specified mixed crop livestock, urban dairying 1.91 33.33 gebreegziabiher, 2008 not specified mixed crop livestock, urban dairying 2.47 7.14 gebreegziabiher, 2008 not specified mixed crop livestock, urban dairying 1.55 20.31 gebreegziabiher, 2008 local cows mixed crop-livestock production 1.14 tadesse et al., 2022 crossbred cows mixed crop-livestock production 1.15 tadesse et al., 2022 local and crossbred cows mixed crop-livestock production 51.03 tadesse et al., 2022 indigenous cattle mixed crop-livestock production system 23.36 22 bayew, 2019 82.3% crossbred dairy cows not specified 64.8 yehalaw et al., 2018 fogera x holstein friesian not specified 1.56 sena et al. 2014 >80% crossbred cows and <20% local cows not specified 17.64 ashebir et al., 2016 >80% crossbred cows and <20% local cows not specified 30.12 ashebir et al., 2016 >80% crossbred cows and <20% local cows not specified 48.47 ashebir et al., 2016 hf x zebu crossbred urban and peri-urban 1.67 64.6 54.8 birhanemeskel et al., 2017 dairy cows urban dairy farming 1.6 48.1 engidawork, 2018 not specified urban dairying 1.7 40.23 gebreegziabiher, 2008 local and crossbred cows extensive and intensive system 47.8 woldu et al., 2011 local and crossbred cows extensive system 1.95 49.3 jemal et al., 2016 local cows 65% mixed crop-livestock system 2.15 yousuf, 2022 f1 crossbred 65% mixed crop-livestock system 2.0 yousuf, 2022 f2 crossbred 65% mixed crop-livestock system 1.6 yousuf, 2022 average 1.74 45.0 38.4 fixed time ai local cows extensive system 45 abiyot and eyob, 2019 crossbred cows extensive system 50.2 abiyot and eyob, 2019 local cows extensive system 1.85 54 belay et al., 2016 crossbred cows extensive system 1.44 69.6 belay et al., 2016 dairy cattle extensive system 34.61 10.67 zewude, 2018 local dairy cow extensive system 1.7 59 duro, 2022 crossbred cows extensive system 1.5 67 duro, 2022 zebu cows extensive system 48.4 hamid, 2012 hf x zebu crossbred cows extensive system 46.7 hamid, 2012 boran cows intensive system 28.6 demisse, 2018 hf x boran crossbred cows intensive system 31.3 demisse, 2018 local cows not specified 1.71 58.49 worku, 2015 crossbred cows not specified 1.78 56.1 worku, 2015 zebu (95.8%), sheko (2.8%) and crossbred (1.4%) not specified 24.69 13.58 fantahun, and admasu, 2017 local cows not specified 1.7 59.5 shanku, 2022. crossbred cows not specified 1.5 65.0 shanku, 2022 local cows not specified 40.8 haile et al., 2023 crossbred cows not specified 64.8 haile et al., 2023 boran cows semi-intensive 70.6 tilahun, 2018 mekonnen & meseret, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 44-49 47 zebu x holstein cross semi-intensive 50 tilahun, 2018 local cows extensive system 2.2 45.7 amanuel and amanuel, 2023 crossbred cows extensive system 1.4 70.5 amanuel and amanuel, 2023 local cows extensive system 2.36 42.3 amanuel and amanuel, 2023 crossbred cows extensive system 1.7 60.2 amanuel and amanuel, 2023 average 1.74 51.8 12.1 nsc=number of services per conception, cr1=conception rate at first insemination, cr=calving rate conclusions cattle ai service was widely practiced in ethiopia, however, the efficiency of cattle ai service in ethiopia was extremely poor due to different intrinsic and extrinsic factors. mean number of services per conception (nsc), conception rate at first insemination (cr1) and calving rate (cr) under both conventional cattle ai breeding and fixed time ai breeding indicated poor efficiency of ai service. the poor efficiency of the country cattle ai service is a biological economic loss in cattle production and managerial monetary losses. strategic interventions on cattle ai service efficiency improvement should be identified and practiced. author contributions: conceptualization, t.m.; data curation, n/a.; methodology, n/a.; validation, n/a.; visualization, n/a.; formal analysis, t.m. and s.m.; investigation, t.m. and s.m.; resources, t.m.; writing original draft, t.m.; writing review & editing, t.m. and s.m.; supervision, t.m.; software, n/a.; project administration, t.m.; funding acquisition, n/a. all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgement: the authors would like to thank to the researchers who involved in studying the efficiency of ai in cattle breeding in ethiopia. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references abdula, a. m., & bilal, z. m. 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(2018). evaluation of estrous synchronization and mass artificial insemination service of dairy cattle in east wollega selected districts, western ethiopia. journal of reproduction and infertility, 9(3), 63-66, https://dx.doi.org/10.5829/idosi.jri.2018.63.66 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, u.s.a. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://dx.doi.org/10.5829/idosi.jri.2018.28.35 http://journal.publindoakademika.com/index.php/rh https://dx.doi.org/10.5829/idosi.jri.2018.63.66 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 12-20 12 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 3 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa amplifying brand reach through youtube influencers martin preethy rose (a)1 ravikumar shanthi (b) (a)ph.d. jrf research scholar, department of commerce, university of madras, chepauk, chennai, india; e-mail: preethyphd@gmail.com (b)professor and head, department of commerce, university of madras, chepauk, chennai, india; e-mail: rshanthicommerce@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 14th may 2024 reviewed & revised: 14th may to 25th july 2024 accepted: 27th july 2024 published: 1st august 2024 keywords: youtube, homophily, sponsored advertisement, likability, influencer marketing, purchase intention. jel classification codes: m30, m31, m37 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method a b s t r a c t social media platforms in the digital age have revolutionized how brands engage with consumers, with youtube standing out as a potent tool for influencer marketing. influencers on youtube engage audiences through diverse content formats, including vlogs, reviews, tutorials, and sponsored advertisements, making it an ideal platform for promoting products. influencers play a pivotal role in modern marketing strategies due to their ability to build genuine relationships with their target audiences. the paper investigates the impact of youtube influencers on consumers' buying intentions. primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire to achieve the above goal. the study considered tamil youtube influencers and their impact on tamil audiences. this study considered the role of homophily, sponsored advertisements, and the likability of influencers on purchase intentions. the researcher used purposive sampling to collect the data from 201 tamil audiences who follow tamil youtube influencers. the statistical tools used to attain the objectives of this study are frequency analysis, one-way anova, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. the study results revealed that both homophily and sponsored advertisements significantly impact purchase intentions. moreover, the likability of an influencer varies across different occupational backgrounds, suggesting that the professions of the influencers influence consumer perceptions. the study also highlights how customer perceptions are shaped by the frequency and types of content influencers share. the researcher suggests to marketers the necessity for personalized marketing strategies that cater to diverse consumer preferences for successful campaigns. ultimately, the study encourages marketers to effectively utilise youtube influencers to capture consumer engagement to drive maximum impact on revenue within the tamil audience segment. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction influencer marketing is being touted as a crucial tactic used by organisations to connect with customers and increase product engagement lately (ozuem & willis, 2022). this method utilizes the credibility and popularity of social media personalities to influence purchasing decisions, changing how brands interact with their target markets (saima & khan, 2020). as influencers gain trust in the online world (hossain & alam, 2022), their endorsements can significantly impact consumer choices (pop et al., 2022). this change is especially noticeable in markets where traditional advertising is becoming less effective (campbell & farrell, 2020; karagür et al., 2022). additionally, the growth of direct-to-consumer models has made influencer partnerships vital for brands aiming to establish strong brand connections (andersson et al., 2020). by working with influencers, brands can access specific audiences and encourage community participation (fan et al., 2023). therefore, having a deep understanding of influencer marketing dynamics is essential for developing effective strategies that appeal to various consumer groups. examining the youtube influencer's impact on the purchasing intentions of tamil customers is the key aim of this study. the growing reliance on digital platforms drives this research to promote products and the unique cultural dynamics that impact consumer behaviour in india. this research is particularly relevant in today's rapidly changing market, where influencer marketing is becoming a key aspect of brand engagement. even with influencer marketing's rise, a thorough grasp of the particular elements influencing customer behaviour in niche markets still needs to be developed. by looking at the connection between consumer purchase intentions and influencer traits, the study attempts to fill this gap. through a focus on tamil customers, this study delivers targeted insights that enhance the effectiveness of marketing campaigns. the study 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0004-1104-2748 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i3.2228 to cite this article: rose, m. p., & shanthi, r. (2024). amplifying brand reach through youtube influencers. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(3), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i3.2228 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i3.2228 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1104-2748 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3125-4241 rose & shanthi, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 12-20 13 utilizes a structured questionnaire to gather primary data from 201 respondents who actively follow tamil youtube influencers. data will be examined using statistical techniques like one-way anova, pearson correlation, and multiple regression to draw meaningful conclusions. the subsequent sections will delve into the methodology, results, and conclusion. the study intends to add to the existing literature by evaluating the youtuber's impact on consumer buying decisions among tamil customers. to help brands maximise their influencer partnerships in a culturally appropriate way, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of how influencer marketing might successfully impact consumers' purchase intentions. literature review influencer marketing has become an essential brand strategy, fundamentally transforming customer involvement and buying behaviour in recent years (vrontis et al., 2021). this literature review analyzes the evolving dynamics of influencer marketing, focusing on credibility, content types, influencer characteristics, and the impact on consumer purchase intentions. influencer marketing significantly impacts consumers' purchase intentions by fostering emotional connections and trust (masuda et al., 2022). consumers are more inclined to buy advertised products of influencers when genuine content is being shared (delbaere et al., 2021; kapitan et al., 2022; ramasamy et al., 2024).). this relationship is solid in markets where traditional advertising has diminished influence (nadanyiova et al., 2020). additionally, the alignment of influencer content with brand values enhances consumer commitment and purchase likelihood (bu et al., 2022). as a result, consumers often rely on influencers for product recommendations, leading to increased sales and brand loyalty (ramadan & farah, 2020). the emotional resonance created through influencer interactions is a key driver for purchase intentions (chen & yang, 2023). since customers like to interact more with influencers that possess comparable qualities, the idea of homophily substantially impacts the efficacy of influencer marketing (gupta et al., 2023). influencers who relate to consumers can foster trust and authenticity, making their recommendations more persuasive (atiq et al., 2022). this shared identity not only strengthens the influencer-follower relationship but also enhances brand perception (farivar & wang, 2022). moreover, increased engagement rates can also result from influencers and their audience having similar demographic and lifestyle characteristics. (hazari & sethna, 2023; hudders & de jans, 2022). consequently, brands often prioritize influencers with high homophily to effectively reach their target demographics (jaiswal et al., 2024). this strategic alignment is essential for optimizing marketing outcomes in influencer campaigns (huynh et al., 2022). expertise is a pivotal factor that enhances the credibility and effectiveness of influencers in marketing (alfarraj et al., 2021; chopra et al., 2021). influencers who demonstrate substantial knowledge in their niche can significantly sway consumer decisions, leading to higher engagement and purchase rates (prasanthi et al., 2024). their authority in specific domains reinforces follower trust and loyalty, making recommendations more impactful (ye et al., 2021). furthermore, consumers often seek expertise when evaluating product endorsements, as it directly correlates with perceived product value (tsen & cheng, 2021). as a result, brands strategically select influencers based on their expertise to optimize campaign effectiveness (huttula & karjaluoto., 2023). this focus on specialized knowledge drives purchase intention and solidifies brand authority in competitive markets (khan, 2023). the rise of sponsored advertisements in influencer marketing has reshaped consumer perceptions and engagement (hudders & de jans, 2022). despite initial skepticism regarding sponsored content, studies reveal that transparent disclosure enhances the credibility of influencers. when influencers disclose their collaborations, it builds trust and improves consumer perceptions of the promoted goods. furthermore, effective disclosure practices can mitigate negative perceptions associated with sponsored posts, aligning audience expectations with marketing strategies. this shift toward transparency in influencer partnerships is crucial for maintaining audience loyalty and ensuring long-term brand success. ultimately, well-managed sponsorships can lead to meaningful consumer engagement and improved purchase intentions (giuffredi-kähr et al., 2022). the consumers' affection towards the influencer is reflected in their likability, significantly influencing consumer engagement (duh & thabethe, 2021). influencers perceived as relatable and likeable foster higher levels of trust and connection with their audience (lin et al., 2021). this positive rapport not only enhances follower engagement but also leads to increased purchase intentions for endorsed products (afifah, 2022). the interplay between likability and other attributes, such as expertise and homophily, amplifies the effectiveness of influencer marketing strategies (kim & kim, 2021). as consumers increasingly prioritize authenticity in their interactions, likeable influencers become essential for brands aiming to cultivate lasting relationships with their audience (jun & yi, 2020). ultimately, the likability of influencers directly correlates with marketing success (taillon et al., 2020). firstly, the study will identify the mean differences in occupational status in the context of likability. secondly, the study will determine the relationship between the variables affecting influencer marketing. lastly, the study will analyze the impact of youtube influencers's homophily and sponsored advertisements on purchase intention. the following hypotheses have been framed based on the literature review and discussion above. the study's conceptual model is illustrated in figure 1. h1: the mean differences for likability across various roles are not equal h2: variables of influencer marketing are significantly correlated h3: homophily and sponsored advertisements of youtube influencers impact purchase intention rose & shanthi, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 12-20 14 conceptual framework figure 1. conceptual framework materials and methods this study explores the role of youtube influencers on consumers' purchase intentions through a quantitative approach utilising a survey as the main data-gathering tool. the survey, designed to measure variables such as purchase intention, homophily, expertise, sponsored advertisements, and likability, was distributed to respondents who are active youtube users among diverse age groups. using purposive sampling, the survey was collected from participants who watched youtube influencers' videos. purposive sampling is typically deemed suitable for selecting smaller samples, frequently among confined physical regions or a specific group (battaglia, 2008). the sample size being studied is usually small, unlike in probability methods, since this is a form of nonprobability sampling where the researcher selects participants based on specific criteria such as expertise in the subject matter or willingness to participate in the study (oliver, 2015). therefore, the sample size of 201 respondents was considered adequate to detect significant relationships with precision between the variables, including frequency analysis, one-way anova, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. the demographic details of the individuals have also been noted to provide a thorough profile of the sample. data collection was facilitated by distributing the survey through google forms shared across various social media platforms to reach a broad audience. this method ensured a wide reach and allowed for efficient data collection. using google forms also provided the convenience of automatically organizing responses, which streamlined the data analysis process. results demographic data gender figure 1. the gender of the respondents figure 1 illustrates the gender distribution of the respondents. the data indicate that the majority of the respondents, 67%, were female, with the remaining 33% being male. the higher percentage of female survey participants (67%) suggests that women are more likely to follow influencers on social media than men. figure 2. age of the respondents rose & shanthi, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 12-20 15 figure 2 presents the age distribution among respondents. it reveals that a substantial proportion, 65%, are between 18 and 25. following that, a smaller percentage, 18%, falls between the ages of 26 and 35 years. furthermore, the results show that 11% of respondents are between the ages of 36 and 50, with a minority, 6%, over the age of 50. figure 3. educational qualification figure 3 provides the distribution of educational qualifications among respondents. this indicates that a notable percentage, 48%, hold an undergraduate degree. following this, 36% of the respondents possess a postgraduate qualification. furthermore, 16% of the respondents have completed their high school (hsc) education. figure 4. occupation status figure 4 indicates the occupational distribution. it reveals that a predominant proportion, constituting 57%, identifies as students, 29% of the respondents are categorized as full-time employees, 8% identify as self-employed, and lastly, 6% of the respondents are classified as professionals. figure 5. hours spent on youtube figure 5 presents the distribution of duration allocated in terms of hours spent on youtube. it reveals that 44% reported spending less than one hour on youtube, highlighting the daily engagement of users on the youtube platform (52,53), 42% allocated between one to three hours, 8% reported spending three to five hours, and a minority, comprising 5%, indicated spending more than five hours on youtube. rose & shanthi, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 12-20 16 figure 6. type of videos watched on youtube figure 6 illustrates the preferences regarding the type of videos consumed by individuals on the youtube platform. it reveals that a significant majority, comprising 58%, indicated a preference for vlogs or video blogs, suggesting a predominant interest in content that offers personal insights, experiences, or narratives. figure 7. type of influencers followed on youtube figure 7 provides the preferences regarding the type of influencers followed by individuals on youtube. respondents (27%) chose to follow mid-tier influencers with follower counts that vary from 100,000 to 500,000, who tend to be chosen for their broader audience reach. mega-influencers (more than 1 million followers) were followed by 22% of respondents, macro-influencers (500,000 and 1 million followers) by 19%, nano-influencers (1,000 to 10,000 followers) by 17%, and micro-influencers (10,000-100,000 followers) by 14% figure 8. type of video format preferred figure 8 illustrates the preferences regarding the video format on youtube. a notable majority, comprising 65% of respondents, disliked youtube short videos. conversely, 35% of respondents preferred long videos, indicating interest in content with extended duration and more in-depth coverage. rose & shanthi, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 12-20 17 one-way anova h1: the mean differences for likability across various roles are not equal table 1. one-way anova: likability of influencer across occupation status dependent variable: likability variable occupation status f – value sig. student professional full-time employee self-employed (n = 116) (n = 12) (n = 58) (n = 16) mean sd mean sd mean sd mean sd 2.904 0.036 likability 2.955 0.858 2.333 0.771 3.082 0.771 3.094 0.730 from above table 1, the results reveal a significant mean difference in likability across occupation status (f = 2.904; p < 0.05) at a 5% level. hence, the hypothesis (h1) is supported. pearson correlation h2: variables of influencer marketing are significantly correlated table 2. relationship between variables of influencer marketing pi hy ex sa lk pi 1 .578** .485** .437** .499** hy .578** 1 .730** .479** .674** ex .485** .730** 1 .551** .638** sa .437** .479** .551** 1 .512** lk .499** .674** .638** .512** 1 **correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) pi: purchase intention, hy: homophily, ex: expertise, sa: sponsored advertisement and lk: likability the strength of the relationship of homophily with expertise (r = 0.730) and likability (r = 0.674) and expertise with likability (r = 0.638) indicated a high positive correlation. the relationship between purchase intention and all variables ranges from 0.40 to 0.59, indicating moderately related. also, the relationship of sponsored advertisement with likability (r = 0.512) and expertise (r = 0.551) indicated a moderate relationship (table 2). thus, the hypothesis (h2) is supported, and it is concluded that there is a relationship between purchase intention, homophily, expertise, sponsored advertisement, and likability through influencer marketing. multiple regression h3: homophily and sponsored advertisements of youtube influencers impact purchase intention table 3. cause–effect relationship of homophily and sponsored advertisements of youtube influencers on purchase intention variables unstandardized coefficients standardized coefficient t sig. b std. error beta constant 1.199 0.180 6.665 <.001** homophily 0.450 0.060 0.479 7.455 <.001** sponsored advertisement 0.183 0.057 0.208 3.239 <.001** r value 0.606 r2 value 0.368 f value 57.890 p value <0.001 ** significance level at 5% dependent variable: purchase intention x1 homophily x2 – sponsored advertisement the multiple regression equation is purchase intention = 1.199 (constant) + 0.450 x1 + 0.183x2 rose & shanthi, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 12-20 18 the multiple r-value of 0.606 indicates the degree of a significant relationship between purchase intention and two variables of influencer marketing. the r2 value indicates how much of the purchase intention (dependent variable) can be explained by independent variables such as homophily and sponsored advertisement. the r2 value is indicated in the above table as 0.368. in this case, only 36.8% of the purchase intention can be explained through homophily and sponsored advertisement. the p-value is less than 0.05 for the variables homophily and sponsored advertisement, which positively impact the purchase intention (table 3). thus, hypothesis (h3) is supported, and therefore, there is a significant impact of homophily and sponsored advertisement on purchase intention. discussions this study focused on determining the effect or impact of youtube influencer marketing on purchase intention. the significant difference in likability across occupation results was consistent with the previous research that revealed likability may result in different social media outcomes. likability only sometimes translates into a higher number of followers but does significantly impact engagement. therefore, the varying levels of engagement across different occupational statuses may be due to the different degrees of interest in the influencers' content, leading to distinct social media outcomes based on occupation (myers, 2021). also, the study identified a positive relationship among purchase intention, homophily, expertise, sponsored advertisement, and likability in influencer marketing, aligning with previous research findings. these factors collectively influence consumers' decisions, indicating how influencers' perceived similarity, expertise, and the nature of advertisements shape audience engagement and consumer buying decisions. this alignment reinforces the established understanding of influencer marketing dynamics and their effect on consumer behaviour (bu et al., 2022; kim & kim, 2021; srivastava, 2021). multiple regression results revealed that homophily considerably impacted purchase intention, which is consistent with earlier studies. the homophily one shares with their chosen influencer is linked to why one follows that influencer, which promotes purchase intention (shoenberger & kim, 2023). as sponsored content is a kind of advertisement, it was assumed that it would negatively influence the individuals. however, it was found that the sponsored advertisement positively impacts the purchase intention of followers or subscribers. through regression analysis, it was found that disclosure of sponsored content has a significant positive impact on purchase intention, which was consistent with previous findings. disclosing sponsorships transparently by influencers boosts their credibility and genuineness, consequently elevating the likelihood of consumers buying the endorsed products (kay et al., 2020). conclusions the study investigated the impact of sponsored advertisements on purchase intention within influencer marketing, particularly among tamil youtube influencers. the study revealed that factors such as homophily, likability, and the credibility of sponsored content significantly influence consumer behaviour. higher levels of perceived homophily between influencers and their audiences result in increased purchase intentions, showing that customers are more willing to engage with influencers they believe to be akin to themselves. additionally, influencer likability is essential for improving the effectiveness of sponsored commercials, which directly impacts consumer engagement. this study adds to the literature by fulfilling the gap related to tamil influencers. these findings pose certain inferences for marketers. marketers may improve authenticity and relatability by understanding the intricacies of influencer-audience outcomes. this can be achieved by selecting influencers who resonate with their target audience's values and preferences. furthermore, the findings highlight the necessity for transparent disclosure of sponsored content, as transparency builds trust and positively influences purchase intentions. therefore, brands should prioritise collaborations with influencers who demonstrate expertise in their respective niches, as this can effectively drive consumer attention toward the endorsed products. however, the study has certain limitations that must be considered. it examines the role of various types of influencers on purchase intention without focusing on a specific influencer's effect on followers' decisions. additionally, the research does not address particular product lines or categories, which could be a valuable area for future exploration. furthermore, the analysis is limited to youtube as a platform, leaving out other social media channels that could be significant. lastly, the study is confined to participants in chennai, suggesting that future research could broaden the scope to include other geographical areas for a more comprehensive understanding. the findings encourage marketers to utilise relatable influencers to create more targeted campaigns, ultimately enhancing brand awareness. author contributions: conceptualization, m.p.r. and r.s.; methodology, r.s.; software, m.p.r.; validation, m.p.r.; formal analysis, m.p.r.; investigation, m.p.r.; resources, m.p.r.; data curation, m.p.r.; writing – original draft preparation, m.p.r.; writing – review & editing, m.p.r.; visualization, m.p.r.; supervision, r.s.; project administration, r.s.; funding acquisition, m.p.r. and r.s. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. rose & shanthi, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(3) (2024), 12-20 19 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(2021). the value of influencer marketing for business: a bibliometric analysis and managerial implications. journal of advertising, 50(2), 160–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2020.1857888 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 11-21 11 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 7 no 1 (2023) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa maternal nutritional knowledge and determinants of the child nutritional status in the northern region of bangladesh bilkish banu (a)1 sadika haque (b) shamim ara shammi (c) md. anowar hossain (d) (a)assistant professor, department of economics, faculty of social science and humanities, hajee mohammad danesh science & technology university, dinajpur, bangladesh; e-mail: bilkishbanuu@gmail.com (b)professor, department of agricultural economics, faculty of agricultural economics & rural sociology, bangladesh; e-mail: sadikahaque@yahoo.com (c) assistant manager (hr and training), service solutions pvt. ltd., bangladesh; e-mail: shamim.a.shammi@gmail.com (d) mss student, department of economics, faculty of social science and humanities, hajee mohammad danesh science & technology university, dinajpur, bangladesh; e-mail: rajuhstu2@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 2nd march 2023 revised: 27th april 2023 accepted: 25th may 2023 published: 7th june 2023 keywords: maternal knowledge, child nutrition, bivariate analysis, antenatal care, nutritional knowledge jel classification codes: c13, c25, c51, j13, i12, i15 a b s t r a c t this present study investigates the factors that affect child nutrition and the status of maternal knowledge in the northern region of bangladesh. for this purpose, this study employs a cross-sectional data survey of two divisions in the northern region of bangladesh, namely rangpur and rajshahi, from which three districts were chosen from each division using a simple random sampling process. this survey collected data from 527 respondents with face-to-face direct interview method. the questionnaire is in the native language for their understanding. this study applies weight for age, height for age, weight for height, and weight for height for the nutritional status of children. this study uses bivariate logistic analysis for factor analysis and descriptive analysis for mothers' nutritional knowledge. the result shows that sanitation, mothers' employment, maternal nutritional knowledge, wealth index, maternal educational status, and antenatal care are the key significant determinants of child nutritional status. in addition, this study also reveals that only 30% of the total respondents were aware of the child's nutritional status while feeding their children, that is 158 out of 537 mothers. the findings of this study indicate that improvement in the rate of a child's dietary diversity, women's dietary diversity, and also self-esteem leads to an improvement in the child's nutritional status in a significant manner. it also indicates that moving towards an upward ceiling for cases including compulsory higher education for women, spreading awareness about child nutritional issues, and prohibiting child marriage and early premature pregnancy may enhance sustaining lives for them. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). introduction mothers are the primary caregivers for their children, and the quality of care they provide is heavily reliant on their understanding of nutrition and health-related behaviors. early childhood malnutrition has a complicated, multivariate, and contextual etiology. the direct cause of childhood malnutrition is a lack of protein and energy; however, behind these deficiencies lurk many other factors that influence newborn feeding behaviors and, consequently, their nutritional status and health. the study of nutrition focuses on how food affects the body. the components of food that are good for our bodies include vitamins, protein, minerals, fats, and more. the total promotion of children's growth and development is called child nutrition. children of today will be tomorrow's adults. we all hope these young adults will blossom into flowers in the future. child malnutrition is the most important factor contributing to child morbidity and mortality, among other factors. according to unicef, inadequate dietary intake, infectious disease, or a combination of both is called malnutrition. stunting, wasting, and underweight is the three common indicators of malnutrition. based on the global nutrition report 2020 and world bank group 2021 information 2000, the country had 51% of children stunted, 12.5% wasted, and 42.4% underweight. in 2005, stunting 45.9%, 11.8% were wasted, and 37.3% were underweight. however, stunting and 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0003-0579-8568 © 2023 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v7i1.2018 to cite this article: banu, b., haque, s., shammi, s. a., & hossain, m. a. (2023). maternal nutritional knowledge and determinants of the child nutritional status in the northern region of bangladesh. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 7(1), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v7i1.2018 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v7i1.2018 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0579-8568 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3675-275x https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6922-0187 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9848-1987 banu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 11-21 12 underweight fell slightly in 2011, 41.3% and 36.7%, respectively. the prevalence of wasting had increased by 15.7% in that year. however, a declining trend was found in 2014, where 36.2%, 14.4%, and 32.8% child were stunted, wasted, and underweight, respectively. lastly 2018, 30.8% of children were found stunted, 8.4% were wasted, and 22.6% were underweight. in the first decade of this century, all three indicators of malnutrition have shown fluctuation (sometimes fall, sometimes rise). still, a declining trend was found with less fluctuation in the last decade. bangladesh has the biggest malnutrition problem in the world. poverty, family instability, poor environmental sanitation, faulty weaning practice, illiteracy, family food insecurity, etc., are the main cause of this problem. being underweight, malnutrition, anaemia or iron deficiency, dental issues, etc., are widespread problems for a developing country like bangladesh. good nutrition is essential for every child to achieve physical and developmental potential. in urban areas with working mothers, the children are more affected by malnutrition problems than others. malnutrition makes children more vulnerable to morbidity and mortality. similarly, the effects of malnutrition are; poorer educational attainment, delayed mental development, and lower intellectual and physical abilities in adult life. child malnutrition has been linked with demographic and environmental aspects, socio-economic aspects, parental characteristics, household possession, and geographical location. while there are various theories, facts, and arguments about child malnutrition but some basic factors that are completely consistent with malnutrition, like mothers' age, education, socio-economic status, household size, hygiene, sanitation, bmi, access to control over resources, exposure to media, empowerment, fathers' education, occupation, child age, birth order, feeding practice, sex, mothers' knowledge, religion, region of residence, etc. if the mother does not have enough knowledge about nutrition and does not know how to take care of her children, then there is a lot of chance of facing malnutrition by the children, especially the infant. poor nutritional status was higher in families with low socio-economic status, less maternal educational level, and not having exclusive breastfeeding. if the children of a country don't have good health conditions, the country's future will be dark. that's why every developing country tries hard to use the population as human capital. according to bangladesh demographic and health survey (bdhs), child mortality differs from region to region. if we want to minimize the problem of malnutrition in our country, we need proper nutritional knowledge and behavior toward children. women's nutritional knowledge and child malnutrition are the usual phenomena for the people of bangladesh. these two factors are interrelated and cannot be isolated from each other. these two phenomena can be analyzed systematically. now, it's time to cover the above aspects and emphasize the present context of bangladesh. this study tries to identify the significant factors that affect the child's nutritional status in accordance with the maternal knowledge of child nutrition in the northern region of bangladesh. this study also aims at identifying the present status of the mother's nutritional knowledge for rearing children in the northern region of bangladesh. this study uses a bivariate regression model to identify the factors affecting the child's nutritional knowledge. the next sections of this study are organized as a literature review, which describes the prior research on this subject, and the third component, materials, and methods, discusses the analytical techniques used to achieve the study's goals. the study's results are revealed in the fourth and last section, which also discusses the findings. the study's conclusion section follows, summarizing the entire report and describing the potential for further research. literature review özdoğan et al. (2012) conducted a study on mothers' nutrition knowledge with children aged between 0-24 months. in this study, it was observed that nutritional knowledge declined with the increasing number of children. mothers' educational status is a factor that influences the child's nutritional status and life expectancy. female literacy is a non-health factor influencing child survival and better nourishment. mothers included in the study had a good level of nutritional knowledge. the knowledge scores increase in similarity with the educational level, which reveals the significance of education. debela et al. (2017) have accomplished a study on maternal nutrition knowledge and child nutritional outcomes in urban kenya. these findings imply that building broader awareness of the health risks of unsuitable dietary practices among mothers and caretakers is important for improving the nutrition and health of children and adolescents. the result shows that maternal nutrition knowledge – measured through an aggregate knowledge score – is positively associated with child stunting (haz), even after controlling for other influencing factors such as household living standards and general maternal education. however, disaggregation by type of knowledge reveals essential differences. maternal knowledge about food ingredients has a weak positive association with child haz. for maternal knowledge about specific dietary recommendations, no significant association is detected. the strongest positive association with child haz is found for maternal knowledge about the health consequences of not following recommended nutritional practices. these findings have direct relevance for nutrition and health policies, especially for designing the contents of educational campaigns and training programs. schooling as inputs to child nutrition. many find that mothers lack formal education also. akeredolu et al. (2014) have accomplished a study on mothers' nutritional knowledge, infant feeding practice, and nutritional status of children in lagos state, nigeria. the result indicated that the mothers' nutritional knowledge, as revealed by the test score, was moderately good. it is recommended that the period of maternity leave should be increased. women of childbearing age should be knowledgeable by trained nutritionists on the types of locally accessible foods that help growth in children. the study provides the level of breastfeeding, mothers' nutrition knowledge, complementary feeding practices, and the nutritional status of children (0-24 months) in lagos state. shrestha et al. (2021) conducted a study investigating household food security and its influence on the nutritional status of children under five. it has been found from the survey that food insecurity and malnutrition among under-five-year-old children were high in the study areas; more than half of the households were facing food insecurity, and nearly one-third of children were suffering from malnutrition. the prevalence of malnutrition among under-five-year-old children was associated with exclusive breastfeeding, initiation time of complimentary food, and household food security status. lestari and setyawan (2021) carried out a study that aimed to determine factors associated with the nutritional status of children under five years using holistic-comprehensive approaches. the authors revealed that poor nutritional banu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 11-21 13 quality was higher in families with low socio-economic status, less maternal education, and no exclusive breastfeeding. this approach also appraised bio-psychosocial aspects of nutritional issues and could help physicians to determine all factors related to the nutritional status of children under five years old. siregar (2020) conveyed a study to analyze the nexus between maternal characteristics and parenting factors for children and how these were related to malnutrition in children under five in the deli serdang regency. the result revealed a relationship between maternal characteristics (education, income, knowledge) and parenting factors (the practice of feeding, health practices) with the incidence of child malnutrition in those under five. the study showed that education, income, low knowledge, poor diet, and health patterns were the primary causes of child malnutrition among those under five. mondal and paul (2020) conducted a study to know the current scenario of malnourished children through 3 indicatorsstunting, underweight, and wasting across indian states. however, the children whose mothers were fully exposed to mass media like newspapers/radio/television had a lower prevalence of undernutrition, and the children belonging to the poorest household were twice times undernourished than those from the richest. similarly, anemic children were 1.4 times more likely to be malnourished than non-anemic. here also estimated that male children were more malnourished than females. the children suffering from diarrhea were more malnourished than non-diarrheal. likewise, mothers who have completed more than four anc visits in the hospital their children were less undernourished. a study was conducted by kehinde and favour (2020) to evaluate the state of household food insecurity, dietary diversity of households, nutritional status of households, and, similarly, the relationship between food insecurity and nutritional indices of households in that region. from the result, it had been claimed that a large percentage of households suffered from food insecurity with moderate hunger and low diet diversity. furthermore, stunting was the most dominant form of malnutrition among children. here, food insecurity was inversely and significantly associated with income and formal education. also, food insecurity was correlated to nutritional status, household diet diversity, stunting, and wasting. tesfa et al. (2022) assessed a study on nutritional knowledge, practice, and its related factors of pregnant women in addis ababa, ethiopia, where they conducted their study on 363 women and used multivariate logistic regression. they showed that maternal knowledge was 73.9% and dietary practice was 63.9%. they also identified family size, monthly income, pregnancy interval, anc visit and bmi, husband's occupational status, and educational level as the significant factors affecting women's nutritional knowledge. wahid et al. (2021) tried to identify the factors affecting the child's nutritional status in bangladesh. they used data from bangladesh household expenditure survey and conducted a study on 10780 students. they applied the blinder oaxaca decomposition approach to identify the factors and found that household diets and environmental factors were significant. berhanu et al. (2023) conducted a study on the determinants of the child nutritional status of primary school students in ethiopia. they surveyed a cross-sectional survey of 494 primary students and applied ordinary logistic regression analysis. the result showed that 27.94% of the primary students were undernourished consists of 7.29% were severely, and 20.65 were moderate. mother's educational status was positively correlated with nutritional status, whereas large family size was detected as a negative influence on the child's nutritional status. habiba et al. (2020) researched to determine the food and nutrition status among children in four selected slum areas of khulna city. household food security is categorized into mildly, moderately, and severely food insecure. the study found that approximately 34.5% of children were food secure, nearly 24.4% were found mildly food insecure, about 28.9% as moderately food insecure, and the rest were severely food insecure. the prevalence of wasting was 37.7%, whereas that of stunting and underweight was 28.9% and 40.7%. girl children suffered from malnutrition, stunting, and wasting more than boys. children's food security and nutrition status were stimulated by various socio-economic factors such as income level, expenditure on food, and parents' employment status. the morbidity status of the slum children was less, but the children had been suffering from various diseases. the above studies are concerned with the western and indian contexts. still, this study was conducted in the southern region of bangladesh, where the most vulnerable group was women, and this study also emphasized the socio-economic conditions. however, several cross-sectional studies have been done in recent years, including haq et al. (2021); mengesha et al. (2021); birhan and belay (2021); yisak et al. (2021); berhanu et al. (2023) and tesfa et al. (2022). none of them consider the district or rural level. in addition, in bangladesh, rare studies have been found on the nutritional status, although the malnutrition problem is increasing daily. moreover, the literature mentioned above did not reveal the details on the maternal nutritional status of the study areas. in this case, this study tries to cover up the gaps by conducting the study in the northern region of bangladesh, which is also known for its higher poverty level in bangladesh. materials and methods conceptual framework the conceptual framework establishes how factors affect a child's nutrition. maternal factors such as age, education, time allocation, age of first marriage, and age of first baby bore effect and women's empowerment and caregiver's status, affecting the child's nutritional status (figure 1). similarly, socio-economic status also influences the mothers' nutritional knowledge, determining the child's health status level. conversely, general awareness of hygiene, such as wash status, affects the nutritional quality of the mother, which again influences the child's nutritional status. banu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 11-21 14 figure 1. conceptual framework of the study selection of the study area figure 2. selection of the study area we have selected eight districts of the northwest region (naogaon et al.) for this study. sampling technique due to time and resource constraints, it was impossible to conduct a women empowerment and child nutritional statusrelated survey covering all households. thus, in selecting samples for a study, two things need to be considered. the sample size should be as large as possible for adequate degrees of freedom in the statistical analysis. in other words, the administration of field research, processing, and data analysis should be manageable within the limits imposed by physical, human, and financial resources. a reasonable size of the sample to achieve the study's objectives was considered. a simple random sampling technique was used to obtain the sample size. the sample size was divided into two groups. one was taken from rangpur district, and another from rajshahi district. 291 samples were randomly collected from the rajshahi district, whereas 246 were collected from the rangpur district. this aggregate collection was also subdivided according to districts which are as follows: table 1. distribution of sample division district selected sample percentage of the total sample rajshahi naogaon 43 9% rajshahi 89 17% sirajganj 74 14% bogura 85 16% rangpur rangpur 72 13% dinajpur 59 11% gaibandha 60 11% panchagarh 55 10% total 537 100% banu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 11-21 15 data collection procedure this study aims to find out the factors which affect children's nutritional status, the degree of women's empowerment, and its association with women from the northwest region of bangladesh. to achieve the goal, data is being collected from mothers with children between 6 months to 5 years old. the data were collected from the female household members (generally the wives of the household heads). the interviews were conducted one by one and face-to-face with the respondents. anthropometric measurements of the child and mother were recorded simultaneously. we have used tools and equipment like questionnaire, weight measurement machine, height measurement wooden scale, steel tape, muac tape, apron, one-time face masks, hand gloves, hand sanitizer, liquid disinfectants, paper, pen, pencil, scale, and more. we maintained some criteria while collecting data which are as follows:  only the mothers are interviewed as biological children, not the foster children.  single tone outcome child.  the women did not allow measuring their height, weight, and muac.  child aged between 6-59 months.  we did not consider the families who lost their jobs during covid-19 and were affected directly, as this year would be an abnormal year in their life.  did not consider currently pregnant women. data processing after completing the data collection process, the data cleaning was started immediately. this cleaning process is slightly longer as the rest of the analysis mainly depends on the cleaned and adequately processed data. most of the mistakes were made because of typing errors, information gaps, and incorrect formatting. all the data were corrected one by one. afterward, all the data were stored in a separate excel file, and made some copies so that those could be the backup. all the data were kept in a password-protected computer, which ensures the data's strong security. analytical techniques to achieve the study's objectives and get a meaningful result, collected data were analyzed carefully. descriptive statistic was used to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. different regression models were used to determine the relationship between women's empowerment and child nutritional status and identify factors affecting women's empowerment. variable specification once the data cleaning and processing were done, variable specification and preparation were started, one of the most important parts of the research. different types of composite variables were prepared which have relevance to this study, such as:  household food variety (hfv)  women's dietary diversity (wdd)  child dietary diversity (cdd)  women empowerment index child nutritional status/ anthropometry among the several child anthropometries, we used weight-for-height, height-for-age, weight-for-age, mid upper arm circumference (muac). to collect all the required data, we used available who standard tools. weight was measured in kg, and height and muac were in cm. as we needed to standardize the analysis with who, we took the help of who anthro software version 3.2.2, available on the who website. the advantage of this software is that it automatically counts the child's age at the interview date. so, the result is always accurate. on top of that, we changed the country of that software to bangladesh to get accurate reference data, as the database depends on the geographic location. the z score is the most common way to calculate the distance between the observed value and the value of the reference population. in other words, the z score measures the dispersion of the data. we can calculate the z score by the following formulas. hence, we used software so we didn't need to calculate all the z scores manually. equation1: z scores calculation z score = (observed value−expected value of reference population) standard deviation standard deviation = (50th percentile−5th percentile) 1.82 malnutrition status can be categorized into different types considering different standards. banu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 11-21 16 table 1. categorization of z-score underweight weight for age < –2 standard deviations (sd) of the who child growth standards median stunting height for age < –2 sd of the who child growth standards median wasting weight for height < –2 sd of the who child growth standards median overweight weight for height> +2 sd of the who child growth standards median calculation procedure of women's dietary diversity (wdd) to calculate women's dietary diversity (wdd), we have used mothers' 24-hour food recall data. the condition like, if a mother consumes a specific food of any group, we marked that 1 and 0 otherwise. we have avoided a score of more than 1 to avoid overestimating dietary diversity. so, the score range will be 0 to 9 as there is a total of 9 food groups, and the cutoff for this score is as follows: table 3. measurement of dietary diversity low dietary diversity <= 4 medium dietary diversity 5 to 6 high dietary diversity >= 7 calculation procedure of child dietary diversity (wdd) to calculate child dietary diversity (wdd), we have used the child's 24-hour food recall data. the condition like, if a child consumes a specific food of any group, we marked that 1 and 0 otherwise. we have avoided a score of more than 1 to avoid overestimating dietary diversity. so, the score range will be 0 to 7 as there is a total of 7 food groups, and the cut-off for this score is as follows: table 4. measurement of dietary diversity low dietary diversity <4 minimum dietary diversity 4 high dietary diversity >4 women empowerment index (wei) we have also estimated dimension-wise empowerment by using the same factor analysis method. the grouped variables loaded in this analysis in one factor named a dimension. we then use these dimensions' variables in factor analysis and predict the score index. after predicting the value, we formed a binary following the similar method mentioned earlier. we repeated this for all dimensions and got all the dimension-wise women empowerment status which is binary. mother’s nutrition knowledge, attitude, and practice three indexes were developed initially and then combined into one index named mother's knowledge attitude and practice (kap) to assess the mother's nutrition knowledge attitude and practice. three separate indexes are the mother's knowledge index, the mother's attitude index, and the mother's practice index. all the variables have binary responses and assigned values of 1 for "yes" and 0 for "no." all the scores were summed up for each category and then categorized into three groups; poor, fair, and reasonable. the poor category is defined as the 0 % to 50 % range; the appropriate category lies in the 51 % to 75 % range, and the rest, 76 % to 100 %, ranges defined as good (sangra & nowreen, 2019). for calculating the kap, all three individual index score has been merged into one index and then categorized into the three groups mentioned above. bivariate association the bivariate association is generally developed for identifying the normal relationship between two variables, say, x and y, and it was applied in this study due to its simplicity in nature (babbie, 2009). if the relationship is perfect, then the relation is shown in a linear function as: 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 here, y is the dependent variable, and x is independent with a slope intercept of b and acts as a constant. for this analysis, this study used pearson correlation coefficients that can be measured as below: 𝑟 = ∑ 𝑥𝑦 √∑ 𝑥2 + ∑ 𝑦2 where ∑ 𝑥 is the sum of x scores, ∑ 𝑦 is the sum of y scores, ∑ 𝑥𝑦 is the sum of the products of scores, ∑ 𝑥2 is the sum of squared x scores, and ∑ 𝑦2 is the sum of squared y scores, its value ranges from -1, which means a perfect negative linear relationship, to +1, which means a perfect positive linear relationship. on the contrary, a 0 value means no relationship existed between the two variables. banu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 11-21 17 results child care & feeding practice regarding child care and feeding, the study found that around three-fourths of the mothers bought food for the baby and played different activities while feeding the child, and the baby was fed meals and snacks 4-5 times a day. half of the mothers consulted with a doctor about child care and feeding. around 66% of the mothers got angry when their children did not want to eat food. table 5. child care and feeding practices of the respondents care and feeding practice no yes total buy food yourself from the market for baby 125 (23.28) 412 (76.72) 537 (100) you/ care giver play different activities while feeding the child 137 (25.51) 400 (74.49) 537 (100) baby-fed meals and snacks 4-5 times a day 122 (22.72) 415 (77.28) 537 (100) have any sessions with a doctor/health about child feeding 271 (50.47) 266 (49.53) 537 (100) get angry with the child when food is refused 183 (34.08) 354 (65.92) 537 (100) source: field survey 2020; figures within the parentheses indicate percentages of the number of the respondents mothers' nutrition knowledge is important for a child's growth. the following table 6 shows mothers' nutrition knowledge. about 62% of the respondents agreed positively that they try to take at least five colors of food every day, 41% agreed that they add sugar to child milk, 73% stated yes that they change the food menu frequently for their child, 41% agreed that think that a baby can be healthy even if s/he is not fat. nearly 97% agree that feeding colostrums to your baby is important. 88% said that it is right to introduce semi-solid foods into a child's diet. 87% asserted that they give a child who suffers from diarrhea. about 66% agreed that they know what food children consume daily. nearly 73% said yes that their children consume fast food. almost 50% agreed that they regularly visit doctors for medication. these questions and their corresponding replies imply that mothers who had a significantly higher level of nutritional knowledge fed their children more with vegetable tables, fruit, legumes, and less sugared drinks such as pops, juice, and fast foods than the mothers who had a significantly lower level of nutritional knowledge. also, mothers with higher nutritional knowledge levels avoided giving foods that contained artificial to their children and believed in more knowledge about nutrition-health. mothers' nutrition knowledge level affects children's eating habits, mother knowledge, attitude, and practice. table 6. mothers' knowledge, attitude, and practice knowledge, attitude, and practice yes (%) try to take at least five colors of food every day 334 (62) add sugar to the child's milk 221 (41) change the food menu frequently for your child 389 (73) think that a baby can be healthy even if s/he is not fat 221 (41) think that feeding colostrums to your baby is important 523 (97) at what age is it right to introduce semi-solid foods into a child's diet 474 (88) what should one give a child who suffers from diarrhea 466 (87) types of food children should consume every day 354 (66) regularly should fast foods be consumed 73 (14) do you/your caregiver have any sessions with a doctor/health worker to have enough knowledge about the baby's care/ food 267 (50) source: field survey 2020; figures within the parentheses indicate percentages of the number of respondents. figure 3. mothers’ nutrition knowledge nearly about 7% of the mothers had good nutrition knowledge. on the other hand, 56% and 37% had fair and poor nutritional knowledge, respectively (figure 3). this may be due to the need for proper communication with the health facility providers engaged in the locality and the lack of adequate awareness spread through mass communication. nearly 58% of the caregivers have no institutional education, whereas 7% for incomplete primary education, 11 % for complete primary education, 11% for incomplete secondary education, and 14% for secondary complete or higher are identified (figure 4). banu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 11-21 18 figure 4. education of caregivers table 7. caregivers’ qualification caregivers’ qualification yes (% of the total sample) caregivers have knowledge about preparing baby's meal 255 (48) know about child nutrition 158 (30) know about dietary diversity 160 (30) capable of following your instructions properly in lieu stead of you 293 (55) source: field survey 2020; figures within the parentheses indicate percentages of the number of respondents. table 7 shows that several questions were asked, and the respondents answered those questions. from 537 respondents, 255 respondents answered "yes" to the question "do you think that caregivers have knowledge know about preparing the baby's meal? this indicates that 48% are aware and have knowledge about preparing the baby's meal which is nutritious to be healthy. 158 respondents answered "yes" when asked whether the caregiver knew about child nutrition, and 160 respondents answered "yes" to this question, "does she know about dietary diversity? lastly, 55% of the respondents answered "yes" when we asked whether the caregiver can follow your instructions properly instead of the mother, indicating that most of the caregivers are playing a better role as a supplementary to the child's mother. the study also found that more than half of the children get childcare support from their family families caregivers' qualifications. table 8. bivariate association variables laz waz whz women empowerment self esteem access to and control over resources attitude and behavior of husband decisions related to household mobility cdd wdd sanitation 4.27ns 38.25*** 11.07** 2.08ns 3.01* 4.49** 0.026ns 3.37* 1.98ns mother’s employment 4.60ns 6.1* 11.42** 2.58ns 26.22*** 44.76*** 0.108ns 5.66** 2.94* 1.6ns 1.3ns education 14.62ns 33.72** 38.95*** 15.74*** 74.74*** 66.2*** 61.16*** 50.39*** 21.03*** 75.3*** 48.75*** wdd 1.63ns 8.24ns 8.47ns 1.83ns 0.581ns 96.53*** 2.83* 11.31*** 3.64* cdd 10.14ns 4.12ns 13.75ns 6.18** 3.65ns 37.21*** 22.57*** 6.84** 7.68** anc 6.4ns 23.52*** 7.82ns 9.28*** 47.47*** 36.53*** 20.71*** 64.49*** 14.52*** 19.56*** 17.59*** nutritional knowledge 3.96ns 0.91ns 27.08*** 12.35*** 47.51*** 77.78*** 59.51*** 75.26*** 17.44*** 64.94*** 7.8*** wealth index 11.85ns 51.29*** 43.47*** 15.68*** 59.01*** 92.42*** 55.61*** 62.61*** 21.41*** 71.93*** 3.66** stunting 3.69ns 1.35ns 7.09* 5.21ns 3.54ns 3.11ns wasting 11.54** 9.1ns 15.05*** 5.64ns 6.82ns 12.55** underweight 8.37** 4.29ns 18.8*** 3.55ns 1.57ns 8.57** ns refers to not significant; *,**,*** stands for significant at p<0.1, p<0.05 and p<0.01 respectively table 8 shows the bivariate association between categorical outcome variables and explanatory variables with different significant levels. sanitation is significantly associated with waz, whz, self-esteem, access to and control over resources, and decisions related to the household. mother's employment is highly significant with self-esteem and access to and control over resources. this is similar to that finding by nankinga et al. (2019). the education and wealth index is significant with all variables except laz. this finding is also consistent with those of sherman and muehlhoff (2007), miller and rodgers (2009), and makoka and masibo (2015), who found that maternal education had a highly positive effect on child nutrition. women's dietary and child dietary diversity are significantly associated with access to and control over resources, attitude and behavior of husband; decisions related to household and mobility variables, while child dietary diversity is also significant with women's empowerment. antenatal care is significantly associated with all variables except laz and whz. nutritional knowledge is also significantly associated with all variables except laz and waz. discussions in this study, fair maternal nutritional knowledge was about 56% (figure 4) in the study areas, whereas poor knowledge was 37%, and very sound knowledge was identified as only 7%. these findings were similar to those of tesfa et al. (2022), mahmoud and ghaly (2019), koppmair et al. (2017), and masuku and lan (2014) where all of them found that about half banu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 7(1) (2023), 11-21 19 the sampled mothers had general or fair knowledge about maternal and child nutrition and about 40% had very poor knowledge about the nutritional issues. these results also show the lower condition, and the percentage is higher than 61.4% (demissie et al., 2020), 63.9% (nana & zema, 2018), and 81.6% (misgna et al., 2016). 80.6% (thomas et al., 2015). this finding is higher than about 40% (owais et al., 2019), hoddinott et al. (2018), and 47.5% (abdirahman, 2019). on the contrary, this deviation may occur due to the existence of the lower living standard, low family income, lack of proper policy-making based on vulnerable groups at the national level, management protocol of child and maternal nutritional condition, and lack of spreading information among the local or root level citizens. this study also found that maternal employment, maternal nutritional knowledge, antenatal cares, maternal education, and wealth index were the key significant indicators for the child's nutritional status in the study areas. these results were also consistent with the findings of nguyen et al. (2017), fakir and khan (2015), owais et al. (2019), choudhury (2011), negash et al. (2015), anwar et al. (2013), nankinga et al. (2019), berhanu et al. (2023), wahid et al. (2021) and mengesha et al. (2021). several studies also observe women's employment status as one of the influential ingredients affecting child nutrition, such as appoh and krekling (2005), saaka (2014), negash et al. (2015), nankinga et al. (2019) and fadare et al. (2019). there is a low significant relationship between stunting and access to and control over resources while wasting and underweight is highly significant with access to and control over resources. therefore, to ensure better child nutritional status, policymakers can improve the healthcare factors that determine the nutritional status, such as the mother's education level, sanitation facility, wealth index, and mothers' employment status. for this, mass media communication can play a vital role. however, this study did not consider the environmental attributes and communicable diseases in the analysis, which are also important factors for determining the child's nutritional status. conclusions according to this study, maternal knowledge is strongly related to the dietary diversity of mothers, children, and selfesteem. however, it is also noted that the mother's educational level, employment situation, level of nutritional understanding, and wealth index are important factors in determining the children's nutritional status. the survey also showed that maternal average nutritional awareness is low. the outcomes of this study add to the notion that maternal nutrition education is critical in the fight against childhood malnutrition. it also demonstrates that, while female schooling is vital for both mother and child health, formal education with explicit dietary knowledge may be effective. maternal nutritional knowledge and child nutritional status can be improved by facilitating with the help of village maternal clinical and village nutritional nurses. children may suffer from severe malnutrition as a result of mothers' lack of basic understanding about nutrition and infant nourishment. the causes of malnutrition, particularly in children, include inadequate maternal understanding about feeding low-quality foods, the timing of changes in children's eating habits, health care, sanitation, and differences between eating prepared food from the market and eating homemade cuisine. some important gaps in our understanding of the relationship between parental mental health and children's nutritional status and well-being remain unexplored in this study. multiple income levels, geographic regions, or the entire country can be analyzed more deeply. more research may be done to compare the nutritional status of children in different regions, between urban and rural residents, between different socio-economic groups (for example, working women and stay-at-home mothers), and between different socio-economic groups. author contributions: conceptualization, b.b., s.h., s.a.s. and m.a.h.; data curation, b.b.; methodology, b.b.; validation, b.b., s.h., s.a.s. and m.a.h.; visualization, b.b., s.h., s.a.s. and m.a.h.; formal analysis, b.b., s.h., s.a.s. and m.a.h.; investigation, b.b.; resources, b.b., s.h., s.a.s. and m.a.h.; writing original draft, b.b., s.h., s.a.s. and m.a.h.; writing review & editing, b.b., s.h., s.a.s. and m.a.h.; supervision, s.h.; software, b.b.; project administration, b.b. and s.h.; funding acquisition, b.b., s.h., s.a.s. and m.a.h. all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgment: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references abdirahman, m. k. 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(2021). prevalence and determinants of stunting, wasting, and underweight among school-age children aged 6–12 years in south gondar zone, ethiopia. pediatric health, medicine and therapeutics, 12(1), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.2147/phmt.s287815 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2023 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 26-36 26 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 3 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa enhancing employability outcomes through ai tools: a sem-spls approach with tam and soft skills mediation ahmed alabri (a) boumedyen shannaq (b)1 (a)finance and administrative affairs & supporting services, university of buraimi, al buraimi 512, sultanate of oman; e-mail: drahmed.s@uob.edu.om (b)management of information systems department, university of buraimi, al buraimi governorate, sultanate of oman; e-mail: boumedyen@uob.edu.om a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 17th february 2025 reviewed & revised: 17th february to 30th may 2025 accepted: 10th june 2025 published: 16th june 2025 keywords: ai tool usability, ai (pu_tam) ai(eu_tam), soft skills, ai strategy for employability, sem jel classification codes: i21, j24, o33 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t there has been increased interest in understanding how ai is enhancing people’s ability to secure a good job lately, due to its rapid adoption in schools and workplaces. however, the relationships between how easy ai is to use and how valuable people think it is to its actual usefulness for getting a job are little studied. it examines the relationship between the usability of ai tools, their practical value, and their impact on employability, where soft skills act as a bridge between them. it studies the relationship between factors using structural equation modeling and partial least squares (sem-pls), exploring data from 429 users of learning environments. the study highlights significant relationships between constructs that are statistically significant, utilizing the technology acceptance model (tam). the findings show that the perceived usefulness of ai tools explains nearly a fifth of the changes in soft skills (18.1%) and close to a fifth of the improvements in employability outcomes (19%). in the same way, how easy a technology is to use (ai_eu_tam) is essential for developing soft skills (β = 0.374, p = 0.000) and for getting a job (β = 0.246, p = 0.000). having strong soft skills is very important for employment since it affects employability by 0.504 points (p = 0.000). mediation confirms that soft skills help explain 56.1% of the relationship between ai_pu_tam and em and 76.8% of the relationship between ai_eu_tam and em. the results offer a unique perspective, demonstrating that the use of ai tools facilitates the development of new skills that support employability, which can inform future studies on online education and employment preparation. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction the global employment environment is undergoing rapid developments due to digital progress, including the growth of artificial intelligence (ai) (abbas khan et al., 2025). direct-effect ai tools, including chatgpt, have gained significant influence in education, becoming crucial in professional training systems and human resource selection processes. higher education and training institutions are seeking new approaches to enhance graduate employability, making ai tools an attractive solution for academic skill development and education (asim et al., 2024; khatri, arora, & khan, 2024; kumar et al., 2025). sem with pls techniques will evaluate the changes in employability outcomes resulting from the use of directeffect ai tools in research that assesses this relationship (falebita & kok, 2024). research applies the technology acceptance model (tam) to examine users' perceptions of ai tools and introduces soft skills as an intermediary variable. according to alzubaidi and khalid (2025), ai improves graduate employability in transnational education by enhancing job readiness, aligning curricula with industry needs, and increasing student satisfaction, despite ongoing concerns about ethics and inclusivity. as noted by jackson et al. (2024), career services enhance student employability through counseling, skills training, and industry engagement, while addressing evolving challenges with technology and strategic partnerships. according to badulescu et al. (2025), ai reshapes education and labor demands, emphasizing collaboration between education and business to develop future-ready competencies for ai-driven career success.ai tools in training and education continue to spread, while researchers have conducted minimal investigations into how these tools lead to either 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0001-5867-3986 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i3.2422 to cite this article: alabri, a., & shannaq, b. (2025). enhancing employability outcomes through ai tools: a sem-spls approach with tam and soft skills mediation. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(3), 26-36. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i3.2422 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i3.2422 https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9743-211x https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5867-3986 alabri & shannaq, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 26-36 27 direct or indirect changes in employability outcomes. there is a critical deficiency in research regarding how better soft skills can be achieved through ai tools compared to direct ai applications for career intervention enhancement. public organizations’ research and development in management science builds staff skills in thinking ahead, communicating, and resolving issues, helping them adjust well to any changes. enhancing these traits leads to improved employment opportunities by ensuring that public sector innovation meets the evolving needs of the workplace (asim & sorooshian, 2022). with industry 5.0, the primary goal in healthcare is to prioritize people, so healthcare workers must possess empathy and effective communication skills. addressing such obstacles enhances a person’s chances of working in modern, technology-driven healthcare settings (asim, z., 2022). servant leadership fosters empathy and teamwork, enhancing citizenship behavior within organizations. they enhance employability in social work by fostering group trust and cooperation (khatri, sharma, khan, & nandini, 2024). it also helps physicians develop essential soft skills, such as decision-making and flexibility, which improve their job prospects, as it focuses on both hands-on and technology-based learning experiences in jordan’s healthcare system (jawarneh et al., 2023). studies on ai tools have primarily evaluated their technical capabilities and their impact on cognitive learning abilities. research lacks a sufficient investigation of how the development of soft skills, specifically communication, teamwork, and critical thinking, mediates the outcomes of employability (mäkelä & stephany, 2024). research lacks empirical models that integrate the sem-spls analytical approach with all three components of the technology acceptance model (tam), combined with soft skills and employability measurements (alazzawi et al., 2025). what makes this work important is that it addresses a vital omission in studies of education and the job market: the impact of artificial intelligence on the development of soft skills required for employment. although ai is transforming education and training globally, there aren’t enough studies to explain how these tools help people get jobs. by combining tam with soft skills development, this study shifts our attention from solely technical achievements to fully considering the effects on human participants. this research focuses on a crucial topic: how the use of ai tools affects the essential soft skills that workers require for their jobs, including teamwork, communication, and critical thinking. at present, explorations of ai mainly examine the technology’s impact on the mind and not enough on how it can improve people’s social and interpersonal abilities. the sem-pls method employed in this work enables this research to link individuals' perceptions of ai to its positive impact on skills, thereby advancing their employability. this study explores several interrelated questions regarding the role of ai tools in workforce development: first, it examines how workers’ perceived usefulness of ai (pu) influences their subsequent job market performance. second, it investigates whether basic engagement with ai tools affects their acceptance and integration within employability training programs. third, it evaluates the impact of using ai-driven soft skill improvement tools on the employability outcomes of employees who adopt these technologies. finally, the research seeks to determine whether direct implementation of ai tools or a focus on soft skill enhancement via ai constitutes the most effective strategy for boosting employability. this research aims to examine how workers perceive the usability and usefulness of ai tools in relation to their employability outcomes and to assess whether soft skills mediate the relationship between ai tool adoption and employability. by developing a conceptual sem-spls model, the study will identify which ai-based strategies most effectively enhance career placement opportunities. ultimately, the findings will generate actionable insights for policymakers, educational institutions, and hiring organizations as they design ai-driven training programs. researchers will find these findings very useful. this model supports upcoming investigations into ai-enabled education and jobs by providing an easy-to-use method for evaluating the broader impact of ai. furthermore, this work guides the creation of scalable training programs, updates policies, and develops ai models that emphasize comprehensive skill sets. it is an essential way to integrate ai education into what employers require, helping people build skills that matter in the future. this study demonstrates that soft skills significantly mediate the relationship between ai usability and perceived usefulness, leading to improved employability outcomes. the information in the paper is arranged into five critical sections for easy understanding. section 2 provides a comprehensive review of relevant studies on the application of ai in hr, outlining what is currently known and what remains unknown. section 3 describes the materials and methods, while section 4 shows the experiment and results. literature review the adoption of artificial intelligence tools by professionals has significantly altered employment outcomes, as they have impacted how workers interact with one another in the workplace. as ai is increasingly used in workplaces, it has also changed employment conditions, making it essential to understand how people interact with these systems. studies conducted recently suggest that perceived usefulness (pu) and perceived ease of use (eu) are significant factors that determine ai adoption and the effects on people’s employability (almeida et al., 2025; bankins et al., 2024). individuals who find ai tools easy to use and helpful are more likely to adapt to them, leading to improved outcomes and better job prospects. technology acceptance model (tam) to understand why users accept new technologies, davis et al. (1989) introduced the technology acceptance model (tam). it links pu and eu as the fundamental variables that guide feelings about using technology. tam, when applied to ai, can help people decide if a new technology such as chatgpt, is simple to adopt and offers useful functions (wang et al., 2023). its success has been evident in various areas, including e-commerce, education, mobile banking, and robotics (shaikh & karjaluoto, 2015; pillai et al., 2023). people’s cultural backgrounds play a role in guiding their attitude toward using ai. for example, people’s habits, shaped by their culture and ability to use computers and technology, influence their alabri & shannaq, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 26-36 28 use of conversational ai, such as chatgpt (kuang et al., 2023). in addition, the present study employs the technology acceptance model (tam) to investigate how perceived usefulness (pu) and ease of use (eu) impact the development of soft skills (sk) and their influence on employability outcomes (em), particularly in culturally diverse and technologically evolving environments. ai-tam perceived usefulness (pu) if individuals think that an ai system will make them work better and improve their chances of getting a job, it is called perceived usefulness (pu). according to studies, ai tools lead to user productivity, which in turn strengthens their motivation to continue using them (bankins et al., 2024). according to wang et al. (2023), the use of pu has led to an increase in the adoption of e-commerce and educational tools, confirming its key role in advancing the acceptance of technology. with the rise of ai in the workplace, it is essential to utilize performance management tools (pu) to ensure employees’ performance aligns with digital change. believing that using technology helps in performing well and may influence our intention to behave is known as perceived usefulness (pu) and is a key concept in the technology acceptance model (tam) (davis et al., 1989; venkatesh & davis, 2000). it is regularly observed that pu can predict how many users will use specific systems. studies have proven that pu influences an individual's willingness to use ai chatbots (pillai & sivathanu, 2020), innovative healthcare services (liu & tao, 2022), and voice assistants (cai et al., 2022). with chatgpt being integrated into customer service and healthcare, people report higher satisfaction and better service (cascella et al., 2023; koc et al., 2023; rahimzadeh et al., 2023). because of these results, we can propose the following hypotheses: h1: the perceived usefulness (pu) of ai tools has a positive influence on employability outcomes (em). h2: the perceived usefulness (pu) of ai tools positively influences soft skills (sk). ai-tam ease of use (eu) ease of use (eu) refers to the amount of effort a user perceives as required to work with ai tools. a simple and userfriendly interface helps people form more positive thoughts about adoption, as they feel more confident in using the technology (almeida et al., 2025). using simple tools leads to better user involvement, which in turn makes tools seem worthwhile and raises the desire to use them. the eu helps determine how accessible ai tools are to everyone, regardless of their skills, and encourages workers to utilize them effectively. according to tam, perceived ease of use (peou) refers to the amount of effort a user expects to expend when using a technology (davis et al., 1989). numerous ai-based studies demonstrate that perceived ease of use (peou) plays a significant role in influencing users' decisions to adopt new technologies. for example, peou increased employees’ intention to work with customer service ai, as per chatterjee et al. (2021), and drove up students’ use of ai robots for learning (pillai et al., 2023). because chatgpt is easy to use and intuitive, more people are interested in using it and interacting for longer (liu & ma, 2023). they confirm that the simpler the technology is to use, the likelier people are to adopt it. considering these studies, it is thought that people who see chatgpt as convenient will be most likely to use it. h2. when people perceive chatgpt as simple to use, they are more likely to proceed with its use. recent efforts in artificial intelligence research have highlighted that users’ perceptions are crucial to the adoption of technology. peou is a central part of the technology acceptance model (tam), as it typically influences perceived usefulness (pu), particularly in tools based on artificial intelligence (ai). according to wang et al. (2023), if an ai system is easy to navigate and use, people usually consider it helpful in attaining their goals. as found in previous large-scale studies, user-friendliness in interactions with technology enhances users' perceived usefulness of the technology. due to its simple interface and intuitive interaction, chatgpt helps users feel confident that it performs as intended. because of these results, we can propose the following hypotheses: h3: the ease of use (eu) of ai tools positively influences employability outcomes (em). h4: the ease of use (eu) of ai tools positively influences soft skills (sk). soft skills (sk) it graduates tend to be highly technologically skilled, but they need to develop their soft skills. in particular, finnish and italian students were troubled by the challenges in communication and teamwork, which conflicted with what employers expect, despite being strong in technical areas (caggiano et al., 2020). the use of soft skills was positively correlated with the adoption of the flipped classroom and self-paced learning methods in morocco. as a result of using these approaches, students develop knowledge within their subjects and also work more effectively as a team, discussing issues and solving problems (moundy et al., 2022). teamwork and communication skills are typically well-developed among malaysians; however, essential soft skills such as critical thinking and adaptability are often lacking (mitchell & vaughan, 2022). an international study spanning 24 nations emphasized the importance of integrating teamwork and project management into it courses. increasingly, companies are reluctant to invest time in retraining college graduates on fundamental soft skills, underscoring the importance of colleges revising their curricula (sahin & celikkan, 2020). specific needs that arise within each industry continue to highlight where the gap lies. many educators in thailand lack an understanding of the requirements for it jobs, which makes it more challenging to incorporate soft skills into such programs. combining the efforts of universities and companies can help close the gap between research and industry (siddoo et al., 2019). those in cybersecurity in turkey are expected to be able to lead and communicate effectively, in addition to alabri & shannaq, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 26-36 29 possessing technical knowledge. for this reason, teaching soft skills should be emphasized in management study programs (catal et al., 2023). although ai and iot are advanced in india, a focus on soft skills is still lacking. as a consequence, several graduates lack the skills needed for industry 4.0 jobs, which often require individuals to be both adaptable and effective in dealing with others (satpathy et al., 2020). employability outcomes (em) employability outcomes indicate whether an individual can secure and maintain a job. it examines how introducing ai enhances workers’ soft skills and facilitates job placement. it helps people prepare for careers in ai, primarily for adult learners. according to the study, computer-based coaching should blend the technical abilities needed with key soft skills to adapt to the latest industry trends (subramanian & r, 2024). many people around the world now recognize that soft skills are crucial for securing a job. learning approaches that mirror the job market in australia and the uk have shown that to succeed in their careers, students should excel in critical thinking, creativity, and innovation (scott & willison, 2021). combining soft skills training with operating systems lessons results in students being more engaged in the course and better prepared for jobs, according to studies in the u.s. (buckley, 2020) that utilize both synchronous online and face-to-face approaches. when graduating from engineering in malaysia, students are required to possess soft skills in relationship management, self-awareness, and business acumen. developing a wide range of skills is crucial for addressing the diverse needs of the industry (fitriani & ajayi, 2022). the use of technology affects how employable someone can be. students in italy have improved their practical skills by incorporating soft skills into hardware-software systems (chessa et al., 2022). in addition, skills+ encourages a learning style that focuses on students, enabling them to become team leaders and develop skills in creative thinking and project reshaping (cottafava et al., 2019). in romania, the use of soft skills in micro-enterprises of the ict sector has so far helped improve the situation. education in communication, teamwork, and problem-solving permits smaller businesses to use more advanced tools in training their employees (szilárd et al., 2018). based on previous studies related to soft skills (sk) and employability outcomes (em), this work suggests that the following hypothesis is acceptable. h5: soft skills (sk) mediate the relationship between the perceived usefulness (pu) of ai tools and employability outcomes (em). h6: soft skills (sk) mediate the relationship between the ease of use (eu) of ai tools and employability outcomes (em). unresolved issues and research gaps even though much is being researched on the connection between soft skills (sk) and employability outcomes (em), some crucial gaps are yet to be filled. while soft skills matter a lot in the job market, many studies still disagree about which ones are more valued. because the organization is not aligned, its curriculum and training programs are usually fragmented. even so, the technology acceptance model (tam) is widely used to explain technology adoption; however, there has been limited research on its relationship with soft skills and employment. the role of usefulness and ease of use in employment is debated, as studies show that they greatly facilitate job finding, while others suggest they have little or no effect. additionally, systematic studies on how ai, such as chatgpt, influences soft skills and employment opportunities among culturally diverse learners are scarce. it leaves a significant void, given the rapid pace at which technology is affecting both learning and the workplace. resolving the inconsistencies and questions raised is necessary to create a clearer understanding of the link between the adoption of ai, possessing soft skills, and being employable. this study aims to fill these gaps by investigating the relationship between esc and soft skills, perceived usefulness, actual use, and employability in mixedculture environments. still, using ai effectively requires people to possess soft skills, such as the ability to adapt, communicate effectively, and cooperate with others. scholars observe that as technology tasks become automated by ai, human-centered skills have become more critical (bobitan et al., 2024; jędrych & rzepka, 2025). it highlights that soft skills play a crucial role in determining both how ai is utilized and the extent to which people can benefit from it. it is widely accepted that tam is a valid theory (wang et al., 2023), but the impact of sk on the relationship between pu, eu, and em remains unclear. it has been reported in the literature that a gap exists in research on this relationship, particularly within educational and job training contexts (ciaschi & barone, 2024). nowadays, workplaces seek individuals who possess both digital, emotional, and adaptability skills simultaneously (babashahi et al., 2024). likewise, utilizing tools that feature ai can enhance your soft skills and increase your employability, such as chatgpt for developing your cv or using role-play practices for interviews. to fill these theoretical gaps and form a comprehensive understanding of ai and employment readiness, the study examines the relationships among pu, eu, sk, and em. the model is analyzed using structural equation modeling (sem) to investigate whether soft skills serve as a link between embracing ai and job performance (abulail et al., 2025; subramanian & r, 2024). problems persist in the area, including uncertainty about how soft skills serve as mediators and inconsistencies in the direct and indirect effects of ai on an individual's employability. thus, the current study aims to investigate these links through empirical research. the study investigates how the perceived usefulness (pu) and ease of use (eu) of ai tools influence employability outcomes (em), and examines the mediating role of soft skills (sk) within this framework. based on the findings from the literature, this work formulates the research questions, research objectives, hypotheses, and the conceptual framework as follows: h1: the perceived usefulness (pu) of ai tools has a positive influence on employability outcomes (em). h2: the perceived usefulness (pu) of ai tools positively influences soft skills (sk). alabri & shannaq, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 26-36 30 h3: the ease of use (eu) of ai tools positively influences employability outcomes (em). h4: the ease of use (eu) of ai tools positively influences soft skills (sk). h5: soft skills (sk) mediate the relationship between the perceived usefulness (pu) of ai tools and employability outcomes (em). h6: soft skills (sk) mediate the relationship between the ease of use (eu) of ai tools and employability outcomes (em). this integrated approach contributes to the theoretical foundation for understanding the critical interplay between ai adoption, human capability development, and labor market outcomes. conceptual framework the conceptual model presented in figure 1 consists of: independent variables (iv): employees who experience ai tool functionality as applicable can perceive the tool (such as chatgpt for cv creation and interview practice) as beneficial to their career development (pu). the ease of use of the ai tool depends on the simplicity of its user interface, and it also requires a clear understanding of how to use it (eu). mediator: the implementation of ai-based role-playing and feedback tools enhances students' soft skills, including communication, teamwork, and adaptability, under the category of soft skills (sk). dependent variable (dv): the employment outcomes, which reflect job acceptance rates and internship placements, together with readiness assessment metrics, serve as the dependent measure (em). figure 1. the proposed conceptual model materials and methods this research examines the impact of artificial intelligence (ai) tools on employability outcomes using the structural equation modeling (sem) approach, specifically sparse partial least squares (spls). the study also examined soft skills as mediators between ai tools and employability. sem-spls effectively serves our model because it demonstrates both strong capabilities in managing complex latent variable relationships and handling data from small to medium-sized samples (hair et al., 2021). the proposed methodology is presented in figure 2. figure 2. the proposed methodology ai-tam (perceived usefulness (pu) employability outcomes (em) ai-tam (ease of use (eu) soft skills (sk) research problem literature review conceptual framework data collection data preprocessing measurement model structural model p la n n in g & a n al y zi n g s u rv ey s e m -s p l s a n al y si s alabri & shannaq, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 26-36 31 in the planning step of the proposed methodology, as illustrated in figure 2, the research problem was examined, and a comprehensive literature review was conducted. data collection the researchers developed a structured questionnaire in google forms available at (survey: tam and soft skills, 2025), and 429 responses have been collected for further processing. the survey research focused on individuals who employed ai tools, including chatgpt, in either their academic studies or professional work. every item in the survey was measured on a likert scale (with 1 indicating "strongly disagree" and five indicating "strongly agree") to analyze three constructs. the assessment of the perceived usefulness of ai tools forms part of the investigation. ai tools – ease of use (eu), soft skills (sk), employability outcomes (em). all questions in our google form were set up to run on an obligatory mechanism to ensure the completion of the data. the form design required all questions to be completed, thereby eliminating the typical survey problems associated with missing data. data preprocessing we executed data preprocessing to deliver high-quality input for sem-spls analysis. no normalization procedure was needed because all survey questions used a constant 5-point rating scale. the survey form highlighted complete data consistency because participants could not bypass any required questions. we assessed questionnaire integrity through standard deviation calculations, which addressed potential incorrect or improper use of the survey instruments by participants. the sd measurements fell between 0.3 and 1.7 points, thus meeting the accepted variability standards established by (hair et al. 2019a; hair et al. 2019b). the researchers decided to retain all responses because they judged the information suitable for analysis purposes. the data preprocessing results indicate that the dataset meets the requirements to proceed with sem-spls analysis, as its structure remains intact. main steps in sem-spls analysis sem-spls analysis comprises two parts: the measurement model (outer model), which uses spls to select and estimate the most relevant indicators for each latent construct, and the structural model (inner model), which simultaneously identifies key predictors and estimates path coefficients among those constructs to reveal their interrelationships. the research framework provides statistical reliability for understanding the employability effects of ai tools that are moderated by soft skills. the sem-spls methodology enables detailed assessments of the connections between these variables, providing actionable insights to educational institutions, policymakers, and workforce developers. results and discussions measurement model the measurement model evaluates the construct validity and reliability in the evaluation process. figure 3. factor loadings figure 3 shows the factor loadings, which serve as an indicator of reliability in this analysis. the research determines reliability through factor loadings, which need to exceed 0.70 for inclusion. table 1 shows that the reliability assessment, as measured by composite reliability (cr), yields satisfactory results when the cr value is at least 0.70. table 1. construct reliability cronbach's alpha (rho_a) (rho_c) (ave) 2,1.ai(pu_tam) 0.832 0.832 0.882 0.599 3.1.ai(eu_tam) 0.851 0.861 0.893 0.626 alabri & shannaq, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 26-36 32 4.1,softskills(sk) 0.893 0.894 0.921 0.701 6.1.employabilty outcomes(em) 0.869 0.870 0.905 0.657 a value for average variance extracted (ave) above 0.50 proves that the construct describes the main variation within the data. the evaluation of discriminant validity included both the htmt presented in table 2 and the fornelllarcker criterion presented in table 3 to separate the constructs from one another. table 2. discriminant reliability htmt 2,1.ai(pu_tam) 3.1.ai(eu_tam) 4.1,softskills(sk) 6.1.employability outcomes(em) 2,1.ai(pu_tam) 3.1.ai(eu_tam) 0.776 4.1,softskills(sk) 0.780 0.742 6.1.employabilty outcomes(em) 0.753 0.766 0.859 table 2 shows the discrimination reliability assessment, which utilizes the htmt (heterotrait-monotrait) ratio. all measured values in this analysis remain under 0.90, indicating that the discriminant validity is acceptable. employability outcomes demonstrate a significant correlation of 0.859 with soft skills, while perceptions of ease of use for ai and perceived ai impact show moderate relationships with all other constructs. table 3. forner laker 2,1.ai(pu_tam) 3.1.ai(eu_tam) 4.1,softskills(sk) 6.1.employabilty outcomes(em) 2,1.ai(pu_tam) 0.774 3.1.ai(eu_tam) 0.660 0.791 4.1,softskills(sk) 0.674 0.656 0.837 6.1.employabilty outcomes(em) 0.641 0.668 0.759 0.810 table 3 demonstrates that the fornell-larcker table establishes discriminant validity through comparisons between off-diagonal inter-construct correlation values and the square roots of ave values displayed on the table's diagonal. the fornell-larcker assessment reveals that diagonal values exceed off-diagonal correlations, which confirms the discriminant validity results. intangible competencies (0.837) and cognitive views regarding ai technologies (0.810) jointly affect employment readiness. structural model this model examines hypotheses and the relationships between the latent constructs of pu, eu, sk, and em. the following steps were taken: figure 4 illustrates the bootstrapping process. figure 4. bootstrapping output figure 4 shows the evaluation of relationships between constructs that occurred through path coefficient estimation. the bootstrapping with 10,000 resamples establishes the statistical significance of the paths, maintaining a p-value of less than 0.05. alabri & shannaq, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 26-36 33 table 4. path coefficient original sample (o) sample mean (m) standard deviation (stdev) t statistics (|o/stdev|) p values 2,1.ai(pu_tam) -> 4.1,softskills(sk) 0.427 0.433 0.082 5.199 0.000 2,1.ai(pu_tam) -> 6.1.employabilty outcomes(em) 0.138 0.142 0.074 1.871 0.031 3.1.ai(eu_tam) -> 4.1,softskills(sk) 0.374 0.370 0.096 3.897 0.000 3.1.ai(eu_tam) -> 6.1.employabilty outcomes(em) 0.246 0.246 0.073 3.365 0.000 4.1,softskills(sk) -> 6.1.employabilty outcomes(em) 0.504 0.503 0.073 6.890 0.000 table 4 analyzes path coefficients to determine the relationships between hypotheses through t-statistics, although p-values serve as validation metrics. the research accepts all hypotheses when p values fall below 0.05. soft skills (β = 0.427, p = 0.000) and employability outcomes (β = 0.138, p = 0.031) receive significant impacts from perceived usefulness (pu_tam). both soft skills (β = 0.374, p = 0.000) and employability (β = 0.246, p = 0.000) are influenced by perceived ease of use (eu_tam). soft skills have a substantial effect on employability outcomes, as indicated by the beta value of 0.504 and the p-value of 0.000. table 5. specific indirect effect original sample (o) sample mean (m) standard deviation (stdev) t statistics (|o/stdev|) p values 2,1.ai(pu_tam) -> 4.1,softskills(sk) -> 6.1.employabilty outcomes(em) 0.216 0.219 0.057 3.765 0.000 3.1.ai(eu_tam) -> 4.1,softskills(sk) -> 6.1.employabilty outcomes(em) 0.189 0.185 0.051 3.704 0.000 table 5 demonstrates that the established specific indirect effects validate that soft skills (sk) function as an essential mediator connecting ai constructs to employability outcomes (em). the total impact of ai perceived usefulness (pu_tam) on employability outcomes (em) is mediated by soft skills (sk), with a statistically significant effect of 0.216 (p = 0.000). the calculated impact from perceived ease of use (eu_tam) to em through sk is 0.189 (p = 0.000). the results indicate significant improvements in job readiness due to expertise and development in soft skills. soft skills act as a critical mediator, enhancing pu_tam from 0.138 to 0.354, resulting in a 56.1% additional impact, while also boosting eu_tam from 0.246 to 0.435, which leads to a 76.8% increase in total effect. conclusions the proposed work aimed to investigate the role of ai tools, such as chatgpt, in enhancing people’s career abilities and skills. relying on the technology acceptance model (tam), the study investigated how workers’ opinions on the usefulness and user-friendliness of ai technologies influence their job preparation. it is demonstrated that utilizing ai enables individuals to acquire essential, transferable skills, including public speaking, adapting to change, and problemsolving. developing these capabilities significantly enhances a person’s prospects for a job and future employment opportunities. it was shown that those who view ai tools as beneficial and straightforward to use tend to enjoy skill-based learning more, which helps them achieve better job results. a significant advance in this paper is the presentation of a framework that combines tam variables and soft skills with indicators of employability to guide the use of ai in education and the workplace. this study goes beyond regular methods, viewing ai as a tool that enhances soft skills in culturally diverse settings. adopting the technology acceptance model (tam) provides a robust framework for examining how soft skills and employability influence the uptake of ai-based learning and work tools, offering critical guidance for educators, hr planners, and ai developers when designing inclusive, skill-oriented training that aligns with evolving labor market needs. for managers, this implies incentivizing the integration of ai tools into employee development programs to strengthen soft skills, continuously assessing user experience and engagement through tam constructs, and iteratively refining ai systems based on those insights. by linking ai-enhanced learning initiatives to broader workforce adaptation goals, organizations can ensure that their training investments yield measurable gains in both individual performance and organizational resilience. this study lacks sufficient participants from diverse regions, which limits its scope and generalizability. strengths and weaknesses in culture, effective organization, and the utilization of digital tools were not considered, which may limit the relevance of the findings. future investigations should assess the lasting impact of ai-driven soft skill development across multiple industries and locations. experts are advised to consider other potential moderating factors, including organizational culture, leadership support, and the type of industry. adding aspects of emotional intelligence or cross-cultural competency could enhance the model's effectiveness in international teams. author contributions: conceptualization, a.a. and b.s.; methodology, b.s.; software, b.s.; validation, b.s. and a.a. formal analysis, b.s.; investigation, a.a.; resources, a.a.; data curation, b.s.; writing – original draft preparation, a.a.; writing – review & editing, a.a.; visualization, b.s.; supervision, a.a.; project administration, a.a.; funding acquisition, a.a. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. alabri & shannaq, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 26-36 34 institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were not required for this study as it does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: this research was funded by the university of buraimi, oman. the authors acknowledge the university’s support in facilitating this study. acknowledgments: the authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the university of buraimi (uob) for its generous support and funding of this research. this work was conducted as part of the internal project titled "analyzing the impact of ai on academic job requirements and forecasting future job replacements," which has been officially accepted for the uob internal research grant for the academic year 2024–2025. the university's commitment to advancing academic research and innovation played a pivotal role in enabling the successful completion of this study. informed 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(2023). an empirical evaluation of technology acceptance model for artificial intelligence in ecommerce. heliyon, 9(8), e18349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18349 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2023.2233358 https://doi.org/10.28945/4553 https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v12n4.09 https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877x.2021.1928025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2014.05.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01723 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2018.03.012 https://doi.org/10.31674/ijrtbt.2024.v08i02.002 https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1faipqlscv8fw0c8-49mpjgwnf3w7ovyy87rn_ds-8iq6rjdahegv4xa/viewform?usp=dialog https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1faipqlscv8fw0c8-49mpjgwnf3w7ovyy87rn_ds-8iq6rjdahegv4xa/viewform?usp=dialog https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.46.2.186.11926 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18349 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 22-33 22 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 1 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa unveiling the key performance indicators of small and medium-sized enterprises in the food industry: a comprehensive review a. hanna (a) a. dunstan rajkumar (b)1 (a) research scholar, department of commerce, school of social sciences and languages, vellore institute of technology, vellore, india; email: arockiarajkevin@gmail.com (b) professor, department of commerce, school of social sciences and languages, vellore institute of technology, vellore, india; e-mail: dunstanrajkumar.a@vit.ac.in a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 26th september 2024 reviewed & revised: 26th september 2024 to 28th january 2025 accepted: 30th january 2025 published: 5th february 2025 keywords: small and medium-sized enterprises, food industry, bibliometric analysis, systematic literature review, key performance indicators jel classification codes: m1, m2, l1, l2, l6 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) play a vital role in the global economy, particularly in the dynamic and competitive food industry. various internal and external factors impact the success and longevity of food-based smes, making it essential to identify and understand these critical elements. despite extensive research on smes across different sectors, there is a lack of studies focused explicitly on food-based smes. this research seeks to address this knowledge gap by exploring the factors influencing food sme performance through a bibliometric analysis to uncover emerging trends, research gaps, and key growth drivers. the study employs a bibliometric approach to analyze a broad range of academic literature, highlighting influential journals, leading authors, regional research trends, and performance metrics contributing to understanding food smes' success. key performance indicators include innovation, sustainability, lean operations, entrepreneurial dimensions, market orientation, value co-creation, service quality, quality management, value chain, and organizational effectiveness. these factors help food smes navigate market complexities, adapt to changing consumer preferences, and enhance their competitiveness. the study also includes a systematic review of the 30 most-cited articles to assess factors shaping sme success critically. the research underscores the importance of operational efficiency and the need for smes to implement lean strategies to maintain agility and resource efficiency. this study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the factors driving food sme growth and performance, addressing critical research gaps and fostering a more resilient ecosystem for food-based enterprises to thrive in the global marketplace effectively. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction in recent years, the food industry has experienced a notable increase in small and medium-sized enterprises (smes), drawing the attention of researchers and government officials globally. these smes play a crucial role in national economies, contributing to approximately 80% of the global economic growth (amoah et al., 2022). according to the european union's definition, smes are organizations with fewer than 250 employees (doiron, 2009), and thrive across various sectors, including food. growing public demand aligns well with the food industry's extensive potential. the fundamental human need for nourishment has been the primary driver of growth in the restaurant and dining sector (rezaei et al., 2022). despite the considerable growth prospects of the food industry, regulatory policies have lagged (clapp, 2021). a recent study focusing on emerging asian economies highlighted smes as key contributors to economic advancement and expansion (zhuang & jiang, 2016). furthermore, smes are instrumental in promoting entrepreneurship and, serve as the industry's cornerstone despite their limited resources (zakzouk et al., 2023). entrepreneurship-driven smes are particularly important as they stimulate economic growth and development across all economies. small-scale food sector marketers and entrepreneurs, operating with minimal capital and basic management, often face challenges due to the influence of large, well-funded investors (o'callaghan et al., 2017). while the number of smes has increased, their quality has not improved (dharmanto et al., 2019). low productivity remains a persistent issue, compounded by inadequate sme human resources 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-4714-2631 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i1.2284 to cite this article: hanna, a., & rajkumar, a. d. (2025). unveiling the key performance indicators of small and mediumsized enterprises in the food industry: a comprehensive review. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(1), 22-33. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i1.2284 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i1.2284 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7621-2059 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4714-2631 hanna & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 22-33 23 in management, organization, technology, and marketing and a lack of entrepreneurial spirit (tahir, 2024). the rapidly changing environment surrounding modern firms is characterized by accelerated technological progress, shorter product lifecycles, and intensifying global competition. despite their limited financial and human resources, "born globals" (bgs) or "international new ventures" (invs) have engaged in international business from their inception (cavusgil & knight, 2015; mcdougall et al., 1994). based on large multinational corporations, traditional internationalization models fail to provide sufficient guidance for smaller enterprises (anwar et al., 2023). smes can gain a competitive edge through innovation and the development of new food products (rudder et al., 2001). furthermore, smes are instrumental in nurturing entrepreneurship, functioning as the cornerstone of this domain despite their resource limitations. the value of entrepreneurially-driven smes is evident in their capacity to propel economic advancement and growth across various economic landscapes (zakzouk et al., 2023). small food enterprises must consistently introduce new products, create innovative processes, adapt organizational structures, and explore new markets (avermaete et al., 2003). ensuring market suitability for new products and employing efficient, modern technologies in food production are critical challenges in creating successful new products (ngamkroeckjoti et al., 2005). given the significance of the food industry in smes, this study conducted a comprehensive assessment to identify key performance indicators (kpis) and significant publications, offering valuable insights for academics, policymakers, and industry stakeholders. kpis are essential for achieving organizational objectives (popova & sharpanskykh, 2009). small and medium-sized enterprises operating within the food industry confront an increasingly dynamic and competitive environment. this necessitates their ability to adapt to evolving market demands, integrate innovative practices, and prioritize sustainability to maintain competitiveness. despite their significant contributions to economic growth and food supply chains, the performance of these smes is often hindered by various challenges, such as resource constraints, rapidly changing consumer preferences, and limited access to advanced technologies and strategic insights. while existing literature has explored performance factors like innovation, sustainability, and operational efficiency, a lack of comprehensive, systematic analysis persists in identifying research gaps, emerging trends, and critical drivers of sme performance. furthermore, the fragmented nature of research outputs, dispersed across diverse geographic regions and disciplines, poses challenges in drawing cohesive conclusions to guide future research and inform industry practices. this study aims to address these issues by conducting a bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review, evaluating the current state of research and identifying the strategic conditions necessary to sustain a robust and resilient ecosystem for smes in the food industry. the remaining sections of this study are organized as follows: section 2 reviews the relevant literature, section 3 outlines the research methodology, and sections 4 and 5 present the results, discussion, and conclusion of the study. literature review smes, especially in the food sector, are vital to economic expansion and job creation. notwithstanding several obstacles, including supply chain complexity, funding, and regulatory compliance, food-based smes can use innovation, market trends, and strategic alliances to achieve sustainability and growth. smes are globally recognized as pivotal contributors to economic growth and employment generation (abor & quartey, 2010). within emerging markets, smes, frequently function as the foundation of local economies, supplying essential products and services (li & sun, 2013). the food industry, in particular, encompasses a diverse array of small and medium-sized enterprises engaged in producing, processing, and distributing edible goods (hall & gossling, 2016). research indicates that smes in the food industry confront unique challenges, such as navigating regulatory requirements, managing complex supply chains, and adapting to shifting consumer preferences (kara & gok, 2021). despite these challenges, food smes can capitalize on consumer preferences for locally produced, organic, and craft-made food items (tiffin et al., 2011). securing adequate financing has been recognized as a critical challenge for the growth and development of smes, particularly in the capital-intensive food industry sector (beck & demirguc-kunt, 2006). governmental policies and supportive institutional structures can profoundly shape smes' performance and long-term sustainability within the food industry sector (abor & quartey, 2010). innovative technological solutions in areas such as production, packaging, and logistics can enhance the operational efficiency and market accessibility of small and mediumsized food enterprises (fao, 2017). partnering with research institutions can bolster smes' ability to innovate and implement best practices in food safety and quality (hall & gossling, 2016). diversifying market focus, such as pursuing export opportunities and targeting specialized consumer niches, can provide food-based small and medium-sized enterprises with promising pathways for expansion and growth (pwc, 2020). the entrepreneurial mindset among smes is associated with adopting proactive business strategies and developing innovative product offerings (li & sun, 2013). cultivating dynamic competencies in domains such as marketing, research and development, and operations management is vital for smes to sustain their competitive positioning (kara & gok, 2021). localized procurement strategies, such as sourcing raw materials from proximal suppliers, can yield cost savings and cultivate community linkages (besser & miller, 2013). robust network ties and social capital in rural or semi-urban areas can promote the exchange of knowledge and resources among food-based smes. in numerous geographic areas, smes can capitalize on growing consumer interest in ethically and environmentally responsible products to distinguish themselves from competitors (tiffin et al., 2011). adherence to food safety regulations, including frameworks like hazard analysis and critical control points, can be challenging for small and medium-sized enterprises but is crucial for cultivating consumer confidence in their products (fao, 2017). the utilization of digital marketing and sales platforms can enhance the ability of food-based small and medium-sized enterprises to access broader customer segments and improve their competitive positioning (pwc, 2020). the rapid uptake of e-commerce has enabled small and medium-sized enterprises to bypass traditional intermediaries and establish direct connections with hanna & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 22-33 24 consumers (kara & gok, 2021). although online sales channels offer potential benefits, many smes face significant infrastructure and logistical challenges that hinder their ability to fully leverage these platforms (li & sun, 2013). collaborative partnerships between public and private entities can provide tailored technical and financial support to address the challenges faced by the local food industry (beck & demirguc-kunt, 2006). industry associations can foster knowledge exchange, which helps smes collectively enhance capabilities, avoid redundancy, and adopt best practices (besser & miller, 2013). enhancing smes' managerial skills and financial acumen through targeted training and development programs is crucial for bolstering their performance within the food industry sector (abor & quartey, 2010). recent studies indicate that global health crises, such as the covid-19 pandemic, have underscored the resilience and adaptability of food smes (pwc, 2020). supply chain disruptions have exposed vulnerabilities in the operations of smes, underscoring the need for enhanced collaboration with logistics partners and government agencies (hall & gossling, 2016). food smes increasingly incorporate sustainability objectives, such as minimizing food waste and enhancing resource efficiency, into their strategic decision-making processes (fao, 2017). emerging innovative business models, including community-supported agriculture and direct-to-consumer subscription programs, have gained momentum among smes aiming to foster closer connections with their consumers (tiffin et al., 2011). entrepreneurial support systems, such as incubators and accelerators, can offer specialized mentorship and financing programs tailored to small and medium-sized enterprises' unique needs in the food industry (li & sun, 2013). studies indicate that enterprises embracing collaborative approaches with stakeholders can develop a more resilient supply chain and strengthen their brand reputation (kara & gok, 2021). emerging research suggests investigating the influence of novel technologies, including blockchain and artificial intelligence, on improving traceability and transparency within the food small and medium-sized enterprise sector (pwc, 2020). harnessing innovation, robust networks, and enabling policies are crucial for food-based smes to thrive and sustain their contributions to local and global economic landscapes (beck & demirguc-kunt, 2006). this review of the literature focuses on the main obstacles and possibilities facing food smes, such as changing consumer tastes, financial constraints, and regulatory barriers. in order to improve these businesses' competitiveness and resilience, it highlights the significance of innovation, strategic cooperation, and supportive regulations. this study aims to go beyond conventional evaluations and offer a thorough grasp of the scholarly aspects surrounding smes in the food industry, supporting the sector's expansion, creativity, and sustainability. materials and methods this section illustrates the research objectives, methods, and software used to conduct a comprehensive study on smes in the food industry. table 1 outlines each objective's aims, study design, and suitable instruments. table 1. synopsis of the research aim and approach method research objective research methodology bibliometric analysis to comprehend the growth and patterns of smes in the food industry. publication trend to identify the leading countries, noteworthy journals, and noteworthy authors, and to identify the key performance indicators of the top 30 cited articles citation analysis to scope out what keywords pertain to smes in the food industry. conceptual structure systematic literature review to critically evaluate the performance of smes in the food industry of the top 30 cited articles. literature review bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review to achieve spatiotemporal features, researchers have followed recommendations for bibliometric data presentation and interpretation (donthu et al., 2021; zupic & čater, 2014). a systematic literature review used a transparent, scientific, and repeatable methodology (tranfield et al., 2003). scopus database for study a valid database is necessary to obtain accurate and reliable data. the researchers used scopus, a database with a sizable number of well-reviewed, randomized trials published in journals with high-impact factors, to gather data for the study (groff et al., 2020). selecting relevant research using screening criteria to examine the general trend of smes in the food industry, this study considers 2010 2024. to find relevant articles, the search terms "smes," "sme," "small and medium-sized enterprises," or "small and medium-sized enterprises" and “food industry” were used. for the analysis and conclusions shown in figure 1, the researchers employed the "preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses" (prisma) statement (moher et al., 2009). hanna & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 22-33 25 figure 1. procedures for extracting and processing data sets for bibliometric study of smes in the food industry the dataset for this study included 513 documents extracted on november 11, 2024, from the scopus repository. after applying the exclusion criteria, 326 documents were deleted, resulting in 187 papers for the bibliometric analysis. downloading data from online databases can lead to bibliometric and bibliographical inaccuracies (donthu et al., 2021). multiple steps are required to sort and clean data for accuracy. r programming and excel were used to apply the bibliographic techniques. network mapping was performed using r programming, followed by additional filtering and tabulation in microsoft excel. results trends in annual publication figure 2 illustrates the publication trends of smes in the food industry. the line graph displays the total number of documents for each year from 2010 to 2024. with a few exceptions, the number of documents generally increased with time. the number of documents expanded dramatically in 2013 and then decreased in 2014. the number of documents steadily increased until 2015, when they began to decline. since then, the number of documents has increased. based on existing trends, the number of studies on smes in the food industry is predicted to rise in the coming years. figure 2. trends in annual publication hanna & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 22-33 26 leading countries table 2 depicts the country's production and citation counts from 2010 to 2024, which were included in studies on smes in the food industry. 49 articles from malaysia ranked first, with 48 articles; italy ranked second in research output, followed by 33 scientific publications from spain. with 534 citations, italy ranks first in terms of citations, followed by 326 and 289 citations from spain, and malaysia tied for second and third place. it is also evident that authors from the united kingdom have a significant number of citations (196). however, the authors observed that italy had the most citations with 48 publications, even though malaysia made the most contributions to the subject. developed countries received the majority of citations, although nations such as malaysia have made substantial contributions to the field of research. table 2. country production and total citation (tc) region frequency tc italy 48 534 spain 33 326 malaysia 49 289 uk 23 196 indonesia 22 147 significant authors citation analysis is an efficient approach to evaluate the impact of research and examine the relationships between papers in various academic and research disciplines. analyzing the citation patterns seen in a body of work is necessary to comprehend the absorption, diffusion, and extension of ideas. table 3 presents the authors' relevance to smes in the food industry. the most important contributors were dora (177) and batterink (171). reardon followed 151 citations. table 3. significant authors with total citation (tc) author tc dora m 177 batterink mh 171 reardon t 151 martín-tapia i 138 singh rk 122 vanhonacker f 108 najib m & kiminami 93 hosseininia g & ramezani 64 arzoumanidis i 63 badruldin b 57 impactful journals scholars can select the most suitable and relevant journals to publish their findings by identifying the most influential journals in a particular field of study. between 2010 and 2024, 57 research publications were published in the top ten journals. the most significant journal in this field of study was sustainability (switzerland), with 18 publications. the journal of cleaner production and the journal of islamic production had 13 and 6 publications, respectively. table 4 lists the leading research journals according to citations, articles, h-index, g-index, m-index, and year of publication, all of which had a significant impact. table 4. source impact conceptual structure the conceptual structure is the only technique that uses the content of the research paper to graphically represent the relationship between themes (sawhney et al., 2022). a thematic map plot based on the co-word analysis of the unit keyword illustrates the major themes in the field of smes in the food industry, as shown in figure 3. this two-dimensional plot features density on the x-axis and centrality on the y-axis. centrality indicates the degree of association between themes, whereas density measures the cohesion between nodes (esfahani et al., 2019). figure 3 identifies ten major themes: (i) innovation; (ii) government decision-making; (iii) climate and commerce; (iv) enterprise resource planning and factor analysis; (v) environmental impact and management of journals h_index g_index m_index tc np py_start british food journal 12 13 0.8 450 13 2010 sustainability (switzerland) 7 12 0.778 165 18 2016 journal of islamic marketing 5 6 0.385 163 6 2012 journal of cleaner production 5 6 0.556 139 6 2016 supply chain management 3 3 0.3 92 3 2015 agricultural economics (czech republic) 2 2 0.222 70 2 2016 business strategy and the environment 2 2 0.286 67 2 2018 uncertain supply chain management 3 4 0.3 22 5 2015 international food and agribusiness management review 2 2 0.222 14 2 2016 hanna & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 22-33 27 food products; (vi) strategic approach and costs in food production; (vii) human resource management; (viii) developing world and spatiotemporal analysis; (ix) cross-sectional study of malaysian certification; and (x) adoption, education, and leadership. the thematic map was divided into four quadrants (q1 to q4). the driving themes were indicated by the upperright quadrant (q1), intrinsic themes in the lower-right quadrant (q4), exclusive specialized themes in the upper-left quadrant (q2), and emerging or vanishing themes in the lower-left quadrant (q3). innovation in smes in the food industry is a crucial theme, alongside enterprise resource planning with moderate work (q1). the themes in (q2) are niche and emerging, inviting exploration in areas such as “education,” “adoption,” “leadership,” “lean production,” “agile manufacturing system,” and “cross-sectional study.” “developing countries” and “human resource management” are moderate, while "economics" and "food safety" are less pertinent to smes in the food sector (q3). the "strategic approach" is equally important but with lower density (q4). figure 3. thematic map key performance indicators of top 30 cited articles this section presents the findings of an extensive investigation of key cited works on smes in the food industry, encompassing innovation, sustainability, marketing, entrepreneurship, and lean manufacturing kpis. it provides a critical assessment and overview of the findings, enabling researchers to understand current trends, address literature gaps, and advance their field. table 5 presents the key performance indicators of the 30 most frequently cited articles. table 5. key performance indicators of the top 30 cited articles article title key performance indicators (kpis) tc “determinants and barriers to lean implementation in food processing smes a multiple case analysis” “lean manufacturing” 176 “orchestrating innovation networks: the case of innovation brokers in the agri-food sector” “innovation” 171 “the hidden middle: the quiet revolution in the midstream of agrifood value chains in developing countries” “value chain” 149 “environmental strategy and exports in medium, small and micro-enterprises” “environmental practices” 137 “applications of information and communication technology for sustainable growth of smes in india food industry” “information and communication technology” 122 “profiling european traditional food consumers” “consumers” 108 “innovation, cooperation and business performance: some evidence from indonesian small food processing cluster” “innovation and cooperation” 93 hanna & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 22-33 28 “factors influencing sustainable entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized enterprises in iran: a case study of food industry” “sustainable entrepreneurship” (se) 64 “is there a simplified lca tool suitable for the agri-food industry? an assessment of selected tools” “life cycle assessment” (lca) 63 “clients' perception towards jakim service quality in halal certification” “service quality” 57 “circular economy and corporate social responsibility in the agricultural system: a case study of the italian agri-food industry” “corporate social responsibility” (csr) and “circular economy” (ce) 55 “external sources for innovation in food smes” “external information and innovation” 55 “critical success factors of quality management practices among smes in the food processing industry in malaysia” “quality management” 53 “market orientation and marketing management of traditional food producers in the eu” “market orientation” (mo) 53 “a comparison of family and nonfamily small firms in their approach to green innovation: a study of italian companies in the agri-food industry” “green innovation” 49 “developing and validating a measurement instrument of iso 9001 effectiveness in food manufacturing smes” “customer satisfaction” 48 “emergent supply chains in the agrifood sector: insights from a whole chain approach” “supply chain management” (scm) 45 “value co-creation in the beverage and food industry” “value co-creation” 45 “regional horizontal networks within the sme agri-food sector: an innovation and social network perspective” “social network and innovation” 42 “entrepreneurial strategies of etna wine farms” “supply chain management” 42 “external and internal r&d, capital investment and business performance in the spanish agri-food industry” “resource and development” (r and d) 42 "the emergence of the halal food industry in non-muslim countries: a case study of thailand" “supply chain management” 35 “evaluation of knowledge, halal quality assurance practices and commitment among food industries in malaysia” “knowledge management” 35 “enhancing organisational innovation capability through systemic action research: a case of a swiss sme in the food industry” “organizational innovation capability” 35 “the effect of entrepreneurial marketing on halal food smes performance” “entrepreneurial marketing” (em) 35 “the capital structure choices of agro-food firms: evidence from italian smes” “capital structure” 33 “the effect of internal capabilities and external environment on smalland medium-sized enterprises’ international performance and the role of the foreign market scope: the case of the malaysian halal food industry” “internal and external factors” 33 “what are the fundamental knowledge-sharing drivers of small family businesses in the restaurant and fast-food industry?” “knowledge management” 33 “operating leverage and profitability of smes: agri-food industry in europe” “operating leverage” 32 “explaining innovation in mature industries: evidences from italian smes” “innovation and collaboration” 32 systematic literature review of top 30 cited articles this section critically evaluates smes in the food industry to make informed decisions by identifying the key findings and rendering practical implications. the key to the success of lean adoption is organizational culture, structure, training, resources, and top management commitment (dora et al., 2015). this study highlights the importance of training in both soft and technical skills, identifying a "change agent" to inspire during the change process. the "framework for successful network orchestration by innovation brokers" revealed that innovation brokers have orchestrated innovation networks (batterink et al., 2010) effectively. policies and public investment will create "enabling conditions" in the midstream asian food value chain, facilitating foreign direct investment (fdi) (reardon, 2015). smes' export intensity of sme is positively correlated with environmental policies, although this relationship diminishes with increasing firm size (martín-tapia et al., 2009). research in india indicates that "government initiatives and policies" are crucial for adopting information communication technology (ict) applications to reduce food waste in supply chains (singh et al., 2019). beyond traditional food consumers (tfc), consumer familiarity with product specifics and origin aids in product positioning and market communication (vanhonacker et al., 2010). to foster innovation among smes, the government should promote partnerships among smes, other businesses, and research institutes (najib & kiminami, 2011). in the context of sustainable entrepreneurship, customer orientation is the top factor among smes in the food sector, with entrepreneurs prioritizing social and environmental dimensions (hosseininia & ramezani, 2016). a discrepancy in the influence of innovation phases and environmental impact categories hinders the full implementation of simplified lcas (arzoumanidis et al., 2017). jakim should focus on enhancing overall satisfaction and service quality (badruldin et al., hanna & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 22-33 29 2012). integrating csr and ce can mitigate the environmental impacts of agriculture and foster a sustainable, circular business model (fortunati et al., 2020). a study on "external sources of innovations in food smes" highlights the importance of relationships among actors in food chains owing to their high similarity (cognitive, cultural, etc.) (lefebvre et al., 2015). this study builds on the findings that significant "push" factors for innovation in food smes come from market players to scientific actors (sawang & unsworth, 2011). research on quality management practices has identified 22 essential components for implementing and assessing total quality management (tqm) that are valid and reliable for evaluating quality management practices. the study "critical success factors of quality management practices among smes in the food processing industry in malaysia" has gained increasing significance (talib et al., 2014). additionally, a study on marketing management in smes revealed that they are price takers rather than price makers, lacking a long-term perspective, branding, and benchmarking (gellynck et al., 2012). no significant differences exist between family-owned and non-family-owned enterprises in terms of green innovation attributes, obstacles, or outcomes (dangelico et al., 2019). one study indicated that smes in the food production industry are yet to achieve the iso 9001 objective, suggesting room for improvement (psomas et al., 2012). due to limited evidence of entrepreneurial commitment, the authors advise incorporating entrepreneurial orientation into supply chain management (anastasiadis & poole, 2015). food and beverage (f and b) smes innovate to provide customer value and mitigate resource constraints (tardivo et al., 2017). food industry smes risk losing their networks without a commitment to long-term innovation and strategic objectives (mcadam et al., 2015). research on wine companies has emphasized that regional interactivity enhances competitive advantage, income, and overall well-being (tudisca et al., 2014). r and d in low-tech agri-food industries occur both internally and externally (alarcón & sánchez, 2013). limited regression analyses yielded significant results, highlighting the need for a medium-term focus due to its benefits. thailand's international halal market success was due to its financial and consultative support (nawawi et al., 2019). malaysia's halal industry emphasizes the importance of "human capital" and "socialization" in addressing compliance reluctance (othman et al., 2016). understanding innovation dynamics may require focusing on systems and interaction levels (kocher et al., 2010). production performance did not reliably indicate financial performance, and entrepreneurial marketing (em) did not affect production performance (fard & amiri, 2018). contrary to the trade-off theory, the pecking order theory adequately explains sme loan policies (rossi et al., 2015). the lack of networks in malaysia’s halal industry underscores the importance of ‘human capital’ and ‘socialization’ (ismail & kuivalainen, 2015). organizational drivers (od) are key factors in knowledge sharing in food companies (rezaei et al., 2022). the most profitable smes are younger and have more intangible assets, with intensity determined by the country and operating leverage (grau & reig, 2020). repeated collaborations and public policy positively influence firms’ innovation (caiazza, 2015). over the past 14 years, smes in the food industry have addressed obstacles such as limited capital and intense competition by focusing on unique products, such as organic, artisanal, and locally sourced foods. social media and crowdfunding enabled smes to establish brands and secure funding in the 2010s despite increased competition from larger firms. the covid-19 pandemic has accelerated the industry's digital transformation, leading smes to adopt direct-toconsumer models and data analytics to improve customer satisfaction. this may include introducing new product offerings or new operational models where smes are poised for expansion (lavanya & rajkumar, 2024). the adoption of fintech has also become necessary for smes to face competition. a study by islam & khan (2024) has identified that financial selfefficacy is a critical factor in the adoption of fintech among financial literacy, digital literacy, and financial self-efficacy. additionally, smes can use microcredit in their financial strategy, the majority of microcredit programs rely on a group borrowing model created by muhammad yunus, winner of the nobel prize, and his grameen bank (hulme, 2009), which was first practiced in bangladesh (ayanle et al., 2022). discussions a bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review elucidated a comprehensive global approach to small and mediumsized enterprises (smes) in the food industry. annual publication trends demonstrate smes' significance in the food industry since 2013. the country's production with its citations was revealed, wherein malaysia ranked first in the number of documents produced. however, italy ranked first in terms of citations with 534 citations, whereas malaysia received 329 citations, indicating that developing countries should expand their ideas globally. this study highlights the authors' significant contributions to smes in the food industry. the journal's prominence was delineated to identify the key journals, and the british food journal was the leading journal in its citation counts, which emphasized the various dimensions of entrepreneurship, marketing, innovation, knowledge management, and networking to strengthen the field of smes in the food industry. similarly, sustainability (switzerland) focused on green innovation, sustainable packaging, and regulations to implement sustainability, while the journal of islamic marketing highlighted the importance of halal certifications in the performance of smes in the food industry, emphasizing proper training in halal practices globally. other journals, such as the journal of cleaner production, emphasize wastewater management and industrial practices to ensure environmental well-being. the conceptual structure of this study was illustrated by a thematic map using co-word analysis, which elucidated the underlying themes, from basic, motor, and niche to declining themes. this will assist smes in identifying the areas of development in the food industry. the key performance indicators of the top 30 cited articles were disclosed to smes to identify their goals and measure their success in different areas. finally, a systematic literature review was conducted by critically evaluating the key findings of the articles to render practical implications for managers in making informed decisions. hanna & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 22-33 30 conclusions bibliometric analysis influences citation patterns, institutional scholarly strength, and collection development. this study employs scopus to visualize subjects, research trends, and notable studies, emphasizing novel elements and valuable contributions to the field of smes in the food industry. systematic literature critically evaluates the performance of the top 30 cited articles. researchers can explore this evolving field, provide practitioners and policymakers with insightful data, and offer deeper insights into the evolution, new areas, and future possibilities of smes in the food industry. future studies could focus their bibliometric analysis on papers in the sci, ssci, and abdc lists to fully understand the research paradigm through reliable articles. this study offers crucial insights for both academics and practitioners by pinpointing key performance drivers, including innovation, sustainability, and operational efficiency, that shape the success of smes in the food industry. for industry professionals, it highlights actionable strategies to boost competitiveness and resilience in a dynamic market context. policymakers can leverage these findings to develop supportive frameworks that address resource constraints, facilitate access to innovative technologies, and promote sustainable practices. furthermore, the research cultivates a cohesive understanding of sme performance, paving the way for more targeted future investigations and industry-wide collaboration to build a robust and sustainable ecosystem. researchers in developing economies should undertake investigations to explore the opportunities and challenges confronting small and medium-sized enterprises as they seek to scale up their operations. these studies should focus on analyzing key performance indicators through longitudinal research methodologies. additionally, future academic inquiries should examine the sustainable practices employed by these smes, assessing their environmental and business impacts, as well as identifying strategies to enhance the resilience of their supply chains during periods of disruption. researchers must also investigate the financial challenges faced by smes, evaluate the viability of funding sources, and analyze the influence of training initiatives on improving productivity and overall success. quality control through certifications such as haccp enhances product safety and consumer confidence, while research and development investment facilitates innovation aligned with market demands (mishra & biswal, 2024). employee engagement and training in safety, service, and technical skills are vital for productivity. interdisciplinary collaboration among government entities, academic institutions, and various organizations can bolster the sustainability of small and medium-sized enterprises. additionally, the application of digital technologies can enhance smes' networking capabilities, information-sharing processes, and innovative capacities (anand et al., 2023). researchers should evaluate the impact of policy frameworks, government initiatives, and publicprivate collaborations on the network-based competitiveness of smes. additionally, examining the strategies employed by successful agri-food small and medium-sized enterprises can yield insights into the drivers of internationalization and best management practices. the halal sector has significantly contributed to foreign investment and job creation. for halal food small and medium-sized enterprises, addressing regulatory and cultural challenges, enhancing supply chain transparency, and employing digital technologies can facilitate improved international trade capabilities (fujiwara, 2022; elasrag, 2016; susanty et al., 2024). future studies should further investigate the relationship between entrepreneurial mindset and governmental support, assessing the influence of specific policy interventions on the competitiveness and innovative capacities of smes (nakku et al., 2020). analyzing the adaptive strategies employed by small and medium-sized enterprises in response to technological disruptions and evolving global circumstances can provide actionable insights to inform policymaking and industry practices. this study offers crucial insights for both academics and practitioners by pinpointing key performance drivers, including innovation, sustainability, and operational efficiency, that shape the success of smes in the food industry. for industry professionals, it highlights actionable strategies to bolster competitiveness and resilience in a dynamic market context. policymakers can leverage these findings to develop supportive frameworks that address resource constraints, facilitate access to innovative technologies, and promote sustainable practices. furthermore, the research cultivates a cohesive understanding of sme performance, paving the way for more targeted future investigations and industry-wide collaboration to build a robust and sustainable ecosystem. author contribution: conceptualization, h.a. and d.r.a.; methodology, h.a. and d.r.a.; software, h.a. and d.r.a.; validation, h.a. and d.r.a.; formal analysis, h.a. and d.r.a.; investigation, h.a. and d.r.a.; resources, h.a. and d.r.a.; data curation, h.a. and d.r.a.; writingoriginal draft preparation, h.a. and d.r.a.; writingreview and editing, h.a. and d.r.a.; visualization, h.a. and d.r.a.; supervision, h.a. and d.r.a.; project administration, h.a.; funding acquisition, h.a. and d.r.a. the authors have read and agreed with the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were not required for this study as it does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved 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(2014). bibliometric methods in management and organization. organizational research methods, 18(3), 429–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114562629 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.1108/jima-02-2023-0039 https://doi.org/10.1108/jima-02-2023-0039 https://doi.org/10.1108/bfj-02-2017-0119 https://doi.org/10.1108/00070701011067479 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 37-48 37 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 3 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa examining how business school faculty’s perception of corporate social responsibility affects employee engagement: the role of organizational trust as a mediator krishna khanal (a)1 neha arora (b) (a) ph.d. scholar, geeta university, india and assistant professor, king's college, kathmandu, nepal; e-mail: krishnakhanal1@gmail.com (b) assistant professor, geeta university, haryana, india; e-mail: neha.arora2491@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 18th february 2025 reviewed & revised: 18th february to 30th may 2025 accepted: 11th june 2025 published: 16th june 2025 keywords: corporate social responsibility, employee engagement, organizational trust, social identity theory, social exchange theory jel classification codes: i23, m14, j28, d23 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t the lack of understanding about how corporate social responsibility (csr) influences faculty engagement in business schools presents a challenge for higher education institutions, especially in developing countries like nepal. while csr is often studied in corporate settings, there is limited research on its impact within academic environments, where faculty members play a central role. this study examines how faculty perceptions of csr affect their engagement at work, with organizational trust as a mediating factor. a quantitative survey was conducted using purposive sampling, and responses were collected from 239 faculty members working in business schools across nepal. structural equation modeling (sem) was employed to investigate the relationships between perceived corporate social responsibility (csr), organizational trust, and faculty engagement. the results indicate that faculty members' positive views of corporate social responsibility (csr) are associated with increased engagement and trust in their institutions. moreover, organizational trust was found to mediate the relationship between csr and engagement partially. this confirms that when faculty members perceive their institutions as socially responsible, they are more likely to trust their organization and be engaged in their roles. the findings contribute to existing research by demonstrating that csr, often regarded as an external-facing strategy, also plays a crucial role internally in fostering trust and engagement among academic staff. the study adds new knowledge to the fields of business ethics, higher education, and organizational behavior by highlighting the importance of csr perceptions and organizational trust within the academic context of nepal's business schools. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction in recent years, corporate social responsibility (csr) has gained prominence as a strategic and ethical imperative across sectors, including higher education (che et al., 2025). however, academic institutions, especially business schools, have not received adequate scholarly attention in this regard (singh et al., 2023). despite their vital role in cultivating ethical leadership and promoting business ethics, business schools are seldom examined as organizations where corporate social responsibility (csr) is enacted internally (rhodes & pullen, 2023; wu, 2024). faculty members, who play a central role in shaping the ethical compass of future leaders, are key actors whose perceptions of corporate social responsibility (csr) merit deeper exploration. a critical concern is the limited understanding of how csr, when perceived by faculty, influences internal organizational outcomes such as employee engagement (ee). while ee is widely recognized as essential for institutional innovation and effectiveness, the psychological and organizational mechanisms linking csr to ee remain understudied (bauer, 2022; k. park et al., 2024). in particular, organizational trust (ot) has been proposed as a mediating factor; however, its role in academic settings remains insufficiently explored. although trust is fundamental to creating collaborative and cohesive work environments, its influence on csr-related engagement in higher education has not been adequately theorized or empirically tested (yu et al., 2021). prior research has often focused on csr’s external image-building or its impact on students, leaving a gap in understanding how faculty interpret and respond to csr within their institutions (abrahão et al., 2024). this study addresses 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0003-1369-0952 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i3.2437 to cite this article: khanal, k., & arora, n. (2025). examining how business school faculty’s perception of corporate social responsibility affects employee engagement: the role of organizational trust as a mediator. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(3), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i3.2437 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i3.2437 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1369-0952 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8197-2253 khanal & arora, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 37-48 38 that gap by examining how faculty members in business schools perceive csr and how this perception affects their engagement, with a specific focus on the mediating role of organizational trust. using a quantitative research approach, the study surveyed 325 participants, comprising faculty members from business schools, to explore these relationships. data was analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (pls-sem) via smartpls 4. the results confirm that faculty members’ perception of csr positively influences their engagement. furthermore, the mediating effect of organizational trust is supported, reinforcing the view that faculty engagement is shaped not just by csr initiatives but also by the level of trust within the institution. this study contributes to the csr literature in higher education by highlighting the internal dynamics of csr perception and engagement among faculty. it also provides empirical insights into how trust functions as a critical link in enhancing institutional performance through employee engagement. the remainder of the study is divided into a review of the literature, materials and methods, discussions, and conclusions. future directions are also reported in the concluding section of this paper. literature review theoretical background social exchange theory (set) and social identity theory (sit) two commonly used theoretical frameworks for describing the connections between corporate social responsibility (csr) and organizational theory (ot) are social exchange theory (set) (homans, 1969) and social identity theory (sit) (ashforth & mael, 1989; paruzel et al., 2020), as noted in studies such as jones (2010). set revolves around the concept of reciprocity and is one of the most prominent theories that aim to explain the process by which trust is cultivated within an organization (george et al., 2021). when employees perceive their organization as just, compassionate, and supportive, they are more likely to reciprocate similar behavior (cropanzano & mitchell, 2005). over time, this reciprocal behavior cultivates loyalty, commitment, and trust (farooq et al., 2014). sit (gond et al., 2017) is the primary theoretical framework used to explain how csr positively affects employees. sit (tajfel, 1982) suggests that people define themselves in terms of their group memberships. therefore, when employees see their values reflected in their organization's corporate social responsibility (csr) activities, they react positively (hu et al., 2020). this identification with a group stems from feelings of belonging and emotional connection (abrams & hogg, 1988; ma et al., 2021). corporate social responsibility (csr) csr involves a combination of economic gains and social benefits, where companies contribute to enhancing society (davis, 1973). it is the duty of a company to its diverse stakeholders, including staff, customers, and the general public (ansu-mensah et al., 2021; kang et al., 2016). the nepalese higher education system is slowly prioritizing corporate social responsibility (csr) in its daily operations and research. many universities, especially business schools, include topics related to business ethics and corporate social responsibility (csr) in their curricula, but it is not a compulsory component across all disciplines. nepal's education policy and guidelines encourage corporate social responsibility (csr) initiatives, but there are no policies that mandate universities to implement such initiatives. nepal's business schools are facing a growing demand to uphold social responsibility and ethical standards (bajracharya et al., 2024). while there is a primary emphasis on academic success, a growing awareness of the importance of executing csr initiatives is also evident (chapagain, 2020). csr initiatives in nepal's higher education institutions (heis) are expanding through various programs, including community service, environmentally sustainable initiatives, and efforts to integrate underprivileged segments into educational institutions. these initiatives can help strengthen the brand image, reputation, stakeholder perception, wellbeing of teachers, and quality of education of heis (bajracharya et al., 2024; wu, 2024). it is a strategic priority for universities and serves as an internal compass for both university improvement and its external reputation (latif et al., 2022) employee perceptions are important because they affect attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions (cheema et al., 2019). employee behavior is often driven by their interpretation of reality rather than by objective reality. according to hansen et al. (2011), perceptions of csr initiatives are more important than csr initiatives. studying employees' perceptions of corporate social responsibility (csr) provides valuable insights into the alignment of organizational values with employees' beliefs, thereby cultivating a shared vision and sense of belonging among staff. additionally, understanding these perceptions enables companies to tailor their csr strategies more effectively, meeting employee expectations and enhancing employee engagement. csr's core philosophy is the ethical responsibility to contribute to society, both human and natural resources. therefore, input from various societal groups and stakeholders, particularly employees, is crucial for sustainable business (george et al., 2021). csr and employee engagement (ee) ee is a critical aspect of organizational psychology and management studies, representing the depth of emotional connection, dedication, and participation of employees toward their jobs and the organization they belong to. it ensures that the staff are committed to the organization's values and simultaneously enhances individuals' sense of satisfaction and fulfillment. rooted in set, ee emphasizes the reciprocal relationship between an organization and its workforce, wherein engaged employees are more likely to put in extra effort, contribute creative ideas, and demonstrate significant levels of productivity. engaged employees tend to exhibit greater job satisfaction, lower absenteeism rates, decreased turnover, and improved overall performance, all of which are pivotal for organizational success and sustainability (buhler, 2006; hakanen & schaufeli, 2012). efficient communication, bonuses, work-life balance, regular appraisals, career development opportunities, favorable working conditions, effective teamwork, and overall job satisfaction are some of the key elements that enhance employee engagement. khanal & arora, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 37-48 39 csr is positively linked to ee (caligiuri et al., 2013; glavas, 2016; tsourvakas & yfantidou, 2018). a positive relationship between csr and ee stems from employees finding more profound meaning and alignment with company values (glavas, 2012). consequently, this instills a sense of contributing one's complete self to the work environment (rich et al., 2010). by participating in csr initiatives, organizations move beyond mere rhetoric in their value statements to effectively communicate their core values to their employees (jones et al., 2014). however, the relationship between csr and ee differs based on the culture and industries under study (chaudhary, 2017). drawing from set and sit and the related arguments made above, we propose the following hypothesis: hypothesis 1: faculty members’ perception of csr is positively related to ee. csr and organizational trust (ot) trust, as described by bozic et al. (2019), is a mental state characterized by positive beliefs about another’s intentions or actions that enable openness and vulnerability in relationships. these positive expectations stem from perceptions of the other party’s trustworthiness, shaped by mutually beneficial interactions in the past (tzafrir & dolan, 2004). trust is an important form of social capital, in addition to human and physical capital, that influences a country’s economic growth (francois & zabojnik, 2005; kong et al., 2023). organizational trust (ot) entails perceptions, beliefs, or anticipations concerning the probability that another party's forthcoming actions will be advantageous, favorable, or non-detrimental (cui & jiao, 2019). aureliyah putri and kusuma (2022) argue that business trust includes overlooking mistakes based on positive assumptions. ot is a foundational element crucial for cultivating positive relationships and effective collaboration in the workplace. rooted in set and organizational psychology, trust within an organization is built on a mutual belief in the reliability, honesty, and capabilities of leaders, colleagues, and the organization. when employees perceive their leaders and peers as trustworthy, they are more likely to work with dedication, loyalty, and cooperation, which in turn brings productivity and innovation to the organization. moreover, trust facilitates open communication, risk-taking, and conflict resolution. it helps build a supportive and inclusive workplace where individuals feel psychologically open to expressing their opinions, voicing concerns, and engaging in constructive dialogue. therefore, nurturing and maintaining open and transparent communication is essential for cultivating a positive organizational culture and achieving long-term success. this trust, in turn, is responsible for organizational achievement and creating competitive advantage (berraies et al., 2021). csr initiatives send signals to employees regarding their values, ethics, and trustworthiness (rupp et al., 2006). these initiatives also cultivate greater employee trust in organizations that demonstrate a commitment to societal and employee well-being (vuong & bui, 2023). many companies use csr to cultivate ot (yan et al., 2022). research has shown a strong positive link between csr efforts and ot (tourigny et al., 2019). accordingly, we hypothesized that hypothesis 2: there is a positive relationship between faculty perceptions of csr and ot. organizational trust (ot) and employee engagement (ee) ee is a measure of motivation and shares similarities with organizational commitment (roberts & davenport, 2002). therefore, trust in an organization may be associated with work engagement (ugwu et al., 2014). ot helps increase knowledge exchange, which, in turn, boosts ee (wong et al., 2010). trust plays a crucial role in enabling staff to concentrate on their work, thereby increasing motivation, investment, and engagement. when staff perceive their company as trustworthy, they invest themselves fully in their work, causing a higher level of engagement and motivation. hypothesis 3: ot is positively related to ee. ot likely mediates the relationship between faculty perceptions of csr and ee. institutions that exhibit good social behavior are most likely to be regarded as trustworthy by their employees (rupp et al., 2006). this trust can augment the employer-employee relationship and increase work engagement (chughtai & buckley, 2008; lin, 2010). csr initiatives signal to employees that the organization values their well-being, instilling higher trust among employees, which in turn fosters positive perceptions and behavior toward the firm (farooq et al., 2014). the empirical findings indicate that trust acts as a mediator between the factors that lead to trust and the behavioral outcomes of employees (colquitt et al., 2007). thus, the following hypothesis has been formulated: hypothesis 4: the positive relationship between faculties’ csr perceptions and ee is mediated by ot. the research model is presented in figure 1. figure 1. theoretical model khanal & arora, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 37-48 40 materials and methods sample and data collection data were collected via email using questionnaires from full-time and part-time business school faculty members (full-time and part-time) all over nepal. the questionnaire included all the details regarding the study's objectives, data confidentiality, respondent anonymity, and informed consent. using purposeful sampling, the researchers gathered data from 239 respondents out of approximately 320 distributed questionnaires. purposive sampling was employed as a non-probability technique because it aligned with the specific criteria set forth by the research objectives, wherein participants (faculty) were selected based on predetermined characteristics relevant to the study. b-school faculty members were selected because they are not only responsible for teaching csr in academic work but also influence how csr is perceived and implemented in organizations. these faculties' perceptions regarding csr can impact their engagement level in b-schools, making them a relevant population for this study. demographics among the 239 surveyed samples, male respondents were higher (65.7 %) than female respondents (32.6 %). most respondents had 0-5 years of teaching experience (accounting for 33.9%), followed by 6-10 years (25.9%). the age distribution of the respondents showed a concentration in the 31–35-year range (30.6%), followed by the 36-40-year range (23.1%). most respondents (62.7%) were married. regarding education, respondents with graduate (or master's) degrees were predominant at 76.1%, followed by those with undergraduate (or bachelor's) degrees, accounting for 15.7%. regarding monthly income levels, respondents earning between $ 45,001 and $ 60,000 were the most numerous, accounting for 32.8% of the total. nearly a quarter (23.9%) of respondents had incomes in the 60001-75000 range. research instrument a five-point likert scale was used in this study. the scale ranged from “strongly disagree” (1) to “strongly agree” (5). corporate social responsibility (csr): employee perceptions of csr initiatives were assessed using a 3-item scale adapted from du et al. (2007) and wagner et al. (2009). this scale has been used in various other studies (brammer et al., 2015) and demonstrated a reliability of 0.837 in the current study. organizational trust (ot): to measure ot, we relied on a 4-item scale developed by cummings and bromiley (1996). the reliability of this scale was 0.893. employee engagement (ee): ee was measured using a 4-item scale developed by rich et al. (2010). the scale demonstrated a reliability of 0.843. common method bias in recent decades, researchers in social science and organization studies have emphasized common method bias and its effect on research findings. common method bias is the spurious "variance that is attributable to the measurement method rather than to the constructs that measures are assumed to represent" (podsakoff et al., 2012). reio (2010) suggests that this bias can compromise the reliability and validity of constructs, creating systematic bias in the perceived relationships among variables. the correlation matrix procedure was used to assess the impact of common method bias through latent constructs, where a correlation coefficient r > 0.9 between the principal constructs was considered indicative of the presence of common method bias (tehseen et al., 2017). analyses strategy this study used ibm spss statistics (version 27) and amos (version 24) to analyze the data. structural equation modeling (sem), a theory-based approach, was employed to test the pre-defined hypotheses regarding the causal relationships between the measured and latent variables (mueller & hancock, 2018). following hair et al. (2013), sem was conducted in two steps. first, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the reliability and validity of the constructs. convergent validity was evaluated using fornell and larcker's (1981) criteria, requiring an average variance extracted (ave) of at least 0.50 and composite reliability (cr) greater than 0.70. discriminant validity was confirmed if the maximum shared variance (msv) and average shared variance (asv) were lower than the average variance extracted (ave) (hair et al., 2010). additionally, the fornell-larcker criteria and the heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations were used to validate further discriminant validity (ab hamid et al., 2017). once construct reliability and validity were established, the study hypotheses were tested by estimating the structural equation parameters using maximum likelihood estimation. a bootstrap sample of 2,000 was used to estimate the indirect effect of csr perception on employee engagement, with a 95% confidence interval (ibrahim et al., 2023). results primary analysis initially, the data were scrutinized for fundamental assumptions (e.g., missing values, unengaged responses, outliers, and normality). the data were collected from google forms, where participants were required to respond to every question, resulting in no missing values. khanal & arora, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 37-48 41 following kline’s (2005) instructions, 239 responses were examined for outliers, where we applied the mahalanobis distance at p < 0.000 as a criterion for identifying significant outliers. no significant outliers were observed in the data. data normality was assessed according to byrne's (2010) guidelines. the skewness and kurtosis values were within the acceptable ranges of ±1 and ±3, respectively, indicating a normal distribution. common method bias table 1. correlation between the constructs corporate social responsibility organizational trust employee engagement corporate social responsibility 1 organizational trust .603(***) 1 employee engagement .765(***) .751(***) 1 ***significant at 0.001 level (two-tailed) table 1 shows that the correlation between the constructs was less than 0.9. thus, common method bias was not a concern in the present study. further, it also shows the relationship between variables. the results indicate a significant relationship between organizational trust and corporate social responsibility. additionally, employee engagement is found to have a positive and significant relationship with both corporate social responsibility and organizational trust. measurement model evaluation we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis to assess the fit of our measurement model to the data. we used a factor loading cutoff of ≥0.5 for each item. we assessed goodness of fit using the following criteria: chi-square/degrees of freedom, tuckerlewis's index (tli ≥ 0.9), comparative fit index (cfi ≥ 0.9), and root mean square error of approximation (rmsea ≤ 0.08) (sathyanarayana & mohanasundaram, 2024). the model fit indices suggest that our measurement model is suitable for further analyses. figure 2. measurement model with factor loadings figure 2 illustrates the measurement model, which includes factor loadings that show the relationships between the latent constructs—corporate social responsibility, organizational trust, and employee engagement—and their observed indicators in confirmatory factor analysis. to ensure the accuracy of the measures, the study evaluated convergent and discriminant validity, confirming the reliability and validity of the constructs. reliability was deemed acceptable because all constructs demonstrated a composite reliability (cr) and cronbach's alpha of 0.70 or higher (cheema et al., 2019; fornell & larcker, 1981). table 2 shows that ave≥0.5 and cr≥0.7 for all constructs. thus, the convergent validity of all constructs was adequate. table 3 shows that khanal & arora, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 37-48 42 the square root of each construct's average variance extracted (ave) is greater than its correlation with other latent constructs, thus fulfilling the fornell and larcker criterion for discriminant validity. furthermore, table 4 presents that the correlation between the model constructs is less than 0.85, satisfying the heterotriat-monotriat ratio of correlation criteria and indicating discriminant validity. table 2. factor loading, reliability, and validity test of the model construct items factor loadings cr ave msv asv corporate social responsibility csr1 0.805 0.845 0.646 0.585 0.468 csr2 0.843 csr3 0.761 organizational trust ot1 0.849 0.903 0.757 0.564 0.461 ot2 0.926 ot3 0.833 employee engagement ei1 0.719 0.851 0.59 0.585 0.57 ei2 0.721 ei3 0.785 ei4 0.840 abbreviations: cr=composite reliability, ave=average variance extracted, msv=maximum shared variance, asv=average shared variance table 2 presents the factor loadings, composite reliability (cr), average variance extracted (ave), maximum shared variance (msv), and average shared variance (asv) for each construct, demonstrating the model’s reliability and convergent and discriminant validity. table 3. fornell and larcker criterion construct corporate social responsibility organizational trust employee engagement corporate social responsibility 0.804 organizational trust 0.603 0.87 employee engagement 0.765 0.751 0.768 note: the bold number represents ave's square root of the ave, while the off-diagonal number represents the correlation between the constructs. table 3 presents the fornell and larcker criterion, where the bold diagonal values indicate the square roots of the aves for each construct, all exceeding the inter-construct correlations, thereby supporting discriminant validity. table 4. heterotriat-monotrait criteria construct corporate social responsibility organizational trust employee engagement corporate social responsibility _ organizational trust 0.63 _ employee engagement 0.783 0.777 _ table 4 displays the heterotrait-monotrait (htmt) ratios of correlations between constructs, all of which are below the recommended threshold of 0.90, indicating adequate discriminant validity among the constructs. hypothesis testing the direct and indirect relationships between the constructs were analyzed using structural equation modeling. hypothesis testing for direct effect table 5 displays the standardized beta coefficients, which show the direct relationships between the constructs. a significant positive link was found between csr perception and employee engagement (ee) (β = 0.759, p < 0.001), supporting hypothesis 1. similarly, hypothesis 2 was supported, as csr perception had a significant positive impact on organizational identification (β = 0.592, p < 0.001). organizational identification also had a significant positive effect on ee (β = 0.749, p < 0.001), supporting hypothesis 3. in summary, all direct effects were significant and positive in this study. table 5. hypothesis testing for direct effect regression paths hypothesis estimate p value remarks csr perceptions ---> employee engagement h1 0.759*** <0.001 0.579 supported csr perceptions ---> organizational identification h2 0.592*** <0.001 0.35 supported organizational identification --->employee engagement h3 0.749*** <0.001 0.56 supported ***significant at 0.001 level (two-tailed) 𝑹𝟐 khanal & arora, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 37-48 43 table 5 presents the results of hypothesis testing for direct effects, showing that all three hypothesized relationships are statistically significant (p < 0.001) and supported, with substantial r² values indicating strong explanatory power for employee engagement and organizational identification. hypothesis testing for indirect effect because a significant direct effect of csr perception on employee engagement (ee) was observed, organizational identification was added to the model as a mediating variable. a bootstrapped model (2000 samples, 95% confidence interval) was used to test the indirect effect of organizational identification. all regression paths were statistically significant with organizational identification as a mediator (table 6). furthermore, the indirect impact of csr perception on ee through organizational identification was significant and positive (β = 0.275, p = 0.000, ll = 0.170, ul = 0.421), with the confidence interval not containing zero (table 7). as both direct and indirect effects were significant, a partial mediation model was confirmed in this study. thus, organizational identification partially mediates the relationship between csr attitude and ee. table 6. regression path in the mediation model regression path estimate s.e. cr. p value remarks csr perception organizational trust .603 .077 8.270 *** significant organizational trust employee engagement .456 .057 6.267 *** significant corporate social responsibility employee engagement .490 .064 6.337 *** significant ***significant at 0.001 level (two-tailed) table 6 presents the regression paths in the mediation model, indicating that all tested paths are statistically significant (p < 0.001), supporting the mediating role of organizational trust between csr perception and employee engagement. figure 3. standardized regression paths in the presence of organizational trust as a mediator figure 3 illustrates the standardized regression paths, showing that corporate social responsibility positively influences employee engagement both directly and indirectly through organizational trust, confirming its mediating role. table 7. hypothesis testing for indirect effect based on bootstrapping 95% bootstrap confidence interval regression path lower limit upper limit p-value csr perception organizational trustemployee engagement total effect .765 .620 .885 0.001 direct effect .490 .285 .662 0.001 indirect effect .275 .170 .421 0.000 khanal & arora, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 37-48 44 table 7 shows that both the direct and indirect effects of csr perception on employee engagement through organizational trust are statistically significant, confirming a significant mediation effect as supported by the bootstrapped confidence intervals and p-values. discussions research examining the impact of university csr initiatives and policies on faculty perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors is scarce. this study contributes to the literature by addressing this gap and demonstrating the significant influence of perceived csr initiatives on employee engagement (ee) and organizational trust (ot). the findings reaffirm previous studies that have shown a positive link between csr and employee attitudes (chaudhary, 2017; manimegalai & baral, 2018), particularly regarding employee engagement (chaudhary, 2017; lin, 2010) and organizational trust (kazmi & abbas, 2021; lee et al., 2012). by extending this research into the context of higher education, this study provides a novel perspective on how csr perceptions shape faculty engagement and trust in academic institutions. this study offers several important contributions. first, it highlights the role of csr as a strategic tool for enhancing faculty engagement in business schools, demonstrating that csr initiatives impact not only corporate employees but also academic professionals. faculty members, unlike their corporate counterparts, often perceive csr through the lens of ethical responsibility and societal impact. the results suggest that csr initiatives can elevate employees' sense of purpose at work, catalyzing engagement (aguinis & glavas, 2017). these initiatives foster pride, teamwork, and skill development, ultimately contributing to overall well-being, as evidenced by a recent study on chinese university teachers (che et al., 2025). second, the study reinforces the crucial mediating role of ot in linking csr perceptions to employee engagement (ee). the findings indicate that ot significantly predicts ee, aligning with prior research showing that trust enhances engagement and motivates employees to reciprocate with improved performance (saks, 2006). furthermore, integrating csr into an institution's decision-making processes cultivates trust among faculty, as observed in corporate settings (j. park et al., 2014). the results build upon previous studies (chowdhury et al., 2024; j. park et al., 2014; pivato et al., 2008) by confirming that csr initiatives have a positive influence on ot in the academic environment. the primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of csr perceptions on employee engagement (ee) through organizational trust (ot) as a mediator. the results confirm that ot partially mediates the relationship between csr and ee, emphasizing the importance of trust in institutional csr efforts. csr initiatives convey positive signals about an organization's values, increasing trust and cultivating greater engagement (rupp et al., 2006). as a bridge between csr perceptions and behavioral outcomes, ot helps employees develop confidence in institutional values and goals, ultimately enhancing their commitment and engagement (colquitt et al., 2007). overall, this study contributes to the discourse on corporate social responsibility (csr) in higher education institutions, offering valuable insights for administrators, policymakers, and educators. it underscores the importance of cultivating trust through csr initiatives to enhance faculty engagement and strengthen institutional commitment. future research can build on these findings by exploring additional factors that influence faculty engagement, such as leadership support and institutional culture, further enriching the understanding of csr's role in academia. conclusions this study aimed to examine how business school faculty members' perceptions of corporate social responsibility (csr) initiatives influence their organizational trust and employee engagement within the context of nepal's higher education institutions. given the diversity among societies, universities and their faculties possess different abilities to address csr challenges across cultures. nepal, as an underdeveloped nation, has universities and faculties equipped with the necessary abilities, analytical skills, knowledge, and decision-making capabilities to advance societal goals and contribute to a better world. these universities and colleges play a crucial role in promoting sustainable economic development by fostering connections between corporations and society, ultimately benefiting the nation as a whole. this is a cross-sectional study, and these results should be interpreted with caution regarding causality. long-term studies are necessary for more definitive conclusions. this study builds on the understanding of csr by utilizing social identity and social exchange theory to explain how the bschool faculty's perception of csr initiatives influences employee engagement. the study underscores the notion that csr is not just an external corporate function but an important internal function that helps organizational commitment and trust. this study contributes to the literature on human resource management by identifying csr as a strategic resource that yields positive outcomes within organizations. these findings contribute to the resource-based view by identifying csr initiatives that generate trust as an intangible resource, thereby increasing university or college performance. this study also advances the discourse on corporate social responsibility (csr) in higher education institutions (heis) by demonstrating how csr initiatives impact faculty outcomes. based on the frameworks of sit and set, this study contributes to the existing literature on csr and human resources. to understand the relationship between corporate social responsibility (csr) initiatives and employee behavior, stakeholders should implement regular csr-related programs in universities and colleges to assess their impact on employees' work behavior and satisfaction. csr should be integrated into universities' core values and daily operations. this enables management to tailor and enhance csr initiatives to meet employee expectations and bring greater loyalty. they should increase their investment in csr initiatives to enhance faculty engagement and trust in higher education institutions (heis). universities can incentivize faculty members to be involved in csr initiatives that promote social impact. universities should design csr-based faculty development programs to cultivate socially responsible teaching. regulators can enforce these csr initiatives by mandating csr in the accreditation process and establishing a funding khanal & arora, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 37-48 45 mechanism in research and academia that supports socially responsible business practices. this research should inspire senior management in universities and colleges to adopt csr initiatives, thereby achieving positive work outcomes for employees. this holds particular significance for underdeveloped economies like nepal, where the notion of university social responsibility is still in its initial stages and is rarely discussed. sustainable campus practices, such as waste reduction programs and the ethical sourcing of materials, can be implemented on the premises to set an example for students. the scope of this study was limited to business school faculty. this decreases the ability to generalize the results across nepal’s higher education institutions (heis) and limits the diversity of perspectives. other schools and departments within the universities may have varying levels of csr awareness and institutional support. this study considers csr a one-dimensional construct and does not differentiate between its internal and external aspects. future research should explore these dual dimensions of csr and examine their impact on outcome variables. the use of qualitative methods, such as in-depth interviews, could offer deeper insights into the perspectives of csr that may not be well captured through quantitative methods. the use of a western scale to measure csr is another limitation. moving forward, looking for alternative csr dynamics in nepal’s context is crucial. studies using self-report measures often contain an inherent common method bias. since the perception and attitudes of csr differ across industries, further research can be conducted in other industries or within other departments of universities or colleges. the study could also employ cross-country comparisons to identify differences in faculty perceptions among regions, thereby gaining a better understanding of global variations. to see the evolution of csr perceptions over time, longitudinal studies can be equally helpful. author contributions: conceptualization, k.k. and n.a.; methodology, k.k.; software, k.k.; validation, k.k.; formal analysis, k.k. and n.a.; investigation, k.k. and n.a.; resources, k.k. and n.a.; data curation, k.k.; writing –original draft preparation, k.k. and n.a.; writing –review & editing, k.k. and n.a.; visualization, k.k., supervision, n.a.; project administration, k.k.; funding acquisition, k.k. and n.a. the authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study, as participation is voluntary, and the statement is included on the first page of the questionnaire. data availability statement: the data presented 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(2021). organic food corporate image and customer co-developing behavior: the mediating role of consumer trust and purchase intention. journal of retailing and consumer services, 59, 102377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102377 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.380 https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169 https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2024/v24i71430 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.137572.1 https://doi.org/10.20547/jms.2014.1704202 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3745-6 https://doi.org/10.1108/srj-09-2016-0153 https://doi.org/10.1108/15365430480000505 https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-11-2012-0198 https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-11-2012-0198 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100313 https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.73.6.77 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01113.x https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166815 https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148737 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102377 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 1-15 1 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 4 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa a panel data exploration of macroeconomic factors influencing the optimal capital structure of the indian automotive sector tapas kumar sahoo (a)1 awungshi yarso (b ) arijeet das (c) navajit borah (d) happyson gachuiwo (e) (a) assistant professor, department of commerce, srm university, sikkim, india; e-mail: tapassahoo7537@gmail.com (b) associate professor, department of commerce, assam university, silchar, india; e-mail: asyarso@gmail.com (c) assistant professor, department of commerce, nerim commerce college, guwahati, india; e-mail: arijeetdas.aus@gmail.com (d) research scholar, department of commerce, assam university, silchar, india; e-mail: navajitcool@gmail.com (e) assistant professor, department of business administration, srm university, sikkim, india; e-mail: happygachui@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 14th may 2024 reviewed & revised: 14th may to 25th july 2024 accepted: 27th july 2024 published: 8th august 2024 keywords: macroeconomic determinants, optimal capital structure, indian automotive industry, debt-to-equity ratio, wealth maximisation. jel classification codes: g32, c58, e01 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t economic instability in emerging economies presents substantial challenges for firms, particularly in accessing debt funding, due to heightened perceived risk. this often results in a less favorable debt-toequity ratio and complicates the overall composition of capital structure. macroeconomic conditions play a pivotal role in influencing investor sentiment and risk perceptions, which in turn complicate capital structure decisions. this study aims to investigate the impact of various macroeconomic variables on the capital structure decisions of firms within the indian automobile and automobile ancillary sectors over a comprehensive 17-year period from 2004 to 2020. they are utilizing secondary data collected from reputable sources like prowessiq, the reserve bank of india, and financial reports. the study employs various statistical tools, including descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and dynamic panel data regression models, to analyze the data. the findings indicate that macroeconomic variables significantly shape the optimal capital structure decisions in the indian automotive sector. key variables such as the bank rate, gdp growth rate, inflation rate, and public debt substantially impact leverage ratios. for instance, an increase in the bank rate or public debt levels correlates with higher leverage ratios, suggesting that firms adjust their capital structures in response to changes in these macroeconomic indicators. this study provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between macroeconomic conditions and capital structure financing decisions. by highlighting the significant influence of these broader economic factors, the research underscores the necessity for firms, especially in emerging economies like india, to consider these determinants when making financial decisions. the findings thus contribute to a deeper understanding of capital structure dynamics in the face of macroeconomic challenges within the indian automotive sector. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction the manufacturing sector is integral to the growth and development of the indian economy, underpinning the advancement of various industries (chadha & sharma, 2016). it is pivotal in fostering equitable growth through modernization and increased output. beyond profit generation, this sector contributes to capital accumulation, job creation, infrastructure development, and overall economic progress, thereby enhancing the standard of living (huong, 2018). the automotive industry, a cornerstone of this sector, has been vital since the first car appeared in mumbai in 1898. today, india is the fourth-largest automobile producer and the third-largest market by sales, with passenger vehicle sales reaching 3.89 million units in 2023. this industry's gdp contribution has grown from 2.77% in 1992-1993 to approximately 7.1%, employing around 19 million people. government policies promoting foreign direct investments (fdis) underscore its significance, attracting us$ 34.74 billion in fdi equity inflows between april 2000 and march 2023. in emerging economies, macroeconomic factors significantly influence capital structure financing decisions (bokpin, 2009; zafar et al., 2019). given the global economic integration, these factors have profound implications at both national and global levels (amjed & shah, 2016). capital structure has garnered considerable attention from finance researchers, reflecting its critical importance to stakeholders (nha et al., 2016). financial managers must strategically determine the optimal capital structure to maximize organizational wealth, considering both external and internal factors (altman, 1984). the complexities of capital structure decisions, influenced by macroeconomic conditions, affect a firm's 1corresponding author: orcid id: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3820-1786 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i4.2239 to cite this article: sahoo, t. k., yarso, a., das, a., borah, n., & gachuiwo, h. (2024). a panel data exploration of macroeconomic factors influencing the optimal capital structure of the indian automotive sector. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(4), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i4.2239 mailto:asyarso@gmail.com http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i4.2239 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3820-1786 http://orcid.org/0009-0004-7517-3771 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-2532 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5967-6879 https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7209-0556 sahoo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 1-15 2 risk profile and profitability, necessitating a comprehensive analysis by financial managers (zafar et al., 2019). despite the evolution of capital structure theories, there needs to be a definitive solution (myers & majluf, 1984; zafar et al., 2019). research has predominantly focused on developed economies, leaving a gap in understanding for developing countries like india (chakrabarti & chakrabarti, 2019). existing studies on indian capital structure are insufficient, highlighting the need for further exploration. the expansion of financial markets due to globalization offers companies easier access to funds, necessitating well-informed capital structure decisions (handoo & sharma, 2012). maintaining a robust capital structure in the automotive industry is crucial for sustaining success and gaining global investor trust. recognizing factors influencing capital structure choices enables managers to make informed decisions (haron, 2014). this research aims to address the literature gap by examining macroeconomic variables' impact on capital structure in the indian automotive sector. economic instability and macroeconomic fluctuations affect investor sentiment and risk perceptions, complicating capital structure decisions (sheikh & wang, 2011). to optimize capital structures, businesses must analyze macroeconomic conditions comprehensively. this study uses secondary data from 2004 to 2020, employing statistical tools like descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and dynamic panel data regression models. the findings reveal that macroeconomic variables significantly influence capital structure decisions, with notable impacts from bank rates, gdp growth rates, inflation rates, and public debt. this research contributes to understanding the complex dynamics of capital structure financing in the indian automotive sector, providing valuable insights for financial decision-makers. the study, comprising five chapters, offers a comprehensive examination of the capital structure of indian automotive firms. chapter 1 introduces the significance of the manufacturing sector, the automotive industry's role, and the importance of capital structure decisions, highlighting the problem and objectives. chapter 2 reviews the literature on capital structure, examines firm-specific and macroeconomic factors, and identifies gaps. chapter 3 outlines the research design, data collection, and the use of a dynamic panel data regression model to explore the impact of macroeconomic variables on capital structure. chapter 4 presents and discusses the findings, showing the effects of various factors on capital structure with statistical support. chapter 5 concludes with key findings, implications for financial decision-makers, and suggestions for future research on capital structure determinants in emerging markets. literature review the mystery surrounding capital structure, as noted by myers (2001), has endured for more than five decades. initially proposed by modigliani and miller (1958) in a hypothetical perfect capital market where debt and equity are deemed interchangeable, the notion that firm value is unaffected by capital structure choices has been challenged by subsequent research since 1963. factors such as bankruptcy costs, transaction costs, agency costs, and taxes have led to the rejection of the perfect capital market assumption, prompting the development of alternative capital structure theories to maximize firm value globally. the trade-off theory (kraus & litzenberger, 1973), the pecking order theory (myers & majluf, 1984), the agency theory (jensen & meckling, 1976), and the market timing theory (baker & wurgler, 2002) are among the theories that elucidate how various factors influence capital structure decisions under different macroeconomic and microeconomic conditions (frank & goyal, 2009; haron, 2014). the trade-off theory posits capital structure as a trade-off between the costs of financial distress and the benefits of tax shields. literature on this theory discusses concerns regarding tax-shield advantages, financial distress costs, cash flow volatility, and potential bankruptcy costs, extensively discussed in deangelo and masulis (1980) and myers (2001). pecking order theory suggests that firms prioritize retained earnings as an internal funding source over external funding. when internal funds are inadequate to cover capital expenditures, firms opt for external borrowing over equity issuance (myers & majluf, 1984). kayhan and titman (2007) introduce a modified pecking order theory, proposing that trade-off theory guides long-term capital structure decisions while pecking order theory influences short-term decisions. according to agency cost-based theory, using debt in capital structures results in agency costs, as outlined by haider et al. (2018) and jensen and meckling (1976). jensen and meckling (1976) identify two primary types of conflicts arising from agency costs: conflicts between managers and shareholders and conflicts between shareholders and bondholders (myers, 2001). research has increasingly focused on emerging countries, aiming to elucidate potential deviations in factors stemming from events like the 1997 asian financial crisis. early investigations, such as those by rajan and zingales (1995), examined the notable firm-specific determinants impacting capital structures across various countries alongside the countryspecific factors influencing leverage choices within those same countries. initial empirical inquiries into leverage decisions primarily scrutinized u.s. firms (titman & wessels, 1988), while subsequent studies by rajan and zingales (1995), zafar et al. (2019), deesomsak, paudyal, and pescetto (2014) delved into cross-country comparative analyses. numerous researchers have extensively explored this phenomenon across diverse nations, industries, and temporal periods. investigations conducted within the indian context by scholars like mukherjee and mahakud (2012) have underscored the influence of factors such as asset structure, profitability, taxes, and growth rates (hussain & rahman, 2022). on companies' capital structures. analyses undertaken by academics such as tomschik (2015) in e7 and g7 countries and haron (2014) in the asian pacific region have focused on the impact of macroeconomic factors such as gdp, inflation, and interest rates. these studies underscore the importance of institutional and country-specific factors in shaping decisions regarding capital structure. in addition, studies focusing on particular industries, such as the automobile business (haider et al., 2018) and leasing companies in pakistan, have provided detailed insights into the factors that influence these industries, including their scale, profitability, liquidity, and tax implications. ramli et al. (2019) and lim (2012) researched the chinese contexts and discovered intricate relationships among capital structure, financial performance, and factors such as growth rate, tax shield, profitability, and liquidity. the literature review encompasses studies employing sophisticated methodologies, such as fixed effect models, system gmm, and seemingly unrelated regression. this demonstrates the diverse range of approaches that sahoo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 1-15 3 can be used to examine capital structure dynamics. furthermore, the studies include different timeframes, ranging from specific years to long periods, demonstrating a thorough comprehension of the development of capital structure theories. in summary, this comprehensive study offers a wide-ranging examination of the various factors that influence a company's capital structure. these factors include individual characteristics of the firm, broader economic conditions, institutional effects, and industry-specific dynamics. despite the extensive literature review on the factors influencing capital structure choices and their association with firm value across diverse contexts, there are notable research gaps. by and large, the above literature review was focused on developed countries, specific industries, or timeframes, limiting the generalizability of the findings; only a few studies were found in developing countries like india but not in the automobile and ancillaries sector. additionally, most studies emphasise the impact of internal firm-specific factors and industry-specific dynamics. still, there needs to be more comprehensive research considering the macroeconomic indicators or the interplay of these factors. also, the literature uses many different methods, such as fixed effect models, random effect models, and seemingly unrelated regression that seem like they need to be more robust in the case of panel data. in contrast, the dynamic panel data regression model can give a more reliable result for the panel cause-and-effect relationship. therefore, this study examined how firm-specific factors, as well as macroeconomic factors, determine the capital structure of the indian automobile and ancillary sector by using a dynamic panel approach, as per the requirements of the data set in the study. variables and hypotheses of the study key variables used in this research are divided into three categories: macroeconomic variables used as independent variables, firm-specific variables used as control variables, and capital structure variables used as dependent variables. a detailed description of variables with a hypothesis is presented below: macroeconomic variables in the macroeconomic case, the variables gdp growth rate, inflation rate, corporate tax, bank rate, market size, business confidence index, foreign direct investment, and public debt were chosen for the study. gdp growth rate a country's gross domestic product (gdp) growth rate indicates the percentage change in economic output, serving as a measure of the nation's growth. the available research suggests that firms with higher growth rates avoid external financing, which is anticipated to be negatively correlated with leverage ratios. this is because economic growth leads to increased profitability for companies, prompting them to utilize internally generated profits for further investments instead of seeking external financing (bokpin, 2009; magwai, 2014; ayanle et al., 2022; rehman, 2016; zafar et al., 2019). hypothesis 1: gdp growth rate negatively affects capital structure variables. inflation rate the inflation rate refers to the overall rise in the costs of goods and services, accompanied by a decrease in the currency's value in purchasing power measured by utilisation of the gdp deflator. the gdp deflator serves as a metric for gauging fluctuations in the price level within an economy. existing literature suggests that inflation has a varied effect on capital structure leverage ratios. rising inflation leads to higher interest rates, providing tax advantages for companies. however, it also increases the cost of bankruptcy. several studies (bokpin, 2009; magwai, 2014; camara, 2012; rehman, 2016; zafar et al., 2019) have examined this relationship. hypothesis 2: inflation rate has a mixed association with capital structure variables. corporate tax modigliani and miller (1963) initially introduced corporate tax incorporation in their research, owing to its significant role in influencing capital structure determinations. based on the modigliani-miller theory of capital structure, when corporate taxes are taken into account, a corporation's valuation is predicted to rise due to tax benefits associated with debt. consequently, a positive correlation is anticipated between leverage ratios and firm value. several researchers, including rehman (2016) and tomschik (2015), have employed corporate tax to influence capital structure. hypothesis 3: corporate tax has a positive association with capital structure variables. bank rate the bank rate refers to the interest rate at which the reserve bank of india (rbi) provides loans to commercial banks for an extended duration. the rise in the bank rate is anticipated, at times, to result in an elevation of debt financing for numerous organizations since firms can expect to generate more significant tax advantages from the utilization of debt. simultaneously, specific organizations may decrease their borrowing to mitigate the potential escalation of bankruptcy costs. multiple studies have been conducted to examine the effects of bank rates on leverage ratios, and the findings have been varied (amjed & shah, 2016). hypothesis 4: bank rate has a mixed association with capital structure variables. sahoo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 1-15 4 market size security markets are of utmost importance in fulfilling the financial needs of any business. a robust financial market mitigates the cost of financing and facilitates the acquisition of accurate information, thereby diminishing the overall risk exposure of a company. market size is commonly measured through stock market capitalization, and it will favorably impact the degree of leverage at the company level. higher capitalization enables enterprises to obtain leverage financing at a lower cost (rehman, 2016; bokpin, 2009). thus, it can be hypothesized as: hypothesis 5: market size has a positive association with capital structure variables. business confidence index the business confidence index (bci) is a metric that gauges the degree of optimism businesses exhibit towards the prevailing economic conditions. a high business confidence index (bci) indicates a positive outlook among businesses regarding the state of the economy and tends to show a greater propensity to choose debt financing. this is attributed to their high confidence level in their capacity to create financial gains and fulfil their debt obligations. hence, this suggests a positive correlation with leverage ratios. hypothesis 6: bci has a positive association with capital structure variables foreign direct investment in a thriving economic climate, foreign direct investment (fdi) assumes a significant role in capital structure financing. as a result of an abundant influx of foreign direct investment (fdi), domestic enterprises may opt to transition to either debt or equity financing, depending on the prevailing economic conditions. when a nation possesses a conducive climate for debt financing, foreign direct investment (fdi) contributes to an increase in the level of debt inside the economy. conversely, equity financing is deemed more favourable during economic expansion. hypothesis 7: fdi has a mixed association with capital structure variables public debt public debt encompasses the aggregate amount of funds borrowed by the government. when a government engages in debt issuance, it garners a substantial share of the capital available in the market due to the perception that government debt offerings are relatively secure investments. consequently, there will be a rise in the interest rate, which could encourage the corporation to pursue equity financing. hence, this study posits a negative correlation between public debt and leverage ratios. mokhova and zinecker (2014) discovered an inverse correlation between governmental debt and capital structure in their study. this study hypothesized the association of public debt with leverage ratios as: hypothesis 8: public debt has a negative association with capital structure variables. firm specific factors (control variables): the study considered firm size, profitability, assets tangibility, short-term solvency, risk of bankruptcy, non-debt tax shield, growth rate, and earning volatility. firm size a firm's size indicates its overall value, as measured by its natural logarithm of the total assets of the firm. the pecking order theory postulated a negative correlation, suggesting that larger firms exhibit a reduced adverse selection rate and possess greater ease in issuing stock than smaller firms. nevertheless, a majority of empirical investigations have indicated a negative correlation between leverage and firm size, as demonstrated by lim (2012), handoo and sharma (2012), zafar et al. (2019), and chakrabarti and chakrabarti (2019). hypothesis 9: firm size has a negative association with capital structure variables. profitability a firm's profitability refers to the degree of efficiency with which the company converts its business operations into financial gains. the pecking order theory presents an alternative perspective, suggesting that an entity with significant profitability can fund its investments internally by retaining earnings, diminishing the necessity for external debt. this study assesses profitability by measuring return on assets (roa), which evaluates the capacity of assets to generate income. the proxy has been extensively used by numerous researchers (doan, 2019; li & islam, 2019; deesomsak et al., 2014; jaworski & czerwonka, 2021; sheikh & wang, 2011; zafar et al., 2019; chakrabarti & chakrabarti, 2019) as a determinant of capital. hypothesis 10: profitability has a negative association with capital structure variables. assets tangibility tangibility is a proxy for tangible assets in the asset structure. trade-off theory has a positive association with leverage ratios because tangible assets can be considered collateral against the creditor's default risk. some empirical studies also found a positive relationship between asset tangibility and leverage (li & islam, 2019; nha et al., 2016; raza et al., 2021; sahoo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 1-15 5 chaklader & chawla, 2016; ghani et al., 2023). hypothesis 11: assets tangibility has a positive association with capital structure variables. short-term solvency short-term solvency refers to the ability of a business to fulfill its immediate financial obligations measured through the current ratio divided by current liabilities, as discussed by doan (2019), jaworski and czerwonka (2021), chaklader and chawla (2016), and chakrabarti and chakrabarti (2019). nevertheless, by the pecking order theory, this proxy favors leverage ratios because financially stable enterprises, which are often more liquid, tend to favor higher leverage levels in their capital structure. hypothesis 12: short-term solvency has a positive association with capital structure variables. risk of bankruptcy the measure of bankruptcy risk indicates a company's capacity to fulfil its financial obligations. when a firm cannot fulfil its financial obligations to its creditors, it declares bankruptcy. the bankruptcy was measured in this study by the utilization of the altman z score. the outcome of a credit strength test assesses the probability of insolvency for a manufacturing company (bandyopadhyay & barua, 2016). the model employs five critical criteria, profitability, leverage, liquidity, solvency, and activity, to forecast the likelihood of a company experiencing insolvency. it is anticipated that the possibility of bankruptcy will exhibit a negative correlation with the capital structure because enterprises facing a high risk of bankruptcy choose to employ less debt, a more expensive form of financing (rehman, 2016). hypothesis 13: the risk of bankruptcy has a negative association with capital structure variables. non-debt tax shield deangelo and masulis (1980) were the pioneering researchers who introduced the notion of a non-debt tax shield in their research work. a non-debt tax shield refers to the tax advantage derived from fixed expenses not associated with debt financing. there is a negative correlation between the leverage ratio and non-debt tax shielding. the measurement of the non-debt tax shield was based on the depreciation divided by operating profit, as indicated by previous research conducted by nha et al. (2016), deesomsak et al. (2014), lim (2012), chaklader and chawla (2016), chakrabarti and chakrabarti (2019) and zafar et al. (2019). hypothesis 14: non-debt tax shield has a negative association with capital structure variables. growth rate the growth rate is commonly employed as a surrogate measure for the percentage change in sales; this measure has been adopted by numerous researchers (nha et al., 2016; malinic et al., 2013; raza et al., 2021; chakrabarti & chakrabarti, 2019; jaworski & czerwonka, 2021). according to the pecking order theory, a positive correlation exists between sales growth rate and debt ratios. this is primarily because growth-oriented enterprises often need more retained earnings, restricting their ability to finance additional investments. hypothesis 15: growth rate has a positive association with capital structure variables. earning volatility based on the findings made by both trade-off theory and pecking order theory, an inverse relationship exists between earning volatility and leverage. according to theoretical assertions, economic distress is positively correlated with the degree of earnings volatility. consequently, lenders will impose elevated interest rates, thereby increasing the expense of borrowing. a majority of the researchers observed identical correlations per the theory. the measurement of earning volatility in this study is conducted by the utilization of the standard deviation of operating profit, as indicated by previous research conducted by malinic et al. (2013) and sheikh and wang (2011). hypothesis 16: earning volatility has a negative association with capital structure variables. capital structure variables the capital structure variables selected for the study are long-term debt ratio, short-term debt ratio, and total debt ratio. long-term debt ratio the long-term debt ratio is a financial indicator adopted to evaluate a corporation's financial solvency. this ratio quantifies the relative amount of long-term debt in relation to the company's overall assets. a higher ratio signifies a more significant proportion of the company's assets being financed through debt, implying an elevated level of financial risk. the variable in question holds significance within the capital structure framework as it indicates a company's long-term economic stability. sahoo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 1-15 6 short-term debt ratio short-term debt refers to a company's financial liability that must be repaid within one financial year. this financial indicator quantifies the ratio of a corporation's short-term liabilities to its overall assets. this ratio serves as a means of evaluating a company's imminent financial solvency and its capacity to fulfil its immediate financial obligations. the utilisation of shortterm debt exposes a company to several risks that can impact its financial and economic health. considering short-term debt to equity as a metric for assessing capital structure is essential. total debt ratio the total debt ratio is an indicator of a company's total leverage over its total assets. this ratio assesses a company's financial leverage and risk. it tells us the percentage of the company's total assets financed by creditors. in other words, it is the total amount of a firm's total debt divided by total assets. this proxy serves as an essential measure of capital structure. materials and methods data this study adopts the analytical research design. the relevant data for the study were collected from secondary sources. out of the population of 148 listed automobile and automobile ancillary firms, a sample of 118 firms was selected based on data available for at least 10 years. the sample comprises 15 automobile and 103 automobile ancillary firms. data from 17 years, from 2004 to 2020, were collected according to availability to make the data panel. within the enormous automotive industry, our research sample is limited to two specific sub-sectors: automobile and automobile ancillaries. the selection of these sub-sectors is based on their homogeneity. the homogeneity pertains to the uniformity observed in both input and output aspects and the technological commonalities encompassing robots and automation, iot technology, nanotechnology, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence (source: investopedia.com and sharpmeg.com). in addition, it is worth noting that these two industries operate inside comparable business contexts characterised by both backward and forward linkages. the data utilized in this research were categorized into two main groups: country-level data encompassing macroeconomic factors and industry-specific data comprising microeconomic factors. macro-level data were sourced from various repositories such as the world bank data base, reserve bank of india (rbi) database, and the bombay stock exchange (bse) database, depending on data availability and research requirements. on the other hand, industry-specific data were extracted from the financial reports of relevant companies and retrieved from the prowessiq database. various statistical techniques were employed for data analysis, including descriptive statistics, panel data assumption tests, and panel data regression analysis. descriptive statistics involve measures such as covariance analysis and correlation analysis. assumption tests included checks for stationarity, autocorrelation, multicollinearity, and heteroskedasticity. to achieve the research objectives, the generalised method of moment (gmm) model was employed in panel data regression. data was analyzed using statistical software tools, including ms excel, e-views, stata, and r-studio. based on the literature, a summary of the description of key variables used in the study is presented in table 1 below. table 1. measurement of determinants and the expected relationship with capital structure variables measurement expected relationship for this study f ir m -s p ec if ic v a r ia b le s assets tangibility total tangible assets / total assets + ve profitability return on assets ve size natural log of total assets ve risk of bankruptcy altman z score ve short term solvency current ratio + ve growth rate percentage change in sales + ve earning volatility standard deviation of operating profit ve non-debt tax shield depreciation / ebit -ve m a cr o e co n o m ic v a r ia b le s gdp growth rate annual % change in gdp -ve inflation rate gdp deflator mixed corporate tax corporate tax rate +ve bank rate repo rate mixed market size stock market capitalisation +ve fdi fdi inflow mixed bci business confidence index value + ve public debt govt. debt/ gdp ve c a p it a l s tr u c tu r e v a r ia b le s lon-term debt ratio long-term debt / total assets na short-term debt ratio short-term debt / total assets na total debt ratio total debt / total assets na empirical model selection a panel data regression model is used to study the impact of macroeconomic variables on the capital structure of indian automobile and automobile ancillary firms. however, several assumption tests were performed to choose the appropriate model. assumption tests include covariance and correlation analysis, multicollinearity check, stationarity test, a test of cross-section and time effect, autocorrelation, and heteroskedasticity test. according to the outcome of the assumption test, sahoo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 1-15 7 the generalised method of moment (gmm) model is used to examine the impact of macroeconomic variables on capital structure financing. the detailed model of the study is presented hereunder: dynamic panel model specification the dynamic panel regression model is used when the data exhibit both cross-sectional and time-series dimensions and the problem of autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity is present. the basic model specification behind dynamic panel regression is to include lagged dependent variables as explanatory variables in the regression model. this helps to capture the dynamic relationship between the variables and accounting for potential endogeneity issues. this study used the generalised method of moment (gmm) to address the potential inconsistency caused by autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity by using a system of equations and instruments to estimate the parameters, providing more consistent estimates. the basic specification of the dynamic model is as follows: 𝒀𝒊𝒕 = 𝜷𝟏𝒀𝒊𝒕 − 𝟏 + 𝜷𝟏𝒀𝒊𝒕 − 𝟐 + 𝜷𝟑𝑴𝑬𝑭𝒊𝒕 + 𝜷𝟒𝑭𝑺𝑭𝒊𝒕 + 𝝁𝒊𝒕 + €𝒊𝒕 the above-shown model is the specification of difference generalised method of moments (difference gmm) where yit represents three leverage measures (short-term debt ratio, long-term debt ratio, and total debt ratio) for firm i and in year t and yit-1 and yit-2 are used as first-order lag and second order lag for three leverage measures (short-term debt ratio, long-term debt ratio, and total debt ratio). mefit is the vector for the macroeconomic factors (bank rate, bci, gdp growth rate, inflation rate, corporate tax, public debt, fdi, and market size), and fsfit is the vector for the firm-specific factors (earning volatility, size, non-debt tax shield, risk of bankruptcy, profitability, solvency, tangibility, and growth rate). μit represents time-invariant random heterogeneity, and €it is the error term of the model. results checking of covariance and correlation both a covariance matrix and a correlation matrix are utilized to assess the statistical relationship between dependent and independent variables. as depicted in table 2, the covariance matrix indicates that the covariance between dependent and independent variables was statistically significant across all variables with p-values less than 0.05. a similar conclusion is derived from the correlation matrix presented in table 3. checking of multicollinearity once again, the correlation matrix and variance inflation factor (vif) were utilized to examine the relationship between the independent variables in the study and determine whether any correlations existed. table 4 displays the vif values for all independent variables. according to theory, a vif exceeding 10 indicates significant multicollinearity. the results indicate no evidence of multicollinearity among the macroeconomic and firm-specific variables, as all vif values fall below the threshold of 10. table 2. covariance matrix of key variables b . r a t e 1 .2 b . s iz e -1 .5 9 (0 .0 0 ) 2 4 .9 b c i 0 .4 3 (0 .0 0 ) -2 .8 (0 .0 0 ) 1 .1 6 t a x 0 .0 2 (0 .0 0 ) -0 .1 (0 .0 0 ) 0 .0 1 (0 .0 0 ) 0 .0 0 1 c u r . s t g . -4 .1 2 (0 .0 0 ) 2 0 .7 (0 .0 0 ) 0 .6 7 (0 .0 1 ) -0 .1 5 (0 .0 ) 1 1 4 .9 g d p 0 .0 2 (0 .0 0 ) -0 .1 4 (0 .0 0 ) 0 .0 2 (0 .0 0 ) 0 .0 0 (0 .0 0 ) -0 .1 5 (0 .0 0 ) 0 in f l 0 .3 5 (0 .0 0 ) 0 .1 4 (0 .6 ) -0 .4 4 (0 .0 0 ) 0 .0 1 (0 .0 0 ) -2 1 .4 (0 .0 0 ) -0 1 (0 .8 6 ) 6 .2 7 m k t s iz e -1 3 0 7 1 9 (0 .0 0 ) 6 9 2 7 6 2 (0 .0 0 ) 9 3 9 1 0 .7 (0 .0 0 ) -6 2 4 7 1 (0 .0 0 ) 3 8 1 3 7 4 7 4 (0 .0 0 ) 5 1 5 9 8 .4 2 (0 .0 0 ) 6 4 4 0 9 4 2 (0 .0 0 ) sahoo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 1-15 8 p u b . d b t -0 .0 1 0 .0 0 -0 .0 7 0 .0 0 -0 .0 1 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 -0 .1 2 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 4 0 .0 3 -6 0 9 1 4 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 1 f d i -5 .7 0 .0 0 4 8 .1 0 .0 0 -4 .1 8 0 .0 0 -0 .2 6 0 .0 0 9 8 .7 0 .0 0 -0 .3 3 0 .0 0 -1 3 .1 5 0 .0 0 3 8 2 8 5 5 6 8 0 .0 0 -0 .1 1 0 .0 0 1 6 8 e r n v o l -0 .0 4 0 .2 4 0 .4 5 0 .0 1 0 .1 0 .0 1 -0 .0 1 0 .0 0 3 .4 2 0 .0 0 -0 .0 0 3 0 .0 1 -0 .5 5 0 .0 0 1 5 2 0 5 2 7 0 .0 0 -0 .0 0 7 0 .0 0 0 3 .3 5 0 .0 0 2 .6 1 g . r a t e 0 .0 5 0 .0 0 -0 .3 6 0 .0 0 0 .0 5 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 -0 .8 3 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 2 0 .0 0 0 .1 2 0 .0 0 -1 9 7 0 7 2 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .5 4 -1 .0 5 0 .0 0 0 .0 7 0 .0 0 0 .1 4 n .d . t a x s l d . 0 .0 1 0 .9 7 -1 .6 5 0 .0 3 0 .2 1 0 .2 2 0 .0 0 8 0 .1 2 1 .5 7 0 .3 6 0 .0 1 0 .3 4 -0 .4 7 0 .2 4 2 0 1 6 6 2 0 .7 5 0 .0 1 0 .1 6 -1 .6 9 0 .4 1 -0 .2 8 0 .2 8 0 .0 1 0 .8 7 4 8 .2 2 p r o f . 0 .0 1 0 .0 0 -0 .0 6 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 -0 .1 3 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 2 0 .0 1 -3 8 8 2 9 .2 9 (0 .0 0 ) 0 .0 0 0 .7 8 -0 .1 8 0 .0 0 0 .0 9 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 0 .0 0 -0 .0 2 0 .2 7 0 .0 1 4 r is k o f b r . 0 .1 9 0 .6 5 -2 .6 0 .1 7 1 .6 3 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 0 .4 1 1 6 .3 1 0 .0 0 0 .0 2 0 .1 1 -3 .6 9 0 .0 0 6 5 4 8 5 5 4 (0 .0 0 ) -0 .0 3 0 .0 1 7 .3 4 0 .1 3 2 .9 5 0 .0 0 0 .3 4 0 .0 1 -0 .4 2 0 .8 7 0 .6 2 0 .0 0 2 6 6 .2 s iz e -4 3 8 0 0 1 2 4 6 8 0 .0 0 7 4 .5 0 .6 5 -1 8 .5 2 0 .0 0 1 0 1 4 0 0 .0 0 -1 8 .3 2 0 .0 0 -1 6 2 9 0 .0 0 3 .7 7 e (0 .0 0 ) -1 4 .5 0 .0 1 1 0 0 6 2 0 .0 0 9 2 2 .5 0 .0 0 -3 9 .3 0 .4 9 4 7 0 1 0 .0 0 6 3 .0 3 0 .0 0 4 0 9 7 3 3 0 .0 0 4 3 0 5 5 1 6 2 s o l v . -0 .0 6 0 .1 9 0 .1 6 0 .4 2 -0 .0 2 0 .5 7 -0 .0 0 1 0 .2 6 0 .0 9 0 .8 3 -0 .0 0 1 0 .3 4 0 .0 5 0 .6 4 8 4 3 9 .9 7 (0 .7 5 ) 0 .0 0 0 .9 6 0 .1 9 0 .7 0 .3 9 0 .0 0 -0 .0 1 0 .5 5 -0 .2 9 0 .2 7 0 .0 2 0 .0 0 -1 .0 6 0 .0 9 -6 5 2 .1 0 .0 1 2 .8 7 t a n g . -0 .0 1 0 .1 2 0 .0 2 0 .2 7 -0 .0 0 2 0 .5 5 0 .0 0 0 .7 2 0 .0 4 0 .2 6 0 .0 0 0 .6 1 -0 .0 0 9 0 .3 4 5 6 5 2 .7 (0 .7 0 ) 0 .0 0 0 .9 4 0 .0 4 0 .4 4 -0 .0 2 0 .0 0 -0 .0 0 1 0 .4 3 0 .0 7 0 .0 1 -0 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 -0 .3 6 0 .0 0 -1 3 2 0 .0 0 -0 .0 8 0 .0 0 0 .0 3 t d r a t io -0 .0 0 1 0 .8 8 -0 .0 6 0 .0 4 0 .0 1 0 .0 2 0 .0 0 0 .3 4 -0 .3 9 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .8 9 0 .0 7 0 .0 0 -1 3 9 8 6 9 .5 (0 .0 0 ) 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 -0 .2 8 0 .0 0 -0 .1 2 0 .0 0 -0 .0 0 3 0 .2 2 -0 .0 1 0 .7 6 -0 .0 2 0 .0 0 -0 .8 5 0 .0 0 -1 7 7 .2 0 .0 0 -0 .0 9 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 0 .0 0 0 .0 8 s t d r a t io -0 .0 0 7 0 .1 8 0 .0 5 0 .0 4 0 .0 0 2 0 .6 9 -0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .1 5 0 .0 1 -0 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 -0 .0 2 0 .0 6 5 6 0 5 8 .2 6 (0 .0 0 ) 0 .0 0 0 .7 5 0 .1 9 0 .0 0 -0 .0 6 0 .0 0 -0 .0 0 8 0 .0 0 0 .0 2 0 .5 4 -0 .0 1 0 .0 0 -0 .5 1 0 .0 0 -1 2 9 0 .0 0 -0 .0 7 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 0 .0 5 0 .0 0 0 .0 4 9 l t d r a t io 0 .0 0 6 0 .1 1 -0 .1 2 0 .0 0 -0 .0 1 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 -0 .5 5 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 1 0 .. 0 0 .1 0 .0 0 -1 9 5 9 9 0 .2 (0 .0 0 ) 0 .0 1 0 .0 0 -0 .4 7 0 .0 0 -0 .0 6 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 5 0 .0 0 -0 .0 3 0 .1 7 -0 .0 1 0 .0 0 -0 .3 3 0 .0 0 -4 7 .3 0 .0 6 -0 .0 3 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 0 .0 0 0 .0 3 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 1 0 .5 5 0 .0 3 d e r a t io 0 .4 8 0 .0 8 -0 .3 8 0 .7 8 0 .1 7 0 .5 3 0 .0 1 0 .3 7 -2 .1 5 0 .4 3 0 .0 1 0 .4 2 -0 .1 3 0 .8 4 -1 2 1 9 9 1 2 (0 .2 2 ) -0 .0 0 5 0 .6 1 -3 .6 4 0 .2 7 -0 .7 5 0 .0 7 -0 .1 9 0 .0 5 0 .2 2 0 .8 9 -0 .0 6 0 .0 5 -3 .7 5 0 .3 7 -8 6 7 0 .6 -0 .3 1 0 .4 6 -0 .0 5 0 .2 2 0 .0 4 0 .5 7 0 .0 4 0 .4 5 -0 .0 0 2 0 .9 5 1 2 1 .9 b . r a t e b . s iz e b c i t a x c u r . s t g . g d p in f l . m k t . s iz e p u b . d e b t . f d i e r n v o l g . r a t e n .d . t a x s l d . p r o f . r is k o f b r . s iz e s o l v . t a n g . t d r a t io s t d r a t io l t d r a t io d e r a t io source: calculated authors by using e-views 10 software sahoo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 1-15 9 table 3. correlation matrix of key variables b . r a t e 1 .0 0 b . s iz e -0 .2 9 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 b c i 0 .3 6 0 .0 0 -0 .5 2 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 t a x 0 .4 6 0 .0 0 -0 .5 9 0 .0 0 0 .2 9 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 c u r . s t g . -0 .3 5 0 .0 0 0 .3 9 0 .0 0 0 .0 6 0 .0 1 -0 .4 7 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 g d p 0 .4 2 0 .0 0 -0 .7 0 0 .0 0 0 .3 8 0 .0 0 0 .7 7 0 .0 0 -0 .3 6 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 in f l 0 .1 3 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 0 .3 6 -0 .1 6 0 .0 0 0 .1 6 0 .0 0 0 .7 9 0 .0 0 -0 .0 0 4 0 .8 6 1 .0 0 m k t s iz e -0 .3 0 0 .0 0 0 .3 5 0 .0 0 0 .2 1 0 .0 0 -0 .5 1 0 .0 0 0 .8 9 0 .0 0 -0 .3 3 0 .0 0 -0 .6 5 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 p u b . d b t -0 .3 6 0 .0 0 -0 .3 9 0 .0 0 -0 .3 3 0 .0 0 0 .0 9 0 .0 0 -0 .3 1 0 .0 0 -0 .0 7 0 .0 0 0 .0 5 0 .0 3 -0 .4 2 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 f d i -0 .4 0 0 .0 0 0 .7 4 0 .0 0 -0 .2 9 0 .0 0 -0 .6 5 0 .0 0 0 .7 1 0 .0 0 -0 .6 6 0 .0 0 0 .4 1 0 .0 0 0 .7 5 0 .0 0 -0 .2 5 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 e r n v o l -0 .0 3 0 .2 4 0 .0 6 0 .0 2 0 .0 6 0 .0 1 -0 .1 3 0 .0 0 0 .1 9 0 .0 0 -0 .0 6 0 .0 0 -0 .1 4 0 .0 0 0 .2 4 0 .0 0 -0 .1 2 0 .0 0 0 .1 6 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 g . r a t e 0 .1 3 0 .0 0 -0 .1 9 0 .0 0 0 .1 4 0 .0 0 0 .1 2 0 .0 0 -0 .2 1 0 .0 0 0 .1 7 0 .0 0 0 .1 3 0 .0 0 -0 .1 3 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 0 .5 4 -0 .2 1 0 .0 0 0 .1 1 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 n .d . t a x s l d . 0 .0 0 0 0 .9 7 -0 .0 5 0 .0 3 0 .0 3 0 .2 2 0 .0 4 0 .1 2 0 .0 2 0 .3 6 0 .0 2 0 .3 4 -0 .0 3 0 .2 4 0 .0 1 0 .7 5 0 .0 3 0 .1 6 -0 .0 2 0 .4 1 -0 .0 2 0 .2 7 0 .0 0 4 0 .8 7 1 .0 0 p r o f . 0 .0 8 0 .0 0 -0 .1 1 0 .0 0 0 .0 6 0 .0 0 0 .0 8 0 .0 0 -0 .1 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 9 0 .0 0 0 .0 6 0 .0 0 -0 .0 8 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 0 .7 7 -0 .1 2 0 .0 0 0 .4 6 0 .0 0 0 .2 1 0 .0 0 -0 .0 3 0 .2 7 1 .0 0 r is k o f b r . 0 .0 1 0 .6 5 -0 .0 3 0 .1 6 0 .0 9 0 .0 0 0 .0 2 0 .4 1 0 .0 9 0 .0 0 0 .0 4 0 .1 1 -0 .0 9 0 .0 0 0 .1 0 0 .0 0 -0 .0 6 0 .0 1 0 .0 3 0 .1 3 0 .1 1 0 .0 0 0 .0 6 0 .0 2 -0 .0 0 3 0 .8 7 -0 .2 5 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 s iz e -0 .0 6 0 .0 1 0 .0 8 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 0 .6 4 -0 .0 6 0 .0 1 0 .0 7 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 0 .6 4 -0 .0 9 0 .0 0 0 .1 4 0 .0 0 -0 .0 7 0 .0 0 -0 .0 9 0 .0 0 0 .1 4 0 .0 0 -0 .0 2 0 .4 9 0 .1 0 0 .0 0 -0 .1 2 0 .0 0 0 .1 6 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 s o l v . -0 .0 3 0 .1 9 0 .0 2 0 .4 1 -0 .0 1 0 .5 7 -0 .0 3 0 .1 9 0 .0 2 0 .4 1 -0 .0 2 0 .3 5 0 .0 1 0 .6 0 0 .0 1 0 .7 5 -0 .0 0 1 0 .9 6 0 .0 1 0 .7 0 0 .1 4 0 .0 0 -0 .0 1 0 .5 4 -0 .0 3 0 .2 7 0 .0 1 0 .5 4 0 .2 1 5 0 .0 0 0 .1 1 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 t a n g . -0 .0 4 0 .1 1 0 .0 3 0 .2 7 -0 .0 1 0 .5 5 -0 .0 4 0 .1 2 0 .0 3 0 .2 7 -0 .0 2 0 .3 4 0 .0 1 0 .7 0 -0 .0 0 2 0 .9 4 0 .0 2 0 .4 4 -0 .0 7 0 .0 0 -0 .0 2 0 .4 3 -0 .0 2 0 .4 3 0 .0 6 0 .0 1 0 .0 3 0 .1 6 -0 .0 2 0 .4 1 -0 .0 3 0 .2 7 0 .0 0 4 0 .8 7 1 .0 0 t d r a t io -0 .0 0 3 0 .8 9 -0 .0 5 0 .0 4 -0 .0 5 0 .0 2 -0 .0 0 3 0 .8 8 -0 .0 5 0 .0 4 0 .0 0 3 0 .8 9 0 .1 1 0 .0 0 -0 .1 3 0 .0 0 0 .1 1 0 .0 0 0 .1 1 0 .0 0 -0 .2 5 0 .0 0 -0 .0 3 0 .2 2 -0 .0 1 0 .7 5 0 .0 1 0 .7 7 -0 .1 2 0 .0 0 0 .4 6 0 .0 0 0 .2 1 0 .0 0 -0 0 .3 0 .2 7 1 .0 0 s t d r a t io -0 .0 3 0 .1 8 0 .0 5 0 .0 4 -0 .0 1 0 .6 9 -0 .0 3 0 .1 8 0 .0 5 0 .0 4 -0 .0 7 0 .0 0 -0 .0 4 0 .0 6 0 .0 6 0 .0 0 -0 .0 1 0 .7 5 0 .0 7 0 .0 0 -0 .1 7 0 .0 0 -0 .0 9 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 0 .5 4 -0 .0 6 0 .0 1 0 .0 3 0 .1 3 0 .1 1 0 .0 0 0 .0 5 0 .0 1 -0 .0 0 4 0 .8 7 0 .3 1 1 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 l t d r a t io 0 .0 4 0 .1 1 -0 .1 4 0 .0 0 -0 .0 8 0 .0 0 0 .0 4 0 .1 1 -0 .1 4 0 .0 0 0 .1 0 0 .0 0 0 .2 4 0 .0 0 -0 .3 0 0 .0 0 0 .1 9 0 .0 0 -0 .2 2 0 .0 0 -0 .2 1 0 .0 0 0 .0 9 0 .0 0 -0 .0 3 0 .1 7 -0 .0 6 0 .0 1 0 .1 2 0 .0 0 0 .1 0 0 .0 0 -0 .0 2 0 .4 9 0 .1 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 8 0 .0 0 0 .3 8 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 sahoo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 1-15 10 d e r a t io 0 .0 4 0 .0 9 -0 .0 1 0 .7 7 0 .0 1 0 .0 0 0 .0 4 0 .0 9 -0 .0 1 0 .7 6 0 .0 2 0 .4 2 -0 .0 0 5 0 .8 4 -0 .0 3 0 .2 3 -0 .0 1 0 .6 1 -0 .0 3 0 .2 7 -0 .0 4 0 .0 7 -0 .0 4 0 .5 0 .0 0 2 0 .8 9 -0 .0 0 0 0 .9 6 0 .0 1 0 .7 0 0 .1 4 0 .0 0 -0 .0 1 0 .5 4 0 .0 3 0 .2 7 0 .1 1 0 .0 0 -0 .0 4 0 .0 9 -0 .0 6 0 .0 1 1 .0 0 b . r a t e b . s iz e b c i t a x c u r . s t g . g d p in f l . m k t . s iz e p u b . d e b t . f d i e r n v o l g . r a t e n .d . t a x s l d . p r o f . r is k o f b r . s iz e s o l v . t a n g . t d r a t io s t d r a t io l t d r a t io d e r a t io source: calculated authors by using e-views 10 software table 4. variance inflation factor of independent variables after removing bank size and currency strength source: calculated authors by using e-views 10 software test of stationarity of key variables the concept of unit root is normally used in the case of time series analysis, but nowadays, it is also of similar importance in panel data analysis. there are several tests to check the unit root in the data set. this research uses the levin, lin, and chu tests, which give a better approximation in the case of panel data analysis. the results of the levin, lin, and chu tests presented in table 5 indicate that all the firm-specific and capital structure variables are stationary at level except firm size, which is stationary at first difference. on the other hand, macroeconomic variables such as bank rate, bci, market size, and public debt are stationary at this level. in contrast, other macroeconomic variables are stationary at the first difference. table 5. test of stationarity of key variables variables levin, lin & chu test statistic (p-value) result bank rate -3.264 (0.0005) stationary at level bci -30.910 (0.0000) stationary at level corporate tax 44.732 (1.0000) stationary at first difference gdp growth rate 81.658 (1.0000) stationary at first difference inflation 6.045 (1.0000) stationary at first difference market size -3.424 (0.0003) stationary at level public debt -20.882 (0.0000) stationary at level fdi -0.251 (0.4009) stationary at first difference earning volatility -3.273 (0.0005) stationary at level growth rate -12.712 (0.0000) stationary at level non-debt tax shield -21.162 (0.0000) stationary at level profitability -11.345 (0.0000) stationary at level risk of bankruptcy -3.595 (0.0002) stationary at level size -0.235 (0.4069) stationary at first difference solvency -3.430 (0.0003) stationary at level tangibility -3.977 (0.0000) stationary at level long-term debt ratio -32.355 (0.0000) stationary at level short-term debt ratio -6.304 (0.0000) stationary at level total debt ratio -9.940 (0.0000) stationary at level source: calculated authors by using e-views 10 software autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity test the durbin-watson (d-w) test was utilized to examine autocorrelation or serial correlation, while the likelihood statistics were employed to assess heteroskedasticity. table 6 presents the results of these assumption tests for all three models employed in this study. the d-w statistics yield values of 0.704, 0.445, and 0.577 for the long-term debt ratio, short-term debt ratio, and total debt ratio models, respectively, significantly lower than the standard value of 2.00. this indicates the presence of serial correlation issues across all models. additionally, the likelihood test rejects the null hypothesis of homoscedasticity at a 1 percent significance level with a probability value of 0.00 for all three models, indicating the presence of heteroskedasticity problems. given the presence of serial correlation and heteroskedasticity issues in the models, relying on the static panel regression model may yield non-robust results. to address these concerns, this study transitions to a dynamic panel regression model capable of mitigating these issues. v if 2 .2 4 4 2 .6 7 8 3 .3 9 0 4 .0 1 6 2 .7 3 3 9 .0 6 4 2 .6 1 1 6 .5 0 6 1 .4 5 2 1 .1 2 0 1 .0 2 4 1 .5 5 1 1 .3 3 6 1 .2 3 1 .1 3 0 1 .1 5 1 v a r ia b l e s b a n k r a t e b c i c o r p . t a x g d p g r . in f l m k t s iz e p u b d e b t f d i e r n v o l g . r a t e n .d . t a x s l d p r o f r is k o f b r s iz e s o l v e n c y t a n g sahoo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 1-15 11 table 6. durbin watson test for serial correlation and likelihood ratio test for heteroskedasticity model d-w test statistics for serial correlation likelihood ratio test statistics for heteroskedasticity cross-section lr value (p-value) period lr value (p-value) model 1: long-term debt ratio 0.704 2011.084 (0.000) 558.339 (0.000) model 2: short-term debt ratio 0.445 3806.43 (0.000) 1598.42 (0.000) model 3: total debt ratio 0.577 2459.77 (0.000) 723.24 (0.000) source: calculated authors by using e-views 10 software the difference gmm model for long-term debt ratio table 7 highlights the result of the difference in the gmm model for long-term debt ratio and sargan j statistics for model fitness. the long-term debt ratio model shows that the lag1 and lag2 of the dependent variable have a significant impact on the long-term debt ratio. in macroeconomic variables, all the variables significantly impact the long-term debt ratio except market size. more specifically, corporate tax, business confidence index, and fdi have negative influences, while bank rate, gdp, inflation, and public debt positively impact long-term leverage. likewise, firm-specific variables such as earning volatility, size, solvency, and tangibility have a significant positive impact. still, growth rate, profitability, and risk of bankruptcy have a significant negative impact on long-term leverage. the result also found an insignificant impact of the non-dent tax shield on the leverage ratio. sargan j statistics were used to check the instruments' robustness, and the result indicates that all the instruments are exogenous with a high p-value of 0.391. table 7. difference gmm model for long-term debt ratio variables coefficient t-statistics p-value l-t debt ratio lag 1 0.786 208.00 0.000** l-t debt ratio lag 2 0.076 43.11 0.000** bank rate 0.005 19.827 0.000** bci -0.004 -9.33 0.000** corporate tax -0.072 -5.58 0.000** gdp growth rate 0.120 9.133 0.000** inflation 0.003 18.602 0.000** market size -0.000 -0.206 0.795 public debt 0.442 27.416 0.000** fdi -0.0004 -10.98 0.000** earning volatility 0.002 4.321 0.000** growth rate -0.007 -8.303 0.000** non-debt tax shield -0.0001 -1.420 0.155 profitability -0.045 -10.036 0.000** risk of bankruptcy -0.0002 -3.062 0.002** size 0.000 1.687 0.091* solvency 0.012 10.976 0.000** tangibility 0.087 13.351 0.000** j-statistics: 104.30 p-value:0.391 instruments used: 119 source: calculated authors by using e-views 10 software the difference gmm model for short-term debt ratio table 8 shows the difference in the gmm model for the short-term debt ratio. the results indicate that the lag values of dependent variables significantly impact the short-term debt ratio. in macroeconomic variables, bank rate, bci, market size, and fdi have a significant positive impact, whereas gdp growth rate, inflation rate, and public debt have a significant negative impact on the short-term debt ratio. firm-specific factors such as growth rate, non-debt tax shield risk, and tangibility significantly positively impact the short-term debt ratio. on the other hand, profitability, size, and solvency significantly negatively impact the short-term leverage ratio. the j statistics indicate that all the instruments used in the models were exogenous, with a p-value of 0.219. table 8. difference gmm model for short-term debt ratio variables coefficient t-statistics p-value s-t debt ratio lag 1 0.817 187.29 0.000** s-t debt ratio lag 2 0.302 87.26 0.000** bank rate 0.004 9.548 0.000** bci 0.004 8.542 0.000** corporate tax -0.183 -8.694 0.000** gdp growth rate -0.219 -8.694 0.000** inflation -0.001 -4.901 0.000** market size 0.000 10.489 0.000** public debt -0.024 -1.180 0.238 sahoo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 1-15 12 fdi -0.0004 -3.609 0.000** earning volatility 0.001 1.725 0.085 growth rate 0.012 9.358 0.000** non-debt tax shield 0.0004 3.571 0.000** profitability -0.250 -26.198 0.000** risk of bankruptcy 0.0001 0.944 0.345 size 0.000 -3.271 0.001** solvency -0.011 -8.807 0.000** tangibility 0.019 2.480 0.013** j-statistics: 110.66 p-value:0.219 instruments used: 118 source: calculated authors by using e-views 10 software the difference gmm model for total debt ratio the outcome of model 3 presented in the following table 9 indicates that, like the first two models, the lag value of the dependent variable has a significant positive impact on the total debt ratio. likewise, public debt, bank rate, and market size have a significant positive impact on the dependent variable, whereas corporate tax, gdp growth rate, inflation rate, and fdi have a significant negative impact on the total debt ratio. in fir-specific factors, earning volatility, non-debt tax shield, and tangibility have a significant positive impact on the total leverage, while growth rate in sales, size of the firm, and profitability have a negative impact on the total leverage. the overall exogeneity of the instruments used in the model was tested using sargan j statistics and found to be exogenous with a p-value of 0.413. table 9. difference gmm model for total debt ratio variables coefficient t-statistics p-value t debt ratio lag 1 0.844 121.91 0.000** t debt ratio lag 2 0.259 54.436 0.000** bank rate 0.002 5.327 0.000** bci 0.000 -0.111 0.911** corporate tax -0.113 -4.175 0.000** gdp growth rate -0.329 -8.885 0.000** inflation -0.003 -8.286 0.000** market size 0.000 9.915 0.000** public debt 0.330 12.90 0.000** fdi -0.001 -8.277 0.000** earning volatility 0.003 3.286 0.001** growth rate -0.001 -0.731 0.000** non-debt tax shield 0.0003 3.192 0.001** profitability -0.322 -20.401 0.000** risk of bankruptcy 0.000 0.278 0.781 size 0.000 -2.724 0.006** solvency -0.001 -1.325 0.185 tangibility 0.058 5.468 0.000** j-statistics: 102.45 p-value:0.413 instruments used: 118 source: calculated authors by using e-views 10 software discussions the findings of the gmm model, which examines the drivers of the capital structure of indian automobile and automobile ancillary industries, indicate that both macroeconomic factors and firm-specific factors significantly influence the capital structure of these sectors. table 10 highlights the overall outcome of the different gmm models for long-term, short-term, and total debt ratios. the analysis reveals that the long-term leverage ratio is positively influenced by macroeconomic drivers, namely the bank rate, gdp growth rate, inflation rate, and public debt. these results align with the studies conducted by bokpin (2009) and tomschik (2015), reinforcing the assertion that favorable macroeconomic conditions encourage firms to increase their long-term borrowing. conversely, the gdp growth rate, inflation rate, and public debt negatively influence the short-term leverage ratio. these findings corroborate with prior research, suggesting that during periods of economic expansion and high inflation, firms prefer to reduce short-term debt to mitigate financial risk (bokpin, 2009). moreover, the study finds that both corporation tax and foreign direct investment (fdi) exert a noteworthy adverse influence on the leverage ratio, which aligns with the conclusions given by rehman (2016) and mokhova and zinecker (2014). this supports the widely held notion that a country's macroeconomic variables influence decisions about capital structure. when considering firm-specific factors, the profitability of the industries above has a significant and negative impact on the capital structure. this finding is consistent with the pecking order theory, where profitable firms prefer internal financing over debt (deesomsak et al., 2014; jaworski & czerwonka, 2021; chakrabarti & chakrabarti, 2019). on the other hand, asset tangibility has a beneficial effect on the capital structure, supporting the trade-off theory, which posits that firms with tangible assets have greater borrowing capacity (chakrabarti & chakrabarti, 2019). furthermore, firm size and sales growth rate have a negative impact on indian automobile and ancillary firms' capital structure decisions. these results are in line with previous studies by chakrabarti and chakrabarti (2019), chadha and sharma (2016), nha et al. sahoo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 1-15 13 (2016), malinic et al. (2013), and raza et al. (2021), which found that larger firms with higher growth prospects tend to rely less on debt financing due to better access to equity markets and internal funds. the findings of this study are consistent with existing literature on capital structure determinants. for instance, bokpin (2009) found similar positive impacts of macroeconomic conditions on long-term debt. the negative relationship between profitability and leverage observed in this study mirrors the results of deesomsak et al. (2014) and jaworski and czerwonka (2021), emphasizing the preference for internal financing in profitable firms. moreover, the adverse influence of corporation tax and fdi on leverage aligns with mokhova and zinecker (2014), who highlighted the negative impact of taxation and foreign investments on debt levels. the beneficial effect of asset tangibility on leverage corroborates with chakrabarti and chakrabarti (2019), supporting the trade-off theory. table 10. overall outcome of difference gmm model variables model 1: l-t debt ratio model 2: s-t debt ratio model 3: td ratio direction of impact sig. at 5% los direction of impact sig. at 5% los direction of impact sig. at 5% los lag 1 of dependent variable +ve sig. +ve sig. +ve sig. lag 2 of dependent variable +ve sig. +ve sig. +ve sig. bank rate +ve sig. +ve sig. +ve sig. bci -ve sig. +ve sig. -ve not sig. corporate tax -ve sig. -ve sig. -ve sig. gdp growth rate +ve sig. -ve sig. -ve sig. inflation +ve sig. -ve sig. -ve sig. market size -ve not sig. +ve sig. +ve sig. public debt +ve sig. -ve not sig. +ve sig. fdi -ve sig. -ve sig. -ve sig. earning volatility +ve sig. +ve not sig. +ve sig. growth rate -ve sig. +ve sig. -ve sig. non-debt tax shield -ve not sig. +ve sig. +ve sig. profitability -ve sig. -ve sig. -ve sig. risk of bankruptcy -ve sig. +ve not sig. +ve not sig. size +ve not sig. -ve sig. -ve sig. solvency +ve sig. -ve sig. -ve not sig. tangibility +ve sig. +ve sig. +ve sig. source: author’s own representation based on the above results the study suggests that both firm-specific and broader economic factors influence the capital structure choices made by indian automobile and auxiliary companies. additionally, the prior financing patterns of these companies also play a role in shaping their capital structure decisions. financial decision-makers operating within these sectors should consider the magnitude and nature of the association between macroeconomic variables (interest rates, gdp, inflation, fdi, and stock market development) and firm-specific factors (profitability, asset tangibility, size, risk of bankruptcy, and past financing patterns) when formulating capital structure decisions. the positive influence of macroeconomic factors on longterm leverage can be attributed to their stability and growth potential, encouraging firms to take on more debt for expansion. conversely, the negative impact of macroeconomic conditions on short-term leverage may be due to firms' preference for reducing short-term obligations during economic volatility to maintain liquidity and mitigate risk. future research could expand on this study by exploring the impact of additional macroeconomic variables, such as exchange rates and commodity prices, on capital structure decisions. additionally, a comparative analysis between different sectors within the indian economy could provide deeper insights into sector-specific capital structure dynamics. longitudinal studies examining the impact of economic cycles on capital structure choices also contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the determinants of capital structure in emerging markets. conclusions in conclusion, capital structure determinants are multifaceted and vary from sector to sector, country to country, and time to time. hence, the capital structure of indian automobile and automobile ancillary firms is affected by firm-specific and macroeconomic factors. in the dynamic business environment, where uncertainties are around while designing the capital structure of these two sectors, the financial manager must consider these factors to achieve the wealth maximization objective of the firm. moreover, the optimal capital structure decision is important for the indian automobile and automobile ancillary firms because the debt structure has a non-linear relationship. studying capital structure and a firm's value is a dynamic and complicated phenomenon that demands a nuanced approach. striking the right equilibrium requires a thorough understanding of the firm-specific as well as macroeconomic circumstances. in navigating these complexities, financial managers are pivotal in steering the firm towards optimal capital structure decisions that are positive for market value and the long-term sustainability of indian automobile and automobile ancillary firms. in the future, this type of research can be conducted by taking the whole manufacturing sector and world-level data. secondly, more macroeconomic variables like the political environment can be used for more robust findings. besides, the perceptions of finance managers of different firms collected through primary sources can be used to make the findings more applicable in a practical field. this study found that the capital structure of indian automobile and automobile ancillary firms is affected by both firm-specific as well as macroeconomic factors of the country. therefore, it is suggested to the financial decision-makers of these two sectors to consider the degree and direction of association of the macroeconomic determinants like interest rates, sahoo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 1-15 14 corporate tax, gdp, inflation, fdi, and the stock market development and firm-specific determinants like profitability, assets tangibility, size, risk of bankruptcy while making capital structure decisions. the financial managers may consider a conservative or aggressive approach to financing to find a balance between short-term leverage, long-term leverage, and equity financing depending on different economic conditions like interest rate, gdp growth rate, inflation rate, fdi inflow, and stock market development, which helps the firm achieve its wealth maximization objective. despite the valuable insights provided by this study, several limitations warrant consideration. firstly, the study's focus on the indian automotive industry may limit the generalizability of its findings to other industries or regions. future research could broaden the scope to include a more diverse range of sectors or conduct comparative studies across different countries to explore variations in capital structure determinants. secondly, the study predominantly utilizes secondary data, which may need to fully capture the qualitative aspects of firms' financial decision-making processes. incorporating primary data, such as surveys or interviews with financial managers, could provide a more nuanced understanding of the factors influencing capital structure choices. lastly, while this study considers a set of macroeconomic variables, it does not account for other potentially influential factors such as political stability, regulatory changes, or technological advancements. future research should consider these elements to offer a more comprehensive analysis. author contributions: conceptualization, t.k.s., a.y., n.b. and h.g.; methodology, t.k.s., a.y. and n.b.; software, t.k.s. and n.b.; validation, t.k.s., a.y. and n.b.; formal analysis, t.k.s., a.y. and n.b.; investigation, t.k.s., a.y. and n.b.; resources, t.k.s.; data curation, t.k.s. and n.b., writing – original draft preparation, t.k.s. and h.g.; writing – review & editing, n.b. and h.g.; visualization, t.k.s.; supervision, t.k.s. and a.y.; project administration, n.b. and h.g.; funding acquisition, t.k.s. author has read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. due to restrictions, they are not publicly available. conflicts of 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(2019). the determinants of leverage decisions: evidence from asian emerging markets. cogent economics & finance, 7(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2019.1598836 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971890720120203 https://doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-03-2012-0025 https://doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v9n1p31 https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071871 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405x(76)90026-x https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2018.10.007 http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v4n3p191 http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45234 https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/30868 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1809766 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1809167 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.897 https://doi.org/10.1177/097215091201300211 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405x(84)90023-0 https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.2.81 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1995.tb05184.x https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2018.07.001 https://doi.org/10.1108/03074351111103668 https://doi.org/10.2307/2328319 https://purl.utwente.nl/essays/67363 https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2019.1598836 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 19-28 19 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 5 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa rural indian health-care: assessing patient satisfaction using the servperf model ishanika chawngzikpuii (a)1 k lalromawia (b) (a) research scholar, department of management, mizoram university, india; e-mail: winniezikpui07@gmail.com (b) assistant professor, department of management, mizoram university, india; e-mail: lalromawia_kh@yahoo.co.in a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 19th july 2024 reviewed & revised: 19th july to 10th november 2024 accepted: 15th november 2024 published: 22nd november 2024 keywords: health-care service quality, servperf model, patient satisfaction, rural healthcare, primary health centers, service dimensions jel classification codes: i11, i18, m31, o15 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t the assessment of health-care service quality has evolved significantly, shifting from purely clinical metrics to encompass patient experiences and perceptions. this paradigm shift recognizes that patient viewpoints are crucial in evaluating and improving health-care services. however, there is a significant gap in understanding these perceptions in rural health-care settings, particularly in developing countries. this study addresses this gap by examining patient-perceived service quality in rural mizoram, india, employing the servperf model to assess primary health centers (phcs). the study examines patient satisfaction, and a survey of 200 patients from 7 primary health centers was conducted to assess perceptions of service quality across five dimensions: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. analysis revealed generally positive perceptions among the respondents. the assurance dimension scored highest (m = 3.958), emphasizing the importance of staff knowledge and trustworthiness. strong positive correlations were found between all dimensions (r > 0.3, p < 0.01). binary logistic regression indicated all dimensions significantly predicted overall service quality (p < 0.001), with tangibles showing the most substantial effect (exp(β) = 3.501). these findings highlight the multifaceted nature of health-care service quality and suggest that while patients value competent and empathetic care, the physical environment significantly influences overall quality perceptions. the study provides insights for health-care managers in rural settings to enhance service quality through a holistic approach addressing clinical and non-clinical patient care aspects. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction the evolution of quality management has witnessed a significant shift from a product-centric approach to a service-oriented perspective, where goods are now viewed as components within a broader service framework (dobrzykowski et al., 2014). this transformation underscores the growing importance of service quality across various industries, including health-care. consequently, customer perceptions of service quality have become critical in evaluating health-care quality. given the complexities due to the nature of services, an emphasis on conceptualizing, designing and monitoring service quality is crucial for business success in the service industry. high-quality service offers strategic advantages such as cost reduction, improved return on investment and enhanced productivity (gijsenberg et al., 2015). there has been an increasing focus on patient-centered care in the health-care sector. as saravanan and rao (2007) note, service organizations have started to focus on customer perceptions of service quality as it helps to develop strategies that can lead to customer satisfaction. this shift has increased the emphasis on understanding and measuring patient perceptions of health-care quality. literature and organizational practices widely support implementing quality measurement systems to enhance hospital quality and patient safety (drotz & poksinska, 2014; gustavsson, 2014; world health organization, 2003). patient perceptions and expectations regarding hospital service quality significantly impact outcomes, profitability, effectiveness, and overall performance. measuring and improving service quality has become imperative in the rapidly evolving and competitive health-care landscape. patient perceptions of service quality are at the forefront of health-care evaluation, particularly in developing countries like india (k. s. et al., 2023). research findings indicate that service quality in the indian healthcare context is often found to be unsatisfactory, with differences in preferences between urban and rural patients (pramanik, 2016). the emphasis on patient-centered care by engaging rural residents in health-care research has become increasingly critical in rural health-care settings to understand their perspective and improve care delivery(levy et al., 2017), where resources are 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0001-7551-2500 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i5.2253 to cite this article: chawngzikpuii, i., & lalromawia, k. (2024). rural indian health-care: assessing patient satisfaction using the servperf model. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(5), 19-28. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i5.2253 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i5.2253 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7551-2500 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0417-8781 chawngzikpuii & lalromawia, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 19-28 20 often limited and access to quality health-care particularly in reproductive health services can be challenging (faccio et al., 2023). in the context of rural india, specifically mizoram, there is a pressing need to assess and improve health-care service quality systematically. while globally accepted measurement tools exist to study service quality, they may need to provide more relevant results for individual providers (swinehart & smith, 2004). multiple studies have identified crucial service quality dimensions, including clinical services, diagnostic services, administrative services, and interpersonal aspects of care, such as care-provider interaction (k. s. et al., 2023; johnson & russell, 2015), affecting patient satisfaction. studies found that patient satisfaction with service quality was positively correlated with treatment adherence and overall health outcomes (pasaribu et al., 2022; leon et al., 2019; islam et al., 2023). this study aims to identify significant predictors of perceived service quality in public primary health centers (phcs) in rural mizoram, india, using the servperf measurement approach. the subsequent sections of this article will proceed as follows: first, a focused literature review will examine relevant studies on health-care service quality in rural settings. the methodology section will detail the servperf approach, sampling strategy, and data collection methods employed. results will be presented, followed by a discussion contextualizing the findings within existing literature. the conclusion will address implications for health-care practice and policy in rural india, emphasizing the potential for targeted interventions to enhance service quality in resource-constrained settings. literature review service marketing, particularly in health-care, has gained significant attention in recent years due to its unique challenges and impact on patient outcomes. this review examines the main concepts, models, and recent developments in health-care service quality, focusing on their applicability in rural settings. as defined by bloom and perry (2001), service marketing is carried out with or without selling a product but with specific indicators and actions to satisfy the customer. the health-care sector presents distinct challenges in this domain, given the complexity of medical services and the emotional nature of health-related decisions (berry & bendapudi, 2007; muhib et al., 2021). understanding patient needs and effectively communicating the value of health-care services are crucial aspects of health-care service marketing (thomas, 2005; syfuddin, 2022; akhter, 2021). several models have been developed to conceptualize and measure health-care service quality. the servqual model, introduced by parasuraman et al. (1988), measures service quality across five dimensions: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. while widely applied, this model has faced criticism for its focus on expectation-perception gaps. grönroos (1984) proposed a model that distinguishes between technical quality in terms of what is delivered and functional quality in terms of how service is delivered in health-care services. the donabedian (1988) model offers a framework for assessing health-care quality through structure, process, and outcome measures. the servperf (service performance) model, developed by cronin and taylor (1992), has gained prominence in health-care service quality research, particularly for its applicability in rural settings. this model focuses solely on performance perceptions, eliminating the expectation component of servqual. jain and gupta (2004) highlight the simplicity and efficiency of servperf, making it especially valuable in resource-limited rural environments. the conceptualization of health-care service quality has undergone substantial transformation, moving from traditional expectation-based models to more nuanced, performance-focused approaches. contemporary research indicates that patient-perceived health-care quality encompasses multiple dimensions, with primary care quality significantly influenced by staff behavior, organizational accessibility, and financial considerations (servetkienė et al., 2023; edeh et al., 2023; hari et al., 2021; zayed et al., 2022). while the servqual model has historically been prominent in quality assessment, as pramanik (2016) and sangode (2021) noted, recent studies suggest its limitations in capturing the complexity of health-care services, particularly in developing nations. studies by upadhyai et al. (2020) found that the dimensionality of health-care service quality is context-specific, with patients weighing different aspects differently. their research also indicates a growing preference for perception-only measures over gap score-based models in health-care quality evaluation. rural health-care settings present distinct challenges that necessitate specialized approaches to quality measurement. rural health-care facilities frequently need more infrastructure, medical equipment shortages, and resources for personalized care. han et al. (2023) documented that these limitations significantly impact service delivery quality and patient satisfaction. physical accessibility emerges as a primary concern in rural health care. rossi et al. (2024) and letheren et al. (2024) highlight how distance to services and transportation challenges substantially affect care utilization. hailemariam et al. (2021) specifically noted that mothers' perceptions of physical accessibility and service quality, along with education level and antenatal care attendance, are associated with skilled delivery service utilization in rural areas. cultural competence is crucial in health-care delivery, particularly in rural settings. research by kumar and kumar (2022) emphasizes the importance of building trust and understanding local community contexts for adequate service provision. this is especially relevant for tribal populations who face significant challenges in accessing primary health-care, including inadequate infrastructure, staff shortages and high out-of-pocket expenses. studies by warr et al. (2021) highlight the complexities of implementing technological solutions like telehealth in rural areas, noting the importance of considering socio-technical factors and community engagement in service design. contemporary studies support the effectiveness of performance-based measurement tools, particularly servperf, in assessing health-care service quality. duc thanh et al. (2023) validated a modified servperf tool in a vietnamese oncology hospital, demonstrating high reliability and validity. ha et al. (2022) confirmed servperf's validity in an academic context. however, endeshaw (2019) and endeshaw (2021) argue that generic models may only partially capture health-care quality in developing countries, suggesting the need for context-specific measures. this perspective is further chawngzikpuii & lalromawia, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 19-28 21 supported by akdere et al. (2020), who found all five servperf dimensions significantly related to overall service quality in a turkish hospital context. recent research has highlighted several innovative approaches to improving rural health-care quality. these include implementing technological solutions, developing community-based health teams, and focusing on capacity building. fagnan et al. (2021) demonstrated significant improvements in quality improvement capacity when rural primary care practices received external practice facilitation support. additionally, atmore et al. (2023) identified nine principles for high-quality rural health-care, emphasizing patientcentered care and equity for indigenous people. halverson (2020) noted that while rural hospitals can deliver high-quality care, quality measures should be interpreted within the local community context and use appropriate risk adjustment. this aligns with herzog et al. (2020) proposed methodology for selecting appropriate measures for rural hospitals in global budget programs. murphy et al. (2019) emphasize that performance measurement systems for rural primary care need to consider the unique aspects of rural health-care delivery, such as differences in service access and types of services provided in non-rural settings. studies by sangode (2021) in india reveal that rural state-owned hospitals lack essential medical equipment and personalized patient care, highlighting persistent gaps in service quality, particularly in developing countries. despite these significant advances in understanding rural health-care quality, several critical gaps still need to be addressed in the literature. there needs to be more research on the effectiveness of adapted quality measurement tools in specific rural contexts, insufficient understanding of the relationship between perceived service quality and patient outcomes, and a need for more comprehensive studies on the impact of cultural and social factors on health-care quality perceptions. these gaps highlight the necessity for continued research in this area, particularly in understanding how traditional service quality models can be adapted for rural health-care settings. based on these identified gaps, this study aims to examine the applicability and effectiveness of an adapted servperf model in rural primary health centers of mizoram, focusing on context-specific quality dimensions and their impact on patient satisfaction. the following hypotheses are proposed: h1: the adapted servperf model demonstrates higher construct validity in rural health-care settings than traditional service quality measurement tools. h2: patient perceptions of service quality in rural phcs are significantly influenced by: h2a: health-care provider empathy and communication; h2b: facility infrastructure and resource availability; h2c: service accessibility and timeliness h3: a positive relationship exists between perceived service quality and patient satisfaction in rural phcs. materials and methods participant characteristics and sampling procedures this study involved 200 patients selected from seven primary health centers (phcs) in rural mizoram, a northeastern state in india. prior institutional approval was obtained from the health department and respective hospital administrations. most participants were outpatients seeking routine check-ups or treatments, with fewer facilities offering inpatient services. the limited availability of inpatient departments across the surveyed phcs necessitated this sampling approach. research design the study employed a cross-sectional survey design using the servperf scale to assess health-care service quality. the research framework measured patient perceptions across five dimensions: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. measures and instruments the primary instrument was the servperf scale, featuring five-point likert items (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). to ensure cultural appropriateness and accessibility, the scale underwent translation from english to mizo, the local language. the translation's validity was verified through feedback from a convenience sample of five health-care professionals at each phc, who assessed item relevance and clarity. the final version of the questionnaire was selfadministered to patients. the dependent variable overall service quality was dichotomized into 'low' (0) for scores between 1.00 and 3.00 and 'high' (1) for scores between 3.01 and 5.00, using the midpoint of the 5-point likert scale as the threshold (huang & li, 2010). this transformation allowed us to investigate which specific service quality aspects most strongly predict high overall quality perceptions data collection procedures the researchers collected primary data by distributing questionnaires in person to patients at their designated primary health-care centers (phcs). the survey process adhered to ethical guidelines, with proper permissions obtained from relevant authorities. health-care professionals at each center facilitated the data collection process, ensuring suitable administration of the translated instrument. statistical analysis the analysis comprised several statistical procedures, including reliability analysis: cronbach's alpha was calculated for the overall 22-item scale (α = 0.847) and individual subscales, demonstrating high internal consistency. descriptive statistics: means and standard deviations were computed for all service quality dimensions. correlation analysis: interrelationships among servperf dimensions were examined, revealing significant positive correlations (ranging from 0.303 to 0.828, p < 0.01) across all dimensions. binary logistic regression: to identify predictive relationships, overall service quality was dichotomized (low: 1.00-3.00; high: 3.01-5.00). the model showed a good fit (χ² = 324.186, p < 0.0001) chawngzikpuii & lalromawia, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 19-28 22 with cox & snell r-square of 0.478 and nagelkerke r-square of 0.637. all five dimensions significantly predicted high service quality (p < 0.001), with tangibles showing the most substantial effect (exp(β) = 3.501). at the item level, 18 of 22 items were significant predictors (p < 0.05), with modern equipment (p1) having the highest impact (exp(β) = 1.368). results table 1. demographics of participants (n = 200) characteristics particulars frequency percentage gender male female 61 139 30.5% 69.5% age 18-25 years 26-32 years 33-39 years 40-46 years 47-53 years 54-60 years above 60 years 17 19 37 52 36 22 17 8.5% 9.5% 18.5% 26% 18% 11% 8.5% level of education no formal education primary middle high school higher secondary graduate post graduate 4 25 88 53 19 10 1 2% 12.5% 44% 26.5% 9.5% 5% 0.5% table 2. means, standard deviations, reliabilities items, and dimensions of servperf items in each dimension mean std deviation tangibles physical facilities at the phc/dh is virtually appealing 3.8600 .60093 staff of phc/dh is neat in appearance 4.0080 .33490 medical team follows the proper dress code 3.8980 .49405 the phc/dh has modern-looking equipment 2.9100 .96112 reliability phc/dh provides its service at the time it promises to do so 3.9920 .26091 procedures and treatment are performed in a timely 3.9700 .29880 phc/dh provides error-free/accurate records 3.9780 .31893 phc/dh are sympathetic and assuring when patients have problems 3.9780 .30611 phc/dh is dependable. efforts are made to follow appropriate treatment methods 3.9880 .26833 responsiveness the phc/dh doctors give prompt or quick service 3.8240 .62112 when patients have inquiries, the medical team sincerely responds to them 3.8060 .65515 staff of phc/dh inform the patients about when and how the service will be performed 3.8020 .53607 staff of phc/dh is polite and friendly 4.0200 .38457 assurance the phc/dh safely performs necessary treatment and procedures 3.9680 .35103 the staff of phc/dh have sufficient knowledge, skills, and training 4.0100 .24087 the phc/dh does not misdiagnose the patients 3.9360 .36902 adequate training and support is given to phc/dh staff to do their job well 3.9180 .36268 empathy the staff of phc/dh understands patient's needs 3.9940 .27950 the medical team is empathetic towards my needs and gives me individualized attention 3.9500 .38444 the operating hours of phc/dh is convenient for the patients 3.9520 .39243 the phc/dh is fair and just in its conduct 3.8300 .49151 the phc/dh has the best interest at heart when dealing with patients 3.8960 .51548 overall scale α = 0.847 85.488 4.93016 the servperf model analysis reveals imperative insights into patients' perceptions of service quality in healthcare settings. the highest-rated aspects of service quality centered around the medical staff's competence and interpersonal skills. patients particularly valued the knowledge of hospital staff (4.06 ± 0.995), feeling secure in their interactions (3.97 ± 1.033), and staff neatness (3.97 ± 1.062). additionally, patients appreciated staff who were sympathetic and reassuring (3.94 ± 1.060), polite (3.94 ± 1.075), and consistently willing to assist (3.93 ± 1.087). in contrast, the tangible aspects of the hospital environment received the lowest ratings. specifically, the visual appeal of physical facilities (2.88 ± 1.355) and the modernity of tools and equipment (2.94 ± 1.351) were perceived less favorably. the tangibles dimension overall scored the lowest (3.26) among the five service quality constructs, with a reliability score of r = .707. the analysis indicated strong correlations between the various dimensions of perceived service quality. significant correlations were present among the overall perceived service quality scores across all five dimensions, including tangibles, reliability, assurance, responsiveness, and empathy. examining the relative importance of different service quality dimensions, patients ranked responsiveness as the most crucial (3.93 ± 0.907), followed closely by assurance (3.90 ± 0.867), reliability (3.85 ± 0.885), empathy (3.83 ± 1.046). patients considered the tangibles dimension (3.26 ± 1.003) most negligible. chawngzikpuii & lalromawia, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 19-28 23 it is worth noting that while the tangibles dimension scored lowest, most other items in the survey were rated above average. the overall servperf mean was calculated at 3.76, indicating a generally positive perception of service quality across all dimensions. table 3. service quality correlation matrix: dimensions of servperf dimensions of servperf tangible s reliability responsiveness assurance empathy overall service quality tangibles r 1 reliability r .344** 1 responsiveness r .321** .617** 1 assurance r .303** .781** .498** 1 empathy r .305** .618** .560** .695** 1 overall service quality r .642** .828** .791** .801** .803** 1 *correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). table 3 presents pearson's correlation coefficients for the five dimensions of servperf and overall service quality. statistically significant positive correlations were observed at the 99% confidence level among all dimensions and overall service quality. the strongest inter-dimensional correlation was found between reliability and assurance (r = 0.781), suggesting that patients' perceptions of reliability are closely linked to their sense of assurance in health-care service quality. this relationship indicates that improvements in one of these areas will likely enhance perceptions of the other, thereby boosting overall service quality assessments. furthermore, substantial positive relationships were identified between empathy and assurance (r = 0.695), reliability and empathy (r = 0.618), and reliability and responsiveness (r = 0.617). while still significant, the tangibles dimension correlations were notably lower than other inter-dimensional correlations, ranging from r = 0.303 to r = 0.344. notably, all servperf dimensions showed strong correlations with overall service quality. the strongest correlation was between reliability and overall service quality (r = 0.828), closely followed by empathy (r = 0.803), assurance (r = 0.801), and responsiveness (r = 0.791). even tangibles, which had lower inter-dimensional correlations, strongly correlated with overall service quality (r = 0.642). these findings underscore the interconnected nature of service quality dimensions in health-care settings, particularly emphasizing the central role of reliability. they suggest that enhancements in service quality will likely have positive ripple effects across other dimensions, ultimately contributing to improved overall patient perceptions of service quality. the results also highlight the importance of all dimensions, including tangibles, in shaping overall service quality perceptions. table 4. predictors (dimensions of servperf) for high or low service quality. dimensions of servperf β std. error. wald sig. exp (β) tangibles 1.253 0.224 31.278 0.000 3.501 reliability 0.987 0.198 24.834 0.000 2.683 responsiveness 0.912 0.187 23.768 0.000 2.489 assurance 1.045 0.206 25.729 0.000 2.844 empathy 0.624 0.153 16.642 0.000 1.866 constant -8.756 1.124 60.721 0.000 0.000 model summary −2 log-likelihood: 268.432 cox & snell r square: 0.478 nagelkerke r square 0.637 omnibus tests of model coefficients model’s chi-square: 324.186 sig.(p) 0.00 table 4 shows that the binary logistic regression analysis of servperf dimensions and overall service quality scores yielded compelling results. the model's significant chi-square test (χ² = 324.186, p < 0.0001) indicated a robust fit. the cox & snell r-square suggested that nearly half (47.8%) of the variance in perceived service quality could be attributed to the model. the nagelkerke r-square (0.637) indicated a robust 63.7% relationship between servperf predictors and overall quality scores. all servperf dimensions emerged as highly significant predictors (p < 0.0001) of elevated perceived service quality. reliability demonstrated the most substantial impact, with a one-unit increase raising the odds of high overall quality by 3.501 times. empathy and assurance followed closely, exhibiting odds ratios of 2.844 and 2.683, respectively. responsiveness also showed a considerable effect (odds ratio: 2.489), while tangibles, though significant, had the least impact (odds ratio: 1.866). the model's predictive accuracy was noteworthy, correctly classifying 84.0% of cases and displaying high sensitivity (88.0%) in identifying superior service quality. these findings underscore the significance of all servperf dimensions in predicting high overall service quality, with reliability, empathy, and assurance exerting powerful influences. chawngzikpuii & lalromawia, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 19-28 24 table 5. predictors (items of servperf) for high or low service quality items of servperf β std. error wald sig. exp (β) tangibles 1.253 0.224 31.278 0.000* 3.501 p1. the phc/dh has modern-looking equipment 0.313 0.056 7.820 0.005* 1.368 p2. physical facilities at the phc/dh is virtually appealing 0.287 0.051 7.159 0.007* 1.332 p3. staff of phc/dh is neat in appearance 0.276 0.049 6.899 0.009* 1.318 p4. medical team follows the proper dress code 0.290 0.052 7.241 0.007* 1.336 reliability 0.987 0.198 24.834 0.000* 2.683 p5. phc/dh provides its service at the time it promises to do so 0.197 0.040 4.967 0.026* 1.218 p6. procedures and treatment are performed in a timely 0.194 0.039 4.892 0.027* 1.214 p7. phc/dh provides error-free/accurate records 0.195 0.039 4.917 0.027* 1.215 p8. phc/dh are sympathetic and assuring when patients have problems 0.195 0.039 4.917 0.027* 1.215 p9. phc/dh is dependable efforts are made to follow appropriate treatment methods 0.196 0.039 4.942 0.026* 1.216 responsiveness 0.912 0.187 23.768 0.000* 2.489 p10. the phc/dh doctors give prompt or quick service 0.228 0.047 5.942 0.015* 1.256 p11. when patients have inquiries, the medical team sincerely responds to them 0.225 0.046 5.864 0.015* 1.252 p12. staff of phc/dh inform the patients about when and how the service will be performed 0.225 0.046 5.864 0.015* 1.252 p13. staff of phc/dh is polite and friendly 0.234 0.048 6.095 0.014* 1.264 assurance 1.045 0.206 25.729 0.000* 2.844 p14. the phc/dh safely performs necessary treatment and procedures 0.260 0.051 6.432 0.011* 1.297 p15. the staff of phc/dh have sufficient knowledge, skills, and training 0.263 0.052 6.506 0.011* 1.301 p16. the phc/dh does not misdiagnose the patients 0.258 0.051 6.383 0.012* 1.294 p17. adequate training and support is given to phc/dh staff to do their job well 0.257 0.051 6.358 0.012* 1.293 empathy 0.624 0.153 16.642 0.000* 1.866 p18. the staff of phc/dh understands patient's needs 0.125 0.031 3.328 0.068 1.133 p19. the medical team is empathetic towards my needs and gives me individualized attention 0.123 0.030 3.281 0.070 1.131 p20. the operating hours of phc/dh is convenient for the patients 0.124 0.030 3.301 0.069 1.132 p21. the phc/dh is fair and just in its conduct 0.119 0.029 3.174 0.075 1.126 p22. the phc/dh has the best interest at heart when dealing with patients 0.121 0.030 3.227 0.072 1.129 constant -8.756 1.124 60.721 0.000* 0.000 model summary -2 log-likelihood: 268.432 cox & snell r square: 0.478 nagelkerke r square: 0.637 omnibus tests of model coefficients model's chi-square: 324.186 sig.(p): 0.000 the binary logistic regression analysis for predicting high and low overall service quality scores based on individual servperf items is presented in table 5. the model demonstrates a good fit, as evidenced by the chi-square test (χ² = 324.186, p < 0.0001). the cox & snell r-square suggests that this logistic model accounts for 47.8% of the variance in service quality (high or low). furthermore, the nagelkerke r-square of 0.637 indicates a moderately strong relationship, with 63.7% of the variation in the outcome explained by the predictors (servperf items). our analysis reveals that all five dimensions of servperf (tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy) are significant predictors of high overall service quality (p < 0.001 for all dimensions). among these, tangibles show the strongest effect, with an odds ratio (exp(β)) of 3.501. this means that for each unit increase in the tangibles score, the odds of high overall service quality increase by 250.1%, holding other factors constant. the item with the highest individual impact is p1 ("the phc/dh has modern-looking equipment"), with an odds ratio of 1.368. this suggests that when the score for modern equipment increases by one unit, the odds of high overall service quality increase by 36.8%, assuming other factors remain constant. conversely, the item with the lowest individual impact is p21 ("the phc/dh is fair and just in its conduct"), with an odds ratio of 1.126. this indicates that a one-unit increase in the fairness score is associated with a 12.6% increase in the odds of high overall service quality, all else equal. these findings highlight the relative importance of tangible aspects of service quality, particularly modern equipment, in predicting overall service quality perceptions in this health-care setting. however, it is crucial to note that all dimensions contribute significantly to the model, underscoring the multifaceted nature of service quality in health-care. h1 was strongly supported through multiple indicators of construct validity. the adapted servperf model demonstrated robust psychometric properties with high internal consistency (cronbach's α = 0.847) and significant inter-dimensional correlations (r = .303 to .781, p < .01). the model's predictive solid capability was evidenced by the logistic regression results (χ² = 324.186, p < .0001), explaining 63.7% of the variance in overall service quality (nagelkerke r² = 0.637). these findings collectively validate the servperf model's appropriateness for measuring service quality in rural health-care settings. h2a was supported, with health-care provider empathy and communication emerging as significant predictors of service quality. the empathy dimension showed a strong correlation with overall service quality (r = .803, p < .01) and significantly predicted high service quality (exp(β) = 1.866, p < .001). staff knowledge and skills received high mean ratings (m = 4.0100, sd = 0.24087), indicating patients' positive perceptions of provider competence and communication. h2b was strongly supported, with facility infrastructure and resource availability emerging as the strongest predictors of service quality. the tangibles dimension, although receiving lower mean scores (m = 3.4190, sd = 0.59775), chawngzikpuii & lalromawia, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 19-28 25 showed the highest predictive power in the logistic regression (exp(β) = 3.501, p < .001). modern equipment emerged as the most influential individual item (exp(β) = 1.368, p = .005), highlighting the critical role of physical infrastructure in service quality perceptions. h2c was supported through significant findings related to service accessibility and timeliness. the responsiveness dimension showed a strong correlation with overall service quality (r = .791, p < .01) and significantly predicted high service quality (exp(β) = 2.489, p < .001). timely service delivery received positive ratings (m = 3.9700, sd = 0.29880), indicating patients' satisfaction with service accessibility and promptness. h3 was partially supported through indirect evidence. while direct satisfaction measures were not included, the strong positive correlations between all servperf dimensions and overall service quality (r = .642 to .828, p < .01) suggest a positive relationship between service quality and patient satisfaction. the high mean scores across dimensions (ranging from 3.8 to 4.0) and significant predictive relationships in the logistic regression model indicate that better service quality is associated with more favorable patient perceptions, implying higher satisfaction levels. a direct assessment of patient satisfaction levels would be necessary to validate this hypothesis. discussions analyzing service quality in the health-care setting using the servperf model reveals insightful patterns. the mean scores across all dimensions (tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy) consistently fall between 3.8 and 4.0, indicating generally positive perceptions of service quality. notably, the assurance dimension, encompassing staff knowledge and ability to inspire trust, received the highest mean score (3.9580), underscoring its crucial role in health-care service quality. the strong positive correlations observed between all servperf dimensions (r > 0.3, p < 0.01) suggest a synergistic relationship, where improvements in one aspect of service quality may positively influence others. the binary logistic regression results further illuminate the predictive power of these dimensions for overall service quality. all five dimensions emerged as significant predictors (p < 0.001), with tangibles exhibiting the most substantial effect (exp(β) = 3.501). this finding highlights the importance of physical evidence in shaping patients' perceptions of service quality, which health-care providers might sometimes overlook in favor of clinical aspects. overall, the findings suggest that while the physical aspects of health-care facilities are noticeable to patients, they place more value on the quality of human interactions and the competence of medical staff. health-care facilities should enhance staff competencies through training in medical knowledge, patient communication, and empathetic care while maintaining adequate physical infrastructure. while this research provides valuable insights into patient perceptions of health-care service quality in rural mizoram, it is essential to acknowledge its limitations. the study's focus on a specific geographic area may limit the generalizability of its findings to other rural settings or health-care systems. while sufficient for statistical analysis, the sample size of 200 patients may not fully capture the diversity of patient experiences across all rural areas of mizoram or india. in addition to this, the study provides a snapshot of patient perceptions taken at a single point in time, potentially missing temporal variations in service quality or patient satisfaction. response bias such as social desirability bias or recall bias may also be introduced due to the dependence on self-reported data through surveys. furthermore, while the servperf model is widely accepted, it may not capture all nuances of health-care quality specific to rural indian contexts. future research could benefit from longitudinal designs, larger sample sizes across diverse rural settings, and mixed-method approaches incorporating qualitative data to provide a more comprehensive understanding of patient perceptions and health-care service quality in rural areas. by focusing on these areas, rural healthcare providers can work towards enhancing overall service quality, ultimately leading to improved patient satisfaction and health outcomes. it is vital to note that improvements should be tailored to the specific context and resources of each rural health-care setting. conclusions this study demonstrates the multifaceted nature of service quality in health-care settings and the utility of the servperf model in capturing these nuances. the consistently high mean scores across all dimensions indicate a generally satisfactory level of service quality but also point to areas for potential improvement. the strong inter-dimensional correlations underscore the interconnected nature of service quality aspects, suggesting that a holistic approach to service improvement may be most effective. the regression analysis reveals that while all servperf dimensions significantly predict overall service quality, tangible aspects such as modern equipment and appealing physical facilities have a particularly robust influence. this finding challenges the notion that clinical competence alone determines health-care service quality and emphasizes the role of the services cape in shaping patient perceptions. the findings of this study have several significant implications for health-care management and policy. firstly, the strong predictive power of the tangibles dimension suggests that health-care providers should be aware of the impact of their physical environment and equipment on patient perceptions. investments in modern, visually appealing facilities may yield significant returns in terms of perceived service quality. secondly, the high correlations between dimensions imply that improvements in one area of service quality could have ripple effects across others. this suggests that targeted interventions have broader impacts than anticipated, offering an efficient approach to quality improvement. thirdly, while assurance received the highest mean score, there is still room for improvement across all dimensions. healthcare providers should consider comprehensive training programs that address clinical skills and interpersonal and service-oriented competencies. lastly, the significant predictive power of all servperf dimensions for overall service quality underscores the need for a balanced approach to quality improvement. health-care managers should avoid over-focusing on any single aspect of service quality at the expense of others. instead, they should strive for holistic enhancement strategies that address all dimensions of the patient experience. chawngzikpuii & lalromawia, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 19-28 26 author contributions: conceptualization, i.c. and k.l.; methodology, i.c. and k.l.; software, i.c.; validation, i.c. and k.l.; formal analysis, i.c. and k.l.; investigation, i.c.; resources, i.c.; data curation, i.c.; writing – original draft preparation, i.c. and k.l.; writing – review & editing, i.c. and k.l.; visualization, i.c.; supervision, k.l.; project administration, i.c.; funding acquisition, i.c. and k.l. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available 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(2022). the power of compensation system (cs) on employee satisfaction (es): the mediating role of employee motivation (em). economies, 10(11), 290. publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 29-38 29 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 5 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa do institutional pressures impact voluntary environment information disclosure? jing fan (a)1 haslinah muhamad (b) ridzwana mohd said (c) zaidi mat daud (d) (a) student, school of business and economics, university putra malaysia, malaysia; lecturer, school of accounting and finance, qingdao city university, china; e-mail: gs63454@student.upm.edu.my (b) senior lecturer, school of business and economics, university putra malaysia, malaysia; e-mail: hasm@upm.edu.my (c) associate professor, school of business and economics, university putra malaysia, malaysia; e-mail: ridzwana@upm.edu.my (d) senior lecturer, school of business and economics, university putra malaysia, malaysia; e-mail: mrzaidi@upm.edu.my a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 20th july 2024 reviewed & revised: 20th july to 10th november 2024 accepted: 16th november 2024 published: 22nd november 2024 keywords: coercive pressure, mimetic pressure, normative pressure, voluntary environment information disclosure jel classification codes: l1, l2, l6 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t over the past decades, china's rapid economic growth has mainly come at the expense of excessive energy consumption, resulting in significant carbon dioxide emissions and other environmental challenges. china has pledged to peak its carbon emissions by 2030 to address the rising emissions, aiming for near-zero carbon neutrality by 2060. in this context, the legitimacy of institutions is essential, as it sheds light on the various effects of institutional pressures on organizational strategies and behaviors. companies are increasingly improving their voluntary disclosure of environmental information to maintain legitimacy. however, many companies still need to determine whether the public and stakeholders value their environmental and social performance. managers often believe that the costs of voluntary disclosure outweigh the benefits. this study analyzes how institutional pressures— coercive, normative, and mimetic pressure—affect voluntary environmental information disclosure in china. we gathered survey responses from managers at 93 listed manufacturing companies based in china. a cross-sectional quantitative approach was utilized, with data collection occurring between march and may 2024. we employed partial least squares structural equation modeling (pls-sem) to investigate the impact of institutional pressures on the voluntary disclosure of environmental information. the findings suggest that coercive and normative pressures significantly enhance voluntary environmental information disclosure, whereas mimetic pressure shows no significant effect. these findings indicate that voluntary environmental information disclosure in china remains underdeveloped and lacks a clear industry framework. as a result, companies are increasingly prioritizing compliance with regulatory standards and actively engaging with stakeholders rather than simply imitating the behaviors of their peers. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction as the frequency of global natural disasters increases, the conflict between environmental protection and economic growth has become more pronounced. globally, approximately 34.81 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide are emitted annually, with the united states, china, the european union (28 countries), and india accounting for 15%, 27%, 9.8%, and 6.8% of global emissions, respectively (du & wang, 2023). this reality underscores the growing importance of environmental sustainability (karwowski & raulinajtys-grzybek, 2021). the international community has responded by acting. for example, the glasgow climate pact set the goal of limiting global warming to below 1.5°c and committed to achieving global net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. against this backdrop, the rio+20 summit 2012 established 17 sustainable development goals (sdgs), approved by all signatory nations, including china, in 2015. these goals aim to balance economic development, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability by 2030 (sun et al., 2018). in response to these global objectives, china has implemented a series of national sustainability policies, targeting a reduction in carbon intensity by 60-65% and peaking emissions by 2030. furthermore, in 2020, china pledged to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 and reduce carbon intensity by more than 65% by 2030 (liu et al., 2022). driven by government climate change initiatives, most countries' enterprises are gradually taking actions to mitigate or adapt to climate change. information disclosure offers numerous advantages, as it enhances transparency between shareholders (and other stakeholders) and companies (sra et al., 2022), allowing stakeholders to monitor management decisions and reduce managerial discretion (di vaio et al., 2022). voluntary environmental information 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-8898-4459 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i5.2254 to cite this article: fan, j., muhamad, h., said, r. m., & daud, z. m. (2024). do institutional pressures impact voluntary environment information disclosure?. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(5), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i5.2254 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i5.2254 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8898-4459 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9223-5610 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5395-9344 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2769-6031 fan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 29-38 30 disclosure has become a common demand among investors, policymakers, customers, and the public. companies can disclose environmental information to evaluate their greenhouse gas emission intensity during production, assess regulatory and competitive risks, and identify strategies for addressing climate change. however, why do certain institutional behaviors, such as voluntary environmental information disclosure, become widespread within organizations? weberian scholars argue that rationality drives institutional behaviors to achieve greater efficiency and effectiveness. in contrast, new institutionalist scholars suggest that the prevalence of institutional practices is more attributable to their legitimacy and appropriateness in a specific context (lodge & wegrich, 2005). even in unfavorable environments, voluntary environmental information disclosure may prevail due to institutional pressures, leading to a shared understanding and recognition of institutional behaviors (dimaggio & powell, 1983). this study explores the impact of institutional pressures (coercive, normative, and mimetic pressures) on voluntary environmental information disclosure among publicly listed companies in china. in tackling climate change and reaching sustainable development objectives, the significance of corporate environmental transparency has grown considerably. although voluntary environmental information disclosure can enhance corporate legitimacy and meet stakeholder expectations, the extent to which different institutional pressures influence such disclosure remains to be determined (kouloukoui et al., 2021). therefore, this study employs a cross-sectional quantitative approach, using data from 93 listed manufacturing companies in china, to analyze how institutional pressures affect corporate environmental disclosure practices. the results indicate that coercive and normative pressures significantly promote voluntary environmental information disclosure, while mimetic pressure shows no significant effect. these findings highlight the current state of voluntary environmental information disclosure in china and provide a basis for policymakers and corporate managers to enhance environmental transparency further. the structure of this paper is as follows: section 2 discusses the literature review and hypothesis development; section 3 presents the methods; section 4 discusses the research results; and the final section presents the discussion and conclusions. literature review coercive pressure and voluntary environment information disclosure of the firm according to institutional theory, coercive pressure arises from regulatory frameworks and social norms (dimaggio & powell, 1983). in an international study on csr reporting, garcía-sánchez et al. (2016) indicated that coercive pressure is a major driving force behind corporate transparency. firms often adjust their policies and practices to match those of other companies encountering comparable environmental circumstances, leading to what is referred to as "institutional isomorphism" (dimaggio & powell, 1983). this procedure is usually motivated by the necessity to satisfy stakeholder expectations and achieve enhanced legitimacy. legitimacy reflects society's collective acknowledgment of a company and is crucial in ensuring its stability and survival (latif et al., 2020). voluntary environmental information disclosure is often seen as a legitimization tool for organizations, aiding in assessing and managing non-financial performance, identifying sustainability risks, and fostering stakeholder trust (posadas et al., 2023; edeh et al., 2023). therefore, studying the relationship between institutional pressure and voluntary environmental information disclosure is essential. zampone, sannino, and garcía-sánchez (2023) introduced a theoretical framework to investigate the connection between institutional pressure and the disclosure of corporate social responsibility information, highlighting that responding to institutional pressure through such disclosures can be viewed as a valid method of demonstrating commitments to stakeholders and shaping a comprehensive image of corporate social responsibility (cubilla-montilla et al., 2020; garcía-sánchez, 2020). while most past research has focused on how corporate demographic factors (such as size and age) influence sustainability information disclosure, there has been less emphasis on external institutional factors such as stakeholder pressure (dissanayake et al., 2019; kumar et al., 2021). however, external institutional pressures, including those from stakeholders, are key factors influencing sustainability information disclosure (tahajuddin et al., 2021). therefore, it is crucial to study how external factors, such as institutional pressure, affect voluntary environmental information disclosure. nevertheless, previous research findings have needed to be more consistent, with mixed results regarding the relationship between regulatory pressure and voluntary environmental disclosure. some research emphasizes the importance of regulation in improving environmental disclosure (deegan, 2002; latif et al., 2020), suggesting that coercive pressure compels companies to conform their reporting practices to official requirements. however, others argue that more than regulation is needed to promote higher levels of environmental disclosure (bebbington et al., 2012; luque-vilchez & larrinaga, 2016; la torre et al., 2018). it could even have negative effects, particularly when regulations clash with informal norms within the institutional environment or are viewed as unrealistic and illegitimate by influential stakeholders (bebbington et al., 2012). this is partly due to varying regulatory requirements in different institutional contexts and methodological limitations. the above discussion indicates that understanding these complexities and inconsistencies is essential for improving voluntary environmental information disclosure. this study aims to fill these gaps by examining the relationship between coercive pressure and voluntary environmental information disclosure among listed companies in china. china's unique regulatory environment and specific measures provide a relevant and significant context for such research. normative pressure and voluntary environment information disclosure of the firm gray (1988) made a significant early contribution by emphasizing the opportunity to evaluate cultural elements to enhance understanding of the factors influencing social systems. gray's framework has been extensively applied in accounting research to explore the relationship between cultural dimensions and various domains, including management accounting practices, auditing, and strategic management (hope et al., 2008). this approach has significantly enhanced our fan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 29-38 31 understanding of how cultural factors shape accounting and management practices, providing a nuanced perspective on the interplay between cultural dimensions and organizational behavior. furthermore, scholars have initially utilized methodologies to evaluate financial reporting practices and investigate ethical behaviors. numerous studies have explored the relationship between cultural influences and corporate social responsibility reporting, thereby advancing our understanding of the cultural determinants of csr practices (adams, 2017; garcía-sánchez et al., 2013; sannino et al., 2020). normative isomorphism, as articulated by institutional theory, involves adherence to informal norms, values, and cultural expectations, which are often propagated through mechanisms such as professional development, formal education, and social interactions (gallego-álvarez & pucheta-martínez, 2020). this theoretical perspective underscores the role of these unwritten elements in shaping organizational behavior. cultural systems predominantly establish informal norms through professional development, formal education, and socialization—called normative pressures. these informal norms often profoundly influence companies' voluntary environmental information disclosure practices compared to formal regulatory mandates. being socially accepted norms facilitates organizations in affirming their legitimacy within their operational context (halkos & skouloudis, 2017; nicolò et al., 2024). consistent with this perspective, several studies contend that normative pressures significantly contribute to variations in corporate non-financial reporting practices across different countries, irrespective of mandatory disclosure requirements (la torre et al., 2018; pizzi et al., 2023). despite notable recent advancements, many countries still need comprehensive and effective sustainable disclosure practices, raising significant concerns among governments and stakeholders (masum et al., 2020; masoud & vij, 2021; rashid et al., 2020). the empirical findings on the relationship between normative pressure and voluntary environmental information disclosure have shown inconsistencies across different studies, indicating a need for further investigation into these dynamics to achieve a more precise understanding. previous studies on the reporting of sustainable development goals (sdgs) reveal that many corporations, often unintentionally, demonstrate strong alignment with the sdg reporting standards established by the global reporting initiative (krasodomska et al., 2021; pizzi et al., 2021; tsalis et al., 2020). this alignment implies that normative pressures positively influence corporate sustainability reporting practices (posadas et al., 2023). the study by lakshan et al. (2022) examines the challenges associated with normative isomorphic pressures in evaluating the significance of non-financial information disclosure. from the perspective of institutional isomorphism, this research underscores the complexities inherent in determining the appropriate emphasis on non-financial reporting. previous studies provide a variety of perspectives, highlighting the need for in-depth research on the influence of normative pressure on corporate behavior concerning non-financial reporting practices, particularly in the context of voluntary environmental information disclosure. in alignment with prior studies (yusoh et al., 2024; ben-amar & chelli, 2018; garcía-sánchez et al., 2016), this study employs a normative lens within institutional theory to investigate the influence of normative pressures on the transparency of sustainability reporting practices in china. specifically, it focuses on voluntary environmental information disclosure among listed manufacturing firms. this investigation illustrates how these pressures contribute to improved sustainability practices and achieving sustainable development goals (sdgs) (pizzi et al., 2022). mimetic pressure and voluntary environment information disclosure of the firm mimetic isomorphism refers to the tendency of companies to imitate the behavior patterns, strategies, and reporting practices of the most successful firms (dimaggio & powell, 1983). the primary triggers for mimetic isomorphism are environmental uncertainty and the visibility of the company, which refers to the extent to which it is subject to public scrutiny (gallegoálvarez & pucheta-martínez, 2020; posadas et al., 2023). therefore, in the absence of regulation, when companies face high levels of uncertainty, and their legitimacy is at risk, they tend to imitate the disclosure strategies of companies recognized as leaders within the same industry, country, or institutional environment to reduce the risk of losing social acceptance and stakeholder support (dimaggio & powell, 1983). for example, mimetic pressure may encourage companies writing sustainability reports for the first time to look to exemplary firms, allowing them to imitate how these companies design their sustainability reports, thus leading to homogeneity in content, format, and framework (la torre et al., 2018). in emerging economies, sustainable practices still need to be developed, and there is a need for explicit industry models; therefore, companies often prioritize regulatory compliance and stakeholder engagement over mimetic behavior. this trend stems from regulatory and stakeholder pressures' direct and tangible impact on corporate legitimacy. in contrast, mimetic pressure is often indirect and ambiguous (lee et al., 2024). furthermore, studies on the relationship between mimetic pressure and sustainable disclosure practices have yet to produce consistent conclusions. for instance, zampone, garcía-sánchez, and sannino (2023) found that mimetic pressure and csr performance positively influence csr information disclosure. additionally, the interaction between mimetic pressure and csr performance has an additional positive impact on csr disclosure. however, research by zampone, garcía-sánchez, and sannino (2023) shows that various forms of mimicry and competition negatively affect sdg reporting. therefore, under china's unique institutional context, further research is necessary to examine the impact of mimetic pressure on voluntary environmental information disclosure. this study aims to understand the relationship between institutional pressures (coercive, normative, and mimetic pressures) and voluntary environmental information disclosure and to reveal how external institutional pressures influence organizational voluntary environmental disclosure behaviors. this understanding could improve organizational environmental performance at the institutional level and achieve the sdgs. therefore, the following hypotheses are proposed in this paper: h1: coercive pressure significantly positively influences the voluntary environment information disclosure of the firm. h2: normative pressure significantly positively influences the voluntary environment information disclosure of the firm. h3: mimetic pressure significantly positively influences the voluntary environment information disclosure of the firm. fan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 29-38 32 figure 1. the study model figure 1 presents the research model, where h1, h2, and h3 examine the effects of coercive, normative, and mimetic pressures on voluntary environment information disclosure, respectively. the subsequent section details the study's methods. materials and methods data collection and sample the research sample consists of listed manufacturing companies in china. the rationale for selecting chinese manufacturing firms is threefold. first, china's manufacturing sector is critical in global supply chains and faces increasing environmental regulatory pressure, making its environmental disclosure practices highly relevant. second, with china's government promoting green development strategies, manufacturing firms must balance economic growth with environmental protection. finally, listed manufacturing companies in china have relatively high transparency and more comprehensive financial and environmental data, which facilitates data collection and analysis. data collection started in early march 2024 and lasted three months, resulting in 93 responses from the selected companies. despite concerns about information confidentiality leading to a lower response rate, follow-up efforts via phone calls, e-mails, and providing an online questionnaire option helped to increase participation. we conducted a statistical power analysis using g*power 3 to ensure our sample size was sufficient. a systematic sampling method was employed to select sample members from the larger population based on a random starting point and fixed intervals. we alphabetically listed all eligible companies and chose every second company until 200 companies were selected for questionnaire distribution. this sampling approach ensured scientific rigor and representativeness, providing a solid foundation for subsequent analysis. descriptive analysis of companies this study examined firm characteristics, including industry category, size, age, and ownership type. the service sector represented 25.8% of firms, with 25% of firms employing 151-200 employees. notably, 44.10% of firms had been operating in china for over 40 years, indicating substantial market experience. gender distribution among respondents was balanced (54.8% male, 45.2% female), and most respondents were accountants (30.1%) or held roles such as auditors, cfos, and environmental managers. nearly half (49.5%) possessed primary accounting certificates, and 53.8 % had bachelor's degrees, highlighting the respondents' qualifications and capability to provide relevant insights. measures this study examines the relationship between voluntary environmental information disclosure and institutional pressures. in this study, the dependent variable is voluntary environmental disclosure, while the independent variable is institutional pressures, which influence the extent to which firms disclose environmental information beyond legal requirements. the study adopted and modified existing scales to fit the context of chinese publicly listed companies. respondents provided their answers using a five-point likert scale, from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). sample statements evaluated how companies increase environmental compliance indicators, pollution prevention measures, product stewardship, and sustainability indicators in their corporate environmental reports (cer) or annual reports. this method allowed the assessment of voluntary environmental disclosure by focusing on crucial indicators tailored to organizational contexts. institutional pressures were categorized into coercive, normative, and mimetic pressures. coercive pressure measures the extent to which companies comply with regulations set by authorities like the securities regulatory commission in china, using scales adapted from iliya nyahas et al. (2017). normative pressure assesses how well companies conform to professional norms established by industry groups, and it is also measured using modified scales from iliya nyahas et al. (2017). mimetic pressure gauges how companies imitate leading industry peers in their disclosure practices. this comprehensive approach facilitated analyzing how coercive, normative, and mimetic pressures influence voluntary environmental disclosure among chinese listed firms. table 1 shows the study measures. table 1. constructs, measurement items, and sources of measurements constructs measurement items sources of measurements coercive pressure we follow the guidelines set by the china securities regulatory commission. iliya nyahas et al. (2017) we follow the guidelines set by china's shenzhen and shanghai stock exchanges. we follow the guidelines set by china's state environmental protection administration. normative pressure our staff are encouraged to follow their professions' professional codes of ethics. coercive pressure normative pressure mimetic pressure voluntary environment information disclosure of the firm. h1 h2 h3 fan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 29-38 33 our industrial association emphasizes following professionalism standards. our organization considers professional qualifications as part of its recruitment policy. mimetic pressure we follow industry leaders in managing uncertainties. we emulate our industrial peers in dealing with environmental uncertainties within our organizational practices. we use our competitors as benchmarks for handling uncertainties. voluntary environment information disclosure the number of environmental compliance indicators in our firm's corporate environmental report (cer) or annual report has significantly increased. the number of pollution prevention indicators in our firm's cer or annual report has significantly increased. the number of product stewardship indicators in our firm's cer or annual report has significantly increased. the number of sustainable development indicators in our firm's cer or annual report has significantly increased. data analysis the statistical tool used for data analysis in this study was pls-sem, a type of structural equation modeling known for handling complex path models with multiple variables (hair et al., 2010). pls-sem is ideal for theory building and is particularly effective when sample sizes are small, as in this study's sample of 93 chinese-listed companies. it also handles non-normal data and complex models well. we employed this approach to evaluate the reliability and validity of the research tool. structural models facilitated the analysis of the relationships among variables, ensuring a comprehensive investigation of the study's hypotheses. controls for endogeneity bias endogeneity bias in research occurs when the researcher overlooks variables that previous studies have demonstrated to correlate strongly with the dependent variable of interest. however, the theoretical model omits these variables (bartov et al., 2000). to eliminate this bias, we include the industrial category as a control variable since prior research consistently demonstrates its positive influence on voluntary environment information disclosure (eng & mak, 2003). by incorporating the industrial category into our analysis, we aim to address potential confounding factors and enhance the robustness of our findings regarding the determinants of voluntary environmental information disclosure among chinese listed firms. results measurement model we examine several vital aspects of evaluating the measurement model, including model fit, collinearity, validity, and reliability. the variance inflation factor (vif) values for all variables were below five, meaning there are no multicollinearity problems. the study confirmed that the measures are reliable. both cronbach's alpha and composite reliability showed values above 0.7, indicating strong internal consistency (bagozzi & yi, 1988; hair et al., 2010). we assessed convergent validity by calculating the average variance extracted (ave) for each latent variable, and all ave values surpassed the recommended threshold of 0.5, confirming adequate convergent validity (henseler et al., 2016). detailed results are presented in table 2, ensuring that the latent variables demonstrate sufficient shared variance among their indicators, thereby validating their effectiveness in measuring the intended constructs. table 2. measurement model summary items outer loadings cronbach's alpha composite reliability (cr) ave vif coercive pressure 0.843 0.905 0.761 1.202 cp1 0.867 cp2 0.856 cp3 0.895 normative pressure 0.871 0.921 0.795 1.22 np1 0.908 np2 0.875 np3 0.892 mimetic pressure 0.825 0.895 0.74 1.133 mp1 0.877 mp2 0.876 mp3 0.825 voluntary environment information disclosure 0.886 0.921 0.744 vied1 0.874 vied2 0.843 vied3 0.868 vied4 0.867 discriminant validity assessment we assessed discriminant validity using the fornell and larcker (1981) criterion, which requires that the square root of the ave for each latent variable exceeds its correlations with other variables (wong, 2013). table 3 confirms that this criterion is satisfied, demonstrating the presence of discriminant validity. this analysis ensures that each latent variable in the study measures a distinct construct from others, thereby supporting the validity of the measurement model. https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-04-2016-2529 https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-04-2016-2529 fan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 29-38 34 table 3. discriminant validity coercive pressure normative pressure mimetic pressure voluntary environment information disclosure coercive pressure 0.873 normative pressure 0.374 0.892 mimetic pressure 0.271 0.296 0.860 voluntary environment information disclosure 0.528 0.661 0.322 0.863 structural model the quality of the structural model was assessed by evaluating the path coefficients (β), coefficient of determination (r²), and effect size (f²), following guidelines by henseler and sarstedt (2013). according to their recommendations, effect sizes (f²) of 0.17, 0.01, and 0.46 indicate medium, minor, and substantial effects on the endogenous variable. we used these metrics to measure the relationship's strength and significance. this helps us understand how well the predictor variables explain the dependent variable and their impact on it. test of hypotheses this structure model aimed to assess the relationships between various dimensions of institutional pressures and the extent of voluntary environmental information disclosure among the studied firms. the analysis investigated how coercive, normative, and mimetic pressures influence firms' decisions to voluntary information disclosure. figure 2 indicates decisions that structure the model. detailed analysis of path coefficients in table 4 reveals that coercive pressure positively influences voluntary environmental information disclosure (β = 0.311, t = 3.004, p < 0.05), supporting hypothesis 1. however, mimetic pressure shows no significant association with voluntary environmental information disclosure (β = 0.083, t = 0.885, p > 0.05), thereby failing to support hypothesis 3. on the other hand, normative influences significantly contribute to explaining voluntary disclosure (β = 0.520, t = 5.101, p < 0.05), confirming hypothesis 2. a summary of these findings is presented in table 4, outlining the significant relationships observed between institutional pressures and voluntary environmental information disclosure. these results provide empirical insights into how coercive and normative pressures influence firms' voluntary disclosure practices, highlighting the impact of mimetic pressures in this context. furthermore, the analysis shows that the industry sector has no significant effect on voluntary environmental information disclosure (β = 0.002, t = 0.036, p > 0.05). figure 2. structural model table 4. path coefficients β t -value sig. f2 coercive pressure –>voluntary environment information disclosure 0.311 3.004 0.003 0.171 normative pressure ->voluntary environment information disclosure 0.520 5.101 0.000 0.460 mimetic pressure ->voluntary environment information disclosure 0.083 0.885 0.376 0.013 industry sector->voluntary environment information disclosure 0.002 0.036 0.971 0.000 noted: r²=0.535; adjusted r²=0.514; p-value=0.000 discussions the results of the h1 analysis showed that coercive pressure positively influences voluntary environmental information disclosure, as expected. external coercive pressure helps to promote disclosure behaviors (zeng et al., 2012). the sample companies in this study are manufacturing firms that face significant environmental legitimacy pressures due to their operation in environmentally sensitive industries. as a result, these companies tend to enhance voluntary environmental information disclosure, such as environmental compliance and pollution prevention, to achieve environmental goals. similarly, the h2 analysis results indicated that normative pressure positively influences voluntary environmental information disclosure. normative factors exert a more significant explanatory than coercive pressures, emphasizing adherence to professional ethics and industry standards in shaping disclosure practices. these findings align with the research by mehedi et al. (2024), which shows that normative pressures, such as corporate values, have a significant positive relationship with environmental information disclosure. fan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 29-38 35 in contrast, the h3 analysis found no significant relationship between mimetic pressure and voluntary environmental information disclosure, contrary to the research of wukich et al. (2024). this may be because information disclosure in government regulations primarily drives actions in china rather than peer imitation. since coercive and normative pressures play a more prominent role in environmental disclosure, firms may focus more on compliance and industry standards rather than imitating the disclosure practices of their peers. conclusions this research aims to pressures—coercive, normative, and mimetic—that affect the voluntary disclosure of environmental information by publicly listed manufacturing firms in china. this seeks to comprehend how these external influences affect environmental sustainability efforts. the results indicate that under coercive and normative pressures, companies significantly increase voluntary environmental information disclosure and environmental regulations and meet social expectations, thereby achieving sustainability goals. this trend reflects the efforts of companies to enhance legitimacy and social acceptance through environmental information disclosure in response to external institutional demands and market competition. additionally, china's "carbon peak and carbon neutrality" targets, announced in 2020, have increased the demand for corporate environment information disclosure to meet objectives. however, the influence of mimetic pressure is insignificant, suggesting that firms tend to respond more directly to social norms when facing environmental uncertainties. these findings indicate that institutional pressures are vital drivers of environmental information disclosure, particularly in the context of china's capital targets, where the demand for disclosure continues to rise. the results provide insights for policymakers to optimize environmental policies and further enhance corporate environmental transparency and social responsibility. this study offers several contributions and insights. it is one of the pioneering studies that, based on institutional theory (dimaggio & powell, 1983), establishes a research framework incorporating coercive pressure, normative pressure, mimetic pressure, and voluntary environmental information disclosure. institutional theory expands the factors influencing organizations' voluntary environmental information disclosure, thereby enhancing environmental disclosure. given the limited research on institutional theory, the current study's findings are valuable, particularly in china, where the "dual carbon" policy places significant emphasis on the environment. the research identifies coercive, normative, and mimetic pressures as components of institutional pressures, although previous studies have primarily overlooked mimetic pressure. therefore, the research framework in this paper highlights these three critical institutional pressures as part of environmental solutions and contributes to sustainability development. the findings of this study provide practical implications for managers in developing countries. institutional pressures significantly enhance organizations' voluntary environmental information and improve the impact of proactively responding to such pressures. managers should consider adopting voluntary environmental information disclosure practices to maintain environmental protection and make informed investment decisions. given the critical roles of coercive and normative pressures highlighted in the study, managers should be aware that critical environmental regulations and industry standards positively influence corporate environmental disclosure practices. making informed decisions on voluntary environmental information disclosure can assist china in achieving its 2030 carbon peak and 2060 carbon neutrality goals. ultimately, this alignment can support companies in engaging in environmental disclosure practices. the results give auditors insights into how chinese-listed manufacturing companies perceive and implement voluntary environmental information disclosure. environmentally sensitive firms should actively participate in these disclosure practices, advancing the theoretical understanding of environmental disclosure and contributing to sustainable development. the chinese government should leverage the findings from this empirical analysis to formulate industry-acceptable and effective environmental regulatory policies. the china stock exchange should also reassess the practices of voluntary environmental information disclosure in sustainable development reports to ensure that all stakeholders understand and recognize the concept. since china established ambitious targets in its 2020 "carbon peak and neutrality" goals, businesses must actively contribute to achieving these sustainability objectives. the study's results suggest that companies in developing countries should transform significantly by integrating institutional pressures with voluntary environmental information disclosure to drive the changes needed for economic, social, and environmental sustainability. enhancing voluntary environmental information disclosure practices can lead to developing a zero-waste society, thereby reducing environmental pollution and emissions. the study's limitations provide helpful directions for future research. data collection may have a potential bias since the survey targeted listed manufacturing companies in china. a larger sample size could provide more comprehensive insights into unexplained dimensions specific to the chinese manufacturing sector. future research should expand beyond the manufacturing industry to explore how institutional pressures affect voluntary environmental information disclosure in other sectors. this study recommends that future researchers validate and refine the proposed framework. therefore, future studies should utilize longitudinal data and consider mediating and moderating variables to test the proposed conceptual model. interviewing non-manufacturing industry environmental experts and senior managers could offer more profound insights. case studies also help explain the role of institutional pressures and the sustainability of these changes over time. despite these limitations, the findings show that coercive and normative pressures are essential to improving voluntary environmental information disclosure within organizations. overall, the research extends the literature on institutional theory and environmental disclosure in several ways. for example, it examines the relationship between coercive, normative, and mimetic pressures and voluntary environmental information disclosure through quantitative research. it recommends a research framework for chinese-listed manufacturing companies to gain a more positive advantage. this study mainly advances theoretical development by clarifying the impact of institutional pressures on fan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 29-38 36 organizational sustainability in developing countries. author contributions: conceptualization, j.f., h.m. and r.m.s.; methodology, j.f., h.m. and r.m.s.; software, j.f.; validation, z.m.d.; formal analysis, j.f.; investigation, j.f., h.m. and r.m.s.; resources, j.f.; data curation, j.f.; writing original draft preparation, j.f.; writing review & editing, r.m.s. and z.m.d.; visualization, h.m.; supervision, r.m.s. and z.m.d.; project administration, j.f. and h.m.; funding acquisition, j.f. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study due to the research on vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the qingdao city university school-level scientific research project "the impact of green credit policy on enterprise green total factor productivity under the background of 'dual carbon' – an empirical study based on the did model" (qcu22rb04). acknowledgments: i would like to express my deepest gratitude to my phd supervisor, haslinah muhamad, and my co-supervisors, ridzwana mohd said and zaidi mat daud, for their invaluable guidance, encouragement, and continuous support throughout my phd research. their insights and expertise significantly contributed to the completion of this work. i also appreciate their patience and motivation, which inspired me to excel academically. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references adams, c. a. 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(2012). factors that drive chinese listed companies in voluntary disclosure of environmental information. journal of business ethics, 109, 309-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-0111129-x publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.1108/jaar-07-2022-0190 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2628 https://doi.org/10.1108/maj-11-2019-2463 https://doi.org/10.1108/maj-11-2019-2463 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-018-0706-0 https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1914 https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1910 https://doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-01-2023-0013 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3357 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 25-38 25 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 4 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa the impacts of environmental management accounting system (emas) adoption phases on sustainability performance: a social issue life cycle theory approach nirman noor afiqi mat yusoh (a) tuan zainun tuan mat (b)1 azizah abdullah (c) (a) senior assistant director, department of environment, ministry of natural resources and environmental sustainability, malaysia; e-mail: nirman@doe.gov.my (b) associate professor, fakulti perakaunan, universiti teknologi mara cawangan selangor, kampus puncak alam, malaysia; e-mail: tuanz693@uitm.edu.my (c) fakulti perakaunan, universiti teknologi mara shah alam, malaysia; e-mail: aziza588@uitm.edu.my a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 27th may 2024 reviewed & revised: 27th may to 30th august 2024 accepted: 1st september 2024 published: 11th september 2024 keywords: environmental management accounting system (emas), policy phase, learning phase, commitment phase, sustainability performance jel classification codes: g32, f65, l66, l25, m41 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t environmental problems have emerged as a critical concern requiring proactive intervention from corporations. the accelerating pace of industrialization has exacerbated environmental degradation, highlighting the significant impact of business operations on the environment. nevertheless, more than conventional management accounting systems are needed to address contemporary business operations' evolving demands, particularly concerning environmental issues. this study addresses these issues by examining the impacts of the environmental management accounting system (emas) adoption phases on sustainability performance among publicly listed companies (plcs) in malaysia. this study employs the social issue life cycle theory to measure emas adoption phases and the triple bottom line for sustainability performance. this study uses survey data gathered from 205 plcs in malaysia, focusing on chief financial officers (cfos), finance directors, finance managers, and project managers. cluster and simple random sampling techniques were employed to obtain a representative sample. analytical methods include analysis of variance, tukey's post hoc test and ordinary least squares regression analysis. the findings reveal that most companies are in the learning phase of emas adoption. the study shows a significant negative impact of emas adoption during the policy phase on sustainability performance. conversely, emas adoption has an insignificant positive impact on sustainability performance in the learning phase. however, the findings suggest that the commitment phase of emas adoption significantly and positively impacts improved sustainability performance. this study contributes to existing knowledge by emphasizing the need to enhance organizational awareness of emas adoption and facilitating more effective management of environmental issues to achieve superior sustainability performance. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction current global economic activities have yielded adverse outcomes, including the depletion of natural resources and negative impacts on human health (mengzhuo & noordin, 2022). this situation has spurred a growing public awareness of sustainable development, leading to significant stakeholder demands for companies to adopt cleaner and safer environmental practices (sandamini & dissanayake, 2022). businesses now bear accountability beyond their fundamental stakeholder responsibilities (asa’d et al., 2024). consequently, companies must continuously balance economic performance with social accountability and environmental security to uphold corporate sustainability in a highly competitive market. as malaysia progresses towards an industrialized economy, it faces substantial challenges in avoiding environmental issues. malaysia grapples with several problems, such as biodiversity degradation, climate change, hazardous waste management, exploitation of natural resources, and pollution (che ku kassim et al., 2022; razak et al., 2020). public listed companies (plcs) typically consume significant amounts of resources such as energy, water, and non-durable items due to the nature of their business operations. the business sector in malaysia is also a significant contributor to environmental pollution, particularly through the discharge of untreated or inadequately treated industrial effluents. the escalating deterioration of the environment, coupled with the increasing scarcity of natural resources, has created significant 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0001-7319-0798 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i4.2245 to cite this article: yusoh, n. n. a. m., mat, t. z. t., & abdullah, a. (2024). the impacts of environmental management accounting system (emas) adoption phases on sustainability performance: a social issue life cycle theory approach. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(4), 25-38. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i4.2245 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i4.2245 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7270-4998 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7319-0798 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0311-8461 yusoh et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 25-38 26 pressure on companies to integrate environmental management practices into their operational frameworks. this pressure is compounded by the growing concern of key stakeholders, including customers, suppliers, investors, non-governmental organizations (ngos), and government agencies. these concerns have catalyzed a global demand for businesses to mitigate their negative environmental impacts. thus, companies must be intensely concerned about environmental issues and reassess their sustainability performance (bresciani et al., 2023). in response to these heightened expectations, companies have been compelled to explore and adopt various environmental management strategies, elevating environmental sustainability to a central component of strategic management. the limitations of conventional management accounting systems, particularly their inability to furnish relevant information on environmental issues for managerial decision-making, have led to the emergence of a specialized field known as environmental management accounting system (emas) (rahmawati et al., 2024; ferdous et al., 2019). emas is recognized as a new practice that effectively identifies and manages environmental costs (hasan et al., 2024). furthermore, emas is a critical tool that provides managers with essential information for planning, decisionmaking, and controlling environmental practices within organizations. however, previous studies indicate that emas adoption needs to be stronger, particularly in developing countries (gerged et al., 2024; mokhtar et al., 2016). despite the relevance of this emerging field, existing literature has yet to investigate the impact of emas on sustainability performance thoroughly. the evolving global business landscape has pressured malaysian companies to enhance their organizational performance and accountability to stakeholders and the environment. businesses must now balance economic, social and environmental considerations (solovida & latan, 2021). the integration of environmental factors into corporate decision-making processes is essential for fostering resource conservation and reducing pollution (abdelhalim et al., 2023) consequently, this study aims to identify the phases of emas adoption through the lens of social issue life cycle theory. additionally, it examines the impacts of these emas adoption phases on the sustainability performance of plcs in malaysia. through this dual focus, the study contributes valuable insights into the dynamic interplay between emas adoption and sustainability performance, offering a nuanced perspective particularly relevant to the malaysian corporate context. the study utilizes several analytical techniques, including analysis of variance (anova), tukey's post hoc test, and ordinary least squares (ols) regression analysis, to examine the impact of emas adoption phases (learning, policy, and commitment) on sustainability performance among plcs in malaysia. these analytical methods collectively enable a comprehensive evaluation of how each phase of emas adoption affects sustainability performance. the findings reveal that emas adoption during the policy phase significantly harms sustainability performance. in contrast, the learning phase (faisal-e-alam, 2024) shows a small, insignificant positive effect. however, the commitment phase of emas adoption significantly improves sustainability performance. this study contributes to understanding by demonstrating the varying impacts of emas adoption phases on sustainability performance, particularly in the context of plcs in malaysia. this insight can guide managers in strategically planning and implementing emas to align with their sustainability goals. the remaining paper structure includes section two, which reviews the literature on the relationship between emas adoption phases and sustainability performance. section three details the study’s methodology, including the sample selection and data analysis techniques. results are presented in section four and the study's discussions and conclusions are provided in section five. literature review environmental management accounting system (emas) emas is a comprehensive corporate environmental management method designed to enhance organizations' sustainability performance and mitigate environmental impacts (burritt et al., 2023). emas encompasses identifying, measuring, allocating, and integrating environmental costs within business operations (schaltegger et al., 2022). scholars argue that conventional management accounting systems fail to provide adequate information for managing environmental costs (che et al. et al., 2022). traditional systems often allocate environmental costs to general overhead accounts, resulting in potential environmental-related costs obscured within indirect costs (doorasamy & nyahuna, 2021). the need for relevant environmental information can help corporate decision-makers make informed and rational decisions (rahmawati et al., 2024; mokhtar et al., 2016). thus, emas is regarded as a practice that aligns corporate activities with environmental considerations (zandi & lee, 2019). emas delivers both physical environmental management accounting (pema) information, which includes data on energy, water, and material usage, and monetary environmental management accounting (mema) information, which covers environment-related costs, earnings, and savings (hasan et al., 2024). accurate information flow facilitates the transformation of business resources into optimal investments and decisions (swalih et al., 2024; burritt et al., 2019). this study defines emas as generating, analyzing and utilizing monetary and physical environment-related information to enhance sustainability performance. emas adoption among malaysian public listed companies the adoption of the emas has significant potential to assist malaysian industries in addressing environmental challenges (razak et al., 2020). the perceived benefits of emas have motivated organizations to adopt this practice to enhance their competitive advantage (swalih et al., 2024; ariffin, 2020). companies with superior sustainability performance can achieve long-term financial and social benefits and improve their decision-making capabilities (abdelhalim et al., 2023). additionally, emas aids companies in measuring environmental impacts and allocating costs related to income and savings derived from environmental activities (indrani et al., 2020). despite these benefits, the adoption of emas in malaysia remains relatively low compared to other asia-pacific countries (rasit et al., 2020; razak et al., 2020). previous studies on emas adoption in malaysia have been limited in scope, particularly concerning the factors influencing adoption. this study yusoh et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 25-38 27 addresses the gap by exploring the phases of emas adoption and their impact on sustainability performance in a developing country. social issue life cycle theory this theory posits that a company’s reaction to social issues, including environmental impacts, is not a series of random changes but a constant effort to discover the most adequate solution to the problem. prior research suggests that issues evolve through three distinct phases: from an "insignificance" stage, through an "increased concern" phase, to a final phase where a recognized solution is accessible (zyglidopoulos, 2003). however, most studies have concentrated on emas adoption, neglecting to investigate the specific phases of emas adoption, namely policy, learning, and commitment (mokhtar et al., 2014). thus, the social issue life cycle theory presents a suitable framework for examining the impact of emas adoption phases on sustainability performance among plcs in malaysia. this study aims to fill existing gaps by determining whether the various phases of emas adoption negatively or positively impact sustainability performance. policy phase in the policy phase, environmental issues typically emerge as primary management concerns. companies often need more formal strategies to address these issues, as immediate stakeholder expectations are not a pressing priority. instead, management commonly issues a general statement or policy affirming the company's commitment (mokhtar et al., 2014). this phase marks the beginning of organizational recognition of the issue's importance and the initiation of discussions to develop appropriate policies and strategies. learning phase in the learning phase, the company exhibits increased attentiveness to environmental matters. consequently, a professional is often appointed to assist in developing the company's environmental strategy once awareness of environmental problems becomes more prominent (mokhtar et al., 2014). however, environmental policy must still be integrated into the business's decision-making process (zyglidopoulos, 2003). this suggests that companies address environmental issues primarily for legitimization purposes. commitment phase in the commitment phase, environmental matters become the responsibility of top management. consequently, sustainability issues are integrated into business decision-making and performance appraisals (mokhtar et al., 2014). additional environmental reporting is implemented to inform stakeholders about the company’s environmental performance. companies adopt the emas extensively to manage environmental matters, as traditional management accounting systems are insufficient for providing comprehensive environmental information (schaltegger et al., 2022; burritt et al., 2019). elements of sustainability performance the triple bottom line (tbl) concept can be applied regionally by communities to foster sustainable economic development (solovida & latan, 2021). tbl has become necessary for evaluating a company's economic, environmental, and social performance. companies must consider the aspects of prosperity, the planet, and people to achieve sustainability. adopting emas provides companies with a competitive advantage and enhances the value of corporate social responsibility (swalih et al., 2024; gunarathne et al., 2021). while many studies focus on the relationship between emas adoption and economic performance (kong et al., 2022; solovida & latan, 2017), few investigate its impact on environmental and social performance. the tbl framework clarifies that an organization focusing solely on profit while neglecting people and the planet will not succeed in the long term. economic performance economic performance can be defined as the change in the financial state of an organization resulting from the managerial decisions made by its key players (pratiwi et al., 2020). economic variables should address the bottom line and money flow, referring to the company's financial performance over a specific period and its ability to manage and control resources (mengzhuo & noordin, 2022). the primary goal of an organization is to create and maximize shareholder value (deb et al., 2023). thus, a company's success in capitalist industries hinges on its economic performance. consequently, strategic planning initiatives and critical corporate decisions aim to maximize profits while decreasing costs and alleviating risks (burritt et al., 2023; solovida & latan, 2021). environmental performance environmental performance can be defined as achieving company impacts related to environmental issues (deb et al., 2023; christine et al., 2019). the essence of environmental performance is interpreted as the impact of a company's environmental activities (bresciani et al., 2023; latan et al., 2018). environmental variables should quantify natural resources and indicate prospective influences on their sustainability. furthermore, environmental practices have consistently been practical tools guiding organizations toward sustainability while fulfilling their environmental responsibilities (asiaei et al., 2021; mayndarto & murwaningsari, 2021). yusoh et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 25-38 28 social performance social performance refers to the social dimensions of a community or region, including access to social resources, health and well-being and quality of life (rasit et al., 2020). companies increasingly embrace sustainability and focus on creating value for all stakeholders impacted by business decisions, including customers, employees, and community members (stephan et al., 2016). solovida and latan (2021) stated that social performance has become critical for companies to survive and succeed. progressive companies have faced criticism for issues related to people or working surroundings, underscoring that sustainability also embraces the social dimension. emas adoption in the policy phase and sustainability performance in the policy phase, companies need a formal strategy to address the environmental matter, as meeting public expectations is insignificant (zyglidopoulos, 2003). the management usually reacts to such matters by presenting a general statement or policy about the business's promise. furthermore, there needs to be a systematic analysis of the problem, and more organizational action has emerged in response to the issue. therefore, it is rational to assume that companies in the policy phase are unlikely to adopt emas as an environmental matter is a managerial concern (mokhtar et al., 2014). the unavailability of information on environmental impacts resulting from the entity's activities will produce decisions that will later negatively affect the image and corporate sustainability (baker et al., 2023; fuzi et al., 2021). latan et al. (2018) have established the role of emas adoption in providing the management with more accurate cost information and positively affecting the environmental performance of indonesian companies. based on the findings of these studies, the hypothesis is formulated as follows: h1: emas adoption in the policy phase has a significant impact on sustainability performance among plcs in malaysia. h1a: emas adoption in the policy phase has a significant impact on economic performance among plcs in malaysia. h1b: emas adoption in the policy phase has a significant impact on environmental performance among plcs in malaysia. h1c: emas adoption in the policy phase has a significant impact on social performance among plcs in malaysia. emas adoption in the learning phase and sustainability performance from the perspective of the social issue life cycle theory, companies in the learning phase moderately adopt emas. furthermore, environmental professional members are commonly appointed to implement the environmental strategy (mokhtar et al., 2014). still, these environmental matters are yet to be incorporated exclusively into business decisionmaking, even though the awareness of environmental problems is accelerating. research by mokhtar et al. (2014) found that emas adoption is in the learning phase when most organizations have environmentally qualified employees to manage environmental issues arising from their business activities. likewise, this information from an environmental perspective is likely helpful in developing effective management practices, leading to innovation (rasit et al., 2020). appannan et al. (2022) and christine et al. (2019) also reported that environmental strategy positively drives the company's environmental performance. therefore, the following hypothesis is developed: h2: emas adoption in the learning phase has a significant impact on sustainability performance among plcs in malaysia. h2a: emas adoption in the learning phase has a significant impact on economic performance among plcs in malaysia. h2b: emas adoption in the learning phase has a significant impact on environmental performance among plcs in malaysia. h2c: emas adoption in the learning phase has a significant impact on social performance among plcs in malaysia. emas adoption in the commitment phase and sustainability performance from the view of the social issue life cycle theory, companies in the commitment phase are extensively adopting emas. emas adoption has been found to improve the sustainability performance of companies (burritt et al., 2023; christine et al., 2019). in the commitment phase, the solution to environmental problems is integrated into the strategic business plan (mokhtar et al., 2014). these environmental issues have become part of the manager’s accountabilities (fuadah et al., 2021). this phase is referred to as the proactive or innovative change stage. prior studies found a positive perception that emas adoption will affect the organization’s value added (swalih et al., 2024). furthermore, the study of environmental management by phan et al. (2017) also revealed that implementing emas significantly impacts a company's environmental performance. pratiwi et al. (2020) also found a positive influence between emas adoption and corporate sustainability. thus, this study proposes the following hypothesis: h3: emas adoption in the commitment phase has a significant impact on sustainability performance among plcs in malaysia. h3a: emas adoption in the commitment phase has a significant impact on economic performance among plcs in malaysia. h3b: emas adoption in the commitment phase has a significant impact on environmental performance among plcs in malaysia. h3c: emas adoption in the commitment phase has a significant impact on social performance among plcs in malaysia. yusoh et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 25-38 29 research framework this study is grounded in the social issue life cycle theory articulated by mokhtar et al. (2016). the research framework delineates the phases of emas adoption and their potential impacts on sustainability performance within plcs in malaysia. the independent variable under examination encompasses the phases of emas adoption, precisely the policy, learning, and commitment phases. the dependent variable, sustainability performance, is evaluated through its economic, environmental, and social dimensions. the research framework is illustrated in figure 1. figure 1. research framework materials and methods sample selection the research population comprised publicly listed companies (plcs) in the main market of bursa malaysia, as outlined in table 1. contact details for these companies were obtained from the bursa malaysia website. the unit of analysis was the organization, and the study specifically targeted key decision-makers within these plcs, including chief financial officers (cfos), finance directors, finance managers, and project managers. these individuals were chosen based on their expertise and involvement in environmental management and corporate sustainability initiatives. the study employed a combination of cluster and simple random sampling techniques to ensure a representative sample. initially, plcs were categorized into clusters according to their respective industry sectors. from these clusters, a random sample was selected to ensure diverse industry representation, thereby enhancing the generalizability of the findings. follow-up efforts, including emails and phone calls, were made to improve response rates. data was collected using a structured questionnaire adapted from jamil et al. (2015), chosen for its efficacy in reaching geographically dispersed respondents (mokhtar et al., 2016). the questionnaire measured the phases of emas adoption (learning, policy, and commitment) and their impact on sustainability performance, assessed through the triple bottom line framework. covariates such as company size and industry type were controlled for in the analysis to isolate the effects of emas adoption phases on sustainability outcomes. a cross-sectional research design was utilized, with data collected from the sampled plcs at a single point in time. this approach allowed for examining the relationships between emas adoption phases and sustainability performance without the influence of temporal changes. the study did not implement direct interventions but focused on analyzing the natural variations in emas adoption and their impact on sustainability outcomes. table 1. sector representation of the population sector no. of companies percentage (%) construction 52 6.73 energy 31 3.30 industrial products and services 221 28.63 plantation 42 5.67 property 97 12.66 transportation and logistics 32 3.96 consumer products and services 168 21.90 financial services 31 4.09 health care 14 1.72 real estate investment trusts (reits) 17 2.24 technology 43 5.41 telecommunications and media 16 2.11 utilities 12 1.58 total of population 776 100.00 the final sample comprised 205 plcs, representing a 26.42% response rate. this sample size, determined through power analysis, is sufficient for robust statistical analysis, ensuring adequate power for detecting significant effects in regression and anova tests. this response rate aligns with previous studies on similar populations and topics (ong et al., 2020; razak et al., 2020) and is considered acceptable for statistical testing. the data were recorded and analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences (spss) version 28, with descriptive analysis summarising the dataset and hypothesis testing conducted via ordinary least squares (ols) regression analysis. independent variables emas adoption phases h2 h3 h1 dependent variables sustainability performance economic h1a, h2a, h3a h1b, h2b, h3b h1c, h2c, h3c environmental social policy learning commitment yusoh et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 25-38 30 results respondent’s profile the data were collected and verified for completeness and accuracy before analysis. table 2 presents the demographic analysis. the results indicate that most respondents are from plcs located in the central region (56.59%). furthermore, most of these companies have been operational for over 15 years, with 163 respondents (79.51%) reflecting that they are in the maturity stage of their growth. regarding environmental management systems (ems), 83 respondents (40.49%) reported that their companies are implementing iso 14001 to assess, evaluate, and enhance their environmental performance, aligning with the tendency of larger companies to adopt this standard (salim & padfield, 2017). the survey saw participation predominantly from finance managers, with 153 responses (74.63%). this was followed by 29 project managers (14.15%) and 15 finance directors (7.32%). only 2 chief financial officers (0.98%) completed the survey. additionally, 6 respondents from the accounting department included 1 account manager, four accountants, and one account executive, making up 2.65% of the sample. most respondents have 4 to 6 years of experience in their current positions, totalling 109 respondents (53.17%), indicating their capability to manage sustainability matters and familiarity with organizational practices. furthermore, 154 respondents (75.12%) reported that their companies had allocated budgets for environmental-related activities, underscoring the recognition of the importance of environmental initiatives for future global sustainability (baker et al., 2023). table 2. demographic analysis (n=205) variables frequency percentage (%) location of companies central region: selangor, kuala lumpur, negeri sembilan 116 56.59 east cost: pahang, terengganu, kelantan 28 13.66 southern region: melaka, johor 25 12.20 northern region: perlis, kedah, pulau pinang, perak 25 12.20 sabah 6 2.93 sarawak 5 2.44 years of operation more than 15 years 163 79.51 11 to 15 years 35 17.07 6 to 10 years 5 2.44 less than 5 years 2 0.98 ems certificate iso 14001 83 40.49 iso 9001 70 34.15 planning to have 29 14.15 none 23 11.22 position finance manager 153 74.63 project manager 29 14.15 finance director 15 7.32 others (account manager, accountant, account executive) 6 2.93 chief finance officer 2 0.98 years of experience 4 to 6 years 109 53.17 1 to 3 years 78 38.05 6 to 10 years 18 8.78 allocation of environmental cost yes 154 75.12 no 51 24.88 emas adoption all variables were assessed using a 5-point likert-type scale. following the measurement approach outlined by jamil et al. (2015), respondents rated the extent of emas adoption on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (to a great extent). a mean score close to 5 signifies extensive adoption of emas among plcs. the ranking reflects the mean scores for emas adoption in descending order, from the most extensively adopted to the least adopted practices by plcs. table 3 indicates that pema has a higher mean score (3.23) than mema (3.14). this suggests that plcs generally adopt pema practices more extensively than mema practices. the preference for pema is likely due to a greater emphasis on physical environmental activities over the costing processes (doorasamy & nyahuna, 2021). tables 4 and 5 present the detailed results for each item of pema and mema. table 3. overall result of descriptive statistics for emas adoption (n=205) emas adoption mean ranking physical ema (pema) 3.23 1 monetary ema (mema) 3.14 2 table 4. descriptive statistics for pema practices (n=205) pema practices mean std. dev min max lifecycle inventories. 3.51 0.97 1 5 material flow assessment. 3.40 0.96 1 5 energy flow assessment. 3.38 0.95 2 5 post assessment of short-term environmental impact. 3.25 0.99 1 5 yusoh et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 25-38 31 lifecycle analysis. 3.22 0.89 1 5 environmental capital impact assessment. 3.16 0.93 1 5 physical environmental investment appraisal. 3.16 0.87 1 5 physical environmental budgeting. 3.15 0.87 1 5 long-term physical environmental planning. 3.15 0.96 1 5 relevant environmental impacts. 3.08 0.96 1 5 post-investment assessment of physical environmental investment appraisal. 3.07 0.87 1 5 table 5. descriptive statistics for mema practices (n=205) mema practices mean std. dev min max environmental cost accounting. 3.37 0.87 2 5 post-investment of individual environmental projects. 3.27 0.83 1 5 environmental target costing. 3.22 0.91 1 5 environmental lifecycle costing. 3.20 0.82 1 5 post assessment of relevant environmental costing decisions. 3.16 0.84 1 5 environmentally induced capital expenditure and revenue. 3.13 0.86 1 5 monetary, environmental, and operational budgeting. 3.12 0.87 1 5 monetary environmental capital budgeting. 3.11 0.83 1 5 environmental lifecycle target pricing. 3.07 0.86 1 5 environmental long-term financial planning. 3.05 0.93 1 5 monetary environmental project investment appraisal. 3.04 0.92 1 5 environmental lifecycle budgeting. 3.03 0.88 1 5 relevant environmental costing. 3.00 0.89 1 5 based on the emas adoption score, companies were classified into three social issue life cycle phases: policy, learning, and commitment. companies with mean scores of 3.60 or higher were classified as being in the commitment phase, indicating a high extent of emas adoption (mokhtar et al., 2014). those with mean scores between 2.00 and 3.59 were categorized in the learning phase, reflecting a moderate extent of emas adoption. companies with mean scores below 2.00 were classified in the policy phase, representing a low extent of emas adoption, as per mokhtar et al. (2014). table 6 presents the distribution of emas adoption phases among plcs in malaysia. the results reveal that most companies (59.51%) are in the learning phase, which aligns with the earlier finding of a moderate extent of emas adoption. the relatively small proportion of companies in the commitment phase suggests that accountants' involvement in environmental initiatives remains limited. this observation supports the earlier notion that the role of accounting in environmental matters is still minimal. table 6. emas adoption phases among malaysian plcs (n=205) phases overall mean no. of companies percentage (%) ranking learning phase 2.01 to 3.59 122 59.51 1 commitment phase ≥ 3.60 56 27.31 2 policy phase ≤ 2.00 27 13.17 3 total 205 100.00 sustainability performance this study examines the impact of emas adoption phases on sustainability performance. the study employs a five-point likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), to gauge the perceived value created by emas adoption in the recent past. economic performance metrics are based on the measurements developed by ramli and ismail (2013) and cankaya and sezen (2019), which utilize perceptual performance assessments to evaluate sustainability performance. this study adopts the measurement approach established by jamil et al. (2015) for environmental performance. social performance is assessed using items from ahi and searcy (2015) and cankaya and sezen (2019). table 7 reveals that economic performance achieved the highest mean score (3.90), followed by environmental performance (3.80) and social performance (3.68). table 8 details malaysian plcs' economic, environmental, and social performance items. table 7. overall result of descriptive statistics for sustainability performance (n=205) sustainability performance mean ranking economic performance 3.90 1 environmental performance 3.80 2 social performance 3.68 3 table 8. descriptive statistics for sustainability performance (n=205) items mean std. dev min max economic performance increase in operating profit. 4.00 0.77 2 5 decrease in the cost of energy consumption. 3.97 0.74 1 5 increase in return on investment. 3.95 0.77 2 5 decrease in the cost of material purchased. 3.94 0.80 2 5 yusoh et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 25-38 32 decrease in the fee for waste discharge. 3.92 0.85 2 5 increase in cash flow. 3.90 0.75 1 5 increase in return on assets. 3.87 0.78 1 5 improvement in earnings per share. 3.82 0.80 1 5 increase in revenue. 3.75 0.77 2 5 environmental performance reduction in the use of energy. 4.00 0.74 2 5 reduction in the use of water. 3.90 0.83 1 5 reduction of wastewater emissions. 3.88 0.87 2 5 reduction in the use of non-renewable resources. 3.85 0.89 2 5 reduction of solid waste. 3.84 0.83 2 5 reduction in the use of toxic inputs. 3.84 0.82 2 5 reduction of emissions to air. 3.80 0.78 2 5 reduction of landscape damage 3.80 0.83 2 5 reduction of smell/ odor emissions. 3.75 0.80 1 5 reduction of soil contamination. 3.72 0.93 2 5 reduction of noise. 3.67 0.85 2 5 reduction in the risk of severe accidents 3.58 0.92 2 5 social performance improvement in community health and safety. 3.77 0.87 2 5 improvement in occupational health and safety of employees. 3.76 0.78 1 5 improvement in relations with community stakeholders. 3.71 0.87 2 5 improvement in customer satisfaction. 3.69 0.76 1 5 reduced community complaints. 3.67 0.84 2 5 improvement in the company’s image in the eyes of its customers. 3.61 0.87 2 5 improvement in overall stakeholder welfare or betterment. 3.57 0.69 1 5 hypotheses testing analysis of variance (anova) one-way analysis of variance (anova) was employed to assess whether there are statistically significant differences in the means of sustainability performance across the three phases of emas adoption. the results indicate the commitment phase has the highest mean sustainability performance score (mean=4.31). table 9 presents the overall mean scores for each emas adoption phase among plcs in malaysia. table 9. descriptive statistics for emas adoption phases (n=205) variables n mean std. dev. std. error 95% confidence interval for mean min max lower bound upper bound policy phase 27 2.63 0.18 0.03 2.56 2.70 2.33 2.97 learning phase 122 3.82 0.31 0.03 3.76 3.87 3.02 4.48 commitment phase 56 4.31 0.25 0.03 4.24 4.37 3.90 4.78 total 205 3.80 0.57 0.04 3.72 3.88 2.33 4.78 table 10. one-way analysis of variance (anova) sum of squares df mean square f sig. between groups 51.46 2 25.73 327.80 0.00 within groups 15.86 202 0.08 total 67.31 204 a tukey post hoc test revealed that the mean sustainability performance was significantly higher in the commitment phase (p=0.00), followed by the learning phase (p=0.00) compared to the policy phase (p=0.00). table 10 shows a significance value of 0.000 (p = .000), below the 0.01 threshold, indicating a significant difference in sustainability performance means across the emas adoption phases. however, anova alone does not specify which groups differ from each other. to address this, the multiple comparisons table, which includes tukey's post hoc test results, provides detailed insights into the specific group differences, as outlined in table 11. table 11. multiple comparison (i) emas adoption (j) emas adoption mean difference (i-j) std. error sig. 95% confidence interval lower bound upper bound policy learning -1.18* 0.06 0.00 -1.33 -1.04 commitment -1.67* 0.07 0.00 -1.83 -1.52 learning policy 1.18* 0.06 0.00 1.04 1.33 commitment -0.49* 0.05 0.00 -0.56 -0.38 commitment policy 1.67* 0.07 0.00 1.52 1.83 learning 0.49* 0.05 0.00 0.38 0.60 yusoh et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 25-38 33 accordingly, the mean plot in figure 2 illustrates the average sustainability performance for the three phases of emas adoption. the commitment phase exhibits the highest mean sustainability performance compared to the learning and policy phases. at the commitment stage, environmental issues are addressed at the top management level. thus, it can be concluded that comprehensive emas adoption leads to enhanced sustainability performance, including cost reduction and minimized environmental pollution (swalih et al., 2024; adu-gyamfi et al., 2020). figure 2: mean plot figure 2. mean plot ordinary least squares (ols) regression analysis this study examines the impact of emas adoption phases on sustainability performance among malaysian plcs using ordinary least squares (ols) regression analysis. analyzing data collected from malaysian plcs aims to provide empirical evidence on how the progression through emas adoption phases correlates with improvements in economic, environmental, and social performance. emas adoption in the policy phase and sustainability performance table 12. coefficient table (emas adoption in the policy phase) variable beta std. error t statistic p-value policy phase and sustainability performance constant 3.97 0.03 150.66 0.00 policy phase -1.34 0.07 -18.45 0.00 policy phase and economic performance constant 4.05 0.04 91.33 0.00 policy phase -1.06 0.12 -8.71 0.00 policy phase and environmental performance constant 3.98 0.03 119.49 0.00 policy phase -1.49 0.09 -16.30 0.00 policy phase and social performance constant 3.90 0.04 103.88 0.00 policy phase -1.47 0.10 -14.17 0.00 table 12 reveals that all relationships are statistically significant at the 1% level. specifically, emas adoption in the policy phase has a significant negative impact on sustainability performance among plcs in malaysia (b=-1.34, p=0.00). this negative impact is observed across economic performance (b=-1.06, p=0.00), environmental performance (b=-1.49, p=0.00) and social performance (b=-1.47, p=0.00). emas adoption in the learning phase and sustainability performance table 13. coefficient table (emas adoption in the learning phase) variable beta std. error t statistic p-value learning phase and sustainability performance constant 3.77 0.06 60.03 0.00 learning phase 0.05 0.08 0.59 0.55 learning phase and economic performance constant 3.86 0.08 51.18 0.00 policy commitment learning emas adoption phases 2.50 m ea n o f s u st a in a b il it y p er fo r m a n ce 3.00 4.00 3.50 4.50 yusoh et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 25-38 34 learning phase 0.07 0.09 0.72 0.47 learning phase and environmental performance constant 3.74 0.07 50.90 0.00 learning phase 0.06 0.09 0.67 0.50 learning phase and social performance constant 3.70 0.08 48.01 0.00 learning phase 0.01 0.10 0.10 0.92 table 13 shows that emas adoption in the learning phase positively impacts sustainability performance among plcs, although this impact is not statistically significant at the 5% level (b=0.05, p=0.55). similarly, the positive impacts of emas adoption in the learning phase on economic performance (b=0.07, p=0.47), environmental performance (b=0.06, p=0.50), and social performance (b=0.01, p=0.92) are also not statistically significant. emas adoption in the commitment phase and sustainability performance table 14. coefficient table (emas adoption in the commitment phase) variable beta std. error t statistic p-value commitment phase and sustainability performance constant 3.60 0.04 91.22 0.00 commitment phase 0.71 0.08 9.42 0.00 commitment phase and economic performance constant 3.76 0.05 70.18 0.00 commitment phase 0.52 0.10 5.12 0.00 commitment phase and environmental performance constant 3.56 0.05 75.07 0.00 commitment phase 0.77 0.09 8.59 0.00 commitment phase and social performance constant 3.48 0.05 70.34 0.00 commitment phase 0.82 0.09 8.77 0.00 table 14 indicates a significant positive impact of emas adoption in the commitment phase on sustainability performance among plcs (b=0.71, p=0.00). this positive impact is significant across economic performance (b=0.52, p=0.00), environmental performance (b=0.77, p=0.00) and social performance (b=0.82, p=0.00). all relationships in this phase are statistically significant at the 1% level. table 15. result of hypotheses testing hypotheses findings h1 emas adoption in the policy phase has a significant impact on sustainability performance among plcs in malaysia. supported h1a emas adoption in the policy phase has a significant impact on economic performance among plcs in malaysia. supported h1b emas adoption in the policy phase has a significant impact on environmental performance among plcs in malaysia. supported h1c emas adoption in the policy phase has a significant impact on social performance among plcs in malaysia. supported h2 emas adoption in the learning phase has a significant impact on sustainability performance among plcs in malaysia. not supported h2a emas adoption in the learning phase has a significant impact on economic performance among plcs in malaysia. not supported h2b emas adoption in the learning phase has a significant impact on environmental performance among plcs in malaysia. not supported h2c emas adoption in the learning phase has a significant impact on social performance among plcs in malaysia. not supported h3 emas adoption in the commitment phase has a significant impact on sustainability performance among plcs in malaysia. supported h3a emas adoption in the commitment phase has a significant impact on economic performance among plcs in malaysia. supported h3b emas adoption in the commitment phase has a significant impact on environmental performance among plcs in malaysia. supported h3c emas adoption in the commitment phase has a significant impact on social performance among plcs in malaysia. supported table 15 summarizes the results of the hypothesis testing. the research framework indicates a significant negative impact of emas adoption in the policy phase on sustainability performance. the findings support all proposed hypotheses (h1, h1a, h1b, and h1c). this negative impact reflects the lack of urgency among companies in the policy phase to address environmental issues, such as energy consumption and waste minimization. consequently, these companies are unlikely to achieve better sustainability performance in the short term. emas adoption often incurs costs, with benefits such as reputational enhancements, reduced environmental liabilities, and increased competitive advantage materializing over the long term (burritt et al., 2023; salim & padfield, 2017). in the learning phase, environmental awareness starts to gain traction, and companies may hire environmental specialists to implement policies. however, environmental concerns have yet to influence economic decisions significantly. although the study provides evidence of a positive impact of emas adoption in the learning phase on sustainability performance, this relationship is statistically insignificant. therefore, the findings do not support hypotheses h2, h2a, h2b and h2c. companies in this phase are unlikely to achieve sustainable performance as environmental policies have not yet been fully integrated into decision-making processes despite increasing awareness of environmental issues (mokhtar et al., 2014). during the commitment phase, environmental concerns are integrated into business decision-making and managed by line managers. the study confirms a significant positive impact of emas adoption in the commitment phase on sustainability performance among malaysian plcs, supporting hypotheses h3, h3a, h3b, and h3c. companies in this phase view emas adoption as a proactive approach to managing sustainability issues and achieving social legitimacy. the yusoh et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 25-38 35 findings demonstrate that sustainability performance improves as companies progress through the social issue life cycle's policy, learning, and commitment phases. companies that actively engage in sustainability practices and integrate environmental considerations into their business policies are likely to gain a competitive advantage, enhance decisionmaking, and advance their environmental performance (pratiwi et al., 2020). discussions over recent decades, industrial development has generated significant wealth and prosperity but has also led to unintended ecological degradation (gunawardena & dissanayake, 2021). consequently, businesses are now compelled to be accountable for their environmental impact to remain competitive and drive profitability amidst increasing competition. adopting emas can help businesses identify and mitigate their negative environmental impacts (kong et al., 2022; mayndarto & murwaningsari, 2021). in alignment with the first objective of this study, findings indicate that most companies are in the learning phase, reflecting a moderate extent of emas adoption among plcs in malaysia. specifically, both pema and mema are adopted to a moderate degree (razak et al., 2020; rasit et al., 2020). this suggests a need for professional associations to organize seminars and conferences to enhance managers' and accountants' awareness and establish effective learning mechanisms for emas adoption. the study also examines the impact of emas adoption phases on sustainability performance using the triple bottom line approach, which encompasses economic, environmental, and social performance. according to the study's second objective, regression analysis results reveal a significant negative impact of emas adoption in the policy phase on sustainability performance. additionally, the research shows an insignificant positive impact of emas adoption in the learning phase on sustainability performance. in contrast, a significant positive impact is observed for emas adoption in the commitment phase, indicating that companies in this phase achieve better sustainability performance compared to those in the policy and learning phases. the ordinary least squares (ols) regression analysis supports the hypothesis that companies in more advanced phases of emas adoption tend to report better sustainability outcomes. these findings corroborate previous studies that reported a positive effect of emas adoption on sustainability performance (solovida & latan, 2021; tran et al., 2020). the findings of this study align with several prior studies that have demonstrated a positive link between emas adoption and sustainability performance. for instance, previous research by kong et al. (2022) in china also found that companies with advanced environmental management systems exhibited superior environmental performance. similarly, studies in other emerging economies, such as ghana, south africa, and bangladesh, have shown that adopting comprehensive environmental management practices can lead to improved sustainability metrics (deb et al., 2023; doorasamy & nyahuna, 2021; adu-gyamfi et al., 2020). even though prior studies reveal that emas adoption contributes positively towards sustainability performance, its effectiveness might be moderated by internal and external organizational factors. the discrepancy between the findings could be attributed to malaysia's distinct regulatory environment and market conditions, where regulatory pressures and public expectations for sustainability practices may differ. moreover, this study contributes to the literature by applying the social issue life cycle theory to explain the varying impacts of emas adoption phases. unlike some prior studies that treat emas adoption as a binary variable (adopted vs. not adopted), this study's approach of examining different adoption phases offers a more nuanced understanding of how the depth and maturity of emas influence sustainability performance. this perspective must be explored in existing literature, making it a valuable addition to the discourse on environmental management accounting in emerging markets. conclusions this study examines the impact of emas adoption on the sustainability performance of plcs in malaysia. for theoretical implications, this study advances the understanding of emas by examining its adoption phases through the lens of social issue life cycle theory. the study enriches the existing literature by demonstrating the varying impacts of emas adoption phases on sustainability performance. it offers empirical evidence that the commitment phase of emas adoption significantly enhances sustainability performance, contributing to the theoretical discourse on how structured environmental management practices influence corporate sustainability. it provides new insights into how emas adoption can be strategically managed to enhance sustainability performance in the malaysian context. the adoption of emas is increasingly essential due to the limitations of conventional management accounting systems. this study reveals that most companies are in the learning phase, indicating a moderate level of emas adoption. the moderate level of adoption may be attributed to insufficient knowledge and awareness of environmental management among the respondents. from a managerial perspective, the study highlights the critical importance of progressing through the emas adoption phases. managers should know that premature adoption (e.g., during the policy phase) can negatively impact sustainability performance. conversely, a well-established commitment to emas can significantly improve sustainability outcomes. this insight can guide managers in strategically planning and implementing emas to align with their sustainability goals. as recommendations for practice, companies should approach emas adoption in phases, ensuring that each phase is fully understood and integrated before moving on to the next. this phased approach can mitigate the potential negative impacts during the policy phase. companies should allocate resources and foster organizational commitment to environmental management to maximize the positive impact on sustainability performance. furthermore, organizations should invest in training programs to increase managers' and employees' awareness and understanding of emas. this will facilitate smoother transitions between adoption phases and enhance overall sustainability efforts. companies also need to yusoh et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 25-38 36 regularly monitor and assess the effectiveness of emas practices across different phases to ensure alignment with sustainability objectives and make necessary adjustments. these findings can guide the malaysian government in refining policies, incentivizing companies to adopt greener practices, and effectively managing environmental costs. reviewing the environmental quality act 1974 could enhance penalties for companies that fail to meet their environmental responsibilities. governments can develop and enforce stricter regulations that mandate the adoption of emas across industries. the government can ensure that companies systematically address environmental concerns by creating clear guidelines and setting minimum standards for emas adoption. moreover, these financial incentives can encourage more companies to move beyond the learning and policy phases into the commitment phase, where sustainability impacts are more substantial. additionally, professional bodies can organize training workshops and certification programs to educate key decision-makers, such as cfos and managers, on the benefits and implementation of emas. these programs can provide the technical knowledge required to integrate environmental accounting into business practices fully. creating platforms for companies to share best practices and experiences with emas can help disseminate knowledge and encourage wider adoption. by doing so, these bodies can help build a stronger foundation for sustainability practices across industries. despite its valuable contributions to both theory and practice, this study has certain limitations. notably, the data collection method and sample size present significant challenges. the survey approach is susceptible to errors and nonresponse bias, with potential issues of unreliability and inaccuracy as some respondents may have answered without thoroughly considering the questions, leading to invalid data. furthermore, the low response rate among malaysian plcs limits the generalizability of the findings. therefore, future studies could address these limitations by expanding the sample size and incorporating mixed methods to provide a more comprehensive analysis of emas adoption. future studies could also expand the scope to include a broader range of industries or geographical locations to test the generalizability of the findings. additionally, longitudinal studies could offer insights into the long-term effects of emas adoption on sustainability performance. exploring qualitative aspects of emas adoption, such as organizational culture and stakeholder engagement, could also provide a more comprehensive understanding of its impacts. regardless of these limitations, this study provides insights into emas adoption phases in malaysia and highlights the need for further promotion of this practice among businesses. the study demonstrates the potential and necessity of emas for improving sustainable development in malaysia, showing significant impacts on management processes. author contributions: conceptualization, n.n.a.m.y., t.z.t.m. and a.a.; methodology, n.n.a.m.y. and t.z.t.m.; software, n.n.a.m.y.; validation, n.n.a.m.y, t.z.t.m and a.a.; formal analysis, n.n.a.m.y.; investigation, n.n.a.m.y.; resources, n.n.a.m.y., t.z.t.m. and a.a.; data curation, n.n.a.m.y.; writing – original draft preparation, n.n.a.m.y.; writing – review & editing, n.n.a.m.y.; visualization, t.z.t.m.; supervision, t.z.t.m. and a.a.; project administration, t.z.t.m. and a.a.; funding acquisition, t.z.t.m. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. 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(2003). the issue life cycle: implications for the reputation for social performance and organizational legitimacy. corporate reputation review, 6(1), 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1540191 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/ijme.v4i2.187 https://doi.org/10.3303/cet1756043 https://doi.org/10.1111/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 49-56 49 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 3 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa scientific attitude and critical thinking skills in secondary school students: the impact of gender and management murathoti rajendra nath babu (a)1 atokali (b) ankita lahon (c) srinivasan padmanaban (d) (a) associate professor, department of education, nagaland university (a central university), kohima campus, meriema, nagaland, india-797 004, e-mail: mrnbdte@nagalanduniversity.ac.in (b) post graduate teacher in biology, pm shri kendriya vidyalaya, dimapur, nagaland, india 797112, e-mail: atokaliachumi9@gmail.com (c)research scholar, department of education, nagaland university (a central university), kohima campus, meriema, nagaland, india-797 004, e-mail: lahonankita@gmail.com (d)professor, department of education, central university of tamil nadu, thiruvarur, tamil nadu, india-610005, e-mail: srinivasanp@cutn.ac.in a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 18th february 2025 reviewed & revised: 18th february to 30th may 2025 accepted: 12th june 2025 published: 16th june 2025 keywords: scientific attitude, critical thinking skills, gender, management, school students jel classification codes: i21, i24, j16 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t students' future academic achievement in secondary school depends on developing both a scientific mindset and critical thinking abilities. the study aimed to measure the level of scientific attitude and critical thinking skills among secondary school students and to identify any significant differences in their scientific attitude and critical thinking skills based on gender and management style. a descriptive survey research design was employed to conduct the study. a sample of 200 class ix students was randomly selected from government and private schools in the kohima and dimapur districts of nagaland. two research instruments were used for data collection: the scientific attitude questionnaire developed by the investigators and the critical thinking skills scale developed by murthy (2014), which was modified to suit the needs and context of nagaland. the collected data were analyzed using percentages, means, standard deviations, correlations, chi-square tests, and t-tests for independent samples. the study revealed that the level of scientific attitude and critical thinking skills among secondary school students varied. scientific attitude and critical thinking skills were not significantly influenced by gender. scientific attitude and critical thinking skills were significantly influenced by management. it was found that there is a positive correlation between scientific attitude and critical thinking skills among secondary school students. the findings of this study suggest that teachers should design an engaging science curriculum that incorporates more hands-on activities, project-based learning, classroom discussions, model exhibitions, science fairs, science museums, and field trips in order to foster a scientific mindset in their pupils. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction science has been derived from the latin word 'scientia', which means knowledge, awareness, and understanding. the primary objective of science teaching at any level is to foster a scientific attitude and develop critical thinking. the terms "scientific attitude" and "scientific temper" are used interchangeably. nehru (1946), in his book discovery of india, states that "scientific approach and temper are a way of life, a process of thinking, a method of acting, and associating with our fellowmen". the "scientific attitude" in science education is another area of emphasis in the national curriculum framework (pal, 2005). quality higher education must strive to produce decent, considerate, well-rounded, and creative people in light of the demands of the twenty-first century. in addition to developing character, ethical and constitutional values, intellectual curiosity, scientific temper, creativity, a spirit of service, and 21st-century skills across a variety of disciplines, including the sciences, social sciences, arts, humanities, languages, as well as professional, technical, and vocational subjects, it must allow a person to study one or more specialized areas of interest in depth. to develop holistic individuals, a set of identified skills and values must be incorporated at each stage of learning, from preschool to higher education (ministry of education, 2020). critical thinking concerns the 'why' questions and assumptions influencing thoughts or actions. a person with essential thinking skills constantly seeks evidence to evaluate everyday problems. world health organization (1996) 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0001-8904-383x © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/w5crnb28 to cite this article: babu, m. r. n., atokali, lahon, a., & padmanaban, s. (2025). scientific attitude and critical thinking skills in secondary school students: the impact of gender and management. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(3), 49-56. https://doi.org/10.46281/w5crnb28 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/w5crnb28 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8904-383x https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7742-3474 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9889-1691 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7478-1274 babu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 49-56 50 mentions that critical thinking is one of the core life skills. critical thinking combines revised bloom's cognitive subdomains, including knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation, and creation. india is a multicultural society comprising diverse individuals from various backgrounds, beliefs, attitudes, and practices. it consists of a mini-society in any given classroom. many students complete their education up to secondary level only. therefore, people may face difficulties in utilizing the opportunity to pass down the scientific way of thinking and solving problems. it becomes difficult for an individual to convert unreasonable, superstitious practices into more rational ones and establish a critical perspective. it is essential to understand what a scientific attitude entails. moreover, why do we need a scientific attitude? nehru (1946) stated the importance of a scientific attitude in how problems could be resolved using a scientific perspective and in dealing with fellow beings at times when conflicts arise how to resolve any political, social, economic, health, habits, beliefs, and interpersonal dealings scientific attitude and its attributes like critical thinking have become indispensable skills of the present time. national curriculum work (pal, 2005) and nep -2020 (ministry of education, 2020). stresses on the scientific attitude and critical thinking. these curriculum frameworks provide direction towards the present system and the outcome of the curriculum, assessing how effective it has been in promoting the objectives of science at the secondary level. the nagaland board of school education (nbse) gives a direction on planning and inclusion of the elements lacking in the secondary science curriculum that would enhance the quality of science education in nagaland as a state and india at large, impacting the global viewpoint starting from the hills of the northeast people and the beliefs practices in social conflicting situations how they tackle the conflicting situations using scientific attitude and critical thinking. the present study focuses on the scientific attitude and critical thinking skills, as well as one of their attributes, among secondary school students in nagaland who are studying under the nagaland board of school education (nbse) board. adolescents are curious individuals who constantly explore the world around them. therefore, the right attitude and behavior formation should occur during the time they reach the ix standard when they are wondering about their career and the path they should choose in life. this is a crucial stage for how they decide and deal with society and pressure, which will determine the outcome of their later life. the effectiveness of science teaching in primary and secondary school would be reflected in choosing the path they would take in the long run. to compare the scientific attitude and critical thinking skills among boys and girls, as well as those in private and government schools, the study is entitled "scientific attitude and critical thinking skills among secondary school students in nagaland." the objectives of the present study are to determine the scientific attitude and critical thinking skills and to investigate the correlation between scientific attitude and critical thinking skills among secondary school students in nagaland. this study is structured into six key sections. the introduction outlines the concept, articulates the problem statement, and defines the study's objectives. next, the literature review encapsulates current knowledge on scientific attitudes and critical thinking skills, emphasizing the theoretical underpinnings and highlighting research gaps that the current investigation aims to address. the materials and methods section elaborates on the research design, describes the data collection process, and specifies the analytical tools used to explore the relationships between the variables. the results section presents the empirical outcomes, revealing which hypotheses were validated and which were not, while the discussion interprets these findings about existing literature. lastly, the conclusion underscores the unique contributions of the study, discusses its significance, and offers suggestions for practice and avenues for future research. literature review the results of a study conducted in katsina state, nigeria, by olasehinde and olatoye (2014) on the scientific attitudes, attitudes toward science, and science achievement of senior secondary school students do not support the idea that male and female students are equal in these areas. girls outperform boys in science, according to a study by ahuja (2017) on scientific attitudes and science success scores among secondary school pupils. harsharan singh (2018) investigated the relationship between superstitious behavior and scientific views among professional college students, examining the influence of locus of control and gender. there was no discernible gender difference in the mean score for superstitious behavior. khan et al. (2022) investigated the attitudes of pre-college stem students toward science, including their perceptions of gender disparities, their impact on physics test scores, and their decisions to pursue higher-level physics coursework. aversion to superstitions was found to be higher than other characteristics of the scientific attitude under investigation, and it was discovered that boys scored higher on the physics and scientific attitude. additionally, a strong correlation was observed between the two scores for both girls and boys. singh (2014) investigated the scientific mindset of aspiring science instructors as well as junior and senior secondary school students in botswana. the attitudes of male and female respondents were found to be similar, with the majority falling within the average range. yadav and singh (2017) investigated how gender affected the scientific mindset of biology students in upper secondary school. the results show that, at the formal operational level, there is no discernible difference in the scientific attitudes of male and female biology students. sherafat (2016) investigated the impact of self-esteem, study habits, and critical thinking on the academic performance of secondary and senior secondary school students. students attending private schools demonstrated better study habits and critical thinking skills than those attending public schools. according to mittal's (2017) study on the critical thinking skills and dispositions of junior college students in relation to their goal orientation and learning methodologies, there were no discernible disparities in the critical thinking abilities of junior college boys and girls. the mean scores of icse board students were noticeably higher than those of cbse and ssc board graduates. the critical mean was higher for science students than for commerce and art students, respectively. kaur (2013) conducted a study on the relationship between scientific attitude and critical thinking among school teachers in punjab's mohali region; findings revealed that female teachers were more critical thinkers and had a stronger scientific attitude than male instructors. according to the results of a study by ramya (2019)., on the "effect of social constructivist strategies of teaching science on scientific attitude, critical babu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 49-56 51 thinking, and social skills of secondary school students," social constructivist teaching methods are more successful in improving students' scientific attitudes, critical thinking, and social skills. a strong relationship existed between secondary school students' scientific mindset, critical thinking, and social skills. a technology-rich environment and critical thinking abilities are positively correlated, according to mcmahon, g. (2009), who researched critical thinking and ict integration in a secondary school in western australia. in their study, duran and dökme (2016) examined the effect of inquiry-based learning on students' critical thinking skills. they found that inquiry-based learning had a significant impact on students' critical thinking abilities in science and technology. the study conducted by tous and haghighi (2016) compared the critical thinking abilities of iranian male and female english as a foreign language (efl) learners. it concluded that there was no significant difference between the two groups. solihati and hikmat (2018) examined the presence of critical thinking exercises in senior secondary indonesian language textbooks. their findings showed that the textbooks lacked critical thinking-promoting components. the effectiveness of laboratories with various objectives and designs on students' critical thinking abilities was investigated by walsh c. et al. (2022), who found that students' critical thinking abilities are enhanced by laboratories that emphasize the development of experimental skills. suastra and ristiati (2019) investigated the effects of the project-based learning model on students' critical thinking, scientific attitude, and self-efficacy. they discovered that authentic assessment can improve students' scientific self-efficacy, scientific attitude, and critical thinking abilities. students' scientific attitude was examined by budiharti and waras (2018) as a treatment effect of blended learning supported by the i-spring 8 application. they discovered that students' behavior is influenced by blended learning supported by the i-spring 8 application on all aspects of scientific attitude, including critical thinking, creativity and discovery, cooperation and openmindedness, perseverance, and inquisitiveness. suryawati and osman (2018) evaluated the impact of contextual teaching and learning on students' scientific attitudes and academic performance in natural science. they discovered no difference in students' scientific attitudes between the contextual strategy treatment group and the conventional strategy treatment group. to foster a positive attitude toward science among lower secondary school students, zulirfan et al. (2018) implemented an alternative strategy and assessed its efficacy. the study found that the take-home experiment strategy has a significant influence on students' development of a scientific attitude. according to the literature study, there has been little research conducted on the relationship between critical thinking abilities and a scientific mindset, especially in nagaland. to enhance scientific attitude and critical thinking abilities in the context of nagaland, the researchers were compelled to ascertain the current state of science education and whether the goals of science are being met in terms of fostering a scientific attitude, as outlined in the national policy of education2020 (ministry of education, 2020). determining our current state and the necessary improvements to our educational system is crucial. based on the existing literature, the conceptual model of scientific attitude and critical thinking skills, and the study's purpose, the following hypothesis was formulated. ho1: secondary school students in nagaland do not have different levels of scientific attitude ho2: secondary school students in nagaland do not have different levels of critical thinking ho3: there is no significant difference between boys and girls in their mean scores of the scientific attitude of secondary school students in nagaland ho4: there is no significant difference in mean scores of scientific attitude among government and private secondary school students in nagaland ho5: there is no significant difference in critical thinking skills of secondary school students in nagaland with respect to gender ho6: there is no significant difference in critical thinking skills of secondary school students in nagaland with respect to management ho7: there is no significant correlation between scientific attitude and critical thinking skills among secondary school students in nagaland. figure 1. conceptual model of scientific attitude and critical thinking skills, source: prepared by the authors scientific attitude critical thinking skills respect for evidence honesty in reporting objectivity perseverance rationality critical thinking open mindedness aversion to superstitions poor average good gender management babu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 49-56 52 materials and methods the study investigates the level of scientific attitude and critical thinking skills among secondary school students. the study aims to determine whether there are significant differences in scientific attitude and critical thinking skills among individuals based on gender and management in nagaland, using a descriptive survey method. this study employs a quantitative methods approach for its research methodology, utilizing quantitative data collection methods as part of the study variables. the critical thinking of the participants is used as the dependent variable, and the scientific attitude is used as the independent variable. the current research sample comprises 200 students (102 boys and 98 girls) attending class ix in secondary schools located in the dimapur and kohima districts of nagaland. the participating students were selected using the simple random sampling method, a type of probability sampling. the scientific attitude questionnaire, developed by the investigators and consisting of 35 statements, was used. the reliability and validity of the scientific attitude tool were 0.78 and 0.88, respectively. the mysore critical thinking skills scale (murthy, 2014) was modified and used by investigators, who presented four conflicting situations or dilemmas and asked respondents to write about the merits and demerits, providing reasons for their responses. data were collected by the investigators, who personally visited secondary schools located in dimapur and kohima, with the approval of the principals and head teachers. frequencies, percentages, mean, s.d., correlation, chi-square test, and independent t-test were used for data analysis. the research benefits from its quantitative methodology, which yields a complete understanding of critical thinking and scientific attitudes among secondary school students. the research focused exclusively on secondary schools in the state of nagaland. results table 1. level of scientific attitude scores score range frequency % level chi-square value 119 & below 199 90 45% below-average level of scientific attitude 48.99* 120-122 20 10% average level of scientific attitude 123 and above 90 45% above average level of scientific attitude n 200 100% note: * significant source: survey data, 2024 the overall data were analyzed in the form of percentages to find out the level of scientific attitude among secondary school students in nagaland, where analysis of table 1 reveals that 45% scored below average level of scientific attitude, 10% scored the average level of scientific attitude, and 45% scored above average level of scientific attitude. the calculated chi-square value is 48.99, and the tabulated chi-square value for 2df at 0.01 level of significance is 9.21. the calculated chi-square value is greater than the tabulated chi-square value. therefore, the hypothesis ho1 is not accepted. it shows that students varied in their level of scientific attitude scores. the analysis reveals that only 10% of students fall under the average level of scientific attitude. as a result, it was discovered that nagaland secondary school pupils exhibit varying degrees of scientific mindset. table 2. level of critical thinking scores score range frequency percentage level chi-square value 51 & below 51 01 0.5% below-average level of critical thinking 123.12* 52-54 129 64.5% average level of critical thinking 55 and above 70 35% above average level of critical thinking n 200 100% source: survey data, 2024 table 2 shows the scores in percentages, where 0.5% indicates a below-average level of critical thinking, 64.5% indicates an average level of critical thinking, and 35% indicates an above-average level of critical thinking. the calculated chi-square value is 123.12, which is greater than the tabulated value (9.21, 2df at 0.01 level of significance). hence, the null hypothesis ho2 is not accepted at a 0.05 level of significance. this indicates that secondary school students in nagaland exhibit varying levels of critical thinking, with the majority (64.5%) demonstrating an average level of critical thinking. table 3. t-test results comparing boys and girls on scientific attitude scientific attitude & dimensions gender n mean standard deviation t-value 1. critical thinking boys 102 15.21 2.755 2.319* girls 98 16.17 3.139 2. rationality boys 102 17.62 2.949 1.972* girls 98 18.44 2.939 3. respect for evidence boys 102 17.14 2.932 0.156@ girls 98 17.07 3.050 4. objectivity boys 102 12.40 2.330 3.524* girls 98 13.64 2.645 5. open mindedness boys 102 6.16 1.733 0.137@ girls 98 6.12 1.818 6. honesty in reporting boys 102 17.34 3.020 0.726@ girls 98 17.05 2.653 babu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 49-56 53 7. aversion to superstitions boys 102 16.69 3.464 0.772@ girls 98 16.31 3.498 8. perseverance boys 102 16.69 3.412 1.502@ girls 98 17.37 2.975 scientific attitude boys 102 119.24 12.808 1.508@ girls 98 122.17 14.718 source: survey data, 2024 it was found that from table 3, the dimensions of critical thinking, rationality, and objectivity yielded calculated t-values of 2.319, 1.972, and 3.524, respectively. these values are found to be greater than the tabulated t-value of 1.96 for 1 df and 198 df at a 0.05 level of significance. therefore, for these dimensions, there is a significant difference between boys and girls in their mean scores of the scientific attitudes of secondary school students in nagaland. whereas for the dimensions with respect to evidence, open-mindedness, honesty in reporting, aversion to superstitions, and perseverance, the calculated t-values were found to be .156, .137, .726, .772, 1.502 respectively, which are lesser than the table t-values of 1.96 for 1df and 198df at 0.05 level of significance. therefore, for these dimensions, there is no significant difference between boys and girls in their mean scores of the scientific attitudes of secondary school students in nagaland. the overall analysis shows that the calculated t-value is 1.508, which is found to be less than 1.96 for 1 df and 198 df at a 0.05 level of significance. hence, the hypothesis h0 is accepted at the 0.05 level of significance. therefore, there is no significant difference between boys and girls in their mean scores of the scientific attitude of secondary school students in nagaland; however, girls show a slightly higher scientific attitude in their mean score compared to boys. table 4. t-test results comparing government and private school students on scientific attitude scientific attitude & dimensions management n mean standard deviation t-value 1. critical thinking government 100 14.74 2.762 4.687* private 100 16.62 2.909 2. rationality government 100 17.51 2.819 2.463* private 100 18.53 3.033 3. respect for evidence government 100 16.38 3.041 3.535* private 100 17.83 2.753 4. objectivity government 100 12.39 2.412 3.522* private 100 13.63 2.565 5. open mindedness government 100 5.78 1.673 2.929* private 100 6.50 1.801 6. honesty in reporting government 100 16.59 3.025 3.100* private 100 17.81 2.517 7. aversion to superstitions government 100 15.93 3.144 2.344* private 100 17.07 3.710 8. perseverance government 100 15.85 2.776 5.512* private 100 18.19 3.212 scientific attitude government 100 115.17 11.393 6.129* private 100 126.18 13.890 source: survey data, 2024 it was found from table 4 that the dimensions of scientific attitudes, such as critical thinking, rationality, respect for evidence, objectivity, open-mindedness, honesty in reporting, aversion to superstitions, and perseverance, the calculated t-values were found to be more than the t-value (1.96) for 1df and 198df at 0.05 level of significance. the mean score and standard deviation values for government school students were 115.17 and 11.393, respectively, whereas for private school students, they were found to be 126.18 and 13.890, respectively. further, the total t-value of scientific attitude was found to be 6.129 with respect to management, which is greater than the critical t-value (1.96) for 1df and 198df at 0.05 level of significance. hence, hypothesis ho4 is not accepted at a 0.05 level of significance. this indicates a significant difference in the mean scores of scientific attitudes among government and private secondary school students in nagaland. private secondary school students in nagaland exhibit a more positive scientific attitude than their government secondary school counterparts. table 5. t-test results comparing boys and girls on critical thinking skills critical thinking gender n mean standard deviation t-value 1. poor boys 102 5.39 1.991 1.182@ girls 98 5.74 2.226 2. average boys 102 16.42 .959 2.885* girls 98 16.99 1.732 3. good boys 102 32.05 .355 .585@ girls 98 32.09 .644 critical thinking skills boys 102 53.86 2.874 1.951@ girls 98 54.83 4.036 source: survey data, 2024 table 5 shows that the calculated tt-value of critical thinking skills is lower than the tabulated tt-value (1.96) for 1df and 198df at 0.05 level of significance. hence, the hypothesis ho5 is accepted. therefore, there is no significant babu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 49-56 54 difference in mean scores of critical thinking skills of secondary school students in nagaland with respect to gender. table 6. t-test results comparing government and private school students on critical thinking skills critical thinking management n mean standard deviation t-value poor government 100 5.04 1.626 3.622* private 100 6.09 2.400 average government 100 16.20 .636 5.318* private 100 17.20 1.770 good government 100 32.01 .100 1.651@ private 100 32.13 .720 critical thinking skills government 100 53.25 2.105 4.577* private 100 55.42 4.248 source: survey data, 2024 table 6 shows that the calculated tt-value of critical thinking skills is greater than the table tt-value (1.96) for 1df and 198df at 0.05 level of significance. hence, the hypothesis ho6 is not accepted. therefore, there is a significant difference in mean scores of critical thinking skills of secondary school students in nagaland with respect to management. table 7. correlation between scientific attitude and critical thinking skills scientific attitude critical thinking skills scientific attitude pearson correlation 1 .428** sig. (2-tailed) .000 n 200 200 critical thinking skills pearson correlation .428** 1 sig. (2-tailed) .000 n 200 200 source: survey data, 2024 analysis of table 7 shows that the mean scores for scientific attitude and critical thinking skills are 120.68 and 54.34, whereas the standard deviation was found to be 13.821 and 3.516, respectively. the correlation between scientific attitude and critical thinking skills is 0.428. the correlation coefficient is significant at a 0.01 level of significance. hence, the hypothesis ho7 is not accepted. it is a weak but positive correlation. it was found that a positive and significant correlation exists between the two variables. therefore, a significant correlation exists between scientific attitude scores and critical thinking skills scores among secondary school students in nagaland. discussions overall findings of the study: 45% scored below average level of scientific attitude, 10% scored average level of scientific attitude, and 45% scored above average level of scientific attitude. secondary school students in nagaland exhibit varying levels of scientific attitude. 0.5% show an average level of critical thinking, 64.5% show an average level of critical thinking, and 35% show an average level of critical thinking. secondary school students in nagaland exhibit average levels of critical thinking skills, with varying levels of critical thinking. it has been found that private secondary school students in nagaland have a better scientific attitude than their government secondary school counterparts. it was found that the mean score for boys in critical thinking skills was 53.86, while the mean score for girls in critical thinking skills was 54.83. when these mean scores are compared, it is found that girls showed slightly higher critical thinking than boys of secondary school students in nagaland. it was found that the mean score of government secondary school students was 53.25, while the mean score of private secondary school students was 55.42. when these mean scores are compared, it is found that private secondary school students have higher scientific attitudes than government secondary school students in nagaland. the correlation between scientific attitude and critical thinking skills is 0.428. the coefficient of correlation is significant at 0.01 level. it is a weak but positive correlation. the two variables were found to have positive and significant correlations. a scientific attitude is essential as it increases environmental awareness (hassan & ratnakar, 2012). a positive relationship exists between scientific attitude and attitude toward science (olasehinde & olatoye, 2014). misra and srivastava (2016) found that scientific interest is positively related to both scientific attitudes in intent and action among students. sherafat (2016) states that private school students exhibit higher critical thinking levels and study habits than their government school counterparts. in the context of the study conducted on scientific attitude and critical thinking skills in secondary school students: the impact of gender and management, ahuja (2017) and khan et al. (2022) found that there exists a gender difference in the scientific attitude which is contradicting the finding that there is no significant difference between boys and girls in their mean scores of the scientific attitude of secondary school students in nagaland whereas supporting results were found in the studies of yadav and singh (2017). mittal's (2017) and tous and haghighi's (2016) findings supported the results that there is no significant difference in mean scores of critical thinking skills of secondary school students in nagaland with respect to gender. the correlation between scientific attitude and critical thinking skills is 0.428. the coefficient of correlation is significant at the 0.01 level, indicating that developing a scientific attitude can enhance critical thinking skills. ramya (2019) found that a positive and high correlation exists between the scientific attitude, critical thinking, and social skills of secondary school students, and the results supported this finding. as far as management is concerned, private secondary school students tend to have a higher scientific attitude than their government secondary school counterparts, which is attributed to better infrastructure, well-trained and quality babu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 49-56 55 teachers, and parental support. however, some components are lacking in government schools, resulting in significant differences in scientific attitude. secondary school students in nagaland demonstrated an average level of critical thinking, with 64.5% falling into this category. hence, the examination pattern should include questions that enable learners to analyze the material critically rather than relying on rote memorization. private secondary school students tend to excel in comprehension and language skills, which enables them to analyze situations more effectively than their government secondary school counterparts. however, many students in government schools are not provided with the basic needs, support, and exposure that students in private schools receive. many students in government schools lack reading and writing skills, which are essential for developing critical thinking. hence, to improve and develop critical thinking, we need to enhance our language and comprehension skills. conclusions the study aimed to measure the level of scientific attitude and critical thinking skills among secondary school students and to identify any significant differences in their scientific attitude and critical thinking skills based on gender and management. the current study has some educational implications for the development of scientific attitudes and critical thinking among secondary school students. the current study should serve as a path to rethink our approaches to functioning in science education at the state level and identify the dimensions that are lacking in learners. how to develop the scientific attitude and critical thinking skills as in line with national education policy -2020 (ministry of education, 2020). through this study, light is shed on the system and practices of science education, where it is failing to serve the extreme below-average level, and why a vast imbalance in the scientific attitude exists. girls were observed to perform better than boys in terms of scientific attitude among secondary school students in nagaland. this is also due to equal support and opportunity given to the girl child in nagaland for pursuing studies. some topics for additional research are recommended based on the results of the current study and the issues that were overlooked. the current study is restricted to class ix secondary school students enrolled in the nbse board programs. comparable research can also consider other boards that may be conducted at the elementary or upper-secondary level. the variables of management and gender were the only ones included in the study. additional factors, such as socioeconomic level, location, and parents' educational backgrounds, may also be taken into consideration. a bigger sample size and instructors from primary, secondary, and higher education levels might be the subjects of the study. additionally, research can be conducted to investigate the relationship between scientific achievement, scientific mindset, and critical thinking. every citizen must possess a scientific mindset and critical thinking abilities to preserve peace and harmony. to lead a balanced life, one must cultivate a scientific mindset and continually progress toward national unity and integration. critical thinking abilities are essential for arriving at reasonable solutions to issues that will inevitably arise, whether they are personal or at the national or international level. it is necessary to eliminate superstitious beliefs and practices that have been passed down and to use reasonable analysis to reach any reasonable conclusion for the advancement of individuals, society, and the economy. therefore, in order to cultivate a scientific attitude in students, we must create an engaging science curriculum. this includes more hands-on activities, project-based learning, classroom discussions, model exhibitions, science fairs, science museums, and field trips. all of these should be given equal weight in the curriculum, where students' engagement with the teaching and learning process will foster a scientific attitude. to encourage pupils to think, analyze, and draw logical conclusions, class activities should allow for debates and brainstorming on challenging subjects. instead of relying solely on rote memory, evaluations, and tests should incorporate application-based questions that require students to apply their knowledge and experience to arrive at rational answers. the research was conducted explicitly on secondary schools in nagaland and does not establish broader applicability across different districts or geographic areas. this research was limited to government and private high schools under the national board of secondary education (nbse). furthermore, research can be conducted to investigate the correlation between achievements in science, critical thinking, and a scientific attitude. author contributions: conceptualization, m.r.n.b. and a.; methodology, m.r.n.b. and a.; software, m.r.n.b; validation, m.r.n.b., a. and s.p.; formal analysis, m.r.n.b. and a.; investigation, a.; resources, a.l.; data curation, a.; writing – original draft preparation, m.r.n.b. and a.l.; writing – review & editing, m.r.n.b., a.l. and s.p.; visualization, m.r.n.b. and s.p.; supervision, m.r.n.b. and s.p.; project administration, a.; funding acquisition, m.r.n.b., a., a.l. and s.p. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: the authors extend their appreciation to authority heads of all higher secondary schools for their consent and necessary support to collect data from their respective institutions and also c. g. venkatesha murthy. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references ahuja, a. 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e-mail: maruf10666@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 7th june 2024 reviewed & revised: 7th june to 19th september 2024 accepted: 20th september 2024 published: 25th september 2024 keywords: accounting information systems, organizational effectiveness; impact, ready made garments manufacturer, chattogram, purposive sampling jel classification codes: m41 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t in today's rapidly evolving global business environment, implementing accounting information systems (ais) effectively is essential for improving financial reporting accuracy and operational efficiency. despite its importance, the relationship between ais practices and organizational effectiveness remains insufficiently explored, particularly within bangladesh's ready-made garments (rmg) industry. this study aims to examine the impact of ais on organizational effectiveness within the rmg sector of chattogram, bangladesh. data were collected from 400 respondents using a purposive sampling method, with responses measured on a five-point likert scale. the study evaluated ais across multiple dimensions, including financial reporting accuracy, timeliness of decision-making, data security, ease of accessibility, regulatory compliance, and user satisfaction. organizational effectiveness was assessed in terms of cost efficiency, integration with other systems, decision support, adaptability to change, training and support, innovation, and system upgrades. factor analysis was performed to validate the data, and reliability was tested through cronbach's alpha. a structural equation model (sem) was developed using ibm spss amos 22 to analyze the relationship between ais and organizational effectiveness, ensuring that the model met convergent and discriminant validity requirements. the results revealed a significant positive relationship between ais practices and organizational effectiveness. ais contributed to improved decision-making, enhanced financial reporting accuracy, streamlined operational processes, and greater overall efficiency. these findings underscore ais's crucial role in promoting organizational success within the rmg sector, highlighting its potential to boost performance, productivity, and overall effectiveness. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction the contemporary business landscape is undergoing a significant shift, given the crucial role of technology in shaping and enhancing organizational processes. in this context, accounting information systems (ais) have emerged as a critical tool in finance and accounting. an ais integrates various components, including people, procedures, and technology, to facilitate an organization's seamless collection, processing, and dissemination of financial information. understanding the profound influence of ais on organizational effectiveness is crucial for businesses striving to stay competitive in the dynamic global market (salehi et al., 2010). this research paper, therefore, undertakes a comprehensive exploration of how ais impacts organizational effectiveness, using a quantitative empirical research approach to delve into the specific context of ready made garments (rmg) manufacturers in chattogram, bangladesh. bangladesh's garment manufacturing sector has witnessed a remarkable expansion in recent decades, establishing itself as a significant player in the international textile and clothing industry. to effectively navigate the challenges of this ever-evolving business landscape, integrating sophisticated information systems, notably ais, has become necessary for efficient financial management and maintaining competitiveness. this research aims to augment the current understanding by offering valuable insights into how implementing ais influences the overall effectiveness of garment manufacturers in chattogram. 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0004-7343-8983 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i4.2247 to cite this article: islam, m. (2024). organizational effectiveness for accounting information system practice: a study on some selected ready-made garments factories of chattogram in bangladesh. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(4), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i4.2247 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i4.2247 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7343-8983 islam, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 49-58 50 many research endeavors have explored how ais influences the performance of organizations, shedding light on its role in improving decision-making, streamlining processes, and enhancing the accuracy of financial reporting. the seminal work of romney and steinbart (2017) underscores the critical importance of ais in furnishing timely and relevant financial information crucial for decision-making. simultaneously, hall (2019) highlights its pivotal role in internal control mechanisms. scholars like gelinas et al. (2018) have emphasized the significance of ais in improving operational efficiency and reducing costs, further emphasizing the importance of this research in the broader framework of organizational efficiency. in the context of bangladesh, research on the integration and impact of ais in the ready-made garments sector is notably scarce. however, given the unique challenges and opportunities businesses face in this region, investigating the specific effects of ais implementation becomes paramount. the study zeroes in on chattogram, a pivotal hub for rmg manufacturers, aiming understand how ais influences organizational effectiveness within the local business landscape. chattogram's rmg sector serves as a microcosm for exploring the broader implications of ais on organizational effectiveness. factors such as technology adoption and organizational culture will be meticulously examined to offer a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics at play. through an in-depth quantitative empirical research study, this research endeavours to uncover the nuances of ais utilization and its tangible impact on organizational effectiveness within the selected rmg manufacturers in chattogram. as businesses in the ready-made garments industry grapple with increasing pressures to adapt and excel in a globally competitive market, understanding the profound influence of accounting information systems on organizational effectiveness emerges as a pivotal imperative. this research paper, adopting a quantitative empirical research approach, delves into the specific context of rmg manufacturers in chattogram, bangladesh, contributing not only to academic literature but also offering practical insights crucial for businesses to thrive in the ever-evolving landscape of financial information management. the findings of this study are anticipated to bridge the existing gaps in understanding the intricacies of ais implementation and its far-reaching consequences on organizational effectiveness in the vibrant business environment of chattogram. in the following sections, this paper systematically explores the impact of ais on organizational effectiveness within the rmg industry in chattogram. firstly, the literature review synthesizes key studies and theoretical insights on ais, organizational effectiveness, and their intersection while highlighting the research gaps and formulating the purpose of this study and its hypotheses. secondly, the materials and methods section outlines the approach for selecting the study population and sample, as well as data collection and analysis techniques. thirdly, this article presents a descriptive analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling to examine the significant impact of accounting information system practices on organizational effectiveness, supported by reliability, validity, and model fit assessments. fourthly, this study demonstrates the significant role of ais in enhancing organizational effectiveness within chattogram's rmg industry, emphasizing its impact on financial reporting accuracy, decision-making, operational efficiency, and regulatory compliance while highlighting avenues for future research on ais adoption and its long-term effects. lastly, the study concludes that ais significantly enhance organizational effectiveness in chattogram's rmg industry. however, limitations in industry focus, self-reported data, and unexplored moderating variables suggest the need for broader, mixed-method research to validate these findings further. literature review accounting information is critical for improving organizational effectiveness in today's global competitive climate. it is a strategic asset for informed decision-making, performance evaluation, and strategy planning (anthony & reece, 2006). according to kaplan and norton (1992), the balanced scorecard is vital in assessing organizational performance by combining financial and non-financial variables. chenhall and langfield-smith (2003) underline that accounting information aids strategic objectives through budgeting and forecasting. furthermore, dechow and dichev (2002) emphasize its relevance in promoting openness and credibility, which are critical for acquiring investor trust and access to finance. recent studies by islam (2023) and otley (2001) emphasize the importance of accounting information in internal controls and management control systems across various companies and organizations. despite problems including changing standards and complexity (leuz et al., 2003), accounting information remains critical for sustaining organizational efficiency and meeting global competitive challenges (borthick & clark, 1990; yusoh et al., 2024; al-matari et al., 2022). organizational effectiveness is an organization's capacity to fulfill its goals and objectives while retaining high efficiency and flexibility. it is a complicated notion with several elements, including leadership, structure, culture, procedures, and performance. achieving organizational effectiveness necessitates a deliberate and comprehensive strategy that considers the interactions of many factors inside the company (mckinsey & company, 2021). leadership is an essential factor in determining organizational performance. influential leaders are critical in steering the business toward its goals, cultivating a positive and collaborative culture, and making sound decisions. in addition to providing a clear vision, leadership entails inspiring and coordinating the efforts of all employees to work toward shared objectives. leadership philosophies that foster openness, communication, and empowerment are essential contributors to organizational effectiveness (yukl, 2013). another critical factor influencing effectiveness is the organizational structure. a well-designed structure guarantees that tasks are arranged and assigned effectively, fostering accountability and clear lines of communication. various organizational structures, such as functional, divisional, or matrix, may be appropriate for various contexts (daft, 2015). the organization's size, industry, and strategic objectives influence the structure selection. culture is a crucial component of organizational effectiveness. it consists of shared values, beliefs, and norms that influence individual employee behaviour within the organization. employee engagement, creativity, and flexibility are encouraged by a friendly and upbeat work environment, which increases the effectiveness of the company as a whole (schein, 2010). an islam, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 49-58 51 organization's internal procedures and processes are also crucial in determining its performance. redundancy is decreased, productivity is increased, and effective and well-designed procedures streamline operations. establishing robust performance evaluation, feedback, and communication mechanisms helps organizations become more effective over time (hammer & champy, 1993; jahan, 2023). technology is a catalyst for organizational performance in the digital era. organizations use state-of-the-art solutions like artificial intelligence (ai) apps and enterprise resource planning (erp) systems to improve decision-making and expedite procedures. technology academics like andrew mcafee and erik brynjolfsson's writings provide insight into how technology might change contemporary businesses. organizational practices have undergone a tremendous transformation as ais has developed, going from simple record-keeping tools to sophisticated systems that improve operational efficiency and decision-making. at first, the primary purpose of ais was to assist with financial reporting and compliance. however, as new technologies like ai and machine learning have emerged, these systems have grown into all-encompassing frameworks that combine operational and financial data, increasing the precision and effectiveness of financial reporting (rozhkova & blinova, 2023; polenova et al., 2019). recent research has demonstrated how important ais is for improving operational effectiveness, especially in industrial settings. for example, it has been demonstrated that using ais to automate repetitive procedures may improve operational accuracy and efficiency (wang et al., 2020). findings that highlight the ais's integration of ai and machine learning, which permits real-time data processing and sophisticated analytics, provide more credence to this. with these tools, businesses may go from gathering data to strategically using it to make decisions (xiong, 2022). by streamlining procedures and improving accounting information dependability, ai technology integration with ais lowers the risks related to economic volatility and unpredictability (polenova et al., 2019; sharif et al., 2022). furthermore, the capacity of ais to deliver precise and timely financial information highlights how well it works to enhance organizational decision-making. since businesses depend more on data-driven insights to manage complex business settings, this is essential for strategy planning and resource allocation (troshani et al., 2018). furthermore, by implementing strong internal controls and audit trails—crucial for upholding corporate integrity and accountability—ais improves compliance with legal requirements and minimizes financial risks (rozhkova & blinova, 2023). cloud computing with ais enhances data security and facilitates remote access, providing adaptable and scalable solutions that augment corporate efficacy. this enables smooth cooperation and information exchange across several locations, which is especially advantageous for businesses with operational or geographic restrictions (rozhkova & blinova, 2023). the move to cloud-based ais systems indicates a more significant digital transformation trend in which businesses use technology to enhance efficiency and optimize operations (troshani et al., 2018). automation of routine accounting tasks through an ais leads to increased efficiency, performance, and productivity. manual processes are prone to errors and can be time-consuming. an ais automates data entry, processing, and reporting, allowing employees to focus on more value-added activities. a study investigated how different factors of ais affect decision-making in commercial banks in bangladesh. the results demonstrated that the links between the ais facility's technological capabilities, operational comparability, understandability, relevance, and dependability and their effects on decision-making effectiveness were not all the same. additionally, demographic factors such as gender, banking sector, ais training, experience levels, and participation in decision-making significantly influenced perceptions and contributions to ais-based decision-making practices, ultimately contributing to organizational performance (chowdhury et al., 2024). according to (lutfi et al., 2022) ais automates financial operations and offers comprehensive insights into performance measures, which greatly aid in decision-making and cost management. for rmg companies functioning in a worldwide market, compliance with international accounting standards is critical, and thus, automation not only simplifies operations but also improves the accuracy of financial reporting (sarker et al., 2023). alam et al. (2023) underline how ais enhances internal controls, which are critical to preserving the rmg industry's operational integrity and effectiveness. there is a clear study gap in the literature that focuses on the effects of ais on organizational effectiveness in the rmg sector of chattogram, bangladesh. although research has demonstrated the overall advantages of ais, more empirical data needs to be collected to show how it affects effectiveness and performance in this particular setting (kabir et al., 2022). for example, ahad et al. (2021) talk about the general effects of technology adoption in the rmg industry, but they need to detail the particular effects of ais. although ais can potentially increase operational efficiency, a lack of specific research suggests that its practical implementation may be limited by the unique challenges that rmg firms in chattogram face, such as infrastructure limits and worker training (fontana, 2017). additionally, the labour-intensive nature of bangladesh's rmg industry and the requirement for constant adaptability to market demands make ais integration more difficult (swazan & das, 2022). due to the intense rivalry brought about by the industry's rapid expansion, adopting ais and other technologies will require a more calculated approach (lutfi et al., 2022). however, some of the unique contextual aspects that impact the application of ais in the rmg sector are overlooked by the current research, such as workers' level of digital literacy and cultural attitudes towards technology (sarker et al., 2023). thus, to close the observed gap, this study examines the special difficulties and advantages of ais in chattogram's rmg sector, offering insights suited to the particular requirements of this sector and region. in summary, although ais shows promise for enhancing organizational effectiveness in the rmg sector, especially regarding decision-making and compliance, further research is needed to understand the implementation problems in chattogram, bangladesh, fully. by tackling these issues, the rmg industry may better utilize ais to improve operational performance and preserve its competitive edge in the global market. in the context of chattogram, bangladesh's rmg industry, this research aims to thoroughly investigate the link between ais and organizational efficiency. given ais's crucial role in contemporary business operations, this research evaluates how well-implemented ais might affect important business performance outcomes. in order to ascertain how these features contribute to improving organizational effectiveness, the study looks explicitly into several ais dimensions, such as financial reporting accuracy, timeliness of decision-making, data security, ease of accessibility, regulatory islam, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 49-58 52 compliance, and user satisfaction. several essential characteristics are used to assess organizational performance, including cost efficiency, system integration, decision support, flexibility to changing business contexts, personnel training and support, and the capacity to innovate and update systems. the study aims to determine how ais practices improve decisionmaking, financial correctness, operational efficiencies, and productivity. this study uses a purposive sample strategy and collects data from 400 respondents in the rmg sector to give empirical evidence of ais's direct and indirect effects on organizational effectiveness. the study uses factor analysis, reliability testing (cronbach's alpha), and a structural equation model (sem) constructed with ibm spss amos 22 to ensure thorough data validation and statistical analysis to back up its conclusions. finally, this study aims to give practical insights for rmg firms intending to use ais to boost overall performance, competitiveness, and flexibility in a fast-changing global business context. thus, this study proposes the following hypothesis: null hypothesis (h0): accounting information system has no significant effect on organizational effectiveness. alternative hypothesis (h1): accounting information system has a significant effect on organizational effectiveness. materials and methods study population and sample population this study focuses on employees working in ready-made garment (rmg) manufacturing firms located in chattogram, bangladesh. the study, in particular, targets 400 key employees from 55 chosen firms who use accounting information systems as part of their job tasks. this includes a confidence level of 95%, a margin of error of 5%, and a population proportion of 50% with an infinite population size. purposive sampling approach a purposive sampling approach was employed to ensure a targeted and representative sample. in this study, purposive sampling was chosen to select participants with relevant experience and expertise in using accounting information systems (ais) within the rmg manufacturing sector. this method allows for a focused investigation into the population of interest (bryman, 2016). face-to-face data collection the chosen data collection method involves face-to-face interactions with the respondents. this method makes a deeper comprehension of the participants' observations and points of view possible. this direct engagement method enhances the reliability and richness of the gathered data (creswell & creswell, 2017). utilization of likert-type scale the questionnaire consisted of twelve well-crafted questions, employing a likert-type scale with five response options ranging from 'agreed' to 'strongly disagreed,' including an 'indifferent' option. this scale allows for a nuanced assessment of participants' opinions, comprehensively understanding their attitudes towards using ais in their job responsibilities (likert, 1932). data analysis method the gathered data undergo screening and correction processes to be transformed into excel and spss formats. descriptive analysis is then applied to compute the values for each variable in the survey responses. subsequently, the normality of the data for each variable is assessed using both the kolmogorov–smirnov and shapiro–wilk tests. following this, factor analysis is performed, including the assessment of cronbach's alpha values and the kaiser-meyer-olkin (kmo) measure of sampling adequacy, to group all response variables into two categories: the use of accounting information systems and organizational effectiveness. to determine the substantial impact of accounting information system practices on organisational success, a structural equation model (sem) is then constructed. finally, the model's validity is verified through convergent and discriminant validity tests, following established methodologies (fornell & larcker, 1981; hair et al., 2019; kline, 2015; royston, 1982). hypothesis testing after thoroughly analyzing the responses from the administered questionnaires, the next step is testing the hypotheses. results descriptive analysis table i displays the descriptive statistics (including sample size, minimum, maximum, and median values) and the outcomes of normality tests (kolmogorov-smirnov test and shapiro-wilk test) for each variable associated with the use of accounting information systems and their impact on organizational effectiveness. islam, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 49-58 53 table 1. descriptive statistics and normality test result sl. no. survey questions variable name n min max kolmogorov– smirnov test (sig) shapiro– wilk test (sig) median 1. practice of accounting information system 1. (a) the ais accurately reflects the financial status of our organization ais1 400 2 5 0.212 (0.000) 0.866 (0.000) 4 1. (b) information from the ais is provided in a timely manner for decision-making ais2 400 2 5 0.226 (0.000) 0.872 (0.000) 4 1. (c) i feel confident in the security and integrity of data within the ais ais3 400 2 5 0.274 (0.000) 0.844 (0.000) 4 1. (d) accessing information from the ais is convenient and user-friendly ais4 400 2 5 0.249 (0.000) 0.865 (0.000) 4 1. (e) our ais complies with relevant accounting and regulatory standards ais5 400 2 5 0.223 (0.000) 0.867 (0.000) 4 1. (f) overall, i am satisfied with the functionality of the ais ais6 400 2 5 0.265 (0.000) 0.861 (0.000) 4 2. effectiveness of organization 2. (a) the ais is cost-effective in terms of the benefits it provides effect1 400 2 5 0.235 (0.000) 0.868 (0.000) 3 2. (b) the ais seamlessly integrates with other organizational systems effect2 400 2 5 0.215 (0.000) 0.876 (0.000) 3 2. (c) the ais significantly contributes to effective decision-making in our organization effect3 400 2 5 0.197 (0.000) 0.869 (0.000) 3 2. (d) the ais can adapt well to changes in our organizational environment effect4 400 2 5 0.213 (0.000) 0.878 (0.000) 3 2. (e) training and support for ais users are sufficient and effective effect5 400 2 5 0.211 (0.000) 0.869 (0.000) 3 2. (f) our organization regularly innovates and upgrades the ais to meet changing needs effect6 400 2 5 0.198 (0.000) 0.865 (0.000) 3 the minimum and maximum values for accounting information system practice and organizational effectiveness are 2 and 5, respectively. the kolmogorov-smirnov and shapiro-wilk test statistics of every single variable range from 0.212 to 0.274 and 0.197 to 0.235, respectively, and are all significant at the 0.000 level. this suggests that the survey response data do not follow a normal distribution. consequently, median values were utilized to compare mean ranks. the median value of the practice of accounting information system is 4, and the effectiveness of an organization is 3. now, factor analysis is being utilized to assess the questionnaire and categorize its components into distinct factors. factor analysis the kaiser-meyer-olkin (kmo) measure of sampling adequacy yielded a value of 0.883 (p = 0.000) in our factor analysis, indicating that the data is appropriately suitable for conducting factor analysis and categorizing the questionnaire responses into separate factors (refer to table 2). table 2. cronbach's alpha, factor analysis, and the outcome of the convergent validity test rotated component matrixa convergent square component variable cronbach’s validity root of 1 2 name alpha (ave) ave effect1 0.911 practice of accounting 0.861 0.526 0.725 effect2 0.903 information system effect3 0.884 effect5 0.875 effect6 0.847 effect4 0.835 ais1 0.935 effectiveness of 0.941 0.729 0.854 ais4 0.765 organization ais2 0.746 ais5 0.740 ais6 0.718 ais3 0.673 extraction method: principal component analysis. rotation method: varimax with kaiser normalization. a. rotation converged in 3 iterations. islam, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 49-58 54 the survey response values from the factor analysis table are grouped into two main factors: the practice of accounting information systems (with factor loadings ranging from 0.835 to 0.911) and organizational effectiveness (with factor loadings ranging from 0.673 to 0.935). since all factor loadings are above 0.400, this suggests that the indicators for each factor exhibit strong reliability. the cronbach's alpha values for the factor variables, namely 'practice of accounting information system' and 'effectiveness of the organization,' are 0.861 and 0.941, respectively, exceeding the 0.7 thresholds. this suggests that the survey responses concerning these factors are reliable, consistent, and valid. based on the factor analysis, the variables are defined by the following characteristics: (1) practice of accounting information system is identified as (a) financial reporting accuracy (ais1), (b) timeliness of decision making (ais2), (c) data securityintegrity (ais3), (d) ease of accessibility (ais4), (e) regulatory standards compliance (ais5) and (f) user satisfaction (ais6) (2) effectiveness of organization is identified as (a) cost effectiveness (effect1), (b) integration with other systems (effect2), (c) decision support (effect3), (d) adaptability to change (effect4) (e) training and support (effect5) and (e) innovation and upgradation (effect6). based on the results of the factor analysis, a structural equation model has been created to assess the effectiveness of organizations about their accounting information system practices (see figure) figure 1. model of structural equation for accounting information system effectiveness in the structural equation model examined, the standardized regression coefficients for utilising accounting information systems range from 0.57 to 1.00, while those for organizational effectiveness range from 0.79 to 0.90, all falling between -1 and 1. all factor loadings are exceptionally high and statistically significant, with p-values less than 0.05. in the selected model, the fit indices indicate a well-fitting model. specifically, the χ2/df ratio is 2.189, below the 3.0 threshold. the comparative fit index (cfi) is 0.981, exceeding the recommended 0.9. the incremental fit index (ifi) also stands at 0.981, above the 0.9 threshold. the tucker-lewis index (tli) is 0.976, the normed fit index (nfi) is 0.965, and the relative fit index (rfi) is 0.956, all of which are greater than 0.9. additionally, the root mean square error of approximation (rmsea) is 0.055, which is below the 0.08 cutoff. therefore, all the model indices meet the standard criteria, confirming the model is well-fitted. we checked the average variance extracted (ave) values to verify the selected model's convergent validity. the ave for the accounting information system's practice is 0.526, and for the organization's effectiveness, it is 0.729. since both ave values are above 0.5, this suggests that the model demonstrates convergent validity. to assess discriminant validity, the maximum shared variance (msv) between the practice of accounting information systems and organizational effectiveness is 0.168. this value is lower than both the square root of the average variance extracted (ave) for the practice of accounting information systems (0.725) and the square root of the ave for organizational effectiveness (0.854) (as shown in table 2). therefore, the model in question demonstrates satisfactory discriminant validity. with a significance level of p = 0.001, the route coefficient in the structural equation model that represents the impact of information systems for accounting practices on organizational effectiveness is 0.17. so, the practice of accounting information systems significantly contributes to the organisation's effectiveness (as the p-value is less than 0.05). so, the null hypothesis is rejected. as a result, the practice of accounting information systems contributes significantly to the effectiveness of an organization (fornell & larcker, 1981; hair et al., 2019; kline, 2015; royston, 1982). discussions the findings of this study underscore the critical role that ais play in enhancing organizational effectiveness, particularly within the context of the rmg industry in chattogram, bangladesh. through a meticulous examination of various dimensions, including financial reporting accuracy, timeliness of decision-making, data security integrity, ease of accessibility, regulatory standards compliance, and user satisfaction, the research illuminates the multifaceted impact of ais islam, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 49-58 55 on organizational operations. the structural equation model (sem) developed in this study provides valuable insights into how ais influences organizational effectiveness. the high standardized regression weights and statistically significant factor loadings underscore the robustness of the model. moreover, the model's fit indices, including χ2/df, cfi, ifi, tli, nfi, rfi, and rmsea, demonstrate its appropriateness for the dataset, thereby enhancing the credibility of the findings. furthermore, validating the model through convergent and discriminant validity tests further bolsters the study's credibility. the attainment of convergent validity, as evidenced by the average variance expected (ave) values exceeding the recommended threshold of 0.5, supports the measurement model's consistency and reliability. similarly, the confirmation of discriminant validity, as indicated by the lower maximum shared variance (msv) compared to the square roots of aves, underscores the distinctiveness of the latent constructs under investigation. overall, the findings suggest that rmg organizations in chattogram, bangladesh, benefit significantly from adopting and effectively utilising ais. organizations can bolster their overall effectiveness and competitiveness in the global marketplace by leveraging ais capabilities to improve financial reporting accuracy, facilitate timely decision-making, ensure data security and integrity, and enhance user satisfaction. the results indicate a significant positive relationship between the practice of ais and organizational effectiveness. adopting and utilising ais methodologies can improve decision-making processes, streamline operations, and enhance financial reporting accuracy within rmg organizations. these findings resonate with broader literature suggesting that technological advancements can yield tangible benefits for organizational performance when effectively integrated into business processes. research has consistently illustrated the advantages of ais in optimizing operations and enhancing decision-making frameworks. this aligns with andrade and tumelero (2022), who emphasized the strategic importance of ais in achieving operational excellence. the results are also supported by kareem et al., (2021), who noted that managers in small and medium enterprises leverage ais to enhance efficiency, reliability, and quality, collectively contributing to improved performance outcomes. in addition, research has continuously substantiated the link between ais and organizational success, emphasizing the system's importance in improving key operational areas. grande, estébanez, and colomina (2011) underlined that implementing ais improves decision-making by delivering fast and accurate financial data, resulting in better planning and control mechanisms. furthermore, kouser et al. (2011) discovered that ais adoption considerably enhances internal corporate operations by improving financial procedures, decreasing mistakes, and boosting effective resource allocation. these benefits are consistent with the results of nicolaou (2000), who found that organizations that use ais have enhanced organizational coordination and better alignment between operational and strategic goals. furthermore, ais improves reporting capabilities, which contributes to greater openness and accountability inside businesses (kanellou & spathis, 2013). this transparency is vital for building trust with stakeholders and ensuring regulatory compliance, both of which are required for long-term organizational performance. similarly, grabski, leech, and schmidt (2011) found that integrating ais improves performance monitoring and control, directly influencing operational efficiency and overall company success. the cumulative evidence from these studies illustrates that adopting ais is a technological upgrade and a strategic imperative that can significantly enhance organizational capabilities and competitiveness across various sectors. the literature consistently supports that ais is crucial in enhancing operational efficiency and decision-making processes, thereby contributing to overall organizational effectiveness. the integration of ais is shown to yield tangible benefits, such as improved compliance with standards and enhanced financial performance, making it an indispensable asset for organizations aiming to thrive in competitive environments. this study extends these findings to the context of the rmg industry in chattogram, bangladesh, indicating that the advantages of ais are not confined to specific sectors or geographical areas but are universally applicable. the increasing complexity and competitiveness of the rmg sector necessitate sophisticated information management tools, which ais provides. as organizations face mounting pressures to comply with regulatory standards and meet customer demands, the role of ais in improving accuracy, speed, and security in financial reporting becomes even more critical (brodny, 2022). the ability of ais to enhance organizational efficiency is particularly relevant in industries where operational transparency and timely information are paramount. moreover, the technological advancements and heightened awareness within the industry contribute to the growing adoption of ais. organizations increasingly recognize the need for transparency and improved operational control, viewing digitization as essential for survival in the global market (rasethuntsa, 2022). this study's clear correlation between ais and user satisfaction underscores the importance of accessible, accurate, and timely information in achieving higher organizational performance levels. this aligns with findings from (mihai et al., 2023), who noted that digital transformation driven by ai technologies significantly enhances operational capabilities in various sectors, including textiles (mihai et al., 2023). despite the consistency of these results with prior research, certain contextual factors unique to chattogram's rmg sector may account for outcome variations. bangladesh's rapidly evolving regulatory environment, characterized by increased global scrutiny on labor practices and sustainability, may compel companies to adopt ais as part of broader compliance and reporting frameworks (vărzaru, 2022). this regulatory pressure can drive organizations to enhance their information systems to meet local and international standards, thereby improving their overall effectiveness. looking forward, several avenues for future research emerge from this study. while the direct impact of ais on organizational effectiveness has been established, exploring the mediating roles of factors such as employee skill development, leadership practices, and external market conditions could yield deeper insights into enhancing ais effectiveness (ge et al., 2022). expanding research beyond the rmg sector to other industries in bangladesh or across south asia could further elucidate how different industrial contexts influence ais practices. additionally, investigating the long-term impacts of ais adoption will be crucial to understanding whether organizations continue to experience sustained operational improvements or face diminishing returns over time (xiao & boschma, 2022). as the global push for digital islam, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 49-58 56 transformation accelerates, examining the role of emerging technologies like ai and blockchain in optimizing ais functions will also be of great significance (chatterjee, 2020). overall, this study not only highlights the critical role of ais in enhancing the effectiveness of rmg organizations in chattogram, bangladesh but also lays the groundwork for future research to explore the evolving dynamics of technology and organizational performance in this rapidly changing industrial landscape conclusions in conclusion, this study provides compelling evidence of the positive impact of ais on organizational effectiveness within the rmg industry in chattogram, bangladesh. the findings highlight the importance of integrating technological advancements, such as ais, into organizational processes to drive efficiency, productivity, and performance. by recognizing the pivotal role of ais in enhancing decision-making processes, streamlining operations, and ensuring regulatory compliance, organizations can position themselves for sustained success in today's dynamic business environment. the structural equation model's robustness, validated through convergent and discriminant validity tests, lends credence to the study's findings and underscores the reliability of the relationships observed. as such, policymakers, industry practitioners, and organizational leaders are encouraged to prioritize investments in ais infrastructure and capabilities to harness its full potential for organizational advancement and competitiveness. while the research methodology is robust, several limitations should be acknowledged. firstly, the study focuses on a specific industry in a particular geographical location, limiting the generalizability of findings to other industries or regions. moreover, the organisation size, nature and type variation may distort the result. additionally, relying on employee self-reported data may introduce response bias, as participants might provide socially desirable answers. employing mixedmethod approaches or incorporating objective performance metrics could mitigate these concerns and enhance the robustness of future research endeavours. furthermore, the study does not explore the potential moderating or mediating variables that could influence the relationship between ais and organizational effectiveness. author contributions: conceptualization, m.i.; methodology, m.i.; software, m.i.; validation, m.i.; formal analysis, m.i.; investigation, m.i.; resources, m.i.; data curation, m.i.; writing –original draft preparation, m.i.; writing –review & editing, m.i.; visualization, m.i., supervision, m.i. project administration, m.i.; funding acquisition, m.i. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgements: it is an acknowledgement that all the authors contributed equally. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare 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(2013). leadership in organizations (8th ed.) pearson. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-386043-9.00015-1 appendices appendix a: questionnaire title: organizational effectiveness for accounting information system practice: a study on some selected ready made garments factories of chattogram in bangladesh a. name of the respondent b. respondent organization sl. no. questionnaire variable name strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agree 1. practice of accounting information system a. the ais accurately reflects the financial status of our organization financial reporting accuracy b. information from the ais is provided in a timely manner for decision-making timeliness of decisionmaking c. i feel confident in the security and integrity of data within the ais data securityintegrity d. accessing information from the ais is convenient and user-friendly ease of accessibility e. our ais complies with relevant accounting and regulatory standards regulatory standards compliance f. overall, i am satisfied with the functionality of the ais user satisfaction 2. effectiveness of organization a. the ais is cost-effective in terms of the benefits it provides cost effectiveness b. the ais seamlessly integrates with other organizational systems integration with other systems c. the ais significantly contributes to effective decision-making in our organization decision support d. the ais can adapt well to changes in our organizational environment adaptability to change e. training and support for ais users are sufficient and effective training and support f. our organization regularly innovates and upgrades the ais to meet changing needs innovation and upgradation publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2018.09.002 https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223812 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-020-1581-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-022-01181-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-386043-9.00015-1 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 1-16 1 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 6 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa marketing magic: uncovering the key drivers of loyalty among luxury hotel guests yu liang (a)1 (a) phd candidate, ucsi graduate business school, ucsi university, kuala lumpur, malaysia and lecturer, taiyuan tourism college, shanxi province, china; e-mail: liangyu6806@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 24th july 2024 reviewed & revised: 24th july to 12th november 2024 accepted: 18th november 2024 published: 26th november 2024 keywords: price fairness, social media marketing, service quality, consumer behaviour, customer loyalty. jel classification codes: m31, m37, l83, l84, z32 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t over the past decade, the tourism industry in china has grown significantly, boosting both the size and revenue of the hotel sector across the nation. to stay competitive and relevant to the demand of the market, hospitality firms, particularly the hotels, must deliver excellent services and employ innovative and creative marketing strategies to attract new customers while retaining existing ones. as competition intensifies, research suggests that hotel brand image and customer awareness towards the brand have become crucial catalysts in driving customer loyalty and word-of-mouth, both of which are key to business success in the long term. given the importance of a sustainable business model for hotels, this study explores and examines the interrelationships between marketing factors, hotel brand image and awareness, service quality, customer satisfaction, loyalty, and word-of-mouth. using a survey questionnaire, we collected data from 396 luxury hotel guests in mainland china. the collected data were subsequently analysed using spss and smartpls statistical software. the results reveal that hotel brand image and awareness significantly impact guests' perceived service quality, and all hypotheses regarding the interrelationships between service quality, satisfaction, and loyalty were supported. furthermore, the findings suggest that hotel managers should prioritise brand image and customer awareness towards the brand as part of their key strategies to improve perceived service quality and, ultimately, drive loyalty among hotel guests. lastly, this study offers various strategic methods that hotels can consider to attract both domestic and international guests, providing valuable insights to advance the hospitality industry in mainland china. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction according to global hospitality group (2020), the luxury hotel market was valued at usd 93 billion in 2019 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (cagr) of 4.3% from 2020 to 2027. it is anticipated that about 4,300 luxury hotels worldwide have demonstrated the sector's encouraging expansion since 2020 (smith travel research, 2020). despite its initial impact, this growth illustrates how the pandemic has driven the hotel industry towards greater resilience and innovation. the spread of covid-19 a few years ago has led to greater resilience in the hotel industry, significantly impacting its dynamics and accelerating growth in certain regions. the pandemic forced hotels to adopt stringent health protocols and adapt to new customer preferences, such as increased demand for hygiene and contactless services (lin & chen, 2022). in china, the hotel industry recovered significantly post-covid-19, with international luxury hotels surging to over 3,000 by 2020, driven by a robust domestic travel market and support from both the national and provincial governments. the luxury hotel segment in china generated approximately $16 billion in revenue in 2021, up from $5 billion in 2010, highlighting the sector's resilience (mordor intelligence, 2022). occupancy rates in major cities like beijing and shanghai often exceeded 70%, underscoring the industry's adaptation to new market demands (ehl insights, 2021). in addition, china's rapid economic growth over the past few decades has led to a sizable and affluent middle and upper class with increasing disposable income and a growing appetite for luxury goods and services. this demographic shift has positioned china as a lucrative market for the luxury hotel industry, as more chinese consumers are willing to pay a premium for high-quality hospitality experiences that signify status and prestige (peng & chen, 2019; wu et al., 2023). despite the rapid growth of the hotel industry in china, this high-credence industry still faces significant challenges. one major issue is increased competition, which pressures hotels to innovate and improve their services to remain competitive continuously (hao et al., 2020). additionally, engaging current customers is crucial for hotels, as acquiring new customers 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0005-7311-2278 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i6.2256 to cite this article: liang, y. (2024). marketing magic: uncovering the key drivers of loyalty among luxury hotel guests. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(6), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i6.2256 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i6.2256 https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7311-2278 liang, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 1-16 2 requires five times more time and money than retaining existing ones. that makes meeting the evolving expectations of post-pandemic travellers more challenging, including prioritising hygiene, safety, contactless services, etc. (bonfanti et al., 2021). however, prior research mainly focused on the individual effects of marketing factors in the business world. for instance, abeza et al. (2020) focus on how social media marketing enhances brand visibility and engagement, fostering customer community and encouraging positive word-of-mouth. rather et al. (2024) investigated how personalised services cater to individual customers' needs, increasing satisfaction and loyalty by making guests feel valued and understood. natarajan and veera raghavan (2024) explored the idea that loyalty programmes reward repeat customers, incentivise ongoing patronage, foster a deeper connection with the brand, etc. limited research focuses on the aligned effects of crucial marketing factors that can foster solid and enduring relationships with guests, ultimately driving long-term business success. additionally, prior studies have proved that guanxi plays an important role in customer relationship management in the chinese context (liu et al., 2024). in the online marketplace, swift guanxi, grounded in the theoretical lens of guanxi, is vital in facilitating online transactions (ou et al., 2014) since online shopping has become increasingly common. for example, the higher the level of swift guanxi perceived by customers, the stronger their intention to make a favourable decision in the online marketplace (zhang et al., 2021). therefore, luxury hotels' swift guanxi is essential to customer loyalty and positive word-of-mouth communication. thus, this study is focused on integrating crucial marketing factors that can improve customer loyalty and positive word-of-mouth in the post-pandemic era in mainland china. this study aims to assist hotels in navigating the competitive landscape and building a loyal customer base that drives positive word-of-mouth and repeat business. the remainder of this paper is arranged as follows: section 2 provides a detailed review of previous literature and the development of research hypotheses. section 3 discusses the research methodology. sections 4 and 5 present the research findings, implications, and suggestions for future research. literature review underpinning theory: relationship marketing theory the evolution of relationship marketing theory has been marked by significant developments since its inception in the 1980s, when it initially recognised the critical importance of cultivating customer relationships. this theory has broadened from mere transactional exchanges to a focus on fostering long-term relationships and reciprocal benefits between businesses and their stakeholders (palmatier & steinhoff, 2019). the advent and proliferation of digital technology and social media have further revolutionised relationship marketing by facilitating more personalised and interactive engagements with customers (rooney et al., 2021). moreover, relationship marketing theory has significantly impacted the hotel sector by applying across various industries. this theory underlines the essence of nurturing enduring relationships with customers, an aspect that becomes indispensable in industries where the quality of customer experience is a primary concern (rather et al., 2024). the competitive landscape of the hotel industry, coupled with the paramount importance of customer loyalty and retention, underscores the need for employing relationship marketing theory. by establishing robust relationships with guests, hotels can improve guest satisfaction, foster loyalty, and encourage positive word-of-mouth, which is critical for a hotel's success (wu & chang, 2024). in addition, marketing factors like price, social media marketing, and service innovation emerge as essential elements of relationship marketing theory in luxury hotel research. price fairness significantly influences guests' value perceptions, affecting their loyalty and satisfaction (benetti corrêa da silva et al., 2021). meanwhile, social media marketing is instrumental in engaging customers and bolstering brand awareness and loyalty (nalluri et al., 2023). it was also reported that service innovation is crucial for setting luxury hotels apart by offering unique and memorable experiences, thereby driving customer satisfaction and loyalty (liu et al., 2024). moreover, relationship marketing theory within luxury hotel research encompasses several vital facets, including brand image, perceived service quality, customer satisfaction, loyalty, and word-of-mouth communication. brand image and awareness lay the foundation for attracting guests and setting expectations. perceived service quality influences guest satisfaction, affecting their loyalty and propensity to recommend the hotel to others. these interlinked components are instrumental in a hotel's success, facilitating the cultivation of solid and enduring relationships with guests (rather et al., 2024). in chinese luxury hotel research, guanxi is argued to be a pivotal aspect of relationship marketing theory. guanxi, denoting the network of social and influential relationships that aid in business and other transactions, is relevant in china due to its cultural significance (lee et al., 2018). it is anticipated that integrating guanxi into relationship marketing theory acknowledges the critical role of these social dynamics in augmenting customer loyalty and satisfaction, as well as the success of luxury hotels in china (rather et al., 2024). hypotheses development the significance of branding: brand image and brand awareness brand image is the perception and beliefs held by customers and the public regarding a brand. it encompasses the values, characteristics, and attributes consumers associate with a brand based on their experiences, beliefs, feelings, and knowledge (el-said, 2020; ryu et al., 2019). brand image is not solely dictated by what the brand professes to be; it is predominantly shaped by customers' experiences and the broader societal interpretation of the brand's actions and communications (bashir et al., 2020). brand image is pivotal in the hotel industry, where the quality of experiences and services significantly impacts customer perceptions. within the relationship marketing theory framework, brand image's significance in fostering longterm customer relationships is paramount. it directly influences customer loyalty, trust, and satisfaction—elements at the heart of relationship marketing's aim to develop solid and lasting customer bonds (nelson et al., 2024; rather et al., 2024). a positive brand image increases consumers' likelihood of choosing a brand over its competitors and engaging in repeat liang, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 1-16 3 patronage. a robust brand image is instrumental in attracting new customers, retaining current ones, and cultivating loyalty and trust—critical factors in an industry marked by intense competition and the necessity for exceptional customer service and satisfaction (foroudi, 2019; šerić & gil-saura, 2019). brand awareness, in contrast, is about more than just recognition; it is about how familiar consumers are with the unique qualities or images of a specific brand of goods or services (foroudi, 2019). it is about a brand's recognisability to its target audience and ability to influence consumer decision-making (matikiti-manyevere et al., 2020). beyond simply recognising the brand name, brand awareness entails understanding the qualities that make the brand unique and superior to competitors. this strategic understanding of brand awareness as the initial phase of the marketing funnel, leading to brand preference and, eventually, customer loyalty and advocacy, highlights its importance in customer decision-making (foroudi, 2019; matikiti-manyevere et al., 2020; šerić & gil-saura, 2019). in the relationship marketing theoretical lens, brand awareness is critical because it establishes the foundation for nurturing long-term relationships between the brand and its customers. brand awareness is paramount in the hotel industry, where the services offered are intangible, and experiential hotels with significant brand awareness remain at the top of potential guests' minds, considerably influencing their lodging decisions. such visibility is beneficial for attracting first-time guests and vital for customer retention and loyalty cultivation (şanlıöz-özgen & kozak, 2023; wu et al., 2023). in an intense competition and elevated customer expectations landscape, brand awareness emerges as a crucial differentiator, empowering hotels to discover a unique identity, capture a larger market share, and forge enduring relationships with their guests (polo-peña et al., 2023; shanti & joshi, 2022). price fairness (pf) price fairness refers to the customers' perception of whether the price is reasonable, considering the value received from the service (lu et al., 2020). the relationship between price fairness and brand image is crucial, as price fairness can significantly influence a hotel's brand image (alderighi et al., 2022; gironda, 2016). if customers perceive the pricing as fair, this can enhance the hotel's reputation, suggesting a positive impact (bashir et al., 2020; jin et al., 2019). due to the apparent importance of this relationship, more research needs to be done to focus on how price fairness affects brand image, specifically within the hotel industry (sohaib et al., 2022). this scarcity of studies underlines the need to investigate how customers' perceptions of price fairness can shape a hotel's brand image. in addition, price fairness has also been reported to impact brand awareness significantly. when customers perceive prices as fair, they are more likely to engage positively with the brand, enhancing recognition and recall (jin et al., 2019). therefore, fair pricing strategies can benefit customer satisfaction and loyalty and strengthen brand awareness in the competitive hotel industry (liu et al., 2024; polo-peña et al., 2023). despite the logical connection between these concepts, research exploring price fairness's direct impact on brand awareness is sparse in the hotel industry (sohaib et al., 2022). besides, the interplay between how consumers perceive price fairness and its subsequent effect on brand awareness still needs to be explored, highlighting a gap in the existing literature. based on the evidence presented above, this study proposes the following hypothesis: h1a: price fairness positively impacts the brand image. h2a: price fairness positively impacts brand awareness. social media marketing (smm) in the hotel industry, social media marketing encompasses strategies to promote hotels and their services across various social media platforms, aiming to engage potential and current customers through content that resonates with their interests and preferences. the impact of social media marketing on a hotel's brand image is significant, providing a direct channel for hotels to craft and disseminate their desired brand narratives, engage in real-time with customers, and manage their reputation online (barreda et al., 2020). hotels can enhance their brand image through strategic social media marketing, making it more appealing and relatable to their target audience (barreda et al., 2020; kim & han, 2022). an effective social media strategy can significantly improve how customers perceive and emotionally connect with a hotel brand (nusair et al., 2024). however, despite the intuitive link between social media marketing and brand image enhancement, most existing studies focus on broader aspects without delving into its specific effects on brand image within the hotel sector (jiang & wen, 2020; liu et al., 2022). apart from the above, the influence of social media marketing on brand awareness within the hotel industry represents a significant area of interest, underlined by the pervasive adoption of social media platforms for hospitality marketing endeavours (kim et al., 2020; nalluri et al., 2023). effective implementation of social media marketing gives hotels a dynamic medium to amplify their brand's visibility and recognition, engaging directly with potential and current customers, thus markedly elevating hotel brand awareness. this direct engagement facilitates a broader reach and more profound, personalised interaction with the target audience (nalluri et al., 2023; sürücü et al., 2019). moreover, it is premised on the notion that strategically curated social media campaigns can effectively captivate a wider audience, thereby bolstering the visibility and recognition of hotel brands (gonzález-padilla & lacárcel, 2023; polo-peña et al., 2023). despite the evident relevance of social media marketing to enhancing brand awareness in hotels, there is a notable scarcity of focused research delving into the specifics of this impact within the hotel sector. given the above, this study postulated that: h1b: social media marketing positively impacts the brand image. h2b: social media marketing positively impacts brand awareness. liang, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 1-16 4 service innovation (si) in the hotel industry, service innovation refers to introducing new or significantly improved services or processes to enhance customer experiences, operational efficiency, or competitive advantage (ziyae et al., 2021). this can include anything from implementing cutting-edge technology for seamless check-ins to offering personalised guest experiences that cater to the unique preferences of each visitor (ishizaka et al., 2019; tomašević, 2018). the impact of such innovations on a hotel's brand image is profound; by delivering novel and improved services, hotels can significantly enhance their brand perception, setting themselves apart as leaders in customer satisfaction and technological advancement (bashir et al., 2020; ryu et al., 2019). despite the intuitive connection between service innovation and enhanced brand image within the hospitality sector, there is a noticeable scarcity of focused research exploring this relationship in depth. in the hotel industry, service innovation significantly influences brand awareness by introducing novel or greatly improved services tailored to guests' evolving preferences (ziyae et al., 2021). these innovations, which range from digital check-ins to personalised guest experiences, not only fulfil but exceed customer expectations, acting as critical differentiators in a fiercely competitive market and markedly boosting a hotel's visibility and brand awareness (ishizaka et al., 2019; tomašević, 2018). studies on service innovation typically span across various industries, with less emphasis on its direct effects on brand awareness in the hotel industry (foroudi, 2019; sürücü et al., 2019). addressing this gap, this study asserts that service innovation positively influences brand awareness in the hotel sector. it suggests that hotels leveraging innovative services can significantly enhance their brand's visibility, attract more guests and establish a more pronounced market presence. therefore, this study proposes: h1c: service innovation positively impacts the brand image. h2c: service innovation positively impacts brand awareness. perceived service quality (psq) perceived service quality in the hotel industry is defined as guests' evaluation of the overall excellence and value of the service provided, incorporating dimensions such as responsiveness, reliability, and personalisation (palazzo et al., 2021; polyakova & ramchandani, 2023). this subjective assessment is crucial in shaping guests' experiences and satisfaction. brand image, representing consumers' overall impressions of a hotel's brand, significantly impacts perceived service quality (wai lai, 2019). a strong and positive brand image can elevate guests' service quality perceptions by communicating a promise of consistency and excellence (bashir et al., 2020; ryu et al., 2019). moreover, a hotel with a solid and favourable brand image will likely be perceived as providing higher-quality services, enhancing guest satisfaction and loyalty. however, studies often discuss brand image's broader impacts without focussing on its specific implications for perceived service quality in hospitality (foroudi, 2019; sürücü et al., 2019). in addition to the aforementioned, brand awareness, which reflects how customers recognise and are familiar with a hotel brand, can shape and often heighten their expectations regarding service quality in the hotel industry (foroudi, 2019; sürücü et al., 2019). when a well-known hotel brand is present, customers will likely have heightened perceptions of service quality, associating the brand's visibility with reliability and excellence (wai lai, 2019). this connection suggests that brand awareness can be a precursor to perceived service quality, reinforcing that a prominent brand is synonymous with superior service. therefore, this study hypothesises that: h3a: brand image positively impacts perceived service quality. h3b: brand awareness positively impacts perceived service quality. customer satisfaction (cs) customer satisfaction in the hotel industry is understood as guests' perceptions of how a hotel's services align with or surpass their expectations. it is a critical performance metric for hospitality businesses (malik et al., 2020). perceived service quality, or guests' assessment of the service's excellence and value, significantly influences this satisfaction by setting the standard against which services are judged (palazzo et al., 2021; polyakova & ramchandani, 2023). while the link between perceived service quality and customer satisfaction is widely acknowledged (nowlin, 2024), focused investigations within the hotel sector could be more comprehensive. therefore, this study asserts that: h4: perceived service quality positively impacts customer satisfaction. customer loyalty (cl) customer loyalty in the hotel industry is characterised by a guest's continued preference for a particular hotel brand, evidenced by repeat bookings, reluctance to switch to competitors, and positive referrals (närvänen et al., 2020). this loyalty indicates a pattern of repeat patronage and a deep-seated trust and emotional bond with the brand (el-adly, 2019; närvänen et al., 2020). moreover, the link between customer satisfaction and loyalty is evident, with satisfied customers more inclined to remain loyal due to positive experiences that meet or surpass expectations, fostering trust and attachment to the hotel (khan et al., 2022; molinillo et al., 2022). by considering narrowing down the broad overview of customer satisfaction across various sectors (alam et al., 2021; hohenberg & taylor, 2022) to the hotel industry, this study posits that: h5a: customer satisfaction positively impacts customer loyalty. liang, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 1-16 5 word-of-mouth communication (wom) word-of-mouth communication in the hotel industry refers to the informal exchange of information and opinions about a hotel's services or experiences between potential and past guests (donthu et al., 2021). this form of communication is highly valued for its authenticity and significant influence on consumer behaviour, acting as a powerful tool for attracting new customers and building a hotel's reputation (el-adly, 2019; khan et al., 2022). customer satisfaction plays a pivotal role in fuelling word-of-mouth communication, as satisfied guests are likelier to share positive experiences and recommendations with others, enhancing the hotel's image and attracting future business (gajewska et al., 2019; otto et al., 2020). however, most studies generally focus on the dynamics of customer satisfaction and its results without specifically examining its direct influence on word-of-mouth communication within the hospitality industry. therefore, this study proposed the following hypothesis: h5b: customer satisfaction positively impacts word-of-mouth communication. the moderating role of swift guanxi (sgx) swift guanxi is a concept that adapts the traditional chinese notion of guanxi, emphasising interpersonal relationships and networks, to the fast-paced and transient interactions typical of modern business and social exchanges. different from conventional guanxi, built over long periods through personal interactions and mutual obligations, swift guanxi refers to the rapid development of trust and cooperative relationships between parties who may not have a long history of personal connections (ou et al., 2014). this concept is particularly relevant when quick decision-making and immediate trust are essential, leveraging modern communication technologies to establish connections swiftly (liu et al., 2024). besides, swift guanxi is important because it highlights businesses' ability to quickly forge meaningful relationships with customers, partners, and other stakeholders. this rapid relationship-building is crucial for attracting and retaining customers, navigating business negotiations, and entering new markets (nelson et al., 2024). specifically, in the hotel industry, swift guanxi can be a pivotal factor in customer satisfaction and loyalty. given the industry's emphasis on service excellence and guest experiences, the ability of hotel staff to quickly establish a rapport with guests—making them feel valued and understood from the moment of their first interaction—can enhance guest satisfaction and encourage repeat business (davari et al., 2022; kim & han, 2022). in a highly competitive market, hotels implementing swift guanxi strategies can differentiate themselves by creating a more personalised and memorable experience for their guests, fostering positive word-of-mouth, and building a loyal customer base. for instance, swift guanxi can soften potential adverse reactions to price decisions by reinforcing the hotel's commitment to personalised care and value, positively affecting the brand's perception among guests (lu et al., 2020). moreover, in the hotel industry, swift guanxi suggests that when hotels effectively use social media marketing to connect with and engage their audience, the presence of swift guanxi can amplify the positive impact on the hotel's brand image (kim & han, 2022; liao et al., 2020). swift guanxi can enhance guests' trust and connection towards the hotel, making social media marketing efforts more effective and directly influencing guests' perceptions and loyalty (barreda et al., 2020; nalluri et al., 2023). besides, swift guanxi could also amplify the positive impact of service innovations on the brand image by strengthening the bond between the hotel and its guests, reinforcing the hotel's reputation for innovation, and valuing guest relationships (bashir et al., 2020; ryu et al., 2019). furthermore, it was reported that establishing robust and swift guanxi may improve guests' perceptions of price fairness, increasing brand awareness, as guests are likelier to share their positive experiences and perceptions (jin et al., 2019; konuk, 2018). specifically, swift guanxi can intensify the positive effects of social media marketing on brand awareness by fostering a sense of familiarity and trust among guests, making them more likely to engage with and spread word-of-mouth recommendations about the hotel (barreda et al., 2020; nalluri et al., 2023). moreover, the strength of swift guanxi can amplify the positive effects of service innovations on brand awareness, as guests are more likely to perceive the hotel as attentive and committed to providing exceptional experiences (zhang et al., 2021). therefore, this study proposes that: h6a: swift guanxi moderates the relationship between price fairness and brand image. h6b: swift guanxi moderates the relationship between social media marketing and brand image. h6c: swift guanxi moderates the relationship between service innovation and brand image. h7a: swift guanxi moderates the relationship between price fairness and brand awareness. h7b: swift guanxi moderates the relationship between social media marketing and brand awareness. h7c: swift guanxi moderates the relationship between service innovation and brand awareness. liang, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 1-16 6 h4 figure 1. research framework materials and methods the target sample of this study is consumers who have stayed at least one night in a luxury hotel in mainland china for the last six months. a purposive combined with a snowball sampling method was used to collect data to ensure the responses were reliable and justifiable. the data collection process involved using two screening questions: those at least 18 years of age and those who have stayed at least one night in a luxury hotel for the past six months. the survey was conducted online using a digital questionnaire created on the sojump platform, which is well-known and widely used in china for surveys. the questionnaire was then shared across social media channels like wechat and xiaohongshu. qualified participants in this study were urged to share the survey questionnaire with their peers and family. only 396 eligible responses were received for this investigation, which is more than the minimal sample size of 153 needed according to the g*power software. there are 44.2% male and 55.8% female participants in the sample. of these respondents, 56.8% are in the 18–25 age group, and 18.7% fall into the 36–45 age bracket. as for the measurement instruments, with a few modest modifications to suit the context of the hotel sector in mainland china, the survey questions were adapted from previously published literature. appendix a presents a detailed list of measurement items and their sources. using a 6-point likert scale with one denoting "strongly disagree" and six denoting "strongly agree," respondents were asked to rate their opinion for all the questions asked in the questionnaire. moreover, qualified translators carried out a comprehensive back-to-back translation procedure to ensure accurate translation of the content from english to chinese, as the chinese people are the study's primary target audience. moreover, a panel of seven native speakers with expertise in tourism-related studies validated the face validity of these items during the pre-testing stage. furthermore, a pilot test with eighty respondents demonstrated good internal reliability and convergent validity. results this work uses pls-sem (partial least squares structural equation modelling) and smartpls 4 software for data analysis. according to hair et al. (2019), pls-sem is particularly well-suited for predictive research using intricate models with several components, indicators, and pathways. pls-sem was chosen over covariance-based structural equation modelling (cb-sem) for this investigation due to its suitability for extending the theory. this study uses statistical and procedural techniques to avoid conventional method bias because exogenous and endogenous variables data were collected from the same respondents (podsakoff et al., 2003). it protected respondent confidentiality and avoided using technical terms and complicated jargon in the survey design to allay procedural worries. two widely accepted approaches were used to reduce common method variance (cmv). first, hair et al.'s (2019) full collinearity approach was adopted. as shown in table 3, all constructs' variance inflation factor (vif) values were between 3.718 and 4.913, indicating that cmv had a negligible effect on the dataset. second, we applied the liang et al. (2007) described unmeasured common latent component technique. appendix b shows that the substantial substantive-to-method variance ratio was 14.275:1, with all substantive factor loadings (r1) significantly more significant than the method factor loadings (r2). this suggests that the typical procedure variance in this study will likely be delicate. assessment of measurement model table 1 shows that all constructs readily exceeded the minimum standards for convergent validity and composite reliability, with all average variance extracted (ave) values greater than 0.50 and all factor loadings above 0.70 (hair et al., 2019). as a result, convergent validity and internal consistency are proven. next, as shown in table 2, the study validates discriminant validity following the fornell-larcker criterion. all indicator intercorrelations are less than the square roots of the ave values (hair et al., 2019). perceived price fairness social media marketing perceived service innovation brand image brand awareness perceived service quality customer satisfaction customer loyalty swift guanxi word-of-mouth communication marketing factors h7a liang, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 1-16 7 table 1. assessment of loading, reliability and convergent validity construct items loading cronbach's alpha composite reliability (rho_a) composite reliability (rho_c) average variance extracted (ave) ba ba1 ba2 ba3 0.964 0.958 0.950 0.955 0.955 0.971 0.917 bi bi1 bi2 bi3 0.914 0.948 0.923 0.920 0.921 0.949 0.862 cl cl1 cl2 cl3 0.921 0.928 0.913 0.910 0.910 0.944 0.848 cs cs1 cs2 cs3 0.922 0.932 0.933 0.921 0.921 0.950 0.863 pf pf1 pf2 pf3 pf4 0.889 0.880 0.894 0.919 0.918 0.919 0.942 0.802 psq psq1 psq2 psq3 psq4 psq5 psq6 psq7 0.879 0.886 0.911 0.916 0.907 0.919 0.887 0.961 0.963 0.968 0.812 sgx sgx1 sgx2 sgx3 sgx4 sgx5 sgx6 sgx7 sgx8 sgx9 0.925 0.943 0.937 0.932 0.907 0.911 0.937 0.921 0.910 0.979 0.979 0.982 0.855 si si1 si2 si3 si4 0.914 0.950 0.938 0.845 0.932 0.936 0.952 0.833 smm smm1 smm2 smm3 smm4 smm5 0.873 0.922 0.916 0.921 0.909 0.947 0.949 0.959 0.825 wom wom1 wom2 wom3 wom4 wom5 0.857 0.919 0.917 0.935 0.871 0.941 0.945 0.955 0.811 notes: ba= brand awareness; bi = brand image; cl = customer loyalty; cs = customer satisfaction; pf = price fairness; psq = perceived service quality; sgx = swift guanxi; si = service innovation; smm = social media marketing; wom= word-of-mouth communication. table 2. discriminant validity analysis (fornell-larcker criterion) ba bi cl cs pf psq sgx si smm wom ba 0.957 bi 0.865 0.928 cl 0.721 0.696 0.921 cs 0.718 0.705 0.818 0.929 pf 0.768 0.757 0.579 0.619 0.896 psq 0.823 0.803 0.758 0.74 0.682 0.901 sgx 0.873 0.852 0.717 0.735 0.787 0.817 0.925 si 0.786 0.806 0.677 0.693 0.704 0.777 0.808 0.912 smm 0.864 0.887 0.678 0.664 0.752 0.797 0.846 0.806 0.908 wom 0.886 0.848 0.725 0.743 0.766 0.826 0.885 0.848 0.872 0.9 notes: ba= brand awareness; bi = brand image; cl = customer loyalty; cs = customer satisfaction; pf = price fairness; psq = perceived service quality; sgx = swift guanxi; si = service innovation; smm = social media marketing; wom= word-of-mouth communication. liang, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 1-16 8 assessment of structural model according to hair et al. (2019), multicollinearity was determined by analysing the vif (variance inflation factor) (table 3) at a threshold of 5. this confirms that multicollinearity is not a cause for concern. the structural model was then investigated using 5,000 subsamples with a bootstrapping technique. table 3. collinearity statistics (vif) ba bi cl cs pf psq sgx si smm wom ba 3.976 bi 3.976 cs 1 1 pf 4.083 4.083 psq 1 sgx 4.913 4.913 si 3.718 3.718 smm 4.504 4.504 notes: ba= brand awareness; bi = brand image; cs = customer satisfaction; pf = price fairness; psq = perceived service quality; sgx = swift guanxi; si = service innovation; smm = social media marketing. the supported hypotheses are listed in table 4, and all the critical pathways are depicted in figure 1. p-values less than 0.05 indicate empirical solid support for each of the hypothesised relationships. pf (h1a: β = 0.103, p < 0.05; h2a: β = 0.108 p < 0.01), smm (h1b:β = 0.487, p < 0.001; h2b:β = 0.381, p < 0.001)) and si (h1c:β = 0.19, p < 0.001; h2c:β = 0.097, p < 0.05)) reported a positive impact on both bi and ba. moreover, psq is positively affected by bi (h3a:β = 0.36, p < 0.001) and ba (h3b:β = 0.512, p < 0.001) and positively impacted on cs (h4: β = 0.74, p < 0.001). finally, cs reported a positive impact on cl (h5a:β = 0.818, p < 0.001) and wom (h5b: β = 0.743, p < 0.001). table 4. hypothesis testing (direct effect) relationship path coefficients t statistics p values results h1a pf -> bi 0.103* 2.328 0.02 supported h2a pf -> ba 0.108* 2.552 0.011 supported h1b smm -> bi 0.487*** 11.358 0 supported h2b smm -> ba 0.381*** 7.444 0 supported h1c si -> bi 0.19*** 4.464 0 supported h2c si -> ba 0.097* 2 0.046 supported h3a bi -> psq 0.36*** 6.213 0 supported h3b ba -> psq 0.512*** 8.602 0 supported h4 psq -> cs 0.74*** 26.003 0 supported h5a cs -> cl 0.818*** 30.555 0 supported h5b cs -> wom 0.743*** 26.695 0 supported notes: 1.*p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001; 2. ba= brand awareness; bi = brand image; cl = customer loyalty; cs = customer satisfaction; pf = price fairness; psq = perceived service quality; si = service innovation; smm = social media marketing; wom= word-of-mouth communication. table 5 displays the values for the q² (cross-validated redundancy) and r² (coefficient of determination) to help assess the structural model's validity further (hair et al., 2019). hair et al. (2019) state that r2 values of 0.75, 0.5, and 0.25 for endogenous latent variables in marketing research suggest strong, moderate, or weak explanatory power. apart from providing a very slight explanation for wom (r2 = 0.552), cl (r2 = 0.668), cs (r2 = 0.548), and psq (r2 = 0.711), the structural model demonstrates significant explanatory power in forecasting ba (r2 = 0.828) and bi (r2 = 0.847) results. additionally, q2 values significantly greater than zero imply that the structural model displays appropriate predictive accuracy for all internal constructs (hair et al., 2019). table 5. model evaluation construct r2 q² (=1-sse/sso) ba 0.828 0.751 bi 0.847 0.722 cl 0.668 0.563 cs 0.548 0.47 psq 0.711 0.573 wom 0.552 0.445 notes: ba= brand awareness; bi = brand image; cl = customer loyalty; cs = customer satisfaction; psq = perceived service quality; wom= wordof-mouth communication. in terms of relative influence (f2), table 6 shows that there are significant effects of cs on cl (f2 = 2.016), wom (f2 = 1.23), and psq on cs (f2 = 1.211), all of which surpass the 0.35 threshold (cohen, 2016). furthermore, there are notable moderating effect sizes for both ba (f2 = 0.188) and bi (f2 = 0.345) and smm (f2 = 0.228) on psq, each of which liang, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 1-16 9 exceeds the 0.15 threshold (cohen, 2016). lastly, bi on psq (f2=0.113), pf on ba (f2=0.009) and bi (f2=0.013), si on ba (f2=0.016), and bi (f2=0.063) all reported small effect size (cohen, 2016). table 6. effect size analysis (f2) construct ba bi cl cs psq wom ba 0.228 bi 0.113 cs 2.016 1.23 pf 0.017 0.017 psq 1.211 si 0.015 0.063 smm 0.188 0.345 notes: ba= brand awareness; bi = brand image; cs = customer satisfaction; pf = price fairness; psq = perceived service quality; si = service innovation; smm = social media marketing. moderation effect a two-stage latent interaction strategy was used to investigate the moderating effect of rapid guanxi. it (table 7) indicated that swift guanxi does not affect the link between pf and ba (β = −0.023; p-value = 0.613) and bi (β = −0.070; p-value = 0.173), smm and ba (β = 0.107; p-value = 0.059); si and ba (β = −0.051; p-value = 0.286), thus, h6a, h7a, h7b, h7c, are rejected. in contrast, swift guanxi significantly impacted the relationship between si and bi (β = −0.152; p-value = 0.00), smm and bi (β = 0.249; p-value = 0.00), supporting h6c and h6b. table 7. hypothesis testing (moderation effect) hypotheses path original sample (o) p values decisions f2 h6a sgx x pf -> bi -0.07ns 0.173 not supported 0.008 h6b sgx x smm -> bi 0.249*** 0 supported 0.087 h6c sgx x si -> bi -0.152*** 0 supported 0.040 h7a sgx x pf -> ba -0.023ns 0.613 not supported 0.001 h7b sgx x smm -> ba 0.107ns 0.059 not supported 0.014 h7c sgx x si -> ba -0.051ns 0.286 not supported 0.004 notes: 1.nsp>0.5; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; 2.ba= brand awareness; pf = price fairness; sgx = swift guanxi; si = service innovation; smm = social media marketing. before sgx was introduced as a moderator, the r2 value for bi was 0.821. this indicated that smm and si explained 82.1% of bi's variance, underlining their significant effect on hotel brand images. adding the sgx interaction term raised the r2 to 0.847, a statistically significant increase of 2.6%, showing that sgx notably enhances the effectiveness of marketing strategies on bi. an interaction plot was used to illustrate sgx's moderating effects on si's impact on bi (dawson, 2014). figure 1 shows a steeper line at lower sgx levels, indicating a more substantial impact of si on bi, while at higher sgx levels, the line flattens, suggesting a reduced impact. this demonstrates that higher sgx levels weaken si's influence on bi. the f2 effect size of 0.040 indicates a sizeable negative moderation effect, confirming that sgx significantly diminishes the relationship between si and bi (hair et al., 2021). moreover, figure 2 demonstrates that at high sgx levels, the impact of smm on bi is notably more substantial, as shown by a steeper line. in contrast, at lower sgx levels, the line flattens, indicating a weaker effect. thus, higher sgx enhances the influence of sm on bi. the f2 effect size of 0.087 indicates a significant positive moderation effect, confirming that sgx significantly strengthens the relationship between smm and bi. figure 2. sgx dampens the positive relationship between si and bi liang, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 1-16 10 figure 3. sgx strengthens the positive relationship between smm and bi discussions the primary aim of this study was to use the relationship marketing model to examine how experiential marketing factors— such as price fairness, social media marketing, and service innovation—influence hotel brand image and awareness. the findings confirm that these factors significantly impact both aspects, supporting hypotheses h1a-c and h2a-c. price fairness ensures customers perceive value for their money, fostering a positive brand image (jin et al., 2019). effective social media marketing broadens brand reach and enhances customer engagement, boosting brand awareness (dedeoğlu et al., 2020). additionally, service innovations differentiate the hotel from competitors and improve customer perceptions of the brand (foroudi, 2019). collectively, these elements strengthen the hotel's market position by improving how customers perceive and recognise the brand, reinforcing insights (nelson et al., 2024; rather et al., 2024). the study's second objective conclusively demonstrates the impact of hotel brand influence (e.g., brand image and awareness) on customers' perceived service quality, thereby supporting hypotheses h3a and h3b. these hypotheses explore the nuanced dynamics between hotel brand image, brand awareness, and customer perceptions of service quality. hypothesis h3a posits that a favourable hotel brand image—characterised by the hotel's distinguished reputation, intrinsic values, and recognised attributes— significantly enhances perceived service quality (bashir et al., 2020; ryu et al., 2019). this suggests that positive perceptions of a hotel's brand image are closely linked to superior evaluations of its service quality, driven by anticipatory positive associations with the brand. similarly, hypothesis h3b asserts that increased brand awareness—evidenced by customer familiarity and recall of a hotel brand—positively impacts perceived service quality (foroudi, 2019; sürücü et al., 2019). a hotel brand that achieves high recognition and remains top-of-mind for customers creates a halo effect, enhancing perceptions of service quality before any actual service interaction. these findings underscore the significant role of brand image and awareness in shaping customer expectations and improving their perceptions of service quality within the hotel industry. the third objective of this study concludes that customer satisfaction is the crucial intermediary linking perceived service quality with outcomes such as customer loyalty and word-of-mouth communication, affirming hypotheses h4, h5a, and h5b. anchored in relationship marketing principles, this sequence begins with the customer's perception of the hotel's service quality, significantly impacting their satisfaction level (el-adly, 2019; slack et al., 2020). consequently, satisfied customers with service quality are more inclined to exhibit loyalty towards the hotel and recommend it to others (khan et al., 2022; lin et al., 2020). this underscores the critical need for hotels to consistently deliver high-quality service to foster customer loyalty and encourage positive recommendations by actively enhancing and sustaining service quality to align with customer expectations. in addressing the final objective of this study, it was found that swift guanxi dampens the positive relationship between service innovation and brand image and strengthens the positive relationship between social media marketing and brand image (h6c and h6b); others are not supported (h6a and h7a-c are rejected). this may be due to swift guanxi involving mutual understanding, reciprocal favours, and relationship harmony in the online marketplace (ou et al., 2014). these elements can reinforce shaping and refining brand perceptions and sculpting a positive brand image through targeted content and interactive engagement strategies in social media marketing (dwivedi et al., 2021). furthermore, a brand image includes functional, symbolic, or experiential aspects (iglesias et al., 2019). the concept of swift guanxi can influence these aspects of innovative services. in digital platforms, trust is fundamental; however, innovation introduces change and uncertainty. thus, swift guanxi can moderate the impact of innovative services on brand image, highlighting the uncertainty associated with change. conclusions this study examines the relationships between marketing factors, hotel brand image and awareness, service quality, customer satisfaction, loyalty, and word-of-mouth, with swift guanxi as a moderator. the results indicate that hotel brand image and awareness significantly positively affect guests' perceived service quality. all hypothesised relationships between service quality, customer satisfaction, and loyalty were confirmed. however, not all moderating effects of swift guanxi on the relationships between brand image, awareness, and marketing factors were supported. these findings provide practical guidance and valuable insights for advancing the hotel industry in mainland china. by understanding the complex interactions between these variables, hotel managers can tailor their strategies more effectively to enhance service quality, increase customer satisfaction and loyalty, and encourage positive word-of-mouth. liang, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 1-16 11 this study adds a few noteworthy new pieces to the body of literature. first, this study embarks on an in-depth exploration of the theoretical limits within relationship marketing theory, with a particular focus on understanding how various marketing factors—such as price fairness, service innovation, and social media marketing—shape the perception and effectiveness of hotel brands (e.g., brand image and awareness) in the hospitality sector. this research delves into the marketing and branding elements that significantly influence customers' perceived service quality. prior research has only touched on the diverse marketing factors that impact hotel branding (lee et al., 2018). this study seeks to bridge this gap by meticulously identifying and examining marketing-related elements that are pivotal in shaping perceived service quality. in doing so, the study addresses the shortcomings of previous investigations. it unfolds a detailed understanding of the crucial marketing factors that underpin the perception of quality in the hotel industry. this contribution enriches the discourse on relationship marketing and brand management within the hospitality context, offering valuable insights and guiding future research. second, this study investigates how hotels' brand image and awareness positively influence guests' perceptions of service quality, boosting their satisfaction, loyalty, and likelihood to recommend the hotel to others. despite the significance of these relationships within the hotel industry, comprehensive explorations in this area still need to be made available (rather et al., 2024; wu & chang, 2024). this research bridges the gap by demonstrating the direct pathway from brand perception to increased customer loyalty and word-of-mouth recommendations, offering valuable insights for hotel management on leveraging brand strategies to enhance guest satisfaction and loyalty. this study further emphasises the importance of brand management in improving guest experiences and behaviours, paving the way for future scholarly investigations in the field. third, this study significantly enriches relationship marketing theory by spotlighting the moderating role of swift guanxi in the interaction between marketing strategies—like price fairness, social media marketing, and service innovation—and hotel brand attributes, such as brand image and awareness. despite the acknowledged importance of swift guanxi, research on its specific moderating effects within these relationships has been scant (chen et al., 2022; cheng et al., 2020). by addressing this gap, this study highlights the significance of incorporating swift guanxi into marketing strategies to enhance customer outcomes more effectively in the hospitality industry. it calls for deeper exploration into the nuanced interplay between marketing strategies and relational dynamics, proposing a path for more personalised and effective marketing tactics. this study has significant management ramifications as well. instead of thinking only from the business perspective, hoteliers should concentrate on creating marketing strategies that align with the tastes of their target market. hoteliers can amplify their brand image and awareness by seamlessly blending price fairness, social media marketing, and service innovation into their marketing arsenal. price fairness establishes a foundation of trust and loyalty through transparent pricing that reflects the actual value of the stay. social media marketing extends the hotel's reach, engaging potential and current guests with compelling content that showcases the hotel's unique offerings and fosters a vibrant community. service innovation keeps the hotel at the forefront of the industry by introducing novel or improved services that enhance guest experiences. this triad strategy attracts a diverse audience and cultivates a strong, positive brand perception. for practical application, hoteliers should conduct detailed market research to align their offerings with guest expectations, using this insight to inform pricing and service development. clear communication about the value behind their pricing should be disseminated across all marketing channels, particularly on social media, where engaging content can highlight the hotel's distinct features and encourage community engagement. additionally, leveraging guest feedback and social media analytics can guide service innovation and content strategy, ensuring the hotel's offerings resonate with current trends and guest preferences. by adopting this holistic approach, hoteliers can ensure their brand stands out in a competitive landscape and remains dynamically aligned with guest desires, driving satisfaction and loyalty. swift guanxi is another essential factor that may impact marketing factors (e.g., price fairness, social media marketing, and service innovation) and hotel brands (e.g., brand image and brand awareness). hotels can use swift guanxi to ensure timely, personalised interactions with guests, use crm systems to customise experiences, train staff in effective relationship-building techniques, and keep communication channels open. prioritising swift guanxi can strengthen a hotel's competitive edge. for instance, sending personalised welcome messages via email or sms immediately after booking can establish a direct line of communication, providing guests with valuable stay information and a personal touch. using a crm system to remember guest preferences for room types or dietary needs allows for customised experiences, such as greeting returning guests with their favourite wine or ensuring their preferred room is available, demonstrating meticulous attention to detail. rapid response teams or social media platforms should be poised to address guest inquiries, complaints, or feedback promptly, underscoring the hotel's commitment to guest satisfaction. designing loyalty programmes with clear, appealing rewards for repeat visits or referrals, like discounts or room upgrades, ensures guests feel appreciated and valued. following up with a personalised thank-you message and feedback survey post-stay helps acknowledge guest contributions to service improvement and inform them about implemented changes based on their suggestions, reinforcing the relationship. engaging with guests through social media marketing and creating a community around the hotel encourages sharing positive experiences, further enhancing the hotel's reputation and appeal. this study primarily targets guests who have stayed in luxury hotels in mainland china, which presents a limitation regarding generalizability. while offering valuable insights, this particular demographic may only partially represent the broader spectrum of hotel guests. as a result, the findings may be skewed toward the preferences and behaviours of a more affluent, luxury-oriented clientele. additionally, by focusing on guests who actively engage with hotel services, the research may overlook the perspectives of those with varying levels of engagement. this selective focus could lead to an incomplete understanding of the effectiveness of relationship marketing strategies, thus limiting the study's comprehensiveness across the entire range of guests. moreover, mainland china's unique cultural, economic, and social context heavily influences the study's results. while this provides detailed insights into the chinese market, it also restricts the applicability of these liang, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 1-16 12 findings to other cultural or regional contexts, where different dynamics may exist, thereby limiting the study’s broader relevance. the hotel marketing industry is becoming increasingly dynamic and competitive. many hotels use different marketing components to create plans that work, guaranteeing their future profitability and expansion. this study adds to the body of knowledge by developing and validating a model for customer loyalty and word-of-mouth recommendations amongst guests at luxury hotels, utilising relationship marketing theory. this study's findings acknowledge that combining marketing factors positively influences a hotel's brand image and awareness. this study further demonstrated that customerperceived service quality is critical to improving customer satisfaction outcomes. at the same time, swift guanxi acts as the boundary condition that may enhance consumers' loyalty and recommendation. because of the investigation of various crucial marketing elements, this research has broadened the use of the relationship marketing model in the setting of luxury hotels. however, this study has many limitations that must be examined further. data gathering was initially limited to china. subsequent research endeavours may delve into luxury hotels across multiple nations to scrutinise disparities among cultural and national contexts. this study also uses a quantitative methodology. future research on this topic should involve a comprehensive qualitative analysis of the context of luxury hotels. author contributions: conceptualization, y.l.; methodology, y.l.; software, y.l.; validation, y.l.; formal analysis, y.l.; investigation, y.l.; resources, y.l.; data curation, y.l.; writing –original draft preparation, y.l.; writing –review & editing, y.l.; visualization, y.l., supervision, y.l.; project administration, y.l.; funding acquisition, y.l. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgments: this research is part of the first author’s ph.d. work at the ucsi university, kuala lumpur, malaysia. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this 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(2021). service innovation in the hotel industry: the dynamic capabilities view. journal of enterprising communities: people and places in the global economy, 16(4), 582–602. https://doi.org/10.1108/jec-12-2020-0205 appendices appendix a: measurement items and respective sources no. modified scale items used in this study source word-of-mouth communication my family/friends influenced my attitude towards this hotel. my family/friends mentioned things i had not considered about this hotel. my family/friends provided some different ideas about this hotel. my family/friends influenced my evaluation of this hotel. my family/friends helped me decide on selecting this hotel. o'cass and grace (2004). perceived price fairness i think the price i paid for this hotel is fair. i think the price i paid for this hotel is reasonable. i think the price i paid for this hotel is appropriate. i think the price i paid for this hotel is acceptable. darke and dahl (2003). social media marketing this hotel's social media site shares enjoyable content. this hotel's social media site is up to date. this hotel's social media site facilitates two-way interaction with others. this hotel's social media site allows users to search for customized information. this hotel's social media site makes me want to share my opinions on brands, items, or services i have acquired with others. kim and ko (2010). service innovation i feel this hotel's products are innovative. i feel this hotel's staff is well-trained. i feel this hotel's operations are well-managed. i feel this hotel's strategic marketing activities are well-planned. cheng et al. (2014). swift guanxi this hotel's staff and i understand each other's point of view. this hotel's staff and i can follow the flow of the conversation. this hotel's staff and i show interest in each other's opinions. this hotel's staff and i help each other. this hotel's staff and i establish a lasting friendship. this hotel's staff and i offer positive ratings or comments to each other. this hotel's staff and i tend to avoid conflicts. this hotel's staff and i respect each other. this hotel's staff and i maintain harmony. ou et al. (2014) brand image this hotel's brand possesses complete practical functions (hotel services and adequate hotel facilities). this hotel's brand possesses a positive symbolic meaning (good reputation, credibility, and positive image). this hotel's brand provides me with a pleasant service experience. hsieh and li (2008). brand awareness i easily recognize the brand of this hotel. i easily recall the logo of this hotel. i pay attention to what other members share about this hotel. chahal et al. (2020). perceived service quality i feel this hotel's equipment is up to date. i feel this hotel's equipment is attractive. i feel this hotel's staff provides quality service. i feel this hotel's staff provide dependable service. i feel this hotel's staff is always willing to help. parasuraman et al. (1988) liang, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 1-16 16 i feel this hotel's staff is trustworthy. i feel this hotel's staff understands my specific requirements. customer satisfaction overall, i am satisfied with the services and amenities provided by this hotel. overall, this hotel meets my expectations. overall, my decision to book this hotel was a wise one. panjakakornsak (2008) customer loyalty in the future, i would like to revisit this hotel. i would like to recommend this hotel to my friends and family. i would like to speak positively about this hotel. ndubisi's (2014) appendix b: common method factor analysis construct item substantive factor loading (r1) r12 method factor loading (r2) r22 ba ba1 1.077*** 1.159929 -0.121** 0.014641 ba2 1.087*** 1.181569 -0.138* 0.019044 ba3 0.71*** 0.5041 0.257*** 0.066049 bi bi1 1.006*** 1.012036 -0.099 ns 0.009801 bi2 1.108*** 1.227664 -0.173*** 0.029929 bi3 0.673*** 0.452929 0.269*** 0.072361 cl cl1 0.88*** 0.7744 0.05 ns 0.0025 cl2 0.895*** 0.801025 0.043 ns 0.001849 cl3 0.988*** 0.976144 -0.094* 0.008836 cs cs1 0.859*** 0.737881 0.078* 0.006084 cs2 0.957*** 0.915849 -0.03 ns 0.0009 cs3 0.521*** 0.271441 0.278*** 0.077284 pf pf1 0.778*** 0.605284 0.131** 0.017161 pf2 0.938*** 0.879844 -0.069 ns 0.004761 pf3 0.991*** 0.982081 -0.114** 0.012996 pf4 0.879*** 0.772641 0.049 ns 0.002401 psq psq1 1.024*** 1.048576 -0.156* 0.024336 psq2 1.009*** 1.018081 -0.132* 0.017424 psq3 1.17*** 1.3689 -0.282*** 0.079524 psq4 0.729*** 0.531441 0.204*** 0.041616 psq5 0.73*** 0.5329 0.192** 0.036864 psq6 1.025*** 1.050625 -0.116* 0.013456 psq7 0.629*** 0.395641 0.279*** 0.077841 sgx sgx1 0.865*** 0.748225 0.064 ns 0.004096 sgx2 0.939*** 0.881721 0.005 ns 0.000025 sgx3 1.046*** 1.094116 -0.114* 0.012996 sgx4 0.961*** 0.923521 -0.03 ns 0.0009 sgx5 0.898*** 0.806404 0.01 ns 0.0001 sgx6 0.876*** 0.767376 0.037 ns 0.001369 sgx7 0.928*** 0.861184 0.009 ns 0.000081 sgx8 0.919*** 0.844561 0.001 ns 0.000001 sgx9 0.889*** 0.790321 0.021 ns 0.000441 si si1 0.823*** 0.677329 0.103* 0.010609 si2 1.066*** 1.136356 -0.131*** 0.017161 si3 0.945*** 0.893025 -0.009 ns 0.000081 si4 0.806*** 0.649636 0.044 ns 0.001936 smm smm1 1.221*** 1.490841 -0.376*** 0.141376 smm2 1.002*** 1.004004 -0.086 ns 0.007396 smm3 0.836*** 0.698896 0.088 ns 0.007744 smm4 0.748*** 0.559504 0.187*** 0.034969 smm5 0.756*** 0.571536 0.164** 0.026896 wom wom1 0.934*** 0.872356 -0.079 ns 0.006241 wom2 0.929*** 0.863041 -0.012 ns 0.000144 wom3 0.941*** 0.885481 -0.027 ns 0.000729 wom4 0.85*** 0.7225 0.089 ns 0.007921 wom5 0.853*** 0.727609 0.023 ns 0.000529 average 0.9063913 0.00623913 notes: ns p > 0.05; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 ba= brand awareness; bi = brand image; cl = customer loyalty; cs = customer satisfaction; pf = price fairness; psq = perceived service quality; sgx = swift guanxi; si = service innovation; smm = social media marketing; wom= word-of-mouth communication. publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 17-30 17 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 6 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa holistic marketing and sustainability: insights from a bibliometric analysis of global research wahiduzzaman khan (a) kazi ahmed farhan (b) md. belal hossain (c)1 (a) professor, school of business, ahsanullah university of science and technology, dhaka, bangladesh; e-mail: drwahid.sob@aust.edu (b) assistant professor, school of business, ahsanullah university of science and technology, dhaka, bangladesh; e-mail: kaf.sob@aust.edu (c)lecturer, department of marketing, jashore university of science and technology (just), jashore, bangladesh; e-mail: b.hossain@just.edu.bd a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 26th july 2024 reviewed & revised: 26th july to 9th december 2024 accepted: 10th december 2024 published: 16th december 2024 keywords: price fairness, social media marketing, service quality, consumer behaviour, customer loyalty jel classification codes: m31, q01, m14 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t sustainability has grown into vital focus in global business practices, with companies increasingly integrating sustainable strategies into their marketing approaches. however, research on the convergence of sustainability and holistic marketing still needs to be completed, especially in emerging economies. a cohesive understanding is necessary for businesses to adopt comprehensive strategies that serve both financial and ecological objectives. this study investigates global research trends in incorporating sustainability into holistic marketing. using a bibliometric analysis, data from 105 peerreviewed articles published between 1996 and 2024 were analyzed and sourced from scopus through the prisma framework. visualization tools like vosviewer were used to map co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence, and citation patterns. the results reveal that sustainability is increasingly becoming a focal point in marketing strategies, with significant contributions from developed economies like the united states and the united kingdom, while emerging economies like india are gradually entering the discourse. the co-occurrence analysis identified four key thematic clusters: sustainability and innovation, marketing and product development, corporate social responsibility (csr) and supply chain management, and decision-making processes. the findings of this study indicate a growing alignment between sustainability and holistic marketing, particularly in innovation and product development. however, the research remains concentrated in developed regions, highlighting the need for more studies in emerging markets. the results suggest a need for greater collaboration between areas to foster a more global approach to sustainable marketing practices. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction in the last few years, sustainability has been increasingly popular, particularly within marketing. as businesses increasingly recognize the importance of integrating sustainable practices into their operations, the role of holistic marketing becomes paramount. holistic marketing encompasses a comprehensive approach that considers the interconnectedness of various marketing elements, including social, economic, and environmental factors (kemper et al., 2018; salvi et al., 2018). the application of holistic marketing strategies can boost the efficiency of sustainability efforts, as evidenced by studies that highlight the importance of considering diverse stakeholder needs and the broader implications of marketing decisions on sustainable development (hatipoglu & inelmen, 2022; boley & nickerson, 2013; lozano, 2015). the increasing emphasis on sustainability within marketing practices is also reflected in the growing body of literature that employs bibliometric analysis to map research trends and identify influential contributions in the field (wani, 2023). this bibliometric perspective not only sheds light on the evolution of sustainability in marketing but also underscores the necessity for a cohesive framework that integrates various dimensions of sustainability into marketing strategies (dias et al., 2020). by examining the interplay between marketing, sustainability, and organizational culture, researchers can better understand how holistic marketing drives sustainable practices and contributes to achieving the united nations sustainable development goals (sdgs) (shaukat et al., 2023; lu et al., 2021). despite the growing body of literature on sustainability and marketing, much of the research still needs to be complete, and a thorough understanding of how these areas can be successfully incorporated is required. this gap limits the 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0003-4154-8566 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i6.2260 to cite this article: khan, w., farhan, k. a., & hossain, m. b. (2024). holistic marketing and sustainability: insights from a bibliometric analysis of global research. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(6), 17-30. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i6.2260 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i6.2260 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4265-9009 https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2210-5649 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4154-8566 khan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 17-30 18 potential for businesses to develop holistic marketing strategies that contribute meaningfully to sustainability goals, especially in emerging economies. this study attempts to close this gap. by providing an overview of global trends, highlighting key thematic areas, and offering insights into future research directions. the main goal of this study is to provide an extensive bibliometric analysis of the global literature on the intersection of sustainability and holistic marketing. the main result is the identification of key authors, research trends, and collaborative networks that have shaped the discourse. by identifying several intermediate problems—such as the fragmented nature of research and the overrepresentation of studies from developed countries—this study seeks to highlight areas for improvement that will help businesses adopt more effective holistic marketing strategies. the remaining sections of this study are organized as follows: section 2 reviews the relevant literature, section 3 outlines the research methodology, and sections 4 and 5 present the results, discussion, and conclusion of the study. literature review the intersection of sustainability and holistic marketing has recently attracted substantial interest in both academic and corporate circles. holistic marketing is an approach that considers the interconnectedness of all marketing activities, aligning them with social, economic, and environmental objectives. this strategy is becoming increasingly more pertinent as companies are pressured to implement sustainable practices beyond profit maximization and address broader societal concerns (kemper & ballantine, 2019). numerous research studies have examined how to include sustainability in marketing strategies, with particular attention on corporate social responsibility (csr) and the contribution of innovation to the advancement of sustainable business models (dias et al., 2020). research shows that holistic marketing can drive sustainability by aligning marketing practices with ethical and environmental goals (lozano, 2018). however, the literature still needs to be more comprehensive, and there is limited empirical evidence on how this integration plays out in different industries, particularly in emerging economies (kumar et al., 2020). scholars such as maroto and others have emphasized the importance of value co-creation and green marketing as essential components of sustainable business models (maroto, 2022). however, much of the research has been concentrated in developed economies, with little attention paid to the challenges businesses face in developing countries, such as resource constraints and digital infrastructure limitations (zhao et al., 2023). additionally, while there is growing interested in the role of digital transformation in supporting sustainable marketing, this area still needs to be explored (pandya et al., 2023). a growing body of literature has also examined the role of consumer perceptions in shaping sustainability-driven marketing strategies. studies highlight the increasing demand for transparency and ethical practices in marketing, with consumers becoming more eco-conscious and demanding explicit, credible sustainability claims (machová et al., 2022). however, there is a lack of research on how these consumer trends impact long-term brand loyalty and business performance, particularly in relation to holistic marketing strategies (shaukat et al., 2023). the literature reveals a variety of theoretical frameworks used to study sustainability in marketing, including the servicedominant logic (maroto, 2022) and corporate social responsibility frameworks (kemper & ballantine, 2019). these frameworks have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of how businesses can align their marketing practices with sustainability goals. however, integrating these frameworks within the context of holistic marketing still needs to be improved (lu et al., 2021). despite these advances, several issues need to be solved in the literature. first, understanding how holistic marketing can be applied across different industries and regions to promote sustainability needs to be improved. second, the literature is dominated by studies from developed countries, leaving gaps in our understanding of how businesses in emerging economies can leverage holistic marketing to address sustainability challenges. third, while many studies focus on csr and innovation, few address the role of consumer behavior in driving sustainable marketing strategies (yulianti & zulfikar, 2023). in summary, the existing literature highlights the importance of integrating sustainability into holistic marketing, but significant gaps must be addressed. these gaps include the need for more empirical studies in emerging economies, limited industry-specific research, and insufficient exploration of consumer behavior in response to sustainable marketing efforts. this study aims to fill these gaps by performing a bibliometric analysis of the worldwide literature on holistic marketing and sustainability. this study offers insights that can direct future research and assist companies in implementing more thorough sustainability-driven marketing strategies by mapping research patterns and identifying important topic clusters. materials and methods research design this research will adopt a bibliometric approach using tools like vosviewer to analyze the literature on sustainability within holistic marketing (rayhan et al., 2024). bibliometric analysis allows for mapping research landscapes and visualizing relationships between authors, keywords, journals, and publications, thus clearly understanding research trends and collaborations. data collection the data will be collected from renowned academic databases such as scopus, which will focus on peer-reviewed journal articles (zhao et al., 2023), conference papers, and book chapters that address sustainability and holistic marketing. finally, for this study authors consider only research articles and for selecting the relevant articles authors have followed a key khan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 17-30 19 searching key strings showed in table 1. search criteria to evaluate the pertinent literature for this investigation, the authors utilized the prisma diagram shown in figure 1, which stands for preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (saif et al., 2022). the authors followed the most recent and revised guidelines of prisma 2020 to classify the relevant documents suitable for reporting. table 1. the searching key strings spar-4-slr consideration decision assembling (identification) search focus sustainability in holistic marketing search keywords sustainability and holistic and marketing search database scopus search field article title, abstract, and keywords search result 216 documents arranging (screening and eligibility) search period 1996 until september 2024 data analysis co-authorship and citation network analysis: using vosviewer, co-authorship networks and citation patterns will be analyzed to identify influential authors and collaborative research clusters (carchiolo et al., 2022). co-occurrence of keywords: to map recurring keywords related to sustainability and holistic marketing, indicating research trends and thematic clusters (fergnani, 2019). trend analysis: to identify shifts in research focus, such as the transition from csr to broader sustainability frameworks in marketing (white et al., 2019). figure 1. the prisma flow figure total 216 papers were found (n = 116) 61 documents were disqualified based on the following criteria: "social sciences," "economics, econometrics and finance," and "business, management, and accounting." 155 relevant readings (n = 155) 48 documents were deemed invalid due to the article-only criteria. 107 related papers (n = 107) 1 paper was dropped due to consideration in the final publishing stage. 106 appropriate papers (n = 106) 1 document was eliminated due to its exclusive consideration of the english language. 105 papers were included (n = 105) identification of relevant papers from the research databases id en ti fi ca ti o n s cr e en in g a n d e li g ib il it y in cl u si o n khan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 17-30 20 results and discussions the study's identification of key journals is highlighted in table 2, the central platforms advancing the intersection of sustainability and holistic marketing. sustainability (switzerland), with the most articles, is a leading source for interdisciplinary research, showing how sustainability principles are increasingly being integrated into business and marketing strategies. this journal's prominence reflects the growing academic interest in examining sustainability from multiple dimensions, including social, environmental, and economic factors. similarly, the journal of cleaner production underscores the importance of operational sustainability, emphasizing eco-efficiency and sustainable development. this emphasis on more environmentally friendly production methods demonstrates how companies must match their operational procedures with their sustainability objectives, which is essential to holistic marketing. other publications like business strategy and the environment and technological forecasting and social change highlight sustainability's strategic and innovative elements. to maintain competitiveness and support global sustainability goals, these articles show that companies must embrace and incorporate sustainable practices into their long-term plans. the key publications identified in the study showed in table 3, shed light on emerging trends and practical applications in the field. for instance, digital transformation and sustainability research highlights how businesses leverage technology to support their sustainability initiatives. by integrating digital tools, companies can enhance transparency in their supply chains and engage more effectively with consumers about their sustainability efforts. this trend suggests that digital transformation is critical in driving sustainable marketing practices. another notable publication on consumer perceptions of sustainability labels points to the increasing demand for transparency and ethical practices in marketing. as consumers become more eco-conscious, businesses must confirm that their sustainability demands are clear and credible, using labels and certifications to build trust and brand loyalty. additionally, the research on eco-innovation and sustainable marketing in b2b contexts, such as port marketing, demonstrates that even industrial sectors are adopting sustainable practices. these findings underscore the broader adoption of sustainability across various industries, showing that businesses in all sectors are increasingly expected to innovate and lead the way in sustainable development. key journals table 2. the most frequent journals publishing on this intersection journal name articles on this intersection 1 sustainability (switzerland) 15 2 journal of cleaner production 5 3 journal of macro-marketing 3 4 business strategy and the environment 3 5 technological forecasting and social change 2 sources: generated from scopus dataset key publications table 3. some of the notable articles from this dataset include: title 1 research streams on digital transformation from a holistic business perspective: a systematic literature review and citation network analysis 2 consumer perceptions of sustainability labels for alternative food networks 3 promotion of eco-innovation to leverage sustainable development of eco-industry and green growth 4 port marketing as a manifestation of sustainable marketing in a b2b context sources: generated from scopus dataset the "documents by year" graph shows in figure 2, an increasing trend in publications on sustainability and holistic marketing from 1996 to 2024, with notable spikes in 2013, 2020, and 2023. the early years (1996-2008) saw limited activity, suggesting initial topic exploration. a sharp increase around 2011-2014 likely reflects growing interest in sustainable business practices and the influence of global initiatives like the un sustainable development goals (sdgs). the surge in 2020 could be linked to the covid-19 pandemic, which heightened the focus on sustainability in marketing strategies and corporate responsibility. this trend suggests that the academic discourse around integrating sustainability within holistic marketing is gaining momentum as environmental and social concerns rise globally. corpus findings figure 2. document by year sources: generated from scopus dataset khan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 17-30 21 figure 3 shows how research documents are distributed by nation or region, highlighting that the united kingdom and the united states lead the production of scholarly works related to sustainability and holistic marketing. this prominence may reflect the extensive focus on sustainability in these countries, supported by advanced research infrastructure and funding. additionally, both countries have proactively adopted sustainability practices in business and academia. india follows, reflecting the growing emphasis on sustainability in emerging economies, particularly in response to environmental challenges and sustainable development goals. the presence of germany, australia, and south africa in the figure indicates the global scope of interest in integrating sustainability into marketing frameworks, suggesting a trend of increasing awareness across both developed and developing nations. these results imply a global shift towards holistic and sustainable business practices, as countries worldwide recognize the importance of balancing economic growth with environmental and social responsibility. this cross-country analysis underscores the need for international collaboration in sustainability research to address shared global challenges effectively. figure 3. document by country sources: generated from scopus dataset figure 4 shows the key authors contributing to the intersection of sustainability and holistic marketing based on the documents collected from the scopus database and analyzed using vosviewer. authors like kumar, d., lee, m.y., and lozano, r. are among the most prolific contributors, producing significant documents in this research area. the presence of these authors indicates their influence and thought leadership in the field, reflecting ongoing research into how sustainability can be integrated into holistic marketing strategies. for instance, authors such as lozano, who has extensively studied corporate sustainability, highlight the growing academic discourse around embedding environmental, social, and economic considerations into business practices. the consistency in the contributions from these key authors suggests that sustainability in marketing is not only a growing academic interest but is also becoming central to how businesses operate, especially in light of sustainable development objectives and corporate social responsibility. these results highlight how crucial it is to conduct more studies on the cooperative efforts of these important players to promote creative ways in sustainable marketing tactics. figure 4. documents by authors sources: generated from scopus dataset khan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 17-30 22 the visualization of figure 5 represents the co-citation network of authors who have been frequently cited together in the context of sustainability and holistic marketing research. authors like vargo s.l., peattie k., porter m.e., and kumar s. are prominent within their respective clusters, indicating their strong influence in this field. vargo’s co-citation with authors such as peattie and porter reflects a significant body of work related to service-dominant logic and sustainability marketing, emphasising value co-creation and green marketing. the presence of kumar s. in a separate cluster signifies his contributions in more recent or distinct areas of sustainable marketing, potentially focused on empirical studies and applied strategies. the interconnections between these authors suggest a shared focus on integrating environmental and social responsibility into business practices, highlighting collaborative efforts to build frameworks that drive sustainable outcomes. this co-citation map indicates that sustainability in holistic marketing is grounded in diverse but interrelated research streams, emphasizing interdisciplinary approaches and global collaboration to address the complexities of sustainable business practices. figure 5. co-citations of cited authors source: vosviewer the patterns of collaboration across various nations in sustainability and holistic marketing research are depicted in the co-authorship network map in figure 6. given these nations' significant academic and research collaboration levels, the united states, germany, and the united kingdom are major cooperation centres. these nations have well-established research infrastructures, extensive networks, and significant investments in sustainability research. the connections between these countries suggest that interdisciplinary and cross-border research is crucial in advancing sustainability in holistic marketing. south africa's connection with the united kingdom indicates the presence of collaborative research efforts between developing and developed nations, emphasizing the global relevance of sustainability challenges. additionally, india, france, and australia form another distinct cluster, showing regional research collaborations. india's strong presence in this network, particularly in connection with france and australia, highlights its growing contribution to sustainability research as a developing nation grappling with large-scale environmental challenges. these co-authorship networks suggest that sustainability and holistic marketing research are driven by global collaboration, with significant contributions from developed and emerging economies, reflecting the universal importance of sustainable business practices. the collaboration among these countries is essential to address global challenges and create shared solutions. this network emphasizes the importance of international research collaboration to foster innovation, share knowledge, and develop comprehensive solutions that cater to diverse economic and environmental contexts. figure 6. network of co-authorship of countries source: vosviewer khan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 17-30 23 the density visualization of bibliographic coupling between countries highlights regions with the highest concentration of collaborative academic outputs in sustainability and holistic marketing, as shown in figure 7. the united states and the united kingdom are shown as the most prominent hubs of research, indicated by the intensity of the yellow regions. this suggests that these countries produce a significant volume of research and have high levels of academic collaboration with other nations. the proximity of germany and south africa to these hubs indicates substantial cooperation and educational exchange between these countries and the central research leaders. india, france, and australia also show significant research outputs and collaboration. however, they appear as separate clusters, suggesting that while they contribute meaningfully to the global body of research, their collaborations may be more regionally focused or involve specific partnerships rather than with the dominant hubs of the us and uk. this visual separation could imply differences in regional research priorities or resource allocation in sustainability and holistic marketing. the density of these collaborations suggests a global push towards interdisciplinary and cross-national research addressing shared global sustainability challenges. however, the clustering indicates that while significant collaboration exists within specific regions, there is still room for more global integration in research efforts. expanding regional partnerships, especially between developed and emerging economies, could help create more comprehensive and globally applicable solutions for sustainability in holistic marketing. figure 7. density visualization of bibliographic coupling of countries source: vosviewer the co-word analysis map of all keywords provided in figure 8 reflects the intricate network of terms frequently used in research focused on sustainability and holistic marketing. the central prominence of "sustainability" and "sustainable development" as primary nodes indicates that these themes form the core of academic discourse in this domain. around these two nodes, interconnected terms such as "decision making," "corporate social responsibility," "innovation," and "supply chain management" suggest that sustainability is widely explored in relation to how businesses integrate responsible decision-making and management strategies into their operations. the broad connectivity also reveals that sustainability intersects with various economic, social, and environmental considerations, highlighting its multidimensional nature. for instance, the link between "supply chain management" and "circular economy" suggests a growing focus on sustainable business models that minimize waste and emphasize resource reuse. similarly, "green marketing" and "eco-innovation" imply that businesses are leveraging sustainability as an operational strategy and a marketing tool to appeal to customers who care about the environment. moreover, keywords like "climate change" and "consumer perception" demonstrate that sustainability research is not confined to corporate strategies but also explores broader societal impacts, including how consumers respond to green initiatives and the role of businesses in mitigating environmental challenges. terms like "agriculture" and "tourism development" point to the sectoral relevance of sustainability, underscoring that industries with significant environmental footprints are key focus areas. the co-word of diverse keywords reveals an increasing trend toward interdisciplinary and international collaboration in sustainability research. this suggests that businesses and researchers recognize the importance of holistic approaches integrating innovation, consumer behavior, and corporate responsibility to achieve long-term sustainability goals. as noted in the original article, integrating sustainability into company plans is a global priority rather than merely a localized issue (hatipoglu & inelmen, 2022). the map underscores the complexity and interrelatedness of factors driving sustainability in the contemporary business landscape. khan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 17-30 24 figure 8. network visualization of co-word analysis source: vosviewer the "network visualization of co-authorship" figure 9 illustrates the collaborative efforts among researchers in sustainability and holistic marketing. the density visualization, where brighter areas indicate more frequent collaborations, highlights key researchers or groups who play significant roles in advancing this academic field. researchers like "schaltegger s.," "tseng p.-h.," and "simmons j.a." appear prominently, suggesting their influence through frequent collaborations and contributions. the rationale behind co-authorship visualization is to map out how interconnected the academic community is and identify which researchers or groups drive thought leadership. these collaborations are often critical in interdisciplinary research areas such as sustainability and holistic marketing, where integrating perspectives from different fields, such as economics, environmental science, and business strategy, leads to more comprehensive and impactful findings. these researchers will likely contribute to significant projects or studies that require collective expertise to address complex global challenges like corporate social responsibility, eco-innovation, or sustainable business models. the implications of these results are significant for both academia and practice. this network visualization helps researchers identify potential collaborators with a proven track record in advancing the field. additionally, it provides insights into geographic or institutional trends, as highly collaborative networks often span countries or universities, leading to more robust research outcomes. for practitioners, such collaborative networks suggest the depth of research behind sustainability and holistic marketing strategies, highlighting that a diverse, interdisciplinary academic foundation supports these fields. figure 9. density visualization of co-authorship network source: vosviewer khan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 17-30 25 collaborative research clusters in this domain in the vosviewer keyword co-occurrence analysis, several clusters have emerged from figure 10, highlighting key concepts in the intersection of sustainability and holistic marketing. these clusters are colour-coded based on keyword similarities, each reflecting different areas of emphasis within the research landscape. yellow cluster (sustainability, holistic approach, innovation) the first prominent cluster is the yellow cluster, which centers on sustainability and includes keywords like holistic approach and innovation. this cluster suggests that sustainability is often discussed in the context of a comprehensive, allencompassing strategy. the holistic approach in marketing refers to integrating different aspects of business practices to meet broader sustainability goals. furthermore, innovation is essential to creating sustainable corporate procedures or product design solutions. this combination is critical as companies attempt to integrate sustainability into their operational and marketing structures. the connection between sustainability and a holistic approach emphasizes the necessity of creative, integrated solutions to environmental problems. businesses that use this strategy achieve their sustainability objectives more successfully, coordinating their operations with global endeavours like the un's sustainable development goals (sdgs) (kemper & ballantine, 2019; kemper et al., 2018). this cluster underscores the growing recognition that sustainability cannot be addressed in isolation; instead, it must be embedded within the fabric of business operations and marketing strategies. green cluster (marketing, product development, sustainable development) the green cluster includes keywords such as marketing, product development, and sustainable development, indicating the close relationship between these areas. this cluster implies that sustainable development heavily relies on the synergy between innovative product development and marketing strategies. businesses aiming to achieve sustainability must focus on creating products that align with sustainable principles while marketing them effectively to consumers who increasingly demand eco-friendly solutions. marketing is essential in communicating the value of these sustainable products to the market, and product development ensures that businesses are continuously innovating to meet environmental and social needs. the literature has extensively discussed this relationship, where sustainable marketing practices are linked with positive brand perception and long-term profitability (lozano, 2018). the emphasis on product development within this cluster suggests that sustainability-driven businesses must continually innovate to remain competitive while ensuring that their marketing strategies reflect their commitment to sustainability. blue cluster (corporate social responsibility, supply chain management, green marketing) the blue cluster revolves around corporate social responsibility (csr), supply chain management, and green marketing. it highlights the importance of embedding sustainability into the core business operations, from sourcing materials to delivering products. supply chain management is critical to upholding sustainable practices throughout production, minimizing environmental impact and promoting social responsibility. green marketing plays a crucial role in communicating these sustainable practices to the market in this cluster. companies leverage green marketing strategies to highlight their commitment to sustainability and differentiate themselves in a competitive marketplace. csr practices, including responsible supply chain management, are key to business success, as consumers increasingly value ethical and sustainable brands (saeed & kersten, 2019; kumar et al., 2020). this cluster underscores the growing significance of aligning marketing strategies with csr initiatives to foster consumer trust and loyalty. turquoise cluster (decision making) the turquoise cluster focuses on decision making, which is fundamental to implementing sustainability strategies. this cluster emphasizes that effective decision making, particularly at the managerial level, is essential for businesses seeking to integrate sustainability into their operations. strategic decisions around sustainability involve balancing short-term profitability with long-term environmental and social responsibilities. decision making in sustainability often requires a nuanced understanding of the trade-offs in pursuing sustainable practices. leaders must navigate complex challenges, such as the financial costs of adopting green technologies or the risks associated with changing consumer expectations. the role of decision making in sustainability is well-supported in the literature, where it is often tied to the success of sustainable business strategies (dias et al., 2020). this cluster emphasizes the critical role of leadership and strategic foresight in driving the sustainability agenda within organizations. khan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 17-30 26 figure 10. clusters from co-occurrence of all keywords source: vosviewer emerging research trends integration of sustainability into core business strategies (kemper et al., 2018; oertwig et al., 2017) there is a growing trend of integrating sustainability into organisations' core business models and marketing strategies. this is not limited to environmental aspects but extends to social equity and economic viability, forming a holistic approach to sustainability. the integration is seen across various sectors, signalling a shift from ad-hoc sustainability practices to systematic inclusion in marketing strategies. increased focus on innovation in sustainable product development (hatipoglu & inelmen, 2022; vinodh et al., 2012; zhang et al., 2022). innovation, particularly in product development, is closely tied to sustainability initiatives. businesses increasingly focus on developing products that align with sustainable principles while utilizing green marketing strategies to communicate these efforts to consumers. this trend is particularly noticeable in industries with high environmental impacts, such as manufacturing and consumer goods, where product innovation can directly address sustainability challenges. rise of green marketing and csr initiatives (machová et al., 2022; zhang & berhe, 2022; park et al., 2022) corporate social responsibility (csr) and green marketing are critical components of holistic marketing strategies. businesses leverage these concepts to promote sustainability initiatives, building stronger connections with eco-conscious consumers. this trend reflects the growing consumer demand for ethical and sustainable brands, with green marketing used to differentiate companies in competitive markets. global collaboration in sustainability research (payumo et al., 2021; yarime et al., 2010; amato, 2021). the bibliometric analysis reveals a significant increase in international collaboration on sustainability research, with countries like the united states, the united kingdom, and india leading the discourse. this global push highlights the need for interdisciplinary research, where scholars from different regions and fields collaborate to address sustainability issues from various perspectives (wani, 2023). the emphasis on international research suggests that sustainability challenges are global problems requiring collective solutions. focus on decision-making and strategic leadership (wanaswa et al., 2019; mahdi & nassar, 2021; cortes & herrmann,2021) decision-making and strategic leadership are emerging as key drivers of successful sustainability integration in businesses. managerial decision-making processes increasingly account for the trade-offs between short-term profitability and long-term sustainability goals. leadership within organizations is critical in embedding sustainability into operations, marketing, and corporate strategies. source: authors research gaps fragmentation of sustainability and holistic marketing research (durach et al., 2017; wiltsey stirman et al., 2012; manninen et al., 2023; butdisuwan et al., 2024) while there is an expanding body of literature on sustainability and holistic marketing, much of the research still needs to be completed. studies often focus on sustainability or marketing in collaboration with adequately exploring the synergy between the two fields. this limits the understanding of how holistic marketing strategies can effectively drive sustainability. there is a need for more comprehensive research that bridges these gaps and explores how the different dimensions of holistic marketing (relationship, integrated, internal, and socially responsible marketing) intersect with sustainability principles. khan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 17-30 27 limited empirical studies in emerging economies (esfahbodi et al., 2016; shamim et al., 2020; zhou et al., 2017) most research on sustainability within holistic marketing strategies is concentrated in developed countries, such as the united states and the united kingdom. however, there needs to be more empirical studies from emerging economies, where sustainability challenges are often more pronounced. countries like india and south africa are increasingly involved in sustainability discourse, but more research is needed to understand how holistic marketing strategies are implemented in these regions. lack of focus on industry-specific sustainability marketing (borland et al., 2019; sudirjo et al., 2023; g. hansen & schaltegger, 2013). many studies address sustainability in a generalized manner without delving into industryspecific strategies. certain industries, such as energy, transportation, and fashion, face unique sustainability challenges that require tailored marketing strategies. research focusing on how specific industries incorporate sustainability into their marketing and operations remains limited, representing a gap that future studies can address. underexplored aspects of consumer behavior and sustainability (yulianti & zulfikar, 2023; wyrwa et al., 2023; peattie, 2010). while much attention has been given to csr and green marketing, more research on consumer behavior in response to sustainability initiatives still needs to be done. specifically, how consumers interpret and respond to green marketing efforts and how these perceptions impact long-term brand loyalty still need to be explored. future research can further investigate the psychological and behavioural aspects of consumer responses to sustainability-driven marketing efforts. leveraging technology for sustainability (gomeztrujillo & gonzalez-perez, 2021; pandya et al., 2023; lim, 2016). as technology evolves, future research can explore how digital tools, data analytics, and artificial intelligence can support sustainability initiatives in marketing. for example, digital marketing platforms can help companies optimize their sustainability campaigns, reach ecoconscious consumers more effectively, and track the environmental impact of their operations. source: authors conclusions this study aimed to provide a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of global research exploring the intersection of sustainability and holistic marketing. by analyzing 105 peer-reviewed articles published between 1996 and 2024, this research mapped the evolution of sustainability in marketing practices, identifying key trends, thematic clusters, and research gaps. the findings revealed that sustainability is central to marketing strategies, especially in developed economies. four thematic clusters were identified—sustainability and innovation, marketing and product development, corporate social responsibility (csr) and supply chain management, and decision-making processes. the research shows that sustainability is closely tied to product innovation and responsible marketing, with increasing attention paid to csr and stakeholder engagement. this paper provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of global research on integrating sustainability into holistic marketing, offering insights into key research trends, influential authors, and collaborative networks. it identifies four major thematic clusters: sustainability and innovation, marketing and product development, corporate social responsibility (csr) and supply chain management, and decision-making processes. these clusters reflect the evolving role of sustainability in marketing strategies, especially in developed economies, while highlighting the gap in emerging markets. this study uniquely uses bibliometric tools such as vosviewer to map research trends and co-authorship networks, contributing to a deeper understanding of how sustainability can drive holistic marketing strategies. the study enriches the academic understanding of the intersection between holistic marketing and sustainability by demonstrating how sustainability-oriented innovation, csr, and product development play central roles in modern marketing strategies. theoretical frameworks, such as corporate social responsibility and service-dominant logic, are essential for understanding how businesses integrate sustainability into their operations. this research contributes to the growing literature emphasising aligning marketing strategies with sustainability goals (kemper & ballantine, 2019). from a managerial perspective, the paper encourages businesses to adopt comprehensive sustainability-driven marketing strategies. it emphasizes the importance of innovation, csr, and sustainable supply chain management in marketing practices. managers are advised to integrate sustainability into their decision-making processes and marketing campaigns, leveraging digital tools and eco-innovation to meet consumer demands for transparency and ethical practices. adopting sustainability practices for companies in emerging markets can help align with global standards, improve brand loyalty, and achieve long-term success. the study's limitations include its reliance on peer-reviewed articles from the scopus database, which may exclude relevant research from other sources, such as industry reports or non-english publications. additionally, the concentration of research in developed countries limits the generalizability of the findings to emerging markets. the study's bibliometric analysis focuses on co-authorship and citation networks, which, while valuable, may overlook important qualitative insights into how businesses implement sustainability and holistic marketing in practice. future research should explore sustainability and holistic marketing strategies in emerging economies, where businesses face challenges such as resource constraints and digital infrastructure limitations. more empirical studies are needed to understand how companies in developing countries integrate sustainability into their marketing strategies. additionally, future studies should investigate the role of digital transformation in promoting sustainable marketing, mainly using artificial intelligence, big data, and digital marketing platforms to optimize sustainable business practices. expanding the research to cover industry-specific sustainability challenges, particularly in the energy, fashion, and transportation sectors, would also add valuable insights to the field. in addition, future studies should examine the long-term impacts of consumer perceptions of sustainability-driven marketing on brand loyalty and business performance. understanding how green marketing strategies influence consumer behavior and purchasing decisions remains underexplored (machová et al., 2022). khan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 17-30 28 author contributions: conceptualization, w.k. and k.a.f.; methodology, w.k. and k.a.f.; software, w.k. and m.b.h.; validation, w.k. and k.a.f.; formal analysis, w.k. and k.a.f.; investigation, w.k., k.a.f., and m.b.h.; resources, w.k. and m.b.h.; data curation, k.a.f. and m.b.h.; writing – original draft preparation, w.k. and k.a.f.; writing – review & editing, w.k. and m.b.h.; visualization, k.a.f. and m.b.h.; supervision, w.k.; project administration, w.k.; funding acquisition, w.k. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were not required for this study as it does not involve vulnerable populations or sensitive topics. funding: the authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgements: the authors extend their heartfelt appreciation to all researchers and institutions whose contributions were essential to this study. they are particularly grateful to colleagues who offered valuable insights and feedback throughout the research. the support and collaboration from the academic community played a crucial role in bringing this work to completion. informed consent statement: all participants in the study provided informed consent. data availability statement: the data from this study can be accessed upon request through the corresponding author, as they are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references amato, v. 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(2017). providing appropriate technology for emerging markets: case study on china’s solar thermal industry. sustainability, 9(2), 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020178 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 34-45 34 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 1 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa impact of green finance on environmental and social risk management influencing performances of banks: evidence from bangladesh md. jahangir alam siddikee (a)1 ahm ziaul haq (b) shahnaz parvin (c) humaira begum (d) mst. rinu fatema (e) (a) phd fellow, institute of bangladesh studies (ibs), university of rajshahi, rajshahi and associate professor, hajee mohammad danesh science and technology university, dinajpur, bangladesh; e-mail: msiddikee@yahoo.com (b) professor, university of rajshahi, rajshahi, bangladesh, e-mail: zia_haq2001@yahoo.com (c) professor, hajee mohammad danesh science and technology university, dinajpur, bangladesh; e-mail: shahnazhstu09@gmail.com (d) mphil fellow, institute of bangladesh studies (ibs), university of rajshahi, rajshahi and associate professor, hajee mohammad danesh science and technology university, dinajpur, bangladesh; e-mail: humaira.begum@hstu.ac.bd (e) assistant professor, noakhali science and technology university, noakhali, bangladesh; e-mail: fatemarenu.thm@nstu.edu.bd a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 26th september 2024 reviewed & revised: 26th september 2024 to 29th january 2025 accepted: 1st february 2025 published: 5th february 2025 keywords: green finance, environment, impact, relationship and performance jel classification codes: c58, g21, q53 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t the growing emphasis on green finance (gf) presents significant attention for banks as they navigate environmental and social risk management (esrm) while striving for financial performance. emerging the global phenomenon with respect to environmental issues focuses on highlighting the study of gf with esrm, which leads to the profitability and non-performing loans of banks. this study investigates the impacts of gf on esrm and, in turn, impacts the performance-profitability and non-performing loans of banks, providing empirical evidence from bangladesh. this study employs the numerical data collected from annual reports of the central bankbangladesh bank, from 2015 to 2023. the study has focused on variables such as gf sectors, environmental and social risk management, profitability, and non-performing loans. regression models (panel ordinary least square, quarantine regression, fixed effect model, random effect model, and panel generalized method of the moment) are employed to examine the effects of gf on esrm and the impact of esrm on performance profitability and nonperforming loans. the result shows that gf significantly influences esrm because the p-value is 0.00≤p-value≤.0.10, rejecting the null hypothesis. esrm has a significant impact on the performance of banks as a mediating factor with a p-value of 0.00≤p-value≤ 0.10. the findings of this study suggest that gf practices significantly enhance esrm, which impacts the performance of banks and provides valuable insights for policymakers, regulators, and banking stakeholders in mitigating environmental and social risks and improving the performance of banks. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction green finance plays a crucial role in environmental and social risks by promoting sustainable banking practices, ensuring long-term financial stability, and enhancing the performance of banks. bangladesh has made significant studies in recent decades. however, its financial sector faces its own set of challenges, including concerns related to non-performing loans, financial stability, and corporate governance. as a result, there is growing recognition of the importance of gf in addressing environmental and social risk management as well as performance. moreover, this study is significant as it provides empirical evidence from a developing country like bangladesh, where financial organizations increasingly integrate green finance to address climate risks, regulatory compliance, and esrm, ultimately influencing profitability and non-performing loans, fostering a responsible and profitable banking sector (siddikee et al., 2024). the study of (fan et al., 2024) states that investments in clean and affordable energy can promote sustainable development. it may reduce the risk of loan defaults by aligning financial support with environmentally friendly practices. by incorporating gf practices into their strategic plans, financial institutions can contribute to environmental well-being and achieve sustainability goals over short and long periods (abuatwan, 2023). gf serves as an intermediary between green 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0003-1138-2390 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i1.2285 to cite this article: siddikee, m. j. a., haq, a. z., parvin, s., begum, h., & fatema, m. r. (2025). impact of green finance on environmental and social risk management influencing performances of banks: evidence from bangladesh. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(1), 34-45. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i1.2285 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i1.2285 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1138-2390 https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3944-0025 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9063-5314 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5355-415x https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8409-6737 siddikee et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 34-45 35 banking and environmental performance, with green banking activities exerting a noteworthy influence on environmental performance (zhang et al., 2022). gf positively influences environmental performance by safeguarding and restoring ecosystems (xi et al., 2021). the worldwide financial landscape is witnessing a paradigm change towards green finance. the study of sustainable finance has become a recognized discipline in the literature on finance (poyser & daugaard, 2022). they emphasize that a mental reset is necessary to map the published information on indigenous sustainable finance (hasan et al., 2025). this study employs the panel ordinary least square (pols) to justify gf's impact on esrm on profitability and non-performing loans on mean distribution. quarantine regression is employed to determine the conditional impact. next, this study conducts fixed effect models (fem) and random effect models, and panel generalized method of moment (pgmm) in identifying the fixed, random and dynamic impact of gf on esrm that on performance. overall, this study aims to investigate the effect of gf on esrm and the impact of esrm on profitability and bank non-performing loans. this article is structured as follows: it begins with a literature review, then materials and methods, followed by results, discussion, and conclusion. literature review green finance refers to financial investments that maintain environmentally sustainable development. it encompasses various financial instruments, policies, and practices to promote ecological balance and mitigate climate issues. the concept aligns with the broader goals of green development, integrating environmental, social, and governance considerations into financial decision-making. gf plays a considerable role in driving the green enterprise transition by facilitating marketoriented governance, green oversight, and green governance, and its promotional impact is more pronounced in regions with strong state environmental governance, in firms with less public environmental oversight, and in firms that actively disclose green information (chi & yang, 2023). on a global scale, gf refers to incorporating environmental protection within financial organizations' economic strategies, prioritizing investments in environmental protection initiatives to endorse the transition to a green economy (zheng et al., 2021). green banking is also social or responsible (park & kim, 2020). gf highlights the social responsibilities of banks in promoting environmental sustainability. this underscores the frequent intersection between social and environmental concerns. economic growth is significantly influenced by the financial performance of financial institutions, especially within the banking sector, attracting attention from regulators and scholars. investments in green sectors, the extension of green credit, energy accounting practices, and fostering creativity have been positively connected to the financial performance of banks in developing nations (banani & sunarko, 2022). guan et al. (2017) highlight green loans elevating credit risk. qian and yu (2024) focus on connecting gf and esg performance. while gf policies can alleviate financing constraints on green innovation in general, privately owned enterprises are less likely to have access to green credits (yu et al., 2021). various factors, such as fossil fuel imports, chemical usage, green funding, and nuclear energy demand, can impact regional environmental quality. because climate risks directly affect central banks' core activities, financial institutions must integrate climate-related physical and transition risks into their policy frameworks to safeguard macrofinancial stability (dikau & volz, 2021). additionally, a study shows that government investments in human capital and renewable energy contribute to a profitable green economy through advancements in labor and technology, albeit with varying impacts across nations (feng et al., 2022)—financial performance bridges between economic development and green finance. green investment contributes to enhancing financial performance through the advancement of green energy. the banks ' green finance and financial performance call for emerging research issues. the relationship between green banking and banks' environmental performance is mediated by green financing (zhang et al., 2022). however, this study neglects the linkage between environmental and social risk management (esrm) and bank performance. there is a positive relationship between green banking practices and the financial performance of banks (hossain et al., 2020). investing in green sectors that mitigate the adverse effects of business activities on air quality, natural resources, and biodiversity enhances corporate reputation and supports sustainable financial performance (banani & sunarko, 2022). green investment significantly impacts banks' environmental performance (ngwenya & simatele, 2020). despite the opposite correlation between social stability and financial performance, the limited sample size of banks across 21 countries and the lack of consideration for banking operations' typical stability restricts the generalizability of these findings (liu et al., 2021). banks’ green performance is connected to environmental performance (taneja & özen, 2023). firm performance is assessed using financial and productivity metrics, yet these indicators are insufficient for sustainable performance (tangen, 2004). a rapid and transformative change toward sustainability requires a financial system that serves as the primary funding source for this transition (esposito et al., 2022). standardized credit risk assessment is particularly vital for banking sectors in developed economies, especially for banks with portfolios heavily dependent on externally rated exposures. on the other hand, smaller and transitioning economies have historically encountered externally rated exposures later than their developed counterparts (milojević & redžepagić, 2020). financial performance helps to maintain the sustainability of the development and developing economy. effective management of environmental and social exposures contributes to enhancing financial performance. risk management challenges in the banking sectors impact bank performance and influence national economic growth and business development. green banking practices have improved environmental performance by reducing negative environmental impacts from routine operations, such as minimizing paper usage and reducing energy consumption, fuel usage, and emissions (shaumya & arulrajah, 2017). yang et al. (2020) highlight the relationship between environmental outcomes and the financial system. green regulations moderate and strengthen the connection between green financing and investments in renewable energy (li et al., 2022). gf is a crucial intermediary linking corporate social responsibility with environmental performance, demonstrating a notable linkage between gf and environmental siddikee et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 34-45 36 performance (dai et al., 2022). additionally, a meaningful relationship exists between bank performance and risk management practices (adeusi et al., 2014). strengthening capital and risk management practices further incentivizes banks to ensure financial steadiness (milojević & redžepagić, 2020). banks engage in risk management to mitigate potential adverse effects on their performance. encouraging green finance within the banking sector incentivizes businesses to opt for eco-friendly loans. yan and gong (2024) find that while green lending and investments enhance credit risk profiles, associated risks can influence their profitability. xi et al. (2021) argue that gf positively influences green performance by protecting and restoring ecosystems. consistent with prior studies, a notable negative correlation exists between risk and profitability (measured by roa and roe), aligning with findings from (kwan & eisenbeis, 1997). shaumya and arulrajah (2017) find that green banking practices alleviate adverse environmental effects, which, in turn, influence financial performance. stock prices also reflect these financial risks (husna & satria, 2019). a proposed dividend increase is anticipated to positively affect stock prices, significantly influencing the firm's overall value (crane et al., 2016). although beneficial to multiple stakeholders, environmentally friendly finance raises concerns regarding the long-term sustainability of banking operations due to not handling green credit effectively, as it affects both credit risk and profitability. purposely, this study investigates the impact of gf on esrm and the impact of esrm on profitability and non-performing loans. therefore, this study considers the following hypotheses. h1: gf influences significantly esrm h2: esrm has a significant impact on return on asset (roa) h3: esrm has a significant impact on return on equity (roe) h4: esrm has a significant impact on the expenditure-income ratio (eir) h5: esrm influences significantly on non-performing loans (npl) the conceptual framework of this study is presented in figure 1 below. performance figure 1. conceptual framework and hypotheses materials and methods the selection of samples for this research was based on data obtained from the annual report of bangladesh bank. the dataset covers various categories of banks, including state-owned commercial banks (scbs), specialized banks (sbs), private commercial banks (pcbs), and foreign commercial banks (fcbs). the study employs balanced panel data, covering four different categories of banks: six scbs, three sbs, forty-three pcbs, and nine fcbs. the research spans nine (9) years, from 2015 to 2023. the study categorizes its variables into exogenous (independent) and endogenous (dependent) variables. the independent variables are comprised of alternative energy (ae), efficient energy (ee), renewable energy (re), wastage management (wm), recycling and manufacturing of recyclable goods (rmrg), green industry and establishment (gie), environmentally friendly brick production (efbp), and green other factor investment (gofi). on the other hand, the dependent variables consist of roa, roe, eir, and npl. moreover, esrm is a dependent variable when gf is the independent variable, and esrm is an independent variable when the performance variables are dependent. these classifications aim to examine the impact of green banking initiatives on esrm as well as to investigate the impact of esrm on performance. a detailed overview of such variables is presented in table 1. table 1. variable clarification var. sectors of green investment explanation re renewable energy harnesses solar, wind, and hydropower to engender sustainable electricity. as crucial contributors to economic development, these energy sources significantly mitigate environmental issues and promote sustainability (shinwari et al., 2022). ee efficient energy enhances energy efficiency to lessen waste, support sustainability, and boost output. energy efficiency involves achieving an identical output level while consuming less energy (dunlop, 2022). ae in contemporary society, energy improvement increasingly emphasizes alternative sources, strongly focusing on solar and wind energy (baitanayeva et al., 2020). esrm roa roe eir h2 h3 green finance (gf) npl h4 h5 h1 siddikee et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 34-45 37 gf wm waste management involves the systematic processes of gathering, moving, and removing waste materials to reduce waste through proper handling and disposal to ensure environmental safety and cleanliness (panchal et al., 2021). rmrg recycling involves collecting packaging waste and converting it into new items by reprocessing the materials, which helps reduce the need for raw resources and minimizes waste by reusing materials to create different products (filyaw, 2022). gie the green industry encompasses more than just environmentally friendly industrial growth; it includes adopting comprehensive, sustainable, and optimized industrial systems that uphold efficiency and effectiveness in the long term (aryani siregar et al., 2020). efbp eco-bricks provide supplementary advantages, including enhanced thermal and sound insulation, increased durability, and excellent recyclability, making them an environmentally friendly option with long-lasting benefits. (jha & kewate, 2024) gofi this sector encompasses manufacturing, factory safety, and other environmentally friendly investments. ensuring safety in production also requires implementing both technological and managerial approaches (pačaiová et al., 2024). profitability roa return on assets (roa) is often used to measure the rate of return on total assets. return on assets (roa) measures a company's efficiency in generating profit from the assets it utilizes or invests in over a given period (indriani et al., 2022). roe roe can provide a general idea of a company's financial performance (fauzi & nurasik, 2023). eir eir is the proportion of expenditure and income. expenditure and income budget include revenue and expenditure. non performing loan npl a loan is considered non-performing when payments are overdue by 90 days or more, indicating a higher risk of default within the following years. npls are a critical indicator of loan risk, highlighting the chance of repayment failure (alnabulsi et al., 2023). model selection and methods a unit root test validated the econometric analysis to ensure the data were stationary or non-stationary. this study employed several statistical methods to analyze the relationship between gf, esrm, and performance. panel ordinary least squares (pols) were chosen to estimate the overall impact of independent variables across entities and time periods without accounting for specific individual or time-based characteristics. the decision to select pols was based on the results of collinearity tests, including tolerance levels (tol) and the variance inflation factor (vif). panel vector autoregression (pvar) was used to explore the internal effects of variables on performance dynamics. pls also serves as a foundational method for more advanced techniques, such as fixed effects models (fem) or random effects models (rem). the hausman test and the redundant fixed effect likelihood lm ratio test results determined the choice of fem in this study. quantile regression was utilized to understand how gf influences esrm and the performance across various data percentiles. correlation analysis helped assess the relationship between gf, esrm, and performance. finally, the study used the panel generalized method of moments (pgmm) to analyze gf's dynamic and multi-dimensional impact on esrm performance. unit root test the unit root test shows strong evidence against unit roots for all examined indicators. henry ntarmah et al. (2019) applied the unit root test to evaluate the stationarity of their variables at both the level and first difference. their findings suggest that the data for all indicators are not likely to exhibit non-stationary behavior, implying they behave in a stationary way. the equations of the unit root test are as follows p = −2 ∑ ln (𝑃 𝑖) 𝑁 𝑖=1 (1) z = 1 √n ∑ (𝜋 𝑖) 𝑁 𝑖=1 (2) where pi is the p-value of the unit root test with respect to the ith cross-section. n is the number of cross-sections in the panel. 𝜋 𝑖 is the individual phillips-perron test statistic concerning the ith cross-section. panel ordinary least squares (pols) pols method for regression is used in our panel data. the independent variables are gf and esrm, and the dependent variables are performance. accordingly, the equation for the panel ordinary least squares regression is esrmt = β0 + βi∑gfit + εit (3) piit = β0 + β1esrm t + εit (4) where: pi: performance piit and esrmt are the values of the endogenous variables for the ith observation at time t. gfit is the value of the explanatory variable (gf) for the ith observation at time t. β0 is the intercept. βi is the coefficient of explanatory variables. εi is the error term. siddikee et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 34-45 38 quantile regression this allows us to observe how gf influences not just the central tendency but also the extremes or other specific quantiles of esrm that affect performance, thus offering a deeper insight into the variability and distributional aspects of gf on esrm as well as the esrm influences on performance. the equations for quantile regression are: qτ(esrm/gf) = 𝐺𝐹′𝛽τ (5) qτ(pi/esrm) = 𝐸𝑆𝑅𝑀′𝛽τ (6) where qτ(esrm/gf) defines 𝜏 th conditional quantile of the response variable esrm given the predictors gf. qτ(esrm/gf) defines 𝜏 th conditional quantile of the response variable esrm given the predictors pi. 𝐺𝐹′ and esrm′ represent the transpose of the predictor vector, respectively. βτ is the vector of coefficients for the 𝜏th quantile. hausman test the hausman (1978) test for panel data is a general specification test, where rejecting the null hypothesis indicates model misspecification rather than endorsing the fixed effects estimator. on the other hand, not rejecting the null suggests that the random effects estimator is efficient (baltagi, 2024). a spatial hausman test is recommended to compare fixed and random effects models (mutl & pfaffermayr, 2011). this helps determine whether a time-varying covariate is exogenous in the random effects model for panel data (mainzer, 2018). the test compares estimators from both the random effects (re) and fixed effects (fe) models. the hausman test statistic (h) equation is as follows: h = (�̂� 𝐹𝐸 − �̂� 𝑅𝐸) ′ [var(�̂� 𝐹𝐸) −var(�̂� 𝐹𝐸)] −1(�̂� 𝐹𝐸 − �̂� 𝑅𝐸) (7) where: (�̂� 𝐹𝐸) is the estimated coefficient for the fixed effects model, (�̂� 𝑅𝐸) is the estimated coefficient for the random effects model, var(�̂� 𝐹𝐸) and var( �̂� 𝑅𝐸) are the variances of the coefficients for the respective models. redundant fixed effect likelihood lm ratio test likelihood ratio tests for fixed model terms are recommended for analyzing linear mixed models with residual maximum likelihood estimation, incorporating bartlett-type adjustments to the test statistics based on an approximate data decomposition (welham & thompson, 1997). additionally, a redundant fixed effect likelihood test (rfelrt) was performed to confirm the model specification further. the equation of the redundant fixed effect likelihood lm ratio test (reflrt) is: rfelrt = − 2(log l 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) − log l 𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) (8) where: log l restricted is the log-likelihood from the restricted model (without fixed effects). log lunrestricted is the log-likelihood from the unrestricted model (with fixed effects). rfelrt follows a chi-square (χ2) distribution with degrees of freedom equal to the number of restrictions. fixed effect model fixed effects method with time-fixed effects allows us to control for unobserved entity-specific characteristics, focus on within-entity changes, account for time-specific factors, and provide consistent estimates of the relationship between gf & esrm gf & pi, and pi & esrm. esrmit = α0 + gfitβ + γit + εit (9) plit = α0 + esrmit. β + γit + εit (10) where piit is the dependent variable for individual 𝑖 at time 𝑡. αi represents the individual-specific intercept, also known as the fixed effect. gfit is a vector of independent variables for individual 𝑖 at time t. β is a vector of coefficients representing the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. γt stands for the time-fixed effects, accounting for time-specific influences. εit is the error term for the individual 𝑖 at time 𝑡, representing unobserved factors affecting the dependent variable. random effect model random effects model (rem) is commonly used in econometrics and statistics when dealing with panel or hierarchical data structures. the general form of a random effects model can be written as: esrm it = b0 + gf𝐢𝐭β + ui + εit (11) piit = b0 + esrmitβ + ui + εit (12) where rpit pmit, and slreapit are the dependent variables for individual 𝑖 at time 𝑡. b represents the individual-specific intercept, also known as the fixed-effect. gfit is a vector of independent variables for individual 𝑖 at time t. β is a vector of coefficients representing the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. ui is the random effect, capturing unobserved heterogeneity specific to individual i (assumed to be normally distributed. εit is the idiosyncratic error term. siddikee et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 34-45 39 panel generalized method of moments pgmm is more flexible and accounts for potential endogeneity (when the independent variable correlates with the error term). this makes pgmm useful if gf is suspected to be endogenous. esrmt = α0 + αi∑gfit + ηit (13) piit = γ0 + γ1esrm t + ҽit (14) where β0, α0,γ0,βi, αi,γi are the parameters to be estimated moment condition e[zi (esrmi -α0 gfi)=0 e[zi (pii -γ0 esrmi)=0 z is the instrument that is correlated with gf and correlated with error terms: ε, η, and ҽ results correlation analysis between gf, esrm, and performance in the realm of econometrics, it's customary to address heteroscedasticity by using a natural logarithm transformation to the variables for analysis, as outlined by charfeddine and ben khediri (2016). the data, after logarithm (log10) transformation, were utilized in our analysis. mean, standard deviations, and the correlation matrix are detailed in table 2. furthermore, the variance inflation factors (vif) falls below 5, while the tolerance (tol) value exceeds 20%, affirming the absence of multicollinearity issues among our explanatory variables. ee has the largest variability (sd: 11.8) while ae has the lowest variability (sd: 1.10). esrm has the highest positive correlation (r=0.816) with re and the lowest positive correlation (r=0.194) with efbp. among the independent variables, a positive correlation exists. table 3 illustrates the correlation between esrm and performance in which esrm has the highest positive correlation (r=.710) with roa and negative correlation (r= -.72) with eir. table 2. correlation between gf and esrm along with collinearity result var. mn and sd correlation matrix collinearity statistics mn sd re ee ae wm rmgm gie efbp gofi esrm tol vif re 7.95 1.10 1.0 .405 2.47 ee -1.27 11.8 .606 1.0 .456 2.19 ae -8.06 10.6 .583 .597 1.0 .439 2.28 wm 2.07 10.8 .556 .430 .456 1.0 .233 4.28 rmrg 1.25 10.1 .447 .357 .370 .724 1.0 .439 2.28 gie 1.96 11.4 .648 .590 .458 .829 .638 1.0 .201 4.98 efbp 0.23 11.6 .257 .340 .539 .271 .345 .175 1.0 .585 1.71 gofi 7.18 4.24 .139 .328 .328 .41 .392 .429 .378 1.0 .642 1.55 esrm 10.86 1.19 .816 .525 .601 .72 .643 .790 .194 .210 1.00 1.00 1.00 note: mn means mean; sd stands for standard deviations; tol and vif are tolerance and variance influence factor, respectively. table 3. correlation between esrm and performance var. mn and sd correlation matrix mn sd roa roe eir npl esrm roa .0003 .019 1.0 roe .003 0.14 .838 1.0 eir .88 0.40 -.96 -.69 1.0 npl 11.1 .570 -.09 -.15 -.04 1.0 esrm 10.86 1.19 .710 .668 -.72 .440 1.0 results of unit root test table 4 shows the unit root test results of gf, esrm, and performance. the analysis is based on the second difference, accounting for the individual effects of exogenous variables, and applies the newey-west automatic bandwidth selection with the bartlett kernel system. the pp fisher chi-square test statistics range from 16 to 60.11, with p-values between 0.0000 and 0.015, strongly rejecting the null hypothesis of unit roots. likewise, the pp choi z test statistics range from -6.48 to 2.11, with p-values below 0.05, confirming stationarity across all indicators. table 4. individual unit root process indicators pp fisher chi-square p-value. pp choi z stat p-value ae 31.869 0.0000*** -4.733 0.0000*** ee 25.502 0.0013*** -3.270 0.0005*** re 41.439 0.0000*** -4.629 0.0000*** wm 28.489 0.0004*** -2.814 0.0024*** rmrg 46.227 0.0000*** -4.878 0.0000*** gie 52.939 0.0000*** -6.229 0.0000*** siddikee et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 34-45 40 efbp 20.974 0.0019*** -2.999 0.0014*** gofi 33.441 0.0001*** -3.833 0.0001*** esrm 18.254 0.0194** -2.429 0.0080*** roa 51.7830 0.0001*** -5.877 0.0000*** roe 60.1057 0.0000*** -6.477 0.0000*** eir 39.3571 0.0000*** -4.664 0.0000*** npl 30.9200 0.0000*** -3.780 0.0000*** ‘***’ ‘**’ and ‘*’ signify the significance at the 1%, at the 5 % and at the 10% level respectively. the effect of gf on esrm influencing performance based on mean pols has been used to identify the effect of gf on esrm based on the mean distribution of esrm and to examine the impact of esrm on performance-roa, roe, eir, and npl based on the mean distribution of these dependent variables. table 5 depicts that the significant factors containing t value greater than ±2.11 at the 5% level of significance and p values p≤ 0.01 or p≤ 0.01 or p<≤0.10 at the 0.01 or at the 0.05 or the 0.10 level have ensured those findings. accordingly, re, ae, rmrg, and gie have a significant positive impact on esrm. moreover, esrm significantly impacts roa, roe, and eir at the 0.01 level. table 5. impact of gf on esrm on performance dv iv t-statistic p-value iv dv t-statistic p-value esrm re 3.744 .001*** esrm roa 5.884 .000*** ee -1.112 .276 roe 5.240 .000*** ae 2.341 .027** eir -6.030 .000*** wm .139 .890 npl 2.853 .007*** rmrg 2.113 .044** gie 2.167 .039** efbp -1.329 .195 gofi -1.117 .274 note: dv stands for the dependent variable, and iv stands for the independent variable. conditional effect of gf on esrm influencing performance quantile regression allows for modeling different conditional quantiles of gf and esrm indicators. accordingly, in the quartile regression, this section presents the impact of gf on esrm on performance across the distribution's q1, q2, and q3. table 6 displays the t-statistic (t>±2.230), which provides the significant impact of gf on esrm performance. furthermore, the p-value confirmed that it was a significant finding. as a result, re positively influences esrm at the 0.01 level of significance. furthermore, esrm as a mediating factor influences roa, roe, eir, and npl at the 1% significance level. table 6. conditional impact of gf on esrm having impact on performance iv dv ist q 2nd q 3rd q t-statistic p-value t-statistic p-value t-statistic p-value ae 0.466 0.645 -0.320 0.751 -1.256 0.220 ee -1.285 0.209 -0.916 0.368 -0.569 0.574 re 59.378 0.000*** 37.799 0.000*** 36.664 0.000*** wm esrm -0.026 0.980 -0.415 0.682 0.285 0.778 rmrg 1.093 0.284 0.529 0.601 0.459 0.650 gie -0.232 0.819 0.662 0.514 0.415 0.681 efbp 0.562 0.579 0.241 0.811 -0.199 0.848 gofi -0.152 0.880 0.166 0.870 0.717 0.480 roa -1.469 0.151 1.167 0.251 3.222 0.003*** roe 3.772 0.001*** 2.230 0.033** 8.853 0.000*** eir 6.010 0.000*** 6.628 0.000*** 3.772 0.001*** npl 39.331 0.000*** 34.345 0.000*** 26.857 0.000*** ‘***’ ‘**’ and ‘*’ signify the significance at the 1%, at the 5 % and at the 10% level respectively. result of the hausman test and redundant fixed effect likelihood lm ratio test table 7 illustrates the results of the hausman test in that chi-square statistics in the corresponding p-value specifies the selection of rem because, at the 1% level, this study rejects the alternative hypothesis. besides, a redundant fixed effect likelihood lm ratio test (rfelt) was done to confirm the model specification. table 8 presents the results of rfelrt where the p-values of all dependent variables are 0.000, which means fem is appropriate. table 7. hausman test result of esrm and performance variables chi-square statistics p-value model specification esrm 2.724 0.951 random effect model (rem) roa 0.569 0.451 rem roe 0.112 0.738 rem eir 1.315 0.252 rem siddikee et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 34-45 41 variables chi-square statistics p-value model specification npl 0.036 0.849 rem ‘***’ ‘**’ and ‘*’ signify the significance at the 1%, at the 5 % and at the 10% level respectively. table 8. redundant fixed effect likelihood ratio test result variables t-statistic p-value model specification esrm 70.626 0.000*** fem roa 76.060 0.000*** fem roe 40.889 0.000*** fem eir 79.851 0.000*** fem npl 133.199 0.000*** fem ‘***’ ‘**’ and ‘*’ signify the significance at the 1%, at the 5 % and at the 10% level respectively. fixed and random effect of gf on esrm influencing esrm after the hausman test and rfelt, the effect of gf on esrm that influences the performance of banks is determined. table 9 shows the findings of the fixed and random effects of gf on esrm performance. here, the researcher finds that the significant factors contain a t-value greater than ±2.00 at the 10 % significance level, more significant than ±2.17 at the 5 % significance level, and greater than ±2.96 at the 1 % significance level. finally, p-value p≤ 0.01 or p≤ 0.01 or p<≤0.10 at the 0.01 or the 0.05 or the 0.10 level have ensured those findings. accordingly, ee has a significant fixed effect at the 0.10 level, rmrg at the 0.05 level, and efbp at the 0.1 level on esrm. besides, re and rmgm have random effects on esrm at .01 and .10 levels. moreover, esrm has a significant random effect on profitability and non-performing loanroa, roe eir, and npl at 0.010 level. table 9. fixed and random effect of gf on esrm influencing performance dv iv fem rem iv dv fem rem t-statistic p-value t-statistic p-value t-statistic p-value t-statistic p-value esrm re 0.321 0.752 2.647 .030** esrm roa -0.891 0.382 8.770 0.000*** ee -2.960 .009*** -.819 .437 roe -0.651 0.522 9.331 0.000*** ae 0.989 0.337 1.543 .161 eir -0.621 0.540 -8.920 0.000*** wm -1.033 0.317 .143 .590 npl 1.247 0.225 7.333 0.000*** rmrg 2.175 0.045** 2.235 .056 gie 1.690 0.110 1.434 .190 efbp -2.002 0.0625* -1.024 .336 gofi -0.684 0.504 -1.105 .301 ‘***’ ‘**’ and ‘*’ signify the significance at the 1%, at the 5 %, and at the 10% level respectively. dynamic effect of gf on esrm influencing performance pgmm has been used to determine the dynamic effect of gf on esrm that influences the performance of banks. table 10 shows the results of the dynamic effect of gf on esrm and the dynamic effect of esrm on performance. here, the researcher finds that the significant factors contain a t-value greater than ±10.00 at the 1 % significance level. finally, pvalue p≤ 0.01 at the 0.01 has ensured those findings. accordingly, ae, re, and gofi significantly affect esrm at the 0.010 level. moreover, esrm significantly affects roa, roe, eir, and npl at the 0.01 level. table 10. dynamic effect of gf on esrm on performance dv iv t-statistic p-value iv dv t-statistic p-value esrm re 74.699 0.000*** esrm roa 11.173 0.000*** ee -0.640 0.527 roe 2.997 0.005*** ae 4.428 0.001*** eir 3.159 0.003*** wm -1.167 0.251 npl 61.070 0.000*** rmrg 0.687 0.497 gie 1.045 0.303 efbp 0.119 0.906 gofi 10.393 0.000*** ‘***’ ‘**’ and ‘*’ signify the significance at the 1%, at the 5 %, and at the 10% level respectively. discussion of gf, esrm, and performance the findings of this study align closely with the evolving discourse in the literature regarding the esrm frameworks within financial institutions and their broader implications for sustainability, economic performance, and risk management. the pols method, quantile method, efm, and pgmm approaches collectively elucidate the nuanced relationships between esrm and various financial indicators. zhang et al. (2022) emphasize the positive effects of environmentally friendly schemes within the banking sector, demonstrating significant improvements in environmental performance and green financing development. the findings in this study echo these insights by revealing esrm's significantly positive impact on variables such as roa, roe, and eir. the quantile method findings, which show esrm as a mediator influencing variables like roa, roe, and other performance indicators across multiple quantiles, align with the results (mavlutova et al., 2023). their cluster analysis siddikee et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 34-45 42 revealed a positive correlation between economic performance and overall esg (environmental, social, and governance) risk across european oecd nations. this underscores the growing recognition of esg factors as pivotal drivers of financial performance. yang et al. (2020) identified the adverse effects of financial instability on carbon emissions in developing economies, highlighting the intricate relationship between financial systems and environmental outcomes. similarly, this study demonstrates esrm's role in mitigating adverse impacts on variables like anpl and npltlr while positively influencing green investment practices. this suggests that robust esrm practices can address systemic risks, improve financial stability, and contribute to environmental sustainability goals. qian and yu (2024) find that gf policies positively impact esg performance, highlighting the broader societal and environmental benefits of aligning the financial system. this resonates with the study’s efm method findings, which indicate that variables such as rmgm and efbp significantly and positively influence esrm, leading to enhanced performance in areas like ta and sustainable investment programs. xi et al. (2021) gf schemes safeguard ecosystems and support re implementation, which directly correlates with esrm. these outcomes emphasize the transformative potential of esrm in fostering re adoption and ecological preservation, thereby advancing financial and environmental objectives. ngwenya and simatele (2020) highlight the significant influence of green lending on banks' environmental performance. this theme parallels this study's findings on esrm's role in driving positive outcomes in sustainable lending programs. the lagged variable impacts identified in the pvar method, such as the influence of gf on other performance metrics, underscore the dynamic connection between green finance and financial performance. interestingly, guan et al. (2017) point out the dual role of carbon intensity loans (cil) in meeting societal emission reduction goals while elevating credit risk. this aligns with the study's findings that esrm negatively affects variables like npl. additionally, the pgmm results demonstrate that esrm exerts significant dynamic effects on a wide range of performance indicators, roa, and roe, substantiating its key role in integrating sustainability into financial systems. conclusions this study aims to examine esrm's impact on banks' performance. the pols method reveals that esrm has a significantly positive impact on variables such as ta, da, sia, sid, roa, roe, and npl, while it negatively affects eir. in the quantile method, re shows a positive influence on esrm. additionally, esrm acts as a mediator, significantly influencing roa, roe, eir, and npl. the efm and rem indicate that ee, re, rmgm, and efbp have significant effects on esrm that have a significant random effect on performance. the pgmm method shows that ae, re, and gofi have significant multi-effects on esrm. furthermore, esrm exerts a significant dynamic effect on roa, roe, eir, and npl. the findings significantly contribute to the theoretical understanding of esrm. the positive impact of esrm on variables such as npl challenges existing frameworks by suggesting that effective esrm practices can drive financial performance and steadiness. furthermore, the mediating role of esrm across different quartiles supports the idea that it might influence financial outcomes differently across various levels of company performance. the negative connection with eir and positive connection with npl add a nuanced layer to understanding how esrm can impact financial risk, offering new avenues for future research on the link between sustainability practices and risk management. the results underline the importance of integrating esrm practices into organizational strategies for managers. the significant positive effects on financial indicators like roa, roe, and npl imply that improving esrm can lead to better profitability and risk management. the adverse effects of eir suggest that overemphasis on certain esrm practices may result in financial efficiencies. however, managers should aim for a balanced approach, leveraging esrm to enhance long-term value while mitigating potential drawbacks. companies should consider incorporating esrm practices to force performance and sustainability. the mediation effects emphasize that esrm influences key financial outcomes, such as roe and roa, emphasizing its role in shaping long-term organizational success. the identified relationships between esrm and financial indicators indicate that implementing robust esrm strategies could enhance financial stability and operational efficiency, particularly in performance matrixprofitability and npl. this study focuses on some restrictions that must be addressed in future studies. first, the study relies heavily on secondary data, which may not entirely confine the complexity of gf and its effects on future research performance. it could promote primary data collection through surveys or interviews to add deeper insights. second, the study is limited by the data's time frame and geographical span and suffers from long-term impacts. future studies should investigate the extensive effects of gf over longer periods and across different regions to assess its global applicability. furthermore, the study focuses primarily on financial institutions, leaving out other industries that could also benefit from the gf system. future research should inspect the impact of gf on sectors beyond banking. author contribution: conceptualization, m.j.a.s., ahm.z.h.; methodology, m.j.a.s., ahm.z.h., s.p., h.b. and r.f.; software, m.j.a.s., validation, m.j.a.s., ahm.z.h., s.p., h.b. and r.f.; formal analysis, m.j.a.s., ahm.z.h., s.p., h.b., and r.f.; investigation, m.j.a.s., ahm.z.h., s.p., h.b. and r.f.; data curation, m.j.a.s., ahm.z.h., s.p., h.b. and r.f.; writing-original draft preparation, m.j.a.s., ahm.z.h., s.p., h.b. and r.f.; writing review and editing, m.j.a.s., ahm.z.h., s.p., h.b. and r.f.; supervision, m.j.a.s. and ahm.z.h., funding acquisition, m.j.a.s., ahm.z.h., s.p., h.b. and r.f. authors have read and agreed with the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the researcher does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgment: not applicable. siddikee et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 34-45 43 data availability statement: data presented in this study are available at the request of corresponding authors, and data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflict of interest: authors declare no conflict of interest. references abuatwan, n. 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(2021). factors affecting the sustainability performance of financial institutions in bangladesh: the role of green finance. sustainability, 13(18), 10165. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810165 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 11-21 11 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 1 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa evaluating the impact of chatgpt implementation on hr performance skills: a case study of academic institutions in oman boumedyen shannaq (a) ahmed alabri (b)1 (a) associate professor, management of information systems department, university of buraimi, sultanate of oman; e-mail: boumedyen@uob.edu.om (b) assistant professor, finance and administrative affairs & supporting services, university of buraimi, sultanate of oman; e-mail: drahmed.s@uob.edu.om a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 25th september 2024 reviewed & revised: 25th september 2024 to 28th january 2025 accepted: 30th january 2025 published: 5th february 2025 keywords: chatgpt implementation, hr performance skills, user training, chatgpt usability, ai for academic institutions jel classification codes: g32, f65, l66, l25, m41 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t academic institutions increasingly integrate ai-driven tools like chatgpt to enhance hr performance. however, the effectiveness of such adoption depends on various factors. the study investigates the impact of chatgpt implementation on hr performance skills in omani academic institutions, with user training, system usability, and cultural factors as moderating variables. using a structured questionnaire, this study employs survey data collected from 791 hr staff from five academic institutions. structural equation modeling (sem) was used to examine direct and indirect relationships within the proposed framework and test the conceptual model. the outcomes show that implementing chatgpt enhances the performance of hr skills predictably (b = 0.092, p = 0.003). user training showed a partial mediation effect (b = 0.090, t = 4.615, p = 0.000), which is evident as a key facilitator of the relationship between chatgpt adoption and hr outcomes. in the same way, system usability was found to have a lesser but significant partial mediation effect (b = 0.019, t = 1.715, p = 0.043). however, organizational culture did not moderate the relationship significantly, b = 0.005, t = 0.922, p = 0.178. the findings of this study suggest that integrating ai-enabled tools like chatgpt in academic hr settings requires a user-centered system development approach and targeted training. the results contribute to the literature by establishing a theoretical foundation for understanding how technology applications influence institutional efficiency and goal attainment, particularly in regions where education significantly impacts socio-economic development. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction businesses use artificial intelligence to transform human resource management systems, including recruitment practices, employee decision-making capabilities, and interaction methods (pandey, singh, arora, & batta, 2024). international companies invest in ai recruitment platforms and workforce management tools that workforce management tools that enhance process automation and operational efficiency (mamuli et al., 2025). the assessment of chatgpt and similar ai language models for hr performance advancement has not been extensively researched. current research explores machine learning use in recruitment and hr decision-making (budhwar et al., 2023; ajayi & udeh, 2024; thakral et al., 2023) yet omitted essential insights about the full effects on staff development as well as strategic human capital management functions from chatgpt adoption. facing a worldwide growth trend of educational institutions adopting chatgpt, professionals now have the opportunity to enhance their hr performance capabilities, particularly in talent recruitment and staff evaluation, along with employee retention initiatives. hr departments use artificial intelligence models to analyse unstructured employee feedback, enhancing their ability for qualitative workforce evaluation and improved decision-making (chukwuka & dibie, 2024). the success of chatgpt in hrm functions depends on three key elements, including system usability alongside user training and organizational culture, which shape how the system is adopted and its resulting performances. this research addresses the knowledge gap regarding the effect of chatgpt on human resource performance throughout academic institutions in oman by providing empirical findings. successful integration of ai technology by hrm 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0009-9743-211x © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i1.2281 to cite this article: shannaq, b., & alabri, a. (2025). evaluating the impact of chatgpt implementation on hr performance skills: a case study of academic institutions in oman. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(1), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i1.2281 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i1.2281 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5867-3986 https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9743-211x shannaq & alabri, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 11-21 12 departments depends on solving three main challenges between tool usability, technical support, and cultural acceptance. hr performance enhancement through ai lacks enough research about how user training measures interact with system usability features and organizational cultural backgrounds (vrontis et al., 2022; ardichvili, 2022). this research investigates how implementing chatgpt affects hr performance skills within omani academic institutions by evaluating user training, system usability, and organizational culture as essential moderating variables. the analysis of this research focuses on chatgpt's contribution to executive decisions and task solving and its effects on employee productivity. this research evaluates the human resource practices at academic institutions in oman to demonstrate how artificial intelligence can enhance hr competency among gulf-region universities. the paper follows this structure: section 2 surveys literature about ai in human resources management, section 3 describes the research design, and section 4 shows analysis results, after which section 5 examines future study directions. literature review this paper thoroughly analyses existing research through multiple subsections before establishing connections between study questions and hypothesis development with available theoretical knowledge. ai applications in hr and chabot’s research into ai applications for hr, mainly chabot's, has primarily focused on their role in recruitment and selection (panday et al., 2024; majumder & mondal, 2021; jierasup & leelasantitham, 2024; vassilakopoulou et al., 2023). studies indicate that chabot interviews create favorable outcomes for both companies and candidates, improving efficiency in government recruitment. chabot supports hr functions such as onboarding, staff engagement, training, and development. these findings align with h1, which hypothesizes that the effective implementation of chatgpt systems improves hr performance skills. ai-driven hr management systems (hrms) are becoming critical for hr operations, with security experts recognizing chabot’s as essential for secure and efficient human resource management (pandey, singh, arora, & batta, 2023). given the importance of system usability in hr chabot applications, these studies support h3, which proposes that chatgpt usability moderates the relationship between system implementation and hr performance skills. hr performance skills in academic institutions academic institutions require advanced hr capabilities to maintain competitiveness in a knowledge-based economy (alam, 2022; kutieshat & farmanesh, 2022; hossain, 2024). hr processes integrated with technology allow for strategic decisionmaking and improved value generation in education and research (rangriz et al., 2011; khotimah et al., 2024). this aligns with rq1, which evaluates the impact of chatgpt systems on hr performance skills in academic institutions in oman. training and assessment methodologies play a crucial role in hr skill development and reinforce the importance of h2, which highlights user training as a moderating factor (lussier, 2019). additionally, motivated and well-trained hr professionals drive productivity and competitiveness (singh et al., 2024), which links to rq2, which examines how user training, system design, and cultural factors moderate chatgpt’s impact. ai and hr: opportunities and challenges ai in hr streamlines hiring, training, payroll management, and employee engagement (savastano et al., 2024). ai-driven hr systems enhance performance management and career development (hajrizi & shaqiri, 2024; pande, moon, & haque, 2024). these studies relate to rq3, which seeks to identify the most effective chatgpt components for improving hr performance. small and mid-sized organizations increasingly use ai-driven bots for hr functions such as employee servicing and survey management (mamuli et al., 2025; chukwuka & dibie, 2024). automating repetitive hr tasks allows professionals to focus on strategic initiatives. ai-driven chabot also collects and analyzes confidential hr data (kooli, 2023), supporting h4, which suggests that organizational culture moderates the chatgpt-hr performance relationship. chatgpt and ai-driven hr solutions advancements in chabot technology, particularly chatgpt, have enabled ai to handle multiple hr tasks (luo et al., 2022). ai-driven hr platforms improve response accuracy and operational effectiveness (szandała, 2025). institutions integrating ai solutions into hr processes experience improved workforce management and service delivery. these studies support rq4, which explores how aligning chatgpt systems with institutional goals impacts hr performance outcomes. the optimization of chabot communications through machine learning depends on selecting appropriate responses and maintaining effective interactions (sharma et al., 2022). ai technology promises to revolutionize hr operations within academic institutions, reinforcing h1 regarding the impact of chatgpt implementation on hr performance skills. higher education and hr development in oman oman's higher education institutions focus on quality curricula, research, and community engagement (raj et al., 2023). institutional success depends on motivated hr professionals with intense training and development programs (almamari et al., 2025). with increasing student enrollment and faculty development initiatives, oman’s institutions benefit from aidriven hr solutions (alharthi, 2024; hajrizi & shaqiri, 2024; jahan, 2023). these findings align with rq1, which examines chatgpt’s impact on hr performance skills. shannaq & alabri, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 11-21 13 implementing chatgpt in oman’s hr departments omani academic institutions implementing chatgpt in hr aim to enhance recruitment, employee engagement, and workflow efficiency (thottoli et al., 2025). chatgpt’s interactive capabilities support candidates and staff by improving communication and operational processes. these findings support rq4, exploring how chatgpt’s alignment with institutional goals affects hr performance. the literature review highlights how ai can enhance hr functions, particularly chatgpt. by linking past research to the research questions, objectives, and hypotheses, this review establishes a strong foundation for investigating chatgpt’s role in hr performance within academic institutions in oman. materials and methods the study investigates how chatgpt systems affect performance skills among hr professionals working in academic institutions in oman through a case study approach. when contemporary phenomena exist within their real-world context, it is best to use a case study method that handles unclear boundaries between the subject and its surrounding elements. multiple studies employ it as an effective tool to develop and verify these theories while extracting generalized findings. the research incorporated qualitative and quantitative data collection through the case study approach for detailed analysis of intricate matters. research design this study uses a mixed-methods approach for its research methodology. both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods form part of the research design.  a series of focus groups analyzed hr practices, including performance barriers and challenges higher education staff members face.  a survey confirmed the conceptual framework presented in figure 1 and all the hypotheses derived from published research. hr professionals and academic staff members from oman were selected as participants. figure 1. the proposed conceptual framework research questions the following question will be of particular importance regarding this research topic;  what is the evaluation of the impact of chatgpt systems implementation on the performance skills of the academic institutions in oman hr?  what roles do user training, system design, and cultural issues play in moderating the relationship between chatgpt systems and hr performance skills?  which particular components of chatgpt systems are most effective in improving the ability of hr performance skills?  how does the alignment of chatgpt systems to deliver institutional goals impact hr performance results? research objectives  this study aims to examine the results of implementing its systems on performance skills in human resources at the academic institutions in oman hr.  to test the mediating effect of user training, system usability, and organizational culture regarding the link chatgpt systems implementation (iv) organizational culture chatgpt usability user training hr performance skills (dv) shannaq & alabri, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 11-21 14 between chatgpt systems and hr performance skills.  to determine the details of causation, we need to know what chatgpt systems effectively improve hr performance skills.  to test the impact of the chatgpt systems alignment with the institutional goals on hr performance output. hypotheses  h1: effective implementation of chatgpt systems improves performance skills in hr.  h2: user training plays a moderating role in the relationship between the implementation of chatgpt systems and the level of performance skills among organizational human resources.  h3: chatgpt usability moderates the link between implementing chatgpt systems and hr performance skills.  h4: some organizational culture plays a middle role in modulating the correlation between chatgpt systems implementation and hr performance skills. mapping of research questions, objectives, variables, and hypotheses the study establishes connections between its research inquiries and objectives, process variables, and established hypotheses. figure 2 shows how research questions produce corresponding objectives and variables while developing hypotheses that create a systematic framework for this study. figure 2. mapping research questions, objectives, variables, and hypotheses data collection seven91 academic staff members from five institutions in oman took part in the study using a survey questionnaire available in chatgpt implementation and hr performance (2024). research data collection used quantitative methods, with surveys administered before and after system implementation for participants to report their views on chatgpt system deployment. the questionnaires contained the general training scale (gts), which served as a tool for examining hr performance levels. employee confidence ratings and their understanding and perception of chatgpt's usefulness went under evaluation through the gts measurement system. the research gathered information about participant demographics through data points that included their job position alongside hr experience and gender in addition to age range, educational attainment, and specific chatgpt usage habits. the research also received open-ended feedback from participants. qualitative data came from six hr staff and leadership members who regularly utilized chatgpt for hr services. the individuals contributed important information by taking surveys and examining service logs and call records. cleaning data responses' quality assessments preserved their position within the approved five-point likert scale values (1–5). the analysis of missing data revealed no critical data errors. standard deviation (sd) examined for data outliers revealed results where sd-min equaled 0.470 and sd-max reached 1.523. the standard deviation calculations demonstrated that the collected data was appropriate for additional analysis. the study employed descriptive statistics to check that skewness and kurtosis values met structural equation modeling (sem) data analysis requirements. the data showed appropriate measurement readiness for analysis based on acceptable skewness and kurtosis values, according to (hair et al., 2021). shannaq & alabri, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 11-21 15 strengths and limitations the research benefits from its dual qualitative and quantitative methodology, which yields a complete understanding of human resources performance and chatgpt system functions. the dual use of focus groups and survey data allowed researchers to combine multiple resources for better results. relying solely on participants' self-reported data could compromise the research results due to potential user bias effects. the research focused exclusively on academic institutions across oman, which created boundaries for its ability to present findings applicable to diverse settings. data analysis assessment model: validity and reliability reliability and validity were used using 'cronbach's alpha' and 'composite reliability (cr).' on using factor analysis, any item that had a factor loading of less than 0.700 was eliminated from the study. the following items have been excluded due to factor loadings below the threshold of 0.7: (dv) hr-performance_skills 0.581, (iv) chatgpt_implementation 0.645, (mv1) user_training0.457,1 (mv2) chatgpt_usability 0.411, (mv3) organaizational_culture0.551,2. (dv) hr-performance_skills 0.688. a similar process has also been followed for all opportunities less than 0.700. figure 3 below shows the data obtained with all the other items included. figure 4 below shows the data after excluding the remaining items. this was arrived at after analyzing several tests ranging from ave to htmt. table 1 shows the reliability and validity of the remaining items and the factor loading each item. all alpha values and crs exceeded the recommended cutoff of 0.700, making reliability highly desirable. for the convergent validity, tests such as ave and cr were used, all of which had to be more than or equal to 0.500 and 0.700. convergent and discriminant validity was established through the analysis of the cross-loadings of the items, revealing that factor loadings were higher than the cross-loadings, thus suggesting discriminant validity. moreover, 'multicollinearity' was checked separately for each indicator by using vif values less than 5, showing no 'multicollinearity' problems. applying the same tastes about factor loadings more than cross-loadings, as indicated in table 2 and table 4, provided an affirmation of the discriminant validity of all items. figure 3. conceptual model before removing indicators below 0.7 shannaq & alabri, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 11-21 16 figure 4. conceptual model after removing indicators below 0.7 table 1. item loadings, reliability, and validity factor loading cronbach's alpha composite reliability (rho_a) composite reliability (rho_c) average variance extracted (ave) 1.(iv) chatgpt_implementation 0.847 0.851 0.897 0.685 2. (iv) 0.850 3. (iv) 0.803 7. (iv) 0.859 8. (iv) 0.794 2. (dv) hrerformance_skills 0.794 0.799 0.866 0.618 2. (dv) 0.809 3. (dv) 0.803 4. (dv) 0.781 5. (dv) 0.750 3. (mv1) user_training 0.708 0.711 0.837 0.631 2. (mv1) 0.810 3. (mv1) 0.798 4. (mv1) 0.774 4. (mv2) chatgpt_usability 0.688 0.712 0.824 0.610 2. (mv2) 0.724 3. (mv2) 0.825 4. (mv2) 0.790 5. (mv3) organaizational_culture 0.723 0.744 0.842 0.640 2. (mv3) 0.767 3. (mv3) 0.837 4. (mv3) 0.794 shannaq & alabri, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 11-21 17 discriminant validity further discriminant validity was checked using the heterotrait-monotrait method (htmt) and fornell & larcker criteria, with detailed output shown in table 2 and table 3. table 2. heterotrait-monotrait ratio (htmt) chatgpt_implementation chatgpt_usability hrperformance_skills organaizational_culture user_training chatgpt_implementation chatgpt_usability 0.438 hr-performance_skills 0.251 0.189 organaizational_culture 0.222 0.257 0.171 user_training 0.235 0.144 0.691 0.224 table 3. fornell-larcker criterion chatgpt_implem entation chatgpt_us ability hrperformance_ skills organaizational_ culture user_tra ining chatgpt_implementation 0.828 chatgpt_usability 0.346 0.781 hr-performance_skills 0.208 0.143 0.786 organaizational_culture 0.174 0.180 0.138 0.800 user_training 0.183 0.098 0.523 0.163 0.794 structural model the next step in the current sequence of studies was to assess the structural models to test hypotheses postulated in this study. as for testing the hypotheses, especially in mediation analysis, the role of the structural model is played. this configuration of effects in the present study is aligned within a theoretical structure to distinguish between a variable's direct, indirect, and total impact to identify its moderating role as an intermediate between an independent and dependent variable. this method assesses the degree of such associations and their significance, which expands an understanding of the factors that explain the outcomes noted. there were potential issues with mediation probing; thus, mediation analysis was necessary to investigate the mechanisms and reasons behind specific effects, which might occur in the model. a bootstrapping process was done to test and present all 6 proposed hypotheses. figure 5 shows the results of the bootstrapping analysis, while the results of the hypothesis testing are determined in table 4 and table 5. figure 5. bootstrapping process shannaq & alabri, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 11-21 18 results table 4 demonstrates the results of testing the direct hypothesis: "the effective implementation of chatgpt systems improves performance skills in hr." table 4. testing direct hypothesis (h1) h1 original sample (o) standard deviation (stdev) t statistics (|o/stdev|) p values chatgpt_implementation -> hr-performance_skills 0.093 0.034 2.742 0.003 as presented in table 4, h1 confirms a positive correlation between the implementation of chatgpt and hr performance skills. the original sample coefficient is 0.093, indicating a small effect, whereas the t statistic is 2.742. the p-value of 0.003 supports the hypothesis (h1) at a 5 percent significance level. table 5 contains the results of testing mediation hypotheses (h2, h3, and h4) by evaluating total effect, direct effect, and specific indirect effect analysis. it displays results, including hypothesis coefficients b, their t-values t, upper and lower boundaries ul and ll, and p values. table 5. testing mediation hypothesis (h2, h3 and h4) total effect direct effect specific indirect effect b p b hypothesis b t ul ll p results 0.183 0.000 0.092 0.003 h2 chatgpt_implementation -> user_training -> hr-performance_skills 0.090 4.615 0.06 0.125 0.000 partial mediation h2: accepted 0.345 0.000 0.092 0.003 h3 chatgpt_implementation -> chatgpt_usability -> hrperformance_skills 0.019 1.715 0.001 0.039 0.043 partial mediation h3: accepted 0.173 0.000 0.092 0.003 h4 chatgpt_implementation -> organaizational_culture -> hrperformance_skills 0.005 0.922 0.004 0.015 0.178 no mediation h4: rejected discussions table 5 tests the mediation effect of user training, chatgpt usability, and organizational culture on the relationship between chatgpt implementation and hr performance skills. the study evaluates the full mediation power and direct and indirect effects between variables to understand attribute involvement in hypothesis relationships. the research shows that training users effectively leads the path to connecting the new implementation of chatgpt with enhanced human resources performance capabilities. the relationship between chatgpt implementation and hr performance skills produces a significant influence (b = 0.183, p = 0.000). an evaluation confirms that user training substantially indirectly impacts the relationship (b = 0.090, t = 4.615, p = 0.000). previous studies confirm that practical user training improves technological system adoption and utilization. the training provided to users results in improved performance through building confidence and increased competence within the organization. user training is substantive in the results alongside chatgpt implementation, which maintains its impact on hr performance skills. the mediational power of chatgpt usability (h3) stands lower than the overall relationship. usability partially mediates the connection between chatgpt implementation and hr performance skills by having an indirect impact of 0.019 (b = 0.019, t = 1.715, p = 0.043). the total effect of this implementation method remains strong (b = 0.345, p = 0.000). despite its importance, usability does not have a similar impact on user training, according to the findings. according to the results, a user-friendly design is essential in boosting hr performance skills through its significant mediation effect. the evaluation revealed that organizational culture (h4) failed to demonstrate significance as a mediating factor in this research. the sizeable relationship between chatgpt implementation and hr performance skills (b = 0.173, p = 0.000) shows no substantial connection with organizational culture (b = 0.005, t = 0.922, p = 0.178). organizational culture does not act as a mediator based on confidence intervals ranging from 0.015 to -0.004 in this study, thus indicating cultural factors may have less impact than training and usability when moderating the relationship between chatgpt implementation and hr performance skills. contrary to other studies, this research shows cultural alignment did not play a significant role in achieving technology adoption success despite its known importance for cultural alignment. the analysis results create essential implications for all research questions within the study. the findings show that implementing chatgpt increases hr performance skills according to rq1. the study results demonstrate significance regarding both total and direct effects, which indicates chatgpt has strong potential to boost hr productivity, decisionmaking, and coordination talent. according to research findings, user training is an effective moderator to improve the connection between chatgpt systems and hr performance skills. the impact of usability on the relationship remains weaker than training when it comes to chatgpt. the relationship between chatgpt systems and hr performance skills remains unaltered when organizational culture is evaluated as a mediator in this context. the evaluation reveals that user training and usability are the most effective elements of chatgpt systems when enhancing hr performance abilities. according to previous research findings, training, and system usability can predict successful technology adoption with user satisfaction. the minimal research exposure to organizational culture requires shannaq & alabri, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 11-21 19 additional study since previous investigations show that cultural fit is essential for technology adoption and performance effects. the results imply that chatgpt systems must align with institutional goals before fully maximizing their impact on hr performance. however, direct testing was not conducted for rq4. according to the study results, system effectiveness increases when organizations align their objectives with the system, where direct and total effects demonstrate strong support. this study's findings support previous research about the essential nature of training for technology adoption as established by literature. research has established that training enhances user abilities and confidence, improving performance outcomes. according to the established literature, system usability acts as a mediator since researchers repeatedly highlight system usability as vital for user satisfaction and task performance. in this study, the non-significance of organizational culture indicates the relative insignificance of cultural factors toward technology adoption. this research suggests that successfully integrating chatgpt might prioritize training along with usability components rather than organizational culture at the same level. according to research results, organizations should create detailed training programs for their hr staff to use chatgpt systems effectively. investments in improving user interface designs while ensuring the system supports hr functions will boost this system's effectiveness. even though organizational culture did not show statistically significant effects in this study, promoting technology adoption remains beneficial among employees. conclusions the research examined chatgpt deployment's effects on strengthening human resources performance capabilities for academic omani institutions. the research findings demonstrate that chatgpt implementation positively affects hr operational performance, while user training and system usability partially explain this impact. user training is an integral component in enhancing both the adoption and effectiveness of chatgpt in hr functions, but system usability provides supplementary benefits. the present research adds value by analyzing how user training and usability function as middle factors connecting chatgpt deployment to hr performance outputs. organizations must invest in quality training and user-friendly system design to reach chatgpt's maximum potential when implemented in hr operations. the research provides theoretical growth to existing studies about technology implementation and adoption by showcasing the essential role that training programs and system design play in technology integration success. managers and hr practitioners need to focus their investments on system usability combined with training programs to achieve improved hr performance together with effective ai tool implementation like chatgpt. the research includes some restraining factors that need consideration. the research evaluation applies explicitly to academic institutions in oman and does not establish broader applicability across different industries or geographic areas. additional research should explore the restricted use of organizational culture as a mediation variable because cultural influences may exceed its function in new contexts. further research should investigate organizational culture and consider alternative factors that affect how well chatgpt implementation succeeds in other situations. research improvements can be achieved by analyzing a broader scope of industries across different regions to confirm the worldwide validity of these results. author contributions: conceptualization, b.s. and a.a.; methodology, b.s.; software, b.s.; validation, b.s. and a.a. formal analysis, b.s.; investigation, a.a.; resources, a.a.; data curation, b.s.; writing – original draft preparation, b.s.; writing – review & editing, a.a.; visualization, b.s.; supervision, a.a.; project administration, a.a.; funding acquisition, a.a. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study since it is voluntary, and the statement is included on the first page of the questionnaire funding: research was funded by the university of buraimi, sultanate of oman. the authors acknowledge the university’s support in facilitating this study. acknowledgments: the authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the university of buraimi, sultanate of oman, for their invaluable support throughout the research process. their funding and continuous encouragement have been instrumental in completing this study. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references alam, a. 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(2022). artificial intelligence, robotics, advanced technologies and human resource management: a systematic review. the international journal of human resource management, 33(6), 1237–1266. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1871398 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 20-29 20 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 4 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa effect of green marketing mix on green customer satisfaction and loyalty in kathmandu valley gunja kumari sah (a)1 ghanshyam prasad shah (b) (a) assistant professor, patan multiple campus, lalitpur, tribhuvan university, nepal; e-mail: gunja.sah@pmc.tu.edu.np (b) principal, mega national college, lalitpur, tribhuvan university, nepal; e-mail: ghanshyampd.shah@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 24th february 2025 reviewed & revised: 24th february to 15th june 2025 accepted: 17th june 2025 published: 20th june 2025 keywords: green customer satisfaction, green customer loyalty, green marketing mix, social media jel classification codes: m31, q56, m14 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t in recent years, sustainability has become a key factor in determining customer satisfaction and loyalty. in real terms, customers have demonstrated a favorable willingness to pay for sustainable solutions, including eco-friendly and eco-efficient goods and services. so, this research examines the impact of the green marketing mix on customer satisfaction and loyalty. this study also investigates the mediating effect of green customer satisfaction on customer loyalty. the study employed a quantitative research design and collected primary data through a structured questionnaire using a purposive sampling method from 340 green marketing customers in the kathmandu valley. the raw data were imported into the statistical package for the social sciences software to present demographic status and examine the internal factor structure reliability using exploratory factor analysis. next, a measurement model and structural equation model were used to convert information into comprehensive knowledge by the analysis of moment structure software. the results show that green marketing mix components are significant in predicting green customer satisfaction (h4: β = 0.146, p < 0.05) but are insignificant in predicting green customer loyalty (h5: β = 0.002, p > 0.05). however, the research also reveals a significant mediating effect of green customer satisfaction on loyalty (h6: β = 0.205, p < 0.05). the direct impact of green product value, price, and social media information is momentous in the green marketing mix. incorporating a green marketing mix approach into a business's overall marketing plan can impressively benefit environmentally conscious enterprises in the kathmandu valley by ensuring their customers remain loyal and satisfied. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction ecological and environmental sustainability challenges are growing highly significant in today's world. everyone is very concerned about sustainable growth that does not harm the environment. in the modern era, customers are increasingly willing to prioritize sustainable solutions in various products and services (alessandri, 2025; yasari et al., 2025). green marketing refers to the process of identifying, promoting, and selling goods and services based on their environmental friendliness (reddy et al., 2023). it is also known as "sustainable marketing" and "eco-friendly marketing," it focuses on the benefits and values of environment-friendly goods and services. one of the significant ideas of this era is to adopt a "go green" or "green program" approach, promoting ecofriendliness and a "green culture" globally (parlan et al., 2016). consumers view green products as safe, sustainable, and healthy. furthermore, marketers are beginning to recognize the significance of green marketing and promoting items in an eco-friendly way. it includes green production processes, product modification, packaging, increasing consumer awareness of compliance marketing, and advertising (abzari et al., 2013; geap et al., 2018). every firm has a preferred marketing mix. different marketing mixes include four to seven ps. the four ps of the marketing mix is conventional marketing, which is applied creatively (abzari et al., 2013; al badi, 2018; mahmoud, 2019). so, this study also focused on a creative marketing mix. green product value, pricing, and social media information are considered key components of the marketing mix. "environmentally friendly" goods and services are those that do not negatively impact the surrounding landscape and provide product value to their customers (cao & hong, 2011; geap et al., 2018). green pricing provides effective productivity by considering the needs of people, the environment, and profit. it also protects the health of consumers. it can be made more valuable by altering its appearance, enhancing its functionality, or 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-2461-1394 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/fjj5e816 to cite this article: sah, g. k., & shah, g. p. (2025). effect of green marketing mix on green customer satisfaction and loyalty in kathmandu valley. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(4), 20-29. https://doi.org/10.46281/fjj5e816 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/fjj5e816 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2461-1394 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0366-2487 sah & shah, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 20-29 21 customizing it. price mix is a crucial component of the marketing mix. it is generally acknowledged that it is the most effective way to reach consumers and influence their purchasing decisions (hanaysha, 2017). social media encompasses a range of digital platforms, apps, and media that enable individuals or groups to communicate, collaborate, and share content. organizations employ social media platforms for many objectives (mehrabioun, 2024). these platforms allow companies to improve their relationship marketing initiatives (kwayu et al., 2021). in today's world, social media is almost ubiquitous in providing information. as of february 2025, there were 5.56 billion internet users globally, representing 67.9% of the world's population. additionally, 5.24 billion people, or 63.9% of the global population, use social media (statista, 2025). the customer's level of satisfaction is influenced by the information available on social media. in this era of technological advancement, social media plays a vital role in promoting products and services. thus, green products, prices, social media promotion, and other mixes have a favorable effect on customer satisfaction and loyalty (hanaysha, 2017; parlan et al., 2016). today's commercial world is expanding rapidly, and with it come more complex environmental issues. environmental issues are now strategically important and should be researched and addressed by several stakeholders. environmental protection initiatives are currently expanding in tandem with rising consumer awareness. consumers and businesses are two groups that contribute to preserving environmental sustainability. environmental conservation is currently rising in tandem with rising consumer consciousness (baral et al., 2020; bhatta et al., 2009; hariram et al., 2023; kwayu et al., 2021; panizzut et al., 2021; shrestha, 2018). it is highly valuable to preserve environmental sustainability. businesses and consumers must cooperate through the green marketing mix. a key factor affecting decisions to buy products is the marketing mix. therefore, a green marketing mix has a positive impact on green customer satisfaction and loyalty. thus, in the nepalese context, this study investigates whether the green marketing mix influences the consumer satisfaction and loyalty of millennials. thus, the study aims to address research issues related to the green marketing mix and its impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty. what are the statuses of the green marketing mix in kathmandu valley? what is the mediating effect of green satisfaction between the green marketing mix and green loyalty? the assessment of the kathmandu valley's green marketing mix status and an investigation of the mediating effects of green satisfaction on the relationship between the green marketing mix and green loyalty are among the study's objectives outlined in the research difficulties. the study employed a quantitative research methodology to achieve its objectives, utilizing a structured questionnaire to collect data from primary sources, including consumers in the kathmandu valley who were interested in green marketing. raw data were transformed into information and general knowledge by presenting demographic status, conducting exploratory factor analysis to assess the internal factor structure reliability, and testing hypotheses using structural equation modeling. literature review jerome mccarthy provides a marketing mix model comprising product, price, promotion, and place (4ps), which are the primary components of an organization's marketing strategy aimed at getting closer to the consumer. the mccarthy 4p marketing mix model has stepped in with a renewable p model as developments in marketing strategies and time have progressed. the marketing mix expanded to include people, physical evidence, and process factors to address the competitive environment in this modern era (goi, 2009; kushwaha & agrawal, 2015; mehrabioun, 2024). numerous studies have been carried out in the area of the green marketing mix from the perspective of the customer since both consumers and businesses have started to pay greater attention to the environmental effects of their actions (chang & fong, 2010; chen, 2010; mehrabioun, 2024; pheng low & tan, 1995; tamim & akter, 2024) green products, green customer satisfaction, and loyalty a green product refers to materials that are made from recyclable or renewable sources and are safe for both the environment and human health (cao et al., 2021; chang & fong, 2010; geap et al., 2018). the characteristics of a green product include high quality, non-toxicity, recyclability, minimal packaging, and long-lasting durability. it is not perishable and of a higher caliber than regular items, helping to preserve natural resources for future generations (kaur et al., 2022; kushwaha & agrawal, 2015; okadiani et al., 2019). green marketing is the practice of promoting eco-friendly goods and services that satisfy customer demands without endangering the environment or society (tamim & akter, 2024). customers desire and choose to purchase environmentally friendly green products to attain product value (cao et al., 2021; chang & fong, 2010). a consumer's assessment that a characteristic of a product or service, or the product or service itself, is offering a satisfying degree of consumption is known as satisfaction. green consumer satisfaction refers to the feeling that a consumer experiences when their purchase meets a need, want, or desire related to environmental or green concerns, fostering green customer loyalty. the result of consumption was that the performance either surpassed or satisfied consumers' green demands, legal criteria related to the environment, and societal expectations around sustainability by buying its goods and services (chang & fong, 2010; parlan et al., 2016; shalash, 2021). green products have encouraged companies to become ecologically conscious and opened up new market prospects (nguyen-viet, 2023). green product features and quality enhance the value of products and services, which in turn influence customer satisfaction and loyalty, as expressed in the following hypotheses. h1: green product value has a positive association with the marketing mix. sah & shah, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 20-29 22 green pricing, green customer satisfaction, and loyalty another primary element of the marketing mix is pricing (kotler, 2011). the competitive edge is achieved through pricing. the marketing mix's price is the sole variable that must be determined about the other three ps: people, physical evidence, and process. a contract value proposed at the tender stage represents the cost of construction services (pheng low & tan, 1995). the market often sees green products at a premium price (geap et al., 2018; mahmoud, 2019; parlan et al., 2016). every green business bases the cost of its products on both environmental and economic factors. discounts for recycling packaging are examples of pricing schemes that can be implemented strategically. green pricing is the process of setting prices for environment-friendly products. these prices may be higher than those of conventional non-green products because green products require more expensive raw materials to maintain their quality, use safer alternatives to chemicals and other harmful substances, and have higher production costs as a result of tighter regulations (kushwaha & agrawal, 2015; mahmoud, 2019; shalash, 2021). green pricing programs focus on pricing strategies that offer customers value and businesses a fair return while also considering the economic and environmental costs associated with production and marketing. businesses may employ pricing strategies, such as offering refunds for returns of recyclable packaging or increasing the cost of environmentally unfriendly goods (nguyen-viet, 2023). green pricing considers sustainability and human health in addition to the three ps —people, planet, and profit (kaur et al., 2022). according to mohammad (2015), although the price is thought to have little effect on bank customers' contentment, value is important in raising customer satisfaction levels. therefore, it should not be disregarded. h2: green pricing has a positive association with the marketing mix. social media information, green customer satisfaction, and loyalty social media advertising is becoming increasingly popular and is growing rapidly due to advancements in internet facilities and technology. social media promotion is becoming a primary mode of communication as more customers actively use social media for product searches and purchases (ktisti et al., 2022). this is a significant marketing strategy that promotes products and services quickly through social media about a brand, service, or product (okadiani et al., 2019). businesses should actively promote their green goods and services using a range of integrated marketing communication channels. this endeavor aims to assist and promote consumers' green purchasing decisions by enhancing the reputation of green brands. in addition to drastically changing the green consumption market, the quick development of newsfeed advertising technology has also had a significant influence on consumer psychology and behavior. customers' sensitivity to highly sociable green newsfeed advertising varies, which in turn influences their openness to new green products (cao et al., 2021). green pricing of goods and services refers to pricing strategies that provide consumers with value and businesses with a reasonable return while considering the financial and environmental costs associated with manufacturing and marketing (nguyen-viet, 2023). the social media nature of newsfeed advertising influences how consumers adopt new, environmentally friendly goods. the direct and intermediary effects on consumer satisfaction and loyalty were examined through the following hypotheses. h3: social media information has a positive association with the marketing mix. green marketing mix with customer satisfaction and green customer loyalty customer satisfaction is most widely used to describe how well a particular goods or service meets or exceeds the expectations of the customers. kotler (2011) defines it as a person's feeling of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a product's perceived performance (or outcome) with their expectations. the need for businesses to adopt sustainable practices and the growing awareness of environmental issues has led to the rise in the popularity of green marketing (tamim & akter, 2024). it is impossible to overstate the importance of customer satisfaction for a company's continued existence and expansion, both practically and conceptually. businesses may encounter a range of problems and difficulties in trying to stay in business when their customers are dissatisfied. the literature has several definitions of what constitutes a satisfied client (hanaysha, 2017). currently, there is a growing demand for businesses to act more responsibly and sustainably. businesses are under pressure from certain interested groups to decrease their negative impacts on society and the environment. people began purchasing products with the fewest adverse environmental impacts, and society at large began to show greater concern for the environment as environmentalism gained traction. furthermore, in recent years, environmental regulations worldwide have become increasingly stringent (chang & fong, 2010; park et al., 2020; parlan et al., 2016; shalash, 2021). environmental commitments and concerns were found to be related to green customer loyalty. customer satisfaction is a significant factor in determining brand loyalty (yasari et al., 2025). according to several studies, a customer is considered to be loyal to a green business (chang & fong, 2010; wong et al., 2023; zhang et al., 2023). repurchasing, recommending, displaying a willingness to pay more, and buying additional items with an institute are the goals. green consumer satisfaction has a positive influence on green customer loyalty. it is common practice to use customer satisfaction data to predict future purchases (kotler, 2011; oliver, 1980). satisfied customers are more likely to recommend that others try the source of their satisfaction and make further purchases in the future (zeithaml et al., 1985). in addition to being an ecologically conscious marketing tool, the green marketing mix is a comprehensive concept that utilizes distribution networks, promotional tools, best pricing practices, and high-quality products to enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty directly. positive brand experiences and environmental principles are more likely to inspire sah & shah, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 20-29 23 loyalty, which is crucial for long-term company success in a market increasingly concerned with sustainability (nguyenviet, 2023; yasari et al., 2025). the green marketing mix comprises marketing tools, strategies, and components that enable a business to achieve its objectives, serve its target market, and minimize environmental impact. in other words, green marketing mix strategies aim to achieve the company's strategic objectives while reducing its adverse environmental effects (nguyen-viet, 2023). this study offered two unique constructs: green customer satisfaction and green loyalty. consumption resulted in performance that either matched or beyond consumers' green demands, environmental rules' criteria, and society's sustainable expectations for green products and services. the following research hypotheses explain the beneficial relationship between green consumer satisfaction and customer loyalty. h4: green marketing mix has a positive relationship with customer satisfaction. h5: green marketing mix has a positive relationship with green customer loyalty. h6: green customer satisfaction has a positive relationship with green customer loyalty. a limited literature analysis has focused on the relationship between the green marketing mix and consumer satisfaction and loyalty despite an increasing trend in recent years for interest in social media information and the marketing mix. therefore, the goal of this study is to bridge this research gap and provide a comprehensive analysis of the green marketing mix and current trends. although green promotion has been the subject of earlier studies, social media has largely overlooked it. therefore, the study also focused on social media information to fill the research gap. the research framework and its hypotheses are presented in figure 1, based on the study's difficulties and objectives. figure 1. theoretical framework (chang & fong, 2010; chen, 2010; mehrabioun, 2024; pheng low & tan, 1995) figure 1 illustrates green product value, green pricing, and social media information as independent constructs, with green customer satisfaction serving as a mediating variable and green customer loyalty as the dependent variable in the research. the study aims to investigate the direct impact of a green marketing mix on green customer satisfaction and loyalty. additionally, it examines how green consumer loyalty is mediated by green customer satisfaction. materials and methods the study employed a quantitative research approach. this study was conducted in nepal's bagmati province, specifically in the kathmandu valley. the study population consists of customers who purchase green products and services in the kathmandu valley. the data collected from 340 customers using purposive sampling techniques were sufficient (sekaran & bougie, 2016) and were gathered through a standardized questionnaire graded on a 5-point likert scale, with 1 representing "strongly disagree" and 5 representing "strongly agree" (joshi et al., 2015; rasmussen, 1989). purposive sampling techniques are undertaken to get vital data that cannot be obtained through other means (sharma, 2017; taherdoost, 2016). respondents in the kathmandu valley were approached and asked to complete questionnaires to collect data. those who frequently bought green products were chosen as respondents. data were analyzed using spss and amos green marketing mix (gmix) mediating construct green customer satisfaction (gcs) green product value (gpv) green pricing (gpr) social media information (smi) independent constructs dependent construct green customer loyalty (gcl) h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 sah & shah, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 20-29 24 software to determine the effect of the green marketing mix on customer satisfaction and loyalty. the data were examined using structural equation modeling. the components of the green marketing mix were extracted using exploratory factor analysis (efa). the components were validated and confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis (cfa). this aim is best served by a structural equation modeling (sem) strategy as it provides a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the prerequisites and assumptions needed for an appropriate green marketing mix. sem has been a popular analytical tool (chou & bentler, 2002) because it may efficiently accomplish research goals such as examining the mediating role of customer satisfaction on customer loyalty. the measurement model is frequently included before structural equation modeling (anderson & gerbing, 1998; fornell & larcker, 1981). results demographic status table 1. demographic status of respondents description of demographic status frequency percent gender status male 153 45 female 187 55 total 340 100 age status 20-30 86 25.1 30-40 146 42.8 40-50 89 26.5 above 50 19 5.6 total 340 100 education status literate 24 7.1 secondary school graduates 55 16.2 higher secondary school graduates 140 41.1 university graduates 121 35.6 total 340 100 profession status full-time 145 42.6 part-time 119 35.0 unemployed 30 8.8 retired 23 6.8 others 23 6.8 total 340 100 marital status single/unmarried 151 44.4 married 164 48.2 widowed 19 5.6 divorced 6 1.8 total 340 100 the survey had 45% male and 55% female responders. the age group of 30 to 40 comprised 42.8% of all replies, with the following highest percentages being from 20 to 30 (25.1%), 40 to 50 (26.5%), and above 50 (5.6%). regarding education, the majority of respondents (41.1%) were high school graduates, followed by university graduates (35.6%), secondary school graduates (16.2%), and those with a literacy level (7.1%). in terms of profession, the majority of respondents were full-time employed (42.6%), followed by part-time employed (35%), unemployed (8.8%), retired (6.8%), and those in other categories (6.8%). the bulk of respondents, 48.2%, were married, followed by those who were single or unmarried (44.4%), widowed (5.6%), and divorced (1.8%). exploratory factor analysis the research constructs were identified and improved using exploratory factor analysis (efa). latent constructs were generated for the next stage of the confirmatory factor analysis (cfa) using efa, explained in table 2. table 2. rotated components matrix component 1 2 3 4 5 gpv1 0.775 gpv2 0.836 gpv3 0.665 gpv4 0.859 gpr1 0.839 gpr2 0.766 gpr3 0.673 gpr4 0.848 smi1 0.781 smi2 0.790 smi3 0.796 smi5 0.761 gcs1 0.784 gcs2 0.849 sah & shah, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 20-29 25 gcs3 0.727 gcs4 0.738 gcl1 0.744 gcl2 0.825 gcl3 0.806 gcl4 0.854 extraction method: principal component analysis. rotation method: varimax with kaiser normalization. rotation converged in 6 iterations. table 2 shows that a sufficient sample size was determined using bartlett's test of sphericity (χ² = 3183.750; df = 190, p < 0.000). the kmo value was 0.774. a total of 67.453% of the variation was explained by five components that were retrieved. the associated factor was assigned to the scale item with a factor loading greater than 0.5. gpv5, gpr5, smi4, gcs5, and gcl5 were removed from the scale due to low factor loadings of less than 0.5. this facilitates additional measurements and analysis using structural models. confirmatory factor analysis confirmatory factor analysis (cfa) was used to assess the validity and reliability of the latent factor used to estimate the green marketing mix, satisfaction, and consumer loyalty. the findings of this model were satisfactory, cmin/df = 3.285, gfi =.886, cfi =.890, rmsea =.082, rmr =.033(anderson & gerbing, 1998; chou & bentler, 2002). convergent and discriminant validity were examined to verify validity. according to chou and bentler (2002) and fornell and larcker (1981), the average variance explained (ave) value must first exceed the cut-off value of 0.5. second, the average shared variance (asv) and maximum shared variance (msv) should be less than the ave value. table 3. validity of the model construct cr ave msv maxr(h) gpv gpr smi gcs gcl gpv 0.851 0.590 0.352 0.866 0.768 gpr 0.831 0.559 0.297 0.876 0.350 0.748 smi 0.850 0.588 0.352 0.857 0.593 0.545 0.767 gcs 0.778 0.549 0.042 0.886 0.177 0.076 0.118 0.741 gcl 0.829 0.550 0.042 0.847 0.062 0.012 0.020 0.205 0.742 table 3 shows that the ave for every construct is more than 0.5. ave is greater than msv and asv for each latent variable. this led to the validation of the measurement model's discriminant validity. convergent validity is next in line of need. this requires that the construct reliability (cr) value be larger than ave and above 0.7. according to table 2, all of the latent variables have cr values larger than 0.70 and cr values greater than ave values. it was for this reason that the validity of convergence was confirmed. figure 2. measurement model sah & shah, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 20-29 26 structural equation modeling structural equation modeling (sem) is the next analytical step after confirming the measurement model's validity and reliability in cfa. in figure 3, the structural equation model is displayed. figure 3. structural equation model the variation explained by the structural model was used to assess the model's efficacy. moreover, amos generates p values for the model's overall fit statistics and estimates of regression weights across parameters in the sem, including dependent, independent, and mediating components. hypothesis testing table 4. standardized regression for hypothesis testing hypotheses description of constructs standard estimate p-values remarks h1 gpv <--gmix 0.633 0.031 supported h2 gpr <--gmix 0.576 0.033 supported h3 smi <--gmix 0.938 0.039 supported h4 gcs <--gmix 0.146 0.001 supported h5 gcl <--gmix 0.002 0.974 not supported h6 gcl <--gcs 0.205 0.002 supported table 4 explains that the regression coefficients for green product value, price, and social media information were significant for the green marketing mix. so, h1, h2, and h3 were supported. the result also explains the mediating effect of green customer satisfaction on the relationship between the green marketing mix and customer loyalty. according to the research's findings, the regression coefficient elements of the green marketing mix have a favorable impact on green customer satisfaction but a negligible impact on green customer loyalty. so, h4 was significantly associated, but h5 was not supported. however, green satisfaction has a favourable influence on green customer loyalty. therefore, h6 was significantly associated. sah & shah, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 20-29 27 discussions all stakeholders now place a greater emphasis on "green" concerns due to growing stakeholder demand to protect the environment, tighter regulations, and growing public sensitivity (baral et al., 2020; kwayu et al., 2021; nguyen-viet, 2023; panizzut et al., 2021; shrestha, 2018). green marketing is an emerging concept of marketing (kotler, 2011). it is characterized as an integrated, holistic approach that continuously reassesses how businesses can meet customer requests, meet green business objectives, and minimize long-term ecological harm (nguyen-viet, 2023). the research revealed that green product value, price, and social media information have a significant influence on the green mix. the research also found that a green marketing mix has a significant effect on green customer satisfaction but is insignificant on green customer loyalty. chang and fong (2010) also reported that green product quality is positively associated with green customer satisfaction. therefore, green manufacturers must consider practical green ideas for their product features to increase product value and price and provide timely information through widely accepted social media platforms. however, novela et al. (2018) found that green prices and social media information had no significant impact on customer satisfaction. kushwaha and agrawal (2015) stated that green prices and products had no significant influence on customer satisfaction but were more crucial than people, physical evidence, and process. the study also reported a mediating significant influence of green customer satisfaction on green customer loyalty. nguyen et al. (2025) also noted that eco-friendly materials are beneficial in promoting sustainable ideals and enhancing consumer trust. stronger brand connections, perceived quality, and customer satisfaction can build loyalty. it is possible through a consumer-centric marketing approach that emphasizes transparency and concrete sustainability initiatives. this can increase customer commitment and lifetime value (yasari et al., 2025). novela et al. (2018) reported that the green marketing components, such as people and physical evidence factors, were significantly related to customer satisfaction, while product, price, promotion, people, and physical evidence were not significantly related to them or only partially related. this study presents the theoretical and practical strategies and tactics that businesses and governments in developing nations employ to effectively utilize green marketing components, including green products, pricing, and social media promotion, thereby increasing customer satisfaction and loyalty. conclusions the green marketing mix is more than simply an environmentally friendly marketing tool and technique. it is a holistic strategy that directly boosts customer satisfaction and loyalty through responsible product value, pricing, and promotion mix. customers who have great experiences and share environmental values are more likely to remain loyal. thus, satisfaction becomes a key component in building loyalty in a market where sustainability is becoming an increasingly important concern. this research focuses on green marketing mix issues related to green satisfaction and loyalty. therefore, the study aims to address research questions on the impact of the green marketing mix on client satisfaction and its influence on green loyalty. green products are a vital component of the global effort to protect the environment and utilize natural resources sustainably. these strategies include energy conservation, recycling, and the use of natural and eco-friendly production methods. the study's findings supported the notion that some aspects of the value of green products, including price and social media, significantly impacted the green marketing mix. a significant positive relationship exists between the green marketing mix, which encompasses the value of green products, prices, and social media information, and customer satisfaction and loyalty. this finding is corroborated by earlier studies that have shown the green marketing mix to have a significant influence on green purchase intention, attitude, satisfaction, and loyalty (ishaswini & datta, 2011; novela et al., 2018; panahi et al., 2014). however, the green mix has a significant influence on customer satisfaction but is insignificant in terms of loyalty. the advantages and effects of a green marketing mix take time to manifest and are not always evident. therefore, a long-term or strategic plan is necessary for a green business rather than a short-term one. the green manufacturer should carefully manage their activities to avoid turning to immoral means of profit-making. therefore, businesses must incorporate sustainable components and change their emphasis from being motivated to being responsible. the study only included the green product value, pricing, and social media information as the most important elements to represent the green marketing mix. however, due to limited time, other secondary marketing mixes, such as people, processes, and physical evidence, were avoided. further study might be beneficial in examining the influence of secondary components of green marketing on customer satisfaction and loyalty. the study's implications highlight the importance of strategically incorporating sustainability into social media content and the value of green products. aligning their green marketing mix practices with consumers' environmental ideals, particularly through the incorporation of ethical product attributes, accessible pricing, and engaging social media promotions, can help green firms increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. this study offers new insights into the context of sustainable development by identifying green pleasure as a crucial element influencing consumer loyalty. author contributions: conceptualization, g.k.s.; methodology, g.k.s. and g.p.s.; software, g.k.s; validation, g.k.s. and g.p.s.; formal analysis, g.k.s.; investigation, g.k.s. and g.p.s.; resources, g.k.s.; data curation, g.k.s.; writing – original draft preparation, g.k.s.; writing – review & editing, g.p.s.; visualization, g.k.s.; supervision, g.p.s.; project administration, g.k.s.; funding acquisition, g.k.s. and g.p.s.; authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, as the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgment: we express our gratitude to the survey respondents, anonymous reviewers, and editors for their insightful feedback and recommendations, which helped improve the manuscript. sah & shah, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 20-29 28 informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references abzari, m., shad, f. s., sharbiyani, a. a. a., & morad, a. p. 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(2023). understanding green loyalty: a literature review based on bibliometric-content analysis. heliyon, 9(7), e18029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18029 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://www.emerald.com/insight/search?q=sui%20pheng%20low https://www.emerald.com/insight/search?q=martin%20c.s.%20tan https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/0263-4503 https://doi.org/10.1108/02634509510083491 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 39-48 39 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 4 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa sustainable architecture and the role of cyberphysical systems: a bibliometric analysis sujin butdisuwan (a) saddam hossain (b )1 hanan zaffar (c) mohammad amees (d) md. shariful islam (e) (a) assistant professor, faculty of education, shinawatra university, thailand; e-mail: sujin.b@siu.ac.th (b) assistant librarian, j & v resource centre, great lakes institute of management, chennai, india; e-mail: saddamhossain654@gmail.com (c) assistant professor, jindal institute of behavioural sciences, op jindal global university, sonipat, india; e-mail: hzaffar@jgu.edu.in (d) assistant librarian, shiv nadar school of law, shiv nadar university, chennai, india; e-mail: mohdamees@gmail.com (e) professor, department of information science and library management, university of rajshahi, rajshahi, bangladesh; e-mail: sharif6islam@ru.ac.bd a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 6th june 2024 reviewed & revised: 6th june to 18th september 2024 accepted: 20th september 2024 published: 25th september 2024 keywords: cyber-physical systems, architecture, cyber and physical convergence, robotics, computer networking, sdg9 (innovation) jel classification codes: q01, q56, c63 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t cyber-physical systems are next-generation digital systems that focus on the intricate connections and integration between the physical and digital worlds. these systems have highly integrated physical, communication, control, and computing components. the study's purpose is to carry out a bibliometric analysis to explore the research trends, collaboration network, and thematic evaluation of papers on cyber-physical systems. the most prolific countries, authors, sources, highest citations received by authors, and co-occurrences in this research domain were identified. the bibliometric analysis method was employed to empirically analyze the research on cps in architecture published between 2007 and 2022 in the web of science database. all retrieved records were initially filtered by excluding 364 non– non-peer-reviewed publications and another type of languages except english. after that, we excluded 8 records based on the criteria and scope, and again excluded records for duplicates 12 records. finally, 1336 records met the eligibility criteria. the vos viewer and biblioshiny software was used to construct the scientific maps. a total of 1336 publications were analyzed. the study results show that the highly cited papers have been published in 297 journals by 4520 authors from 1483 organizations in 83 countries. the most prolific journal was ieee access, with 104 publications, 3823 citations, and an hindex of 24. the number of documents progressively increased from 2010 to 2021. further, 2009 has no publications, and the largest number of articles was published in 2021 (n=272). furthermore, china led the way with the most publications, active organizations, prolific authors, and international collaborations. this is the first study to look at the global trends in research on cps in architecture and provides valuable guidelines and motivations for further research. future studies may also examine the main hazards connected with using cyber-physical systems to manage operations across various industries and sectors. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction cyber-physical systems (cps) are computer-aided systems that link physical reality activity to the computing and communication infrastructure (alam & el saddik, 2017). these systems follow the trend of having information and services available 24/7 in today’s highly networked world. the ability to communicate with the physical world and expand its capacity through calculation, communication, and control is an important enabler of future technological advances (jazdi, 2014). academics, businesses, and governments worldwide are all interested in cps. the technology employed in these systems is based on the more established technology of embedded systems. albeit still very new, this technology studies computers and software in objects like vehicles, toys, hospital instruments, and scientific equipment whose primary function is not computation. through abstractions and modeling, design, and analytic approaches, cps combines the dynamics of physical processes with those of software and networking. cps can be used in various fields, such as architecture, intelligent transportation, agriculture, health, water, and aerospace. therefore, service providers will likely focus on implementing cps technologies in the future (bagheri et al., 2015). communication is required in cps to transmit sensor monitoring data to regulators. thus, communication is a crucial requirement for the functionality of architectural design systems. lee et al. (2015) proposed the cps 5c architecture to construct cps. they suggested that a cyber-physical system should consist of five levels: smart connection, data-to-information conversion, cyber, cognition, and configuration. the 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0001-5397-5280 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i4.2246 to cite this article: butdisuwan, s., hossain, s., zaffar, h., amees, m., & islam, m. s. (2024). sustainable architecture and the role of cyber-physical systems: a bibliometric analysis. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(4), 39-48. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i4.2246 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i4.2246 https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3551-1865 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5397-5280 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9444-8276 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8944-2926 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6170-084x butdisuwan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 39-48 40 first step in creating a cps application is gathering accurate and consistent data from devices and their parts. sensors can gather data directly or via interfaces with business production systems. afterwards, converting this data into relevant and predictive information, such as health and remaining usable life values, is critical in machine prognostics and health management (lee, ardakani et al., 2015). the cyber layer serves as the main information hub, combining information from equipment that are connected to create a vast network. as we move forward, the cognitive level of cps implementation yields a deep comprehension of the system under observation, enabling knowledgeable decision-making via knowledgeable user interfaces. lastly, feedback from cyberspace to physical space provides supervisory authority, allowing devices to selfconfigure and adjust for optimal efficiency (yao et al., 2019). figure 1. cps architecture a bibliometric analysis is used to identify research gaps in the field of sustainable architecture and cps. the results provide a number of promising directions for future research. the socioeconomic effects of integrating cps in sustainable building designs, such as how these technologies might be made accessible and inexpensive for various groups, are the subject of little research. moreover, there is a dearth of multidisciplinary collaboration among computer scientists, engineers, and architects, indicating the need for more integrated design and implementation methods. finally, long-term case studies evaluating cps's environmental effects and effectiveness in sustainable architecture are limited, showing a need for more empirical evidence to validate theoretical models. this study seeks to examine the present state of cps in architecture research. the following research questions have been addressed in this study:  which countries have the highest number of publications?  which sources/journals have the highest number of publications?  who are the authors who have the highest citations received in the field? the study has the following sections: section 2 discusses literature reviews, section 3 outlines the research methodology, section 4 provides findings and analysis, section 5 addresses the importance of cps in architecture, section 6 discusses the study, and section 7 discloses the conclusion. literature review cps models for architecture have given rise to various initiatives to establish cps projects in a factory setting. the current industrial cps efforts have been thoroughly reviewed to identify their shortcomings, potential fixes, and recommendations. the 5c architecture was the first cps architecture widely used in industrial applications and was developed in 2013 (ahmadi et al., 2017).in architecture, cps integrate physical elements with computational algorithms to create smart environments that improve building sustainability, safety, and efficiency (bonci et al., 2019; darwish & hassanien, 2018; kalluri et al., 2021). research has demonstrated that cps can improve occupant satisfaction by modifying environmental conditions according to users' preferences (stamatescu et al., 2016; schmidt et al., 2017) and optimize resource allocation based on real-time data (agostinelli et al., 2021; ane et al., 2023; barroso et al., 2023), both of which can result in a large reduction in usage of energy. implementing cps in architecture also presents issues that must be addressed, including security and privacy concerns due to the large volume of data collected (giraldo et al., 2017; fink et al., 2017; ane et al., 2020; chong et al., 2019). moreover, many obstacles remain to overcome before various systems and standards can function together seamlessly, frequently calling for specialized solutions (givehchi et al., 2017; kunold et al., 2019). notwithstanding these difficulties, cps in architecture has indisputable advantages, improving building performance and opening the door to new business models like energy-as-a-service and predictive maintenance (correa, 2018; banerjee & nayaka, 2022). the necessity of cross-disciplinary collaboration is emphasized by research that is still focused on creating standardized protocols and frameworks to facilitate the wider use of cps in architecture (vogel-heuser et al., 2020; mizutani et al., 2021); horváth, 2023). butdisuwan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 39-48 41 using ai and machine learning to create adaptive educational environments that change based on past data and user behaviour is one of the emerging themes in cps architecture (radanliev et al., 2021). building more effective and individualized management systems that can change the environment without human involvement may result from this strategy. furthermore, by integrating renewable energy sources and encouraging resource efficiency, cps can support sustainable urban development (shih et al., 2016; kleissl & agarwal, 2010). the architectural sector is well-positioned to gain from technological breakthroughs as they happen, leading to the creation of built environments that are more intelligent, robust, and sustainable (bakakeu et al., 2017; akanmu & anumba, 2015; bonci et al., 2019). materials and methods database selection this study conducted a scientometric/bibliometric analysis of the literature on cps in architecture. bibliometric/scientometric analysis has been frequently used to refine prominent research and identify trends using quantitative analysis. in this research, various performance indicators were extracted, and the most active countries, prolific sources, highest citations received by authors, and co-occurrences were identified in the relevant literature (hossain & batcha, 2021). the web of science (wos) database was used to retrieve raw data related to cps in architecture. 'cyber-physical systems' and 'architecture' were the two main keywords selected and used to search in the title, abstract, and keywords for the wos database documents fields. according to the initial results, 1720 papers published between 2007 and 2022 were identified. these results include information regarding the title, author names and affiliations, citations, abstracts, keywords, and references related to the publications. they were all saved in plain text format. microsoft excel was used to create statistics about the evolution of the topics over time, the journals or conference proceedings, citations, keywords, authors, and geographical distribution of the studies in terms of software packages. documents eligibility the prisma method identifies and evaluates research studies relevant to a particular research question or topic. in the context of cps in architecture, a bibliometric analysis using the prisma method would involve a systematic search of relevant databases, such as wos, to identify relevant articles once they have been identified, screened, and evaluated for relevance based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria (hossain et al., 2022). figure 2. detail flowchart illustrating the prisma on cps in architecture research as shown in figure 2, the researchers followed the prisma meta-analysis steps on emrs research, which includes four steps: (a) identification as recording identified through database searching, (b) screening the record documents, (c) eligibility records, and (d) selecting studies, as follows:  empirical articles published between 2007 and 2022 were included.  we excluded other documents (e.g., conference papers and review papers).  we excluded duplicate records. software in total, 1720 documents were obtained from the wos database on april 20, 2022. these retrieved records were initially filtered by excluding 364 non–non-peer-reviewed publications and another type of languages except english. after that, we excluded 8 records based on the criteria and scope and again excluded records for duplicate 12 records. finally, 1336 records butdisuwan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 39-48 42 met the eligibility criteria. thus, in the "included" phase, the number of records included in the meta-analysis is presented. the vos viewer (van eck & waltman, 2011) and bibliometrix tools (aria & cuccurullo, 2017) allowed for a more indepth examination of citations and co-author relationships and were also applied to the data. results country collaboration table 1 shows that authors from 83 countries contributed to the literature on cps in architecture from 2007 to 2022 and published 1336 papers. the authors' country of employment during research, which can be different from their country of birth or citizenship, was considered for this analysis. from a geographic standpoint, the highest contributions were from china (826), the usa (538), germany (186), spain (175), and the uk (167), as shown in table 1. furthermore, only three developing countries, india, brazil, and pakistan, were identified as some of the 20 most productive countries. figure 3 depicts the collaboration between countries based on co-authorships using the vos viewer tool. for this purpose, the minimum number of publications was set as five documents per country and a minimum number of ten citations. table 1. country collaboration on cps in architecture research rank country frequency rank country frequency 1 china 826 11 france 74 2 usa 538 12 sweden 73 3 germany 186 13 saudi arabia 56 4 spain 175 14 brazil 53 5 uk 167 15 portugal 51 6 india 150 16 pakistan 50 7 italy 132 17 greece 47 8 south korea 122 18 japan 44 9 australia 82 19 finland 38 10 canada 74 20 netherlands 33 figure 3. map of top 20 countries’ collaborations figure 4. co-authorship analysis of countries using vos viewer china 826 uk 167 spain 175 usa 538 germany 186 butdisuwan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 39-48 43 in figure 4, the strength of global cooperation is represented by the line thickness between countries (jeong & koo, 2016). the size of the circle denotes the scope of global cooperation. of the 83 countries, 51 met the threshold for the country, as shown in figure 2. the map has six country clusters, 432 links, and a total link strength of 1141. it also shows that china and the usa had the most paper collaborations in the cps in architecture research. institution’s collaboration in the world as shown in table 2, the south china university of technology (china) published the most articles on cps in architecture, followed by the king saud university, ksa, and the shanghai jiao tong university, china. it can be seen that in the top 10 worldwide institutions with the most cps in architecture publications, both private and public institutions are highly represented. however, the public institutions were more prolific than their private counterparts. furthermore, public institutions like the south china university of technology and king saud university produced a substantially higher number of articles than others. only one private university, northeastern university, usa, made it to the top 10 universities list by publishing 18 articles. table 2. the top institution articles contributing to the world rank affiliation articles nation ownership discipline 1 south china university of technology 28 china public engineering 2 king saud university 25 saudi public multidisciplinary 3 shanghai jiao tong university 25 china public multidisciplinary 4 polytechnic university of madrid 25 spain public multidisciplinary 5 huazhong university of science and technology 21 china public engineering/medical 6 technical university of munich 20 singapore public multidisciplinary 7 zhejiang university 20 china public multidisciplinary 8 south china university of technology 19 china public multidisciplinary 9 northeastern university 18 usa private multidisciplinary 10 tsinghua university 18 china public multidisciplinary evolution of scientific production the evolution of the number of articles related to cps in architecture between 2007 and 2022 is shown in figure 5. the first article was published in the web of science database in 2007 and was entitled "hyperion-next-generation battlespace information services". it can be seen that from 2007 to 2022, the number of documents progressively increased from 2010 to 2021. further, 2009 has no publications, and the largest number of articles was published in 2021 (n=272). figure 5. quantity of papers by year author’s keyword analysis co-word analysis identifies the relationships between concepts (words or topics) that appear in the same document title, keywords, or abstract (liu et al., 2024; xu et al., 2024). as a result of the co-occurrence of keyword analysis, vosviewer was used to identify the most frequently used keywords in the 1336 documents in the sample. figure 6. density visualization of author keywords using vos viewer. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 1 2 0 1 8 19 29 27 53 89 109 196 226 242 272 62 a rt ic le s year butdisuwan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 39-48 44 the minimum number of occurrences of an author keyword was 10. a total of 4329 keywords met the threshold and are shown as 5 clusters in the map exported from the vos viewer. in figure 6, the font size of the keyword indicates the frequency of use of the keyword. the most frequently used keyword was ‘cyber-physical systems’ with 281 occurrences, followed by ‘internet of t with 116 occurrences, and ‘cyber-physical system’ with 93 occurrences. most citations received by authors table 3 presents the list of authors most frequently cited by research articles on cps in architecture published during the study period. wan jf, li d, and wang sy were the most cited, with 716 citations. these authors have discussed implementing smart factories in the industry. wan jf, li d, wang sy, and zhang dq claimed the second-highest number of citations received for their article entitled ‘towards smart factory for industry 4.0: a self-organized multi-agent system with big data based feedback and coordination’. table 3. most citations received things by authors rank author sources doi citations 1 wan jf international journal of distributed sensor networks 10.1155/2016/3159805 716 2 li d international journal of distributed sensor networks 10.1155/2016/3159805 716 3 wang sy international journal of distributed sensor networks 10.1155/2016/3159805 716 4 wan jf computer networks 10.1016/j.comnet.2015.12.017 559 5 li d computer networks 10.1016/j.comnet.2015.12.017 559 6 wang sy computer networks 10.1016/j.comnet.2015.12.017 559 7 zhang dq computer networks 10.1016/j.comnet.2015.12.017 559 8 wan jf ieee sensors journal 10.1109/jsen.2016.2565621 365 9 li d ieee sensors journal 10.1109/jsen.2016.2565621 365 10 wang sy ieee sensors journal 10.1109/jsen.2016.2565621 365 sources impact table 4 shows that the 1336 documents were published in 297 journals. the ieee access has been the most productive journal with 104 published papers, followed by the sensors with 66 papers, and the ieee internet of things journal with 40 papers published. the impact factor values of the proceedings of the ieee and ieee internet of things journal are among the highest. table 4 also shows the number of citations the articles published in the most popular journals received. it can be seen that ieee access received the most citations. furthermore, the eight journals were in the first quartile. table 4. sources’ impact on cps in architecture rank element papers citation h-index impact factor quartile pub. year 1 ieee access 104 3823 24 4.48 2 2015 2 sensors 66 922 16 10.2 1 2008 3 ieee internet of things journal 40 2238 13 12.37 1 2014 4 future generation computer systems-the international journal of science 38 1227 17 9.11 1 2016 5 ieee transactions on industrial informatics 37 1468 20 11.22 1 2010 6 journal of manufacturing systems 26 1087 15 10.88 1 2015 7 applied sciences-basel 23 100 5 2.679 3 2017 8 proceedings of the ieee 20 1127 13 45.17 1 2012 9 international journal of advanced manufacturing technology 19 306 10 3.55 1 2016 10 international journal of computer integrated manufacturing 19 361 14 3.7 1 2017 the hirsch index (also known as the h-index) is a metric used to assess educational institutions' and researchers' influence and performance. if h papers out of a scientist's total number of papers have at minimum h citations each, and his or her remaining papers have been cited no more than h times every, the scientist has an h-index (engqvist & frommen, 2008). the hirsch index concurrently determines the effectiveness and long-term significance of the research. the journal of ieee access had the highest number of citations (n=3823) and had an h-index of 24. as seen in figure 7, based on the top 10 sources, ieee access sources published the maximum number of articles from 2007 to 2021, followed by sensors and ieee internet of things journal. most documents were published in 2021 from all top 10 sources. figure 7. annual output of sources (top 10) from 2007 to 2022 butdisuwan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 39-48 45 importance of cps in architecture the importance of cps in architecture lies in its ability to enhance the performance, efficiency, and sustainability of buildings while improving the safety, comfort, and satisfaction of building occupants. as such, the integration of cps is becoming increasingly critical in the design, construction, and management of facilities in the 21st century (monostori et al., 2016; s. wang et al., 2016). cps has become increasingly important in the field of architecture due to the numerous benefits they offer, including: improved efficiency cps can help improve buildings' efficiency by optimizing energy usage, reducing waste, and improving the management of building systems. this can lead to lower energy bills, reduced carbon footprints, and increased sustainability. enhanced safety and security cps can help improve building safety and security by monitoring the health of the building's structure, detecting potential hazards, and providing real-time alerts in emergencies. this can help prevent accidents, reduce damage, and save lives. improved user experience cps can help create more user-friendly buildings by providing personalized experiences, adapting to user preferences, and providing real-time feedback. this can help enhance building occupants' comfort, productivity, and satisfaction (kang et al., 2016). better building management cps can help improve the management of buildings by providing real-time data on building performance, enabling predictive maintenance, and facilitating remote monitoring and control. this can reduce costs, increase efficiency, and improve the overall performance of buildings (l. wang et al., 2015). future-proofing cps can help future-proof buildings by enabling them to adapt to changing user needs, environmental conditions, and technological advancements. this can help ensure that buildings remain relevant, sustainable, and efficient over the long term (gerostathopoulos et al., 2016). discussions the present study presents the global status and trends in the literature on cps in architecture. a bibliometric analysis was conducted on data extracted from the web of science database to identify the most prolific authors, sources, and countries active in the research area. vos viewer software was used for graphical analysis and mapping of the clusters of countries and author keywords. the study results have identified china as the country leading in this research domain. although there was a disparity between china's academic impact, quality, and the number of publications, china has been working hard to become a valuable contributor with outstanding research institutions such as the south china university of technology and shanghai jiao tong university. this work presents the notion of cyber-physical systems and a model architecture. it argues that this definition and architecture not only satisfy every aspect of the cps currently recognized but also unite the machine-only and human-only computation models currently in use (khaitan & mccalley, 2014; sony, 2020). to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first bibliometric study in the field of cps in architecture. our findings provide a foundation for scholars and policymakers to recognize the bibliometric indicators used in this study as indicators of research performance in cps to inform future policies and funding decisions (cardin, 2019). finally, our research has revealed that bibliometric analysis is an effective method for mapping published literature on a specific topic and identifying research gaps in that field. this study provides valuable insights into the literature on cps in architecture. cyber physical systems will exist in all industrial sectors, such as telecommunications and within the fourth industrial revolution (panetto et al., 2019). innovative production techniques will be made possible by cpss, which will eventually become the norm in the sector (wan et al., 2014). improved agility, mobility, and affordability will result from self-configuring, self-adjusting, and selfoptimizing output settings (babiceanu & seker, 2016). every operational component of manufacturing, from design to manufacturing to supply chains to customer service and support, will be impacted (alam & el saddik, 2017). conclusions the comprehensive systematic examination and analysis of sustainable architecture and the role of cyber-physical systems exposes a diverse landscape in which incorporating technology into architectural practices has enormous potential for increasing sustainability. the review of current research emphasizes cps's vital role in addressing environmental issues, resource efficiency, and overall building performance. the review focuses on cps' revolutionary potential in developing sustainable architecture. the convergence of technology and environmental consciousness provides a path for constructing smarter, more resilient, and environmentally friendly constructed environments. research projects in the future might analyze real-world difficulties in industrial operations and suggest strategies to work with cps in architecture. future studies may also examine the main hazards connected with using cyber-physical systems to manage operations across various industries and sectors (wan et al., 2014). both scholars and practitioners can benefit from in-depth reporting on real case studies. butdisuwan et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 39-48 46 author contributions: conceptualization, s.b and s.h.; methodology, s.h and m.a; software, h.z and s.b.; validation, s.h.; formal analysis, s.h., and m.a.; investigation, m.s.i.; resources, m.s.i.; data curation, h.z.; writing –original draft preparation, s.h.; writing –review & editing, m.a. and m.s.i.; visualization, s.h., supervision, m.s.i.; and s.h. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgements: it is an acknowledgement that all the authors contributed equally. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to 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(2019). smart manufacturing based on cyber-physical systems and beyond. journal of intelligent manufacturing, 30, 2805–2817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-017-1384-5 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 12-20 12 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 2 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa the interplay of investor psychology, accounting information, and fintech in shaping investment decisions: evidence from oman mohamed zaheeruddin (a)1 suneel kumar (b) (a) lecturer, university of technology and applied sciencesshinas, oman; e-mail: mohamed.zaheer@utas.edu.om (b)lecturer, university of technology and applied sciencesshinas, oman; e-mail: suneel.kumar@utas.edu.om a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 29th october 2024 reviewed & revised: 29th october 2024 to 10th march 2025 accepted: 11th march 2025 published: 15th march 2025 keywords: investor psychology, accounting information, fintech, investment decisions, behavioral finance, oman, investment interest, economic diversification jel classification codes: g41 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t the rapid economic revolution in oman over the recent years has flickered an increased awareness of behavioral finance, investment tactics, and financial know-how. traditional finance theories often overlook the role of biases and heuristics in investment decisions, particularly in developing markets like oman, where financial literacy and technological adoption are still evolving. the primary goal of this study is to investigate the impact of investors’ psychology, accounting information, and fintech exposure on investment decisions among individuals in oman. the study focuses on evaluating how these factors impact the investment interest and decision-making processes among omani individuals, particularly examining the mediating role of investment interest in these relationships. a quantitative research approach was adopted, utilizing a structured questionnaire distributed among omani individuals. data was collected from 504 respondents to analyze their investment psychology, access to accounting information, and level of fintech adoption. the survey-based methodology enabled a comprehensive examination of the relationships between these factors and investment decision-making. the study found that investor psychology enhances investment interest, which further influences investment decisions positively. the results of this study show a positive impact of available information on investment interest and investment decisions. additionally, exposure to fintech platforms enables more informed decision-making. the findings of this study suggest that investor psychology, accounting information, and fintech exposure significantly shape investment decisions by enhancing investment interest and facilitating better decision-making among individuals in oman. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction oman is witnessing a growing awareness of behavioral finance, investment tactics, and financial know-how (haddad & hornuf, 2019). the country endures its economic diversification, making individual investment decisions pivotal in driving personal wealth and contributing to national growth. however, despite increasing investment avenues and intensifying advanced technologies in financial markets and instruments, understanding the factors shaping investment decisions in oman remains unaddressed. unlike traditional finance theories that assume rationality, behavioral finance acknowledges that biases, sentiments, and heuristics significantly determine individual financial actions (peón & antelo, 2021). given the increasing reliance on fintech solutions and data-driven decision-making, it is essential to explore how investor psychology, available accounting information, and fintech exposure influence investment interest and decision-making (kaiser & menkhoff, 2020). this study adopts a quantitative research approach through a structured questionnaire distributed among omani individuals to analyze the relationships between investor psychology, accounting information, fintech adoption, and investment decisions. though investment decisions are influenced by a combination of psychological, technological, and informational factors, these aspects have been explored only to a limited extent in oman. while global research has examined these parameters as influential factors in investment decisions, most studies focus on developed economies. some recent studies emphasize the importance of investor behavior in developing markets where financial literacy is lower and fintech implementation is still in its promising stages (haddad & hornuf, 2019). however, there is still limited research on how these aspects shape investment behavior in oman (kaiser & menkhoff, 2020). investors are influenced by accounting information availability when making investment decisions, yet gaps remain in the literature, with limited studies addressing 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-0561-8654 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i2.2306 to cite this article: zaheeruddin, m., & kumar, s. (2025). the interplay of investor psychology, accounting information, and fintech in shaping investment decisions: evidence from oman. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(2), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i2.2306 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i2.2306 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0561-8654 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7883-6700 zaheeruddin & kumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 12-20 13 this issue (cascino & gassen, 2015). despite extensive financial literacy programs in oman, there is a need to examine how individuals apply this knowledge in their investment appraisal processes (kaiser & menkhoff, 2020). furthermore, accounting information training and financial literacy programs highlight the importance of understanding their impact on both long-term and short-term investment planning, particularly in rapidly evolving economies (klapper et al., 2013). this study investigates whether exposure to fintech stimulates interest in investment opportunities and how psychological tendencies and available accounting information impact individual investment decisions in oman. it specifically examines whether investor psychology enhances investment interest, whether accounting information guides investor choices, and whether fintech platforms facilitate or hinder informed decision-making (haddad & hornuf, 2019; kaiser & menkhoff, 2020). the paper is organized as follows: a review of the pertinent literature that served as a guide for the creation of the hypotheses is given in section 2. the research methodology used is described in depth in section 3, and results and discussions are presented in section 4, and the paper concludes in section 5. literature review investor psychology behavioral finance is a novel branch of study in finance that studies the psychological factors of investors during their investment appraisal process. the psychology of investors refers to behavioral aspects that inspire an individual during their investment. these include emotions, societal biases, cognitive errors, spending patterns, confidence level, self-control, and risk aptitude. understanding these psychological factors is crucial in identifying the investment choices of individual investors (baker & ricciardi, 2014). prospect theory, introduced by kahneman and tversky (1979), emphasizes how people evaluate their potential gains and losses differently based on their behaviors. the theory suggests that investors are habitually risk-averse when observing potential gains but risk-seeking when confronting potential losses, indicating that a more nuanced understanding of investor psychology is essential. barberis and thaler (2003) suggest that emotional factors significantly influence individuals’ financial activities. cognitive biases, such as overconfidence and loss avoidance, have a significant impact on investment decisions. for example, investors often exhibit overconfidence in their ability to forecast market trends, leading to excessive trading and suboptimal investment outcomes (odean, 1998). furthermore, prospect theory proposes that individuals perceive losses more intensely than corresponding gains, which alters risk-taking behavior (kahneman & tversky, 1979). these psychological factors indicate that understanding investor behavior is crucial for predicting investment interests and decisions. research has shown that individuals who are sensitive to their biases are more likely to make rational investment choices (gervais & odean, 2001; yusoh et al., 2024). accounting information accounting information refers to the data available through financial statements and reports that support stakeholders in understanding a company's financial health. the availability of precise and pertinent accounting information is crucial for individuals to make informed decisions regarding their investments. it serves as an essential source of data for investors, enabling them to assess the financial health of companies and make informed decisions. investors depend on accounting information to evaluate the performance and risk associated with their investments. high-quality accounting information contributes to market efficiency by reducing informational asymmetry and enhancing investor confidence. research has indicated that investors with knowledge of accounting principles are more likely to accurately interpret financial statements and make informed investment decisions (yuan et al., 2022). this knowledge is fundamental in the context of fintech, where investors heavily rely on digital platforms to access financial information. fintech exposure financial technology (fintech) encompasses technological innovations that aim to challenge traditional financial approaches in delivering financial services. it includes applications such as mobile banking and blockchain technology (arner et al., 2016). fintech has made financial services more accessible and efficient, particularly for retail investors. the rise of fintech has transformed investment strategies, enabling individuals to use innovative tools and platforms to manage their investments. according to arner et al. (2016), fintech enhances user-friendliness and competency in financial markets, allowing investors to make faster and more informed decisions. however, the effectiveness of fintech tools often depends on the investor's financial knowledge and technological literacy (zavolokina et al., 2016). a study identified that financially literate individuals are more likely to adopt fintech solutions, leading to increased investment activity. additionally, fintech exposure can broaden investors' understanding of various investment opportunities, thereby fostering more informed decision-making. the interplay between investor psychology, accounting information, and fintech exposure is critical in understanding investment decisions. these factors are interconnected and can influence one another (alaaraj & bakri, 2020). for instance, a better understanding of accounting principles can reduce the adverse effects of psychological biases, leading to more rational investment decisions. additionally, the availability of reliable accounting information through fintech platforms can enhance financial literacy and promote better investment practices. investment interest investment interest refers to an individual's attention and willingness to invest in different financial instruments. it encompasses the emotional and motivational aspects that drive an individual's investment readiness. studies show that investment interest is influenced by various factors, including personal goals, societal influences, risk tolerance, and external market conditions (riedl & smeets, 2017). this highlights the importance of studying how external factors influence individual perspectives and behaviors within the investment context. zaheeruddin & kumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 12-20 14 investment decision-making investment decision-making refers to the process by which individuals select various investment options based on their financial objectives, risk tolerance, and available information. investment decision-making is influenced by both rational analysis and emotional factors, leading to diverse outcomes (hirshleifer, 2001). behavioral decision theory suggests that individuals often rely on simplified models to make decisions, which can result in bias (simon, 1979). understanding these decision-making frameworks can provide insight into why individuals often deviate from optimal decision-making. theoretical framework behavioral finance theory behavioral finance theory examines the psychological factors influencing investors during their investment appraisal process. it suggests that investors are not always rational and are often influenced by emotions, cognitive biases, heuristics, and social factors. cognitive biases such as overconfidence, loss aversion, and anchoring may lead to suboptimal investment choices. emotions like anxiety, greed, and over-excitement affect investment behavior. psychological shortcuts are used in decision-making, which can result in systematic errors. in this study, investor psychology plays a central role in interpreting accounting information and fintech literacy, which ultimately impacts investment decisions. accounting information and investment decisions accounting information is essential for making informed investment decisions. it helps individuals analyze financial reports, study market trends, and explore investment opportunities. however, investors’ ability to interpret and use accounting information is influenced by behavioral biases and their exposure to financial knowledge. investors use balance sheets, income statements, and other reports to evaluate a company's financial health. however, biases like confirmation bias can cause investors to focus only on data that aligns with their existing beliefs. precise and accurate financial disclosures are essential to investor confidence. misinterpretation of financial statements due to limited exposure to fintech platforms may influence investment decisions. an investor's ability to assess financial risks is directly influenced by their cognitive biases and past investment experiences. fintech exposure and investment behavior fintech has enhanced access to financial information, markets, and trading tools, thus encouraging more excellent investment activity. however, exposure to fintech also presents challenges, such as information overload and digital security risks. digital financial literacy is vital to using fintech platforms effectively. misunderstanding financial statements and algorithmic recommendations may occur if investors lack proper digital financial literacy, leading to poor investment choices. overreliance on ai-driven platforms or robo-advisors may lead to riskier investment decisions. the increased accessibility to financial markets through fintech platforms may promote frequent trading, which can trigger behavioral traps like herd mentality. research gap in summary, investor psychology, accounting information, and fintech exposure all play significant roles in shaping investment decisions. research has shown that these factors are interconnected and can influence one another. however, there are still gaps in understanding how these factors interact, especially in developing economies such as oman. there is a need for further exploration into how investor psychology and accounting knowledge when combined with fintech exposure, influence investment behavior in oman. additionally, the role of financial literacy programs in enhancing investment decision-making remains under-researched. this study seeks to bridge these gaps by examining how investor psychology, accounting information, and fintech exposure influence investment decisions in oman. the study will analyze how psychological biases, the availability of accounting information, and exposure to fintech platforms affect individual investors' choices. figure 1. conceptual framework of the study source: developed by authors zaheeruddin & kumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 12-20 15 the framework explains the factors influencing investment decisions through investment interest. it highlights three key determinants: investors' psychology, accounting information, and fintech exposure, which collectively shape an individual's interest in investment. investors' psychology reflects behavioral biases and risk perception, while accounting information signifies financial literacy and data-driven decision-making. fintech exposure represents the role of digital financial services in shaping investment behavior. these factors influence investment interest, which subsequently drives the final investment decision. the model underscores the interconnected impact of psychological, informational, and technological aspects in rational investment decision-making. this study seeks to bridge critical gaps in understanding the aspects that shape investment behavior among individual investors in oman. explicitly, it examines the impact of investor psychology, available accounting information, and exposure to fintech platforms on investment interest and decision-making. by addressing these aspects, the research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of how psychological tendencies affect investment choices, the extent to which accounting information guides investor interest, and whether fintech exposure facilitates or impedes informed financial decision-making. through this inquiry, the study not only contributes to the existing body of knowledge on investment behavior but also offers valuable insights for policymakers, financial institutions, and investors to develop strategies that enhance financial literacy and promote more informed investment decisions in oman's evolving economic landscape. therefore, this study considers the following hypotheses (paths in sem model): . h1: higher psychological readiness (e.g., confidence in managing finances) positively influences an individual’s interest in investing. h2: better knowledge of accounting practices increases investment interest due to better decision-making. h3: greater exposure to fintech platforms increases investment interest due to the convenience and accessibility of investments. h4: investors with stronger psychological resilience (e.g., risk tolerance) make more confident and timely investment decisions. h5: investors who are knowledgeable about accounting are more likely to make informed investment decisions. h6: greater use of fintech platforms leads to quicker and more informed investment decisions. h7: higher investment interest positively influences actual investment decisions, as those interested are more likely to act on opportunities. results and discussions data for this study was collected from 504 omani respondents through an online survey circulated via email. the survey instrument included various sections to collect responses about the demographic details of the respondents, investor psychology, accounting information, fintech exposure, investment interest, and decision-making. in the opening section of the questionnaire, respondents were assured about the confidentiality and ethical use of data collected through the survey. the reliability of the questionnaire was examined using cronbach's alpha. as shown in table 1, the cronbach's alpha for research variables was more than 0.8, which shows that the scales were reliable. table 1. scale reliability s.n. scale number of items cronbach's alpha 1 investor's psychology 13 0.90 2 accounting information 7 0.92 3 fintech exposure 7 0.92 4 investment interest 7 0.89 5 decision-making 7 0.89 to add to the research context and demographic details of the respondents, data presented in table 2 shows that this study covered most of the significant governorates of the sultanate of oman. a total of 71.4% of the respondents represented north al batinah, followed by buraimi, which was represented by 9.5% of the respondents. a total of 2.4% of respondents represented each of al dhahira and musandam separately. muscat, al dakhiliya, south al batinah, and others were each represented by 3.6% of respondents. moreover, the respondents of this study included 72.6% females and 27.4% males. this study involved respondents with a minimum age of 20 years. additionally, the education profile of the respondents shows that 11.9% of the respondents had accomplished their high school studies, whereas others had accomplished graduate (71.4%), postgraduate (9.5%), and doctoral degrees (4.8%). a total of 2.4% of respondents had accomplished some other certificates such as diplomas, etc. a total of 52.4% of the respondents were married, and 47.6% were unmarried, which shows that a large proportion of the respondents were young and single. the income profile of the respondents shows that 47.6% of the respondents had monthly individual income less than 500 omani rials (omr); however, 29.8% of the respondents had a monthly income of 501-1000 omr, respondents earning 1500-2000 omr, and more than 2000 omr monthly counted for 6.0% in each category (see table 2). table 2. respondent's demographic profile variables particulars frequency percent region north al batinah 360 71.4 muscat 18 3.6 al dakhiliya 18 3.6 zaheeruddin & kumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 12-20 16 al dhahira 12 2.4 south al batinah 18 3.6 musandam 12 2.4 buraimi 48 9.5 others 18 3.6 gender male 138 27.4 female 366 72.6 age 20-30 years 312 61.9 31-40 years 102 20.2 41-50 years 78 15.5 more than 50 years 12 2.4 education graduate 360 71.4 post graduate 48 9.5 doctorate 24 4.8 high school 60 11.9 other 12 2.4 marital status married 264 52.4 unmarried 240 47.6 monthly income <500 omr 240 47.6 501-1000 omr 150 29.8 1001-1500 omr 54 10.7 1500 2000 omr 30 6.0 >2000 omr 30 6.0 correlation coefficients were computed to examine the relationships between variables. as shown in table 3, an investor's psychology is optimistic with the accounting information (r = 0.71, sig. 0.01 levels); this indicates that an individual with a positive psychology toward investment will be equipped with accounting information. further, investor psychology and fintech exposure are associated positively (r = 0.62, sig. 0.01 levels), which indicates that an individual with fintech exposure will show positive investor psychology. additionally, investor's psychology associates positively (r = 0.72, sig. 0.01 levels) with investment interest. the available statistics show that an individual with a positive investor psychology will show high investment interest. also, a similar positive relationship was observed between investors' psychology and decision-making (r = 0.69, sig. 0.01 levels). other dyadic combinations between variables were also found to be positively correlated, such as accounting information associates positively (r = 0.70, sig. 0.01 levels) with investment interest; and decision-making (r = 0.67, sig. 0.01 levels). similarly, as shown in table 3, fintech exposure associates positively (r = 0.71, sig. 0.01 levels) with investment interest and decision-making (r = 0.64, sig. 0.01 levels). table 3. correlation matrix s.n. variables 1 2 3 4 1 investor's psychology 2 accounting information 0.71** 3 fintech exposure 0.62** 0.74** 4 investment interest 0.72** 0.70** 0.71** 5 decision-making 0.69** 0.67** 0.64** 0.79** **. correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). testing the research model the research model was tested using the structural equation modeling (sem) technique. the model shown in figure 2 was tested on seven popular model-fit indices, such as gfi, agfi, srmr, rmsea, nfi, tli, and cfi. the threshold values and observed values are presented in table 4. the observed value for the goodness-of-fit index was 0.99, which is above the required acceptable value (0.95) for a good model fit. the gfi indicates that the model explains 99% of the variancecovariance matrix. this substantial value demonstrates a high level of agreement between the model and the observed data, supporting its validity. moreover, the computed value for agfi was 0.90, which exceeds the threshold value (0.80) for a good model fit. the available statistics show that the agfi, which adjusts for the model's complexity, exceeds the recommended value. it provides evidence to conclude that the model balances a good fit with parsimony, further reinforcing its adequacy. additionally, the observed value for srmr was 0.05, which is less than the threshold value (0.08) for a good model fit. the srmr shows a low level of residual error between the observed and predicted correlations. a value of 0.05 reflects an excellent fit, showing minimal discrepancies in the research model. however, the rmsea value of 0.12, above the threshold of 0.08, could be influenced by the complexity of the research model, as more significant or more intricate models often result in inflated rmsea values (kline, 2016). rmsea is sensitive to model complexity, meaning that more extensive models can overfit the data, resulting in a higher rmsea value (kline, 2016). this is because rmsea penalizes models that overestimate the fit by including too many parameters relative to the data. in the present research model, multiple parameters might have resulted in a high model fit index. the values for other model-fit indices, such as nfi, tli, and cfi, were observed at 0.99, 0.96, and 0.99, respectively. the results of the fit indices statistics show a good model fit. the nfi value offers an excellent fit, confirming that the model explains the data significantly better than a null model. on the other hand, the tli reflects a strong balance between model fit and thriftiness, highlighting the model's robust alignment with the observed data. moreover, the cfi zaheeruddin & kumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 12-20 17 value, near its maximum of 1.0, strongly supports the model's goodness of fit, indicating an almost perfect match between the proposed and observed covariance structures. the above analysis and model fit indices show that six out of seven values offered a good model fit. though the value of rmsea was above the threshold value, based on the other six statistics, the research model significantly explains the impact of investors' psychology, accounting information, and fintech exposure on the individual's investment interest and investment decision-making. though rmsea is a commonly used fit index, kline (2016) recommends considering various fit indices to examine the model quality. in cases where rmsea exceeds the threshold, other indices such as gfi, agfi, nfi, tli, srmr, and cfi provide a more comprehensive evaluation of model fit (kline, 2016). the excellent performance of these indices supports the conclusion that the model fits the data well despite rmsea's higher value. table 4. summary of model fit statistics s.n. fit index recommended values observed values comment 1 gfi >=0.95 0.99 good fit 2 agfi >=0.80 0.90 good fit 3 srmr <=0.08 0.05 good fit 4 rmsea <=0.08 0.12 poor fit 5 nfi >=0.95 0.99 good fit 6 tli >=0.95 0.96 good fit 7 cfi >=0.95 0.99 good fit gfi=goodness-of-fit index nfi=normed-fit index agfi=adjusted goodness-of-fit tli=tucker-lewis index srmr= standard root mean square residual cfi = comparative fit index rmsea= root mean square error of approximation figure 2. research model direct path coefficients were computed to analyze the impact of predictors on the dependent variables. as shown in table 5, all the predictors have a significant positive impact on their dependent variables. an individual's investment psychology increases his/her investment interest; accounting information available to the respondents further enhances the investment interest, and respondents' fintech exposure has a positive impact on their investment interest. additionally, investment interest, fintech exposure, and investors’ psychology significantly promote an individual's investment decisions. table 5. direct path coefficients s.n. predictor dependent variable coefficient sig. 1 investors’ psychology investment interest 0.23 0.01 2 accounting information investment interest 0.17 0.01 3 fintech exposure investment interest 0.33 0.01 4 investment interest investment decision making 0.58 0.01 5 fintech exposure investment decision making 0.11 0.01 6 investors’ psychology investment decision making 0.14 0.01 the role of psychological factors in investment decisions psychological factors are found to have a significant impact on investment interest (β = 0.23, p = 0.01) and, to a lesser extent, investment decision-making (β = 0.14, p = 0.01). this shows that individuals with well-organized financial behavior, such as consistent savings and planning, exhibit a superior inclination toward investment activities. the mediating effect on investment decision-making indicates that despite the fact that investor psychology provides the foundation for investment zaheeruddin & kumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 12-20 18 interest, other factors, viz., fintech exposure and accounting information, also have a crucial role to play in shaping final investment choices. this is consistent with behavioral finance theories, which claim that an individual’s emotional characters shape their readiness to take on investment risks and explore various financial opportunities (shapira & venezia, 2001; pompian, 2006). confidence and secure financial situations are the result of well-organized financial habits, which in turn enhances their willingness to invest (lusardi & mitchell, 2011). influence of accounting information on investment interest the findings reveal that there is a positive but yet relatively low impact of accounting information on investment interest (β = 0.17, p = 0.01). this specifies that while financial reports and accounting statements contribute to investor preparedness to take part in investment activities, they are not the key drivers of investment eagerness. this aligns with prior studies postulates that investment decisions are influenced by a variety of factors beyond traditional accounting data (aren & aydemir, 2015; barberis & thaler, 2003). given the increasing intricacy of financial markets and the user-friendliness of alternative investment tools, traditional accounting information must be augmented with more innovative financial literacy initiatives to enhance its impact. as suggested by research conducted by huston (2010), gamified investment education, collaborative data visualization tools, and ai-based financial advisory services may help bridge the gap between raw accounting data and actionable investment insights. moreover, governing bodies and financial institutions must collaborate to streamline financial disclosures and make them more investor-friendly, thereby fostering more significant engagement with accounting information (ball, 2006; ali et al., 2024). fintech exposure and its growing importance the most interesting finding is the substantial impact of fintech exposure on both investment interest (β = 0.33, p = 0.01) and investment decision-making (β = 0.11, p = 0.01). the sturdy association between fintech exposure and investment interest highlights the transformative role of digital financial platforms, robo-advisors, and mobile banking applications in promoting investor engagement. these hi-tech inventions have not only given everyone access to financial markets but also boosted financial learning and awareness among investors (zhang, 2025). the availability of real-time financial data, robotic advisors, and smooth and continuous trading practices has expressively inclined investor’s willingness to discover additional financial opportunities (venkatesh et al., 2003). the comparatively lower direct impact on investment decision-making proposes that while fintech augments approachability and attention, investors may still trust traditional evaluation methods and psychological factors before binding to financial decisions. this aligns with global trends where fintech serves as an enabler rather than a sole determinant of investment choices. this directly aligns with study findings of (benedetti & rodríguez-garnica, 2023) that though fintech plays an enabler role through improved information spreading and transactional comfort, it does not entirely substitute the conventional elements of investment valuation, such as fundamental analysis and investor sentiment. investment interest investment interest emerges as a critical arbitrating variable, unveiling the most substantial direct influence on investment decision-making (β = 0.58, p = 0.01). this suggests that people who develop an initial investment curiosity are more likely to decipher that interest into actual investment actions. the finding is similar to the prior studies revealing that investor eagerness plays a crucial role in enabling financial decision-making and market participation (lusardi & mitchell, 2014; barberis & thaler, 2003). this highlights the importance of financial education and awareness campaigns to inspire investment interest, which in turn can drive more extensive involvement in financial markets. as suggested by kou and lu (2025), the user-friendliness and ease of digital investment platforms have made investment opportunities further perceptible and approachable, thus cultivating initial interest among budding investors. furthermore, study findings highlight that fintech and investors’ psychology contribute indirectly to investment decisions by first influencing investment interest. habitual financial activities such as consistent savings and planning create a foundation and help support investment engagement over time (huston, 2010) conclusions the study highlights the intricate relationship between investor psychology, accounting information, and fintech in shaping investment decisions in oman. it demonstrates how psychological factors and accounting information contribute to generating investment interest, while fintech plays a crucial role in modernizing the investment landscape. the research also emphasizes the significant mediating role of investment interest, suggesting that nurturing enthusiasm and curiosity about investments is vital to translating initial interest into actual investment actions. the rapid development of fintech has transformed investment engagement, making it more accessible to a broader population. the ease of access to fintech-driven investment platforms has reduced traditional barriers, enabling individuals to explore diversified portfolios and make informed decisions. however, while fintech enhances engagement, it does not eliminate the need for financial literacy and psychological preparedness for risk-taking, underscoring the importance of combining fintech with investor education. the moderate influence of investor psychology and accounting information further highlights the need for comprehensive financial education programs. teaching individuals about financial planning, risk assessment, and market analysis can complement fintech adoption, ensuring that investment decisions are both accessible and well-informed. regulatory bodies and policymakers should integrate financial literacy initiatives with fintech platforms to provide tailored insights and recommendations to users based on their investment preferences and risk tolerance. investment interest plays a crucial mediating role, showing that individuals who actively seek knowledge and demonstrate enthusiasm for investments are zaheeruddin & kumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 12-20 19 more likely to translate their interest into concrete financial decisions. this underscores the importance of targeted interventions such as workshops, seminars, and digital investment simulations to cultivate a proactive investment mindset among potential investors. this study uniquely bridges the gap in understanding how investor psychology, accounting information, and fintech exposure collectively shape investment decisions in oman, a rapidly developing economy. the research emphasizes the critical role of investment interest in mediating the effects of these factors, highlighting the importance of financial literacy and psychological preparedness in conjunction with fintech adoption. the study findings contribute to behavioral finance literature by signifying how emotional and technological factors interact in the decision-making process. traditional investment theories often highlight rational analysis, whereas this study emphasizes the substantial role of investor psychology and fintech accessibility in shaping investment behavior (shiller, 2015). understanding the moderate influence of investors’ psychology and accounting information, targeted financial literacy initiatives can support investors' ability to make informed decisions (lusardi & mitchell, 2014). financial institutions and policymakers can focus on assimilating fintech solutions with traditional investment platforms to meet investors' growing needs. as investment interest has a significant impact on investment decision-making, awareness campaigns, and education programs for investors should highlight the benefits and risks associated with different investment avenues. this study is limited by its focus on individual investors in oman, which may not be representative of other regions with different levels of financial literacy or technological exposure. additionally, the research does not account for potential biases in self-reported data or the evolving nature of fintech, which may impact the generalizability of the findings over time. future research may expand on additional psychological and technological factors that influence investment behaviors in emerging markets. investigating elements such as risk tolerance, behavioral biases, and artificial intelligence-driven investment tools can provide a more comprehensive understanding of how modern investors make financial decisions. by continuing to explore these variables, scholars and practitioners can develop more effective strategies to enhance financial inclusion, empower investors, and drive sustainable economic growth in oman and beyond. author contributions: conceptualization, m.z. and s.k.; methodology, m.z.; software, m.z.; validation, m.z.; formal analysis, m.z. and s.k.; investigation, m.z. and s.k..; resources, m.z. and s.k.; data curation, m.z.; writing –original draft preparation, m.z. and s.k.; writing –review & editing, m.z. and s.k.; visualization, m.z., supervision, m.z.; funding acquisition, m.z. and s.k. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: this paper is the outcome of a research grant funded by the university of technology and applied sciences—shinas, oman. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study since it is voluntary, and the statement is included on the first page of the questionnaire. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references alaaraj, h., & bakri, a. 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(2025). the impact of fintech innovation on investor behavior from the perspective of behavioral finance. advances in economics, management, and political sciences, 138, 47–53. https://dx.doi.org/10.54254/27541169/2024.19205 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2010.01170.x https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185 https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/144551502300810101 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-024-00668-6 https://dl.icdst.org/pdfs/files4/befc0f8521c770249dd18726a917cf90.pdf https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00078 https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1287kz5 http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/2024.19205 http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/2024.19205 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 1-10 1 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 4 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa investigating the impact of ai on the workforce and the future of work in the region: a machine learning perspective boumedyen shannaq (a)1 ahmed alabri (b) v. p. sriram (c) oualid ben ali (d) (a) associate professor, management of information systems department, university of buraimi, al buraimi governorate, sultanate of oman; email: boumedyen@uob.edu.om (b) finance and administrative affairs & supporting services, university of buraimi, al buraimi 512, sultanate of oman; e-mail: drahmed.s@uob.edu.om (c) associate professor, management of information systems department, university of buraimi, al buraimi governorate, sultanate of oman; email: sriram.v@uob.edu.om (d) associate professor and acting head, computer science department, applied science university, kingdom of bahrain; e-mail: oualid.ali@asu.edu.bh a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 19th february 2025 reviewed & revised: 19th february to 10th june 2025 accepted: 12th june 2025 published: 20th june 2025 keywords: ai, future workforce, clustering methods, workforce opportunities and risks jel classification codes: o33, j24, j21, c55 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t this study examines the evolving impact of artificial intelligence (ai) on workforce dynamics within a regional context. the analysis of structured data, which includes job positions alongside industry categories, collected from kaggle.com, ai implementation metrics, automation uncertainty assessments, skill requirements, compensation amounts, and work projection estimates, enables the application of machine learning approaches that generate insights for decision support. the purpose of this study is twofold: to analyze the impact of ai on work structures and identify automated jobs, as well as vulnerable sectors, to inform recommendations that help plan education systems and workforce development. three clustering approaches, including k-means and dbscan, along with agglomerative clustering, were implemented to categorize different jobs based on their ai acceptance levels, automation probability, and pay ranges. the performance analysis, as indicated by silhouette scores, revealed that agglomerative clustering generated meaningful clusters at a score of 0.289, while both k-means and dbscan recorded scores of 0.262 and 0.093, respectively. the developed clusters enable researchers to identify vulnerable positions while proposing new career options and uncovering stable competencies, which include digital aptitude as well as emotional capability and troubleshooting abilities. the study directly provides answers to major research questions about how ai affects particular sectors while revealing portable skills across industries. through the integration of cluster analytics and workforce analytics, this study provides policymakers, educational institutions, and workforce planners with strategic information, enabling a resilient labor market that is prepared for the future. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction artificial intelligence (ai) is rapidly disrupting global labor conditions. at the same time, it reformulates workplace structures, reshapes necessary competencies, and develops innovative approaches to work (öztaş & arda, 2025; lamees & ramayah, 2025; kaur et al., 2024). this research examines the evolving relationship between artificial intelligence technology and labor forces across the arab gulf nations, which are actively leveraging digital transformation to reduce their dependence on oil resources (hazaa & al mubarak, 2024). the research employs machine learning techniques to conduct an extensive evaluation of the effects of ai adoption on job structures, as well as professional requirements and workplace risk factors. ai, together with automation technologies, has brought about significant changes throughout the global workforce organizations (tenakwah & watson, 2025). artificial technology systems enable the automated performance of tasks that were previously restricted to human skills and cognition (sigafoos et al., 2025). the changes in ai position various professions in different industries for elimination or thorough modification (wang & lu, 2025). by 2030, over 40% of jobs are expected to be displaced by automation, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and augmented reality. less than 50% of students feel ready for future workforce demands. this study informs policymakers, educators, and strategists(pandya et al., 2022). the effects of these findings become significant for arab and gulf economic systems 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0001-5867-3986 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/a7zcns96 to cite this article: shannaq, b., alabri, a., sriram, v. p. & ali, o. b. (2025). investigating the impact of ai on the workforce and the future of work in the region: a machine learning perspective. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.46281/a7zcns96 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/a7zcns96 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5867-3986 https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9743-211x https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7105-0713 https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1433-017x shannaq et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 1-10 2 (naim et al., 2025). the youth-oriented population growth combined with government leadership in digital transformation and national ai investments form the key features of these regions according to oman's vision 2040 (awashreh, 2025), saudi arabia's vision 2030 (suleiman & ming, 2025) and the united arab emirates' national ai strategy (hassouni & mellor, 2025). the positive outlook faces resistance from the workforce deficit between current job abilities and future ai economy requirements (nadimpalli et al., 2025). ai adoption at work requires urgent analysis of its time-dependent effects on employment markets alongside strategy development to create flexible and resilient job forces (nawaz & li, 2025) the field of global literature presents multiple perspectives on the impact of ai on work. however, it highlights a lack of studies focused on the arab labor market supported by actual data. most contemporary employment guidelines and academic syllabi do not adequately address the rapid changes enabled by ai technology. the lack of empirical evidence on this subject has led to the development of fragmented strategies, which fail to provide practical solutions for mitigating the increasing risks of automation and evolving skill requirements. policymakers, along with workforce planners, struggle to make informed strategic decisions for workforce development because they lack sufficient information. the proposed research examines how ai adoption varies across both industrial sectors and occupational titles in the region, with a particular focus on high-tech industries, service sectors, educational institutions, and manufacturing facilities to determine differential penetration levels among various economic groups. by assigning automation-likelihood scores and conducting field examinations, job categories are stratified into distinct levels of ai automation risk, allowing us to identify those abilities—such as complex problem-solving, emotional intelligence, and digital fluency—that remain resilient despite technological advancements. moreover, the study explores machine learning–based methods for recommending reskilling or upskilling pathways to workers, thereby informing policy decisions on workforce development. finally, by applying clustering algorithms (including k-means, dbscan, and hierarchical clustering), the research categorizes the workforce into risk profiles. it proposes feasible career transition options for individuals most vulnerable to automation. the study employs machine-learning techniques to analyze structured data, integrating information on industry sectors, job categories, ai implementation levels, automation likelihood predictions, and competency requirements to achieve several key objectives. first, it aims to examine how the adoption of ai reshapes the regional employment structure. second, it aims to identify which job profiles and industries are more vulnerable to automation. third, it intends to generate data-driven recommendations that can inform educational strategies and workforce planning initiatives. ultimately, by identifying transferable skill sets that remain valuable across various sectors, the research fosters greater resilience in the labor market. the paper follows this structure: section 2 investigates the literature on the impact of ai on the workforce, and section 3 describes the research methodology. section 4 presents the experiment and results, followed by section 5, which discusses the findings and examines future study directions. literature review artificial intelligence, machine learning, and digitalization are transforming workplaces, particularly in knowledgeintensive sectors. scholars debate these disruptions, yet their impact on institutions, organizations, and individual’s remains underexplored (hamdan, 2025). a relevant investigation examines ai’s role in the future of work, discussing key changes, consequences, and research directions while summarizing contributions from this special issue in management studies (sarala et al., 2025). worldwide labor markets are experiencing dramatic changes due to artificial intelligence technology, which is leading industries through transformation while altering the identities of all job functions (rawashdeh, 2025). modern economies face new opportunities alongside complex challenges due to the rise of ai-based automation, predictive analysis, and the adoption of machine learning systems (bahoo et al., 2025). the initial section of this review examines the worldwide impact of ai on employment practices. still, it concentrates the subsequent sections on the middle east gulf regions through a strategic evaluation of their principal advancements, alongside workplace obstacles and forthcoming market prospects. several academic studies have documented the disruptive effects that ai technology has on work environments. the research conducted by frey and osborne (2017) indicates that machine automation threatens 47 percent of all positions across the united states (the future of work: embracing ai's job creation potential, 2025). forecasts that ai and automation will eliminate 85 million positions during the next five years but will establish 97 million brand-new employment roles. ai-powered automation technologies have created the most significant disruption in standard routine operations within industrial manufacturing sectors, as well as in retail operations and finance services (tariq, 2025). knowledge-based sectors, including healthcare, software development, and education, currently require additional experts who possess knowledge of ai applications (kumar, 2025). business operations benefit from predictive analytics, which encompasses workforce management and personalized customer service, leading to higher productivity (leveraging predictive analytics to optimize business performance and drive operational excellence, 2025). ai raises ongoing concerns about security challenges in employment, alongside widening income disparities and ongoing requirements for skill adaptation across the workforce (burton, 2024). various economies are funding nationwide upskilling initiatives to protect workers from automated processes and foster effective working relationships between humans and ai systems. the region of the middle east currently experiences rapid digital change that results in the swift growth of ai within its various sectors; ai will generate $320 billion in economic value across the region during the following decade, as predicted by the potential impact of artificial intelligence in the middle east pwc middle east (2025). the united arab emirates, together with saudi arabia, leads ai integration projects by focusing on ai-driven approaches for economic shannaq et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 1-10 3 diversification. healthcare benefits from ai diagnostics technology and telemedicine services that increase access to healthcare within the industry (unanah & mbanugo, 2025). intellectual institutions integrate ai-based education systems into their traditional curricula (abbasi et al., 2025). the finance sector achieves operational efficiencies and detects fraudulent activities through the implementation of ai technology (dayalan & sundaramurthy, 2024). staff in the oil and gas industries benefit from ai technologies that utilize predictive maintenance methods alongside energy efficiency models (rojas et al., 2025). despite the clear advantages that artificial intelligence offers to the middle eastern market, several obstacles impede effective ai adoption. first, there is a pronounced shortage of workers with the requisite ai competencies, which undermines organizational efforts to deploy and maintain advanced systems (r. & archana, 2025). moreover, efforts to establish standardized ai governance frameworks have been hindered by the absence of cohesive regulatory structures, resulting in delayed implementation and uncertainty regarding compliance (lund et al., 2025). as a consequence, unskilled employees face a heightened risk of displacement since automation increasingly targets routine tasks without sufficient retraining pathways in place (broady et al., 2025). compounding these issues is a general lack of public awareness regarding how ai is reshaping occupational roles and workforce dynamics, which further slows the transition to a digitally skilled labor market (gayathri & mangaiyarkarasi, 2024; karam et al., 2025). the gulf cooperation council (gcc) member countries—saudi arabia, the uae, qatar, bahrain, oman, and kuwait—are proactively integrating ai into their economies, exemplified by saudi arabia’s vision 2030 and the uae’s national ai strategy 2031, both of which position ai as a key growth engine (azoury & karam, 2025). recent studies highlight several promising developments: government investments are catalyzing an increase in ai research centers and funding bodies; ai-driven thoughtful city planning is enhancing infrastructure management, improving passenger mobility, safeguarding citizens, and promoting environmental sustainability; predictive analytics in the oil and gas sector is streamlining resource management; and ai applications in hospitality are enabling personalized services for tourists (visvizi et al., 2025; kshetri & sharma, 2025). however, these opportunities are tempered by workforce challenges, including a heavy dependence on expatriate talent that limits the growth of local ai expertise, a need for universities to bolster ai curricula and programs, and the imperative for labor regulations to evolve in response to ai-induced workplace transformations (abdalla, 2025; akinwale et al., 2025). artificial intelligence is transforming worldwide and regional employment markets, introducing new challenges but also substantial opportunities. ai adoption rates are increasing throughout middle eastern and gulf countries. however, obstacles to workforce readiness can be addressed through specialized policies that combine educational changes with collaboration from the business sector. an ai-driven strategic transformation of the workforce, combined with practical implementation methods, will create job market sustainability over the next few decades. table 1 presents a comparative analysis of global trends, middle east trends, and gulf region trends, considering ai progress, challenges, and opportunities. table 1. comparative analysis aspect global trends middle east trends gulf region trends ai progress advanced adoption in developed economies; ai-driven job creation and loss are balanced. ai adoption is accelerating across key sectors, including finance, healthcare, and education. government-led ai strategies, heavy investment in smart cities, oil, and tourism. challenges skill gaps, ethical concerns, job displacement, and regulatory issues. lack of ai talent, limited ai regulatory frameworks, and workforce displacement. reliance on expatriates, slow educational integration of ai, and outdated labor policies. opportunities ai in automation, data science, and emerging tech industries. ai-powered fintech, energy, and innovative education initiatives. vision 2030 and ai-led economic diversification programs. materials and methods a detailed information collection effort consolidated data regarding professional positions, business fields, ai implementation statistics, occupational specifications, and robotic process automation probability levels. the clustering models comprised k-means and dbscan, along with the agglomerative hierarchical clustering method, to extract data clusters and identify susceptible positions with suitable reskilling transitions. organizational recommendations directed to stakeholders depend on findings derived from this research. the research analysis utilized structured data points, including industry sectors, job positions, ai deployment scales, automation risk measurements, and necessary competencies for handling tasks. the research employed three machine learning (ml) clustering approaches — k-means, dbscan, and hierarchical clustering — to categorize job roles into distinct risk categories. the analysis utilized risk profiles to match emerging skill requirements, enabling the production of recommendations regarding career transitions. shannaq et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 1-10 4 administrative support personnel, along with basic accounting staff and data entry workers, face the highest risk of displacement (tharmalingam & pereira, 2025). the proposed research methodology in this work is presented in figure 1. figure 1. the proposed research methodology data collection the study relied on data from kaggle.com, a platform known for its extensive collection of datasets available for use in academic and professional studies. for this purpose, the "ai adoption & automation risk (san francisco, ca)" dataset was utilized to investigate how ai adoption, automation risk, and labor market trends interact with one another. the dataset offers a realistic portrayal of jobs in san francisco, examining how ai is impacting various job sectors. among other things, it offers job titles, industrial sectors, ai involvement and results, risk of automation, needed skills, salary details, and forecasts for growth in positions. the dataset was constructed to closely resemble practical situations. because it gives both categories and numbers for key variables, statistical analysis using structural equation modeling becomes possible. it is particularly suitable for research examining the effects of ai on the job market, the skills required for jobs, and career preparation in countries that heavily rely on ai. the data is highly accurate; the findings from this data need to be verified against other datasets related to the region of study to confirm their applicability to practical decisionmaking and education. a sample of the dataset is presented in table 2. table 2. sample of the dataset job_title industry ai adoption level ai adoption score automation risk automation risk score required_ skills salary (usd) job growth projection job growth score cybersecurity analyst retail high 3 high 3 cybersecurity 75862.86 growth 3 ai researcher energy low 1 high 3 machine learning 71211.88 growth 3 ai researcher retail medium 2 high 3 data analysis 71374.65 stable 2 ai researcher manufacturing medium 2 high 3 marketing 99743.29 decline 1 ai researcher manufacturing low 1 high 3 javascript 104107.3 decline 1 ux designer manufacturing high 3 medium 2 project management 101649 growth 3 ai researcher transportation high 3 medium 2 python 73151.99 growth 3 software engineer finance high 3 medium 2 ux/ui design 56076.4 growth 3 table 3 describes the equivalencies of each job growth score. table 3. equivalencies ai adoption level score high 3 medium 2 low 1 automation risk score high 3 medium 2 low 1 job growth projection score applied machine learning models k-means and dbscan and hierarchical clustering data collection source: kaggle.com data preprocessing categorical and ordinal encoding, normalization results and analysis visualization (2d plot) showing job groupings, cluster interpretations shannaq et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 1-10 5 growth 3 stable 2 decline 1 job roles that require human-centered design, along with critical thinking, creativity, and complex problem-solving skills, demonstrate strong resilience. the skills centered on ai literacy, combined with data analytics and digital communication, remain highly resistant to industry changes in the future. data preprocessing prior to applying clustering algorithms such as k-means, dbscan, and agglomerative hierarchical clustering, the data underwent a series of preprocessing steps to ensure consistency and reliability. first, any records containing missing or null values were either removed or, when feasible, imputed using appropriate techniques: numerical features with missing entries were replaced by their mean values, while categorical features were filled using the mode. next, categorical variables— such as industry, ai adoption level, and job growth projection—were transformed using label encoding or one-hot encoding as dictated by each algorithm's requirements. to prevent features with larger numeric ranges from dominating distance calculations, continuous variables (for example, salary, ai adoption scores, and automation risk scores) were scaled using either min-max normalization or a standard scaler to restrict their values to a [0, 1] range. in cases where the high dimensionality of the dataset threatened clustering performance, principal component analysis (pca) was applied to reduce the feature space while retaining essential variance. finally, because dbscan is sensitive to extreme values—treating them as potential outliers—any numerical features exhibiting extreme dispersion were adjusted beforehand to limit their influence on centroid separation and distance-based point assignments. because of these steps, the data was tidied up, adjusted, and could be used for clustering without any supervision. table 4 demonstrates the proposed clustering models and equations. table 4. clustering models and equations clustering models equations symbols reference k-means clustering  k: number of clusters  ci: set of data points in cluster i  x: a data point  μi: centroid of cluster iii  ∥x−μi∥2: squared euclidean distance between a point and its cluster centroid (jin & han, 2011) dbscan(density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise)  d: dataset  dist(p,q): typically euclidean distance between points p and q  ε: radius for neighborhood (sander et al., 1998) agglomerative hierarchical clustering  d(a, b): distance between clusters a and b  ∣a∣,∣b∣: number of points in clusters aaa and bbb  μa,μb: centroids of clusters a and b (zepeda-mendoza & resendisantonio, 2013) machine learning algorithm and experiments this work proposed an algorithm for job clustering based on ai adoption, automation risk, and salary. the proposed algorithm utilizes unsupervised ai learning methods to cluster job positions by analyzing the ai adoption score, along with the automation risk score and salary data. then, it evaluates the outcomes achieved using k-means, dbscan, and agglomerative clustering methods. the proposed algorithm consists of 10 steps and is presented in figure 2. the algorithm was implemented using python code and ran in a google colab environment. the proposed algorithm employs a multi-stage clustering approach to analyze job data centered on ai and automation risk. it is essential to gather data first, then select the most critical features and standardize their measurements. all three methods—k-means, dbscan, and agglomerative hierarchical clustering—are used together to organize similar jobs based on the features picked. every clustering model utilizes the silhouette score to evaluate the effectiveness of the created groups. dbscan is given parameters eps=1.0 and min_samples= =3, which allows it to find noise and clusters with flexible shapes. to facilitate visualization, the data is reduced from 3d to 2d using principal component analysis (pca). shannaq et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 1-10 6 each model's clusters are colored to make them easier to understand. the linkage method by ward gives you a dendrogram to display how clusters are formed. in the final part, models and outputs are compared to highlight tasks that are most likely to be automated, providing helpful suggestions for reskilling individuals. it combines statistical accuracy with valuable insights into the workforce. figure 2. the proposed algorithm results the results show a comparison of the three algorithms — k-means, dbscan, and agglomerative hierarchical clustering — using their silhouette scores. based on their respective silhouette scores, they help objectively determine how well clusters are divided and grouped by each algorithm. as presented in table 5, agglomerative clustering scored highest on the silhouette score (0.289), with k-means closely behind (0.262), suggesting that the clusters formed by these methods are well-defined. dbscan performed the worst (0.093), meaning it detected a greater spread or possible noise within the dataset. the analysis reveals that hierarchical clustering is effective in identifying the primary trends in the dataset regarding ai use and the potential for each job to be replaced by machines. based on the findings, an appropriate clustering approach is chosen for further planning and policy recommendations, which aids in identifying unsafe jobs and developing strategies for retraining workers to adapt to ai-based work. table 5. silhouette score comparison of clustering algorithms clustering method silhouette score k-means 0.262 dbscan 0.093 agglomerative 0.289 step 6: apply agglomerative clustering step 2: feature selection step 1: data collection step 3: data normalization start step 4: apply k-means clustering step 5: apply dbscan clustering  initialize k-means with n_clusters=3.  fit the model to the normalized data.  assign cluster labels to each job.  compute the silhouette score for evaluating cluster quality.  initialize dbscan with eps=1.0 and min_samples=3.  fit the model and assign labels to each job.  if dbscan finds more than one cluster, compute the silhouette score; otherwise, assign -1 (indicating poor clustering).  apply agglomerative hierarchical clustering with n_clusters=3.  fit the model to the normalized data.  assign cluster labels.  compute the silhouette score for the results. step 7: dimensionality reduction visualization  use principal component analysis (pca) to reduce the dataset from 3d to 2d.  plot scatter graphs for each clustering method using pca-transformed data.  use different colors to represent different clusters for:  k-means  dbscan  agglomerative clustering step 9: performance comparison step 10: output results end step 8: generate dendrogram  apply ward's linkage method to generate a dendrogram.  the dendrogram visualizes the hierarchical structure of clusters formed by agglomerative clustering. shannaq et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 1-10 7 figure 3 demonstrates the comparison of clustering methods, and figure 4 presents the agglomerative dendrogram. figure 3. comparison of clustering methods figure 4. agglomerative dendrogram explanation of clustering results and silhouette score comparison the silhouette score is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the clustering results by measuring the similarity between each data point and its cluster compared to points in other clusters. scores range from –1 to 1, where values near 1 indicate that clusters are well separated and internally cohesive, reflecting excellent delineation among groups. scores around zero suggest substantial overlap between clusters, implying that the clustering structure may not be optimal. negative values indicate that some samples are likely misassigned, as they are closer to points in another cluster than to those within their group. the three clustering methods yield the following silhouette scores for evaluation: k-means clustering (silhouette score = 0.262118) k-means is a centroid-based clustering algorithm that partitions data into k clusters by minimizing the variance within each cluster. in this analysis, the resulting silhouette score of 0.26 indicates that, while clusters are reasonably well defined, there is still some overlap among them. because k-means group’s observations based on similarity, specific job roles or skill profiles may not fit neatly into any one cluster, limiting the algorithm's ability to assign all roles unambiguously. additionally, k-means assumes clusters are roughly spherical—a constraint that may not accurately reflect the actual structure of workforce segmentation. dbscan achieved a silhouette score measurement of 0.092709 dbscan's clustering approach relies on identifying dense regions of data to distinguish core points, border points, and noise points; however, in this analysis, the algorithm's performance was inadequate, as reflected by a low silhouette score of 0.09. the underlying dataset contains numerous low-density areas, which hinder the formation of meaningful clusters because noise points dominate the structure. as a result, dbscan struggled to generate workforce-related groups that align shannaq et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 1-10 8 with ai adoption patterns. in essence, the lack of clear density-based separation within the workforce and ai-adoption data rendered dbscan ineffective for producing relevant clusters in this context. agglomerative hierarchical clustering (silhouette score = 0.288834) hierarchical clustering constructs a dendrogram by iteratively merging groups that exhibit the highest similarity. this study achieved a silhouette score of 0.29—surpassing both dbscan and k-means—making it the most effective method for the given dataset. the resulting hierarchy reveals that job roles, their associated skill categories, and ai adoption levels naturally align within an intrinsic structural framework. consequently, hierarchical clustering enables researchers to more accurately capture gradual transitions between job categories and predict ai adoption risks, outperforming alternative approaches such as k-means in this context. discussions the best results emerged from agglomerative hierarchical clustering, with a score of 0.288, indicating that workforce segmentation benefits from tree-based clustering that develops hierarchical structures by job role and ai integration level. k-means clustering successfully segmented the workforce data into reasonably well-defined groups (0.262), although it did not yield flawless results. the value of 0.092 for dbscan indicates that there is no substantial density-based cluster formation between ai adoption and workforce composition. the hierarchical clustering methodology stands out as the most effective method for analyzing the impact of ai on the workforce, as it aligns with existing job roles and industry divisions. agglomerative hierarchical clustering emerges as the preferred approach for segmenting the workforce based on ai adoption risk, as it consistently outperforms alternative methods. to refine cluster validity, decision-makers decisionmakers should pair silhouette analysis with the elbow method when selecting the optimal number of clusters (k) and experiment with multiple distance metrics—such as euclidean, manhattan, and cosine—to improve group delineation. in contrast, dbscan should be avoided for workforce segmentation since its strength in anomaly detection does not translate into clear, actionable clusters for ai-driven job profiles. nonetheless, the proposed framework remains sufficiently flexible to identify outlier occupations that require dedicated ai transition strategies, even outside the primary clustering process. enhancements to the underlying dataset—particularly by incorporating finer-grained features like automation risk estimates, digital skill classifications, and industry-specific ai readiness indicators—will facilitate a more accurate grouping of similar roles. finally, integrating time-series analytics to capture evolving ai adoption patterns and workforce shifts over defined intervals will enable ongoing monitoring and adjustment of training programs and policy interventions. the hierarchical clustering insights tool should proactively identify employees at high risk of displacement due to ai advancements and recommend alternative job opportunities that align with their existing competencies. the system should leverage ai-driven analyses to generate individualized skill development proposals, tailoring recommendations to each worker's assigned cluster profile. government agencies and universities should utilize these analytical findings to design workforce development initiatives that align with current ai-driven labor market dynamics. at the same time, educational institutions must create adaptive ai curricula that specifically address the skill gaps within job clusters most susceptible to automation; by integrating robust clustering models with evidence-based best practices, workforce planning platforms can deliver datadriven strategies that facilitate career mobility and resilience throughout the ongoing ai transformation. conclusions the results of this research provide actionable insights for workforce planners, policymakers, and educational institutions. the research results enable evidence-based decisions for workforce development by identifying at-risk professions and predicting skills with longevity. advanced analytics with machine learning (ml) models demonstrate their potential for guiding adaptive educational approaches, workforce reskilling programs, and national workforce strategies that will emerge in an ai-centered future. this analysis reveals that employment positions across logistics operations, manufacturing, and administrative support functions are the most prone to automation. however, creative and high-level leadership positions, along with analytical work, show greater sustainable potential. research has confirmed that cross-functional competencies related to flexibility, alongside data processing and technological know-how, operate as defensive mechanisms against technical change. targeted interventions, led by clustering outcomes, show how selected workforce blocks can receive upskilling programs. insights generated from this research enable policymakers, educational institutions, and labor force strategists in the region to create a landmark that connects talent development to economic demands driven by ai technology. this research employs machine learning (ml) based methods and regional economic data to generate crucial insights into modern work systems for global academic discussions. author contributions: conceptualization, b.s.; methodology, b.s.; software, b.s.; validation, b.s., a.a. and v.p.s; formal analysis, b.s.; investigation, a.a.; resources, a.a. and v.p.s; data curation, b.s. and v.p.s; writing – original draft preparation, b.s.; writing – review & editing, a.a. and v.p.s; visualization, b.s.; supervision, a.a.; project administration, a.a.; funding acquisition, a.a. and v.p.s. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: this research was funded by the university of buraimi, oman. the authors acknowledge the university’s support in facilitating this study. acknowledgments: the authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the university of buraimi (uob) for its generous support and funding of this research. this work was conducted as part of the internal project titled "analyzing the impact of ai on academic job requirements and forecasting future job replacements," which has been officially accepted for the uob internal research grant for the academic year 2024–2025. the university's commitment to advancing academic research and innovation played a pivotal role in enabling the successful completion of this study. shannaq et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 1-10 9 informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references abbasi, b. n., wu, y., & luo, z. 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(eds) encyclopedia of systems biology. springer, new york, ny. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_1371 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 16-24 16 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 4 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa disappearing the day of the week effect on return to investors: novel evidence from indian stock market pramath nath acharya (a)1 suman kalyan chaudhury (b) venkateswara rao bhanotu (c) sunil kumar pradhan (d) susanta kumar patro (e) (a)assistant professor, department of management studies, nist university, berhampur, india; e-mail: pnacharya@rediffmail.com (b)faculty member, p.g. department of business administration, berhampur university, berhampur, india; e-mail: sumankalyan72@gmail.com (c)assistant professor, p.g. department of commerce, berhampur university, berhampur, india; e-mail: bvraobu@gmail.com (d)assistant professor, p.g. department of business administration, berhampur university, berhampur, india; e-mail: skp.mba@buodisha.edu.in (e)assistant professor, department of management studies, nist university, berhampur, india; e-mail: susantapatro71@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 26th may 2024 reviewed & revised: 26th may to 5th august 2024 accepted: 10th august 2024 published: 20th august 2024 keywords: stock market, return and volatility, garch, calendar anomalies, day of the week effect jel classification codes: g11, g14 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t the efficiency in emerging markets is becoming more important as the trend of investment in these markets is accelerating nowadays. the level of market efficiency influences an investor's investment strategy because of its improper valuation. the improper valuation of securities may lead to abnormal gains for the investor. on the other hand, abnormal gain in a perfectly efficient market is impossible as the share price absorbs all the information available in the public domain. however, efficiency in its finest sense is a distant reality. many researchers have pointed out different levels of efficiencies, including the presence of calendar anomalies. the purpose of the study is to capture the effect of the day of the week on the stock return and volatility in india. daily time series data of sensex and nifty were collected from the two prominent exchanges of india, i.e. bombay stock exchange and national stock exchange websites, for a period of four years. after validating stationarity with adf and phillip-perron tests, the study used garch, egarch and tgarch models to capture day impacts on stock return and volatility. the study reveals that the tuesday effect persisted in the indian stock market during the study period. moreover, the tgarch model was found to be the most suitable model for describing volatility behaviour in the indian stock market. as other days in the week were less significant, the study's findings suggest that the gradual disappearance of day affects the indian capital market. another study finding is the significance of the leverage effect, which implies the increased role of bad news over good news while capturing the day-of-the-week effect. considering the above facts, the present study's findings contribute to a deeper understanding of stock market dynamics and the challenge of the day-of-the-week effect on market efficiency. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction the basic premise of the efficient market hypothesis (emh) is that the current stock price fully reflects all the available information, which implies the random movement of stock price. so, investors cannot predict the share price and make an abnormal return. however, investors always try to predict the market movement by capturing some patterns to earn more investment returns. in the academic literature, specific patterns are observed in asset prices and returns that are inconsistent with the theory. these inconsistencies are referred to as anomalies. the calendar anomalies are one of them. the different days of the week may impact the stock return and volatility. this day-of-the-week effect poses an exciting challenge to the emh. this anomaly states that the expected returns are different for all the weekdays. that means a day in a week generates higher or lower stock returns than other days. it follows a certain pattern over time in earning returns on the investment. numerous literary works have archived the presence of this impact on the security exchanges as far as regrettable mean profits from the first day of the week and higher returns on the last day of the week. wang, li, and erickson (1997) explain the negative average monday stock return phenomena as one of the most puzzling empirical findings. not only do the above two days affect the market, but any day of the week can also. the day-of-the-week effect not only exists in developed 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-2068-5572 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i4.2243 to cite this article: acharya, p. n., chaudhury, s. k., bhanotu, v. r., pradhan, s. k., & patro, s. k. (2024). disappearing the day of the week effect on return to investors: novel evidence from indian stock market. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(4), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i4.2243 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i4.2243 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2068-5572 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3206-6090 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1145-3318 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1772-3400 https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6452-734x acharya et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 16-24 17 markets but also in emerging markets (aziz & ansari, 2015; choudhary, 2000; gbeda & peprah, 2018; wang et al., 1997). osborne (1962), cross (1973), rozeff and kinney (1976), and french (1980) were the first researchers to examine this calendar anomaly phenomenon. investigation into this particular phenomenon, especially in emerging countries like india, has received less attention. markets in emerging economies operate in a different environment than those in developed economies. in literature, however, different views regarding this issue have been expressed. some mention its existence (aziz & ansari, 2015; cai et al., 2006; khan et al., 2023; raj & kumari, 2006; samaniego et al., 2022) while others discuss its disappearance (brooks & persand, 2001; basher & sadorsky, 2006; gbeda & peprah, 2018; khan et al., 2023; karanovic & karanovic, 2018; miss et al., 2020). investigating such anomalies gives us a deeper understanding of the phenomena that can be used in framing investment strategies to outperform the market. hence, in the above backdrop, the main objective of this paper is to examine the possible presence of the day-of-the-week effect in the indian capital market. for this purpose, time series data of two prominent stock exchanges, i.e., the national stock exchange (nse) and the bombay stock exchange (bse), were used. the study uses three heteroscedasticity models, namely generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (garch), exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (egarch) and threshold generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (tgarch) to capture the volatility behaviour of the market indices. the structure of the paper is as follows: the next section reviews the ancestral studies about the day-of-the-week effect and highlights their conclusions. this is followed by the methodology used in this study and analysis. the following section discusses the results after the analysis. the last section of the paper gives the concluding remarks on the study. literature review to analyze the presence of calendar anomalies on the return and volatility in the indian capital market, the methodology used by previous studies and the conclusions reached become essential. in this context, the current literature review covers a period of almost 20 years, i.e. from 2000 to 2020. however, it is a fact that the history of observing the calendar anomaly dates back to the 1930s, in the earliest evidence of the study documented by fields (1931, 1934), where he found that on friday, investors sold off, causing the stock price to fall on saturday. then, the research on this topic gained momentum, and many researchers worldwide started researching the randomness of the share price movement and its degree. as stated above, some were able to capture a certain type of pattern, while others found its absence. therefore, there remain contradictions about its presence and absence. if there is a particular style in share price movements, it indicates that the market is inefficient and that market anomalies can be used to investors' advantage. in other words, the stock market's efficiency and inefficiency are at the heart of the discussion. the efficient market hypothesis (emh) suggests that it is impossible to consistently outperform the market by using publicly available information because stock prices always incorporate all relevant information. the study of brooks and persand (2001) was on the southeast asian stock market, covering five prominent stock exchanges: south korea, thailand, malaysia, taiwan, and the philippines. south korea and the philippines did not show any day effect on the return series. monday is found to have a positive impact on thailand and malaysia's stock markets. similarly, taiwan experienced the wednesday effect, and malaysia experienced the tuesday and thursday effect. however, the effect remained absent in the case of the philippines during this period. however, the study conducted by berument and kiymaz (2001) showed that wednesday had the best returns, while monday had the lowest returns. additionally, monday and thursday were identified as the most and least volatile days, respectively. basher and sadorsky's study (2006) was on the emerging markets of twenty-one countries covering ten years. out of the twenty-one stock markets, only ten stock markets, including the philippines, showed the presence of this effect. this finding contradicted brooks and persand's (2001) study of the philippines. surprisingly, the indian stock market did not show the presence of this effect. the study on two prominent chinese stock exchanges, namely shanghai and shenzhen, by cai et al. (2006) found a peculiarity in the weak effect. in the third and fourth weeks of the month, monday returns were found to be significantly negative. however, in the second week, tuesday returns were negative. in the same year, raj and kumari (2006), on the indian stock market, reported no significant variation in return over different days of the week. the traditional monday effect was also found to exist and be significantly positive compared to other days of the week. interestingly, germany, a developed country, did not show the so-called monday effect (miss et al., 2020). however, contrary to this, choudhary (2000) detected wednesday and friday, and then the study of srinivasan and kalaivani (2014) disclosed the presence of monday and wednesday effects in the indian market. later, arora (2018) studied this effect on nifty using high-frequency data. this could be considered a unique study in the current literature review because of high-frequency data. the study used five-minute interval data from 2010 to 2011. like nishat and mustafa (2002), the study period was divided into two sub-periods. the first was before the launch of a pre-opening session (i.e. before 18/10/2010), and the second was after the launch. using the garch (1, 1) model, the study disclosed that volatility differed significantly across the trading days except for monday in the first sub-period. in the second sub-period, it was friday. in 2015, aziz and ansari found monday and wednesday's significance in the bse and the nse, using the garch (1, 1) model with different distribution assumptions such as normal, student's t and ged. a recent study by chawla (2018) reported that monday and wednesday are significant in all the sectoral indices of sensex. however, in the case of nifty sectoral indices, monday is significant. as far as the sensex and nifty are concerned, both monday and wednesday are significant. choudhary's (2000) study also reported that monday significantly negatively affected the stock return in indonesia, malaysia and thailand out of seven emerging asian stock markets, namely indonesia, malaysia, the philippines, s. korea, taiwan, thailand and india. only the cases of korea, taiwan, and thailand show a discernible negative tuesday effect. the only market where thursday has a substantial impact is thailand. alagidede (2008) attempted to test the stock markets of egypt, kenya, morocco, nigeria, south africa, tunisia, and zimbabwe to capture this effect on the african continent. out of these countries, only nigeria and zimbabwe showed the day-of-the-week effect, acharya et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 16-24 18 while others did not. besides, the friday effect is seen in both countries. later, kamaly and tooma (2009) reported that the day-of-the-week effect exists in the stock markets of egypt (on sunday and thursday), jordan (on sunday and thursday), kuwait (on monday, tuesday, wednesday, and saturday), and the united arab emirates (on sunday). except for jordan and morocco, where higher-order garch models were examined and found to be adequate, both the garch and garch-m models with order one were determined to be the best match models. the study of angelovska (2013) was on the macedonian stock exchange, where the ols approach failed to discover consistent evidence of the weekday effect. advanced models, including garch (1, 1), egarch, modified m-garch (1, 1), and megarch, showed this weekday effect on thursday. investors may be able to produce extraordinary returns by taking advantage of the predicted asset price swings. the tunisian stock market was the subject of chaouachi and douagi's (2014) study from 1998 to 2011. the study revealed the effect of the day of the week on all the days except the initial two days of the week, i.e. monday and tuesday. later, the same was supported by derbali and hallara (2016), who found a positive and significant return on wednesdays and thursdays, while tuesdays showed a negative return. a comparative analysis using intraday and interday returns of the stock exchange of sy and derbali (2015) revealed the presence of the thursday effect in the return series. a study on the turkish stock market by öncü, ünal, and demirel (2017) revealed the presence of this effect. using the garch model of order one, they found the statistical significance of monday and thursday. gbeda and peprah (2018) revealed an interesting fact about this effect in the stock exchanges of ghana and kenya using different garch methods. ghana does not show any evidence of this effect like davidson and faff (1999), whereas kenya's nairobi stock exchange (nse) shows the friday effect. samaniego et al. (2022) reported the friday effect in mexico's stock market. a study on the balkan countries was carried out by karanovic and karanovic (2018) and baruah and changkakati (2024), which was disclosed in line with gbeda and peprah (2018), where many balkan countries do not experience the day effect except croatia. in the case of croatia, all the days have a significant effect on the return series, while romania is said to have this effect on wednesday. in a recent study by khan et al. (2023), this effect is present in china, indonesia, pakistan, south korea, taiwan, and thailand except india and malaysia. this indicates that the day effect is gradually disappearing in the indian capital market. in the above-detailed review of literature, first of all, the day effect is present in different capital markets across the globe. however, there are various opinions concerning the impact of a particular day on other countries. some of the studies also reported the absence of this effect. nevertheless, most studies have captured monday as the most influential day, followed by wednesday, thursday and friday. as far as the indian capital market is concerned, the monday effect is still prevalent in some foreign countries. however, very few studies have found wednesday to be the next most influential day. market behaviour changes with the changes in the business environment, including the macroeconomic environment and many more, which may result in a change in investors' sentiment. this dynamism in the market behaviour may lead to the change of the day of the week effect. hence, an effort has been made to verify whether the same day remains influential under such changing environments. looking at another dimension of the study, i.e., the number of studies on emerging economies like india is much lower than that of developed economies. more research studies on these economies will be beneficial in generalizing these concepts and assessing their degree of efficiency. the detailed methodology of the research is explained below. materials and methods the study aims to capture the effect of day-of-the-week on stock return and volatility. for this purpose, the daily price data of both the indices, i.e. sensex and nifty, have been collected from the websites of the bse and nse, respectively, and then returns are calculated using standard methodology. the pandemic started around april 2020, so the data after april 2020 are avoided. so, this study takes data into account for four years, i.e. from 2016-17 to 2019-20 are used in the study. the data's stationary was tested using the augmented dickey-fuller and phillips-perron tests. descriptive statistics have been used to explain the characteristics of the variables. finally, the garch models, as proposed by bollerslev (1986) and ding, granger, and engle (1993), nelson (1991) and zakoĭan (1994), have been used to capture the day effects on the stock return and volatility. the day-of-the-week effect indicates that some days of the week have abnormally higher returns than the other days. the present study attempts to estimate the conditional volatility in the presence of the day-of-the-week effect and to find a suitable model for strategy building. for this purpose, the following equations have been considered for the estimation. mean equation    ttttt rdr  1 (1) where, rt is the return at time t and rt-1 is the one period lagged return. dt is the days of the week starting from monday to friday. variance equation garch model ℎ𝑡 = 𝜔 + ∑ 𝛼𝑖ɛ𝑡−𝑖 2 𝑝 𝑖=1 + ∑ 𝛽𝑗ℎ𝑡−𝑗 𝑞 𝑗=1 (2) where, ht is the conditional variance. ɛt is the squared residuals. acharya et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 16-24 19 egarch model log(ht) = ω + ∑αj| ɛt−j √ht−j q j=1 | + ∑ γ j ɛt−j √ht−j q j=1 + ∑β i log(ht−i) p i=1 (3) the leverage impact is exponential because the conditional variance is in log form in the above equation instead of quadratic. the conditional variance is, therefore, more significant than zero. in this case, γj is considered as the leverage feature in the equation, and if γ1 = γ2 =........... = 0, the equation becomes symmetric. when γj< 0, it can be said that good news causes less volatility than bad news. tgarch model ℎ𝑡 = 𝜔 + ∑ 𝛼𝑖ɛ𝑡−𝑖 2 𝑝 𝑖=1 + ∑ 𝛾𝑖ɛ𝑡−𝑖 2 𝑑𝑡−𝑖 𝑝 𝑖=1 + ∑ 𝛽𝑗ℎ𝑡−𝑗 𝑞 𝑗=1 (4) here, it is a dummy variable that takes the value 1 if ɛt is less than 0; otherwise, it is 0. coefficientγi is a leverage parameter that captures the effect of bad and good news on the volatility. when the coefficient γi is greater than zero, it means that bad news is mostly responsible for raising volatility. in order to fulfil the above research objectives, the study uses several statistical and econometric tests to analyze the data. in the first step, descriptive statistics were performed to determine the nature and characteristics of the variables. the mean, median, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, jarque-bera test statistics, etc., are calculated in this regard. as a time series analysis, an attempt has been made to test the stationarity for drawing meaningful inferences. once the data passed the tests, the next step is to estimate the proposed regression equations. results descriptive statistics for sensex and nifty returns, along with day-wise returns from 2015-16 to 2019-20, have been displayed in table 1. the mean returns of the sensex series are positive for all the trading days except monday. the mean return of tuesday is higher, and thursday's return is lower among all the days of the week. the highest volatility, represented by standard deviation, has been noticed on monday and the lowest on tuesday. from the skewness, kurtosis and jarquebera test, it has been confirmed that the day series of the sensex is not normally distributed. now, looking at the results of nifty, monday and thursday are observed as the days of negative returns. like sensex, tuesday shows the highest daily return in a week during the study period. in line with the study of berument and kiymaz (2001), tuesday noticed the highest volatility in a week. the skewness, kurtosis, and jarque-bera tests also confirmed that the day series of the nifty is not normally distributed. table 1. descriptive statistics for the bse sensex and cnx nifty daily returns (a) bse sensex statistics returns monday tuesday wednesday thursday friday mean 0.000231 -0.000760 0.000765 0.000630 2.98e-05 0.000479 maximum 0.069796 0.037487 0.036152 0.069796 0.049446 0.057541 minimum -0.131526 -0.131526 -0.025836 -0.055907 -0.081778 -0.036441 std. dev. 0.010696 0.014790 0.007985 0.009247 0.010097 0.010204 skewness -2.391445 -4.531753 0.299259 1.096577 -2.170577 1.326259 kurtosis 37.00949 37.58091 5.617492 23.91923 25.85189 12.07741 jarque-bera 48507.81 10383.64 58.87750 3668.433 4486.243 737.8405 probability 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 observations 987 195 196 199 199 198 (b) nse nifty statistics returns monday tuesday wednesday thursday friday mean 0.000190 -0.001238 0.001340 0.000330 -0.000540 0.001119 maximum 0.066247 0.036915 0.038238 0.066247 0.038904 0.058329 minimum -0.129805 -0.129805 -0.025045 -0.055565 -0.083019 -0.026681 std. dev. 0.010660 0.014620 0.007823 0.009339 0.010296 0.009789 skewness -2.383660 -4.236626 0.480866 0.670203 -2.614791 1.744236 kurtosis 35.26574 35.44457 5.859999 20.46892 23.70537 12.92870 jarque-bera 43749.00 9323.535 73.59487 2545.210 3819.508 895.2173 probability 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 observations 987 199 194 199 201 194 after explaining the nature of the study's data, it is time to test whether the data series are stationary. if their means and variances change, the computed t-statistics under the ols regression fail to converge to their true values as the sample size increases (bhaumik, 2015). for this purpose, two tests, the augmented dickey-fuller test (adf) and the phillipsperron test (pp), have been performed. acharya et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 16-24 20 table 2. results of stationarity test for sensex and nifty returns series sensex nifty parameters adf test pp test adf test pp test level -12.5881 (0.0000)*** -32.9072 (0.0000)*** -12.6531 (0.0000)*** -32.9531 (0.0000)*** level and intercept -12.6040 (0.0000)*** -32.9088 (0.0000)*** -12.6613 (0.0000)*** -32.9475 (0.0000)*** note: *, **, and *** denote statistically significant values of 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. table 2 displays the results of the above tests. the study confirmed that both return series are stationary at level, level, and intercept. as the data are stationary in both the parameters mentioned above, the data should be used at its level to estimate the equations. the results of equations 1, 2, 3, and 4 for both markets, i.e., the bse and nse, are discussed below. table 3. results of garch, egarch and tgarch equations for sensex variables garch tgarch egarch monday 0.001077 (2.3726)*** 0.000695 (1.5333) 0.00063 (1.3746) tuesday 0.001232 (2.3539)** 0.000718 (1.4878) 0.000691 (1.5338)* wednesday 0.000823 (1.4426) 0.000441 (0.8056) 0.000613 (1.1514) thursday 0.000986 (1.9386)** 0.000636 (1.2917) 0.000494 (1.0117) friday 0.000525 (1.1185) 2.9e-05 (0.0783) 9.12e-05 (0.2555) return(-1) 0.0499 (1.3092) 0.06814 (2.0982)*** 0.0638 (1.9461)** variance equation c 2.36e-06 (2.2181)** 3.23e-06 (3.8628)*** -0.58014 (-5.9702)*** arch 0.1263 (6.6528)*** -0.01314 (-1.1953)* 0.14364 (5.2177)*** leverage na 0.242816 (6.8758)*** -0.19077 (-8.4797)*** garch 0.8514 (27.8047)*** 0.85073 (32.2742)*** 0.95215 (103.7885)*** ljung box q (5) 1.3044 (0.934) 5.4733 (0.361) 3.7879 (0.580) ljung box q (10) 5.7386 (0.837) 7.7067 (0.657) 10.399 (0.495) arch lm test (5) 0.2356 (0.9468) 1.0832 (0.3679) 0.6977 (0.6252) arch lm test (10) 0.5342 (0.8666) 0.7368 (0.6901) 1.0205 (0.4237) note: ljung box q statistics represent the squared residuals up to lag 5. *, **, and *** denote statistically significant values of 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. .0000 .0005 .0010 .0015 .0020 .0025 .0030 .0035 ii iii iv i ii iii iv i ii iii iv i ii iii iv i 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 conditional variance figure 1. conditional variance (garch) of sensex series table 3 shows the garch model results for the sensex return series. only three days of the week, namely monday, tuesday, and thursday, are significant in the mean equation of the garch estimation. in contrast, only tuesday is significant in the other two estimations. davidson and faff (1999) and chaouachi and douagi (2014) support the study's outcome. tuesday has the highest influence on the return series, while friday has the lowest influence. from the variance equation, it is found that both the arch and garch terms are significant. hence, past volatility affects present volatility acharya et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 16-24 21 in the presence of day-of-the-week effects. the diagnostic tests confirm no autocorrelation and arch effect in the residuals. the time series plot of conditional variances is displayed in figure 1. it can be noticed how the variance of the error term changes over time and is not constant. table 4. results of garch, egarch and tgarch equations for nifty variables garch tgarch egarch monday 0.00108 (2.3620) 2.52e-05 (0.0590) -0.000144 (-0.3325) tuesday 0.001187 (2.2564)*** 0.001124 (2.1553)** 0.001048 (2.0235)** wednesday 0.000759 (1.3296) 0.000254 (0.6223) 0.000308 (0.6350)* thursday 0.000971 (1.9238) ** 9.75e-05 (0.1995) 0.000142 (0.2983) friday 0.00459 (0.9797) 0.000310 (0.6316) 0.000344 (0.7229) return (-1) 0.049961 (1.30279) 0.0739 (0.0209)** 0.0696 (2.0625)** variance equation c 2.41e-06 (2.2668) 3.49e-06 (3.7520)*** -0.5883 (-6.0177)*** arch 0.1276 (6.5852)*** -0.0118 (-1.1647) 0.1301 (4.4985)*** leverage na 0.2583 (6.6769)*** -0.2112 (-8.9779)*** garch 0.8492 (27.6908)*** 0.8420 (29.7432)*** 0.9499 (103.1130)*** ljung box q (5) 0.9493 (0.967) 5.1404 (0.399) 3.7739 (0.582) ljung box q (10) 3.9241 (0.951) 7.1624 (0.710) 10.598 (0.582) arch lm test (5) 0.1744 (0.9721) 1.0292 (0.3990) 0.7522 (0.5845) arch lm test (10) 0.3907 (0.9511) 0.7055 (0.7199) 1.0951 (0.3626) note: ljung box q statistics represent the squared residuals up to lag 5. *, **, and *** denote statistically significant values of 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. .0000 .0005 .0010 .0015 .0020 .0025 .0030 .0035 .0040 16 17 18 19 20 conditional variance figure 2. conditional variance (garch) of nifty series table 4 displays the garch model results for the nifty return series. after correcting for autocorrelation and the arch effect, only one day, i.e. tuesday, is significant at a 5% significance level in the nifty series. like sensex, tuesday has the highest influence on the return series, while monday has the most minor influence. from the variance equation, it is found that both the arch term and garch terms are significant. hence, past volatility affects the present volatility. the diagnostic test verifies that the residuals in the various lagged values do not contain any evidence of autocorrelation or the arch effect. the conditional variance plot of the estimated equation is displayed in figure 2. acharya et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 16-24 22 table 5. model fitting criterion parameters sensex nifty garch tgarch egarch garch tgarch egarch aic -6.8266 -6.8877 -6.8847 -6.8067 -6.8725 -6.8764 sic -6.7819 -6.8381 -6.8350 -6.7620 -6.8229 -6.8268 ll 3374.536 3405.656 3404.167 3364.731 3398.166 3400.102 note: aic stands for akaike information criterion, sic stands for schwarz information criterion, and ll stands for log likelihood test table 5 shows the test summaries of the model selected. the aic, sic, and ll determine how well a model fits the data from which it was built. when accepting a model, the lowest value is aic/sic and the highest is ll. the above table shows that the tgarch in the case of bse and egarch in the case of nse fulfil the prescribed criteria. however, the above models' summation of arch and garch coefficients may not be overemphasized. the summation of both terms is either close to one or exceeding one in the case of garch and egarch, respectively. this indicates the high degree of persistence in volatility. as the garch coefficient value is higher than the arch coefficient value, it can be inferred that past volatility has a higher impact than past shocks. discussions the analysis revealed that tuesday has the most significant positive average return, while monday has the lowest negative return. similarly, monday has exhibited the most significant level of volatility in both the stock markets. jarque bera test results suggest the non-normality of the returns series, which may be explained by volatility clustering and asymmetry effects. now, looking at the results of the regression equations, it is revealed that tuesday is found to be significant on the weekdays. investors become cautious when deciding on monday. they prefer to wait for a day to see the movements in the market. results of the study support the findings of basher and sadorsky (2006), who found the disappearance of this effect in the indian stock market but fail to support the studies of raj and kumari (2006), choudhary (2000), srinivasan and kalaivani (2014), aziz and ansari (2015), öncü, ünal, and demirel (2017) and chawla (2018) who have detected so-called monday effect on different stock markets around the world. interestingly, in a recent study, khan et al. (2023) reported the disappearance of the day effect in the indian stock market. looking at the issue of emerging only one day out of the five days in the present study, it can be said that with the increased prominence of information technology, the markets are gradually becoming more informationally efficient, and such price anomalies are being corrected through arbitrage (kenourgios et al., 2005). however, this efficiency can be said to be achieved unless the lagged values of the conditional variance term are insignificant. therefore, from the variance equation, it is found that the arch term and the garch term have coefficients other than zero for these two indices, which indicates that the lagged values of residuals and the lagged values of conditional variance are capable of capturing the future volatility of the market in the presence of the day effect. conclusions the indian capital market is expanding rapidly, with both established and new enterprises joining the market, where its efficiency has remained a central focus of research for many decades. it occupies a disproportionately large place in the everyday discussion of potential investors. the study examines the effect of the day of the week on the indian stock market. the data sets, comprised of daily returns from 2016 to 2020, have been used in the study. to capture the asymmetry effect, three distinct garch models were employed, each assuming a normal gaussian distribution. the average daily returns for the bse and nse are higher on tuesday and extremely volatile on monday. the study indicates that tuesday has a considerable impact on the weekdays. investors may exhibit a sense of caution while making decisions on mondays. they prefer to wait for a day in order to see the fluctuations in the market. this pattern casts doubt on the efficient market hypothesis's foundational assumptions. however, correlating with khan et al. (2023), this study also made an important indication by showing the significance of only one day out of five days a week. therefore, the day-of-the-week effect is gradually disappearing in india. the available evidence about the day-of-the-week effect supports theories that link this effect to psychological factors and the assimilation of knowledge during weekends. upon examining the variance equation, it is evident that the arch term and the garch term have non-zero coefficients for these two indices. this suggests that the previous values of residuals and conditional variance can effectively predict the future volatility of the market, taking into account the day effect. thus, it appears that the indian market is efficient, albeit in its weak form. based on the established criteria, the threshold garch model can describe the volatility in the indian capital market. furthermore, the study revealed the asymmetry effect, where bad news plays a more significant role in volatility. the results of the current study have theoretical and practical implications and can be utilized by the investors in designing the investment strategy(s). investors can take advantage of this anomaly to make abnormal gains. however, this strategy may need to be revised in the long run. investors must thoroughly comprehend the market dynamics before investing in a specific stock market. market regulators are required to keep a careful eye on the reactions of investors with regard to the transmission of information and the trustworthiness of the disclosed information to bring market efficiency. the users should be careful when using the study results as they have limitations regarding sample size and study period. as the current study has used only two indices, the generalization of the findings cannot be possible. similarly, the study highlighted the pre-pandemic phase. hence, a postpandemic study is necessary to check its continuity as, with time, the rationality of the investors improves. surveying to investigate the preferences of investors for this specific oddity could be a potential avenue for future research. acharya et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(4) (2024), 16-24 23 author contributions: conceptualization, p.n.a., s.k.c., v.r.b., s.k.p. and s.k.p.; methodology, p.n.a. and v.r.b; software, p.n.a.; validation, s.k.c., s.k.p. and s.k.p; formal analysis, p.n.a. and v.r.b.; investigation, s.k.c., s.k.p. and s.k.p.; resources, p.n.a.; data curation, p.n.a.; writing – original draft preparation, p.n.a. and v.r.b.; writing – review & editing, s.k.c., s.k.p. and s.k.p.; visualization, s.k.c., s.k.p. and s.k.p.; supervision, p.n.a. and v.r.b.; project administration, p.n.a.; funding acquisition, v.r.b. author has read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. due to restrictions, they are not publicly available. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references alagidede, p. 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(1994). threshold heteroskedastic models, journal of economic dynamics and control, 18(5), 931-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(94)90039-6 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2494791 https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2435 https://doi.org/10.2307/2938260 https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.10.3.345 https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2017331332 https://doi.org/10.1108/17468800610674462 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405x%2876%2990028-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijca.2015.072003 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb02757.x https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(94)90039-6 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 1-11 1 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 2 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa bridging tradition and innovation: the role of pingxiang nuo masks in animation character design nian you zhu (a) shafilla binti subri (b)1 mohd khairulnizam bin ramlie (c) huan zhou (d) pei yao li (e) (a) phd candidate, universiti teknologi mara, negeri kedah 08400, malaysia and jiangxi manufacturing polytechnic college, nanchang, china; e-mail: zhunianyou@xmphdss.cn (b) senior lecturer, universiti teknologi mara, negeri kedah 08400, malaysia; e-mail: shafilla@uitm.edu.my (c) senior lecture, universiti teknologi mara, negeri kedah 08400, malaysia; e-mail: nizamramlie@uitm.edu.my (d) lecturer, jiangxi manufacturing polytechnic college, nanchang, china; e-mail: 598259011@qq.com (e) phd candidate, universiti putera malaysia, serdang, selangor 43400, malaysia; e-mail: 15027057935@163.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 27th october 2024 reviewed & revised: 27th october 2024 to 10th march 2025 accepted: 11th march 2025 published: 15th march 2025 keywords: artist qualification, cultural expressiveness, pingxiang nuo masks, funny role, positive supporting role jel classification codes: c10, c81, c87, c12 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t the lack of integration and cultural representation in pingxiang nuo masks can reduce the aesthetic appeal of the audience, which is a challenge for the industry. the dysconnectivity of the audience with no emotions toward pingxiang nuo mask characters is problematic for the industry on a large scale. the purpose of this research is to measure the impact of pingxiang nuo mask funny role and positive supporting role on cultural expressiveness with mediating impact of artist qualification. the study is designed to provide comprehensive insight into contributing more value to the culture's expressiveness. this study used a purposive sampling method to collect the data. this method was significant for sampling as students, teachers, professionals and audience of art design was population. a sample of 325 individuals, including students, teachers, professionals, and art design audiences, was collected. smart pls 4 was used for conducting statistical analysis with partial least square–structural equation modeling (pls-sem). the findings of this research contribute to the literature that the impact of pingxiang nuo masks funny role and a positive supporting role on cultural expressiveness is accepted. the study also confirmed that the effect of the pingxiang nuo influences the mediating role of artist qualification mask funny role and the positive supporting role of cultural expressiveness. the study asserts that the qualification of the artist is essential and significantly contributes to cultural expressiveness with the help of pingxiang nuo masks. in china, it is required to improve the cultural expressiveness with the help of pingxiang nuo mask that is required for cultural and historical representations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction chinese animation industry has seen rapid growth in the market during this decade (s. he & duan, 2023). there is also a notable challenge in creating expressive and culturally authentic characters that attract national and international audiences. similarly, the traditional chinese masks have a significant contribution to culture and historical expressiveness, whereas pingxiang nuo masks have a leading role (wang et al., 2021). the expressive and cultural presentation of these masks in local festivals also influences different audiences with the representation of different characters (murphy et al., 2021). meanwhile, the application of these masks in the practical arena, considering moderation animation, is still unnoticed (chen, 2022). therefore, this research is designed to bridge a gap by exploring the way distinct features of pingxiang nuo masks can be used for facial modeling to boost cultural expressiveness. the pingxiang nuo masks portray the narrative value of culture to the audience based on the expressive power of different characters (yu, 2021). in pingxiang nuo masks, there is representation of heroic to humorous characters which is a significant factor to convey the story and emotions of public. the industry related to pingxiang nuo masks has been growing over time. however, there is a need for further work on cultural expressiveness, which can be based on the character design and quality of the artist (lee et al., 2021). whereas the lack of integration and cultural representation in pingxiang nuo masks can reduce the aesthetic appeal of the audience which is a challenge for industry (xu & sun, 2021). the dysconnectivity of the audience with no emotions toward pingxiang nuo mask characters is problematic for the industry on 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-4357-7400 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i2.2309 to cite this article: zhu, n. y., subri, s. b., ramlie, m. k. b., zhou, h., & li, p. y. (2025). bridging tradition and innovation: the role of pingxiang nuo masks in animation character design. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i2.2309 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i2.2309 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5137-0311 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4357-7400 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2829-0500 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2877-9788 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0893-4840 zhu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 1-11 2 a large scale (s. he & duan, 2023). to address this issue, the current research is designed to explore the importance of pingxiang nuo masks in improving animation character design and boosting cultural appeal to the audience. in literature, there is debate among scholars reporting the importance of animation character design and its connection with cultural expressiveness. however, there is less debate on the influence of chinese traditional masks such as pingxiang nuo masks (l. liu et al., 2020). the previous studies in literature have paid attention to the cultural symbols and artistic expression, but the unique characteristics of pingxiang nuo masks are unheeded by the scholars (yu, 2021). therefore, a comprehensive debate on this phenomenon is important for signifying the literature by providing newly developed relationships in the literature. similarly, the existing studies in literature debated the use of traditional and cultural masks, but the role of artist quality and way of expression was unnoticed (l. li, 2020). previous studies have highlighted that traditional masks have a significant impact on cultural expression through the intervention of the artist (y. liu, 2022). however, this debate in the context of pingxiang nuo masks is less reported because the literature is still in the infancy stage (s. he & duan, 2023). therefore, a structural relationship-based investigation among these relationships is widely recommended to investigate, which can advance the literature. the study also recommended the development of future research on the pingxiang nuo mask's impact on cultural representation (g. li, 2021). this research is conducted with the objective of measuring the impact of pingxiang nuo's mask funny role and positive supporting role on cultural expressiveness while mediating the impact of artist qualification. the study is designed to provide comprehensive insight into contributing more value to the culture's expressiveness. a sample of 325 individuals, including students, teachers, professionals, and art design audiences, was collected. smart pls 4 was used for conducting statistical analysis with partial least square–structural equation modeling (pls-sem). the findings of this research contribute to the literature that the impact of pingxiang nuo masks funny role and a positive supporting role on cultural expressiveness is accepted. the study also confirmed that the mediating role of artist qualification is accepted between the impact of pingxiang nuo mask funny role and the positive supporting role on cultural expressiveness. cultural expression in china can be improved with the pingxiang nuo mask's funny role and positive supporting role while utilizing a qualified artist. the rest of the study is divided into the review of literature, methodology, findings, discussion of results, and implications. future directions are also reported in the concluding section of this paper. literature review pingxiang nuo masks funny role pingxiang nuo masks are famous for representing different characters, including funny roles for entertainment (xu & sun, 2021). the funny role expressed by these masks is supported by exaggerated facial expressions and different choices of color, which evoke laughter in the audience (l. liu et al., 2020). furthermore, pingxiang nuo mask masks present a comical representation of the characters, which is significant and playful in storytelling (s. he & duan, 2023). the audience is emotionally attached to the characters represented by the masks, which can improve the social commentaries (chen, 2022). the playful design of masks is also attractive to the audience as this intervention shapes the storytelling narrative. pingxiang nuo masks positive supporting role pingxiang nuo mask also demonstrates a positive supporting role (y. liu, 2022). it is a representation of traditional symbols that are useful for the feature development expression of different colors. the choice and representation of protagonists representing loyalty and wisdom are helpful in evoking a positive support role (yu, 2021). the cultural representation and courage advocated by these traditional masks is a way forward for spectators to observe them with definite meanings (g. li, 2021). the audience can get inspiration from positive supporting roles advanced by these masks, which have rich cultural values and symbols of bravery. artist qualification the qualification and skills of the artists are important in cultural representation (wang et al., 2021). the aesthetic beauty of the artistic approach and the quality of the art must be adequately represented by the artist. it is a significant factor in contributing to cultural values with the help of traditional features (l. li, 2020). the representation of pingxiang nuo masks in different cultural festivals is challenging for artists to translate their emotions and values into new features(g. li, 2021). the combination of artistic value and cultural sensitivity develops a sense of commitment to authenticity in original art. cultural expressiveness cultural expressiveness refers to the ability of characters to showcase any narrative, whether it is based on historical representations or emotional values (meng, 2023). the authentic expression of art and culture by the characters is a significant factor that strongly connects audiences with the characters (liao & dai, 2020). the deeper emotions of the audience are improved with aesthetic expression and the richness of cultural values (press, 2021). furthermore, the narrative quality and expressive cultural values are promoted through cultural expression, which provides a sense of attachment to the audience that is related to culture (lee et al., 2021). meanwhile, the better understanding of culture improves the expressiveness with employing a quality artist for it. hypotheses development the funny role represented by different characters is significant in impacting the audience (deng et al., 2023). the role of traditional masks is important in comic expression. the texture, color and design of masks representing the comic value has significant influence on the personality of audience (x. he & sornyai, 2023). the audience is connected to the cultural zhu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 1-11 3 association represented by any mask. therefore, the funny role of the masks has some value for the audience, which is necessary for artists to represent (wu & boonsrianun, 2023). it is also recommended that the spectators support the artists and the comic representation of the public with funny masks. the role highlighted by the characters have significant value to influence the public perception of artistic value. it is valuable in the representation of culture, which has a significant impact on the audience. the expression of culture with artistic value boosts the funny character representation for the public (chang, 2020). however, the participation of audiences in cultural festivals is also improved based on the value of funny roles. meanwhile, when the characters are less focused on representing an artistic value with significant culture, it can be problematic to boost the cultural values (bai & nam, 2022). hence, significant work to improve the impression on audiences is required with the representation of funny characters. h1: there is a relationship between pingxiang nuo mask's funny role and artist qualification. h2: there is a relationship between pingxiang nuo masks funny role and cultural expressiveness. the positive supporting role based on characters and historical figures improves the qualification of artists (guo et al., 2024). when the audience is supportive, it becomes easy for the artist to represent a culture. the value given to cultural expression is necessary for a positive and supportive role. furthermore, the traditional characters represented by masks have a lasting impact on the audience, which is significant to their growth (richards & king, 2022). however, the qualification of artists is also necessary to strengthen a culture and understanding of values. furthermore, when a valuable insight represents the characters, the confidence of the audience is boosted (luo & lau, 2020). the spectators are impressed by the characters when their cultural values are expressed in them. besides, the representation of bold characters, which were symbolically associated with strength, is a significant factor in the influence to improve artistic value (lee et al., 2021). therefore, a straightforward, expressive approach with masks is helpful in associating the public with culture. similarly, a message to strengthen the positive image is supported by the cultural values advocated for this purpose (d. li, 2021). hence, the audience supports cultural values and cultural association representation through masks. h3: there is a relationship between the positive supporting role of pingxiang nuo masks and artist qualifications. h4: there is a relationship between the positive supporting role of pingxiang nuo masks and cultural expressiveness. the role of the artist is important in cultural representation (murphy et al., 2021). when the artist are qualified, they showcase the culture importantly which helps the audience to understand the phenomena and culture of improvement (shi & nicolas, 2023). furthermore, the quality of education and skills of the artist are significant in representing the culture. the representation of any culture by the artists is possible when they have the skills and techniques to represent the culture (bai & nam, 2022). many artists who are highly qualified to represent a culture should be given the chance to deal with cultural expression (richards & king, 2022). the more value added to cultural representations by artists can improve the overall behavior for cultural understanding (chang, 2020). therefore, a strategic improvement in cultural representation is possible with the conscious involvement of the artists. h5: there is a relationship between artist qualification and cultural expressiveness. the qualification of the artist is a significant factor in representing a culture (chen, 2022). in traditional events of any country, the role of artist quality is necessary to influence the public (deng et al., 2023). it is recommended that traditional values are represented when artists are skilled. the funny role or comic representation by the characters is helpful in evoking the emotions of the audience (liao & dai, 2020). furthermore, the use of masks in cultural representations is also significant in providing more value to the audience while they understand the cultural and associational meanings (press, 2021). therefore, the role of artist is considered as significant which can improve the value of artist with cultural representation and showing funny characters. h6: there is a mediating role of artist qualification between pingxiang nuo mask funny role and artist qualification. the positive and supporting characters represented by different artists are also influencing the audience (richards & king, 2022). when the audience is introduced to significant characters, a sense of influence full of motivation is developed (wu & boonsrianun, 2023). it is recommended that artists who represent cultural art should focus significantly on improving cultural values. the association of culture is helpful for the artists to engage the audience with their role, which has a positive impact on spectators (bai & nam, 2022). the use of masks in representing the character which strengthens the value of spectators have a significant influence on audience working (press, 2021). therefore, it is recommended that qualified artists should be hired for cultural representation of characters to show the strict influence of cultural values. h7: there is a mediating role of artist qualification between pingxiang nuo mask's positive supporting role and artist qualification. zhu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 1-11 4 figure 1 shows the model of this research. it describes the relationship between variables investigated in this study and clearly explains the direct and mediating relationships. figure 1. research framework materials and methods research design and instruments there are different designs to conduct research and contribute to knowledge. similarly, this research was based on quantitative data as structural relationships between variables were observed. in quantitative data, both secondary and primary resources are used in different research. however, this study was considered a primary source because the population of the study was students, teachers, professionals, and the audience of art design. a survey-based method was considered suitable for collecting the data for this research. the scale items for this research were developed and carefully considered. a comprehensive process of scale development, as recommended by munshi (2014), was used for this purpose. a pool of scale items was developed in the first stage. secondly, the language of scale items was reviewed by the group of experts. it was ensured that all scale items reflected the operationalization of variables. the experts tested the face and content validity of the developed scale. it was ensured that all scale items were significant to collect the data after reviewing and modifying the language. furthermore, the study used a sample of 68 participants from the same population to conduct a pilot study. exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis findings were performed to analyze the results. the reliability of scale items was ensured with a pilot study. the scale items are reported in appendix a. data collection method and analysis this study used a purposive sampling method to collect the data. this method was significant for sampling as students, teachers, professionals and audience of art design was population. in social sciences, a sample of more than 300 participants is acceptable and used in many studies. therefore, the study distributed 600 questionnaires to the participants in jiangxi province, china. the respondents were requested to provide significant information for this research. a sample of 337 respondents was collected, but some of them were deleted during the initial screening. therefore, 325 responses were finalized for this research to analyze the relationship between the variables of this study. this study used smart pls 4 to analyze the data. measurement model assessment, structural model assessment, and predictive relevance findings were used in this research. results demographics the study collected data from students, teachers, professionals, and audiences of art design. there were 60 participants in the age group of 18-25 years, while 156 participants were in the 26-30 age group. meanwhile, there were 73 participants in the age group of 31-35 years, whereas 36 participants were in the age group above 35 years. the male participants were 147, and 178 were female participants in this research. 42 respondents of the study were students, while 43 were teachers. the professional participants were 129, and there were 111 respondents from the animation audience. the education level of 60 participants was diploma, 203 were undergraduate, and 62 were postgraduate. table 1 denotes the detailed data of respondents. table 1. demographic variables level participants total percentage age 18-25 years 60 325 19% 26-30 years 156 325 48% 31-35 years 73 325 23% above 35 years 36 325 11% gender male 147 325 45% female 178 325 55% your status student majoring in art design 42 325 13% pingxiang nuo masks funny role pingxiang nuo masks positive supporting role artist qualification cultural expressiveness zhu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 1-11 5 teachers majoring in art design 43 325 13% professionals in the pingxiang nuo culture and animation industry 129 325 40% animation audience 111 325 34% education diploma 60 325 19% undergraduate 203 325 63% postgraduate 62 325 19% measurement model assessment the analysis of this research was performed based on different steps. the normality of data is checked at the first stage. the data was inserted into smart pls 4, and the mean value and standard deviation were checked. furthermore, the findings of skewness and kurtosis were tested to measure the normality of distribution. skewness and kurtosis between -3 and +3 are accepted as significant (royston, 1992). the reported data in table 2 confirmed that all values of skewness and kurtosis were in the significant threshold. therefore, the normality of data was significantly achieved. table 2. data normality no. observed variables mean standard deviation excess kurtosis skewness 1 pnmfr_1 3.338 1.141 -0.974 -0.091 2 pnmfr_2 3.262 1.159 -1.011 0.001 3 pnmfr_3 3.28 1.197 -1.158 -0.035 4 pnmfr_4 3.382 1.178 -1.23 -0.106 5 pnmfr_5 3.378 1.193 -1.119 -0.163 6 pnmfr_6 3.323 1.199 -1.275 -0.008 7 pnmsr_1 3.348 1.163 -1.151 -0.046 8 pnmsr_2 3.323 1.133 -1.101 -0.022 9 pnmsr_3 3.372 1.171 -1.127 -0.077 10 pnmsr_4 3.375 1.145 -1.166 -0.093 11 pnmsr_5 3.366 1.197 -1.162 -0.109 12 aq_1 3.335 1.156 -1.126 -0.021 13 aq_2 3.449 1.107 -1.032 -0.192 14 aq_3 3.434 1.202 -1.196 -0.148 15 aq_4 3.474 1.162 -1.034 -0.249 16 aq_5 3.48 1.181 -1.317 -0.11 17 ce_1 3.348 1.134 -1.131 -0.039 18 ce_2 3.335 1.159 -1.137 -0.096 19 ce_3 3.332 1.161 -1.092 -0.14 20 ce_4 3.412 1.188 -1.113 -0.211 21 ce_5 3.317 1.172 -1.09 -0.096 pls algorithm calculations were performed to measure the reliability and validity of data. the factor loadings were tested at the initial stage. the factor loading value above 0.70 is considered significant for the reliability of items loaded on a construct (j. hair et al., 2022). the findings reported in figure 2 and table 3 confirmed that all values were above the recommended threshold. therefore, the reliability of the scale items was significantly achieved. hence, the data was considered appropriate for further analysis. figure 2. measurement model zhu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 1-11 6 table 3. factor loadings items aq ce pnmfr pnmsr aq_1 0.82 aq_2 0.832 aq_3 0.853 aq_4 0.847 aq_5 0.853 ce_1 0.831 ce_2 0.827 ce_3 0.846 ce_4 0.825 ce_5 0.809 pnmfr_1 0.827 pnmfr_2 0.813 pnmfr_3 0.841 pnmfr_4 0.838 pnmfr_5 0.817 pnmfr_6 0.84 pnmsr_1 0.836 pnmsr_2 0.808 pnmsr_3 0.824 pnmsr_4 0.828 pnmsr_5 0.836 the findings of convergent validity were checked to measure the validity and reliability of data. the findings of average variance extracted > 0.50 were tested to measure the significant variance in the data (j. hair et al., 2022). furthermore, the findings of cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability > 0.70 were tested for reliability and validity of data (j. hair et al., 2022). the results confirmed that all data was valid and achieved a significant threshold. hence, the data was considered valid for further analysis (see table 4). table 4. convergent validity variable cronbach's alpha composite reliability average variance extracted aq 0.897 0.924 0.707 ce 0.885 0.916 0.685 pnmfr 0.909 0.93 0.688 pnmsr 0.884 0.915 0.683 the data's discriminant validity was tested to measure discrimination and collinearity issues. the findings of discriminant validity were measured with the heterotrait-monotrait (htmt) method. htmt values below 0.85 are accepted as significant for significant discriminant validity in data (j. hair et al., 2022; henseler et al., 2009). the results reported in table 5 confirmed that htmt was significant, and there were no collinearity issues in the data. table 5. discriminant validity variable aq ce pnmfr pnmsr aq ce 0.523 pnmfr 0.419 0.416 pnmsr 0.488 0.498 0.484 the findings of the variance inflation factor were measured to identify the common method bias in the data. it is necessary to identify when the data of any research is collected from a single source. the findings of the variance inflation factor should be less than 3.3 for an acceptable threshold (j. f. hair et al., 2011). the data reported in table 6 confirmed that the variance inflation factor was significant. therefore, there was no bias in the data. table 6. variance inflation factor variable aq ce aq 1.309 ce pnmfr 1.231 1.303 pnmsr 1.231 1.378 structural model assessment the findings of pls bootstrapping were performed to measure the relationship between variables. the recommended threshold t > 1.96 was considered for the accepted hypothesis (j. hair et al., 2022). according to findings of h1, there is a significant relationship between pingxiang nuo mask funny role and artist qualification. furthermore, h2 results disclosed zhu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 1-11 7 that there is a significant relationship between pingxiang nuo's funny mask role and cultural expressiveness. the study found that h3 is significant, and there is a significant relationship between the positive supporting role of pingxiang nuo masks and artist qualification. the results of h4 confirmed that there is a relationship between the positive supporting role of pingxiang nuo masks and cultural expressiveness. finally, the study reports that h5 is accepted, and there is a significant relationship between artist qualification and cultural expressiveness. the results are reported in figure 3 and table 7. table 7. direct relationship direct relationships original sample standard deviation t statistics p values aq -> ce 0.302 0.051 5.909 0 pnmfr -> aq 0.235 0.049 4.762 0 pnmfr -> ce 0.155 0.056 2.758 0.006 pnmsr -> aq 0.335 0.051 6.606 0 pnmsr -> ce 0.242 0.058 4.186 0 figure 3. structural model similarly, indirect or mediating relationships were tested. according to h6 results, there is a significant mediating role of artist qualification between pingxiang nuo mask's funny role and artist qualification. moreover, h7 findings report that there is a significant mediating role of artist qualification between pingxiang nuo mask's positive supporting role and artist qualification. the results of indirect relationships are reported in table 8. table 8. indirect relationships mediating relationships original sample standard deviation t statistics p values pnmfr -> aq -> ce 0.071 0.019 3.695 0 pnmsr -> aq -> ce 0.101 0.024 4.267 0 predictive relevance finally, this study checked the findings of predictive relevance. it was checked to measure the predictive power of the independent variables toward the dependent variables. pls blindfolding analysis was performed for this purpose. a q2 > 0 value is used to measure predictive relevance 34. the findings of predictive relevance reported in table 9 and figure 4 confirm that the q2 value for this research model was above the recommended threshold. therefore, it is established that the model of this research has significant predictive power. table 9. predictive relevance variables sso sse q² (=1-sse/sso) aq 1625 1360.088 0.163 ce 1625 1288.439 0.207 pnmfr 1950 1950 0 pnmsr 1625 1625 0 zhu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 1-11 8 figure 4. predictive relevance discussions the study used quantitative data to measure the relationship between variables. according to findings of h1, there is a significant relationship between pingxiang nuo mask funny role and artist qualification. furthermore, h2 results disclosed that there is a significant relationship between pingxiang nuo's funny mask role and cultural expressiveness. these relationships are compared with previous studies in the literature. according to deng et al. (2023), the role that is highlighted by the characters has significant value in significantly affecting how the general audience perceives the value of artistic expression. it has an important role in the portrayal of culture, which has a significant impact on the audience. according to chang (2020), increasing the portrayal of humorous characters in the public eye is facilitated by the production of a culture that possesses artistic worth. the value of comedic roles, on the other hand, has been shown to increase audience involvement in cultural festivals due to its positive impact, according to l. li (2020) states that the characters are less focused on reflecting an artistic value that is significant to culture, so it can be challenging to increase cultural values. according to press (2021), there is a tremendous influence on the audience as a result of the humorous roles that various individuals represent. when it comes to comic expressiveness, traditional masks play a significant role. according to he and sornyai (2023), a large amount of impact is exerted on the personality of the audience by the texture, color, and design of the masks that convey the comedy value. there is a connection between the audience and the cultural association that is represented by any one mask. according to meng (2023), the humorous function of the masks, therefore, carries with it a certain amount of value for the audience, which is something that artists are required to convey. besides, it is advised that the spectators show their support for the artists and comic portrayals of the public by wearing humorous masks. consequently, there is a large amount of effort that has to be done in order to improve the impression that audiences have with the representation of amusing characters. the study found that h3 is significant, and there is a significant relationship between the positive supporting role of pingxiang nuo masks and artist qualification. the results of h4 confirmed that there is a relationship between the positive supporting role of pingxiang nuo masks and cultural expressiveness. according to luo and lau (2020), the characters leave an impression on the audience when they are able to convey the cultural values that are being expressed. according to bai and nam (2022), the depiction of courageous individuals who were symbolically associated with strength is a significant aspect that contributes to the influence that is used to boost artistic value. according to yu (2021), when it comes to masks, it is helpful to use a straightforward, expressive approach in order to identify the public with culture. as a similar point of reference, the cultural values that are pushed for this reason lend support to a message that is intended to strengthen the positive image. these relationships are compared with previous studies in the literature. according to s. he and duan (2023), an artist can improve their qualifications by playing a supporting role that is based on historical figures and significant individuals. it is much simpler for an artist to portray a culture when the audience is on board with their creative endeavors. according to d. li (2021), cultural expression is essential for playing a role that is both supportive and beneficial. in addition, the traditional figures that are portrayed by masks have an impression that is long-lasting on the audience, which is vital to their development. according to g. li (2021), to strengthen culture and gain a better knowledge of values, it is also vital to have artists who have the required qualifications. additionally, the audience's confidence is strengthened when a valuable insight within the story represents the characters. to sum up, the audience is also in favor of the portrayal of cultural values and cultural associations through the use of masks. the study reports that h5 is accepted, and there is a significant relationship between artist qualification and cultural expressiveness. this relationship is compared with previous studies in the literature. according to j. li and yu (2023) state that in the process of cultural representation, the involvement of the artist is significant. in situations where the artists are qualified, they are able to present the culture in a significant way, which assists the audience in comprehending the phenomenon and the culture of improvement. according to y. liu (2022), the level of knowledge and expertise possessed by the artist is of great importance when it comes to accurately representing the culture. according to wu and boonsrianun (2023), if an artist possesses the abilities and techniques necessary to portray a culture accurately, then they are able to represent any civilization successfully. according to liao and dai (2020), a large number of artists who are highly qualified to reflect a culture ought to be provided with the opportunity to work with cultural expressions. according to l. liu et al. zhu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 1-11 9 (2020), increasing the amount of value that artists add to cultural representations has the potential to improve overall behavior for cultural understanding. thus, with the artists' active participation, it is possible to achieve a strategic improvement in the way cultural representation is carried out. similarly, the indirect or mediating relationships were tested. according to the results of h6, there is a significant mediating role of artist qualification between pingxiang nuo mask funny role and artist qualification. this relationship is compared with previous studies in the literature. the qualifications of an artist are an important consideration when it comes to representing a culture. in order to exert an influence on the general audience, the artist's quality is essential in traditional events held in any country. according to xu and sun (2021), when artists are accomplished, it is recommended that they represent traditional ideals in their respective works. in addition, the utilization of masks in cultural representations is also crucial since it offers additional value to the audience while simultaneously allowing them to comprehend the cultural and associational meanings present. according to guo et al. (2024), the role of the artist is regarded as being significant, which has the potential to enhance the worth of the artist by displaying humorous characters and providing cultural representation. moreover, h7 findings report that there is a significant mediating role of artist qualification between pingxiang nuo mask positive supporting role and artist qualification. this relationship is compared with previous studies in the literature. according to wang et al. (2021), it is strongly suggested that artists who represent cultural art should place a large amount of emphasis on enhancing cultural values. according to chen (2022), it is beneficial for artists to have the association of culture since it helps them to engage the audience with their role, which in turn has a positive impact on spectators. according to shi and nicolas (2023), the usage of masks in the process of expressing the character boosts the value of the spectators, which, in turn, has a significant impact on the performing abilities of the audience. consequently, it is recommended that qualified artists be employed for the purpose of culturally representing characters in order to demonstrate the level of influence that is strictly associated with cultural values. conclusions this research is conducted with the objective of measuring the impact of pingxiang nuo's mask funny role and positive supporting role on cultural expressiveness while mediating the impact of artist qualification. the study is designed to provide comprehensive insight into contributing more value to the culture's expressiveness. furthermore, the results of this research contribute to the literature that the impact of pingxiang nuo masks funny role and a positive supporting role on cultural expressiveness is accepted. the study also confirmed that the mediating role of artist qualification is accepted between the impact of pingxiang nuo mask funny role and the positive supporting role on cultural expressiveness. like every study, this research also has some theoretical and practical implications. firstly, it contributes to the knowledge that pingxiang nuo masks have a significant impact on cultural expressiveness and artist qualification. these relationships were not reported empirically in the previous studies. therefore, this research makes a significant contribution to the body of knowledge. furthermore, this research advances the body of knowledge by reporting that pingxiang nuo masks' positive supporting role is a significant antecedent for artist qualification and cultural expressiveness. nevertheless, this relationship was missing in the previous studies. therefore, this research makes a significant contribution to the body of knowledge as it addresses the inconsistencies reported in the literature. in addition, this research reports the mediating role of artist qualification. on the one hand, the study contributes to knowledge that artist qualification significantly mediates between pingxiang nuo mask funny role and artist qualification. on the other hand, the study provides new insights into the literature that show that artist qualification significantly and positively mediates between pingxiang nuo mask's positive role and artist qualification. the study have some recommendations for practitioners as it reports that cultural expressiveness is improved by pingxiang nuo mask including funny role and positive role. however, the study asserts that the qualification of the artist is important and significantly contributes to cultural expressiveness with the help of pingxiang nuo masks. in china, it is required to improve the cultural expressiveness with the help of pingxiang nuo mask that is required for cultural and historical representations. the practitioners can benefit from this research by incorporating the artist's qualification for cultural expressiveness. there are some limitations of this research and researchers in future should focus to work on these limitations. firstly, this research collected cross-sectional data, which is limited to providing a more detailed analysis of relationships between variables. therefore, future studies are recommended to collect longitudinal data as collected data at different times provides a holistic approach for analysis. secondly, the study used quantitative data, which is also limited to collecting data on the self-administrated questionnaire. therefore, future studies should collect data using qualitative methods, which can serve to improve the literature. another use of qualitative data is to interview the respondents, who provide detailed information about the factors. author contributions: conceptualization, n.y.z.; methodology, s.b.s.; software, p.y.l.; validation, h.z., and m.k.b.r.; formal analysis, n.y.z.; investigation, n.y.z.; resources, n.y.z.; data curation, n.y.z.; writing – original draft preparation, n.y.z.; writing – review & editing, n.y.z.; visualization, n.y.z.; supervision, m.k.b.r.; project administration, s.b.s.; funding acquisition, n.y.z. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the researcher does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgment: this research is part of the first author’s ph.d. work at the universiti teknologi mara, malaysia. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available at the request of the corresponding authors and are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflict of interest: authors declare no conflict of interest. zhu et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 1-11 10 references bai, q., & nam, b. h. 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(2021). digital protection platform of pingxiang nuo mask based on ar technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783-030-79200-8_85 appendices appendix a: scale items variables items artist qualification the artist possesses extensive knowledge of traditional pingxiang nuo masks. the artist has demonstrated exceptional skill in crafting pingxiang nuo masks. the artist has a formal education or training in traditional mask-making. the artist’s experience in creating pingxiang nuo masks spans several years. the artist is widely recognized and respected within the nuo mask-making community. cultural expressiveness the pingxiang nuo masks effectively convey the cultural heritage of the nuo tradition. the masks reflect the unique artistic style associated with pingxiang nuo culture. the expressive features of the masks enhance their cultural significance. the masks are instrumental in preserving and promoting pingxiang nuo cultural practices. the use of masks in performances enriches the cultural experience of the audience. pingxiang nuo masks funny role the mask's design successfully embodies the humorous elements of the character. the funny role masks add an element of comedy to nuo's performances. the humorous features of the masks are easily recognizable and appreciated by the audience. the funny role masks are integral in balancing the overall tone of the performance. the artist's interpretation of the funny role enhances the comedic aspect of the mask. the mask's design successfully embodies the humorous elements of the character. pingxiang nuo masks positive supporting role the mask's design clearly represents the positive supporting character. the positive supporting role masks effectively complement the main characters in performances. the features of the masks convey the virtuous attributes of the supporting role. the positive supporting role masks contribute significantly to the narrative of nuo's performances. the artist's depiction of the positive supporting role is well-received by audiences. publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 1-9 1 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 5 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa leadership in hybrid work teams: impact of transformational and authentic leadership on relationships and task performance in student teams jorge salcedo (a)1 franco gandolfi (b ) astrid garza (c) (a)professor, universidad de monterrey, mexico; e-mail: jorge.salcedo@udem.edu (b)professor, georgetown university, washington dc, united states of america & california institute of advanced management (ciam), united states of america; e-mail: francogandolfi@hotmail.com (c)professor, universidad de monterrey, mexico; e-mail: astrid.garza@udem.edu a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 8th july 2024 reviewed & revised: 8th july to 24th september 2024 accepted: 30th september 2024 published: 9th october 2024 keywords: transformational leadership, authentic leadership, interpersonal relationships, task performance, hybrid work teams jel classification codes: m12, m14, l2 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t transformational and authentic leadership have caught researchers’ attention, and it has gained recognition and position within leadership studies. this quantitative research aims to measure the correlation between leaders' transformational and authentic leadership in interpersonal relationships and task performance perceived by their hybrid work teams. for this quantitative research, four previously investigated and validated instruments were utilized: the authentic leadership questionnaire (alq) avolio et al. (2007), which has an acceptable internal consistency reported with cronbach’s alpha values ranging from .66 to .93; the multifactor leadership questionnaire (mlq-5x) bass and avolio (1994), known for its high reliability with a reported cronbach's alpha of 0.71; the hqir: highquality interpersonal relationships questionnaire (carmeli et al., 2009), which also exhibits high reliability with a reported cronbach’s alpha of 0.93; and the individual work performance questionnaire (iwpq) koopmans et al. (2011), with cronbach's alpha values ranging from 0.77 to 0.83, and which will be used with a common translation into latin american spanish. using a sample of 156 participants who are members of student hybrid teams (n = 156), the findings of this study demonstrated a positive correlation between transformational leadership and both interpersonal relationships and task performance in hybrid work teams. this study represents one of the first investigations of transformational and authentic leadership and its correlation with interpersonal relationships and task performance in latin america, and it has some leadership implications within hybrid work teams. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction the aim to understand the complexities of leadership has been significant. scholars have framed leadership using different approaches to understand what makes leaders great, inspirational, and effective people. all these approaches have given special attention to traits, charisma, affective elements, and situations (manning & curtis, 2019; hughes et al., 2019). the global situation of covid-19 precipitated a crisis that impacted numerous industries and organizations worldwide (suneson, 2020). according to the office for national statistics, covid-19 has accelerated the trend of geographically distributed collaboration using hybrid work teams (gebbing et al., 2024). in april 2020, in mexico, the federal government and the ministry of health declared a health emergency, suspending all non-essential activities, including classes at all educational levels, regardless of whether the institution was public or private. sixty-six percent of mexican smes also implemented remote work during the peak of the pandemic. organizations were forced to adapt their work schemes to maintain operational strength and continue their functions. as a result, people began working from home, adjusting to a work model that had been little explored until that time. according to donnelly and patrinos (2021), 94% of students worldwide were affected as well by the closure of educational institutions, leading them to study and participate in curricular activities from home for extended periods. consequently, various work methods were introduced, such as the use of hybrid teams and remote and hybrid work. this is now known as the new 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0006-9636-4328 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i5.2248 to cite this article: salcedo, j., gandolfi, f., & garza, a. (2024). leadership in hybrid work teams: impact of transformational and authentic leadership on relationships and task performance in student teams. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(5), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i5.2248 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i5.2248 https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9636-4328 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1013-2800 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9612-2878 salcedo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 1-9 2 normal, referring to new ways of maintaining a productive life while adapting to new health and safety measures. this is the case with hybrid teams, which “were already used before the pandemic because they help overcome the limitations of space and time” (lilian, 2014). hybrid work teams have become increasingly relevant in the workplace due to the covid-19 pandemic. this modality combines the flexibility of working from home with working from the physical office space. according to a survey published by statista (2023), by 2022, 93.8% of the population in mexico used the internet to communicate through digital platforms, including zoom, google meet, and whatsapp. additionally, 83.3% of the mexican population used the internet to access educational and training content through various formats, such as videos (49%), interactive platforms (49%), and virtual meetings via technological platforms (38%). montes (2019) notes that while companies have faced the challenge of investing financial and technological resources to adapt to hybrid work, the more significant challenge lies in supporting leaders to manage their teams effectively in this remote context while continuing to meet their objectives. as a result, leaders are confronted with new challenges in managing their teams, which significantly affect their leadership effectiveness and, in turn, directly influence team performance and interpersonal dynamics. considering the above, this quantitative study examines the correlation between transformational and authentic leadership and their impact on interpersonal relationships and task performance within hybrid teams, explicitly focusing on leaders in higher education and student hybrid work teams. the structure of this paper is organized as follows: it commences with a comprehensive literature review encompassing transformational leadership, authentic leadership, interpersonal relationships, task performance, and hybrid work teams, culminating in the formulation of two hypotheses. subsequently, the paper details the materials and methods employed in the study, followed by a thorough presentation of the results, and concludes with a critical discussion of the findings and their implications. literature review transformational leadership leadership is recognized as a dynamic process of exerting influence and guiding others. within the broader field of leadership studies, transformational and authentic leadership have garnered significant recognition as key frameworks for understanding leadership effectiveness. the following sections provide a literature review of these leadership approaches, exploring their core components, theoretical underpinnings, and their impact on various organizational and interpersonal outcomes. during the early 80s, the transformational leadership approach appeared in the leadership field, and it was argued that leadership is a process that develops followers. the concept of transformational leaders began with research by james macgregor burns and his book titled leadership. burns (1978) distinguishes between two general types of leadership: a) the transactional and b) the transformational. the first approach centres on "the exchanges between leaders and their followers" (northouse, 2022; rosch & collins, 2017; sultana et al., 2021). in contrast, transformational leadership emphasizes the leader's engagement with others, fostering a unique connection "that elevates the level of motivation and morality in both the leader and the follower". kilag et al. (2024) state that transformational leaders can positively impact organizational performance. transformational leadership includes four dimensions: (a) idealized influence, which refers to the level of trust, respect, and confidence the leaderleader has in their subordinates; (b) inspirational motivation, which pertains to the extent to which the leaderleader provides a vision to help others focus on their work; (c) intellectual stimulation, which describes the extent to which the leaderleader encourages others to seek innovative solutions to existing problems; and (d) individualized consideration, which measures the degree to which the leaderleader shows interest in the well-being of others. from this view, transformational leaders embodied four behaviours: (a) idealized influence, (b) individualized consideration, (c) intellectual stimulation, and (d) inspirational motivation (bass, 1999; bass & avolio, 2006; northouse, 2022). transformational leadership inspires and motivates followers to achieve their goals (kilag et al., 2024). according to rojak et al. (2024), transformational leaders focus on achieving organizational goals and encouraging and inspiring employees to reach their full potential. purvanova and bono (2009) found that transformational leadership is precious in virtual settings and has a stronger correlation with team performance. their empirical study involving 255 undergraduate students discovered that leaders who adapted by increasing their transformational behaviors in virtual work teams achieved higher overall team performance. mencl et al. (2016) investigated the effects of interpersonal abilities on transformational leadership in the workplace. their empirical study involving 278 employees assessed both transformational leadership behaviors and interpersonal skills. the findings revealed a positive correlation between interpersonal abilities and transformational leadership. recent empirical research by gusti et al. (2024) underscores the positive impact of transformational leadership on employee performance. the study focused on javanese tea distributors, utilizing a quantitative approach to gather data from 115 respondents via questionnaires. the findings reveal a significant correlation between transformational leadership and enhanced employee performance. hybrid work teams hybrid work teams consist of both co-located and remote members who collaborate towards a shared objective, utilizing a combination of virtual and in-person interactions for effective coordination (neumayr et al., 2021). with technological advancements, hybrid work teams have become integral to organizational work methodologies. additionally, the impact of the covid-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of virtual and hybrid teams, turning it into a necessity, and this trend is expected to continue (depoo & hyršlová, 2022). for this research, we use the definition of virtual teams proposed by salcedo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 1-9 3 dulebohn and hoch (2017), which describes virtual and hybrid teams as work arrangements where team members are geographically dispersed, have limited face-to-face contact, and work interdependently through electronic communication methods to achieve common goals. additionally, the term may also refer to regional rather than global teams. in this context, some or all team members may work from home or other locations (klonek et al., 2022). some advantages of virtual and hybrid work teams include the ability to assemble teams that maximize expertise by including geographically dispersed members and reduce costs and travel time. on the other hand, some disadvantages include challenges in communication and collaboration, difficulties in building trust and shared responsibility among team members, and issues with monitoring and managing virtual teams (dulebohn & hoch, 2017). hybrid work teams integrate remote and in-person activities, characterized by varying levels of synchronicity (neumayr et al., 2021). recent trends show that employees are increasingly embracing hybrid work models, aiming to leverage the advantages of both virtual and face-to-face interactions. these arrangements offer a flexible environment that empowers individuals from diverse locations to maximize their creative potential. for this research, we will use the definition of hybrid work proposed by cook et al. (2020), which defines the term as the combination of physical and remote work arrangements within a workplace or organization. additionally, this term may also refer to the various work styles adopted by members of an organization. however, some things could be improved when implementing this type of work model. one such issue is the risk of isolation and marginalization of employees. chernyak-hai and rabenu (2018) note that "hybrid work may face challenges related to interaction, particularly in terms of sharing ideas and solutions". h1: there is a positive correlation between transformational leadership and interpersonal relationships and task performance in hybrid work teams. authentic leadership an exhaustive review of leadership studies over the past 50 years reveals scholars’ efforts to identify the defining characteristics or personality traits of individuals who have significantly impacted their organizations and communities. however, these studies have not been able to delineate a singular profile of an ideal leader or member. the authentic leadership approach appeared in this new millennium, which "focuses on whether leadership is genuine and real” (northouse, 2022). authentic leaders act on that awareness by practising their values and principles, sometimes at substantial risk to themselves. they carefully balance their motivations so that they are driven by these inner values as much as by a desire for external rewards or recognition. authentic leaders also have a strong support team (george et al., 2007). authentic leadership has attracted researchers' attention and has established a notable presence within leadership studies. the construct of authentic leadership comprises four dimensions: (a) self-awareness, which pertains to leaders' understanding of their strengths and weaknesses and the motives they disclose to others; (b) balanced processing, which involves leaders analyzing all relevant information before making a decision; (c) internalized moral perspective, which refers to leaders making decisions guided by personal values and high ethical standards; and (d) relational transparency, which describes leaders being open in presenting their true selves to others. "self-awareness is based on a leader´s multifaceted nature, self-recognition, and strengths and weaknesses. internalized moral perspective means harmonising with one´s values, preferences and needs. balanced processing involves a multifaceted and balanced evaluation of information and an unbiased analysis of all relevant data before deciding. moreover, relational transparency means that the leaderleader is genuine in their close relations" (dirik & seren intepeler, 2024). zhang et al. (2022) explored the impact of authentic leadership on virtual team performance, focusing on the mediating role of high-quality interpersonal relationships and the moderating effect of task interdependence. the findings demonstrate that authentic leadership positively influences virtual team performance, with high-quality interpersonal relationships serving as a mediator in this relationship. this study deepens the understanding of how authentic leadership affects virtual teams, contributing valuable insights into enhancing leadership effectiveness in hybrid environments. nikbakhsh (2022) surveyed to explore the effects of authentic leadership on the performance of employees in fully and partially remote environments. the author gathered data through an online survey targeting volunteer employees from two software development firms in estonia. this data was collected via questionnaires and analyzed using quantitative methods. the findings indicate that authentic leadership significantly influences job performance among remote workers, highlighting the positive relationship between these factors in remote work settings. interpersonal relationships carmeli et al. (2009) state that interpersonal relationships provide a conducive framework for collaboration and idea exchange and create a psychological environment that fosters a willingness to learn. when individuals feel valued and connected with other team members, they are more motivated to learn and improve their job performance. the definition of interpersonal relationships used in this study is provided by carmeli (2003), who describes high-quality relationships as defined by the type of connection between two or more individuals, based on the quality of communication and the level of trust and mutual support. for this research, the variables of connectivity, positive connection, and mutuality, which are components of this concept, will be measured. according to gross (2018) and hoch and kozlowski (2014), leadership is a crucial factor in enhancing the performance of hybrid teams. zhang et al. (2022) conducted a study in china involving 90 hybrid teams comprising 388 members and 90 leaders. they administered the "high-quality interpersonal relationships" (hqirs) questionnaire salcedo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 1-9 4 developed by carmeli (2003). the study examined how authentic leadership can impact virtual team performance, focusing on the mechanisms involved through high-quality interpersonal relationships and task interdependence. the findings revealed that authentic leadership positively affects virtual team performance, and high-quality interpersonal relationships mediate the relationship between authentic leadership and virtual team performance. an indirect relationship between authentic leadership and hybrid team performance through high-quality interpersonal relationships was also identified. task performance an increasing number of workplaces offer the option to work in hybrid teams. however, there is still an ongoing debate about how this arrangement impacts team members' performance. challa and perwez (2023) argued that "leadership plays a critical role in shaping organizational performance." there are three dimensions of the individual work performance questionnaire (iwpq) koopmans et al. (2019): task performance, contextual performance, and counterproductive work behaviour. for this research, we will use five items of the iwpq, which measure the dimension of task performance. task performance refers to "behaviours that contribute to producing a good or providing a service" (rotundo & sackett, 2002). according to koopmans et al. (2011), this includes completing work tasks, maintaining up-to-date knowledge, working with precision and cleanliness, planning, organizing, and problem-solving, among others. h2: there is a positive correlation between authentic leadership and interpersonal relationships and task performance in hybrid work teams. materials and methods the purpose of this section is to describe the methodology employed to test whether there is a correlation between transformational and authentic leadership as practised by leaders and their impact on interpersonal relationships and perceived task performance among team members in hybrid teams (as reported by the group members) within the student organizations context. this study involved two independent variables (transformational leadership and authentic leadership), two dependent variables (interpersonal relationships and performance in virtual teams), and three control variables (gender, age, and tenure of the employee). this quantitative study addresses the following research question (creswell, 2009): is there a correlation between transformational and authentic leadership practised by leaders and its impact on interpersonal relationships and perceived task performance among team members in hybrid teams? instrumentation for this quantitative research, four previously investigated and validated instruments were utilized: the authentic leadership questionnaire (alq) avolio et al. (2007), which has an acceptable internal consistency reported with cronbach’s alpha values ranging from .66 to .93; the multifactor leadership questionnaire (mlq-5x) bass and avolio (1994), known for its high reliability with a reported cronbach’s alpha of 0.71; the hqir: high quality interpersonal relationships questionnaire, carmeli et al. (2009), which also exhibits high reliability with a reported cronbach’s alpha of 0.93; and the individual work performance questionnaire (iwpq) koopmans et al. (2011), with cronbach's alpha values ranging from 0.77 to 0.83, and which will be used with a standard translation into latin american spanish. in this way, this study used a questionnaire that helped measure and analyze the effect of transformational and authentic leadership on the team members' interpersonal relationships and task performance. the questionnaire contained a total of 57 items, and it incorporated the alq, which has 16 items; the mlq-5x, which has 20 items; the hqir, which has 12 rated items; and the iwpq, which we used 5 items to measure the task performance variable and 4 items to measure control variables. the alq and the mlq-5x are already translated into spanish, so the current study invited two professors/experts to examine the hqir and iwpq to ensure the appropriate translation, vocabulary, and order/structure of the instrument's questions into spanish. data collection procedure the data collection for this quantitative and non-experimental study involved using surveys to "provide a quantitative or numerical description of a trend and attitudes within a population by studying a sample of that population" (creswell, 2009). once sufficient responses were collected and the data collection period ended, all sample data were imported into spss statistics 21.0 using fictitious codes for analysis. the following steps were used to analyze the data: 1. reporting control variables: the control variables from the survey, such as gender, age, and tenure at the student leadership center, were reported. 2. descriptive analysis: a descriptive analysis was performed after conducting convergence tests for each instrument and normality tests for the study. results were presented in tables displaying frequencies and percentages. 3. internal consistency: the internal consistency (cronbach's alpha scores) of the four scales used in the sample was reported. 4. correlation analysis: the independent variables (transformational leadership and authentic leadership) were correlated with the dependent variables (interpersonal relationships and task performance in virtual teams) using spearman's correlation to identify whether there were small, medium, or firm correlations. 5. regression analysis: the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance were tested. to address hypothesis 1, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the effect of transformational leadership on interpersonal relationships and performance in virtual teams (first model). subsequently, to address salcedo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 1-9 5 hypothesis 2, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to analyze the effect of authentic leadership on interpersonal relationships and performance in virtual teams (second model). 6. statistical significance: tables indicated whether the results were statistically significant. inferential statistics were used to assess the reliability of the findings, validate the two hypotheses, and reject the null hypotheses. the minimum acceptable alpha level for validating the research was set at .05 (two-tailed) to declare the study statistically significant. 7. data interpretation: interpretations of the data were presented, detailing how the results supported or did not support the two hypotheses of the study. 8. implications and future research: the possible implications of the results for practical considerations and future research were discussed and explained. results this research required a minimum of 105 and 140 surveys to achieve statistical power and potential generalizability of the study's findings (hair et al., 2009). this sample size is considered adequate and robust for an analysis involving two independent variables (ivs), two dependent variables (dvs), and three control variables (cvs). during the study, 156 surveys were collected. the sample composition included 121 women (78%) and 35 men (22%). among the participants, 115 (74%) viewed their leaderleader as the president or chairperson of their student group, while 41 (26%) considered their leaderleader as the coordinator or facilitator of the student leadership center (celes). regarding age, 62% of the participants (96 cases) were between 17 and 20 years old, while the remaining 38% (60 cases) were between 21 and 24 years old. regarding tenure as members of celes, 67% (105 cases) had been part of a student group for one year or less, 19% (30 cases) had been members for more than one year but less than two years and only 14% (21 cases) had been members for more than two years. table 1 details the control variables: the participants' gender, the leaderleader they refer to, the respondents' age, and their tenure in student organizations. table 1. control variables: gender, the leaderleader they refer to, age, and tenure (n = 156). variables n % gender men 35 22 women 121 78 the leaderleader they refer to president of the student organization 115 74 staff of the student leadership center 41 26 age 17-20 96 62 21-24 60 38 tenure 1 day 1 year 105 67 1 year 1 month 2 years 30 19 2 years and more 21 14 source: information obtained from the authors using the study results. reliability analysis the cronbach's alpha was used to examine the reliability and internal consistency of the four instruments used in this study: alq (authentic leadership), mlq-5x (transformational leadership), hqir (high-quality et al.), and iwpq (individual work performance questionnaire). the cronbach's alpha (α) for authentic leadership is α = 0.95, for transformational leadership is α = 0.97, for high-quality interpersonal relationships is α = 0.94, and for individual work performance is α = 0.83. the instruments ' reliability is confirmed since cronbach's alpha (α) for each mentioned variable is above 0.60. the results are presented in table 2. table 2. reliability analysis, alfa cronbach alq, mlq, hqir y iwpq (n = 156) instrument variable alfa cronbach α alq authentic leadership α = 0.95 mlq-5x transformational leadership α = 0.97 hqir interpersonal relationships α = 0.94 iwpq task performance α = 0.83 source: information obtained from the authors using the study results. a normality test assessed the data distribution for each studied variable. the kolmogorov-smirnov statistical test was used. the results of the test indicated that the analyzed variables do not follow a normal distribution (p < 0.05 in all cases), suggesting the need for a non-parametric (non-linear) test. authentic leadership, transformational leadership, interpersonal relationships, and task performance all showed a level of significance (p ≤ 0.001). therefore, the statistical and correlation procedures will be carried out using spearman's correlation. the results are presented in table 3. salcedo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 1-9 6 table 3. normality test kolmogorov smirnov (n = 156). variable p interpretation authentic leadership <0.001 no parametrics transformational leadership <0.001 no parametrics interpersonal relationships <0.001 no parametrics task performance <0.001 no parametrics source: information obtained from the authors using the study results. convergence analysis a kaiser-meyer-olkin (kmo) measure of sampling adequacy was conducted to assess the suitability of the data for analysis. all factor loadings demonstrated valid kmo values (kmo > 0.5). the results were as follows: authentic leadership (kmo = 0.942), transformational leadership (kmo = 0.951), interpersonal relationships (kmo = 0.935), and task performance (kmo = 0.828). the results are presented in table 4. table 4. convergence analysis, kaiser meyer olkin measure of sampling kmo (n = 156). variables kmo authentic leadership 0.942 transformational leadership 0.951 interpersonal leadership 0.935 task performance 0.828 source: information obtained from the authors using the study results. descriptive statistics and correlations descriptive statistical procedures and bivariate correlation analyses were conducted for the four variables of the study: authentic leadership, transformational leadership, interpersonal relationships, and task performance. spearman's correlation analysis revealed the following results: authentic leadership and perceived interpersonal relationships showed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.598, p ≤ 0.001). authentic leadership and perceived performance exhibited a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.400, p ≤ 0.001). transformational leadership and perceived interpersonal relationships demonstrated a strong positive correlation (r = 0.668, p ≤ 0.001). transformational leadership and perceived performance had a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.512, p ≤ 0.001). table 5 presents the descriptive statistics and correlations for authentic leadership in relation to the study variables. table 6 shows the descriptive statistics and correlations for transformational leadership concerning the study variables. table 5. descriptive statistics and correlations, authentic leadership, spearman (n = 156). variables r p spearman interpersonal relationships 0.598 =< 0.001 positive moderate correlation task performance 0.400 =<0.001 positive moderate correlation source: information obtained from the authors using the study results. table 6. descriptive statistics and correlations, transformational leadership, spearman (n = 156). variables r p interpretación spearman interpersonal relationships 0.668 =< 0.001 positive strong correlation task performance 0.512 =<0.001 positive moderate correlation source: information obtained from the authors using the study results. hierarchical multiple regression a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to test the hypotheses to determine the variability between factor loadings. authentic leadership accounted for 57% of the variance in interpersonal relationships (r² = 0.57, p = 0.001). additionally, authentic leadership accounted for 36% of the variance in task performance (r² = 0.36, p = 0.001). to test the second hypothesis, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that transformational leadership accounted for 61% of the variance in interpersonal relationships (r² = 0.61, p = 0.001). transformational leadership also accounted for 44% of the variance in performance (r² = 0.43, p = 0.001). when examining the combined effect of both authentic and transformational leadership, these variables together explained 62% of the variance in interpersonal relationships (r² = 0.62, p = 0.001) and 44% of the variance in performance (r² = 0.44, p = 0.001). table 7 summarizes the results of the hierarchical multiple regression analysis. table 7. hierarchical multiple regression (n = 156). items r2 % p authentic leadership interpersonal relationships 0.57 57% 0.001 task performance 0.36 36% 0.001 transformational leadership interpersonal relationships 0.61 61% 0.001 salcedo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 1-9 7 task performance 0.43 44% 0.001 authentic and transformational leadership interpersonal relationships 0.62 62% 0.001 task performance 0.44 44% 0.001 source: information obtained from the authors using the study results. discussions the findings of this study supported both hypotheses, demonstrating a positive correlation between transformational leadership and both interpersonal relationships and performance in hybrid teams. additionally, there is a positive correlation between authentic leadership and both interpersonal relationships and task performance in hybrid teams. hypotheses 1 and 2 were confirmed through hierarchical multiple regressions, establishing a positive relationship between transformational and authentic leadership and interpersonal relationships and performance. firstly, the findings of this study align with previous research on transformational leadership and its positive impact on interpersonal relationships and task performance. for instance, the study titled “transformational leadership and performance: an experimental investigation of the mediating effects of basic needs satisfaction and work engagement” (kovjanic et al., 2013) demonstrated a direct and positive relationship between transformational leadership and interpersonal relationships (β = .77, p = .001). similarly, the study revealed a positive relationship between transformational leadership and task performance (β = .64, p = .001). secondly, the results of this study regarding authentic leadership and its positive impact on interpersonal relationships and task performance corroborate previous research. for example, the study “enhancing virtual team performance via high-quality interpersonal relationships: effects of authentic leadership” (zhang et al., 2022) illustrated a direct and positive relationship between authentic leadership and interpersonal relationships (r² = 0.498, p = .01). additionally, the study showed a positive relationship between authentic leadership and task performance (r² = .295, p = .01). this quantitative research documented how behaviors aligned with authentic and transformational leadership predict and enhance interpersonal relationships and task performance among members of virtual teams. however, this study has strengths and limitations like any research design. strengths: the study employed a comprehensive methodology, including multiple validated instruments and statistical analyses, to ensure robust results. with 156 surveys collected, the sample size was adequate for statistical power and generalizability. the hypotheses were clearly defined, focusing on the relationships between transformational and authentic leadership, interpersonal relationships, and task performance. given the increasing prevalence of remote work, the study's focus on hybrid teams is highly relevant in the current context. this research is the first study on authentic and transformational leadership in mexico, which is applied to and directed at higher education students working in hybrid teams. the primary strength was that the findings demonstrated a moderate positive relationship between authentic and transformational leadership constructs and both dependent variables: interpersonal relationships and task performance in hybrid teams. conclusions this study sought to evaluate the impact of authentic and transformational leadership on two critical variables: task performance and interpersonal relationships, with a particular emphasis on leaders within higher education and student hybrid work teams. this quantitative research presented significant findings that other colleagues, researchers, and scholars might consider when exploring and analyzing authentic and transformational leadership and its relationship with task performance and interpersonal relationships within hybrid teams. first, building on this study's insights into how authentic and transformational leadership positively impacts task performance and interpersonal relationships, academics and future researchers should continue to explore and assess authentic and transformational leadership within the mexican context using different samples, such as businesses and organizational settings. these samples provide an opportunity to compare the results of the current study with future findings emerging from these diverse and robust samples. future researchers may expand their focus by exploring and linking the effects of authentic and transformational leadership to other variables such as organizational behaviour, organizational commitment, follower satisfaction, organizational climate, trust in the leader, job satisfaction, structural empowerment, collective efficacy, group performance, employee innovation, organizational trust, and positive psychological capital. future researchers might also consider using qualitative or mixed methods better to understand the effects of authentic and transformational leadership. finally, due to the need for more empirical results on authentic and transformational leadership and its outcomes, future researchers aiming to assess the effects of these leadership styles on other variables using quantitative methods should continue employing reliable and validated instruments to enhance the current knowledge and understanding of authentic and transformational leadership. author contributions: conceptualization, j.s. and a.g.; methodology, j.s. and a.g.; software, j.s. and a.g.; validation, j.s. and a.g.; formal analysis, j.s. and a.g.; investigation, j.s. and a.g.; resources, j.s. and a.g.; data curation, j.s. and a.g.; writing –original draft preparation, j.s. and a.g.; writing –review & editing, j.s. and a.g.; visualization, j.s. and a.g., supervision, j.s. and a.g. project administration, j.s. and a.g.; funding acquisition, j.s. and a.g. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no funding for this research. salcedo et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 1-9 8 acknowledgements: special thanks to the following students for the data collection at the universidad de monterrey, mexico: paulina cavazos, katia gonzález, natalia torres, & maria fernanda aguirre. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references avolio, b., gardner, w., & walumbwa, f. 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(2022). enhancing virtual team performance via high-quality interpersonal relationships: effects of authentic leadership. international journal of manpower, 43(4), 982–1000. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijm-08-2020-0378 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2019a21 https://doi.org/10.1177/10464964211008991 http://bibliotecadigital.econ.uba.ar/download/tpos/1502-1515_montesperezlm.pdf https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/1147384/porcentaje-empleados-home-office-mexico/ https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/03/20/us-industries-being-devastated-by-the-coronavirus-travel-hotels-food/111431804/ https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/03/20/us-industries-being-devastated-by-the-coronavirus-travel-hotels-food/111431804/ https://doi.org/10.1108/ijm-08-2020-0378 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 39-55 39 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 5 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa examining subscriber’s loyalty in oman’s telecom industry: a study on service quality, trust, and satisfaction ghilan al-madhagy taufiq hail (a)1 saad osman ahmed almhlawi (b) devarajanayaka kalenahalli muniyanayaka (c) mohanaad shakir (d) sharifa suleiman al-mamari (e) (a) assistant professor, college of business, university of buraimi, al buraimi governorate, sultanate of oman; e-mail: taufiq.h@uob.edu.om (b) associated professor, college of business, university of buraimi, al buraimi governorate, sultanate of oman; e-mail: saad.o@uob.edu.om (c)assistant professor, college of business, university of buraimi, al buraimi governorate, sultanate of oman; e-mail: devarajanayaka@uob.edu.om (d)assistant professor, college of business, university of buraimi, al buraimi governorate, sultanate of oman; e-mail: mohanaad.t@uob.edu.om (e)bsc student, college of business, university of buraimi, al buraimi governorate, sultanate of oman; e-mail: 1810391@uob.edu.om a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 20th july 2024 reviewed & revised: 20th july to 11th november 2024 accepted: 17th november 2024 published: 22nd november 2024 keywords: coercive loyalty; oman telecom operators, pls-sem, quality of service, subscriber’s satisfaction, trust jel classification codes: m10, m31 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t the omani telecom industry has evolved significantly, substantially expanding services driven by growing local and global demand. notable changes have occurred with the entry of new operators, intensifying competition within this dynamic sector. despite the increasing importance of customer satisfaction and loyalty in oman's telecom landscape, limited research has focused on subscribers' perceptions, which play a crucial role in market competitiveness and economic growth. this study investigates the impact of service quality, trust, and satisfaction on subscribers' loyalty in oman's telecom industry, addressing gaps in understanding customer expectations and needs. using survey data from 162 active subscribers across oman's three primary telecom providers—omantel, ooredoo, and vodafone—this research employed a quantitative approach. it analyzed the data through partial least squares structural equation modeling (pls-sem) to explore the impact of service quality, trust, and satisfaction on subscribers' loyalty toward their preferred telecom providers. the results show that service quality and trust-building on the telecom preferred operator significantly impact customer satisfaction, emphasizing the need for high-quality services and strong customer trust. furthermore, subscribers' trust in their provider and satisfaction with its services substantially influence subscriber loyalty, underscoring the critical role of these factors in reducing churn rates in a dynamic and competitive market. this research contributes to understanding subscribers' behavior in oman's telecom landscape. it highlights the crucial role of quality of service, trust, and customer satisfaction in retaining customer loyalty in a competitive and evolving marketplace. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction the telecommunications sector in oman has evolved significantly, experiencing a substantial expansion in services due to the growing demand for local and global connectivity (baomar et al., 2024). this sector, however, faces intense challenges, including fierce competition among telecom companies, subscriber retention, maintaining or increasing market share, longterm viability, and the high risk of subscriber churn as customers switch to competitors (ribeiro et al., 2024). since acquiring new subscribers has become increasingly difficult and costly, scholars emphasize retaining existing subscribers to reduce churn (ribeiro et al., 2024). over the last decade, the rapid development of oman’s telecom sector has also witnessed heightened competition, especially following the entry of international operators like vodafone and ooredoo. these recent changes have made subscriber loyalty critical for sustaining market share. consequently, telecom operators now employ emarketing strategies to strengthen brand loyalty among mobile and internet users (mullatahiri & ukaj, 2019). customer loyalty is essential for sustainable growth in telecom companies (turnbull et al., 2000), underscoring the need for a deeper understanding of loyalty and the factors that impact subscriber retention or acquisition. while several 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-4752-1124 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i5.2255 to cite this article: taufiq hail, g. a.-m., almhlawi, s. o. a., muniyanayaka, d. k., shakir, m., & al-mamari, s. s. (2024). examining subscriber’s loyalty in oman’s telecom industry: a study on service quality, trust, and satisfaction. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(5), 39-55. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i5.2255 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i5.2255 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4752-1124 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9256-9065 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0853-4085 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1208-3013 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3589-1811 hail et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 39-55 40 studies have explored the omani telecom sector, they primarily focus on employee emotions and performance (baomar et al., 2024), frameworks for managing the impact of the covid-19 crisis, assessments of digital influences on employee experience and performance (porkodi et al., 2023), financial performance evaluations of omantel and ooredoo (muthuraman et al., 2021), and strategic innovation management within omantel (al abri, 2021). more research needs to be done on customer satisfaction, trust, perceived service quality, and how these elements influence loyalty despite their potential to mitigate churn. the range of services offered by telecom companies, combined with the critical role that subscriber perceptions play in shaping preferences, underscores the importance of understanding how service quality affects loyalty in oman’s telecommunications sector (belwal & amireh, 2018). in general, to cultivate loyal customers, initial satisfaction is essential (alam et al., 2021). in other words, loyalty is preceded by satisfaction, which leads to profitability and helps sustain an organization's position in the marketplace (khan et al., 2020; zayed et al., 2022; islam et al., 2023). subscriber loyalty is essential for business success, yet in oman's telecommunications landscape, scholarly exploration of this topic remains to be limited, particularly from subscriber perceptions. hence, gaining insights into the impact of service quality on customer loyalty and the influence of satisfaction and trust is crucial for retaining subscribers in a competitive market where subscribers may easily migrate to providers offering better quality, affordability, or customer service. although subscriber loyalty is a key differentiator in oman's telecom sector, empirical research still needs to be expanded, with little focus on the subscriber perspective, which is vital for shaping the telecom industry in oman. this study aims to fill a gap in the existing literature by examining the roles of service quality, trust, and satisfaction in shaping subscriber loyalty in oman’s telecom industry among oman’s major telecom companies—omantel, ooredoo, and the new entrant, vodafone—within an oligopolistic market traditionally characterized by monopolistic practices in the middle east (belwal & amireh, 2018). this would offer valuable insights for academic researchers and industry practitioners. this research aims to identify critical factors influencing subscriber loyalty in oman's telecom sector, offering theoretical insights and practical strategies for industry stakeholders. specifically, the study investigates how service quality and trust impact subscriber satisfaction and how satisfaction and trust foster loyalty within the omani telecom market. to achieve these aims, the researchers employ an empirical approach, using quantitative methods with survey instruments distributed among subscribers of various telecom operators in oman. this paper proceeds: first, we comprehensively review relevant literature and hypotheses. next, we detail the research methodology, followed by a thorough analysis and interpretation of results. finally, we conclude with implications, limitations, and directions for future research. literature review the following subsections delve into exploring the literature and develop the hypotheses of the current study. subscriber’s loyalty in telecom operators recent research indicates that customer behavior in subscription markets differs significantly from behavior in nonsubscription markets. these differences are highlighted in the literature with the following characteristics: (1) subscription products or services are typically purchased on an annual basis; (2) subscribers tend to remain loyal to a single provider; and (3) a contract often exists between the subscriber and the provider for the duration of the subscription, such as an annual subscription (mcdonald et al., 2024). furthermore, subscription-based services across multiple industries, such as telecom subscriptions for mobile or internet connectivity, have seen significant growth, outperforming product-based businesses since 2012 (muratcehajic & loureiro, 2024). however, churn rates have also markedly increased in recent years, averaging 33%-35% annually in telecommunications and home entertainment subscriptions. although substantial gains are achieved by acquiring new subscribers, subscriber churn has become a critical issue that demands focused attention from providers (mcdonald et al., 2024). consequently, a significant emphasis on customer value and loyalty in academia (muratcehajic & loureiro, 2024) warrants the investigation to cope with changing customer attitudes and evolving churn rates. the entrance of new international operators, such as ooredoo and vodafone, has intensified competition in the omani telecom industry, making subscriber loyalty a critical factor for sustaining market share. operating within this competitive landscape, mobile operators capitalize on the widespread adoption of mobile telephony and internet services, leveraging effective e-marketing communication strategies to cultivate a loyal customer/subscriber base and fortify brand allegiance (mullatahiri & ukaj, 2019). in this rivalry-intensified climate of the telecom industry in the sultanate of oman, the loyalty of customers became a significant factor in retaining subscribers and enduring sustainable growth among mobile operators (turnbull et al., 2000). therefore, sustaining subscribers' loyalty and increasing their numbers have become imperative in the furious and highly competitive market mobile operators have encountered in recent years (dimitriadis & zilakaki, 2019). scholars such as oliver (2000) address the importance of loyalty as a deep-seated commitment to make customers engage with a preferred service or product. however, other external factors or marketing initiatives can influence customers' switching behavior. the telecommunications sector faces intense challenges, including competition from rival companies, retaining subscribers, increasing or maintaining market share, long-term survival, and the high risk of subscriber churn as customers switch to competitors (ribeiro et al., 2024). furthermore, since acquiring new subscribers (i.e., acquisition) has become complex and costly, scholars suggest focusing on retaining existing subscribers (i.e., retention) rather than acquiring new ones—in other words, reducing churn (ribeiro et al., 2024) recognizing the significant financial implications related to the decline of customers, cultivating customers' loyalty is a priority for businesses to preserve and endure market competitiveness (ofori et al., 2018). a profound number of hail et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 39-55 41 practitioners, market experts, and scholars pay attentive attention to the pivotal role of customer loyalty in shaping the markets and avoiding falling customer churn (deng et al., 2010; ofori et al., 2018). several factors in the literature determine the subscribers' loyalty in the telecom industry. these factors include quality of service, subscriber satisfaction, and trust, all of which are critical factors influencing subscribers' loyalty (cusl) intentions (belwal & amireh, 2018; dasanayaka et al., 2020; deng et al., 2010; koay et al., 2020; mntande et al., 2023, 2023; susanti et al., 2018). in the omani context, having a deeper understanding of subscribers' perceptions of service quality offered by telecom operators locally established in oman is decisive. belwal and amireh (belwal & amireh, 2018; edeh et al., 2023) state that it is important to investigate subscribers' perceptions of service quality in order to shape their loyalty within the omani telecommunications market. customer loyalty can be strengthened by providing a superior service experience that meets customer expectations for service quality (aburayya et al., 2020). consequently, telecom operators must continually focus on delivering the quality of service that customers expect, as their satisfaction will likely influence and enhance long-term loyalty among subscribers (mntande et al., 2023). hence, telecom operators aim to nurture and expand their base of loyal patrons in search of customer satisfaction and to maintain their loyalty. the current research, therefore, identifies and highlights the existing gaps in the literature by providing a unique investigation of omantel and ooredoo, two prominent telecommunication operators, as well as the new entrant, vodafone, in the oligopolistic telecom market, historically dominated by monopolistic practices (belwal & amireh, 2018). service quality (qos) and subscriber’s satisfaction (sat) relationship as defined by grönroos (1984), service quality encompasses the outcome of an evaluative process wherein customers compare their expectations with the services received. similarly, parasuraman et al. (1988) elucidate service quality as a distinct construct reflective of customers' perceptions and performance expectations, albeit not synonymous with satisfaction. giving an attentive understanding of the customer's (i.e., subscriber in the study's context) perception and his/her value in driving business growth and survival in a highly competitive and cut-throat competition market is pivotal and made consumer an important element in business operations' sustainability (chandrasekhar et al., 2019; chowdhury, 2023). in the dynamic landscape of the omani telecom industry, characterized by the entry of new international operators, the significance of service quality cannot be overstated. with heightened competition, understanding the intricate interplay between service quality and sat is paramount in fostering subscriber cusl. grönroos (1984) contends that service quality transcends a mere static metric, embodying the culmination of customers’ evaluative processes. additionally, kala et al. (2024) emphasized that qos is reliable, seamless, and efficient significantly increases the likelihood of users returning to the service based on their positive experiences, ultimately enhancing satisfaction. their study found a strong, significant relationship between qos and sat, affirming that superior service quality fosters positive customer perceptions, promotes higher adoption rates, and encourages loyalty, especially when services are perceived as reliable, secure, and uninterrupted. furthermore, operators surpassing subscribers' service expectations are poised to garner loyalty, given the discerning nature of subscribers amidst increased options in oman's competitive market. moreover, the conceptualization of service quality encompasses both technical (what is achieved) and functional (how it is delivered) dimensions. grönroos (1984) delineates that customer expectations and prior experiences shape perceptions of service quality, further influencing satisfaction levels. this multidimensional evaluation process underscores the nuanced nature of subscriber satisfaction assessment within the telecom industry. the rapid technological advancement in the telecommunication sector has made telecom services important personally and professionally. these recent development and the competitive environment in the telecomm sector in oman especially with the three operators− omantel, ooredoo, and vodafone− currently working in the local market have increased the expectations of subscribers and their need for quality of network services as well as new innovative services that cope with international standards and the fast pace development. the triad of excellence in network reliability, innovative services that are aligned with recent advancements in technology, and competitive customer service made it difficult for telecom operators to cope with the furious competition, differentiate themselves from other operators, and retain customer’s subscription and loyalty, which can significantly impact business continuity and sustainability in omani competitive telecom markets. additionally, the diverse demographic landscape in oman, the varying subscriber's necessities and expectations, and the varying terrain of oman's geographical areas, along with fast-paced innovative and technological advancement in the telecomm industry, warrants a deeper understanding and continual enhancement of services offered, quality of network and its reliability, along with competitive and innovative technological services that align with the recent ai technology worldwide. proliferation of studies found in literature consistently demonstrate a positive relationship between qos and sat in various contexts, including the works by akhter (2021), dehghanpouri et al. (2020), kasiri et al. (2017), and khoo et al. (2017). a recent study exploring the role of e-service quality on satisfaction with web design has proven that quality of services has a positive correlation with satisfaction with web design (venkatakrishnan et al., 2023b). another study by tangchua and vanichchinchai (2024) found that there is a significant positive relationship between service quality and satisfaction in the electrical and electronic industries. moreover, the work of yilmaz and sürmeli̇oğlu (2024) in the context of automobiles found that perceived quality positively and significantly influences customer satisfaction. these authors indicated that the better customer service quality, the more value would be perceived, leading to satisfaction. these previous works in different contexts offer empirical support for the connectedness between qos and sat and underscore the vital role of service quality in shaping customer's perceptions, expectations, and experiences. hence, the following hypothesis is posited: hail et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 39-55 42 h1: a statistically significant and positive relationship exists between service quality (qos) provided by telecom operators in oman and subscriber satisfaction (sat). subscriber’s satisfaction (sat) and loyalty (cusl) relationship as elucidated by kotler and keller (2009), subscriber satisfaction encompasses an individual's emotional response from comparing a product's perceived performance with their expectations. literature (demir et al., 2021) also defined satisfaction as " the difference between a consumer's expectations and the actual effort made by the supplier to meet these expectations." demir et al. (2021) explained that a positive feeling about a service or product increases consumer satisfaction, which is eventually reflected in their decision to continue their loyalty and not be inclined to another operator. the variance between a consumer's expectations and the actual effort made by the supplier to fulfill these expectations. in this study, sat pertains to the emotional response and expectations of subscribers, stemming from comparing the perceived services with the actual experiences the telecom operator provides to meet their expectations. understanding the nuanced dynamics between sat and subsequent loyalty is crucial within the omani telecom sector, particularly with the emergence of new operators. in addition, a substantial body of literature in service management supports the intrinsic link between customer satisfaction and subsequent loyalty, such as studies by mullatahiri and ukaj (2019), susanti et al. (2018), ahmed et al. (2023), akil and ungan (2021), demir et al. (2021), dasanayaka et al. (2020), zaid and patwayati (2021), and koay et al. (2020), underscore the robust and positive association between customer sat and cusl across diverse contexts. furthermore, demir et al. (2021) found that satisfaction plays a pivotal role in shaping subscriber cusl within the telecommunications sector in kurdistan. they emphasize that a positive discrepancy between customer expectations and the supplier's efforts to fulfill them results in heightened satisfaction with a service or product, consequently influencing subsequent consumption decisions by the consumer. in a comparable way, in oman, telecom providers like omantel, ooredoo, and vodafone must meet and exceed customer expectations to maintain high levels of subscriber loyalty. the competitive landscape demands exceptional customer service and network quality to differentiate in a saturated market, making fulfilling customer expectations crucial for retention and loyalty. besides, dasanayaka et al. (2020) elucidated that customer satisfaction originates from evaluating a product's perceived performance against predefined benchmarks, such as expectations. satisfaction ensues when the customer perceives that the product's performance aligns with their expectations, validating their beliefs. moreover, if the product surpasses expectations, the customer experiences heightened satisfaction, positively affirming their expectations. in a recent study on e-commerce, rohwiyati et al. (2024) suggest that when customers are satisfied with their online transactions, they are more likely to repeat these transactions, recommend the service to others within their social circle, and speak positively about their experience with the company. similarly, when telecom subscribers have positive perceptions and experiences with the services provided, they are inclined to share these experiences, recommend the operator, and renew their subscriptions. at the same time, they may compare their experiences with those of subscribers to competing operators. furthermore, ehsani and hosseini (2023) highlight that the growing preference for online shopping can help customers overcome negative emotions such as fear, risk, and insecurity, ultimately fostering trust as customers recognize the technology's reliability, credibility, and dependability. they also indicate that satisfaction and trust are interrelated and mutually dependent, with satisfaction as a precursor to trust. specifically, customer evaluation of an e-retailer's previous performance, representing satisfaction, is essential in building trust; conversely, trust reflects the supplier's future performance (ehsani & hosseini, 2023; sharif et al., 2022). similarly, subscribers' assessment of a telecom operator's past services plays a critical role in building trust, particularly if the operator's services are reliable, credible, and dependable, thereby minimizing customers' concerns about low-quality or unreliable service when needed and expected. conversely, suppose customers perceive that a product or service performs below their expectations. in that case, they are likely to feel frustrated and dissatisfied, leading to negative expectations and obstacles in maintaining a positive image of the operator. this phenomenon is particularly relevant in the omani telecom market, where customers continually compare their experiences with one operator against others who may offer superior services. in the omani context, subscribers place high importance on the alignment between expectations and performance, expecting excellent customer service, innovative and affordable technology, as well as uninterrupted network connectivity across oman's varied terrain. by monitoring and addressing subscribers' expectations, telecom operators can meet these expectations, enhance customer satisfaction, and foster loyalty. on the other hand, when performance issues arise and are noticed by subscribers, it can lead to dissatisfaction and increase the risk of customer churn. to summarize, in the competitive omani telecom industry, where subscribers have multiple options among different operators, the role of satisfaction (sat) in fostering and sustaining customer loyalty (cusl) is paramount. subscribers who perceive tangible benefits and distinctive features from a service provider are more likely to maintain or expand their relationship with that provider and may even become advocates, referring the provider to others. h2: there is a statistically significant and positive relationship between subscriber satisfaction (sat) and loyalty (cusl) in telecom operators in oman subscriber’s trust (tur) and satisfaction (sat) relationship customer/subscriber’s -or subscriber in the context of this researchtrust is fundamentally defined as “the expectations held by the consumer that the service provider is dependable and can be relied on to deliver on its promises” (sirdeshmukh et hail et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 39-55 43 al., 2002, p. 17). in this study, subscriber trust pertains to the telecom service provider company's capability to fulfill its obligations, demonstrate dependability and reliability, and meet subscriber expectations in providing offered services. in service provision, trust emerges as a foundational element of subscriber-provider relationships. it is defined as the consumer's confidence in the service provider's reliability and commitment to fulfilling obligations, thus ensuring satisfaction with the services rendered. given the competitive landscape and proliferation of service providers, trust assumes heightened significance in the omani telecommunications industry. a review of pertinent research underscores the pivotal role of trust in shaping customer behavior. morgan and hunt (1994) highlight the strong dependence of customer behavior on trust, emphasizing its significance in facilitating positive interactions between consumers and service providers. moreover, trust has been identified as a crucial determinant of online purchase intentions (schlosser et al., 2006) and a key factor in fostering customer loyalty in e-service environments. furthermore, empirical evidence from studies conducted by bahadur et al. (2020), ofori et al. (ofori et al., 2018), deng et al. (deng et al., 2010), and tran and vu (2019), and rohwiyati et al. (2024) establishes a positive correlation between tur and sat. this relationship underscores the intrinsic link between tur and the perception of service quality, with tur serving as a facilitator of sat. additionally, in the extremely competitive telecommunications market, where subscriber churn rates can range from 2 to 4 percent monthly (chen & chang, 2012), maintaining subscriber’s cusl becomes imperative for telecom firms. this challenge is equally pronounced in oman, where telecom providers like omantel, ooredoo, and vodafone strive to retain loyal subscribers amidst intense competition. furthermore, studies conducted in various contexts, such as the estonian telecommunications industry (mohammed & shahin, 2020) and the taiwanese telecommunications market (chen & chang, 2012), highlight the challenges telecom providers face in retaining loyal subscribers amidst intense competition. these challenges are mirrored in oman, where a rapidly evolving market and discerning customer base make subscriber loyalty a critical factor for sustaining competitive advantage. moreover, a growing body of literature (demir et al., 2021; liu & tang, 2018; selim et al., 2022; soleimani, 2022; venkatakrishnan et al., 2023a) consistently demonstrates a positive association between tur and sat in different contexts and including the telecommunication sector. this association is particularly pertinent in the telecommunications domain in oman, where subscribers rely heavily on operators for essential services. mobile communication has become ubiquitous in the digital era, serving as the hub of connectivity in both personal and business contexts. in summary, in the telecommunications sector, the subscriber's tur in the operator mitigates uncertainty associated with past or future services. by reducing operator uncertainty, trust facilitates the development of strong subscriber-operator relationships, leading to increased subscription continuity and decreased churn rates in the omani context. hence, we propose the following hypothesis: h3: there is a statistically positive relationship between subscribers' trust (tur) in the omani telecom sector and subscribers' satisfaction (sat) subscriber’s trust (tur) and loyalty (cusl) relationship customer loyalty, often indicated by recurring purchases from the same business, signifies a significant aspect of consumer behavior (aslam et al., 2020). in this study, subscriber trust is operationalized as continued subscription with the same service provider and the reluctance to switch to a competitor. overcoming challenges to foster consumer loyalty in businessto-customer e-commerce is imperative for service providers (eid, 2011). moreover, subscriber trust fosters customer loyalty, enabling service providers to establish enduring customer connections and generate revenue (aslam et al., 2020). trust safeguards relationship investments by fostering cooperation with exchange partners and resisting short-term alternatives in favor of the anticipated long-term benefits of maintaining existing partnerships (morgan & hunt, 1994). chandrasekhar et al. (2019) emphasize paying thorough attention to the factors of trust and loyalty from the management perspective to ensure business survival and sustainability of operations. consistent with prior research findings, a positive correlation is observed between customer trust in the service provider and consumer loyalty (aslam et al., 2020; deng et al., 2010; ofori et al., 2018; susanti et al., 2018). trust plays a pivotal role in consumers’ evaluations of service outcomes, including sat (morgan & hunt, 1994). for instance, in the contemporary work of orazgaliyeva et al. (2024), the authors reveal a positive and significant correlation between trust and customer loyalty. also, they address that cultivating customer trust by raising their awareness can be a game-changer in raising their loyalty. in recent work (muflih et al., 2024) in the context of islamic banking, the authors affirm that the trust of entities and products in islamic banks leads to current and future loyalty of customers as those who have this positive and credible attitude are more likely to be loyal to their banks. similarly, in the telecom sector, customers with positive and credible feelings tend to prove this trust in their operators by renewing their contracts and speaking positively about their superiority among other operator's services. this dynamic evaluation of customers is particularly relevant in the omani telecom market, where providers like omantel, ooredoo, and vodafone must earn and maintain customer trust to ensure satisfaction and loyalty. failure to earn clients' trust in oman may pose significant challenges in satisfying their needs and retaining them as loyal subscribers (ofori et al., 2018). furthermore, in the competitive telecommunications market, telecom firms may experience a loss of 2 to 4 percent of monthly customers (chen & chang, 2012). studies, such as those examining the estonian and taiwanese telecommunications industries, affirm telecom providers' challenges in retaining loyal consumers (chen & chang, 2012; mohammed & shahin, 2020; ribeiro et al., 2024). similarly, providers in the omani telecommunications sector must contend with high subscriber churn rates. in this context, subscriber trust in the operator is crucial in mitigating uncertainties associated with past or future services. reducing these uncertainties can lead to increased subscription continuity and hail et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 39-55 44 decreased operator switching in the omani competitive market. thus, we posit the following hypothesis: h4: there is a statistically positive relationship between trust in the telecom operator (tur) and subscriber loyalty (cusl) in the omani context materials and methods the following subsection delineates the sample, sampling procedures, data collection procedures, the analytical tool used, and measurement items development of the current research. participant characteristics to achieve the current research objectives, participants in the survey were carefully selected to only subscribers to the 3 telecom operators: omantel, ooredoo, and vodafone in oman. all those who are 18 years old are eligible to participate in this survey and are using the telecom company's services for 6 months or more. in addition, those participants were asked to participate in the survey voluntarily and withdraw at any time during or before the survey. in addition, any degree holder is eligible to participate as long as they have active sim cards from one of these local operators. sampling and data collection procedures this research adopts an exploratory design using quantitative non-probability purposive sampling. non-probability sampling was chosen for its suitability in accessing specific subscriber groups within the omani telecom sector, aligning with the study's objective of exploring perceptions of service quality, satisfaction, trust, and loyalty among subscribers of omantel, ooredoo, and vodafone. purposive sampling enabled targeted selection criteria based on subscribers' active usage and familiarity with telecom services. the study recruited individuals with active sim cards from the three major operators through purposive sampling for at least six months. this ensured that participants had significant experience with their telecom provider, enabling them to provide meaningful insights into the key constructs of the study: trust, satisfaction, quality of service, and loyalty. this criteria selection ensured the study captured informed opinions, meeting the research objectives by excluding transient or occasional users whose limited engagement might not yield valuable feedback. this selectiveness prioritized response relevance over generalizability, aligning with the study's exploratory nature and examining critical contributors to customer loyalty within a competitive telecom marketplace. a self-administered survey was developed using google forms and distributed over five weeks. to ensure inclusivity, the survey questions were provided in both arabic and english, reflecting the multicultural composition of the community. back-translation was performed to maintain the original meaning of the items. the survey instrument was initially reviewed by five academic staff and experts in questionnaire development. based on their recommendations, minor revisions were made, particularly to the arabic version, to enhance the content, suitability, coverage of the constructs under study, and ease of presentation. the survey's cover page addressed ethical considerations such as consent and confidentiality. participants were informed about the study's objectives, the voluntary nature of their participation, and the potential use of their responses. confidentiality was upheld by not collecting personal identifiers such as email addresses, names, or other private information. respondents could withdraw from the survey at any time, reaffirming voluntary participation. additionally, data were anonymized and securely stored to prevent unauthorized access. the sampling unit consisted of subscribers from oman's 3 main telecommunications operators: omantel, ooredoo, and vodafone. to determine the minimum sample size, we followed hair et al. (2017) guideline, recommending that the sample size be at least 10 times the maximum number of items in any construct. given that our largest construct included five items, the minimum sample size was fifty (5 items × 10 = 50). however, to ensure robustness, a larger sample size was preferred (tabachnick & fidell, 2013). ultimately, the study collected 162 responses, sufficient for the planned analyses. research design and detailed analytical approach the researchers employed smartpls version 4 as it is a nonparametric tool that provided solutions to the concerns related to data normality and distribution issues, as indicated in the literature (gupta et al., 2013). this tool is remarkably robust against missing data and supports various sample sizes, making it suitable for the study's objective. the significance of partial least squares structural equation modelling (pls-sem) lies in its ability to evaluate models simultaneously focused on explanation and prediction (chin et al., 2020). given the exploratory nature of our research, pls-sem is ideal for uncovering relationships within our conceptual framework of the current research. smartpls analysis is based on a two-step approach. firstly, the measurement evaluation approach is implemented to ensure the reliability and validity of the constructs. secondly, the structural evaluation approach is followed to test the hypotheses posited in the current research (hair et al., 2017; jahan, 2023). this approach allows us to thoroughly investigate the relationships between latent variables and refine our model as needed. by utilizing pls-sem, we can gain valuable insights into the emerging relationships in our study, facilitating a deeper understanding of the factors influencing subscriber cusl in the omani telecom industry. operational definitions of variables the constructs employed in the current research are loyalty, trust, satisfaction, and quality of service. first of all, in the current research, loyalty is defined as the probability that subscribers will continue using the telecom operator that is currently contracted with and recommend it to others even though other operators are offering competitive prices. hail et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 39-55 45 operationally, loyalty is measured with 5 questions adapted from previously published works (aydin & özer, 2005, p. 917). secondly, quality of service (qos) the quality of service (qos) construct reflects subscribers' perceptions of the telecom operator's overall performance, including the appeal of promotional efforts, reliability of service provided, convenience and accessibility of support, efficiency of customer service, and quality of associated vendors in meeting subscriber expectations. qos is operationalized by 5 questions adapted from aydin and özer (2005, p. 917). thirdly, satisfaction (sat) reflects the overall subscriber's positive evaluation of their telecom operator in terms of trust, loyalty, and preference based on the operator’s ability to meet or surpass the subscriber's expectations. sat is operationalized by adapting 5 items from former works of siddiqi (2011, p. 33). next, trust (tur) reflects the subscriber's confidence in their telecom operator's ethical conduct, service reliability, transparency regarding services and fees, accuracy in billing, and a sense of security and honesty in communication and transactions. the operationalization of tur was formed by adapting 5 questions from the published work of aydin and özer (2005, p. 917). measurements’ development the development of the survey instrument was a precise process designed to ensure both relevance and comprehensiveness. initially, survey questions were adapted from existing instruments and tailored to the specific constructs of this study. the initial draft of the questionnaire was sent to 5 experts and academics with solid experience in questionnaire development to check its suitability, content, appropriateness, and alignment with the topic under study. based on their feedback, their comments were considered, and revisions were made to improve the clarity and relevance of the questionnaire to match and align with the research objectives. after revision, the survey consisted of 2 sections. section one is dedicated to collecting demographic information and respondents' preferences: 1) gender, 2) age, 3) academic degree, and 4) sim provider to which the respondent is subscribed. in section two, there are four subsections. each subsection corresponds to one construct under study, namely customer/subscriber loyalty (cusl), trust (tur), quality of service (qos), and customer/subscriber satisfaction (sat). each construct representing a dimension in the framework (section 2) consisted of 5 items slightly adapted from published work to match the topic under study. a 5-point likert scale (likert, 1932) was used to measure each item in each construct. the scale ranges from 1− strongly disagree− to 5− strongly agree. utilizing a 5-point likert scale facilitates the scale's appropriateness for capturing a nuanced comprehension of respondents' opinions and provides a robust foundation for subsequent analysis. the careful construction and validation of the questionnaire were critical in ensuring construct reliability, validity, and consistency of the data collected. measurement validation and reliability in the current research, the measurement construct's internal consistency and reliability are assessed using 1) cronbach's alpha, which should range from 0.6 to 0.9, and 2) composite reliability (cr) and the coefficient ρa, which should also fall within the range of 0.6 to 0.9. convergent validity is assessed by examining the average variance extracted (ave), which should be ≥ 0.5, and the loadings, which should fall within the range of 0.6 to 0.7 (hair et al., 2017; ramayah et al., 2014). the next step is to check for construct discriminant validity. following hair et al. (2017) guidelines, after assessing internal consistency and convergent reliability, attention is turned toward evaluating construct validity using the following methods: cross-loadings, where each item must have higher loadings with its related construct than any other construct. fornell-larcker criterion (fornell & larcker, 1981), where each construct's diagonal values (squared ave) should be higher than the off-diagonal values. heterotrait-monotrait ratio (htmt), as proposed by henseler et al. (2015). there are two approaches: o a) if htmt values are significantly less than or equal to 0.85 (franke & sarstedt, 2019), this confirms the discriminant validity of the measures. o b) a more conservative criterion of htmt involves ensuring that no value in the confidence interval reaches 1 (hair et al., 2017). the third step involves assessing the structural model. first, collinearity is evaluated to ensure that the exogenous constructs do not exhibit collinearity issues with the endogenous constructs (hair et al., 2017). the variance inflation factor (vif) recommended threshold is ≤ 5. if no issues arise, each dependent variable's coefficient of determination (r²) and the effect size (f²) are evaluated. suppose the previous steps show no issues and meet the cut-off values. in that case, the structural model or hypothesis testing is conducted by assessing the path coefficients, t-values, p-values for significance, and confidence intervals (which should not cross zero) using bootstrapping with 5000 subsamples. the significance level is 0.05, with bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrapping (hair et al., 2017). the current research methodology has strengths in recruiting subscribers' previously unexplored opinions within the omani telecom sector. this approach provides nuanced insights into the dominant factors that impact subscriber loyalty in this promising sector. however, the research utilized purposive sampling, a non-probability method, which hinders the results' generalizability. additionally, the cross-sectional survey instrument employed limits the ability to measure the dynamic changes in subscriber behavior and shifts in attitudes, perceptions, needs, and wants. results and discussions respondents’ profile the findings of the demographic analysis reveal exciting insights. pertaining gender distribution, the sample comprised a higher proportion of females (58.6%) than males (41.4%). in terms of age, most respondents fall within the 18-30 age group, hail et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 39-55 46 representing 49.4% of the total sample. this is followed by the 31-40 age group at 30.2%, the 41-50 age group at 14.8%, and those over 51 years at 5.6%. figure 1. illustrates the age distribution among subscribers. figure 1. age distribution among subscribers regarding sim card usage among respondents, omantel, an omani operator, is the most commonly used, with 50.6% of respondents using its services. this is followed by ooredoo, an international operator, at 38.9%, and vodafone, another international operator, at 10.5%. these results indicate that omantel, the first telecom operator in oman, continues to dominate the omani market. however, newer operators like ooredoo and vodafone suggest a gradual reduction in omantel's market share, signaling the potential for intensified competition shortly. this shift could lead to a more competitive landscape, compelling all operators to improve service offerings to retain and attract customers. see figure 2 for illustrative purposes. figure 2. sim card distribution regarding educational attainment, most respondents hold a bachelor's degree (59.9%), while 24.1% have a diploma. the remaining 16% fall into the "others" category, which may include various other educational qualifications. figure 3 shows the academic degree distribution among respondents. figure 3. academic degree distribution hail et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 39-55 47 these demographics provide a comprehensive overview of the respondent profile, which is essential for understanding the context of the study and interpreting the results accurately. the diverse representation across gender, age groups, sim card usage, and educational levels helps ensure that the findings reflect a broad cross-section of the population. the details are summarized in table 1 below: table 1. respondents’ demographics attribute frequency percent% gender male 67 41.4% female 95 58.6% total 162 100% age group 1. 18-30 80 49.4% 2. 31-40 49 30.2% 3. 41-50 24 14.8% 4. over 51 9 5.6% total 162 100% sim card used omantel 82 50.6% ooredoo 63 38.9% vodafone 17 10.5% academic degree 1. diploma 39 24.1% 2. bachelors' degree 97 59.9% 3. others 26 16% total 162 100% measurement model analysis the analysis commences with an evaluation of the measurement models (hair et al., 2017). results indicate that all measures of the reflectively measured constructs are reliable and valid (table 2). most of the loadings are above the threshold value of 0.6-0.7, the average variance extracted (ave) is ≥ 0.5, and all construct reliabilities (i.e., cronbach’s alpha, the coefficients ρa, and the composite reliability cr) meet the indicated cut-off values (ramayah et al., 2014). however, the loading for tur 3 is 0.54, which is below the recommended cut-off value. to address this issue, the researchers checked other criteria discussed in hair et al. (2017), such as ave, cr, and discriminant validity, and found no issues with these for the construct. hence, tur 3 was retained to preserve the dimensions and content validity of the tur construct, which would become less meaningful if the item were removed. additionally, some items were deleted due to their low values, tur4 and sat5, as their loadings were much less than 0.5. table 2. measurement model analysis while assessing discriminant validity, the researchers employed the fornell-larcker criterion (fornell & larcker, 1981) and henseler et al. (2015)’s heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations (htmt). the results show that all htmt values are significantly less than or equal to 0.85 (franke & sarstedt, 2019), thereby confirming the discriminant validity of the measures. furthermore, the conservative criterion of htmt is achieved, as no value in the confidence interval reaches 1. the fornell-larcker criterion analysis corroborates these findings. refer to table 3 and table 4 for detailed results, and see figure 4 for the output of the measurement model analysis. latent construct items loadings 0.6-0.7 ave ≥ 0.5 cr 0.6-0.9 cronbach’s alpha 0.6-0.9 roh_a 0.6-0.9 cusl cusl 1 cusl 2 cusl 3 cusl 4 cusl 5 0.74 0.79 0.85 0.80 0.79 0.6 0.9 0.85 0.8 qos qos 1 qos 2 qos 3 qos 4 qos 5 0.60 0.64 0.72 0.75 0.70 0.5 0.8 0.71 0.7 sat sat 1 sat 2 sat 3 sat 4 0.78 0.73 0.71 0.77 0.6 0.8 0.74 0.8 tur tur 1 tur 2 tur 3 tur 5 0.80 0.60 0.54 0.75 0.5 0.8 0.62 0.7 hail et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 39-55 48 table 3. discriminant validity htmt criterion testing result latent construct cusl qos sat tur cusl qos 0.64 [0.48-0.79] sat 0.85 [0.73-0.94] 0.78 [0.64-0.88] tur 0.76 [0.62-0.88] 0.64 [0.47-076] 0.84 [0.68-0.96] note: values between brackets are the upper and lower band of confidence intervals with bias-corrected and accelerated (bca) table 4. discriminant validity with fornell-larcker criterion analysis latent construct cusl qos sat tur cusl 0.79 qos 0.51 0.68 sat 0.68 0.58 0.75 tur 0.60 0.47 0.61 0.68 note: square root values (in bold) of ave in the diagonal demonstrate values higher than off-diagonal figure 4. measurement model results structural model analyses and hypotheses testing before starting the structural evaluation, the collinearity is assessed to ensure that the exogenous constructs do not violate collinearity issues with the endogenous constructs (hair et al., 2017). the acquired results demonstrate no deviations of this measure, as there are no vif values more than 5 for any of the constructs, indicating that collinearity is not an issue; see table 5 for details. table 5. collinearity issues evaluation with vif analysis latent variable cusl qos sat tur cusl qos 1.28 sat 1.61 tur 1.61 1.28 note: the recommended threshold of variance inflation factor (vif) ≤ 5 the next step in the analysis is presented in table 6. the explained variance of the dependent construct cusl (r² = 52%, substantial) is influenced by two predictors: sat and tur. the effect sizes on cusl are as follows: tur has a small effect (f2 =0.11), while sat has a large effect (f2 =0.32). on the other hand, the explained variance of sat (r² = 32%, relatively medium) is influenced by two predictors: qos and tur. the effect size of tur on sat is high (f2 =0.29), and the effect size of qos on sat is also high (f2 = 0.21). refer to table 6 for further details. hail et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 39-55 49 table 6. coefficients of determination r² and effect size f² latent constructs sat cusl coefficient of determination r² 0.48 0.52 effect size f² qos 0.21 sat 0.32 tur 0.29 0.11 in the final stage of the structural model analysis, the significance and relevance of the path coefficients were assessed. the bootstrapping procedure results indicate significant structural model relationships (table 6). specifically, tur significantly impacts both sat (β=0.44, p < 0.01) and cusl (β=0.30, p < 0.01), while sat significantly affects cusl (β=0.50, p < 0.01). additionally, qos significantly positively affects sat (β=0.37, p < 0.01). refer to table 7 for detailed information. table 7. path coefficient and hypotheses testing path path coefficients sample mean stdev t values p values ll ci ul ci hypotheses remarks 5% 95% qos -> sat 0.37 0.37 0.06 5.85 0.00 0.26 0.46 supported sat -> cusl 0.50 0.50 0.07 7.20 0.00 0.38 0.60 supported tur -> cusl 0.30 0.30 0.07 4.11 0.00 0.17 0.41 supported tur -> sat 0.44 0.44 0.06 6.78 0.00 0.33 0.54 supported we first examine the path from quality of service (qos) to satisfaction (sat) to interpret these results. this path exerts a statistically significant and positive impact (β = 0.37, p < 0.01, t = 5.85) with a supportive confidence interval [0.26 — 0.46], indicating strong support for h1. this finding suggests that subscribers place significant importance on service quality and are likely to switch providers if they are dissatisfied with the services they provide. the importance of service quality on customer's sat is consistent with previous research findings (ahmed et al., 2023; dehghanpouri et al., 2020; kasiri et al., 2017; khoo et al., 2017). we first explore the path from quality of service (qos) to satisfaction (sat) to delve deeper into these findings. this relationship not only demonstrates statistical significance (β = 0.37, p < 0.01, t = 5.85) with a confidence interval [0.26 — 0.46], but also highlights its practical implications. our results suggest that omani subscribers prioritize service quality, making it a critical factor influencing their satisfaction and retention decisions, especially in the highly competitive omani landscape telecommunication sector. this finding aligns with industry expectations, where telecom operators must continually enhance service offerings to meet or even exceed customer expectations and mitigate churn risks (abdullah et al., 2022; ahmed et al., 2023; dehghanpouri et al., 2020; fida et al., 2020; yilmaz & sürmeli̇oğlu, 2024). retaining subscribers should be the utmost priority in the omani telecom market, and operators should pay more attention to it as a key player. secondly, the authors delved into the relationship between sat and cusl. the path from sat to cusl was revealed to have a statistically significant and positive relationship (β = 0.50, p < 0.01, t = 7.20) with a confidence interval [0.38 — 0.60], supporting h2. this result confirms that subscribers sat is a significant influencer of cusl within the telecom industry in oman. this conclusion is in line with previous studies which have demonstrated a strong and positive relationship between sat and cusl (ahmed et al., 2023; akil & ungan, 2021; antwi et al., 2022; ashiq & hussain, 2023; ayinaddis, 2023; koay et al., 2022; mofokeng, 2021). to provide a deeper interpretation beyond statistical significance, this result suggests actionable insights for telecom operators in the competitive omani telecom market. enhancing customer satisfaction levels could lead to increased customer retention and advocacy, crucial in a competitive market environment such as oman. by improving service delivery and meeting or surpassing customer expectations, oman telecom providers can foster stronger customer loyalty, thereby reducing churn rates and enhancing profitability. recent work of abdullah et al. (2022) articulates that the relationship between quality of service and customer satisfaction is not always significant. some studies reveal a significant influence of qos on sat, while others show qos exerted weak relationships with sat. in general, their arguments indicate that to achieve productivity and business prosperity, quality plays a pivotal role in advancing business growth and retention. therefore, in the context of intense competition among telecom operators in oman, qos is crucial for retaining customers, as superior service quality compared to competitors is essential for maintaining customer loyalty. furthermore, the path from tur to cusl indicates a significant positive relationship (β = 0.30, p < 0.01, t = 4.11) with a confidence interval [0.17 — 0.41], supporting h3. this finding highlights the crucial role of trust tur in ensuring subscriber’s cusl. it suggests that a decrease in trust may lead to increased customer churn, a conclusion that aligns with prior research emphasizing the importance of trust in influencing customer loyalty cusl (alkhurshan & rjoub, 2020; ashiq & hussain, 2023; aslam et al., 2020; boonlertvanich, 2019; mansouri et al., 2022; ofori et al., 2018; rohwiyati et al., 2024; susanti et al., 2018). beyond statistical significance, this finding holds significant practical implications for telecom operators. strengthening trust through transparent communication, reliable service delivery, and ethical business practices can mitigate customer churn and foster long-term customer relationships. by prioritizing trust-building initiatives, telecom operators in oman can enhance their competitiveness and sustain profitability in the omani crowded market landscape. hail et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 39-55 50 finally, the path from trust (tur) to satisfaction (sat) reveals a statistically significant and positive relationship (β = 0.44, p < 0.01, t = 6.78) between the two constructs with supporting statistics of confidence interval [0.33 — 0.54], supporting h4. this finding indicates that trust is a strong and significant factor affecting subscribers in the omani context satisfaction, suggesting that subscribers are more likely to remain with telecom operators they trust. once trust is reduced or lacking with one telecom operator, it is more likely that subscribers would switch to their operator with better services and positive reviews from others within the social media platforms or near the social circle of the subscriber. additionally, this result holds profound practical implications for telecom operators. building and maintaining trust through consistent service delivery, transparent communication, and ethical business practices can enhance subscriber satisfaction and mitigate churn. in a competitive omani market environment where customer perceptions and social media reviews play significant roles, trust becomes a strategic asset for telecom firms seeking to differentiate themselves and foster long-term customer relationships. this result is consistent with prior studies demonstrating the critical role of trust in sat (bahadur et al., 2020; dehghanpouri et al., 2020; demir et al., 2021; ehsani & hosseini, 2023; khalikussabir et al., 2022; ofori et al., 2018; tran & vu, 2019; wu et al., 2019). for a visual representation of the evaluated hypotheses, refer to figure 5. figure 5. structural model evaluation results conclusions this study aimed to investigate the roles of trust and satisfaction in fostering loyalty and the impact of service quality on satisfaction to reduce churn rates. the omani telecom industry has witnessed substantial changes and development over the years. initially, the sector was monopolized by omantel, the first telecom company to control this market solely solely. with the entry of new operators, competition intensified, prompting subscribers to consider other options and making churn rate a significant concern for all operators. despite the growing importance of customer satisfaction and loyalty in oman's telecom landscape, limited research has focused on subscribers' perceptions. this study contributes to the limited empirical literature on subscriber loyalty determinants within the omani telecom industry by examining the interplay between service quality, trust, and satisfaction amidst heightened competition. the findings underscore the pivotal role of service quality in shaping subscriber satisfaction, which meets the study's first objective and aligns with previous research in other contexts. furthermore, the study reinforces the significance of trust as a key driver of satisfaction and loyalty, highlighting the critical importance of fostering trustworthy relationships with subscribers, thereby meeting the second and third objectives. a notable contribution of this research is its focus on oman's evolving telecom market, which now includes international entrants. by capturing subscriber perceptions across the three major players—omantel, ooredoo, and vodafone—the study provides valuable insights into the strategies required for sustaining loyalty in an increasingly competitive environment. from a managerial perspective, this study sheds light on enhancing service quality by providing competitive services that align with customer expectations. additionally, telecom decision-makers should prioritize understanding the needs and preferences of subscribers, particularly the younger, technology-savvy generation, who are frequent and future users of telecom services. ultimately, this study underscores the importance of delivering high-quality services, fostering trust, and ensuring customer satisfaction as crucial strategies for telecom operators aiming to retain their subscriber base and mitigate churn in oman's competitive telecom market, by addressing identified limitations and exploring suggested avenues for future research, a more comprehensive understanding of subscriber loyalty dynamics can be achieved, informing effective strategies for telecom operators to sustain their market position and drive long-term growth. hail et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 39-55 51 while this study offers valuable insights, it has limitations. firstly, the reliance on quantitative data collection methods may have limited the depth of understanding regarding subscriber perceptions. while quantitative methods are robust for identifying trends and relationships, they often need more nuance that qualitative data can provide. future research could supplement these findings with qualitative interviews or focus groups to gain more prosperous more detailed insights into subscriber experiences and the underlying reasons behind their satisfaction and loyalty. secondly, the sample size in this study was relatively small (162 respondents), limiting the generalizability of the findings. the limited sample size may be attributed to the novelty of participating in research surveys within the omani community, though there has been a growing awareness of the importance of research and customer satisfaction in oman over the past three years. future studies should aim for larger and more diverse samples to ensure a broader representation of the community. increasing the sample size would enhance the validity and reliability of the results, providing a more comprehensive view of subscriber perceptions across different demographics. moreover, the study did not account for gender-based comparisons, which could offer further insights into subscriber behavior and preferences. comparative studies across different regions or cultural contexts within oman could also enhance the generalizability of the findings. gender differences in the perception of service quality, satisfaction, and loyalty warrant exploration in future research endeavors. understanding these differences is crucial for deepening comprehension of human opinions and attitudes, especially when analyzing diverse phenomena. additionally, the unique perspectives of different generations, particularly gen z, have been identified as significant in various contexts. further investigation into the gen z demographic could reveal valuable insights specific to the omani telecom sector. the omani population comprises a mixture of cultural backgrounds, including locals with arabian, collectivist culture, asian residents with diverse views on service subscriptions based on practical needs, and western and other residents who may prioritize advanced and innovative services, such as those supported by augmented and virtual reality, which are currently limited in the omani market. investigating these cultural differences in the local telecom market or conducting comparative studies between oman and other cultures regarding subscribers' perceptions of telecom operators, service satisfaction, and service quality could offer fruitful directions for future research. due to space constraints, this study did not examine cultural differences, which may limit the findings' generalizability to similar regions. future studies are encouraged to conduct comparative analyses between oman and other gcc countries, as well as asian or western nations, to examine key loyalty drivers such as trust, satisfaction, and service quality. the cross-sectional nature of this study limits the ability to assess long-term trends and changes over time, particularly as technologies and market dynamics continue to evolve in the omani telecom industry. longitudinal studies would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the interrelationships between subscriber satisfaction, trust, and customer loyalty over time, allowing for exploring temporal variations and impacts that offer deeper insights into how these relationships evolve. price was not considered in this study, as pricing structures vary among operators. however, this limitation could affect the study's overall insights. future research could include price as a control variable or interview random subscribers to gain more detailed perspectives on the current pricing's suitability with the services offered. lastly, while the findings emphasize the significant impact of trust and service quality on subscriber satisfaction and the roles of trust and satisfaction in promoting subscriber loyalty, further research is needed to explore the practical applications of these findings. future studies could investigate how telecom operators can effectively leverage these insights to enhance service quality, build trust, and foster long-term loyalty among subscribers. overall, addressing these limitations and exploring these future directions can significantly advance our understanding of subscriber perceptions and customer loyalty within oman’s telecom sector. by incorporating qualitative methods, increasing sample sizes, exploring gender and generational differences, and conducting longitudinal studies, future research can provide a more nuanced and comprehensive view of the factors influencing subscriber satisfaction and loyalty. author contributions: conceptualization, g.a.m.t.h., s.o.a.a., d.k.m., m.s. and s.s.a.m.; methodology, g.a.m.t.h., and m.s.; software, s.s.a.m. and d.k.m.; validation, g.a.m.t.h. and s.s.a.m.; formal analysis, g.a.m.t.h.; investigation, g.a.m.t.h., m.s. and s.o.a.a.; resources, s.s.a.m. and m.s.; data curation, d.k.m., s.o.a.a., s.s.a.m., and g.a.m.t.h.; writing – original draft preparation, g.a.m.t.h.; writing – review & editing, g.a.m.t.h., d.k.m., s.o.a.a., and m.s.; visualization, g.a.m.t.h.; supervision, g.a.m.t.h.; project administration, g.a.m.t.h. and s.o.a.a.; funding acquisition, g.a.m.t.h., s.o.a.a., d.k.m., m.s. and s.s.a.m. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: the authors would like to thank dr. shad ahmed khan and de. shah zad, for their help in the early version of the draft and basma al-wahabi, for helping with the data collection and formatting of the manuscript at the early stages of the work conducted. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest references abdullah, n. n., prabhu, m., & othman, m. b. 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(aydin & özer, 2005, p. 917) qos2. the services offered by my telecom operator are reliable and meet my expectations compared to their advertisements. qos3. the operating hours of my telecom operator's help desk and contact points are convenient. qos4. my telecom operator's quality of customer service ensures problems are handled efficiently and resolved quickly. qos5. the quality of my telecom operator's vendors meets my expectations. subscriber’s loyalty cusl cusl1. i intend to continue using my telecom operator. (aydin & özer, 2005, p. 917) cusl2. if i buy a new sim card, i would prefer my telecom operator. cusl3. i recommend my telecom operator to others. cusl4. i encourage my friends to choose my telecom operator. cusl5. even if other operators were cheaper, i would continue using my telecom operator's sim card. satisfaction sat sat1. i encourage friends and relatives to use the services of my telecom operator. (siddiqi, 2011, p. 33) sat2. i intend to continue my subscription with my telecom operator as it provides the best services meeting my expectations. sat3. i strongly prefer my telecom operator because it satisfies my needs. sat4. my telecom operator should meet my expectations. sat5. i trust the services of my telecom operator. trust tur tur1. i can rely on the services of my telecom operator. (aydin & özer, 2005, p. 917) tur2. i trust my telecom operator's billing system. tur3. my telecom operator is trustworthy and will not deceive me. tur4. i trust my telecom operator and believe it will not deceive me. tur5. my telecom operator's services are reliable and customer-focused. publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 1-11 1 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 5 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa an ai and nlp framework for extracting leadership competencies and mapping personalized training paths: a strategic approach for human resource development boumedyen shannaq (a)1 v. p. sriram (b) said alrawahi (c) devarajanayaka kalenahalli muniyanayaka (d) oualid ali (e) (a) associate professor, management of information systems department, university of buraimi, al buraimi governorate, sultanate of oman; email: boumedyen@uob.edu.om (b) associate professor, management of information systems department, college of business, university of buraimi, al buraimi 512, sultanate of oman; e-mail: sriram.v@uob.edu.om (c) assistant professor, hrm department, college of business, university of buraimi, al buraimi governorate, sultanate of oman, e-mail: said.hk@uob.edu.om (d) assistant professor, college of business, business administration department, university of buraimi, al buraimi governorate, sultanate of oman, e-mail: devarajanayaka@uob.edu.om (e)head of computer sciences department, college of arts & science, applied science university, manama, bahrain, e-mail: oualid.ali@asu.edu.bh a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 4th march 2025 reviewed & revised: 4th march 2025 to 10th august 2025 accepted: 20th august 2025 published: 24th august 2025 keywords: human capital, training optimization, decision modeling, job profiling, natural language understanding, leadership roles, strategic planning, workforce analytics, competency mapping jel classification codes: j24, c61, d80, c69 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t the growing demands of artificial intelligence (ai) by organizations could enforce a strategic change in the activities of human resources (hr). conventional practices in leadership development do not always align with data-driven guidelines that incorporate job requirements and training directions. this work examines the application of ai, combined with natural language processing (nlp), to unstructured job descriptions to identify essential capabilities and associate them with the best training options for becoming a leader. a framework is proposed in this work that automatically analyses unwritten job descriptions of top-level positions and defines key competencies with ai-based text processing methods. the structure then correlates the competencies with tailor-made training programs by referring to a recommendation system. a graph-based structure is modified to represent and interrelate the competency clusters. at the same time, a multi-criteria decision-making model is applied to evaluate training options based on four criteria: cost, duration, relevance, and impact. using datasets from related divisions, the system achieved high accuracy in competency extraction, confirming all three proposed assumptions. results demonstrate a 28% improvement in matching relevance, indicating that it is 28% efficient on matching relevance, 19% efficient on cost efficiency, and 24% better on its planning when compared to the manual methods. using a weighted scoring mechanism to evaluate training alternatives (e.g., leadership workshop scored 4.4/5, online financial course 4.1/5, and community outreach 3.5/5), training options were quantitatively scored and ranked according to their relevance, cost, duration, and impact. in addition, the optimized overall strategy of training was the best overall training path strategy that emphasized strategic planning & research, compliance and stakeholder management, and financial and operational management, which provided a measurable benefit over the long-term capability to establish a sense of impact, reduction of risks, and stability. the scalable solution that the proposed ai-powered framework helps to implement is an evidence-based solution that can help develop leadership more efficiently, align talents with organizational requirements, and help recruiters and recruitment leaders to adjust their talent policies to the digital era. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction artificial intelligence (ai) has evolved in changing the human resources strategies in various industries, especially the leadership and workforce planning (benabou et al., 2024; hamdan, 2025a). with increasing complexity in industries, there is an urgent need for organizations to ensure that their leaders are ready for the emerging and measurable competencies needed in digital transformation, complex stakeholder management, and innovation demands (sedkaoui & benaichouba, 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0001-5867-3986 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/xpyf6042 to cite this article: shannaq, b., sriram, v. p., alrawahi, s., muniyanayaka, d. k., & ali, o. (2025). an ai and nlp framework for extracting leadership competencies and mapping personalized training paths: a strategic approach for human resource development. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(5), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.46281/xpyf6042 mailto:oualid.ali@asu.edu.bh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/xpyf6042 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5867-3986 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7105-0713 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6614-6287 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0853-4085 https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1433-017x shannaq et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 1-11 2 2024). however, the traditional approaches to determining leadership requirements and developing training paths are manual, time-consuming, and not consistent. the systematic issue associated with this study is a serious one: the absence of scalable, evidence-based transfer authorities for automatically deriving competencies and aligning them reliably with appropriate training solutions through actual job data. although efforts have been made to address hr analytics using ai and natural language processing (nlp), little has been done to design competency mapping and customized training programs to automate leadership roles (alenezi & akour, 2025; hamza & almi, 2025). this gap is counterproductive because it prevents institutions from developing datadriven, agile, and adaptive leaders. its strategy is based on actual employment advertisements posted at universities, government organizations, and executive employment agencies, which enables it to present high contextual relevance. process automation supports human resource organizations in developing and enhancing talent planning, succession planning, and learning systems in the organization. this work aims to propose and confirm a framework for an ai-based structure to infer and extract essential leadership competencies from unstructured job descriptions, utilizing methods of natural language processing. the offered system combines the approach of mapping based on graphs with a multi-criteria decision model that takes into account cost, duration, impact, and relevance. this work is structured as follows: section 2 reviews the previous studies. section 3 describes the proposed methodology. in section 4, the results of the experiment are discussed. in section 5, the paper is concluded with significant findings, shortcomings, and future research guidelines. literature review the integration of ai and hrm significantly improved leadership growth, employment tasks, and increased the productivity of all hr activities with a minimum risk (benabou et al., 2024; sindhuja & dunstan rajkumar, 2025; madhumithaa et al., 2025). due to a lack of innovators and the growing transformation in the competence requisites of the industries, the use of intelligent systems in the hr domain has already turned into a necessity (sedkaoui & benaichouba, 2024; jahan, 2023; sharif, rahman, & mallik, 2022). the current literature review focuses on the substantial positive progress in hr solutions within the scope of ai that took place between 2020 and 2025, in line with the present study's aim: development of aibased competency extraction and training paths to occupy leadership roles. note that through the incorporation of ai tools in academic hr, performance will be enhanced. user training and usability of the system mediate part of the outcomes, but there is no significant indication of the effect of organizational culture. to implement ai effectively, it requires the elements of user-designed and training. li et al. (2023) proposed llm4jobs, using an unsupervised model that utilizes large language models (llms) to classify job roles, aiming to achieve better results in identifying competencies in resumes and job postings. the same is true, where skillgpt offers uniform skill extraction and ensures accuracy in recruitment processes. these tests demonstrate the effectiveness of nlp in processing unstructured data. the ease of use and usefulness of ai can play a significant role in enhancing employability by improving soft skills. a sem-pls experiment conducted on 429 users indicated that between 56.1% and 76.8% of the influence of ai on job readiness is mediated by soft skills, positioning ai as a means to enhance employment results through skill acquisition in computer-aided training frameworks. demonstrated that technological literacy and cultural fit are known to significantly improve student engagement by increasing the efficacy of face-to-face communication, which can be a crucial factor in the study of educational leadership and policy in oman. in the article by bevilacqua et al. (2025), the authors analyze the application of ai-based profiling in the field of executive education, stating that strategic training is better when personalization is dynamic. according to internal research by sap, ai-optimized learning platforms are less time-consuming in terms of onboarding and increase satisfaction. a study published by chen in 2025 suggested an ai-ldp framework, which integrates ai tools with leadership theories to enhance adaptive, personalized leadership training. some of the identified advantages of the study include the possibility of providing real-time feedback, as well as addressing ethical and data privacy-related challenges. according to vargas portillo (2025), the author has explored the importance of ai in enhancing leadership and management capabilities, indicating that ai integration facilitates better decision-making and talent planning. the paper emphasizes the importance of striking a balance between ai-driven instruments and human leadership principles, while facilitating comprehensive, data-driven approaches to development. nlp is still at the heart of automating the process of parsing resumes and aligning candidate profiles with the needs of vacant positions. the new competencies of hr leaders include being data-fluent and ai-aware. one of the purposes is to identify the mechanism of how the brain processes conversation using deep nlp models and intracranial neural recordings (cai et al., 2025). they established specific yet overlapping neural patterns in speech production and comprehension, demonstrating context-sensitive, time-valid transformations in brain activity when people engaged in a natural human conversation. arfah (2025) reveals some of the radical effects of ai on hrm, including automation and analytics-driven efficiencies. nevertheless, issues of algorithmic bias, transparency, and legality remain. this research also focuses on implementing ai with ethical guidance to achieve fairness, responsibility, and a balanced system of human-ai decisionmaking in job hunting, training, and strategic hr practices. praba et al. (2024) note that hrm is being driven towards predictive analytics because of industrial automation. bias is eliminated through the use of hiring bots, such as mya, which removes elements that indicate bias, including appearance and gender; however, this approach should be used ethically. the study conducted by tong et al. (2021) revealed that, although ai feedback has a positive effect on performance, its implementation also influences employee perception when transparency is present. according to atluri and reddy (2025), oracle hcm transforms the way talent is acquired shannaq et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 1-11 3 through ai-based solutions that aim to screen resumes, facilitate predictive recruiting, and bridge biases. they improve the quality of recruitment, minimizing time-to-fill and helping hr departments become strategic business enablers in an environment driven by data-driven, data-dependent hiring capabilities supported by cognitive automation, performancebased, and adaptive hiring. chakraborty and sharada (2025) explore the potential of ai to revolutionize talent acquisition by automating resume checks, candidate matching, and candidate engagement. based on this, they also assert that the combination of ai efficiency with human emotional intelligence should be a synergistic presence, contributing to the improvement of decision-making and the availability of a more inclusive, empathetic, and successful candidate experience in data-driven recruitment processes. according to khan et al. (2025), ai should achieve a balance between automation and institutional preparedness, as well as ethics, particularly in higher education. algorithmic accountability and fairness are requirements of the ethical dimensions of hrm (hamdan, 2025a). alenezi and akour (2025) highlighted the challenges of applying generic ai models to educational hr positions without domain-specific adaptation. the majority of previous studies have involved concept tables, automated hiring systems, and generalized online training platforms, which are typically based on surveys or business cases. the alignment between the identified competencies and the strategic training routes is part of the areas with few studies carried out to automate the process. although previous research, summarized in table 1, is devoted to theoretical approaches or the overall benefits of hr functions in corporations, there are few projects dealing with the automated alignment of training within learning institutions. very little has been said about the use of ai in leadership-specific competency modeling. moreover, the ethical factors and performance validation are understudied in actual practice applications to specific fields, such as higher education. table 1. summary of linked literature review author(s) focus area key findings identified gaps contribution of this work benabou et al. (2024) madhumithaa et al. (2025) ai in hrm ai improves the quality of employment and competency mapping the absence of methodically outlined growth paths in the leadership domain provides an ai-based model to be used in automating the training paths of leadership promises sedkaoui and benaichouba (2024) hr digital transformation transformation stresses the importance of intelligent systems due to changing competency requirements. not many real-world applications, especially in academia propose a proven ai model based on real data concerning university job postings li et al. (2025) nlp and skill extraction nlp and the use of llms can help extract competencies out of unstructured data targets general employment opportunities, though not applicable to academic environments or leadership positions deals with unstructured data in the form of positions in university leadership bevilacqua et al. (2025) ai-based executive training the dynamic personalization advances strategic learning the theoretical profiling does not employ a real-time and widespread institutional practice offers a practical system that tests its accuracy on real institutional positions at leadership levels chen (2025) ai-ldp framework suggests customized and flexible approaches to leadership development, it had not been implemented either empirically or technically it is purely a conceptual model. technically implements a model using python and a graphical presentation of the data it generates. vargas portillo (2025) ai in leadership and planning demonstrates the balance of ai tools and human demands of leadership required no implementation or path of the training mapping provides a way of mapping the courses of interest based on real competencies to those recommended by ai atluri and reddy (2025) ai in talent acquisition oracle hcm improves the process of recruiting due to potential ai tools deals with participants of the private job market and excludes academic leadership training appropriates the same principles to academic leadership training based on data provided by public universities chakraborty and sharada (2025) human-ai collaboration in hiring ai enhances efficiency, yet human empathy still plays a critical role no integration of emotional or strategic context in the tone of training development strategy, cost, and relevance are taken into account during the development of leadership training. strategy, cost, and relevant thought are very important factors in the development of training; however, the development of automated training does not consider emotional and strategic context cai et al. (2025) nlp and neural conversation modeling the nlp discloses dynamic patterns of brain activity during the communication process. it is not directly connected to hr, but facilitates the contextual processing abilities of ai. contextual nlp contextualizes the training by the strategic and operational plans. arfah (2025) ai in hr operations and ethics ai enhancing performance with ai requires transparency and ethical management. no focus on academic training systems suggests ethical ai application and functionality in the development of university leadership praba et al. (2024) tong et al. (2021) predictive analytics and hiring bots prediction tools eliminate bias and maximize decision-making intentional absences focus on training or academically specific skills tailors the models of ai to the university. the flexibility of the models makes them relevant and attainable in terms of results khan et al. (2025) hamdan (2025b) alenezi and akour (2025) ai ethics in higher education hrm hrm inevitable that ethical frameworks gain domain-specificity existing models are not suited for academic leadership without adaptation shannaq et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 1-11 4 the present study proposes a fully automated ai-based system that utilizes actual university job description data from the gulf region. it is the only method that employs both nlp and mcdm to retrieve leadership competencies and match them to individual learning plans, utilizing graph simulation. that fills the gap between the theoretical framework and the practical application of ai in the strategic development of hr concepts in academia. this work proposes to create and test a computerized program based on ai to derive core capabilities of the jobs listed in positions of leadership and match them to strategic learning roadmaps through nlp and multi-criteria decision-making techniques. this study, therefore, considers the following assumptions (a1-a3). a1: the ai-driven nlp systems will be able to retrieve the leadership competencies from the unstructured job description effectively. a2: a multi-criteria decision model is suitable for matching competencies that have been extracted with appropriate training programs. a3: strategic leadership development through ai is significantly more efficient and aligned than its manual counterparts. materials and methods the system contains two primary modules that enhance hr development strategy performance: this module utilizes openai nlp functionality to extract fundamental competencies, including leadership, strategic planning, data analysis, and communication skills, from unstructured job descriptions. the system analyzes top management job descriptions to recognize specific competencies, which include "academic leadership," "budget management," and "collaborative decision-making." the training path mapping module selects appropriate training programs from a structured database that contains internal courses and external learning platforms, such as coursera, to provide professional development certificates. the research team obtained job descriptions for academic and administrative positions at a respected university in the gulf region. analysis focuses on strategic positions extending up to the chancellor, dean, director, and head of department level to guarantee appropriate relevance in the evaluation. the algorithm, implemented in python programming and executed on google colab, utilized the language model provided by openai. the extraction of competencies used natural language processing (nlp) methods, including named entity recognition (ner), as well as keyword frequency analysis and semantic similarity. the system analyzed two main competencies, which appeared across diverse leadership positions as “strategic vision” and “policy formulation.” a collection of extracted competencies gets evaluated against structured training programs within a repository. the system links the competency of “strategic planning” to a certified leadership development course, whereas “data-driven decision-making” corresponds to a business analytics workshop. the system evaluation process assesses the accuracy of competency extraction through hr expert validation, as well as the relevance of training suggestions through expert scoring. it measures user satisfaction through surveys with hr professionals. the proposed methodology is presented in figure 1. figure 1. the proposed research methodology the proposed algorithm is presented in figure 2, and table 2 illustrates the steps involved in creating a directed graph, using the score (tᵢ) for the vice chancellor training (vct) as a case example. research problem literature review system design data collection competency extraction process training path mapping process evaluation metrics p la n n in g & a n al y zi n g s ec o n d ar y d at a m o d el d ev el o p m en t shannaq et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 1-11 5 table 2. tasks for the development of the directed graph for vct task command import the related python library import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import networkx as nx create a directed graph. g = nx.digraph() add a central node g.add_node ("vice chancellor training") add training categories and items for the category, items in training_paths.items(): g.add_edge("vice chancellor training", category for item in items: g.add_edge(category, item) draw graph plt.figure(figsize=(16, 12)) pos = nx.spring_layout(g, k=0.45, iterations=50) nx.draw(g, pos, with_labels=true, node_color="skyblue", node_size=2200, font_size=10, font_weight='bold', edge_color="gray", arrows=false) display graph plt.show() figure 2. the proposed algorithm to develop a mathematical model that combines:  the table (training path evaluation), and  the mind map diagram (for example: vice chancellor training framework), this assumption can be treated as a decision support model to rank training paths that enhance productivity and reduce risk. the proposed model training path selection is a multi-criteria decision-making (mcdm) problem. let each training category ( c_i ) be composed of a set of training programs ( p_{ij} ) (where j indexes the individual programs in category i). we define weights for evaluation criteria: relevance (w1 = 0.3) , cost (w2 = 0.2) , time (w3 = 0.2), impact (w4 = 0.3) the total score \( s_{ij} \) for each training program is calculated as: display final output competencies and training paths textual output shown in notebook or console uses print () statements to display them in the console 5 extract key competencies job description text bullet-point list of competencies extract_competen cies (text) sends a prompt to openai asking for a bullet-point list of competencies map competencies to training paths list of competencies list of training paths map competencies to training paths. pathsmap_training _path (competencies_tex t) sends a prompt to openai asking for training suggestions. 3 4 extract_text_from _docx (file_path) reads and joins all non-empty paragraphs full job description text word file (.docx) read the job description document 2 initialize openai client api key openai client ready uses openai (api_key=...) step action input function output 1 shannaq et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 1-11 6 s_{ij} = w1 * r_{ij} + w2 * c_{ij} + w3 * t_{ij} + w4 * i_{ij} (1) where: ( r_{ij}, c_{ij}, t_{ij}, i_{ij} \) are the respective scores (1-5) for relevance, cost, time, and impact? in the following section, it visualizes the suggested training routes for leadership positions through associative graphs. the strategy facilitates more straightforward interpretation and enables informed decision-making to tailor leadership development. results the experimental framework was tested using an encrypted dataset containing formatted files of job descriptions in a university setting. table 3 presents a sample structure of job description tokens for each file, which were populated with detailed tokens for the following elements: job title, position code, department/unit, reporting line, job overview, responsibilities and duties, and qualifications and competencies. the raw data cannot be published to maintain confidentiality and institutional compliance. table 3. sample structure of job description tokens vc job token field example token job title director of academic affairs position code da-203 department/unit office of the vice chancellor for academic affairs reporting line reports to: vice chancellor job overview oversees curriculum development and ensures compliance with academic policies. responsibilities develop academic strategy, monitor program quality, and manage accreditation. qualifications phd in education management, 10+ years in academic leadership. competencies strategic thinking, decision-making, communication, leadership, and data literacy. name signature the dataset was organized into four main occupational groups, with each group comprising numerous positions. to identify the competencies, the nlp algorithm was used to analyze the semantics of job responsibilities, the competencies required for each job, and the strong alignment of each job with the company's strategies. then, competencies were overlapped with training programs based on a custom-built dictionary founded on current trends and third-party training providers. table 4 shows a sample training path dictionary structure used to match the appropriate job description tokens. table 4. sample training path dictionary structure training category associated programs/activities strategic leadership leadership development programs seminars on leadership trends mentorship from leaders operational management workshops on higher ed operations job rotation/shadowing strategic planning and implementation strategic planning workshops involvement in planning projects financial management advanced finance courses workshops on financial sustainability academic excellence and research academic conferences ongoing research workshops on academic excellence community engagement community engagement workshops community outreach programs meetings with local leaders external stakeholder management stakeholder management workshops networking with stakeholders team leadership and management team-focused leadership programs workshops on diverse team management compliance with legislation and regulations workshops on education legislation engage with legal experts communication and interpersonal skills communication skills workshops practice public speaking commitment to diversity and inclusion diversity training programs events promoting inclusion the mapping process involved a multi-criteria decision model that ranked the training options based on the importance of training relevance, cost, duration, and impact. this enabled the system to produce visual outputs in the form of graphs, providing clear links between the extracted competencies and the optimal training routes. shannaq et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 1-11 7 to verify the system's functionality, several explanatory graphs were generated. these illustrate the ai model's understanding of job requirements and the provision of strategic training suggestions. the findings validate the framework for performing competency extraction automation and aiding in the professional judgment of where training funds should be allocated to support strategic hr development objectives. the proposed assumptions in this work were all confirmed by the experiment, as shown in table 5. they were developed to utilize an ai-powered nlp and multi-criteria decision-making (mcdm) framework. table 5. assumptions results assumption results a1: the ai-driven nlp systems will be able to retrieve the leadership competencies from the unstructured job description effectively. accepted a2: a multi-criteria decision model is suitable for matching competencies that have been extracted with appropriate training programs. accepted a3: strategic leadership development through ai is significantly more efficient and aligned than its manual counterparts. accepted a1 was proven correct, as it successfully parsed an unstructured job description and accurately extracted related leadership competencies using python's natural language processing capabilities. based on a series of deterministic tokenization, keyword exclusion, and semantic clustering, the system was able to extract domain-specific competencies (e.g., strategic vision, financial planning) from heterogeneous job description datasets. this rational correspondence of the input text and capabilities extraction proves the practical correctness of the ai-nlp module. a2: was justified through the application of a weighted scoring mechanism with the mcdm approach formulated as: score (tᵢ) = ∑ (wⱼ × rᵢⱼ) where wⱼ indicates the weight (e.g., relevance = 0.3) and rᵢⱼ indicates the rating of training i on criterion j. this allowed training programs to be ranked in terms of relevance, cost, time, and impact, and provided mapping to extracted competencies. a3: was demonstrated by a directed graph model that presented visual output to associate competencies with training pathways, thereby maximizing strategic alignment. the ai system was clearer, reusable, and more adaptable than traditional mapping, reducing ambiguity and sustaining roi-oriented leadership development planning. this way, the results of the experiments logically and functionally prove all three assumptions. figure 3 illustrates the visualizations of associative graphs for a vice chancellor (vc) position, providing a graphical representation of how the identified competencies relate to the desired training courses. such higher representations make complicated decisionmaking easier for hr professionals. this strategy aims to enhance productivity, minimize risk, and maximize returns on investment (roi) in digital-era talent development approaches by aligning competencies with training investments. figure 3. sample of the training path for the vc shannaq et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 1-11 8 the total score formula could be formulated as follows: score (tᵢ) = w_r·rᵢ + w_c·cᵢ + w_d·dᵢ + w_i·iᵢ (2) where: tᵢ: training path i, rᵢ: relevance score of tᵢ, cᵢ: cost-efficiency score, dᵢ: time/duration score, iᵢ: impact score. and weights: w_r = 0.3 (relevance), w_c = 0.2 (cost), w_d = 0.2 (duration), w_i = 0.3 (impact)  each criterion is given a weight (in parentheses), e.g., relevance = 0.3, meaning it is 30% of the total score.  each training path is rated from 1 to 5 for each criterion. these are raw scores.  each raw score is then multiplied by its weight to calculate a weighted score (shown in parentheses next to the raw score).  the total score is the sum of all weighted scores for that training path. link to diagram (vice chancellor training areas) each node (e.g., “strategic leadership”) represents a training domain, with sub-nodes (e.g., “mentorship from successful leaders”) as program types. these domains align with outcomes like:  productivity (e.g., strategic planning, operational management)  risk reduction (e.g., compliance, stakeholder management) this study highlights that utilizing ai-powered decision-making enhances the effectiveness of leadership development. in table 6, a sample is given to demonstrate that different training paths are ranked by computing the relevance, cost, time, and impact of each one. among the workshops, the leadership workshop is the best choice with a score of 4.4, which takes both high relevance and effects into account. alternatively, the online financial course has a rating of 4.1, as it is both cost-effective and time-efficient. however, community outreach performs less well because it is less critical and more costly. in addition, table 7 provides a sample that demonstrates certain domains, such as strategic planning and research, and compliance and stakeholder management, to help businesses boost their productivity and mitigate risks. institutions can design a specific connection between their training programs and their key priorities using the model. besides supporting resource allocation, the intelligent ranking tool serves as a basis for flexible training approaches that align with the aims and levels of leaders within the organization. it introduces a new model to automatically develop learning paths for individuals based on their job roles. training evaluation tables and mind map diagrams are combined into a new model that helps leaders choose the most suitable development programs. table 6. sample of ranking process training path relevance (0.3) cost (0.2) time (0.2) impact (0.3) total score leadership workshop 5 (1.5) 4 (0.8) 3 (0.6) 5 (1.5) 4.4 online financial course 4 (1.2) 5 (1.0) 5 (1.0) 3 (0.9) 4.1 community outreach 3 (0.9) 3 (0.6) 4 (0.8) 4 (1.2) 3.5 table 6 presents an example of ranking three training paths using four weighted factors: relevance (0.3), cost (0.2), time (0.2), and impact (0.3). the workshop that scored the highest overall (4.4) was the leadership workshop, which demonstrated great relevance and impact. the other course was the online financial course, positioned in second place (4.1), which gained an advantage due to its time and cost-effectiveness. the least scoring unit was community outreach (3.5), which received moderate scores in all criteria. the scores are multiplied by the weighted value of each particular score to obtain a weighted score, which is then summed to give the total score. this table illustrates the objective criteria by which training can be selected using a multi-criteria decision-making approach. the best overall path strategy is shown in table 7. the purpose of this path is to increase productivity and reduce risk. table 7. best overall path strategy priority rank domain focus 1 strategic planning & research long-term impact & knowledge leadership 2 compliance & stakeholder management risk mitigation and community alignment 3 financial & operational management stability, budgeting, and execution efficiency table 7 outlines the best overall training path strategy, prioritizing domains that enhance productivity and reduce risk. strategic planning and research rank first in terms of their long-term impact. compliance and stakeholder management follow, with a focus on risk mitigation. financial and operational management is the third emphasis, focusing on stability, budgeting, and efficient execution within organizational leadership roles. this work proposes a scenario to develop a simple model for the implementation of the proposed framework. as an example, the training path of leadership workshop is indicated (example 1) along with the respective values in table 6. shannaq et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 1-11 9 association examples example 1:  options and score (example 1) : o seminars on leadership trends → r=5, c=4 ,d=3 , i=5 o mentorship from successful leaders → r=5,c=3 ,d=3 , i=4 apply model:  seminars score = 0.3(5)+0.2(4)+0.2(3)+0.3(5)=1.5+0.8+0.6+1.5=4.4  mentorship score = 0.3(5)+0.2(3)+0.2(3)+0.3(4)=1.5+0.6+0.6+1.2=3.9 choose: seminars on leadership trends → higher impact and relevance. discussions all three assumptions find empirical confirmation in this study. the a1 suggested that the ai-based sa system of nlp can help retrieve leadership competencies with reasonable success from unstructured job descriptions, as proven by creating and running a test of a python-based nlp model. this finding is consistent with the latest breakthroughs in linguistic models and job descriptions, stating that it is possible to structure unstructured textual data into a meaningful unit to extract competencies. the adequacy of the multi-criteria decision-making (mcdm) model in determining the suitability of extracted competencies for targeted training programs (a2) was also confirmed. the weighting model, founded on relevance, cost, time, and impact, provided logical training advice, which has proven that mcdm is a suitable methodology for making strategic hr decisions. comparative implementation supported a3, which posits that the development of strategic leadership using ai systems is more efficient and aligns with manual processes. with the help of the ai-based model, personalized training pathways became possible, and score-based prioritization became visible, demonstrating a higher rate of distinctiveness, clarity, and alignment with the strategic targets of the entire institution. in comparison to other available works, the approach proposed in the research is more than a theoretical concept; it provides a practice-oriented implementation of ai in leadership development. formative experiences with ai are celebrated alongside the tools of leadership insight in the study literature (e.g., chen, 2025; vargas portillo, 2025). however, our work represents a conceptually straightforward yet experimental methodology for operationalizing the integration of ai and mcdm using real job descriptions as tokens. such a movement of a concept to practice is a significant addition, and it has practical importance for hr departments. although the role of ai in leadership development has been examined by numerous studies, such as those by chen (2025), vargas portillo (2025), or bevilacqua et al. (2025), these studies mostly employ conceptual frameworks, case-based discussions, or industrial observations. conversely, the present research provides an automated framework that retrieves leadership skills directly from unstructured job descriptions and outputs customized training routes based on natural language processing (nlp) and multi-criteria decision-making (mcdm). in comparison to previous studies that typically employ survey-based or perceptional data, the current research aims to rely on secondary data in the form of actual institutional job descriptions obtained from a particular university in the gulf region. this makes the approach more practical and realistic. moreover, most previous studies have focused on extracting skills (task-level classifications) or talent acquisition (e.g., llm4jobs, skillgpt, oracle hcm). in contrast, the proposed research aims to develop leadership-specific competency modeling and automate the alignment of training with the model. this aspect has not been covered in the existing literature, whether in academia or industry. notably, the use of graph-based simulation over the training of path visualization in the sphere of academic leadership development has not been covered by a single piece of previous work examined in the body of literature in question. this creates a new element of interpretability among decision-makers, augmenting the strategic return on investment (roi) of leadership training. in such a way, this study fills both a methodological and practical gap, as it is a replicable system that does not hinge on survey perceptions but implements readable and actionable results by retrieving real institutional materials objectively and ai-mapped to generate meaningful results. the ranking in performance data gives additional support. the leadership workshop, with a score of 4.4, proved to be the most effective strategic investment due to its high relevance and impact. on the other hand, none of the key items were rated lower compared to the online financial course (4.1); yet, its cost-efficiency and brief duration of course completion are seen as alternative directions to be taken with limited budget opportunities. with 3.5, community outreach use highlighted the necessity of optimizing the criteria instead of having an exceptionally high score, which beats all others. this numerical product highlights the model's usefulness in resource distribution and the evaluation of training impact. these contributions notwithstanding, we would still appreciate limitations. information security limits the full task: increasing productivity in leadership roles objective: boost strategic execution among vice chancellors. relevant domain: strategic leadership 1 3 2 shannaq et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 1-11 10 disclosure of institutional job descriptions, which can hinder external validation. additionally, the lack of formal statistical tests prohibits generalizability; however, the listing of data mapping, scoring logic, and visualization graphs enhances internal validity. in addition, the subjectivity model used for assigning weights may introduce bias; however, this is compensated for through the transparency and flexibility that the model provides. this method, when practiced, would aid in data-informed, strategic hr planning, particularly in academic institutions. the model shifts hr development away from the reactive nature of the development process to a proactive, evidence-based approach by facilitating role-based and goal-based program prioritization. the results are immeasurable in industries such as education, public administration, and mass corporate hr ecosystems, where it is crucial to match competencies against changing strategic requirements. in the future, the study must be able to scale this model into live pilot programs, incorporate feedback mechanisms with users, and demonstrate real-time flexibility across other sectors. additional knowledge can be gained on how contextual variables impact the ai-driven optimization of hr through cross-industrial applications, like healthcare and government leadership pipelines. to summarize, the research presents a novel, scientifically grounded framework that integrates ai, nlp, and decision science into the planning of leadership development. its transparent scoring mechanism, organizational strategy, and scalability make it a vital instrument in current hrm practices as organizations aim to achieve quantitative returns on investments in leadership. conclusions this study aims to develop and evaluate an ai-driven software that identifies the core competencies required for leadership roles and aligns them with strategic learning pathways using natural language processing (nlp) and multi-criteria decisionmaking methods. in this research, the authors sought to design an ai-informed framework to automatically identify leadership competencies within the unstructured job descriptions and automatically match them with the relevant training programs by translating them into the nlp and multi-criteria decision-making (mcdm) methods. the system has been proposed to handle strategic human resource planning and leadership development. an experimental assessment reveals that the ai-nlp engine is effective in predicting the core competencies necessary to become a leader. the composite mcdm model effectively ranks training programs in terms of relevance, cost, duration, and strategic impact. the model demonstrated a marked superiority in both precision and consistency, as it outperformed conventional manual training approaches due to its high precision in aligning training to competency. the outcomes confirmed the practicality, adaptability, and the system's capacity to fit into different institutional priorities. this work has several notable contributions. it combines both semantic analysis, powered by ai, and decision science in the hrm field. in practice, it enables hr professionals and decision-makers to adopt evidence-based approaches in developing leadership, with fewer perceptions of bias and greater levels of transparency. the tool helps institutions transform traditional training plans into dynamic, competency-based training development aligned with organizational objectives. the research does not lack limitations. it primarily ventures into leadership positions in the educational and governmental sectors in certain regions. this framework can be applied to other industries or incorporate up-to-date labor market data in future studies. the adaptability of the model may be further improved by including dynamic knowledge graphs or those based on feedback. ultimately, this framework provides scalable and innovative human capital development, supporting future-ready and ai-integrated talent strategies, which are particularly crucial when digital transformation drives the acceleration of institutional change. author contributions: conceptualization, b.s.; methodology, b.s.; software, b.s.; validation, b.s., s.a., d.k.m. and v.p.s.; formal analysis, b.s.; investigation, s.a.; resources, s.a.,v.p.s., d.k.m., q.a.; data curation, b.s., v.p.s., d.k.m., q.a.; writing – original draft preparation, b.s.; writing – review & editing, s.a., v.p.s., d.k.m., and q.a.; visualization, b.s.; supervision, s.a. and qa; project administration, s.a.; funding acquisition, s.a. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, as the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: this research was funded by the university of buraimi, oman. the authors acknowledge the university’s support in facilitating this study. acknowledgments: the authors would like to sincerely thank the university of buraimi for providing essential funding and resources to support this research. this work is part of the approved internal project titled "job training and the role of artificial intelligence techniques in predicting training needs: a case study in oman," supported by the university of buraimi. their continuous encouragement and support were instrumental in the successful completion of this study. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references atluri, a., & reddy, v. 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(2025). the transformative role of artificial intelligence in leadership and management development: an academic insight, development and learning in organizations, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/dlo-10-2024-0301 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 46-55 46 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 5 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa cryptocurrency adoption enhances financial inclusion mediated by user satisfaction and perceived economic empowerment in indonesia ossi ferli (a)1 dylan gonardo (b) gabriel radja dava (c) muhammad yasin (d) (a) professor, management study program, stie indonesia banking school, jakarta, indonesia; e-mail: ossi.ferli@ibs.ac.id (b) student, management study program, stie indonesia banking school, jakarta, indonesia; e-mail: dylan.20221111058@ibs.ac.id (c) student, management study program, stie indonesia banking school, jakarta, indonesia; e-mail: gabriel.20221111017@ibs.ac.idm (d) student, management study program, stie indonesia banking school, jakarta, indonesia; e-mail: muhammad.20221111050@ibs.ac.id a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 9th march 2025 reviewed & revised: 9th march 2025 to 15th august 2025 accepted: 20th august 2025 published: 25th august 2025 keywords: cryptocurrency, investor, path model, partial least squares, trust in financial institutions jel classification codes: d53, e22, e42, g41 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t financial inclusion remains a significant challenge in developing countries, where over 1.7 billion people lack access to bank accounts due to high costs, limited infrastructure, and a lack of formal identification. as a result, many rely on insecure informal systems, which results in user dissatisfaction in the long run. cryptocurrencies like bitcoin, powered by blockchain technology, offer a promising alternative by enabling fast, low-cost, and highly secure transactions without the need for traditional banking institutions. this study empirically investigates how cryptocurrency adoption can enhance financial inclusion in indonesia, both directly and indirectly through mediating factors such as user satisfaction, trust in financial institutions, and perceived economic empowerment. the study explores whether cryptocurrency use fosters financial autonomy, strengthens trust in digital financial services, and increases satisfaction with financial technologies—factors that may encourage broader participation in the formal financial system. data were collected through a google form survey involving 147 respondents, indonesian cryptocurrency investors. using partial least squares (pls) analysis, results reveal that while cryptocurrency adoption significantly improves user satisfaction, trust in the financial system, and economic empowerment, with scores of 0.888, 0.732, and 0.851, respectively. cryptocurrency adoption also has a direct effect on financial inclusion, with a score of 0.635. however, perceived economic empowerment emerged as a strong mediating variable, with a score of 0.556 to financial inclusion, compared to user satisfaction with a mediating score of 0.282 to financial inclusion. these findings highlight that high economic empowerment is a key value driver for crypto investors. the results show platforms emphasizing accessibility, security, and transparency may be better positioned to support financial inclusion in emerging economies like indonesia, without having to engage in a formal financial system. . © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction financial inclusion remains a significant challenge in developing countries, where limited access to savings, banking, credit, and insurance keeps many in poverty. about half of adults worldwide reported saving money in the past year. in highincome economies, 71 percent reported saving, while in developing economies, 43 percent did (demirgüç-kunt et al., 2018). big-tech companies currently dominate the development of fintech, particularly in terms of increasing financial inclusion (cao et al., 2023). the world bank reports that over 1.7 billion people lack bank accounts, mostly in developing regions. barriers such as high costs, weak infrastructure, and lack of formal id force many to rely on insecure, costly informal systems. cryptocurrencies like bitcoin, powered by blockchain, offer a promising alternative enabling fast, low-cost, and secure transactions without traditional banks. with mobile devices and internet access, individuals can connect to the global financial system (el hajj & farran, 2024). the crypto world will eventually shift into the most attractive investment in the digital economy. their decentralized nature provides greater security and privacy, especially in areas with unstable financial institutions. by lowering transaction costs and easing cross-border transfers, cryptocurrencies can play a vital role in advancing financial inclusion and economic growth. the rapid emergence of cryptocurrencies has significantly transformed the landscape of financial transactions and investment strategies across the globe. initially introduced as a decentralized digital alternative to 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0003-1180-344x © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/3scgym20 to cite this article: ferli, o., gonardo, d., dava, g. r., & yasin, m. (2025). cryptocurrency adoption enhances financial inclusion mediated by user satisfaction and perceived economic empowerment in indonesia. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(5), 46-55. https://doi.org/10.46281/3scgym20 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/3scgym20 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1180-344x https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6182-0037 https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1623-7808 https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2454-0820 ferli et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 46-55 47 traditional currencies, cryptocurrencies have gained substantial attraction among various demographics, particularly in emerging markets (omane-adjepong & alagidede, 2020). bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies can be traded on indonesian commodity futures exchanges, as outlined in regulation no. 5 of 2019, issued on february 8, 2019. the indonesian cryptocurrency market has experienced rapid growth, both in terms of user adoption and transaction volume. between 2020 and early 2022, the number of crypto investors expanded dramatically from just over half a million to 12.4 million accompanied by average daily transactions of approximately idr 2.35 trillion and an annual total reaching idr 859 trillion in 2021. research results show that during the pandemic, indonesian people searched for information about crypto through the internet, which will influence their investment decision in the adoption of cryptocurrency. the intention to adopt cryptocurrencies can be affected by investor trust (abbasi et al., 2021), and research also finds that financial and emotional value from the investor's perspective (garcíamonleón et al., 2023). bitcoin, ethereum, and dogecoin emerged as the most frequently traded digital assets, primarily driven by young adults aged 18 to 34. indonesia is currently ranked 13th globally in terms of crypto adoption, with ownership penetration slightly exceeding the global average (16% compared to 15%). one of the benefits of cryptocurrencies is decentralization. it would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. hence, cryptocurrencies are not restricted to a specific geographic area and can be traded around the world (holtmeier & sandner, 2019). cryptocurrencies also prove to have a crucial role in banking sectors and foreign debt (le, 2025). research indicates a two-way causal relationship between bitcoin price fluctuations and online public interest, as measured by google trends signifying that indonesian investors tend to respond actively to digital information, particularly during high-volatility events such as the covid-19 pandemic. although cryptocurrencies are not recognized as legal tender, they are legally acknowledged by regulators as commodities eligible for trading, thereby reinforcing their legitimacy within the investment ecosystem and reflecting the government's evolving openness toward digital financial innovations. while previous research (el hajj & farran, 2024; ozili, 2023) has highlighted the positive impact of cryptocurrencies on financial inclusion and empowerment in emerging markets, this study provides a focused replication within the indonesian context an archipelagic nation marked by geographic fragmentation, infrastructure challenges, and unequal access to formal financial services. unlike broader global studies, this research specifically examines the role of cryptocurrency adoption in enhancing financial inclusion through the mediating effects of user satisfaction, trust in financial institutions, and perceived economic empowerment. its novelty lies in empirically analyzing how these factors interact to shape financial behaviors in areas where traditional banking is limited. given indonesia’s fast-growing digital ecosystem, high mobile phone penetration, and rising interest in decentralized finance, the study offers valuable insights for policymakers, fintech developers, and financial institutions aiming to design inclusive digital financial solutions (el amri, mohammed & bakr, 2021; demirgüç-kunt et al., 2018). through a comprehensive analytical framework, this study endeavors to offer a deeper insight into how digital financial innovations particularly cryptocurrencies can drive inclusive financial development within emerging economies, with indonesia serving as the focal case the paper is organized as follows: a brief introduction to the phenomenon and research background in section 1. a review of theory and literature as a development for the research framework in section 2. the research methodology used and characteristics of respondents are described in section 3, and results and discussions are presented in section 4, and the paper concludes in section 5. literature review cryptocurrencies are digital assets that function through decentralized systems, meaning no central authority governs them. secured through cryptographic protocols and based on block chain technology, these assets lack intrinsic value as physical commodities like gold do not back them. additionally, they exist purely in digital form without any tangible representation. cryptocurrencies offer practical utility and precise traceability. although intangible, cryptocurrencies are highly transparent due to the blockchain's immutable nature. therefore, the transfer of cryptocurrencies is 100% digital-based in nature and conducted between two individuals or organizations through online exchange platforms (harsono, 2020). in blockchain based virtual currency systems like bitcoin, transactions occur directly between users without relying on intermediaries such as banks (swan, 2015). as a result, these transactions typically incur no fees and do not include the real names of senders. additionally, there is ongoing interest in whether such digital currencies will become part of the global financial system. each bitcoin transaction is added to a public ledger called the blockchain, but it only identifies the parties by numbers known as bitcoin addresses (rudolf & morely, 2020). since its introduction in 2009, bitcoin has gained significant attention, particularly due to its recent surge in value (golumbia, 2016). in emerging countries like china, they announced a total of 3547 patents on blockchain technologies in 2019, which is more than in the whole of 2018 and accounts for over half of the world's total (ekman, 2021). the 2020 geography of cryptocurrency report by chainalysis highlights that cryptocurrency adoption is most prevalent in regions such as latin america, africa, and asia areas typically characterized by high inflation, volatile currencies, and restricted access to formal banking services (chainalysis, 2020). bitcoin, however, is only one of several possible applications that blockchain enables, and it is important not to conflate the two. the blockchain is an example of a distributed ledger technology (dlt) in which there is no authoritative account holder or central location for data storage (ulfstjerne, 2020). in nations like indonesia, nigeria, venezuela, and el salvador, cryptocurrencies are increasingly utilized as a hedge against currency depreciation, a means of preserving value, and a tool for enabling financial transactions that circumvent the limitations of conventional banking infrastructure. before indonesia’s digital economy boom, co-regulation was only apparent in the conventional financial sector, particularly in the capital market. this has better prepared the financial sector to participate in co-regulation as the digital economy develops (audrine & murwani, 2021). ferli et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 46-55 48 in countries where over 80% of the population has a financial account such as china, kenya, india, and thailand the focus is now shifting from merely providing access to encouraging more active use of a wider array of financial services. although global savings rose between 2011 and 2021, the disparity between advanced and developing economies grew, with savings rates at 58% and 25%, respectively. expanding financial services to those who remain excluded or underserved is a key element in promoting inclusive growth and reducing poverty (demirgüç-kunt et al., 2018). theoretically, cryptocurrency has the potential to directly enhance financial inclusion by providing an alternative for the unbanked. research by el amri et al. (2021) highlights explicitly how the integration of crypto with mobile money platforms can directly expand the reach of financial services. however, other studies like el hajj and farran (2024) argue that this direct impact is often hindered by factors such as low digital literacy and the lack of supportive infrastructure. cryptocurrencies provide several mechanisms to enhance inclusion by addressing traditional barriers to accessing financial services, offering innovative solutions for money transfers, savings, and lending activities (ullah et al., 2022; setyawan et al., 2024). economic empowerment is the ownership of finances, investments, property, and gaining education (dalal, 2011). the theory of economic empowerment suggests that expanding access to financial services enhances financial inclusion and empowers individuals, particularly those underserved by traditional banks. this includes access to savings, affordable loans, and the ability to conduct transactions. as digital finance gains attention from policymakers and scholars, its role in reducing poverty and driving economic growth becomes increasingly recognized (ozili, 2023). theoretically, cryptocurrency adoption offers greater financial autonomy and control to its users due to its decentralized nature. users can manage their funds without relying on intermediaries like conventional banks. this control and independence are at the core of economic empowerment. research by el hajj and farran (2024) confirms that cryptocurrency adoption significantly enhances economic empowerment in emerging markets. the sense of control over financial decisions and access to new economic opportunities are primary drivers. le's (2025) study underscored that cryptocurrencies when integrated with decentralized platforms enhance individual autonomy but require robust onboarding processes to support inclusion. a recent study by celestin and vanitha (2021) demonstrates that supportive regulatory environments and technological readiness primarily drive cryptocurrency adoption in the asia-pacific region. their statistical analysis confirms that countries with moderate regulatory openness tend to show significantly higher adoption rates of digital assets. cryptocurrencies, by lowering transaction costs and accelerating cross-border transfers, support financial inclusion and development in emerging economies. financial innovations that reduce barriers and expand access to credit, banking, and investment can further strengthen inclusion and growth (mabrouk et al., 2023). furthermore, the blockchain technology underlying cryptocurrency offers transparency and transaction security that can enhance trust. research by ullah et al. (2022) indicates that the combination of cost efficiency and trust creates a powerful hybrid for driving the adoption of blockchain technology by financial institutions. when users experience this security and transparency, their trust may increase not only in the crypto platform itself but also in the broader digital financial ecosystem. from the user's perspective, satisfaction is key to the continued use of a technology. according to the utaut framework, if users perceive tangible benefits (performance expectancy) and ease of use (effort expectancy), their satisfaction will increase. in the crypto context, these benefits include lower transaction costs and faster cross-border transfers. garcía-monleón et al. (2023) found that a value-based approach, which includes perceived benefits, is key to understanding cryptocurrency adoption. a positive user experience will directly increase their satisfaction with the platform used. integrating cryptocurrencies into mobile money platforms can enhance financial inclusion, especially in regions lacking traditional banking infrastructure. mobile phones are already widely used for everyday financial transactions, and with cryptocurrency integration, users can transfer money internationally and access stronger currencies without needing formal banks. this approach is particularly effective, transparent, and secure where mobile money is prevalent (el amri et al., 2021; rieger et al., 2022). according to dwivedi et al. (2019), performance expectancy explains the belief users have that a system will help them achieve their objectives. in the context of cryptocurrencies, this primarily relates to users' expectations of financial returns and the security measures provided by the platform. financial inclusion is not just about having access but also about active participation in the financial system. individuals who feel economically empowered having control over their finances and plans tend to more actively seek out and use both formal and digital financial services. research by mabrouk et al. (2023) shows that digital financial inclusion effectively empowers women economically, which in turn encourages greater economic participation. this reciprocal relationship implies that empowerment is a critical bridge to inclusion. the same conclusion was also highlighted by el hajj and farran (2024). social influence reflects how strongly users perceive a technology as necessary in their lives, often shaped by the opinions and recommendations of peers and influencers (dwivedi et al., 2019). this conceptual framework helps analyze the drivers and barriers to cryptocurrency adoption, offering insights into the strategies stakeholders can employ to promote financial inclusion and foster innovation in developing countries. historically, trust is considered the foundation of any financial system. low levels of trust in formal financial institutions often act as a barrier to financial inclusion. an increase in trust in institutions (both traditional and digital) will encourage individuals to participate more confidently in the financial system. cao et al. (2023) argued that digital currencies provide lower-cost alternatives for savings and transfers, particularly when integrated with mobile platforms. however, they also highlighted the importance of regulatory clarity and user trust to avoid financial exclusion. ozili (2023) also argued that while these technologies improve access, their volatility and lack of investor protection mechanisms may reduce trust in the absence of regulatory safeguards. hsiao et al. (2018) explain that effort expectancy describes how easy or difficult a technology is to use, explaining the user-friendly and straightforward nature of the technology to both new and old users. it plays a crucial role in determining https://www.google.com/search?q=2022 ferli et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 46-55 49 whether a cryptocurrency platform is user-friendly. user satisfaction also plays a vital role. users who are satisfied with their experience on a financial platform are likely to continue using it and even explore other financial products offered. this satisfaction builds loyalty and long-term engagement, which is a form of deeper financial inclusion. garcía-monleón et al. (2023) focused on perceived value as the key driver of cryptocurrency adoption. their findings show that user satisfaction is determined not only by financial returns but also by platform security, ease of use, and fee transparency factors that contribute to long-term engagement and inclusion. el hajj and farran (2024) find the importance of balanced regulation and public trust; therefore, user satisfaction can enhance financial inclusion. therefore, this study aims to investigate how digital financial innovations, with a particular emphasis on cryptocurrencies, can facilitate inclusive financial development in emerging economies, focusing specifically on indonesia as a case example. the following hypotheses are proposed for this study: h1: cryptocurrency adoption (ca) positively influences financial inclusion (fi). h2: cryptocurrency adoption (ca) positively influences perceived economic empowerment (pee). h3: cryptocurrency adoption (ca) positively influences trust in financial institutions (tfi). h4: cryptocurrency adoption (ca) positively influences user satisfaction (us). h5: perceived economic empowerment (pee) positively influences financial inclusion (fi). h6: trust in financial institutions (tfi) positively influences financial inclusion (fi). h7: user satisfaction (us) positively influences financial inclusion (fi). materials and methods research design and data collection this research investigates how cryptocurrency adoption influences financial inclusion and economic empowerment within developing countries. to ensure the robustness of the findings, a structured survey was designed to evaluate five core constructs: financial inclusion (fi), cryptocurrency adoption (ca), user satisfaction (us), trust in financial institutions (tfi), and perceived economic empowerment (pee). each construct was measured using validated indicators adapted from prior scholarly works. respondents are indonesians who have invested in cryptocurrencies, especially bitcoin, and have done so for the past year. the minimum number of respondents is obtained from the number of indicators related to research variables used in the model. in total, there are 25 indicators used, so the minimum number of respondents is 125. this research was conducted using the smartpls application, where pls-sem works efficiently with small sample sizes when models are complex (hair et al., 2017; sarstedt et al., 2021). data was collected via google forms, ensuring anonymity and confidentiality. a pre-test with 20 participants confirmed the validity of the survey's 25 questions, with five questions per variable. this study adopted a non-probability purposive sampling method, as used by abbasi et al. (2021). the survey used a 6-point likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 6 = strongly agree). participants were recruited through social media, email campaigns, and community partnerships. the final sample included 147 respondents from diverse demographics, including income, age, education, and location. pls analysis results are based on this sample, with demographics showing that all respondents' ages are in the active stage, most of them have bachelor's degrees (around 75%), high school graduates (24%), and professional workers (1%). 60% of respondents live in jakarta, the rest live outside jakarta. the survey model and their indicators are shown in table 1. table 1. survey model and indicators survey model indicators financial inclusion (fi) access to banking services, use of financial products, and financial literacy cryptocurrency adoption (ca) frequency of use, amount invested, duration of use user satisfaction (us) perceived benefits, ease of use, overall satisfaction trust in financial inclusion (tfi) trust in banks, trust in government financial policies, trust in cryptocurrency platforms perceive economic empowerment (pee) control over financial decisions, ability to save, and economic stability results research model eligibility the outer loading values for all pointers are over the edge of 0.70, demonstrating that each pointer dependably contributes to measuring its individual build. this fulfills a key prerequisite for focalized legitimacy, where high factor loadings affirm that the observed factors share adequate change with their unobserved factors. since each pointer unequivocally relates to the development, it is expected that, to a degree, the estimation demonstrates a satisfactory level of concurrent legitimacy. hence, the pointers utilized can be measurably substantial and fitting to encourage investigation at the auxiliary show organization. table 2. reliability and validity test cronbach's alpha rho_a composite reliability average variance extracted (ave) ca 0.954 0.954 0.965 0.845 fi 0.89 0.894 0.919 0.695 pee 0.893 0.895 0.921 0.701 tfi 0.806 0.851 0.884 0.72 us 0.89 0.899 0.919 0.696 source: author’s data processing (2025) ferli et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 46-55 50 based on the reliability and validity test results shown in table 2, all constructs in the model meet the measurement feasibility criteria. the composite reliability value is above 0.70 and cronbach's alpha is above 0.60 for all constructs, which indicates that the indicators used have excellent internal consistency. in addition, the average variance extracted (ave) value of all constructs also exceeds the 0.50 threshold, which indicates that their respective latent constructs can explain more than 50% of the indicator variance. thus, both reliability and convergent validity in this model can be declared adequate and valid. table 3. cross loading test ca fi pee tfi us ca1 0.908 0.46 0.783 0.696 0.82 ca2 0.951 0.499 0.745 0.676 0.811 ca3 0.946 0.534 0.798 0.66 0.827 ca4 0.907 0.648 0.745 0.718 0.805 ca5 0.881 0.758 0.831 0.613 0.814 fi1 0.464 0.819 0.601 0.333 0.51 fi2 0.458 0.862 0.561 0.306 0.534 fi3 0.492 0.853 0.577 0.348 0.506 fi4 0.606 0.823 0.594 0.424 0.648 fi5 0.6 0.81 0.743 0.449 0.62 pee1 0.765 0.649 0.881 0.625 0.767 pee2 0.707 0.647 0.853 0.493 0.684 pee3 0.659 0.707 0.817 0.427 0.672 pee4 0.623 0.61 0.778 0.656 0.672 pee5 0.801 0.511 0.854 0.565 0.775 tfi1 0.455 0.264 0.446 0.727 0.467 tfi4 0.628 0.421 0.589 0.917 0.681 tfi5 0.736 0.436 0.618 0.889 0.709 us1 0.818 0.638 0.825 0.611 0.895 us2 0.67 0.37 0.662 0.509 0.749 us3 0.729 0.524 0.659 0.665 0.833 us4 0.691 0.653 0.66 0.595 0.827 us5 0.785 0.618 0.743 0.715 0.859 source: author’s data processing (2025) the cross-loading results in table 3 demonstrate that each indicator loads highest on the construct it is intended to measure when compared to its loading on other constructs. this pattern confirms that each indicator is aligned with its respective latent variable, thereby providing evidence of proper construct representation. furthermore, the observed differences or gaps between the loading values on the intended construct versus other constructs highlight the distinctiveness of each construct. this separation reinforces the presence of a clear discriminant structure within the measurement model, which is essential for ensuring that constructs are not empirically overlapping. based on these findings, the discriminant validity within the model has been adequately fulfilled. consequently, the measurement instruments utilized are valid and appropriate, making them suitable for application in the next stage of analysis, namely the structural model evaluation. table 4. fornell-larcker ca fi pee tfi us ca 0.919 fi 0.635 0.833 pee 0.851 0.747 0.837 tfi 0.732 0.452 0.658 0.848 us 0.888 0.682 0.853 0.745 0.834 source: author’s data processing (2025) the results of the analysis in table 4 show that the square root value of the ave for each construct (diagonal value) is greater than the correlation value between other constructs (off-diagonal value). this finding indicates that each construct in the model is stronger in explaining its indicator variable than other constructs, which means that discriminant validity has been achieved. therefore, the measurement model is declared to have good validity and is suitable to proceed to the next stage of structural analysis. table 5. heterotrait-monotrait ratio (htmt) value ca fi pee tfi us ca fi 0.678 pee 0.919 0.828 tfi 0.816 0.513 0.769 us 0.962 0.749 0.956 0.86 source: author’s data processing (2025) ferli et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 46-55 51 based on table 5, all htmt coefficient values are below the maximum threshold of 0.90, which is commonly used to assess discriminant validity. this indicates that each construct in the model does not have excessive correlation with the others, and can represent different concepts. thus, it can be concluded that discriminant validity has been met, and the data used are valid to proceed to the structural analysis stage. descriptive statistics the following section provides summary statistics for the key variables analyzed in this study, offering insight into their central tendencies and dispersion. table 6. descriptive statistics for cryptocurrency adoption (ca). indicators mean standard deviation (sd) ca1 5.17 1.151 ca2 4.973 1.24 ca3 4.952 1.362 ca4 5.034 1.253 ca5 5.17 1.139 source: author’s data processing (2025) cryptocurrency adoption represents the extent to which respondents incorporate digital assets into their financial activities. based on table 6, the highest average scores (5.17) are for ca1 ("i feel comfortable using cryptocurrencies to invest") and ca5 ("i believe cryptocurrency will help me achieve financial independence or wealth"). the lowest score (4.952) appears in ca3 ("i feel comfortable investing most of my financial assets in cryptocurrencies"). these results indicate a moderate to high level of adoption, with low variation across respondents, suggesting broad exposure to cryptocurrency in terms of understanding, usage, and transaction frequency. in the structural model, cryptocurrency adoption serves as a key construct, driving both economic empowerment and financial inclusion. table 7. descriptive statistics for perceived economic empowerment (pee) indicators mean standard deviation (sd) pee1 5.116 0.958 pee2 5.061 1.114 pee3 5.095 1.139 pee4 4.966 1.198 pee5 5.129 1.102 source: author’s data processing (2025) perceived economic empowerment measures an individual's perception of increased economic independence through cryptocurrency adoption; it can be enhanced through community development and empowerment initiatives aimed at poverty reduction. these efforts often involve promoting creativity and innovation that align with the community’s unique potential and needs. the implementation of various programs demonstrates the government's strong commitment to addressing these issues and advancing economic empowerment at the community level (subiyakto et al., 2022). based on table 7, the maximum indicator average values of 5.129 are on the indicator pee5 (do you believe that cryptocurrencies have provided you with more economic opportunities than the traditional financial system?). on the other hand, the indicator with the lowest average value of 4.966 is indicator pee4 (i have a financial plan or backup to deal with unexpected expenses in the future). the level of perceived economic empowerment is moderate to high, with low variation between respondents. table 8. descriptive statistics for trust in financial institutions (tfi). indicators mean standard deviation (sd) tfi1 4.354 1.287 tfi4 4.959 1.009 tfi5 4.714 1.172 source: author’s data processing (2025) trust in financial institutions represents the respondents' level of trust in traditional financial institutions, especially after using blockchain or cryptocurrency-based services. trust in a financial institution becomes a key in the decision-making process. based on table 8, the maximum indicator average value of 4.959 is on the indicator tfi4 (i believe that the financial institution i use conveys information honestly to customers). on the other hand, the indicator with the lowest average value of 4.354 is indicator tfi1 (government regulations on financial institutions ensure fairness and transparency in the financial system). the level of trust in financial institutions is moderate, with low variation between respondents. this finding is important as it suggests that trust in financial institutions is still being built gradually and is influenced by respondents' digital experience. ferli et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 46-55 52 table 9. descriptive statistics for user satisfaction (us) indicators mean standard deviation (sd) us1 5.265 0.891 us2 5.272 0.9 us3 4.857 1.267 us4 4.558 1.4 us5 5.177 1.067 source: author’s data processing (2025) user satisfaction reflects the level of user satisfaction with their experience using the cryptocurrency platform. based on table 9, the maximum indicator average values of 5.272 are on the indicator us2 (i am satisfied with the security systems provided by the cryptocurrency platforms i use). on the other hand, the indicator with the lowest average value of 4.558 is indicator us4 (i am satisfied with the fees charged when using cryptocurrencies). the level of user satisfaction is moderate to high, with low variation between respondents. this reflects that while most respondents are satisfied, there is a group that may have a less satisfactory experience. table 10. descriptive statistics for financial inclusion (fi) indicators mean standard deviation (sd) fi1 5.19 1.058 fi2 5.054 1.177 fi3 5.034 0.907 fi4 4.986 1.155 fi5 4.912 0.975 source: author’s data processing (2025) financial inclusion represents the degree to which individuals participate in the formal financial system, encompassing access to banking services, utilization of financial products, and financial literacy. in analyzing users' choices to adopt cryptocurrency, perceived value serves as a valuable framework for predicting technology usage intentions, with technology adoption theories aiding in identifying key value drivers (garcía-monleón et al., 2023). as shown in table 10, the highest mean score (5.19) is associated with fi1 ("i have easy access to digital banking services"). at the same time, the lowest (4.912) corresponds to fi5 ("i understand basic financial concepts such as interest rates, budgeting, and investment options"). these findings reflect a generally moderate to high level of financial inclusion among participants, with relatively slight variation. discussions the adoption of cryptocurrencies and their growing utilization, particularly in developing nations, offer significant advantages in advancing financial inclusion and fostering economic empowerment. this study's findings suggest that cryptocurrencies serve as viable alternatives to conventional banking services, especially in regions with limited or no banking infrastructure. digital currencies can support financial inclusion by enabling faster transactions, reducing transaction costs, and providing secure options for saving and investing. table 11. hypothesis testing hypothesis path coefficients p-value result h1: cryptocurrency adoption (ca) positively influences financial inclusion (fi). 0.635 0*** significant h2: cryptocurrency adoption (ca) positively influences perceived economic empowerment (pee). 0.851 0*** significant h3: cryptocurrency adoption (ca) positively influences trust in financial institutions (tfi). 0.732 0*** significant h4: cryptocurrency adoption (ca) positively influences user satisfaction (us). 0.888 0*** significant h5: perceived economic empowerment (pee) positively influences financial inclusion (fi). 0.654 0*** significant h6: trust in financial institutions (tfi) positively influences financial inclusion (fi). -0.143 0.151 not significant h7: user satisfaction (us) positively influences financial inclusion (fi). 0.318 0.049** significant note: *, **, *** significance in alpha 10%, 5%, 1% (respectively) source: author’s data processing (2025) results from the hypothesis testing in table 11 suggest that cryptocurrency adoption (ca) has a significantly positive effect on financial inclusion (fi), perceived economic empowerment (pee), and trust in financial institutions (tfi). whereas, ca has the most significant influence on the user satisfaction (us). this substantial impact on user satisfaction provides robust support for the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (utaut), which posits that perceived ease of use and performance expectancy are core predictors of technology adoption. this finding is in line with the study conducted by el hajj and farran 2024), which demonstrates that cryptocurrency adoption significantly contributes to user satisfaction, trust in financial systems, and economic empowerment in indonesia. the authors argue that these effects are primarily driven by the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies, which offer users greater control, reduced transaction costs, and access to financial tools without reliance on traditional banks. furthermore, ca’s limited impact on ferli et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 46-55 53 fi may reflect the reality that although crypto provides access to financial services, institutional, regulatory, and literacy barriers still hinder full inclusion. although cryptocurrencies enhance financial autonomy and trust, actual inclusion in formal financial systems requires supportive infrastructure and digital literacy, particularly in emerging economies. the results show that financial inclusion (fi) is not directly influenced by cryptocurrency adoption (ca), but is positively impacted by user satisfaction (us) and, most strongly, by perceived economic empowerment (pee). this aligns with el hajj and farran (2024), who argue that the sense of control and empowerment derived from using decentralized financial tools motivates users to participate more actively in financial systems. this reinforces the core argument of this study: the pathway to financial inclusion in indonesia via cryptocurrency is indirect. as el hajj and farran (2024) and mabrouk et al. (2023) note, it is not merely about access to digital platforms, but the psychological and experiential outcomes such as perceived empowerment and user satisfaction that significantly influence financial behavior and inclusion outcomes. table 12. indirect effect testing original sample (o) sample mean (m) standard deviation (stdev) t statistics (|o/stdev|) p values ca -> pee -> fi 0.556 0.547 0.086 6.44 0*** ca -> tfi -> fi -0.105 -0.099 0.072 1.457 0.145 ca -> us -> fi 0.282 0.293 0.143 1.969 0.049** note: *, **, *** significance in alpha 10%, 5%, 1% (respectively) source: author’s data processing (2025) the indirect effect test results in table 12 show that cryptocurrency adoption has a significant indirect effect on financial inclusion through the mediation of perceived economic empowerment and user satisfaction. this finding indicates that when individuals feel more economically empowered as a result of using digital currencies, they are more likely to engage in the formal financial system actively. in addition, user satisfaction with the cryptocurrency platform also plays an important role in driving financial engagement, reflecting that positive experiences in using digital technologies can increase interest and trust in financial services. in contrast, the pathway involving trust in financial institutions did not show a significant effect and is therefore not the focus of further discussion. the results align with recent empirical findings from el hajj and farran (2024), which revealed that while perceived economic empowerment and user satisfaction significantly mediate the relationship between cryptocurrency adoption and financial inclusion, trust in financial institutions does not exhibit a meaningful mediating role. similar observations were made by garcía-monleón et al. (2023), who emphasized user satisfaction as a crucial driver of sustained crypto engagement, and by mabrouk et al. (2023), who highlighted empowerment as a pivotal pathway for financial inclusion. the results show that cryptocurrency adoption can positively influence financial inclusion if supported by perceived economic empowerment, which explains that the effectiveness of digital financial innovations in promoting inclusion depends largely on individuals' sense of economic agency and control, particularly in emerging economies. this finding also highlights the importance of user trust and satisfaction, which could be a concern in policies or strategies to strengthen trust in financial institutions. overall, the data suggest a meaningful and valid mediation relationship in the context of this model. however, this study also presents nuanced findings that diverge from existing literature. an exciting result is that trust in financial institutions (tfi) does not function as a significant mediator between ca and fi. this stands in contrast to literature such as abbasi et al. (2021), which emphasizes the crucial role of investor trust in driving the intention to adopt cryptocurrencies. this divergence may indicate that within the indonesian context, the tangible benefits of personal economic empowerment and a positive user experience are more potent drivers of financial engagement than trust in formal institutions alone. this suggests that greater adoption of cryptocurrency is associated with improved access to financial services in indonesia, which potentially addresses barriers faced by unbanked populations. conclusions this study finds that cryptocurrency adoption (ca) significantly and positively influences perceived economic empowerment (pee), trust in financial institutions (tfi), and user satisfaction (us), with the most potent effect on us. users view crypto platforms as secure, user-friendly, and valuable supported by high indicator means. ca also boosts economic empowerment, showing users' increased confidence in managing finances and pursuing opportunities. these results support el hajj and farran (2024), highlighting crypto’s role in advancing financial autonomy in developing regions. while cryptocurrency adoption (mean = 5.06) boosts trust in financial institutions especially digital ones this trust does not significantly drive financial inclusion. instead, user satisfaction (mean = 5.03) and economic empowerment (mean = 5.07) are the main contributors. high average scores on inclusion indicators (mean = 5.04) reflect strong engagement with digital banking among empowered, satisfied users. these findings suggest that improving access alone is not enough; financial inclusion also depends on enhancing user experience and promoting empowerment within a supportive ecosystem. this underscores the crucial role of economic empowerment as a mediator, where empowered individuals are more likely to leverage crypto tools to access broader financial services. these results support the idea that individuals' sense of economic agency plays a pivotal role in converting crypto usage into actual financial engagement. moreover, user satisfaction serves as a reliable indirect path, meaning that user-centered product development, clear communication, ferli et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 46-55 54 affordable transaction fees, and strong security can increase satisfaction and thus, indirectly, financial inclusion. platforms that invest in improving the user journey can therefore become effective agents for inclusive finance. the adoption of cryptocurrency instruments is very beneficial, especially in developing countries. users appreciate cryptocurrencies as they can control their funds without intermediaries (banks). users who can manage their funds are an important milestone in the advancement of perceived economic value in developing countries. this autonomy is important, particularly in regions where the conventional banking sector is either unavailable or lacks credibility. cryptocurrencies gain more strength in the regions with better mobile technology adoption (el amri et al., 2021). it is established that cryptocurrency enables better access to financial products and services and empowers users financially. the findings indicate that cryptocurrencies help in availing financial services for underbanked and also previously unbanked individuals. implications for investors and regulators are multifold. for investors, the data suggests that high user satisfaction and economic empowerment are critical value drivers in the crypto space offering opportunities in platforms that prioritize accessibility, security, and transparency. for regulators, the challenge lies in ensuring that volatility, scams, or misinformation do not undermine the empowering effects of cryptocurrency. regulation should thus aim not to restrict innovation, but to reinforce digital financial literacy, protect users, and build a trustworthy ecosystem that supports longterm financial inclusion goals. this study has several limitations. first, the small sample size limits the generalizability of the results; a larger sample could increase statistical power and reduce bias. second, participants were only from major cities in indonesia, so the findings may not reflect those in rural areas, smaller towns, or other countries. future research should include a larger, more diverse sample across different regions and socioeconomic backgrounds. longitudinal studies or mixed methods, such as combining surveys with interviews, could also provide deeper insights. author contributions: conceptualization, o.f.; methodology, d.g., g.r.d. and m.y.; software, m.y.; validation, d.g., g.r.d. and m.y.; formal analysis, d.g. and g.r.d; investigation, d.g.; resources, g.r.d.; data curation, g.r.d.; writing – original draft preparation, o.f., d.g., g.r.d. and m.y.; writing – review & editing, o.f.; visualization, o.f.; supervision, o.f.; project administration, m.y.; funding, o.f. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the apc of this research was funded by yayasan pengembangan perbankan indonesia (yppi). acknowledgments: the authors would like to express their sincere gratitude for all the support provided by stie indonesia banking school during this writing process. the university's commitment to advancing academic research and innovation played a pivotal role in enabling the successful completion of this study. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references abbasi, g. a., tiew, l. y., tang, j., goh, y. n., & thurasamy, r. 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e-mail: asrarulhasanat@gmail.com (b) lecturer, department of economics, dhaka international university, dhaka, bangladesh; e-mail: sojibbhawmick41@gmail.com (c) mss student, department of economics, university of chittagong, chattogram, bangladesh; e-mail: parvezhasan515@gmail.com (d) mss student, department of economics, university of chittagong, chattogram, bangladesh; e-mail: royradiant.ofcl@gmail.com (e) mss student, department of economics, mawlana bhashani science and technology university, tangail, dhaka, bangladesh; e-mail: didar5397@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 8th march 2025 reviewed & revised: 8th march 2025 to 14th august 2025 accepted: 20th august 2025 published: 25th august 2025 keywords: ardl, bangladesh, climate change, agriculture, carbon emission, macroeconomic impacts jel classification codes: c22, o53, q54, q10, q53, f62 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t agriculture in bangladesh has a significant impact on the economy, contributing 11.37 percent to the national gdp and employing almost 45 percent of the total labor force. both climatic and non-climatic factors significantly influence the agricultural productivity in bangladesh, as the country is highly climate sensitive due to its geographical location. climate factors (rainfall, temperature, co₂ emissions) and non-climate inputs (fertilizer) critically influence agricultural productivity, yet their combined shortand long-term macroeconomic impacts remain underexplored. this study examines the effects of climatic and non-climatic factors on agricultural productivity and their subsequent macroeconomic implications in bangladesh. using time series data (1990–2021), we employ the autoregressive distributed lag (ardl) model to assess long-term elasticities and the granger causality test to determine directional relationships between variables the ardl results reveal significant longterm elasticities: a 1% increase in fertilizer use raises agricultural output by 0.49%, while a 1% rise in temperature reduces output by 0.04%. co₂ emissions and rainfall show positive impacts (0.71% and 0.96%, respectively). the error correction term (-0.49) indicates the system corrects 49% of short-run disequilibrium annually. granger causality confirms bidirectional relationships between fertilizer use and agricultural productivity (f-stat = 3.72), while temperature unidirectionally affects output (f-stat = 4.22). the findings validate that non-climate factors (fertilizer) and climate variables (co₂, rainfall) positively influence agricultural output, whereas temperature exerts adverse effects. these results align with prior regional studies but highlight bangladesh's unique susceptibility to temperature fluctuations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction the primary catalyst for the expansion of bangladesh's economy is agricultural production, supported by this nation's enormous labour force and cultivators (finance division, ministry of finance, government of the people's republic of bangladesh, 2024). the people are engaged with this profession to make a living, struggling with the frequent changes of climate factors like floods, rainfall, droughts, cyclones, rising sea levels, etc. as a delta country, its agricultural output is highly affected by these factors. from the perspective of bangladesh and south asian countries, some non-climate factors, such as fertilizer, irrigation, and the price of these factors, also influence agricultural production. thus, the climate and nonclimate factors substantially impact agricultural productivity (anh et al., 2023). the highly fertile deltaic plains of the ganges-brahmaputra-meghna river system offer optimal conditions for agrarian productivity, though the productivity is highly vulnerable to climate change. bangladesh's low elevation makes it particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including increased flooding, cyclone frequency and intensity, extended droughts, and increasing salinity levels, all of which threaten food security and agricultural productivity (chen et al., 2021). therefore, it is critically important to identify the impacts of both climatic and non-climatic factors on agricultural output. 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0003-3604-7273 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/c27b3q22 to cite this article: hasanat, m. a., bhawmick, s., hasan, m. p., roy, r., & islam, d. (2025). navigating the agricultural landscape: the impact of climate on bangladesh’s farming practices. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(5), 3445. https://doi.org/10.46281/c27b3q22 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/c27b3q22 https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3604-7273 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2711-2860 https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2507-0528 https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8343-3605 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5594-0582 hasanat et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 34-45 35 rising atmospheric quantities of greenhouse gases have sparked a new wave of environmental degradation and global warming worries (raihan et al., 2022). weather and climate exert a substantial influence on farming. in developing countries like bangladesh, the consequences of climate change are much more comprehensive, primarily because of its geographic location and structural framework. climate change has affected agriculture and food security in underdeveloped and industrialized nations (wiebe et al., 2019). due to the dependence on agriculture, limited resources, inadequate infrastructure, and insecure institutional frameworks, individuals in poorer countries such as bangladesh are particularly vulnerable to severe weather events and the impacts of climate change (trinh et al., 2021). climate factors like carbon dioxide, precipitation, and temperature significantly impact bangladesh's agriculture sector (ruane et al., 2013). on the other hand, non-climate factors like fertilizer also impact agricultural productivity substantially (liu et al., 2021). the objective of this study is to use time series data to evaluate the effects of both climate and non-climate factors on agricultural output. conducting research with current data is necessary to make informed decisions and provide policymakers with reliable information for developing policies considering this vulnerability brought by vital climate factors and the most fundamental non-climate factor (fertilizer), so that the adverse effects of climate change can be mitigated and a thorough plan can be started with consideration for these particular elements. this research employs a time series data set that spans the years 1991–2021 to analyse both the imminent and eventual impacts of climate and non-climate determinants on bangladesh's farming output. to accomplish this goal, this study employs the ardl model because it outperforms other econometric models by generating accurate and reliable results even with small sample sizes. this study is arranged as follows for the remainder. the literature on bangladesh's economy and the world economy is examined in section 2, and the research technique is explained in section 3. the experiment and results are presented in section 4, the findings are discussed in section 5, and the study is concluded with policy recommendations in section 6. literature review since climate change is having a significant effect on various sectors of the global economy, researchers have been attempting to determine which areas are affected and to what extent. climate change is altering the dynamics of many industries, and the global economy is confronted with new problems that need to be solved (garcia et al., 2024; zhang et al., 2023). given that climate conditions can drastically affect its output, the agriculture sector is regarded as one of the most susceptible. the following is a summary of the conclusions and analysis of numerous researchers: numerous studies have been carried out globally to analyze the effects of ecological imbalance on agriculture in both developing and developed countries, considering the distinct geographical characteristics. numerous studies have explored the effects of climate variables on agricultural products in various areas, revealing that climate change has unfavorable consequences for farming yield. agovino et al. (2019) conducted an investigation generating the sustainable agriculture index (isa) to determine the relationship between climate volatility and agricultural output. as part of that empirical approach, data from 28 european countries, covering 10 years up to 2014, were analyzed to determine the relationship, and unsurprisingly, a negative bidirectional correlation was identified between climate change and farming productivity (agovino et al., 2019). another study was conducted on vietnam's economy to identify the impact of climate change on the country's agriculture, applying the ardl technique by anh et al. (2023). this study affirms the adverse consequences of global warming on annam's (vietnam) agricultural output while also uncovering the beneficial influences of co2 emissions, land availability, and fertilizer usage on agricultural productivity and economic aspects. nevertheless, determinants such as rainfall, temperature, and labor (inefficient) negatively impact vietnam's agricultural productivity and financial performance, as the key climate and non-climate factors. farmers who depend on rainfall for their agricultural operations are impacted by the increasing variability in the length and intensity of the rainy season, the unpredictable and shifting character of weather systems such as floods, and prolonged dry spells (nkwi et al., 2023). research on the chinese economy conducted by chandio et al. (2020) also found that the agricultural value added is positively impacted by co2 emissions, land area planted to cereal crops, fertilizer use, and energy use. conversely, rainfall and temperature have a short-term favorable impact on agricultural value added but a long-term negative impact. additionally, alteration in rainfall patterns also declines the agricultural output (siddig et al., 2020). in terms of southeast asian nations, nunti et al. (2020) investigated the effects of climate change on agriculture by looking at seven asean nations. using the copula-based stochastic frontier approach (csfa), researchers determined that climate change adversely affects agricultural productivity, which reinforced the results of prior research for these asian countries. they discovered that using land, labor, and fertilizer in agriculture significantly increases the agricultural output of this region. on the other hand, the productivity of different crops and grains is expected to decrease due to heightened climate unpredictability in south asia beyond the 2050s (lal, 2011). bangladesh is considered one of the most climate-vulnerable countries as a harsh victim of climate change. because it is a low-lying, flat country with a large number of rivers, it frequently faces floods. moreover, rising sea levels and increasing salinity decrease the agricultural output in the coastal areas. researchers find that rising temperatures, unpredictable rainfall, rising sea levels, salinity, and increasing severe events such as floods, droughts, cyclones, and soil erosion are examples of these adverse effects of climate change (jakariya & islam, 2021). additionally, flood disasters have increased substantially globally in recent decades (kobayashi et al., 2010), and bangladesh is not exceptional in this case. twenty-one above-normal floods, four remarkable floods, and two devastating floods occurred in bangladesh between 1954 and 2010 (c. e. haque, 1998; karim & mimura, 2008; thiele-eich et al., 2015). these frequent floods decrease agricultural output and spoil existing employment opportunities, which are unrecoverable with present public-private investment (a. hasanat et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 34-45 36 haque & jahan, 2015). along with floods, droughts have become more severe and widespread (dash et al., 2012), which negatively affects the production of agriculture, resulting in a decrease in the yield of all three types of rice, wheat, sugarcane, and potatoes (habiba et al., 2011; shahid & behrawan, 2008). studies have additionally discovered that climate phenomena such as cyclones, increasing sea levels, and soil erosion harm agricultural output (gain et al., 2012; rahman & rahman, 2019). moreover, average precipitation and average temperature were discovered to affect maize production negatively. in contrast, the impact of the non-climate factor (agricultural technology) on maize production is positive (noorunnahar et al., 2023). in the post-industrial revolution period, the effects of carbon dioxide emissions are extensively explored. raihan et al. (2022) reveal a substantial inverse relationship between agricultural value added and co2 emissions in bangladesh, indicating that a decrease in agricultural productivity leads to a rise in co2 emissions over time. conversely, enhancing agricultural output improves environmental conditions by allowing the forest and crops to absorb atmospheric co2 and retain it as biomass carbon. furthermore, ghosh et al. (2023) have researched the influence of climate variability on crop yield using the autoregressive distributed lag (ardl) model. the outcomes index shows that agricultural value-added, carbon emissions, and average rainfall have a vibrant influence on agricultural production in the long run. however, emissions of carbon dioxide have a negative and noteworthy impact on farming output in both the short and long term. specifically, past levels of carbon emissions have had an inverse and telling impact on agricultural value addition in the short term. therefore, research on global economies has shown that several factors, including excessive rainfall, carbon emissions, temperature, producer knowledge and training, etc., have a substantial impact on agricultural output. numerous factors that can have a significant impact on agricultural output were also examined in studies on the economics of bangladesh. international studies provide evidence of the significant impacts that climate variability has on agricultural productivity and the economies of numerous nations across the globe. at the national level, there is a scarcity of research that employs both the climate and non-climatic factors simultaneously to assess the overall agricultural productivity and its impact on the economy, employing diverse econometric methodologies. moreover, this study examines the ephemeral and protracted impacts of climate variability (i.e., temperature, precipitation, and carbon dioxide) and one of the most significant non-climate factors (fertilizer) on agricultural output. the analysis also focuses on the individual impact of each factor considered in this model, and this reasoning will determine the degree of relationship with the agricultural productivity for each considered variable that provides a basis for developing policies that address their specific roles and contributions. a novel econometric model for this study is also an innovative part that fills a lacuna in the literature. therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore how climatic and non-climatic factors influence agricultural productivity in an emerging economy like bangladesh in the short and long run by employing a time series model. thus, in light of these studies and conclusions, we hypothesize: h₁: fertilizer use has a positive effect on agricultural productivity. h₂: temperature increases negatively impact productivity. h₃: rainfall exhibits non-linear relationships with output, where moderate levels enhance productivity but extremes diminish it. h₄: co₂ emissions exhibit non-linear relationships with output, where moderate levels enhance productivity but extremes diminish it. materials and methods in order to evaluate the consequences of both climatic and non-climate determinants on the agricultural output in bangladesh and its subsequent impact on the economy, we utilize the ardl (pesaran & shin, 1998) methodology. as this model is adaptable for small samples and effective in determining both the short-run and long-run impacts simultaneously, our study utilizes this ardl approach. the rudimentary phase of inspection is providing illustrative statistics for the series encompassing measures such as the mean, median, minimum and maximum values, skewness, kurtosis, standard deviation, jarque-bera normality test, and pair-wise correlation. after examining the summary data, we move on to the time series model. the time series data must have integrated order i (0) and i (1), or all of them must have integrated order i (1), in order to apply the ardl approach. the use of integrated order i (2) is not suitable since it restricts the use of the ardl approach, rendering the process of cointegration verification ineffective. before commencing the time series model of econometrics, we used two techniques to determine the order of integration: the phillips-perron (pp) unit root test (phillips & perron, 1988) and the augmented dickey-fuller (adf) test (dickey & fuller, 1979). as previously stated, it is important that the variable's integration not exceed i (2). if not, the results will be deceptive. therefore, we perform the aforementioned unit root tests to confirm this. additionally, we checked for cointegration between variables using the ardl bound test. our study analyzed the nexus between agricultural output and climatic and non-climatic factors by using variables such as total rainfall per year, yearly temperature value, co2 emission, and fertilizer use. hasanat et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 34-45 37 figure 1. factors considered in this study source: authors’ compilation we extract time series data on climate and non-climate factors, as well as agricultural production, from the food and agriculture organization (fao) website. the data set spans the years 1991–2021, and table 1 provides a synopsis of the data. table 1. variable and sources of data description sources agpi agricultural gross product index. (this index presents crop harvesting statistics) food and agriculture organization rain total rainfall per year in millimeters food and agriculture organization temp absolute temperature of 12 months on the celsius scale food and agriculture organization fer fertilizer used per hectare in bangladesh food and agriculture organization co2 carbon dioxide emission on agricultural land (kt) food and agriculture organization source: authors’ compilation thus, we built our model utilizing the aforementioned series: agpit = ƒ(co2t, fert, raint, tempt) (1) the abbreviation agpi stands for agricultural gross product index. rain per year refers to the amount of precipitation received annually. temp represents the rate of temperature change in absolute terms. fer represents the usage of fertilizer. co2 specifies the emissions of carbon dioxide. the natural logarithm will transform the model into the following: 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝐴𝐺𝑃𝐼𝑡 = ∅0 + ∅1𝐿𝑜𝑔𝐶𝑂2𝑡 + ∅2𝐿𝑜𝑔𝐹𝐸𝑅𝑡 + ∅3𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑅𝐴𝐼𝑁𝑡 + ∅4𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑇𝐸𝑀𝑃𝑡 + 휀𝑡 (2) here, ∅1, ∅2, ∅3, and ∅4 are the coefficients to be estimated ∅, 0 is the intercept, and εt is the error term. with the aim of exploration, the long-term impact of factors on the agricultural output of the bangladesh economy (pesaran & shin, 1998), we utilize an unconstrained error correction model as outlined below; 𝛿𝐿𝑁𝐴𝐺𝑃𝐼 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1𝐿𝑁𝐴𝐺𝑃𝐼𝑡−1 + 𝛽2𝐿𝑁𝐶𝑂2𝑡−1 + 𝛽3𝐹𝐸𝑅𝑡−1 + 𝛽4𝑅𝐴𝐼𝑁𝑡−1 + 𝛽5𝑇𝐸𝑀𝑃𝑡−1 + ∑ 𝛽6𝑖𝛿𝐿𝑁𝐴𝐺𝑃𝐼𝑡−𝑖 + 𝑙 𝑖=1 ∑ 𝛽7𝑖𝛿𝐿𝑁𝐶𝑂2𝑡−𝑖 𝑚 𝑖=0 + ∑ 𝛽8𝑖𝛿𝐿𝑁𝐹𝐸𝑅𝑡−𝑖 + ∑ 𝛽9𝑖𝛿𝐿𝑁𝑅𝐴𝐼𝑁𝑡−𝑖 + ∑ 𝛽10𝑖𝛿𝐿𝑁𝑇𝐸𝑀𝑃𝑡−𝑖 + 휀𝑡 𝑝 𝑖=0 𝑜 𝑖=0 𝑛 𝑖=0 (3) in this context, ln refers to natural logarithms, δ represents the initial difference, l, m, n, o, and p are symbols used to designate optimum lags, and εt represents white noise. for equation 3, to check the long-run relationship among the variables, the following null hypothesis is utilized in our model: h0: βk = 0 (where k = 0, 1,…, 10). with this null and ardl bound test, we can decide the existence of a long-run relationship among the variables. the short-term relationship of the ardl model may be determined by utilizing the following equations: 𝛿𝐿𝑁𝐴𝐺𝑃𝐼 = µ0 + ∑ 𝜇1 𝑙 𝑖=1 𝛿𝐿𝑁𝐴𝐺𝑃𝐼𝑡−1 + ∑ 𝜇2 𝑚 𝑖=0 𝛿𝐿𝑁𝐶𝑂2𝑡−1 + ∑ 𝜇3 𝑛 𝑖=0 𝛿𝐹𝐸𝑅𝑡−1 + ∑ 𝜇4 𝑜 𝑖=0 𝑅𝐴𝐼𝑁𝑡−1 + ∑ 𝜇5 𝑝 𝑖−0 𝛿𝑇𝐸𝑀𝑃𝑡−1 + 𝜏𝐸𝐶𝑀𝑡−1 + 휀𝑡 (4) hasanat et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 34-45 38 the error correction approach elucidates the necessary speed modification to reinstate the long-run equilibrium after a short-run shock. the symbol µ represents the calculated error correction coefficient term for the method that demonstrates a variation in speed. after discovering the long-run relationship, we move on to explore the reliability of our outcome using several tests. to inspect serial correlation, we employed the lm test (breusch & pagan, 1980); moreover, to scrutinize heteroscedasticity, we employed the breusch-pagan-godfrey test, and to check normality, we used the jarque-bera test along with the cusum to evaluate stability. we investigate the reliability of our results using a variety of tests after determining the long-term association. we utilized the lm test to examine serial correlation, the breusch-pagan-godfrey test to examine heteroscedasticity, and the jarque-bera test to verify normality and stability using the cusum. then we evaluated the directional correlations between the variables using the granger causality test (granger, 1988) to ensure the robustness of our model. the test used to ascertain if a change in one variable can provide information about future changes in another variable beyond what is known from the variable's prior value. in our study, we used this test to explore the causal connection among the selected variables. the following figure represents the method of our study. figure 2. analytical framework source: authors’ compilation results descriptive statistics before jumping into the model, it is crucial to summarize descriptive statistics of the series that are used in the study. table 2 illustrates the descriptive results of five variables—lnagpi, lnco2, lnfer, lnrain, and lntemp of our model. the mean values indicate core tendencies, with lnco2 exhibiting the least amount of fluctuation. median values suggest roughly balanced distributions. the maximum and minimum numbers represent the extent of the range. the standard deviations indicate the degree of variability, with lntemp exhibiting the highest level of volatility. skewness is a measure of asymmetry, and in this case, lnco2 and lnrain exhibit positive skewness. kurtosis measures the degree of peakness in a distribution, whereas lnco2 and lntemp have more pronounced tails. jarque-bera tests indicate that lnagpi, lnfer, and lntemp are likely to follow a normal distribution, but lnco2 and lnrain exhibit significant divergence from normality. the sum of squared deviations provides a measure of the total size and dispersion. these statistics offer valuable information on the distribution, central tendency, and variability of the variables, helping you comprehend the characteristics of the dataset. table 2. descriptive statistics lnagpi lnco2 lnfer lnrain lntemp mean 4.296230 9.932799 13.87446 7.671495 -1.009241 median 4.304741 9.930153 13.89160 7.668547 -0.916291 maximum 4.760121 10.08328 14.23965 7.887659 0.292670 minimum 3.826901 9.847100 13.46680 7.443424 -3.912023 std. dev. 0.314396 0.070660 0.196291 0.125073 0.939800 skewness -0.115966 0.957180 -0.441945 -0.071987 -0.827095 kurtosis 1.576112 3.014578 2.619464 2.039231 3.977516 jarque-bera 2.688279 4.733939 1.196173 1.219082 4.768683 probability 0.260764 0.093764 0.549863 0.543600 0.092150 sum 133.1831 307.9168 430.1083 237.8164 -31.28647 sum sq. dev. 2.965340 0.149786 1.155902 0.469294 26.49671 observations 31 31 31 31 31 source: authors’ calculation table 3. correlation matrix lnagpi lnco2 lnfer lnrain lntemp lnagpi 1 lnco2 0.749*** 1 lnfer 0.914*** 0.657*** 1 lnrain -0.167 -0.291 -0.127 1 lntemp 0.599*** 0.217 0.588*** -0.021 1 note: ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. hasanat et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 34-45 39 moreover, we also determine the pair-wise correlations of the variables in this regression model. table 3 illustrates the correlation metrics of the variables in our ardl model. the correlation matrix depicts the linear relationships among variables (anh et al., 2023) in this study: lnagpi, lnco2, lnfer, lnrain, and lntemp. each element of the matrix represents the pearson correlation coefficient for the corresponding pair of variables. a correlation value of 1 on the diagonal indicates a complete association between each variable and itself. the tie-up between lnagpi and lnfer is notably high (0.914), showing a strong constructive link between the two variables. the correlation between lnagpi and lnco2 is very positive (0.749), while the connection between lnco2 and lnfertilizer is somewhat favorable (0.657). furthermore, there is a strong constructive tie-up (0.599) between lnagpi and lntemp. however, the link between lnrain and lntemp is weak and statistically insignificant, with a negative correlation of -0.021. the correlation coefficients provide insights into the direction and strength of linear associations between variables, aiding in the understanding of the prospective interconnections within the dataset. unit root test prior to analyzing time-series data, it is essential to ascertain if the variable exhibits stationarity (chandio et al., 2022). whenever a situation arises that involves a unit root problem, it leads to biased judgments. the augmented dickey-fuller (adf) and phillips-peron tests are capable of identifying the presence of unit root issues. table 4. stationary test variables test augmented dickey-fuller(adf) phillips perron (pp) intercept trend & intercept intercept trend & intercept lnagpi level -3.670 -3.218* − 3.670 -3.218 1st difference − 3.679*** − 4.309*** − 3.679*** − 4.309*** lnco2 level − 2.621* − 3.318* − 2.61 − 3.218 1st difference − 3.679*** − 4.309*** − 3.679*** − 4.309*** lnfer level − 2.621 − 4.297*** − 2.621 − 3.218 1st difference − 3.679*** − 4.309*** − 3.679*** − 4.309*** lnrain level − 3.671*** − 4.296*** − 3.670*** − 4.397*** 1st difference − 3.689*** − 4.324*** − 3.679*** − 4.309*** lntemp level − 3.6700*** − 4.296*** − 3.670*** − 4.297*** 1st difference − 2.972** − 4.324*** − 3.679*** − 4.309** note: ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1 table 4 delineates that lnagpi, lnco2, and lnfer are not stationary at integrated order i (0), although lnrain and lntemp are stationary with both intercept and trend. once again, all of the variables remain stable at the initial difference i (1) in both scenarios of intercept and intercept. the data indicate that lnagpi is statistically significant at a 1% level only when considering the first difference. similarly, the results hold for lnco2 and lnfer. additionally, in both the i (0) and i (1) models, lnrain and lntemp show statistical significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels. all variables show stationarity at first difference, and no parameters have an integrated order of 2; thus, it is safe to move on to the next stage of the investigation, according to the results. the number of lags is crucial for model stability, accuracy, and efficiency. the following table 5 displays lag selection criteria for time series analysis, with three rows representing different lag values (0, 1, and 2). the presence of asterisks (*) denotes the statistical importance of lag 1 in the likelihood ratio test. the lag one value exhibits lower values in final prediction error (fpe), akaike information criterion (aic), schwarz criterion (sc), and hannan-quinn criterion (hq), indicating a superior fit and establishing it as the optimal choice for the time series model (warsame et al., 2023). table 5. optimal lag selection lag logl lr fpe aic sc hq 0 -142.6339 na 0.018177 10.18165 10.41739 10.25548 1 -54.01644 140.5656* 0.000233* 5.794237* 7.208681* 6.237223* 2 -38.90631 18.75739 0.000546 6.476298 9.069445 7.288439 note:* indicates lag order selected by the criterion lr: sequential modified lr test statistic (each test at 5% level) fpe: final prediction error aic: akaike information criterion sc: schwarz information criterion hq: hannan-quinn information criterion autoregressive distributed lag (ardl) bound test in this stage, we employ the ardl technique (chandio et al., 2022; xiang & solaymani, 2022) to investigate the impacts of both climatic and non-climatic factors on bangladesh's agricultural output. the projected outcomes of the long-term cointegration ardl bound test are illustrated in table 6. to ascertain which variables have a long-run cointegration connection, we applied the ardl bound test, based on the findings of the adf and pp unit root test. the statistics are ascertained by upper and lower bounds, where we reject the null if the value of the f statistic is more than the upper bound. hasanat et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 34-45 40 in this study, f-statistic values of the ardl limits test are higher than the lower and upper bounds at the 1% significance level. this means that we may not accept the null hypothesis of no cointegration in the models. the variables in our ardl models exhibit cointegration, which satisfies the prerequisite for conducting ardl regression analysis. there is a clear and enduring relationship between the explanatory and dependent variables. therefore, we can assert that rainfall, fertilizer usage, carbon emission, and temperature level have a long-run cointegration connection with the agricultural productivity of bangladesh, which offers an intriguing new dimension to our research. table 6. autoregressive distributed lag (ardl) bound test results estimated model maximum lag f-stat significance level critical value lower bound upper bound ardl 4 11.517 10% 2.45 3.52 5% 2.86 4.01 1% 3.74 5.06 note: ***p< 0.01 following the ardl bound test, we examine the long-term impacts of both climatic and non-climatic factors on bangladesh's farming. table 7 represents the long-run connection. table 7. long run coefficient elasticities with regress and lnagpi variable coefficient t-stat lnco2 0.705 (0.204) se 3.459 (0.047) p value lnfer 0.489 (0.081) se 6.011 (0.009) lnrain 0.961 (0.128) se 7.489 (0.004) lntem -0.043 (0.009) se -4.476 (0.020) note: ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1 the finding reveals that there is a long-term positive association between agricultural productivity and two climatic factors, including rain and carbon emissions. moreover, temperature, another climatic factor, is negatively associated with farming. conversely, fertilizer (the non-climatic factor) is positively associated with agricultural productivity in the long run. notably, the variable lnco2 has a small and non-significant effect on the dependent variable (agricultural output). the variable lnfer demonstrates a substantial and statistically significant impact, indicating a considerable and enduring long-term effect. the t-statistics offer assurance for the significance levels of the computed coefficients. additionally, the table also provided the standard error and p-value data. table 8 displays the coefficients and t-statistics for the variables in the short-run error correction model (ecm) with the dependent variable lnagpi. the constant term (c) exhibits statistical significance at a significance level of 1%. the variable lnco2 has a strong positive effect on lnagpi at 1% significance level, while the variable lnfer has a positive effect. the variable lnrain has a notable and positive influence on the variable lnagpi, while the variable lntemp has a statistically significant adverse effect at the 1% significance level. a negative value characterizes the error correction term (ecm (-1)) and has a high level of statistical significance. this indicates that there is a rapid adjustment towards the long-term equilibrium following a short-term shock. table 8. short-run error correction model (ecm) with the dependent variable lnapgi variable coefficient t-stat c 7.612 (3.499) 2.175 lnco2 0.706*** 0.204 3.459 lnfer 0.178*** (0.111) 4.895 lnrain 0.962*** 0.069 13,918 lntem -0.048*** 0.094 -7.632 ecm (-1) -0.489*** 0.005 -16.507 note: ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1 diagnostics test of autoregressive distributed lag (ardl) model diagnostic tests evaluate the reliability of the statistical model. there is no indication of serial correlation in the residuals, since the serial correlation test, when performed with the lm test, produces a probability of 0.812. the heteroscedasticity test, employing the breusch-pagan godfrey technique, indicates a substantial probability of 0.964, indicating that the hasanat et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 34-45 41 residuals of the model exhibit homoscedasticity. the jarque-bera statistic, used for the normality test, produces a probability of 0.728, suggesting that the residuals follow a normal distribution. ultimately, the functional form of the model was deemed appropriate based on ramsey's reset test, which yielded a probability of 0.747. figure 3 illustrates the cumulative total of recursive residuals, indicating that the model is both structured and stable at a significant level of 5%. table 9. diagnostics of the estimated autoregressive distributed lag (ardl) model diagnostics test applied prob. serial correlation test lm test 0.812 heteroscedasticity breusch-pagan godfrey 0.964 normality jarque-bera 0.728 functional form ramsey's reset test 0.747 source: authors’ calculation -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 2019 2020 2021 cusum 5% significance figure 3. cumulative sum (cusum) source: authors’ calculation granger causality a popular technique for examining associations between economic variables in time series data analysis is the granger causality test. table 10 presents the granger causality test outcomes for the autoregressive distributed lag (ardl) model, which indicate significant causal relationships between the variables (baig et al., 2023). table 10. granger causality test for the autoregressive distributed lag (ardl) model dependent variable lnagpi lnco2 lnfer lnrain lntemp lnagpi 0.461 0.367 0.161 1.052 lnco2 0.943 1.233 0.335 0.609 lnfer 3.717*** 0.427 0.522 3.321*** lnrain 1.195 3.616*** 0.911 1.379 lntemp 4.215*** 1.332 3.868*** 0.811 note: ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1 with robust and statistically significant test statistics of 0.943 and 3.717, respectively, it is concluded that lnagpi is granger-caused by lnco2 and lnfer. in addition, lnrain granger causes lnagpi, but the relationship is not statistically significant. lnco2 does not exhibit granger causality with any variable. however, lnfer and lnrain have weak and significant relationships, and strong and significant relationships, respectively. granger causality analysis reveals that lnfer has a causal effect on itself and lntemp; however, no causal relationship is observed with lnrain. lntemp is the primary cause of itself and, to a lesser degree, lnagpi. to summarize, the ardl model shows significant granger causality, indicating that lnco2 and lnfer have a directional impact on lnagpi. additionally, lnrain affects both lnagpi and lnco2, whereas lntemp affects lnfer and its value. hypothesis result table 11 shows the results of the hypothesis testing. strong statistical evidence was shown for all four supported hypotheses at a 5% significance level (p < 0.05). consequently, both climatic and non-climatic influences have the potential to affect agricultural productivity significantly. all of the other elements we have examined have a positive effect on agricultural productivity, although temperature has an adverse effect. hasanat et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 34-45 42 table 11. hypothesis outcome hypothesis estimate p-value result h1 0.49 0.009 supported h2 -0.04 0.020 supported h3 0.96 0.004 supported h4 0.70 0.047 supported discussions overall, this investigation supports each of the four hypotheses that were put out. since fertilizer application demonstrated a statistically significant positive link with yields, h₁, which anticipated a beneficial effect of fertilizer use on agricultural output, was supported. higher average temperatures were linked to notable yield losses, supporting h₂, which predicted that rising temperatures would have a detrimental effect on productivity. h₃, which proposed that rainfall had a non-linear influence, with intermediate levels increasing productivity and extremes decreasing it, was validated because, while natural rainfall increased output within typical ranges, excessive rainfall was associated with reductions, most likely as a result of flood damage. it was further supported by h₄, which postulated a non-linear effect of co₂ emissions, with moderate amounts increasing productivity through photosynthesis and excessive levels decreasing output. even while co₂ levels during the study period typically fell within ranges that increased productivity, there is still concern about the possible negative impacts of further rises. these outcomes align with earlier research (anh et al., 2023; nkwi et al., 2023; ruane et al., 2013; rabbi & tabassum, 2020; janjua et al., 2014; warrick, 1988; chen et al., 2021) and also provide new evidence from an emerging country like bangladesh, which is highly vulnerable to changes in climatic conditions. such evidence is more crucial than ever, as the findings of this study are established through a novel econometric time-series model. moreover, this study employs a more recent and longer span of data to generate these empirical findings. the positive association of fertilizer with yields corroborates global research, though environmental trade-offs such as soil degradation and water pollution highlight the importance of optimal use. this is important because in the context of bangladesh, a lack of training and spreading knowledge about optimal fertilizer use in the cultivation process exists. on the other hand, rising temperatures had a significant negative impact, consistent with global findings on heat stress and crop failure (rabbi & tabassum, 2020; ruane et al., 2013). this underscores the urgency of developing temperature-resilient crop varieties, a priority for future research and policy. natural rainfall has a positive and significant impact on agricultural output, but excessive rainfall brings floods, which negatively affect agriculture (chen et al., 2021). in the same way, the beneficial but possibly threshold-limited effects of co₂ are consistent with its established function in enhancing photosynthesis (janjua et al., 2014; warrick, 1988); however, these advantages could be counteracted by excessive atmospheric concentrations that destabilize climate systems. conclusions given the substantial influence of both climatic and non-climatic factors on agricultural output, the purpose of this study was to examine both aspects to determine the extent of their impact on agricultural productivity in the short and long term. additionally, it analyzes the individual effects of each factor on agricultural output using time series data. in light of the aforementioned, this study examined the substantial positive effects of fertilizer, carbon dioxide emissions, rainfall, and the slight adverse effects of temperature. by filling up the gaps in previous research that relied on static models, our application of the ardl and granger causality tests offers solid proof of cointegration and directional linkages. the study's conclusion firmly supports earlier studies conducted in various areas. the substantial effects that climate variability has on agricultural output and the economics of many countries worldwide are demonstrated by international studies. few studies at the national level use a variety of econometric techniques to evaluate total agricultural productivity and its effects on the economy while simultaneously taking into account both climatic and non-climatic elements. based on our research, policymakers are given the following suggestions to enhance the performance of bangladesh's agricultural sector. since temperature has a short and long-term negative impact on agricultural production, the government should expand the afforestation and agroforestry programs. initiating creative and easily implementable actions is essential, which will assist the government in promoting mechanisms to raise capacity for effective climate change planning (sdg target 13.b). the finding that temperature affects agricultural productivity negatively reflects the climate vulnerability of bangladesh, and the developed countries are mostly responsible for global warming. therefore, the comprehensive policies of different international organizations should be extended to pressure those responsible countries. moreover, the climate resilience fund (crf) can play a vital role in mitigating agricultural damage and, therefore, proper fund management is essential to ensure this role. as rainfall has a positive impact on agriculture, proper water management is necessary for the overall agriculture sector. so, the bangladesh government should implement comprehensive strategies for the national irrigation projects, which will also help to achieve the sdg goal of sustainable water management. (sdg-6) the government should design a monitoring framework to regularly assess the relationship between co₂ emissions and agricultural outputs, as the relationship is not specific. this framework can address the perception gap, as the general perception of co2 emissions is negative. it can measure the optimal level of co2 emissions that enhances agricultural production. policymakers should decentralize their focus to a more balanced approach beyond merely focusing on co2 emissions. the broader conception should be that co2 emissions are not harmful up to a certain level, and therefore, unnecessary extensive focus on this emission is not wise. the authority should evaluate the optimal usage of fertilizer, as our research demonstrates how fertilizer improves agricultural output. as there is an environmental concern, the massive use of fertilizer should be detrimental. considering this issue, the government should plan for fertilizer management around hasanat et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 34-45 43 the country. incentives or subsidies are an effective tool to enhance agricultural output. our research shows the positive impact of fertilizer on agricultural output, which urges the authorities to provide the necessary amount of fertilizer to the farmers. our study holds significant potential for further exploration and application in broader contexts. while this research utilized data from bangladesh over the past 30 years, future studies could incorporate a wider data span or include data from other regions to enhance the scope and applicability of the findings. however, since this study focuses on the economy of bangladesh, it may not apply to other areas with distinct geographical characteristics. the effects of a few climatic and non-climatic factors on total agricultural output were examined in this study. future research could examine more climatic and non-climatic elements and assess the effects on various agricultural products. author contributions: conceptualization, s.b. and m.a.h; data curation, m.a.h.; formal analysis, s.b. and m.p.h; funding acquisition, r.r. and d.i.; investigation, s.b., m.a.h. and r.r.; methodology, s.b., m.a.h., d.i. and m.p.h.; project administration, s.b.; resources, m.a.h.; software, r.r.; supervision, s.b. and m.a.h.; validation, r.r. and d.i.; visualization, s.b. and r.r.; writing – original draft preparation, m.a.h., m.p.h. and d.i., writing – review & editing, m.a.h. authors have read and agreed to this version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgments: we would like to express our gratitude to all those who contributed to this study. despite in the absence of funding we are thankful to each other for the support and encouragement. special thanks to jannat sharmin moon, lecturer, department of economics, netrokona university, netrokona, bangladesh. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. . references agovino, m., casaccia, m., ciommi, m., ferrara, m., & marchesano, k. 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(2023). the impact of temperature on labor productivity — evidence from temperature-sensitive enterprises. frontiers in environmental science, 10, 1039668. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1039668 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1039668 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 10-18 10 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 5 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa perception of women entrepreneurs regarding social media marketing sonia laskar (a)1 habibur rahman laskar (b) md. nazrul islam barbhuyan (c) (a) research scholar, dept. of business administration, assam university, silchar, india; e-mail: officialsonia64@gmail.com (b) sr. asst. professor, dept. of business administration, assam university, silchar, india; e-mail: habibmba@yahoo.com (c) asst. professor, department of education, rabindranath tagore university, hojai, india; e-mail: drnib@rtuassam.ac.in a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 18th july 2024 reviewed & revised: 18th july to 10th november 2024 accepted: 14th november 2024 published: 22nd november 2024 keywords: transformational entrepreneurs perception, influence, social media, social media marketing, women entrepreneurs. jel classification codes: b54, c12, m13, m15, m31 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t social media users' exponential rise has transformed marketing and given companies access to a worldwide audience never before possible. however, the impact of demographic factors on women entrepreneurs' perceptions of social media marketing still needs to be studied, particularly in developing regions. this study investigates the influence of age, educational qualifications, and daily business hours on women entrepreneurs' perceptions of social media marketing in assam, india. the research employs a quantitative approach, utilizing a structured questionnaire to collect data from 286 women entrepreneurs from all eight cities of assam, india (under urban agglomeration). to evaluate the hypotheses, one-way anova and factorial anova tests were conducted using spss software at a 5% significance level. the results reveal that age and educational background significantly influence women entrepreneurs' perceptions of social media marketing. notably, 28% of respondents invest 7-9 hours daily in their businesses, while 32.5% dedicate 3-5 hours, highlighting the varied time commitments among women entrepreneurs. the study finds that these time investments also play a role in shaping perceptions of social media marketing. this research contributes to understanding women's entrepreneurship in the digital age, particularly in the context of developing economies. it provides insights into the factors influencing the adoption and perception of social media marketing strategies among women business owners. the study's focus on assam, india, offers a unique perspective of women entrepreneurs in emerging markets, highlighting the need for tailored approaches to support and empower women in leveraging digital marketing tools for business growth. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction in the rapidly evolving landscape of digital entrepreneurship, the intersection of social media marketing and women's entrepreneurship presents a compelling area of research. social media platforms have revolutionized business-customer relationships and product promotion strategies, offering unprecedented opportunities for entrepreneurs to reach and engage potential customers (appel et al., 2020). as of 2023, the global social media user base has surpassed 4.89 billion, representing more than half of the world's population. this massive audience provides a fertile ground for marketing initiatives, particularly benefiting small and medium enterprises (smes) with limited resources. the rise of women entrepreneurs in recent years has been significant, yet they continue to face unique challenges in the business world. according to the mastercard index of women entrepreneurs 2023, women's business ownership rates have shown resilience and growth despite global economic challenges. however, gender disparities persist in access to resources, societal expectations, and growth objectives (elam et al., 2021). in this context, social media marketing emerges as a potentially transformative tool for women entrepreneurs. recent studies have highlighted that women entrepreneurs are more likely to utilize social media for marketing than their male counterparts (pergelova et al., 2019; ara, 2021). this trend raises important questions about the perceptions, strategies, and outcomes of social media marketing among women entrepreneurs. similarly, entrepreneurship theory and practice (yadav & unni, 2016) contend that "it is crucial to develop targeted support mechanisms and policies by understanding the perceptions of women entrepreneurs towards digital marketing tools." despite the growing importance of social media marketing and the increasing number of women entrepreneurs, there is a notable gap in our understanding of how these two phenomena intersect. specifically, more is needed to know about how women entrepreneurs perceive and approach social 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0003-7975-2300 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i5.2252 to cite this article: laskar, s., laskar, h. r., & barbhuyan, m. n. i. (2024). perception of women entrepreneurs regarding social media marketing. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(5), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i5.2252 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i5.2252 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7975-2300 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3623-8542 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9108-5977 laskar et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 10-18 11 media marketing and how age, educational qualifications, and time dedicated to their business influence these perceptions. to solve this scientific issue, this study examines how women entrepreneurs' perceptions of social media marketing are influenced by their business-related and demographic traits. by reviewing this crucial nexus between gender, entrepreneurship, and digital marketing, this research aims to identify the distinct strategies, obstacles, and prospects female entrepreneurs face when utilizing social media platforms to move their businesses forward. this gap is particularly pronounced in developing economies like india, where the number of women entrepreneurs is growing rapidly. however, they still represent only a small fraction of the entrepreneurial landscape. this research aims to address this scientific problem by examining the influence of women entrepreneurs' demographic and business-related characteristics on their perception of social media marketing. focusing on this critical intersection of gender, entrepreneurship, and digital marketing, this study seeks to uncover the unique approaches, challenges, and opportunities women entrepreneurs encounter in leveraging social media platforms for business growth. the findings of this research will contribute to the growing body of literature on women's entrepreneurship and provide valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and aspiring entrepreneurs in the digital age. the present study examines how women entrepreneurs perceive and utilize social media marketing in their business operations. this research is particularly relevant in developing economies like india, where the number of women entrepreneurs is growing rapidly. however, they still represent only a small fraction of the entrepreneurial landscape (srivastava & misra, 2017). focusing on this critical intersection of gender, entrepreneurship, and social media marketing, this study contributes to the growing literature on women's entrepreneurship. it provides valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and aspiring entrepreneurs in the digital age. the main objective of the research is to study the influence of women entrepreneur's age, educational qualifications, and number of hours dedicated to the business daily on the perception of social media marketing. beginning with the introduction, the article is divided into separate sections. the literature review focuses on pertinent previous research, and the materials and methods section describes the methodology and research design. this study follows a descriptive research design. the findings are presented and interpreted in the results and discussion, and the main ideas and their broader implications are highlighted in the conclusion. literature review the advent of social media has revolutionized the marketing landscape, offering unprecedented opportunities for businesses to connect with global audiences. this literature review synthesizes research focusing on social media marketing perceptions among women entrepreneurs, particularly emphasizing the factors influencing adoption and effectiveness. the marketing landscape has changed significantly since the introduction of social media platforms. nowadays, companies have unparalleled access to billions of prospective clients across the globe. social media's role in modern marketing strategies has been widely recognized. the exponential development of social media users has given marketers enormous opportunities to connect and interact with their target customers. this growth has been particularly significant for entrepreneurs, especially women, in enhancing brand visibility and market expansion (appel et al., 2020). in the digital era, social media marketing has emerged as a crucial asset for entrepreneurs, particularly women entrepreneurs, enhancing brand visibility, customer engagement, and market expansion. dwivedi et al. (2021) noted the increasing importance of aipowered chatbots and predictive analytics in creating personalized customer experiences, indicating the evolving sophistication of social media marketing tools. integrating e-commerce features directly into social platforms is streamlining the path to purchase, blurring the lines between social media and e-commerce (harris et al., 2019; krings et al., 2024). this development blurs the lines between social media and e-commerce, streamlining the path to purchase and offering new opportunities for entrepreneurs to monetize their social media presence. in the context of developing countries (ukpere et al., 2014; akhter et al., 2022; zayed et al., 2022) emphasize the empowering potential of social media for women entrepreneurs. their study highlights how social media provides cost-effective marketing solutions that align with the unique challenges women face in these regions, potentially leveling the playing field in entrepreneurship. cesaroni et al. (2017) conducted a comparative analysis of women entrepreneurs in italy and iran, revealing that social media platforms enable women to transcend traditional barriers to business growth, facilitating networking and customer outreach. the "digital double bind" concept introduced by duffy and pruchniewska (2017) highlights women entrepreneurs' complex balancing act on social media, navigating between professionalism and authenticity. this finding suggests the need for tailored marketing strategies that address women's challenges in the digital space. dwivedi et al. (2015) proposed a framework for social media marketing strategies for women entrepreneurs in india, emphasizing the importance of content creation, community building, and personal branding. understanding the perceptions and attitudes of women entrepreneurs towards social media marketing is vital for effective implementation. this research provides valuable insights into the practical application of social media marketing for women entrepreneurs in emerging markets. thompson-whiteside et al. (2018) explore the concept of personal branding, arguing that it allows women entrepreneurs to leverage their unique experiences to stand out in competitive markets. this research suggests that personal branding strategies on social media could be particularly effective for women entrepreneurs. the impact of social media engagement on entrepreneurial opportunities is explored by fischer and reuber (2011). their study indicates that social media interactions can foster collaborations and open new avenues for business growth, highlighting the networking potential of these platforms. according to hasan and almubarak (2016), a positive correlation exists between the intensity of social media marketing and performance metrics in women-owned smes. similarly, srivastava and misra (2017) found that effective social media use among women entrepreneurs in the handicraft sector led to enhanced market reach and sales. these studies provide empirical evidence of the positive impact of social media marketing on women-owned businesses. cesaroni and consoli (2015) found that smes view social media as a cost-effective marketing solution, enabling laskar et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 10-18 12 competition with larger firms. ainin et al. (2015) highlighted that perceived ease of use and usefulness significantly influence social media adoption among smes, particularly noting facebook's positive impact on financial and non-financial performance. tafesse and wien (2018) pointed out that the effects of social media marketing vary by industry and strategy, suggesting the need for tailored approaches. this finding underscores the importance of considering sector-specific factors when developing social media marketing strategies for women entrepreneurs. perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness were identified by abdul jalil et al. (2019) as critical factors influencing social media marketing adoption among small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) in malaysia, supporting the technology acceptance model (tam) proposed by davis (1989). the extensive use of this model in social media marketing research underscores its significance in comprehending user behaviour. focussing on the specific demographic of women entrepreneurs, schiffman and kanuk (2010) define perception as "the process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret stimuli from the external environment to create a meaningful picture of the world." the existing literature studies show that women entrepreneurs' perceptions of social media marketing would impact their use. some salient factors also influence women entrepreneurs' perceptions of adopting social media marketing. these salient factors are perceived usefulness, ease of use, compatibility, cost, and perceived risk, as apparent from the literature review. table 1 shows the authors who have identified the factors influencing the perception and adoption of social media marketing. table 1. factor influencing perception about social media marketing sl no. factors study 1. perceived usefulness (alsharji et al., 2018) (eze et al., 2021) (fatima & bilal, 2020) (kim & chiu, 2019) (sultan & sharmin, 2020) (talukder et al., 2018) 2. perceived ease of use (hassan & shahzad, 2022) (jaman et al., 2020) (sultan & sharmin, 2020) (talukder et al., 2018) 3. compatibility (brown & russell, 2007) (wang et al., 2018) 4. cost of set up (alsharji et al., 2018) (chatterjee & kumar kar, 2020) (hassan & shahzad, 2022) (jaman et al., 2020) (sultan & sharmin, 2020) 5. perceived risk (chatterjee & kumar kar, 2020) (jaman et al., 2020) recent studies have further explored the factors influencing social media marketing adoption among women entrepreneurs. fatima and bilal (2020) emphasized the role of perceived usefulness in driving social media marketing adoption among women-owned smes in pakistan. their findings suggest that understanding the potential benefits of social media marketing is crucial for its successful implementation. kim and chiu (2019) investigate the impact of social media marketing on brand equity and customer relationships in the fashion industry. their study provides insights into how women entrepreneurs in specific sectors can leverage social media to build strong brand identities and foster customer loyalty. eze et al. (2021) examine the factors influencing social media adoption among smes in malaysia, highlighting the importance of perceived usefulness and ease of use. their research contributes to the growing body of literature applying the technology acceptance model to social media marketing in diverse cultural contexts. sultan and sharmin (2020) explore the challenges and opportunities of social media marketing for women entrepreneurs in bangladesh. their study identifies critical barriers to adoption, including lack of technical skills and concerns about online privacy, providing valuable insights for policymakers and support organizations. hassan and shahzad (2022) investigated the impact of social media marketing on the performance of women-owned microenterprises in pakistan. their findings suggest that effective use of social media can significantly enhance business outcomes for women entrepreneurs in developing economies. wang et al. (2018) examined the role of compatibility in social media marketing adoption among smes. their research highlights the importance of aligning social media strategies with business processes and organizational culture. chatterjee and kumar kar (2020) comprehensively reviewed the factors influencing social media marketing adoption among smes in india. their study synthesizes existing literature and proposes a framework for understanding the complex interplay of technological, organizational, and environmental factors affecting social media marketing adoption. with these factors, demographic factors also play a role in shaping perceptions towards social media marketing. kuhn et al. (2016) found that older entrepreneurs may be more reluctant to adopt social media marketing due to lower digital literacy or skepticism about its efficacy. conversely, (perrin, 2015; ramasamy et al., 2024) noted that middle-aged business owners (35-50 years) often successfully leverage social media, balancing professional experience with digital literacy. additionally, educational background affects social media marketing strategies, (ainin et al., 2015) observed that more educated entrepreneurs are likely to perceive more significant potential in social media and employ more sophisticated marketing techniques. dahnil et al. (2014) further noted that formal business education correlates with integrating social media into holistic marketing strategies (ainin et al., 2015). entrepreneurs with technological backgrounds tend to focus on analytics and data-driven tactics, impacting their social media marketing techniques (rauniar et al., 2014). the industry sector plays a role in the prioritization of social media marketing. entrepreneurs in b2c sectors, mainly retail and services, place higher importance on social media marketing than those in b2b sectors. despite the potential benefits, women entrepreneurs need help adopting and effectively using social media marketing. genç and öksüz (2015), while turkish women entrepreneurs recognized facebook's benefits, they faced challenges regarding time management and technical skills. his study highlights the need for support and training programs laskar et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 10-18 13 to help women entrepreneurs leverage social media platforms effectively. despite the advantages, challenges persist. taiminen and karjaluoto (2015) identified time constraints as a significant barrier to social media adoption among smes. this challenge is particularly relevant for women entrepreneurs who often balance business responsibilities with domestic duties. nawi et al. (2017) noted that entrepreneurs' lack of technical skills is more prevalent in developing countries (bocconcelli et al., 2017). the struggle smes face in producing consistent, high-quality content regularly. this task requires significant time and creative resources. this challenge can be particularly acute for women entrepreneurs managing multiple roles. measuring social media marketing efforts' return on investment (roi) remains a significant concern. mccann and barlow (2015) pointed out the difficulties smes face in quantifying the impact of their social media marketing activities. this uncertainty can affect women entrepreneurs' perceptions of the value and effectiveness of these platforms. despite being a crucial component of many firms' marketing efforts, social media marketing is not without criticism. measuring social media marketing campaigns' return on investment (roi) can be difficult for many organizations. there is criticism regarding the utility of social media since (hoffman & fodor, 2010) argued that traditional roi measurements may not be appropriate for social media. handling social media marketing initiatives might require a lot of time and resources. according to a study by michaelidou et al. (2011), 26% of marketers devote 6–10 hours a week to social media marketing, which raises questions regarding effectiveness. the public nature of social media introduces reputational risks for businesses. aula (2010) discusses how social media can amplify negative opinions, potentially harming a brand's reputation. this risk factor can significantly influence women entrepreneurs' perceptions and approaches to social media marketing. ethical concerns surrounding data collection and targeting methods on social media platforms have been raised by acquisti et al. (2016). these concerns can impact women entrepreneurs' perceptions of social media marketing, particularly regarding customer trust and brand integrity. despite the growing body of research, the literature must address several gaps and contradictions. the influence of demographic factors such as age and education on social media marketing perceptions among women entrepreneurs still needs to be explored, particularly in specific regional contexts like assam, india. additionally, the relationship between time investment in business activities and social media marketing effectiveness for women entrepreneurs requires further investigation. given the gaps and contradictions in the existing literature, this study aims to examine the influence of age, education, and time dedication to business on the perceptions of women entrepreneurs towards social media marketing in assam, india. this research aims to contribute to understanding factors affecting social media marketing adoption and effectiveness among women entrepreneurs in specific regional contexts. based on the above literature review, we propose the following hypotheses: h1: age has no significant influence on the perception of women entrepreneurs regarding social media marketing. h2: education has no significant influence on the perception of women entrepreneurs regarding social media marketing. h3: there is no significant influence of the number of hours dedicated to business per day by women entrepreneurs on their perception of social media marketing. h4: the influence of age, educational qualification, and number of hours dedicated to business per day on the perception of women entrepreneurs towards social media marketing are similar. materials and methods this study explored the perception of women entrepreneurs towards social media marketing in the eight major cities of assam, india. according to the 2011 census, there are 991 active women entrepreneurs across these urban agglomerations (commissionerate of industries and commerce, assam). no restrictions were placed on participant characteristics beyond being a woman entrepreneur operating a business in one of the eight target cities. a simple random sampling method was used to collect data from the population of women entrepreneurs in the eight cities of assam. the researcher personally visited the premises of women entrepreneurs to collect data with the help of a printed questionnaire. based on yamane's formula, a sample size of 286 was calculated with a 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error (isreal, 2003). this sample size was sufficient to represent the target population of women entrepreneurs in assam accurately. a structured questionnaire was designed based on an extensive review of the existing literature on social media marketing perceptions of women entrepreneurs. the questionnaire was tested through a pilot study, which found it to be highly reliable, with a cronbach's alpha of 0.806. the final questionnaire gathered data on the women entrepreneurs' usage of social media platforms, their perceived benefits and challenges of social media marketing, and their overall attitudes toward integrating social media into their business strategies. this study employed a quantitative research design to understand the perceptions of women entrepreneurs toward social media marketing. the data collected through the structured questionnaire was analyzed using statistical techniques, including one-way anova and factorial anova tests (singhal & padmanabhan, 2009). the one-way anova test was used to examine the differences in social media marketing perceptions among women entrepreneurs from the eight cities in assam. the factorial anova test was then applied to explore the interactive effects of various demographic and business-related factors on the women entrepreneurs' social media marketing perceptions. results and discussions table 2 presents the demographic characteristics of the women entrepreneurs from all cities of assam, india. the information includes age, educational qualifications, and daily business hours. among the respondents are 93 women entrepreneurs below 25, representing 32.5%. 78 women entrepreneurs, representing 27.3%, fall within the age range of 26 to 35 years. the lowest percentage of women entrepreneurs were from the age group of 36-45 years. laskar et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 10-18 14 table 2. demographic information items n % age (in years) below 25 93 32.5% 26-35yrs 78 27.3% 36-45yrs 30 10.5% 46-55yrs 53 18.5% 56 and above 32 11.2% education class 10 26 9.1% class 12 69 24.1% graduate 105 36.7% post graduate 57 19.9% others 29 10.1% hours dedicated to business per day less than 3hrs 24 8.4% 3-5 hrs 93 32.5% 5-7hrs 63 22.0% 7-9hrs 80 28.0% more than 9hrs 26 9.1% **n=286 105 women entrepreneurs are graduates, making up 36.7% of the total, followed by 24.1 % who were educated up to secondary level. the lowest percentage of women entrepreneurs were enrolled, with 26 women entrepreneurs. 10.1 % of the women entrepreneurs were either technical diploma holders or doctorate holders. there are 93 women entrepreneurs, representing 32.5 % who put at least 3 to 5 hours into their business daily, followed by 28% who put 7 to 9 hours into their business daily. only 8.4% of the women entrepreneurs put less than 3 hours into their business daily. the total sample size is indicated as n=286 respondents. this detailed demographic analysis provides extensive insights into the makeup of the surveyed women entrepreneurs in the different cities of assam, india. h1: age has no significant influence on the perception of women entrepreneurs regarding social media marketing. table 3 shows a one-way anova of age's influence on women entrepreneurs' perception regarding social media marketing in all cities of assam. table 3. one way anova perception level sum of squares df mean square f sig. between groups 78.126 4 19.532 53.282 0.000 within groups 103.005 281 0.367 total 181.131 285 table 3 above shows the results of anova for h1. the significance value is 0.00 (i.e., p=0.00), below 0.05. hence, the null hypothesis (h1), i.e., no significant influence of age on the perception of women entrepreneurs regarding social media marketing, is rejected. therefore, women entrepreneurs' perception of social media marketing is highly influenced by their age. h2: education has no significant influence on the perception of women entrepreneurs regarding social media marketing. one-way anova was carried out to find the influence of educational qualification on the perception of women entrepreneurs regarding social media marketing in all cities of assam, as shown in table 4. table 4. one way anova perception level sum of squares df mean square f sig. between groups 74.658 4 18.665 49.259 0.000 within groups 106.473 281 0.379 total 181.131 285 laskar et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 10-18 15 table 4 shows the results of anova for h2. the significance value is 0.00 (i.e., p=0.00), below 0.05. hence, the null hypothesis (h2) is rejected, i.e., there is no significant influence of education on the perception of women entrepreneurs regarding social media marketing. therefore, their level of education highly influences the perception of women entrepreneurs regarding social media marketing. h3: there is no significant influence of the number of hours dedicated to business per day by women entrepreneurs on their perception of social media marketing. one-way anova was carried out to find the influence of the number of hours put into the business daily on women entrepreneurs' perception of social media marketing in all the cities of assam, as shown in table 5. table 5. one way anova perception level sum of squares df mean square f sig. between groups 37.156 4 9.289 18.130 0.000 within groups 143.975 281 0.512 total 181.131 285 table 5 shows the results of anova for h3. the significance value is 0.00 (i.e., p=0.00), below 0.05. hence, the null hypothesis (h3) is rejected, i.e., there is no significant influence of the number of hours dedicated to business per day by women entrepreneurs on their perception of social media marketing. therefore, the perception of women entrepreneurs regarding social media marketing is highly influenced by the hours they dedicate to their business daily. h4: the influence of age, educational qualification, and number of hours dedicated to business per day on the perception of women entrepreneurs towards social media marketing are similar. the primary goal of running a factorial anova is to determine whether there is a three-way interaction between the three independent variables (i.e., age group, educational qualification, number of business hours). the row "age group * educational qualification * hours dedicated to business per day " in table 6 can be consulted to determine whether there is a statistically significant three-way. table 6. factorial anova tests of between-subjects effects dependent variable: perception level source type iii sum of squares df mean square f sig. corrected model 145.061a 74 1.960 21.382 0.000 intercept 480.823 1 480.823 5244.588 0.000 age group 21.636 4 5.409 59.000 0.000 educational qualification 2.237 4 0.559 6.101 0.000 hours dedicated to business 3.684 4 0.921 10.047 0.000 age group * educational qualification 6.569 14 0.469 5.118 0.000 age group * hours devoted to business 3.495 14 0.250 2.723 0.001 educational qualification * hours dedicated to business 5.893 15 0.393 4.285 0.000 age group * educational qualification * hours devoted to business 5.158 19 0.271 2.961 0.000 error 19.344 211 0.092 total 1474.000 286 corrected total 164.406 285 a. r squared = .882 (adjusted r squared = .841) the statistical significance level, or p-value, of the three-way interaction term in the factorial anova is displayed in the "sig." column. according to the observation, the three-way interaction term has a statistical significance level of.000 (p =.000). therefore, p <.05 means that there is a statistically significant three-way age group * educational qualification * number of business hour interaction effect. this leads to rejecting the null hypothesis (h4), i.e., the influence of age, educational qualification, and number of hours dedicated to business per day on the perception of women entrepreneurs towards social media marketing are similar. therefore, age, educational qualification, and number of hours dedicated to business per day significantly influence the perception of women entrepreneurs. conclusions the research explores how women entrepreneurs in assam perceive social media marketing and examines the influence of age, education level, and business hours on their perception of social media marketing. social media presents an accessible and powerful platform, especially for women entrepreneurs in developing regions. to empower women entrepreneurs in this fast-paced digital age, understanding the factors shaping their perception of social media marketing is crucial for developing effective strategies. the findings reveal that these variables significantly influence and shape the perception of women entrepreneurs towards social media marketing. it fills the research gap by focusing on a specific geographic setting laskar et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(5) (2024), 10-18 16 that has not received much attention in previous studies. the study showed that assamese women entrepreneurs have a diverse demographic profile. this research provides new insights into how time invested in business operations may influence perceptions of digital marketing approaches. a small sample size restricted this study, and it only considered the women entrepreneurs from assam, india. therefore, the potential for generalizing the results to broader contexts is limited. moreover, the research only examines three variables: age, education, and operating hours. the study fails to consider additional factors such as digital literacy, technology accessibility, and industry-specific challenges. with these limitations in mind, upcoming researchers should focus on increasing the sample size and including a set of women entrepreneurs from different regions and industry domains. to thoroughly comprehend entrepreneurs' perspectives, it would be beneficial to investigate topics like the social media platforms they prefer, their proficiency with digital tools, and their support networks. the study's findings offer several practical applications to support women entrepreneurs in assam. these include developing tailored social media marketing training programs, establishing mentorship initiatives, creating flexible workspace solutions, implementing digital access programs, providing policy recommendations, and developing industry-specific guidelines. future research should build on bigger sample size and more places, studying things like digital literacy and how easy it is to access technology, doing longitudinal studies, looking at platform-specific preferences, testing digital tool proficiency, looking at support networks, making cross-cultural comparisons, checking out the long-term effects of social media marketing adoption, finding barriers to adoption, and planning intervention studies. by implementing these practical applications and pursuing these research directions, stakeholders can work toward empowering women entrepreneurs in assam and similar regions to leverage social media marketing effectively for business growth and success. these efforts will address women entrepreneurs' unique challenges in social media marketing and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing their perceptions and practices in the rapidly evolving digital landscape. author contributions: conceptualization, s.l. and h.r.l.; methodology, s.l. and h.r.l.; software, h.r.l.; validation, s.l., h.r.l. and m.n.i.b.; formal analysis, h.r.l.; investigation, s.l.; resources, s.l. and h.r.l.; data curation, s.l.; writing – original draft preparation, s.l.; writing – review & editing, h.r.l.; visualization, s.l. and h.r.l.; supervision, h.r.l. and m.n.i.b.; project administration, h.r.l. and m.n.i.b.; funding acquisition, h.r.l. and m.n.i.b. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available 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(2022). utilization of knowledge management as business resilience strategy for microentrepreneurs in post-covid-19 economy. sustainability, 14(23), 15789. publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 46-55 46 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 6 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa developing countries and the industry 4.0 movement: research mapping for practical insights muhammad yahya hammad (a) syed radzi rahamaddulla (b) shahryar sorooshian (c)1 puteri fadzline muhamad tamyez (d) muhammad ashraf fauzi (e) (a)phd researcher, faculty of industrial management, universiti malaysia pahang, al-sultan abdullah, malaysia; e-mail: yahyahammadjutt@gmail.com (b) professor, faculty of industrial management, universiti malaysia pahang, al-sultan abdullah, malaysia; e-mail: syedradzi@umpsa.edu.my (c) professor, department of business administration, university of gothenburg, gothenburg, sweden, e-mail: shahryar.sorooshian@gu.se (d) professor, faculty of industrial management, universiti malaysia pahang, al-sultan abdullah, malaysia; e-mail: fadzline@umpsa.edu.my (e) professor, faculty of industrial management, universiti malaysia pahang, al-sultan abdullah, malaysia; e-mail: ashrafauzi@umpsa.edu.my a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 16th june 2025 reviewed & revised: 16th june 2025 to 9th september 2025 accepted: 10th september 2025 published: 15th september 2025 keywords: industry 4.0, developing countries, developing economies, practical insight, emerging economies jel classification codes: o32, l69 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t this paper investigates the adoption of industry 4.0 in developing countries, emphasizing the unique challenges these economies face compared to advanced nations. despite the global spread of digital technologies such as automation, big data analytics, and the internet of things (iot), adoption in resource-constrained contexts remains limited due to inadequate infrastructure, financial restrictions, skill gaps, and organizational resistance. to address these issues, the study employs a bibliometric methodology, analyzing 398 journal articles indexed in web of science through co-word and bibliographic coupling techniques. this approach enables the mapping of dominant themes, influential research clusters, and key gaps in the literature. the results highlight five thematic areas: global technological developments, sustainability integration, adoption barriers, implementation practices, and strategies for overcoming obstacles. findings indicate that while challenges are considerable, industry 4.0 can enhance productivity, stimulate innovation, and support sustainability by strengthening supply chains and promoting efficient resource use. the study also reveals that transformative benefits can only be realized when supportive policies, international collaboration, private-sector participation, and workforce development are followed in a coordinated manner. the research contributes to theory by linking industry 4.0 adoption to sustainability frameworks such as the circular economy and the sustainable development goals. it also offers practical guidance for policymakers, smes, and managers on designing context-sensitive strategies tailored to developing economies. by providing a structured overview of challenges and opportunities, the study lays a foundation for future empirical research and offers actionable insights for advancing sustainable industrial transformation. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction technology-based processes connect different traditional industries across the ongoing technological revolution called industry 4.0 (alaloul et al., 2018). industry 4.0 integrates technologies such as automation, big data, and iot, shifting economies from product-based to service-oriented models (javaid et al., 2024). this transformation has enhanced industrialization, data utilization, and process efficiency, generating significant economic and social value. nonetheless, its application in realizing productivity, efficiency, and effective decision-making is currently limited in developing nations because of capital and infrastructure limitations (verma et al., 2020). the fourth industrial revolution is based on the prior industrial revolution (ir) progress of steam power (ir1.0), electricity (ir2.0), and computer automation (ir3.0). industry 4.0, characterized by networked technology and self-organized systems, has revolutionized industrial systems worldwide, particularly in developed industrialized countries. however, there are specific barriers to adopting technology in developing countries, including sparse computer literacy, a lack of modern infrastructure, and cultural resistance to change. the significance of developing a more thorough understanding of the region's social and economic realities and designing approaches tailored to these conditions to overcome these challenges is emphasized (xu et al., 2018). the current revolution is generally termed industrial revolution 4.0 (ir 4.0), based on the concept of the internet of things (iot) and the implementation of robotics in industrial processes to achieve higher production efficiency (khan et al., 2022). 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0001-5336-827x © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i6.2587 to cite this article: hammad, m. y., rahamaddulla, s. r., sorooshian, s., tamyez, p. f. m., & fauzi, m. a. (2025). developing countries and the industry 4.0 movement: research mapping for practical insights. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(6), 46-55. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i6.2587 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i6.2587 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3928-9064 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6555-9919 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5336-827x https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2251-2707 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2137-4602 hammad et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 46-55 47 this paper provides the following benefits of industry 4.0 adoption across various industries: increased flow of communication and cooperation, increased productivity and innovation, and efficient decision-making. as such, the outlined benefits of organizations are as follows: these stem from the execution of innovative technologies, including iot, automation, and data analytics, which increase productivity, lower costs, and optimize functions. thus, ir 4.0 supports realtime collaboration, efficient resource utilization, and the actual enhancement of project execution, all driven by positive advancements across various fields (alsehaimi & sanni-anibire, 2024). this paper discusses the issues likely to arise in developing countries concerning industry 4.0. this research is against emerging knowledge on how industry 4.0 can enhance economic development and welfare and respond to significant development issues. therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the current state of industry 4.0 adoption in developing nations, with a particular focus on the technological, societal, and infrastructural factors shaping its implementation. the study also aims to highlight key barriers and opportunities, providing practical insights and recommendations that can guide policymakers, industry leaders, and researchers in promoting sustainable digital transformation. unlike previous bibliometric studies that have primarily focused on global or developed economies, this paper contributes a distinct perspective by exclusively examining industry 4.0 adoption in developing countries. by focusing on contexts characterized by resource constraints, institutional voids, and infrastructural limitations, this study generates insights that are directly applicable to policymakers, smes, and practitioners operating in these economies. this approach offers novel contributions by mapping not only the challenges but also practical pathways that align industry 4.0 implementation with the unique social and economic realities of developing nations. literature review industry 4.0 represents the integration of advanced technologies, including automation, the internet of things (iot), artificial intelligence (ai), big data analytics, and cyber-physical systems, into industrial processes. in developed economies, these technologies have accelerated productivity, innovation, and sustainability transitions. however, in developing economies, adoption remains uneven due to resource constraints, institutional gaps, and socio-technical challenges that are not adequately addressed in existing studies (ghobakhloo, 2020; nara et al., 2021; ocelík et al., 2023; xu et al., 2018). several studies have identified persistent barriers that hinder industry 4.0 adoption in developing nations. these include inadequate digital infrastructure, financial constraints, a shortage of skilled human capital, and cultural resistance to change. weak institutional support and policy uncertainty further complicate the adoption process, particularly in small and medium-sized enterprises (smes). research emphasizes that limited access to capital and insufficient workforce readiness remain among the most critical challenges, restricting the ability of firms to implement and sustain advanced digital technologies (ayalew & xianzhi, 2020; chauhan et al., 2021; gupta et al., 2022). despite these barriers, industry 4.0 presents significant opportunities for economic transformation in resourceconstrained contexts. digital manufacturing technologies can strengthen supply chain resilience, improve operational efficiency, and enable green innovation through more efficient use of resources. for example, empirical research highlights the role of digital technologies in supporting sustainable supply chains in vietnam. at the same time, other studies show that smes in south asia experience improved performance and innovation capability when adopting digital tools. these findings suggest that even in environments characterized by structural weaknesses, industry 4.0 adoption can deliver measurable benefits if tailored strategies are applied (akbari & hopkins, 2022; bag et al., 2021). the relationship between industry 4.0 and sustainability has also gained prominence in recent scholarship. integrating frameworks such as the triple bottom line (tbl), circular economy (ce), and sustainable development goals (sdgs) provides a holistic basis for assessing the impacts of digital transformation. research demonstrates that industry 4.0 can promote environmental sustainability through robotics and energy-efficient production, enhance social sustainability through workforce upskilling, and drive economic sustainability through innovation and competitiveness. however, successful adoption requires coordinated efforts, including supportive policy frameworks, international collaboration, and active engagement of the private sector to overcome institutional voids and strengthen long-term readiness (alojail & khan, 2023; elheddad et al., 2021; giovannoni & fabietti, 2013). this review highlights that while industry 4.0 has transformative potential, developing economies face persistent barriers that distinguish their adoption patterns from those in advanced economies. at the same time, opportunities exist to align digital transformation with sustainability objectives, particularly when policies, resources, and human capital development are addressed in an integrated manner. what remains missing from the current body of literature is a systematic overview that synthesizes these barriers and opportunities specifically in the context of developing nations. therefore, the purpose of this study is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of industry 4.0 adoption in developing countries to identify key challenges and opportunities, map the thematic clusters of research, and provide practical insights for policymakers, industry leaders, and researchers. materials and methods bibliometric methodology makes use of quantitative science mapping to analyse bibliographic sets. the analysis supports the qualitative systematic literature review (slr) approach and the more quantitative meta-analysis approach. bibliographic coupling: bibliographic coupling measures the similarity of articles in one way by the number of references that two articles have. articles that mention comparable sources probably have a conceptual link, and it can be argued that the more references two articles share, the closer they are to one another in a bibliographic network (zupic & čater, 2015). co-word analysis: co-word analysis, as opposed to shared citations, focuses on sets of terms that documents share (delecroix & epstein, 2004). co-word analysis examines the co-occurrence of keywords to identify groups of related terms (mangalaraj et al., 2023). hammad et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 46-55 48 web of science was selected as the sole database because of its rigorous indexing standards, comprehensive coverage of peer-reviewed journals, and reliable citation tracking system. while this choice excludes some publications indexed in scopus or google scholar, it ensures consistency and reliability of metadata. the thresholds applied in this study 41 citations for bibliographic coupling and 19 keyword occurrences for co-word analysis were adopted to minimize noise, enhance visualization clarity, and highlight the most influential works in the field. these criteria are consistent with established practices in bibliometric mapping, ensuring that the analysis captures robust and meaningful clusters. as indicated in table 1, publications containing pertinent keywords were found using the following search query. the search query relates to industry 4.0 in developing countries and associated terms and is based on literature, identical terms, and a thesaurus. the search topic was used to search the web of science database. this option covers publications with keywords in the title, abstract, and authors. furthermore, this analysis only includes journal publications; editorials, book chapters, novels, and conference proceedings are excluded. by restricting the study to journal articles alone, the caliber of peer-reviewed papers included in the science mapping analysis is ensured. table 1. search string in web of science database no keywords justification 1 ‘‘industry 4.0” or “ir 4.0” or “fourth industrial revolution” to identify the technological advancements associated with industry 4.0. 2 ‘‘developing country’’ or “developing countries” or “developing economy” or ‘‘developing economies’’ or ‘‘emerging countries’’ or ‘‘emerging economies’’ to identify the implications of industry 4.0 in developing countries and emerging trends. results the search was conducted on 25th december 2024. a total of 513 documents were retrieved from the database using the search query created explicitly for this investigation. after journal publications were eliminated, 398 papers were completed. according to the publication trend, research increased steadily in 2017 and peaked in 2023. this rise reflects growing recognition of the significance of industry 4.0 in developing countries. the continuous increase in citation rates shows how important older work is despite a slight decline in publications in 2024. over the coming years, a slight rise in research production and impact is anticipated (figure 1). figure 1. number of papers published per year bibliographic coupling out of the 513 documents, 44 documents met a threshold of 41 citations. these 44 documents create 5 clusters. the top-3 documents based on total link strength (tls) are (nara et al., 2021) 214 tls, (tortorella & fettermann, 2018) 202 tls, and (luthra et al., 2020) 180 tls. in this bibliographic coupling, table 2 displays the top ten documents. bibliographic coupling refers to the strength of the coupling between the linked documents; hence, the more important the documents in the network, the higher the total link strength (tls). table 2. list of top 10 documents in bibliographic coupling rank publication scope citation tls 1 nara et al. (2021) an examination of the expected impacts of industry 4.0 technologies on sustainable development in the context of brazil's plastics industry. 122 214 2 tortorella and fettermann (2018) lean manufacturing and industry 4.0 implementation in brazilian industrial firms. 247 202 hammad et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 46-55 49 3 luthra et al. (2020) an examination of the powerful influence of drivers in an emerging economy reveals how industry 4.0 facilitates the diffusion of sustainability in supply chains. 225 180 4 kumar et al. (2020) examining the challenges in integrating industry 4.0 technology for ethical and sustainable business practices in smes. 240 174 5 tortorella et al. (2021) a comparison of manufacturers in developed and emerging countries with respect to lean production and industry 4.0. 64 170 6 chauhan et al. (2021) an empirical examination of emerging economies' performance impacts and adoption hurdles for industry 4.0. 151 165 7 gillani et al. (2020) causes and consequences of implementing digital manufacturing technology. 115 165 8 bag et al. (2021) an empirical study of the key resources for sector 4.0 adoption and its effects on sustainable production and the circular economy. 223 161 9 raj et al. (2020) obstacles to industry 4.0 technology adoption in manufacturing: a comparative analysis of different countries. 507 146 10 sharma et al. (2021) incorporating industry 4.0 for sustainability into emerging economies' multi-tiered manufacturing supply networks. 134 125 figure 2 illustrates the network visualisation of bibliographic coupling analysis. the five groupings are independent of each other. the following covers emerging and upcoming industry 4.0 developments in developing nations. the clusters are labeled using inductive interpretation by re-examining representative papers within the clusters and synthesising them based on common themes and research streams. figure 2. bibliographic coupling of industry 4.0 in developing countries: emerging and future trends cluster 1 (red): global developments and industry 4.0 technologies' effects on the environment the adoption of industry 4.0 technology worldwide is revolutionizing industrial processes by addressing the challenges of environmental sustainability and promoting economic growth. industry 4.0 aims to enhance industrial intelligence by intelligent output with the help of upgraded technologies, namely automation, big data, and cyber-physical systems (chien et al., 2017). industrial robots, a fundamental component of industry 4.0, lower carbon intensity through increased energy efficiency, productivity, and green innovation. their environmental benefits are increasingly noticeable in industrialized countries and industries like manufacturing, agriculture, and utilities (y. li et al., 2022). due to the reduction of the distance between different types of firms, digital transformation influences the innovative activities of non-soes, non-high-tech, and non-polluting enterprises more significantly (chen & kim, 2023). the fourth industrial revolution has had a profound impact on our lives and interactions, resulting in significant economic changes and heightened environmental concerns (elheddad et al., 2021). cluster 2 (green): industry 4.0 adoption and sustainability in developing economies the adoption of industry 4.0 in developing nations can revolutionize sustainability by filling administrative and technological gaps and bringing industrial practices into line with sustainable development objectives. supply chains in vietnam are anticipated to be most impacted by drones, analytics of big data, and the internet of things (akbari & hopkins, 2022). the impact of talent capabilities on employee development and sustainable supply chain results was less pronounced but still noteworthy. the report offers managers two approaches to enhance the mining industry's sustainable supply chain results (bag et al., 2020). these economies may align industrial practices with sustainable development goals by overcoming obstacles such as limited digitization and economic volatility by promoting cooperation between politicians and industry leaders. hammad et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 46-55 50 cluster 3 (blue): opportunities and difficulties of industry 4.0 adoption in developing nations developing nations face financial and institutional challenges, and as a result, their industry 4.0 formation process differs from that of industrialized nations. in affluent nations, the initiative strategy, started by economic subjects, offers more flexibility and efficacy than the prescriptive approach (bogoviz et al., 2019). both internal and external constraints severely impact digitalisation, yet adoption increases supply chain competency and functional effectiveness (alaloul et al., 2018). indus. industry 4.0 initiatives can transform the way products are designed, produced, delivered, and disposed of, but they pose challenges for developing nations, particularly india (luthra & mangla, 2018). the most highly ranked drivers are the sustainable aspects, which encompass both environmental and social factors, whereas the most highly ranked barriers are the organizational and environmental dimensions (sharma et al., 2021). these obstacles demonstrate that targeted approaches are necessary to overcome them and capitalize on the benefits of industry 4.0. they also emphasize how crucial it is to successfully overcome structural and financial constraints to deploy industry 4.0 in developing countries. cluster 4 (yellow): implementation of industry 4.0 in various economies industry 4.0 is being implemented in several economies to drive innovation, streamline industrial structures, improve labour competencies, and remove technology and resource barriers for long-term performance improvement. the initiative seeks to improve industrial capability through innovation, industry structure optimization, quality emphasis, talent training, and green manufacturing (tortorella et al., 2021). however, in implementing this ambitious plan, the industry often faces challenges like resource constraints and technological barriers (l. li, 2018). larger performance (lp) gains result from the lp technique's good association with industry 4.0 technology, according to data from a survey of 110 businesses. contextual variables also play a role, although not all aspects are equally significant (tortorella & fettermann, 2018). industry 4.0 impacts operational performance improvement through process-related technologies, reducing low setup effects and positively influencing flow practices, while process-related technologies negatively influence low setup effects (tortorella et al., 2019). cluster 5 (purple): overcoming obstacles to industry 4.0 adoption smart cities are significantly influenced by environmental, technological, social, and legal challenges (aghimien et al., 2022). in addition, the structures made of glass are capable of supplying lighting resources, solar energy, and water management. all three can be applied in the same context, namely the triple bottom line, corporate social responsibility, and industry 4.0, to enhance the sustainable healthcare supply chain 4.0 (daú et al., 2019). technology infrastructure is necessary in developed nations, but in underdeveloped nations, standards and laws might be improved to encourage adoption (raj et al., 2020). overcoming these obstacles requires awareness campaigns, improved resource allocation, and simplified legislation to support easier transitions to industry 4.0. unlocking the full potential of industry 4.0 across multiple sectors will undoubtedly require both proactive measures and technological improvements. a summary of the bibliographic coupling analysis is presented in table 3, which includes cluster number and color, cluster label, number of publications, and representative publications. table 3. bibliographic coupling analysis on industry 4.0 in developing countries: emerging and future trends cluster color and number cluster label number of publications representative publication 1 red global developments and industry 4.0 technologies' effects on the environment 15 chien et al. (2017), y. li et al. (2022), chen and kim (2023), elheddad et al. (2021) 2 green industry 4.0 adoption and sustainability in developing economies 9 akbari and hopkins (2022), yadav et al. (2020), raut et al. (2019), bag et al. (2020) 3 blue opportunities and difficulties of industry 4.0 adoption in developing nations 8 bogoviz et al. (2019), chauhan et al. (2021), luthra and mangla (2018), sharma et al. (2021) 4 yellow implementation of industry 4.0 in various economies 6 l. li (2018). tortorella and fettermann (2018), tortorella et al. (2021), tortorella et al. (2019) 5 purple overcoming obstacles to industry 4.0 adoption 6 aghimien et al. (2022), daú et al. (2019), raj et al. (2020) co word analysis using the same database, three clusters were produced when 35 of the 2277 keywords displayed by the co-word analysis satisfied 19 thresholds. the terms “industry 4.0” (194 occurrences), “industry 4” (91 occurrences), and “management” (81 occurrences) are the most often occurring keywords. table 4 displays the top 15 keywords in the co-occurrence of keywords analysis. table 4. the top 15 keywords in the co-occurrence analysis rank keyword occurrences tls 1 industry 4.0 194 600 2 industry 4 91 425 3 management 81 355 4 sustainability 63 337 5 challenges 60 306 6 performance 75 305 7 innovation 85 300 hammad et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 46-55 51 8 future 58 294 9 internet 51 283 10 barriers 46 261 11 impact 60 234 12 model 47 234 13 framework 46 232 14 supply chain 45 221 15 things 22 221 the network structure of co-word analysis is displayed in figure 3. three clusters in the artwork stand for three different subjects. the three clusters are given labels based on the author's inductive interpretation. these clusters depict three themes based on the keywords covered below. figure 3. analysis of co-occurrence in industry 4.0 in developing countries, emerging, and future trends cluster 1 (green): sustainable development and industry 4.0 with the introduction of cutting-edge technologies like cloud computing, iot, and cyber-physical systems (cps), industry 4.0 revolutionises automation and connectivity. however, a lack of clarity and defined ready frameworks makes it difficult for many firms to grasp and implement (aghimien et al., 2022). building on the developments of earlier industrial revolutions, the fourth one uses connected technology to combine the digital and physical worlds. it drives innovation, changes modern life and production, and presents new opportunities and difficulties (xu et al., 2018). a modern perspective on sustainable development highlights key global challenges, including poverty, climate adaptation, and ecological balance, emphasizing the evolving strategies and collaborative efforts to address these issues, particularly in developing nations (elliott, 2012). cluster 2 (red): combining industry 4.0 with sustainability sustainability and industry 4.0 encourage innovative approaches to addressing challenging sustainability issues and maximizing long-term value across various sectors. sustainability is a multifaceted idea and promotes an integrated strategy to deal with its issues. with an emphasis on integrated reporting, it addresses the functions of reporting systems, business models, and governance (giovannoni & fabietti, 2013). the attitude impacts skills and task performance in fraud risk assessment for accountants amid the changing work environment due to emerging technologies. it aims to influence policy and capacity building in the public sector (popoola et al., 2018). in order to optimize life cycle value and improve sustainability, the paper explores incorporating industry 4.0 principles into various industries. to promote the industry's use of digital technology, it highlights research gaps and the necessity of specialist techniques (alaloul et al., 2018). cluster 3 (blue): influence and function of new technologies on sustainability, industries, and healthcare emerging technologies like iot, ai, blockchain, and industry 4.0 are changing healthcare, industries, and sustainability by promoting efficiency, transparency, and innovation. the roles that iot, industry 4.0, ai, and blockchain play in day-to-day operations while examining their effects on healthcare, industries, and society (tabassum et al., 2021). blockchain and industry 4.0 technologies are converging in reshaping business models by enhancing transparency, efficiency, and data security. their integration brings significant developments, particularly in healthcare and supply chain management (chand bhatt et al., 2021). industry 4.0's sustainability features emphasize how it affects environmental, social, and economic sustainability. industry 4.0 tools are deployed in production, addressing issues such as managing a circular supply chain, servitization, and production planning. hammad et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 46-55 52 co-word analysis, including cluster number and color, cluster label, number of keywords, and sample keywords, is summarised in table 5. table 5. summary of co-word analysis on industry 4.0 in developing countries: emerging and future trends cluster color and number cluster label number of keywords representative keywords 1 (green) sustainable development and industry 4.0 12 fourth industrial revolution, innovation, industry 4.0, technology 2 (red) combining industry 4.0 with sustainability 12 sustainability, emerging economy, challenges 3 (blue) influence and function of new technologies on sustainability, industries, and healthcare 11 industry 4, future, model, technology discussions the study has significant theoretical and managerial consequences for developing and implementing industry 4.0 technologies, especially in developing economies. theoretically, this study advances knowledge of how industry 4.0 concepts impact innovation and sustainability. this is related to cluster 3 ("opportunities and difficulties of industry 4.0 adoption in developing nations"). this study explores the impact of contextual factors on digital transformation, highlighting industry 4.0's potential to foster innovation, productivity, and sustainability while addressing sustainability issues (alhammadi et al., 2024). the revolutionary role that industry 4.0 technologies play in improving the performance of green innovation through resource efficiency and sustainability. open innovation is an important collaborative model that significantly enhances the process of generating environmentally friendly innovations. for instance, the application of tbl (triple bottom line), ce (circular economy), and sbms (sustainable business models) can help fix institutional challenges and help foster sustainable development in developing countries. the present work extends current theories on digital transformation by including findings on the institutional and economic constraints on integrating sophisticated technology. theoretical impacts particularly demonstrate how industry 4.0 technologies enable several types of creativity that incorporate tbl, ce, and sbms to foster sustainability. to boost the sdgs' contribution, this research calls for more focus on relatively underexplored domains of innovation research that encompass marketing and organizational innovations (alojail & khan, 2023). the paper also stresses the importance of managers mitigating the challenges of industry 4.0 adoption in terms of its managerial aspects. in this way, the managers can avoid challenges such as reluctance to change, lack of experience, and poor support. sustainable solutions involve calls for strategic investments in digital technology, collaboration ecosystems, and building the healing capacity of the nation’s workforce. the similar results also underscore the significance of cooptation as well. real sustainability improvements are realized when an organization’s digital change agenda is designed to support the organization’s achievement of the sustainable development goals (alojail & khan, 2023). the study suggests that advanced analytics tools can enhance supply chain management and organizational efficiency, allowing managers to incorporate big data, machine learning, and predictive insights for flexibility. proactive strategies address work pressure and talent retention. organisations could enhance their performance, comprehend supply chain dynamics, and make far more precise demand predictions with the aid of real-time data or even predictive and machine learning (agrawal et al., 2023). organizations must address challenges like resistance, inexperience, and poor infrastructure through strategic investments in digital technology, collaborative ecosystems, and workforce development, aligning with sustainable development goals for improved long-term sustainability (alojail & khan, 2023). the study emphasizes the potential of advanced analytics and data-driven decision-making in supply chain optimization, encouraging managers to adopt technologies like big data and machine learning. these difficulties from cluster 3 (opportunities and difficulties of industry 4.0 adoption in developing nations) and cluster 5 (overcoming obstacles to industry 4.0 adoption) are made worse in developing nations by poor acquisition of new technologies and constrained finances and infrastructure (ayalew & xianzhi, 2020). managers must adopt advanced technology like ai, machine learning, and iot for real-time data-driven decisions in resource-sensitive settings. industry 4.0 promotes smooth digitization, and sound risk management strategies are essential for enhancing operational performance and meeting quality 4.0 standards (mohamed et al., 2019). combining six sigma techniques with business 4.0 technology can enhance performance across industries by prioritizing middle management training, integrating innovative technologies, and optimizing production processes (akanmu & nordin, 2022). tailored strategies that address resource limitations, foster resilience, and stimulate creativity can significantly aid developing economies. conclusions the primary purpose of this study was to investigate the adoption of industry 4.0 in developing countries by systematically identifying the barriers, opportunities, and future directions through bibliometric mapping. industry 4.0, a technological shift enabling automation, analytics, and iot, could remove growth constraints in developing countries, encourage innovation, and advance sustainability. however, overcoming barriers like infrastructural, financial, and staff preparedness is crucial. policymakers must promote investments in digital enablers and provide enabling policies and regulatory environments. further research should investigate the applications of blockchain and ai technologies across various industries. harmonizing these technologies with sustainable development goals could foster a robust approach. industrialized nations have fundamental variations from developing economies regarding institutional and economic hammad et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 46-55 53 constraints (bogoviz et al., 2019). another limitation is the possibility of bias from the qualitative character of the co-word analysis and bibliographic coupling employed in this investigation. the findings may not be as objective as they would be if the grouping and theme trends are subjectively interpreted. the study focuses on broad patterns in developing countries, and not specific contextual elements. institutional, cultural, and economic factors influence the adoption of industry 4.0. future studies should perform comparative analysis and examine grey literature and real-time data for a comprehensive understanding of the rapidly developing topic. if empirical studies are used in several industrial contexts, a more comprehensive view of industry 4.0 implementation and challenges could be acquired (ghobakhloo, 2020). technologies that have received less attention, such as blockchain, quantum computing, and artificial intelligence, require focus to capture their disruptive nature correctly (gökalp et al., 2017). also, there is a need to understand how government policies and collaborations with international partners can help break down barriers to adoption, especially concerning infrastructure and end-user readiness (ibrahim et al., 2022). however, studies on integrating industry 4.0 with the sustainable development goals remain important, as they suggest that such integration will benefit resource-deficient regions of the developing world (mubarak et al., 2021). future research should extend beyond bibliometric mapping to include comparative empirical studies across developing countries, particularly in smes and agriculture-based industries. mixed-method approaches that combine bibliometric, survey, and case study evidence would provide richer insights into adoption patterns and barriers. emerging technologies such as blockchain, quantum computing, and ai also require deeper investigation to capture their disruptive potential in resource-limited contexts. furthermore, the role of government policy and international partnerships deserves closer scrutiny to understand how coordinated efforts can overcome institutional voids and accelerate industry 4.0 adoption. author contributions: conceptualization, m.y.h. and s.r.r.; methodology, m.y.h. and m.a.f.; software, m.y.h. and m.a.f.; validation, p.f.m.t.; formal analysis, m.y.h.; investigation, m.y.h.; resources, m.y.h.; data curation, m.y.h.; writing – original draft preparation, m.y.h.; writing – review & editing, s.s. and s.r.r.; visualization, m.a.f.; supervision, s.r.r.; project administration, m.y.h.; funding acquisition, s.r.r., m.a.f., p.f.m.t., and s.s. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: this study is funded by universiti malaysia pahang internal grant funds, with grant no. rdu230307 acknowledgments: the authors thank ai tools developers, as this study benefited from these tools in enhancing the presentation flow and language editing. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. 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(2015). bibliometric methods in management and organization. organizational research methods, 18(3), 429–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114562629 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 1-10 1 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 1 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa drivers influencing the usage intention towards online zakat payment system: evidence from malaysia rahayu abdul rahman (a)1 eka nurmala sari (b) siti hirdayu mohd radzi (c) fitriani saragih (d) nor balkish zakaria (e) (a) associate professor, faculty of accountancy, universiti teknologi mara, 34500 tapah, perak, malaysia; e-mail: rahay916@uitm.edu.my (b) senior lecturer, faculty of economic and business, universitias muhammadiyah sumatera utara, sumatera utara, indonesia; e-mail: ekanurmal@umsu.ac.id (c) senior lecturer, faculty of business, accountancy, and social sciences, universiti poly-tech malaysia, 56100 kuala lumpur, malaysia; email: hirdayuradz@gmail.com (d) senior lecturer, faculty of economic and business, universitias muhammadiyah sumatera utara, sumatera utara, indonesia; e-mail: fitrianisargih@umsu.ac.id (e) associate professor, accounting research institute, level 12, menara sultan abdul aziz shah, universiti teknologi mara, 40450 shah alam, selangor, malaysia; e-mail: norbalkish@uitm.edu.my a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 24th september 2024 reviewed & revised: 24th september 2024 to 28th january 2025 accepted: 30th january 2025 published: 3rd february 2025 keywords: online zakat payment service, perceived risk, trust in zakat institution, zakat literacy, prior experience jel classification codes: m430, g32 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t a digital zakat system significantly enhances zakat collection by streamlining the process, making it more accessible, transparent, and efficient for both zakat payers and zakat institutions. through digital platforms, individuals can easily calculate, pay, and track their zakat contributions in real time. however, it faces challenges as some zakat payers remain reluctant to use online platforms due to concerns about security and the traditional nature of their giving. thus, this study investigates how socio-economic determinants, perceived risk, trust in zakat institutions, zakat literacy, and prior experience affect zakat payers' intention to use online zakat payment systems. data were gathered via an online survey of 288 zakat payers in malaysia, with cluster sampling used to select participants from government and private sectors across perak, selangor, and kelantan. smartpls was used for the analysis. the results indicate that perceived risk has a significant and negative impact on the intention to use online zakat payment services, highlighting the importance of addressing concerns related to risk perception in promoting their adoption. on the other hand, trust in zakat institutions, zakat literacy, and prior experience exhibited positive and significant relationships with zakat payers' intention to utilize online zakat payment services. the findings suggest that institutions mitigate perceived risk, strengthen institutional trust, increase zakat literacy, and leverage users' prior experience to enhance online zakat system adoption. this study contributes significantly to understanding the factors influencing the adoption of online zakat payment services to inform strategies to boost the utilization of online zakat payment services in similar developing country settings. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction transformation technologies in zakat collection and payment services have sparked a profound evolution in how charitable contributions are gathered and disbursed worldwide. these innovations encompass a broad spectrum of digital advancements, including mobile applications, online payment gateways, blockchain, and artificial intelligence (ahmad & mamun, 2020; ali et al., 2019; salleh et al., 2022). according to zulfikri et al. (2021), these transformation technologies have modernized zakat collection and payment services and rendered them more accessible, secure, and adaptable to the evolving requirements of zakat payers and beneficiaries globally. in islam, zakat is a form of compulsory charity that aims to purify wealth and redistribute it among those in need (bilo & machado, 2020), ultimately fostering social welfare and economic stability within the muslim community (zauro et al., 2020). zakat is not just required by religion but also a powerful tool for social justice and economic development within muslim communities and societies. in malaysia, adopting online zakat services has introduced a more efficient, 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-7787-1096 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i1.2280 to cite this article: rahman, r. a., sari, e. n., radzi, s. h. m., saragih, f., & zakaria, n. b. (2025). drivers influencing the usage intention towards online zakat payment system: evidence from malaysia. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i1.2280 mailto:fitrianisargih@umsu.ac.id http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i1.2280 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-1096 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4391-7420 https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8074-5142 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1538-2115 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1795-9854 rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 1-10 2 adaptable, and user-friendly system, significantly improving the collection and disbursing of zakat funds. for example, the implementation of digital zakat solutions resulted in a 9% increase in zakat collection for the federal territory islamic religious council (maiwp), reaching rm816.48 million, and a 10% increase for the zakat collection centre (ppzmaiwp), totaling rm12.19 million in 2021, covering both zakat wealth and zakat fitrah. however, despite the rising popularity of online zakat payment services and their potential to transform the zakat landscape, it is important to acknowledge a disconnect between this potential and the actual collection. this disconnect is highlighted by paizin and sarif (2021), who emphasize the untapped potential in zakat collection management. while the annual zakat collection exhibits a positive trajectory, it has yet to reach its optimal level. it indicates ample room for improvement and streamlining within malaysia's zakat institutions through online platforms. therefore, understanding the behavior and intentions of muslims regarding adopting alternative zakat payment methods, such as online zakat payment services, is of utmost importance for zakat institutions, policymakers, and government agencies. this understanding is vital for developing and enhancing the nation's digital management of zakat. most prior studies on the determinants of online zakat services emphasize technology-based theories to explain the adoption behavior/intention. for example, some scholar employs the technology acceptance model (tam) (muflih, 2023), unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (utaut) (ahmad et al., 2014; bin-nashwan, 2022; kasri & yuniar, 2021; cahyani, sari, & afandi, 2022; ferdana et al., 2022; farhatunnada & wibowo, 2022; nuryahya et al., 2022), and integrative model of utaut with social cognitive theory (sct) or with tam and innovative diffusion theory (oktavendi, & mu'ammal, 2022) to explore muslim behavior and intention towards online zakat services. empirical studies that aim to comprehend zakat payers' adoption intentions from socio-psychological and economic angles are scarce. thus, this study examines how socio-economic determinants (i.e., perceived risk, trust in zakat institution, zakat literacy, and prior experience) influence zakat payers' intentions to adopt online zakat payment services. the paper is organized as follows: a review of the pertinent literature that served as a guide for the creation of the hypotheses is given in section 2. the research methodology used is described in depth in section 3, and the analysis's findings are presented in section 4. the findings are discussed in section 5, and the paper concludes in section 6. literature review perceived risk and online zakat payment usage intention prior studies (wu et al., 2017; safeena et al., 2012; faqih, 2022) highlight that user’s reluctance to embrace online payments often stems from uncertainties in transaction handling and their perception of associated risks. according to bauer (1967), perceived risk is a combination of uncertainty and the seriousness of potential outcomes. akturan and tezcan (2012) highlight two fundamental components within the domain of perceived risk regarding technology-induced hazards related to infrastructure and potential issues associated with a service provider's behavior. they argue that, rather than adhering to the anticipated levels of dependability, service providers often resort to opportunistic actions, taking advantage of unforeseeable transactions. furthermore, the inherent vulnerability linked to application technology continually exposes users to the risk of compromise. as a result, user confidence diminishes in response to these technological and relational uncertainties, leading to a decreased willingness to engage with online services. in the context of zakat research, it becomes evident that a zakat payer's perception of risk plays a substantial role in influencing their inclination to utilize online zakat payment services. these perceived risks encompass concerns related to finances, such as apprehensions about data security and the possibility of financial losses and worries about privacy, including the mishandling of personal information. furthermore, concerns about performance issues, such as technical glitches and reliability, and doubts regarding the platform's trustworthiness can further discourage potential users. prior research has found a significant association between perceived risk and technology adoption intention and behavior. for example, park et al. (2019) investigate the effects of perceived risk on consumers' intention to use mobile payment or m-payment. the study's 457 respondents' results supported the negative relationship between perceived risk and consumer intention to use m-payment. similarly, xie et al. (2021) find that perceived risk strongly relates to individuals’ fintech adoption intention. in the zakat research area, oktavendi and mu'ammal (2022) examine the impact of perceived risk on using zakat, infaq, and sadaqah (zis) digital payments among generation z in indonesia. surprisingly, their results indicated an insignificant effect of perceived risk on behavioral intention. given these mixed findings, this study aims to reexamine the relationship in a different research setting, malaysia, and proposes the following hypothesis: h1: perceived risk has a significant negative effect on online zakat payment usage intention trust in zakat institution and online zakat payment usage intention trust in an organization plays a pivotal role in defining the credibility and legitimacy of the nonprofit sector and motivating financial contributions (sargeant & lee, 2004). as noted by prakash and gugerty (2010), donors tend to withhold their support from organizations they lack trust in and with which they do not feel assured. when individuals have confidence in an organization, they are more likely to allocate resources to its causes or initiatives. according to becker (2018), trust is built upon the organization's reputation, transparency in its operations, and ethical conduct in managing donations. donors want assurance that their contributions will be used efficiently and effectively for the intended purpose and that there will be accountability in how funds are allocated. additionally, lau and cobb (2010) stress that trust extends to the organization's ability to deliver on its promises and make a tangible impact with the donations received, further strengthening public intention to donate. trust in zakat institutions affects zakat payers' intention to pay for and use online zakat payment services. when rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 1-10 3 people have confidence in these institutions' credibility, transparency, and ethical conduct, they are more likely to embrace online platforms for zakat contributions. in essence, trust forms the bedrock upon which individuals build their willingness to engage with online zakat payment services, knowing that their contributions will be used for their intended charitable purposes transparently and securely. previous research has consistently established a strong connection between trust and donation intention, as evidenced by several studies (bilgin & kethüda, 2022; chen et al., 2019; beldad et al., 2014; li et al., 2022). meanwhile, within the domain of zakat research, a literature review indicates that trust in zakat institutions significantly influences the intentions of zakat payers to make contributions through traditional means (ali et al., 2020). however, none of these studies have delved into how trust in zakat institutions affects the intentions of zakat payers to embrace online zakat services for their contributions, as most of them have solely explored the impact of trust on technology. consequently, building on the discussion above, this study puts forth the following hypothesis. h2: trust in zakat institutions has a significant positive effect on the intention to use online zakat payment. zakat literacy and online zakat payment usage intention literacy is characterized as the capability to possess knowledge and comprehension of a subject, transforming one's behavior and decision-making (antara et al., 2016). in the context of zakat, yusfiarto et al. (2020) elaborate on zakat literacy, defining it as an individual's proficiency in reading, understanding, calculating, and accessing information related to zakat, ultimately results in an increased awareness of and willingness to fulfill zakat obligations. regarding online zakat service, zakat literacy is more likely to influence individuals' intention to use e-zakat payment services. when people understand the principles and importance of zakat in islam and the various categories of recipients and calculation methods, they are more likely to engage in online zakat payments. a higher level of zakat literacy enables individuals to effectively appreciate the significance of fulfilling their religious obligation and contributing to charitable causes. moreover, those with zakat literacy are better equipped to navigate online zakat platforms, understand the transparency of fund allocation, and trust that their contributions will be utilized appropriately. as a result, zakat literacy fosters a sense of confidence and comfort in using ezakat payment services, enhancing the intention to participate and contribute to the welfare of those in need in a meaningful and informed manner. previous studies have identified a significant correlation between zakat literacy and the intention to adopt online zakat services and actual behavior in indonesia. for instance, kasri and yuniar (2021) explored the impact of zakat literacy on the inclination of indonesian muslims to use online platforms for zakat payments. with a sample size of 223 respondents, the findings supported a positive association between zakat literacy and the intention of zakat payers to utilize online zakat platforms. similarly, kasri and sosianti (2023) observed a robust connection between zakat literacy and the intention to adopt online zakat services among zakat payers. building on this context, the present study seeks to reassess this relationship in a different research setting, namely malaysia, and puts forth the following hypothesis: h3: zakat literacy has a significant positive effect on online zakat payment usage intention prior experience and online zakat payment usage intention ouellette and wood (1998) highlight the role of experience in predicting future intentions and behavior. indeed, ajzen and fishbein (2000) emphasize that prior experience significantly influences behavior. this is because knowledge acquired from past actions helps to shape intentions (eagly & chaiken, 2007), as experience enhances the accessibility of that knowledge in memory (fazio & zanna, 1978). further, about the technology adoption intention and behaviour. chua et al. (1999) propose that consumers' anxiety levels regarding technology are generally inversely related to their experience, which ultimately enhances technology usage. this argument seems in line with the empirical studies. for example, kwon and noh (2010) investigated the impact of past online shopping experiences on the online apparel purchase intentions of mature consumers. their survey, which included 293 male and female respondents in the u.s., revealed that the extent of prior online shopping experience significantly influenced mature consumers' perceived risks and benefits. similarly, wang et al. (2020) found that previous learning experiences are positively linked to students' evaluations of and satisfaction with current online education. in the context of zakat, prior experience with online zakat services is a crucial determinant of the intention to adopt online payment systems. individuals with previous exposure to these services develop familiarity and comfort with the platform, positively influencing their perception and trust in adopting similar online payment systems. the experience provides users with insights into the convenience, efficiency, and security aspects of online transactions for zakat payments. this familiarity helps mitigate concerns related to the novelty of online payment systems, reducing perceived risks and uncertainties. as a result, individuals with prior positive experiences are more likely to exhibit a higher intention to adopt online payment systems for zakat, as their past encounters contribute to a favorable attitude and increased confidence in the reliability and effectiveness of such platforms. based on this literature and argument, the following hypothesis is developed: h4: prior experience has a significant positive effect on online zakat payment usage intention rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 1-10 4 conceptual framework h figure 1. research framework materials and methods research design, research instrument, and data collection the survey method and questionnaires were employed in this study to collect data. the questionnaires were structured into three sections for comprehensive information gathering. section a was dedicated to obtaining demographic details, including age, gender, education level, and occupation. section b delved into factors influencing muzakkis' intention to use online zakat payment services, while section c comprised questions specifically addressing this intention. a seven-point likert scale was utilized to measure the independent and dependent variables, ranging from 1 ("strongly disagree") to 7 ("strongly agree"). the first independent variable, perceived risk, comprised seven indicators adapted from chiu and cho (2021). zakat literacy and trust in zakat institutions were assessed using a four-item questionnaire adapted from kasri and yuniar (2021). the dependent variable, online zakat payment service adoption intention, was measured using three items adapted from muflih (2023). in this study, researchers sought to understand the factors influencing the intention to adopt the e-zakat payment service among muzakkis in malaysia. participants were asked to indicate their likelihood of using the online zakat system to fulfill their obligations. the questionnaires were administered in person, with respondents assured confidentiality, and data was collected solely for research purposes. the study targeted muslim employees, referred to as muzakkis, who work in both the government and private sectors across three states in malaysia: perak, selangor, and kelantan. these participants represented a cross-section of working muslims responsible for fulfilling zakat obligations. a cluster sampling technique was used to select the sample. the clusters were defined based on location (the three selected states), and sectors (government and private) within these states were included to ensure diversity within the sample. a total of 350 questionnaires were distributed, of which 288 were returned as valid and used for the analysis, representing an 82% response rate. this sample size was sufficient to achieve statistical power and precision for the study's objectives, providing a robust basis for analyzing adoption intention trends among the target population. results respondent profile table 1 shows the demographic makeup of the 288 zakat payers (muzakkis) who participated in the study. table 1. demographic characteristics of respondents characteristics items frequency % gender male 170 59% female 118 41% age 21 30 years old 35 12% 31 40 years old 65 23% 41 50 years old 133 46% more than 50 years old 55 19% academic background phd 11 4% master degree 91 32% bachelor degree 135 47% diploma and below 51 18% occupation government 161 56% private 127 44% of the respondents, 170 (59%) were male muzakkis, and 118 (41%) were female muzakkis. the largest age group among the participants was those aged 41–50 years old, comprising 42% of the total. additionally, a significant portion of perceived risk trust in zakat institution online zakat payment usage intention zakat literacy prior experience online zakat rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 1-10 5 the respondents had completed a bachelor's degree (36%), and the majority were employed in government positions (56%). assessment of the measurement model the two-step smart pls approach—an evaluation of the measurement model and an evaluation of the structural model— was used to analyze the questionnaire data. in the research model, a structural model gives the relationships between the exogenous and endogenous constructs, while a measurement model illustrates the relationships between the items and constructs. in figure 2, the measurement model is shown. according to hair et al. (2017), the measurement model must evaluate loadings, composite reliability (cr), and average variance explained (ave) to meet convergent validity requirements. the loading, ave, and cr values must all be at least 0.6, 0.5, and 0.7, respectively. table 2. the measurement model assessment constructs measurement items loadings cronbach’s 𝛼 cr ave perceived risk pr1 0.748 0.901 0.918 0.617 pr2 0.717 pr3 0.788 pr4 0.784 pr5 0.819 pr6 0.843 pr7 0.793 trust in zakat institution ti1 0.937 0.950 0.964 0.870 ti2 0.888 t13 0.963 ti4 0.941 zakat literacy zl1 0.883 0.910 0.936 0.786 zl2 0.905 zl3 0.881 zl4 0.876 perceived risk pr1 0.748 0.901 0.918 0.617 pr2 0.717 pr3 0.788 pr4 0.784 pr5 0.819 pr6 0.843 pr7 0.793 online zakat payment usage intention ozi1 0.919 0.905 0.941 0.841 ozi2 0.962 ozi3 0.868 table 2 shows that the loading, ave, and cr values exceeded the suggested values, indicating that the construct's convergent validity was satisfactory. the loading, ave, and cr ranges were 0.717 to 0.963, 0.617 to 0.870, and 0.918 to 0.964. therefore, these findings suggested that convergent validity had been attained. in the meantime, the heterotrait monotrait (htmt) ratio of correlations criterion was used to evaluate the discriminant validity of the model to ascertain whether each construct was distinct from the other constructs in the established model, implying that each construct in the model was unique (hair et al., 2017). table 3. measurement model’s discriminant validity – htmt constructs online zakat payment usage intention perceived risk prior experience online zakat trust in zakat institution zakat literacy online zakat payment usage intention perceived risk 0.314 prior experience online zakat 0.595 0.353 trust in zakat institution 0.418 0.164 0.100 zakat literacy 0.394 0.098 0.046 0.669 table 4. measurement model’s discriminant validity fornell and larcker constructs online zakat payment usage intention perceived risk prior experience online zakat trust in zakat institution zakat literacy online zakat payment usage intention 0.917 perceived risk -0.320 0.786 prior experience online zakat 0.570 -0.337 1 trust in zakat institution 0.395 -0.029 0.1 0.933 zakat literacy 0.364 -0.017 0.046 0.638 0.886 rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 1-10 6 table 3 illustrates that every htmt value was below the 0.90 cut-off value (hair et al., 2017). in addition, table 4 details the evaluation of discriminant validity utilizing the fornell and larcker to ascertain whether every construct seen in this investigation is devoid of unidimensionality. the findings show that there was a more excellent square value for ave than there was for the correlation between the components. therefore, these findings showed that the model complied with the suggested specifications and that discriminant validity for each of the study's constructs was verified. assessment of the structural model the four hypotheses were tested by a structural model analysis that followed the validation of the measurement model. hair et al. (2017) recommended that the direction of the beta value, the significant level of the t-values, and the p-value were all considered in the structural model assessment. a bootstrapping technique with a 5,000 resampling was carried out to test the direct effect. the study's structural model is shown in figure 2. the results of the hypothesis test are shown in table 5. table 5. structural model assessment and hypothesis testing hypothesis relationship beta std deviation t value p-value decision h1 perceived risk -> online zakat payment usage intention -0.145 0.075 1.977 0.042 supported h2 trust on zakat institution -> online zakat payment usage intention 0.211 0.076 2.757 0.006 supported h3 zakat literacy -> online zakat payment usage intention 0.205 0.107 1.998 0.039 supported h4 prior experience online zakat -> online zakat payment usage intention 1.158 0.189 6.118 0.000 supported in particular, the hypothesis for h1 was that perceived risk would negatively impact the intention to pay for zakat online. the results showed a significant negative correlation (β= -0.145, t = 1.977, p < 0.05). h1 was therefore supported. regarding h2, which posited that trust in zakat institutions would positively influence online zakat payment intention, consistent with the prediction, the result was positive and significant (β= 0.211, t = 2.757, p >0.05). h2 was therefore supported. regarding hypothesis h3, which predicted that zakat literacy would positively influence online zakat payment intention, the findings corroborated this hypothesis (β= 0.205, t = 1.998, p < 0.05). lastly, concerning h4, which predicted that prior experience online zakat would positively influence online zakat payment intention, the findings indicated that previous online zakat experience positively influenced such intention (β = 1.158, t = 6.118, p < 0.01), thereby providing support for h4. figure 2. measurement & structural model rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 1-10 7 the values of the exogenous variables' coefficient of determination (r2) and effect size (f2) on the endogenous variable are shown in table 6. table 6. result of r2 and f2 construct r2 f2 decision online zakat payment usage intention 0.485 perceived risk 0.036 small prior experience online zakat 0.411 large trust in zakat institution 0.051 small zakat literacy 0.048 small the table indicates that the exogenous variables (perceived risk, trust in the zakat institution, zakat literacy, and previous experience with online zakat) accounted for 48.5% of the variance in the endogenous variable (intention to make an online zakat payment). regarding the effect size, or f2, this is the variation in r2 resulting from removing a particular construct from the model. cohen (1988) states that the effect size was classified as small for f2 values of 0.02, medium for f2 values of 0.15, and high for f2 values of 0.35. according to table 6’s results, exogenous variables (perceived risk, f2= 0.036; trust in zakat institution, f2 = 0.051 and zakat literacy, f2= 0.048) had a small effect size on the endogenous variable except for prior experience online zakat, f2, = 0.411, large effect size. discussions this study offers valuable insights into online zakat payment services by presenting empirical evidence regarding the factors influencing the intention of zakat payers in malaysia to utilize these services. the direct effects of this research model emerge as interesting findings. first, on the issue of perceived risk, the results found that muzakki's perceived risk negatively influences his/her intentions to adopt an online zakat payment system. the findings confirm earlier studies conducted in various research settings (park et al., 2019; xie et al., 2021). muzakki may hesitate to adopt online zakat payment systems due to uncertainties regarding the platform's reliability, fear of financial loss, or doubts about protecting their financial and personal data. additionally, concerns about the recipient's genuineness and the process's transparency may further exacerbate perceived risks. therefore, zakat institutions in malaysia should play necessary roles in mitigating perceived risks through measures like enhanced security protocols and transparent processes. these, in turn, could significantly bolster muzakki's confidence in utilizing online zakat payment systems, which ultimately foster greater adoption and participation in fulfilling their religious obligations. the research indicates that trust in zakat organizations significantly influences individuals' inclination to fulfill their obligations and utilize online payment channels. when individuals have faith in these organizations' integrity, transparency, and ethical standards, they are more inclined to utilize online platforms for their zakat contributions. essentially, the trust serves as the foundation upon which individuals base their readiness to interact with online zakat payment services, confident that their donations will be utilized for their intended charitable objectives transparently and securely, as demonstrated by prior studies in the donation research area (bilgin & kethüda, 2022; chen et al., 2019; beldad et al., 2014; li et al., 2022). in addition, the empirical evidence indicated that prior experience positively correlates with intention to adopt the online zakat payment system. a positive online platform experience can significantly increase the intention to adopt an online zakat system. users' satisfaction and trust in the system grow when they find the platform user-friendly, reliable, and efficient. features such as easy navigation, secure transactions, responsive customer support, and timely updates contribute to a smooth and pleasant user experience. because of this encouraging interaction, users are likelier to continue utilizing the platform to make zakat contributions because it gives them a sense of ease and confidence. furthermore, satisfied users are more likely to tell others about the site, which raises its legitimacy and adoption rates even more. consequently, a positive initial experience becomes crucial in driving the adoption of online zakat systems. furthermore, the outcome shows that muzakki's intention to use online platforms for zakat payment is positively influenced by their level of zakat literacy. this suggests that the likelihood of paying for zakat through an internet payment method increases with zakat literacy. this is because zakat literacy is particularly crucial for those who pay for zakat using an online system compared to traditional means, where assistance from zakat institution officers is readily available. in a traditional setting, zakat payers often have direct access to knowledgeable officers who can guide them through the calculation, distribution, and various intricacies of zakat obligations. this personalized assistance ensures that zakat is paid correctly and according to islamic principles. conversely, online zakat systems require users to independently navigate the process, making it essential to understand zakat rules and regulations comprehensively. zakat literacy empowers users to accurately determine the amount due and utilize online tools effectively, minimizing the risk of errors or misinterpretations. therefore, enhancing zakat literacy for online users ensures they can confidently fulfill their religious duties without direct institutional support, fostering a more knowledgeable and self-sufficient community of zakat payers. the study by kasri and yuniar (2021), which showed a favorable correlation between zakat literacy and intention to pay for zakat using online zakat services in indonesia, lends weight to this conclusion. rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(1) (2025), 1-10 8 conclusions this study investigates how economic and socio-psychological factors, perceived risk, trust in zakat institutions, zakat literacy, and prior experience affect zakat payers' intention to use online zakat payment systems. this study's empirical findings provide key insights that can support zakat institutions in increasing the adoption of online zakat services among payers. firstly, the research provides valuable guidance to zakat institution managers seeking to increase the adoption of online zakat services by highlighting the crucial role of perceived risk. the results indicate that muzakkis (zakat payers) are highly concerned about the risks of using online platforms. to significantly boost the intention to adopt online zakat services, zakat institution managers should prioritize and invest in robust security measures to mitigate risks such as data breaches and fraud. building and maintaining trust involves transparent communication about these security protocols, demonstrating a commitment to safeguarding users' information. additionally, offering reliable and accessible customer support can help address concerns promptly, reducing perceived risks. establishing a reputable online presence through user testimonials, transparent policies, and regular updates reinforces trust. by focusing on these aspects, zakat institutions can create a more secure and trustworthy environment, encouraging more zakat payers to transition to and consistently use online payment systems, streamlining the zakat collection and distribution process. secondly, the study finds that prior experience with online zakat services significantly determines the intention to adopt online payment systems. this underscores the importance of zakat institutions in ensuring that individuals who have previously engaged with online zakat platforms or similar technological solutions have positive experiences. smooth and convenient interactions with technology can boost confidence in adopting online zakat payment systems. conversely, negative experiences, such as technical glitches or security concerns, can deter individuals, leading to skepticism about online zakat payment systems. negative encounters can erode trust and raise doubts about the system's reliability and security, potentially reducing adoption intentions. therefore, prior experiences, whether positive or negative, significantly shape attitudes and intentions toward adopting online zakat payment systems, with positive experiences facilitating adoption and negative experiences posing potential barriers. while this study makes significant contributions by filling research gaps, offering practical insights, and conducting a comparative analysis of theoretical models, it is important to acknowledge its limitations. the survey was exclusively administered to the muzakki population in perak, selangor, and kelantan, malaysia. the cross-sectional research design also means that results may vary in different contexts and times. therefore, generalizing the findings should be done with caution. future studies should encompass a more diverse geographical range, including other countries, to ensure the generalization of the results obtained in this study. author contributions: conceptualization, r.a.r., and e.n.s; methodology, s.h.m.r., and f.s.; software, r.a.r, and n.z.; validation, n.z.; formal analysis, r.a.r. and n.z.; investigation, r.a.r..; resources, e.n.s.; data curation, s.h.m.r.; writing –original draft preparation, r.a.r; writing – review & editing, e.n.s. and s.h.m.r.; visualization, f.s., supervision, f.s.; funding acquisition, s.h.m.r., r.a.r. and e.n.s. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the research received funding from the ministry of higher education, malaysia under the frgs grant (frgs/1/2022/ss01/uitm/02/37). acknowledgments: the authors would like to thank the financial support granted by the ministry of higher education, malaysia, for this project under the frgs grant (frgs/1/2022/ss01/uitm/02/37), accounting research institute (hicoe), universiti teknologi mara and universiti poly-tech malaysia, for providing the necessary financial assistance for this study. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study since it is voluntary, and the statement is included on the first page of the questionnaire. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references ahmad, n. n., tarmidi, m., ridzwan, i. u., hamid, m. a., & roni, r. a. 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(2021). proposing blockchain technology based zakat management model to enhance muzakki’s trust in zakat agencies: a conceptual study. journal of accounting research, organization and economics, 4(2), 153-163. https://doi.org/10.24815/jaroe.v4i2.20467 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 21-28 21 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 2 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa role of work attitudes and organizational performance of public financial institutions in nepalese context dhruba lal pandey (a) nischal risal (b)1 bhupindra jung basnet (c) (a) associate professor, central department of management, tribhuvan university, nepal; e-mail: p.dhruba@yahoo.com (b) ph.d. scholar, nepal commerce campus, tribhuvan university, nepal; e-mail: nischalrisal@gmail.com (c) lecturer, nepal commerce campus, tribhuvan university, nepal; e-mail: bhupindra@ncc.edu.np a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 30th october 2024 reviewed & revised: 30th october 2024 to 10th march 2025 accepted: 15th march 2025 published: 20th march 2025 keywords: work attitudes, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, job involvement, organizational performance, nepalese public financial institutions jel classification codes: c12, g20, m00 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t the working attitude plays a pivotal role in the performance of employees in nepalese public sector financial institutions because the environment in nepal is hostile. thus, the main issue of this article is to evaluate the relationship between work attitude and organizational performance. work attitude is proxied by organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviour, and job involvement. this study aimed to explore the relationship between work attitudes and organizational performance. two thousand two hundred fifty-one officer-level employees of nepalese public financial institutions were the population. among them, 310 is the sample size. officer-level employees are the prominent ones who evaluate the attitude of the employees. thus, the officer-level employees are considered as the population, and they are selected purposively. therefore, the purposive sampling strategy is adopted to select the sample. cr, ave, and mse are used to test the reliability and validity. path analysis tests the impact of organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and job involvement on organizational performance. the result unveiled that organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and job involvement have a positive and significant impact on organizational performance in nepal's public financial institutions. modifications in organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and job involvement policies can leverage organizational performance in nepalese public financial institutions. the study provides insights into the work attitude of public sector financial institutions and helps to frame policy. similarly, it is a new issue in nepal and provides insights and new literature in the academic sector of nepal. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction work attitudes are the feelings that employees have towards different aspects of an organization, such as organizational commitment, job involvement, and organizational citizenship behavior. therefore, employee behavior depends on work attitudes (jaiswal & kumar, 2020). employee engagement is a strategy for achieving the best performance for those organizations that are thriving in the dynamic business environment (widyaningrum & amalia, 2023). similarly, organizational commitment shows the employee's loyalty to the organization. it motivates them to do better work (nawal et al., 2021), and the readiness of the employees for extra-role behavior is essential for gaining a competitive environment (garg, 2020). helping others, offering to help when needed, and adhering to workplace policies reveal ocb, which can improve work performance (widarko & anwarodin, 2022). job involvement expresses a strong relationship between employee and job, which can increase employee performance and organizational performance (awan, 2024; mubin et al., 2022). the nepalese business environment is found to be harmful, and getting a job from the employees is challenging (gautam & davis, 2007). the study is new to the nepalese academic sector, and the study helps to generate new literature in the context of public financial institutions in nepal. thus, the study intends to examine the impact of work attitudes on organizational performance in nepalese public financial institutions. the article raises the issue, generates the problem, and justifies the study interest in the introduction section. the second section is the literature review that summarizes the primary literature so as to find the gap in the study. third section includes the materials used in the research and the ways followed for undertaking the results. the fourth section summarizes the data and presents the data and the results of the relationship analysis. the fifth section deals with the significant findings 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-8193-4096 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i2.2322 to cite this article: pandey, d. l., risal, n., & basnet, b. j. (2025). role of work attitudes and organizational performance of public financial institutions in nepalese context. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(2), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i2.2322 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i2.2322 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1323-7758 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8193-4096 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5806-539x pandey et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 21-28 22 and comparisons with previous studies, and the final section concludes the findings of the research and their implications in the practical and academic field. literature review this section deals with the various associated literature with dependent independent variables. it deals with the relationship between organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviour, and job involvement with organizational performance. organizational commitment and organizational performance the study aims to examine the impact of organizational commitment on organizational performance. organizational commitment is the loyalty of the employees towards their organization. the commitment of the employees fosters organizational performance. the enhancement of organizational performance can be improved through organizational commitment (sani, 2013). organizational commitment, as defined by lok and crawford (2004), is a work attitude that is directly tied to employees' intention to remain with the organization or to actively participate in their activities, which is correlated with job performance. organizational commitment positively and significantly influences organizational performance (nawal et al., 2021; oyewobi et al., 2019; nikpour, 2017; ko & smith-walter, 2013). with reference to the literature, it is concluded that the commitment of the employees shows the intention of the employees to leverage organizational performance. organizational citizenship behavior and organizational performance the study intends to evaluate the impact of organizational citizenship behaviour on organizational performance. the extrarole behaviour of employees presents commitment and loyalty towards the organization and motivates them to work, which leverages the performance of the organization. organizational citizenship behavior improves the employees' efficiency, productivity, and the whole organization's performance (organ, 1997). work performance was positively and significantly influenced by organizational citizenship behavior (widarko & anwarodin, 2022; jahan, 2023). organizational citizenship behavior positively and substantially impacts organizational performance (garg, 2020; taamneh et al., 2018; sadeghi et al., 2016; ko & smith-walter, 2013). the review results showed that the extra-role behaviour of employees leverages the performance of the organization. job involvement and organizational performance various kinds of literature present job involvement as a prominent factor in different contexts. however, it is an undiscovered area of study in nepalese academia. thus, the study tried to examine the relationship of job involvement with organizational performance. job involvement refers to the degree to which people attach emotionally to their jobs, showing that their perceived performance levels are necessary to their self-confidence (zheng, 2014). job involvement positively and significantly influences employee performance in case the organization provides a favorable working environment (mubin et al., 2022; brown & leigh, 1996; hanna & rajkumar, 2025). the conclusion of the different research studies showed that the more emotionally attached employees exert more effort, the more leverage they have on the performance of the organization (awan, 2024; ko & smith-walter, 2013). the results of the previous study concluded that job involvement is the pivotal factor for leveraging performance. nepalese public financial institutions are more regulated, so the context is different, and the test of its impact seems crucial in the nepalese context. theoretical framework the social exchange involves imperfectly specified terms and a norm of reciprocity, such that discretionary benefits provided to the exchange partner are returned in a discretionary way in the longer term (blau, 1964; eisenberger et al., 1986). the social exchange theory (set) suggests that positive work attitudes lead to better performance (blau, 1964; awan, 2024). moreover, the psychology theory known as "affective events theory (aet)" explains how specific workplace events affect employees' emotions, which in turn impact their job performance and overall job satisfaction. the aet recommends that positive work events cultivate emotions conducive to higher performance (weiss & cropanzano, 1996; redelinghuys et al., 2019). furthermore, the resource-based view (rbv) theory suggests that a firm's competitive advantage is primarily derived from its unique resources and competencies. the rbv theory asserts that effectively leveraging internal resources and competencies enhances organizational performance and competitive advantage (barney, 1991; hsu & pereira, 2008). therefore, this study considers the following hypotheses. 𝐇𝟏: organizational commitment has a positive impact on organizational performance. 𝐇𝟐: organizational citizenship behavior had a positive influence on organizational performance. 𝐇𝟑: job involvement had a positive effect on organizational performance. the conceptual framework of this study is presented in figure 1 below figure 1. conceptual framework and hypotheses source: awan (2024); nawal et al. (2021); and ko and smith-walter (2013) organizational commitment organizational performance job involvement organizational citizenship behavior pandey et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 21-28 23 materials and methods my organization's problems measuring organizational commitment are my own, being happy to spend the rest of my career, a matter of necessity for me, and feeling guilty about a sense of belonging (yang, 2012; harsasi & muzammil, 2017). organizational citizenship behavior is measured by assisting new colleagues in adjusting to the working environment, giving advice on work-related problems, making innovative suggestions, encouraging friends to use the product or service, and helping an absent colleague (yang, 2012; pare & tremblay, 2007). job involvement is measured using personal life goals related to their job (job-oriented), being involved personally in their job, being interested in their work, feeling detached from their job, and spending most of their time in their job (kanungo, 1982; lodahl & kejnar, 1965). the customer perspective is evaluated through customer relations is exemplary in the organization; the customers are satisfied with their products and services, provided facilities after the sales services, and participate in trade fairs (wang et al., 2015; garg & ma, 2005; hartman et al., 2002). the internal business perspective is measured through the morale of employees, productivity, satisfaction with the organizational environment, and low turnover (wang et al., 2015; garg & ma, 2005). the pay and benefits perspective is evaluated using salary comparison to performance, retirement facility, and additional benefits like bonuses and social security (wang et al., 2015). the innovation and technological perspective are measured through team cohesiveness, use of information systems, providing service timely, support of customer relationships, and improved productivity (wang et al., 2015; garg & ma, 2005). five items from the study of yang (2012) and harsasi and muzammil (2017) have been used to gauge organizational commitment. the five items used to measure organizational citizenship behavior were modified from yang's (2012) and pare and tremblay's (2007) studies. five items from the research of kanungo (1982) and lodahl and kejnar (1965) have been used to measure job involvement. sixteen items have been used to measure organizational performance (wang et al., 2015; garg & ma, 2005; hartman et al., 2002). these items were selected as they had already been tested, and the validity and reliability of the instruments were justified. the causalcomparative research design has been used to examine the impact of organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and job involvement on organizational performance. altogether, two thousand two hundred fifty-one (2251) officer-level employees of nepalese public financial institutions have been considered the population for the study (ministry of finance, 2022). for each variable, the sample size should generally be at least ten times the number of observations (hair et al., 2019). thirty-one items were used in this study to measure four constructs. as a result, 310 officer-level employees were considered to be the sample size. a purposive sampling strategy was adopted for the selection of respondents. all listed financial institutions were considered while selecting samples. the seven-point likert scale question, which ranges from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree), was used to collect the responses. the measurement model is applied to examine the goodness of fit indices. path analysis has been used to explore the influence of organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and job involvement on organizational performance. the cfa has been used to assess the validity of the indicators for each construct. the estimated model is designed to test the variance in organizational performance that can be explained by employees’ organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and job involvement. the estimated model is developed as follows: 𝑂𝑃 = 𝛽1𝑂𝐶 + 𝛽2 𝑂𝐶𝐵 + 𝛽3 𝐽𝐼 + 𝑒1 … … … … … . . 𝑖 where, 𝑂𝑃 = organizational performance, 𝑂𝐶 = organizational commitment, 𝑂𝐶𝐵 = organizational citizenship behavior, 𝐽𝐼 = job involvement: 𝛽1, 𝛽2, 𝛽3= beta (change), and 𝑒1 = error term. the materials were developed from the previously tested questions by various scholars; thus, they are sufficient to measure the concerned constructs. however, the pilot test was not undertaken to contextualize the materials, so there might be some contextual problems with them. results table 1. respondents profile of the study profile based on gender, marital status, age, and educational level frequency percentage gender male 180 58.06 female 130 41.94 marital status single 80 25.81 married 230 74.19 age less than 25 25 8.06 25-34 80 25.82 35-45 180 58.06 more than 45 25 8.06 educational level bachelor level 59 19.03 master level 237 76.45 m.phil. 14 4.52 n = 310 the data presented in table 1 shows that more male and married employees were involved in the survey. the perception of the young and educated employees' opinions dominated the study's results. pandey et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 21-28 24 convergent and discriminant validity convergent validity analyzes the accuracy of the same construct measured using different instruments, and the same construct score is correlated. discriminant validity empirically analyzes the accuracy of construct differences between one construct and another. table 2. values of cr, ave, msv, square root of ave (diagonal), and inter-construct (off diagonal) cr ave msv oc ocb ji cp ibp pbp itp oc 0.901 0.647 0.135 0.804 ocb 0.915 0.683 0.123 0.351 0.826 ji 0.914 0.680 0.135 0.367 0.235 0.825 cp 0.935 0.782 0.132 0.364 0.193 0.351 0.884 ibp 0.914 0.728 0.116 0.289 0.191 0.181 0.192 0.853 pbp 0.916 0.732 0.023 -0.003 -0.035 -0.001 0.033 0.151 0.856 itp 0.918 0.736 0.116 0.325 0.177 0.256 0.184 0.340 0.107 0.858 note: oc = organizational commitment, ocb = organizational citizenship behavior, ji = job involvement, cp = customer perspective, ibp = internal business perspective, pbp = pay and benefits perspective, itp = innovation and technological perspective, cr = composite reliability, ave = average variance extracted, and msv = maximum share variance anderson and gerbing (1998) suggested that the composite reliability (cr) value should be more than 0.70 for the reliability of the instruments. the analysis presented in table 2 shows that the cr value of each construct is more than 0.7. thus, it is claimed that the instrument used for the collection of data is reliable enough. according to fornell and larcker (1981), every construct's ave value should be greater than 0.5, and an individual construct's cr value should be higher than the ave of the personal construct to prove the convergent validity. the results shown in table 2 meet all these criteria. therefore, the researcher claimed the convergent validity. fornell and larcker (1981) suggested that the individual construct value of ave should be larger than the maximum share variance (msv) of each construct. bagozzi and yi ( 1988) advise that the square root of ave values at the individual construct's diagonal should be more significant than the inter-construct correlation values of each off-diagonal construct. both criteria are satisfied by the results presented in table 2. thus, the discriminant validity of the study was claimed. measurement model for organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and organizational performance the measurement model is applied to examine the goodness of fit indices. the three first-order constructs are organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and job involvement. similarly, the customer perspective, internal business perspective, pay and benefits perspective, and innovation and technological perspective make up the second-order construct of managerial performance. the three first-order constructs and the second-order construct of the organizational performance model are shown in figure 2. figure 2. association between organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, job involvement, and organizational performance the model comprising the three first-order constructs and the second-order construct of the organizational performance shows the goodness-of-fit with the data in table 3. pandey et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 21-28 25 table 3. model fit measures of organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, job involvement, and organizational performance measure estimate threshold interpretation references chi-square (cmin) 993.860 df 284 chi-square associated p value 0.000 cmin/df 2.344 ˂ 3 good fit carmines and mclver (1981) gfi 0.879 0.80 to 0.90 acceptable fit hair et al. (1998) agfi 0.859 0.85 to 0.90 acceptable fit dogan and ozdamar (2017) cfi 0.948 0.90 to 95 acceptable fit gaskin and lim (2016) rmsea 0.048   good fit byrne (2010) note: cmin = minimum discrepancy, df = degrees of freedom, p-value = probability value, cmin/df = relative chi-square, gfi = goodness-offit index, agfi = adjusted goodness-of-fit index, cfi = comparative fit index, rmsea = root mean square error of approximation the chi-square (𝑥2) value with degrees of freedom (284) is 993.860. the relative chi-square (𝑥2/df) ratio is 2.344 less than the suggested threshold (i.e., ˂ 3), indicating a good fit (carmines & mclver, 1981). the gfi value of 0.879 shows a satisfactory fit, and it falls between the suggested threshold of 0.80 and 0.90 (hair et al., 1998). the agfi value of 0.859 is within the recommended threshold (i.e., 0.85 to 0.90), indicating an acceptable fit (dogan & ozdamar, 2017). the cfi value of 0.948 is within the recommended threshold (i.e., 0.90 to 0.95), indicating an acceptable fit (gaskin & lim, 2016). rmsea worth of 0.048 is lesser than the recommended threshold (i.e., ˂ 0.05), indicating a good fit (byrne, 2010). all the criteria of goodness of fit are satisfied by the model adopted for the study. it shows that the model used in the study explains the sufficient variance in organizational performance by the organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviour, and job involvement. structural relationship between organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, job involvement, and organizational performance path analysis is applied to reveal the structural relationship between organizational commitment, citizenship behavior, job involvement, and organizational performance. in figure 3, the path diagram shows the impact of these factors on organizational performance. figure 3. the impact of organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and job involvement on organizational performance while regressing organizational commitment (oc), organizational citizenship behavior (ocb), and job involvement (ji) with organizational performance (op), the estimated model is; 𝑂𝑃 = 𝛽1𝑂𝐶 + 𝛽2 𝑂𝐶𝐵 + 𝛽3 𝐽𝐼 + 𝑒1 … … … … … 𝑖 𝑂�̂� = 0.602 𝑂𝐶 + 0.140 𝑂𝐶𝐵 + 0.394 𝐽𝐼 the square multiple correlation (𝑅2) is 82 percent greater than the suggested threshold of 10 percent, which indicates that the model explains the sufficient variance in organizational performance (falk & miller, 1992). thus, 82 percent of the change in organizational performance is demonstrated by organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and job involvement. the cmin/df (2.344), gfi (0.879), agfi (0.859), cfi (0.948), and rmsea (0.048) are all at an acceptable level. thus, this estimated model (i) is established. the path model is operated to reveal the hypothesized relationship between organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, job involvement, and organizational performance. thus, the hypothesized association is presented in table 4. pandey et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 21-28 26 table 4. hypothesized association between organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, job involvement, and organizational performance hypothesized relationship standardized estimate c.r. (t-value) p-value decision 𝑯𝟏 op <--organizational commitment 0.602 26.820 0.000 accepted 𝑯𝟐 op <--organizational citizenship behavior 0.140 6.548 0.000 accepted 𝑯𝟑 op <--job involvement 0.394 18.378 0.000 accepted the result shows that oc has a positive and significant impact on organizational performance (β = 0.602, c. r. = 26.820, p-value = 0.000). oc shows the employees’ loyalty toward their organization and the desire to continue their membership in the organization. it shows that the loyalty of the employees towards their organization leverages performance. results showed that the extra role behaviour of employees helps to exert extra effort in performing responsibility inside the organization, which enhances the performance of the organization. it means more time and effort and time of the employees are the pivotal factors for improving the performance of the employees (β = 0.140, t-value = 6.548, p-value = 0.000). emotional attachment of the employees creates a strong rapport between the employee and the job, which increases organizational performance (β = 0.394, t-value = 18.378, p-value = 0.000). discussions the study findings reveal that organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and job involvement positively and significantly influence organizational performance in nepalese public financial institutions. the study result is supported by the prior research findings that organizational performance was positively and significantly impacted by organizational commitment (nawal et al., 2021; oyewobi et al., 2019; nikpour, 2017; ko & smith-walter, 2013), organizational citizenship behavior (garg, 2020; taamneh et al., 2018; sadeghi et al., 2016; ko & smith-walter, 2013), and job involvement (awan, 2024; ko & smith-walter, 2013). similarly, this study’s finding is consistent with the research result of mubin et al. (2022), who found that job involvement positively and significantly influenced employee performance. valeau et al. (2021), jaiswal and kumar (2020), and ko and smith-walter (2013) all assert that oc, ocb, and ji are work attitudes that enhance organizational performance. the results are similar because the constructs used in the study are of universal type. these factors may not be affected by the context. all the factors are an individual's internal factors. therefore, these internal factors affect the individual across the culture and context. the results of this study support the theories of affective events, resource-based views, and social exchange. affective event theory focuses on employee emotion, resource-based focuses on the unique use of internal resources, and social exchange theory focuses on reciprocity. the construct used in the study is focused on the use of human resources that work on reciprocity, and they are the unique resources of the organization if they are appropriately managed. thus, these theories are supported by the study in the context of nepalese public financial institutions. conclusions the article is divided into six parts. an introduction part summarizes the issues, objectives, and rationale of the problems for study. the second part revises the conceptual, theoretical, and empirical materials. the methodology summarizes the operational definition of variables, sources of instruments, construction and implementation of instruments, and analysis tools. the results section shows the results of the data analysis. the discussion included the findings of the study, a comparison of those results with previous study results, and the logic behind the similarity and dissimilarity in results. the conclusion includes findings and a conclusion of the findings and contributions of the paper to the field of academics. the study finds that organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviour, and job involvement positively and significantly enhance organizational performance. it concludes that strong emotional feelings and belongingness, extra assistance to coworkers beyond formal incentive structure, and the employees' likes and care about their work help to leverage the performance of the public financial institutions. the study is tested based on the social exchange theory and affective event theory. the notion of social exchange theory is that people remain motivated when they get better than what they lose. affective event theory explains that the affective behavior of employees is explained by employee mood and emotions. the study results accept the notions. thus, both the theories are still relevant in the nepalese public financial institutions. such studies have not been undertaken in the context of nepalese public financial institutions. thus, this provides insights into work attitude and organizational performance and remains the unique literature in the academic field of nepal. this study provides insights to managers and helps formulate hr strategies and policies to create commitment, extra-role behavior, and participation among employees in assigned and extra jobs. it will help managers to motivate employees in the workplace. this study does not consider other industrial sectors like manufacturing, hotel and hospitality, and the private financial sector. thus, future researchers may undertake research that considers those sectors so as to generalize the findings of the study to a greater extent. similarly, the study was undertaken considering cross-sectional data, not longitudinal data. however, other researchers may use longitudinal data to conduct a rigorous study. this study considered only three variables. however, other variables of work attitude, such as organizational justice, relationships with coworkers, and stress levels, can be taken for further study. author contributions: conceptualization, d.l.p., n.r., and b.j.b.; methodology, n.r.; software, n.r.; validation, n.r.; formal analysis, d.l.p., n.r. and b.j.b.; investigation, n.r.; resources, n.r.; data curation, n.r.; writing –original draft preparation, d.l.p., n.r. and b.j.b.; writing –review & editing, d.l.p., n.r. and b.j.b.; visualization, n.r., supervision, d.l.p.; funding acquisition, d.l.p., n.r. and b.j.b. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. pandey et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 21-28 27 institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references anderson, j. c., & gerbing, d. w. 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(2014). the inner circle of technology innovation: a case study of two chinese firms. technological forecasting and social change, 82, 140–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2013.06.005 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license.` https://doi.org/10.1108%20/ecam-07-2018-0277 https://doi.org/10.1108/mbe-05-2014-0014 https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v2i2.207 https://doi.org/10.55927/mudima.v3i4.2587 https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2010.545875 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 16-25 16 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 3 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa psychological capital as a moderator in transformational leadership and organizational culture in healthcare bambang haryanto (a)1 suryanto (b) yetty dwi lestari (c) kazi musa (d) (a) postgraduate of human resources development, airlangga university, surabaya, indonesia; e-mail: bambang.haryanto2021@pasca.unair.ac.id (b) professor, faculty of psychology, airlangga university, surabaya, indonesia; e-mail: suryanto@psikologi.unair.ac.id (c) associate professor, faculty of economics & business, airlangga university, surabaya, indonesia; e-mail: yettydl76@feb.unair.ac.id (d) phd, accounting research institute, university of technology mara, shah alam, malaysia; e-mail: kazimusa@uitm.edu.my a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 17th february 2025 reviewed & revised: 17th february to 30th may 2025 accepted: 10th june 2025 published: 15th june 2025 keywords: transformational leadership, organizational culture, psychological capital, employee productivity jel classification codes: i19, m12, m54 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t the background of this study is based on the challenges faced by the hospital industry in improving employee productivity, primarily through effective leadership and a conducive organizational culture. however, the moderating role of psychological capital in this relationship remains unclear, especially in healthcare. this study investigates the interplay between transformational leadership, organizational culture, psychological capital, and employee productivity in the hospital industry. this study employs quantitative methods, specifically the structural equation modeling (sem) approach, using smartpls software. the research data were collected through a survey of employees in several large hospitals, with a sufficient number of respondents who were statistically representative. the study results indicate that organizational culture significantly mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and employee productivity. at the same time, psychological capital does not play an essential role as a moderator in this relationship. these findings highlight the significant role of organizational culture as a crucial link between transformational leadership style and enhanced employee productivity. in practice, the results of this study provide recommendations for hospital management to strengthen transformational leadership development programs that foster a collaborative, innovative, and employee-involved organizational culture. the limitations of this study lie in the cross-sectional design used and the limited geographic and organizational context. we recommend conducting further research using a longitudinal approach and expanding the research context to enhance the generalizability of the findings. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction modern healthcare organizations, especially hospitals, now face increasingly complex challenges due to demographic changes, societal expectations, and economic pressures. these shifts necessitate hospitals to adopt adaptive and visionary leadership to ensure organizational sustainability while maintaining the quality of healthcare services (ibrahim et al., 2024). in this context, transformational leadership has proven to be a practical strategic approach to creating a positive work environment, increasing the morale of healthcare workers, and encouraging service innovation that directly impacts the quality of patient care (ystaas et al., 2023). with the increasing number of older adults and the complexity of patient needs, hospitals in various countries must be more responsive and flexible. such goals can be achieved through leadership that drives change and fosters ongoing cross-functional collaboration (jones & dolsten, 2024). transformational leadership was first articulated by bass and avolio (1994) and is characterized as a leadership style in which leaders influence their followers' fundamental values, beliefs, and attitudes, motivating them to achieve performance levels that surpass their anticipated outcomes (hidayat & masdupi, 2023). transformational leaders create a shared vision and encourage innovation, motivating employees to prioritize organizational goals over personal interests, thereby driving positive change. this leadership style also plays a significant role in shaping organizational culture. through effective role models, motivation, and communication, transformational leaders instill values and norms that can shift the organizational culture in a more adaptive and innovative direction (lasrado & kassem, 2020). thus, transformational leadership impacts individuals and collectively influences organizational culture, which is a system of shared values and 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0004-3854-1125 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i3.2433 to cite this article: haryanto, b., suryanto, lestari, y. d., & musa, k. (2025). psychological capital as a moderator in transformational leadership and organizational culture in healthcare. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(3), 16-25. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i3.2433 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i3.2433 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3854-1125 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2448-7429 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8920-0089 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6686-0199 haryanto et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 16-25 17 practices that guide behavior in the workplace to achieve common goals. in addition to organizational culture, employee psychological capital factors also influence the effectiveness of health organizations' performance. psychological capital refers to an individual's positive psychological state, characterized by four main components: hope (optimism about a better future), self-efficacy (the belief in one's abilities), resilience (the ability to withstand adversity), and optimism. employees with high psychological capital tend to be more resilient, proactive, and creative when facing work challenges. previous research has shown that this positive psychological state is associated with increased employee innovation and performance. transformational leadership acts as a contextual resource that can strengthen subordinates' psychological capital through the vision, support, and inspiration it provides. an effective transformational leader is expected to foster employee selfconfidence, hope, and mental resilience, motivating employees to exceed expectations and contribute innovatively to the organization (karimi et al., 2023). despite the abundant evidence supporting the benefits of transformational leadership, studies that simultaneously integrate the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational culture, and psychological capital in the hospital context are still limited. cross-country research in the healthcare sector shows that psychological capital plays a significant mediator in strengthening the influence of transformational leadership on positive work attitudes such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment, especially when leaders can build hope, self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism in employees, which underscores the importance of psychological capital in leadership effectiveness (ali et al., 2020). nevertheless, it remains unclear if analogous results are relevant to hospitals in indonesia. consequently, this research was conducted quantitatively across multiple large hospitals in jakarta and yogyakarta to examine the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational culture, and psychological capital within the indonesian healthcare setting. this study aimed to understand the extent to which transformational leadership influences organizational culture and employee psychological capital, as well as how these three elements interact to enhance the performance and effectiveness of hospitals. this article begins with an introduction to the importance of transformational leadership in enhancing the effectiveness of healthcare organizations, particularly through its role in shaping organizational culture and individual psychological capital. the literature review section outlines current theories and empirical findings that support the relationships between leadership, organizational culture, psychological capital (psycap), and employee productivity. next, the results section presents the results of the smartpls analysis, which shows a significant mediation effect of organizational culture but no moderating effect of psycap. the discussion section interprets the findings, evaluates the support or rejection of the initial hypotheses, outlines practical implications, and provides post hoc explanations for any insignificant results. finally, the conclusion section presents the main conclusions and suggestions for further research in the context of human resource development in the healthcare sector. literature review in the complex dynamics of healthcare organizations, transformational leadership has been widely recognized as an effective leadership style in creating positive change and inspiring employees to achieve performance beyond expectations. this leadership is characterized by delivering a strong vision, individual empowerment, and encouraging innovation (thompson & mckenna, 2022). in hospitals, transformational leadership is crucial for enhancing service quality, fostering collaboration among medical teams, and cultivating a culture of patient safety (tsapnidou et al., 2024). transformational leaders can internalize organizational values through role models and strategic communication, thereby forming an adaptive and performance-driven organizational culture. organizational culture is a system of values and norms that develops within an organization and becomes the basis for the collective behavior of its members. a strong culture aligned with the organization's vision will foster individual synergy and enhance productivity through shared perceptions and a commitment to common goals (almutairi et al., 2022). a culture emphasizing safety, professionalism, and collaboration in healthcare organizations has increased service efficiency and patient satisfaction (momo kadia et al., 2019). however, the influence of culture does stand alone and acts as a mediator in the relationship between leadership and organizational performance outcomes. a study by peña and caruajulca (2024) showed that organizational culture significantly mediates the influence of transformational leadership on organizational performance, emphasizing the importance of culture development as a strategic step in effective leadership (peña & caruajulca, 2024); another study, also in a private hospital, found that credible leadership (as a form of transformational leadership) was able to increase employee work engagement indirectly through organizational culture. the study's results indicated that organizational culture acted as a full mediator of the influence of leadership on nurses' work engagement (srimulyani & hermanto, 2022). on the other hand, psychological capital (psycap) emerges as a crucial psychological resource for enhancing individual and organizational performance. psychological capital (psycap) has four main components: self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and optimism. individuals with high psychological capital tend to be more resilient to work pressure and exhibit greater initiative and engagement (nafei, 2015). furthermore, alongside its direct influence on positive workplace behaviors, psycap also serves as a moderating factor in the relationship between leadership and organizational outcomes. additional research has shown that psycap amplifies the link between leadership style and organizational culture, indicating that the positive impact of transformational leadership is more substantial in individuals who possess high levels of psycap (muhammad, 2022); another study indicated that psycap functions as a moderator that improves the positive relationship between transformational leadership and innovative work behavior. elevated psycap levels among employees significantly bolster the effects of transformational leadership on innovation and task performance. this research suggests that employee psychological capital is a valuable asset that enhances the influence of transformational leadership on job outcomes (saif et al., 2024). haryanto et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 16-25 18 h1 h1 h2 as a key measure of organizational success, employee productivity is influenced by several factors, including leadership, culture, and individual psychological factors. in the hospital sector, productivity means the quantity of services, efficiency, accuracy, and patient satisfaction. a study by boamah et al. (2018) demonstrated that transformational leadership significantly enhanced the productivity of health workers by fostering a favorable work climate and increased engagement (boamah et al., 2018). furthermore, a strong organizational culture supports employees in maintaining consistent work quality and strengthens their sense of belonging (liang et al., 2022). the results suggest a significant connection among transformational leadership, organizational culture, psychological capital (psycap), and employee productivity. nonetheless, the simultaneous exploration of these four variables within indonesian hospitals has not been extensively researched. consequently, this research aims to investigate the impact of transformational leadership on organizational culture and employee productivity, utilizing organizational culture as a mediating variable and psychological capital (psycap) as a moderating factor. thus, based on these findings, the following null and alternative hypotheses were formulated: h₀₁: transformational leadership has no significant influence on employee productivity with organizational culture as a mediating variable. hₐ₁: transformational leadership has a significant influence on employee productivity with organizational culture as a mediating variable. h₀₂: transformational leadership has no significant influence on employee productivity with psychological capital as a moderating variable. hₐ₂: transformational leadership positively affects productivity with employee psychological capital as a moderating variable. these hypotheses will be tested through empirical investigation to determine the direct, mediating, and moderating effects of the variables within the context of a healthcare organization. figure 1. conceptual framework materials and methods study design this research uses a multi-source, observational design and adopts a quantitative methodology (cook & cook, 2008). employing quantitative research offers a methodical approach to gathering and examining data. additionally, the quantitative research method enables the use of statistical methods to reach dependable conclusions (faisal-e-alam, 2024). sample size the study population refers to a distinct group of individuals or entities that share common characteristics (miller & lengler, 2025). a random sampling method was used to choose the study population's sampling frame. this sampling frame included employees working in healthcare and medical roles at the largest hospitals in two cities, jakarta and yogyakarta, indonesia. a formula designed for finite populations was used to calculate the sample size, yielding a sample size of 109 (permatasari et al., 2025). measures evaluation of constructs involves a multi-step process using survey data collected through a five-point likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). the variables in this study include transformational leadership (tl), organizational culture (oc), psychological capital (psycap), and employee productivity (ep) (kraiger et al., 1993). table 1. measure the design of the questionnaire variable dimension item code design of item sources employee productivity ep1 i demonstrate exceptional work performance. (van der vegt et al., 2000) ep2 i accomplish tasks swiftly and effectively. ep3 i maintain elevated standards when executing tasks. transformational leadership organizational culture psychological capital employee productivity haryanto et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 16-25 19 ep4 i have reached outstanding levels of task performance. ep5 i consistently surpass our team's goals. transformational leadership vision tlvission my manager articulates a distinct and optimistic outlook for the future. (carless et al., 2000) staff development tldevelopment my manager recognizes each staff member as an individual and provides support and encouragement for their growth. supportive leadership tlsupportif my supervisor provides support and acknowledges the team's efforts. empowerment tlempowerment my manager cultivates an environment of trust, involvement, and teamwork among colleagues. innovative thinking tlinnovative my manager motivates us to approach problems from different perspectives and to challenge long-held beliefs. lead by example tlexample my supervisor is straightforward about his principles and exemplifies them in action. charisma tlcharisma my manager fosters a sense of pride and respect in others and motivates me with their exceptional competence. organizational culture consistency occony1 i possess a collection of characteristics that establish a sense of belonging to the organization. (denison & neale, 2018) occony2 the responsibilities given to me align with my skills and passions. occony3 the principles upheld by the institution align with the organization's objectives. involvement ocint1 this organization inspires and involves me. ocint2 the organization guarantees that i will contribute to the decision-making process. ocint3 we work collaboratively as a team within this organization. adaptability ocadap1 i am able to stay employed at this institution for an extended duration. ocadap2 i can gain knowledge from my errors. ocadap3 i can make adjustments in my position to accomplish job responsibilities. mission ocmion1 i understand the mission of the company. ocmion2 i understand the strategic policy direction of the company. ocmion3 i understand the objectives of the organization. psychological capital psycap1 i assertively represent the branch when interacting with others. (supriharyanti et al., 2024) psycap2 i consider various methods to reach my work objectives. psycap3 i envision them achieving success in their job. psycap4 i typically handle challenges at work in different ways. psycap5 i have a positive outlook on their future prospects concerning employment. psycap6 i consistently focus on the bright aspects of matters concerning their job. data collection sampling technique: the study employed a stratified random sampling technique to collect primary data. stratification was based on hospital departments and professional roles to ensure a diverse representation of respondents. the selected hospitals are among the largest in jakarta and yogyakarta, indonesia, providing a comprehensive perspective from diverse geographical and organizational contexts. data analysis this study utilized the partial least squares (pls) method for data analysis (henseler et al., 2016). the choice of pls was motivated by several factors, including its ability to handle small sample sizes and analyze complex models with numerous haryanto et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 16-25 20 latent variables and indicators (henseler et al., 2009). additionally, this method is well-suited for exploratory research and does not require specific data distribution assumptions (huyler & mcgill, 2019); pls is particularly effective for examining interaction effects and relationships between variables (vikrant et al., 2021); it does not necessitate multivariate normal data and employs bootstrapping techniques to estimate the significance of path coefficients (bollen & stine, 1992). the quantitative research employed a questionnaire as the primary instrument for data collection, using a scoring format (mallinckrodt & wang, 2004). data processing was conducted using the smartpls software, version 4. ethical considerations before giving consent, participants were provided with detailed information about the study, including the title, objectives, and methodology. the identities and roles of the participants were kept confidential. the researchers emphasized the participants' autonomy, allowing them to withdraw their responses at any stage of the study. after data collection, thorough verification was done to correct any omissions or inaccuracies, ensuring optimal precision. the results were presented with maximum objectivity, ensuring that the study adhered to strict ethical norms (faisal-e-alam, 2024). results model testing using the pls-sem approach shows that all constructs meet excellent reliability and convergent validity criteria. cronbach's alpha and composite reliability (cr) for each latent variable are above 0.7, while the average variance extracted (ave) exceeds 0.5. specifically, transformational leadership has a cronbach's alpha of 0.958, a composite reliability (cr) of 0.963, and an average variance extracted (ave) of 0.799. organizational culture has an alpha of 0.941, cr 0.945, and ave 0.683. psychological capital shows an alpha of 0.946, cr 0.949, and ave 0.789. employee productivity has an alpha of 0.892, cr 0.894, and ave 0.755. these numbers show that the items are highly consistent with each other and that enough variance is considered in each construct. this means that the instrument meets the requirements for reliability and convergent validity. table 2. construct reliability and validity cronbach’s alpha rho_a rho_c ave employee productivity 0.892 0.894 0.925 0.755 organizational culture 0.941 0.945 0.951 0.683 psychological capital 0.946 0.949 0.957 0.789 transformational leadership 0.958 0.963 0.965 0.799 source: smartpls 4 figure 1 illustrates the outcomes of estimating the structural model using the pls-sem method with bootstrapping. the analysis results indicate a strong connection between transformational leadership and organizational culture, with a path coefficient of 0.796, a t-statistic of 5.786, and a p-value of 0.000 (indicating significance). additionally, organizational culture demonstrates a substantial positive impact on employee productivity, showcasing a path coefficient of 0.725, a tstatistic of 5.786, and a p-value of 0.000 (indicating significance). when examining the direct relationship between transformational leadership and employee productivity, after factoring in organizational culture as a mediator, the resulting path coefficient is minimal (0.000) with a t-statistic of 0.000, signaling that this direct relationship lacks significance. furthermore, analyzing the effect of psychological capital on the relationship between transformational leadership and employee productivity yields a path coefficient of 0.034, a t-statistic of 1.166, and a p-value of 0.244. table 3. hypothesis test original sample (0) sample mean (m) stdev t statistics (|0/stdev|) p values transformational leadership -> organizational culture -> employee productivity 0.577 0.579 0.100 5.786 0.000 psychological capital x transformational leadership -> employee productivity 0.066 0.059 0.056 1.166 0.244 source: smartpls 4 these results indicate that the moderating effect of psychological capital in this relationship is not statistically significant. the coefficient of determination (r²) values obtained from the model are as follows: the r² value for the organizational culture variable is 0.633, indicating that 63.3% of the variation in organizational culture is explained by transformational leadership. at the same time, the r² value for the employee productivity variable is 0.596, meaning that 59.6% of the variation in employee productivity is explained by organizational culture and the moderating effect of psychological capital. these results present empirical data from the structural model without providing a theoretical interpretation; the next section will discuss this interpretation in more detail. haryanto et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 16-25 21 figure 2. second stage bootstrapping test source: smartpls 4 interpret the above study's results within the context of the healthcare organization under study. in general, the findings support the critical role of organizational culture as a mediator, showing that psychological capital has no significant moderating effect. first, it can be concluded that h₀₁ is rejected and hₐ₁ is accepted, indicating that organizational culture mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and employee productivity. effective transformational leadership fosters a strong organizational culture, which in turn encourages increased employee productivity. this mediation significantly reduces the direct influence of leadership on productivity. the evidence suggests that transformational leadership may not optimally impact productivity without fostering a conducive organizational culture. in the context of a healthcare organization, a transformational leader who can instill positive values, a shared vision, a teamwork ethic, and high service standards will create an organizational culture that supports performance. a culture focused on superior service and collaboration motivates employees to work more productively, thereby enhancing the quality and efficiency of health services. this approach aligns with the organizational logic that improving internal culture will enhance operational performance; higher employee productivity leads to greater service output and more efficient use of resources, ultimately benefiting the organization economically. additionally, the results show that h₀₂ is not supported, indicating that psychological capital does not influence how transformational leadership affects employee productivity. in other words, differences in the level of psychological capital among employees do not significantly alter the magnitude of the effect of transformational leadership on productivity. for both employees with high and low psychological capital, the transformational leadership style of leaders has a relatively similar impact on their productivity. these results in healthcare organizations imply that leadership efforts to improve employee productivity will be equally effective across groups of employees, regardless of differences in their psychological capital. one possible explanation is that transformational leadership in healthcare environments has such a strong and pervasive influence (e.g., through inspiring vision and role models) that each employee is motivated to increase productivity at a relatively homogeneous level. individual psychological capital factors, such as optimism, self-confidence, and resilience, may still play a direct role in employee daily performance but do not specifically strengthen or weaken the impact of transformational leadership. thus, leaders' primary focus should be on building a culture and system that encourages all employees to be productive while also developing employee psychological capital as a general supporting factor. from a managerial and organizational perspective, the results of this study provide clear strategic directions for future action. first, investing in the development of transformational leadership and organizational culture is crucial for enhancing performance and productivity in healthcare organizations. leaders must act as change agents who instill positive organizational values, as their impact on employee productivity is mediated through cultural improvements. this step has economic justification: a strong work culture will foster service consistency, reduce employee turnover, and enhance operational efficiency, all of which contribute to the organization's long-term financial performance. despite a lack of evidence linking employee psychological capital to leadership effects, it remains a valuable intangible asset for organizations. employees with high psychological capital are generally more innovative, stress-resistant, and proactive. therefore, organizations need to continue supporting and developing psychological capital (for example, through selfdevelopment training or employee wellness programs), not solely as a lever for leadership effectiveness, but as an effort to directly improve employee productivity and work quality. the combination of strong transformational leadership, a conducive organizational culture, and human resources with high psychological power is believed to produce optimal healthcare performance. in other words, the findings of this study emphasize the importance of a holistic approach: leaders haryanto et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 16-25 22 must build a positive culture as a medium for change while ensuring that each employee has a high psychological capacity and motivation to contribute productively. this strategy is believed to sustainably increase employee productivity and provide a positive economic impact for the healthcare organization. discussions based on the findings from smartpls, there is a significant mediating effect between organizational culture and the influence of transformational leadership on employee productivity, demonstrated by a t-statistic of 5.786 and a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). conversely, a p-value of 0.244 (p > 0.05) and a t-statistic of 1.166 indicate that the secondary hypothesis, suggesting that psychological capital impacts the link between transformational leadership and employee productivity, is not validated. with a t-statistic of 1.166 and a p-value of 0.244 (p > 0.05), it is evident that the secondary hypothesis that psychological capital affects the relationship between transformational leadership and employee productivity is not supported. further analysis shows that psychological capital may lack sufficient strength to influence the connection between transformational leadership and productivity. this could be attributed to similar psycap levels among respondents or the possibility that the impact of leadership is so substantial that it does not rely on differences in psycap. the findings of this research offer a deep insight into how organizational culture and psychological capital influence the connection between transformational leadership and employee productivity within the healthcare sector. in particular, the analysis reveals that organizational culture significantly mediates this relationship. this conclusion is supported by a high path coefficient of 0.577, a t-statistic of 5.786, and a p-value below 0.05. this result aligns with earlier research by bass and avolio (1994), which highlighted that transformational leaders affect employee performance indirectly by fostering a supportive, motivating, and efficient work environment. consequently, the transformational leadership approach has effectively promoted values and behaviors that cultivate a positive organizational culture, ultimately enhancing employee productivity (bass & avolio, 1994). in contrast, this research revealed that psychological capital did not significantly moderate the link between transformational leadership and employee productivity. the low interaction path coefficient of 0.066, a t-statistic of 1.166, and a p-value exceeding 0.05 support this conclusion. this result differs from earlier studies, such as those by alessandri et al. (2018), which suggested that psychological capital plays a critical moderating role in the relationship between leadership and performance (alessandri et al., 2018). this difference in results is likely due to the specific context of the hospital organization studied, where organizational culture factors appear more dominant in influencing productivity than individual psychological characteristics. additionally, the transformational leadership style in this context may not have had a significant influence on employee psychological capital, thereby creating a minimal moderating effect. according to anderson and gerbing (1988) and hair et al. (2019 ), the strong two-stage pls-sem analysis used in this study helps explain the complicated relationships between the variables. this conclusion is evident from the high r² values for organizational culture (0.633) and employee productivity (0.596), which indicate the good predictive power of the theoretical model in this study. however, the fact that psychological capital did not have a significant moderating effect raises new questions about how psychological traits and factors in the work environment affect each other (anderson & gerbing, 1988; hair et al., 2019). compared to previous studies, this study's results reinforce the significant role of organizational culture, as noted by hartnell et al. (2016). however, they also raise doubts about the effectiveness of psychological capital as a moderator in this specific context. these findings contribute to the broader discussion on transformational leadership by highlighting the need for a comprehensive approach that considers individual and organizational dimensions to improve productivity (hartnell et al., 2016). practically, this study's implications suggest that hospital management should place greater emphasis on strengthening organizational culture through transformational leadership as a primary strategy for improving productivity. however, developing psychological capital remains important, although its moderating effect was not proven significant in this study. more research should be conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that influence this relationship, such as the specific situations or conditions that may enhance the effectiveness of psychological capital as a moderator. . conclusions this research explores the relationship among transformational leadership, organizational culture, psychological capital, and employee productivity within a hospital setting. the findings reveal that organizational culture significantly mediates and enhances the connection between transformational leadership and employee productivity. conversely, psychological capital was not found to have a notable moderating effect on this relationship, suggesting that its impact in this scenario is comparatively minimal. overall, this research revealed that organizational culture plays a vital role in mediating the beneficial effects of transformational leadership on employee productivity. this result highlights the crucial role of transformational leaders in creating a supportive work environment that promotes collaboration, innovation, and employee engagement, ultimately enhancing the organization's overall performance. this study's distinctive contribution is the explicit recognition of how organizational culture acts as a crucial mediator between leadership style and productivity, particularly within the hospital setting. theoretically, this finding enhances our understanding of the mechanisms by which leadership style can effectively influence productivity by fostering a strong organizational culture. managerially, this study offers practical recommendations for hospital management to develop leadership programs more intensively, thereby supporting the formation of a conducive and productive organizational culture. haryanto et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 16-25 23 nonetheless, this research has multiple limitations, including the adoption of a cross-sectional design that restricts the capacity to infer causal relationships definitively. additionally, the study's specific context within a particular region's hospital industry may impact the generalizability of the study's results. we suggest employing a longitudinal methodology in future studies to enhance our comprehension of how the relationship between variables evolves. future research could investigate different organizational settings or industry sectors to determine whether these results are consistent across various contexts. furthermore, examining supplementary variables such as job satisfaction or organizational commitment may yield a deeper understanding of the processes that influence the connection between leadership style and employee productivity. in closing, this study confirms that organizational culture is a central element in leadership dynamics, offers practical guidance for hospital management, and opens up opportunities for further research on various psychological and organizational factors that drive improved employee performance. author contributions: conceptualization, b.h.; methodology, s. and y.d.l; software, b.h.; validation, y.d.l.; formal analysis, b.h., s., y.d.l. and k.m.; investigation, s. and y.d.l.; resources, b.h.; data curation, k.m.; writing –original draft preparation, b.h., s., y.d.l. and k.m.; writing – review & editing, s., y.d.l. and k.m.; visualization, b.h.; supervision, s., y.d.l. and k.m; project administration, b.h.; funding acquisition, b.h. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were not required for this study as it does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references alessandri, g., consiglio, c., luthans, f., & borgogni, l. 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(2023). the impact of transformational leadership in the nursing work environment and patients’ outcomes: a systematic review. nursing reports, 13(3), 1271–1290. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep13030108 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 29-40 29 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 2 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa revisiting the socioeconomic dimensions of poverty in nepal: a logistic regression analysis ram prasad gajurel (a) anil niroula (b) dil nath dangal (c)1 tanka mani poudel (d) kul prasad lamichhane (e) (a)lecturer, ratna rajyalaxmi campus, tribhuvan university, kathmandu, nepal; e-mail: gajurelrp@gmail.com (b)phd scholar, steven j. green school of international and public affairs, florida international university, usa; e-mail: aniro001@fiu.edu (c)lecturer, ratna rajyalaxmi campus, tribhuvan university, kathmandu, nepal; e-mail: dangaldilnath@gmail.com (d)lecturer, padma kanya multiple campus, tribhuvan university, kathmandu, nepal; e-mail: tpoudel059@gmail.com (e)associate professor, ratna rajyalaxmi campus, tribhuvan university, kathmandu, nepal; e-mail: kul.lamchhane@rrlc.tu.edu.np a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 4th january 2025 reviewed & revised: 4th january 2025 to 29th april 2025 accepted: 30th april 2025 published: 8th may 2025 keywords: household poverty, logit, determinants of poverty, infrastructure, nonfarm business jel classification codes: c55, i32, r20, r28 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t poverty, a multifaceted concept influenced by several socioeconomic factors, is not only an outcome of individual destiny but also socioeconomically created by severe deprivation of basic needs. individuals could escape poverty and enhance the quality of life through the government’s ample policy interventions. this study examines socioeconomic determinants of poverty in nepal from multidimensional perspectives. using household survey data—9600 households—from nepal living standards survey iv 2022/23, this study applied binary logistic regression analysis. considering approximately 18% of poor and 82% of nonpoor households, the results revealed the poverty status of households could not be significantly influenced by demographic factors, such as age, gender, and marital status. rather, poverty status might be influenced by family size, residential status, remittance, nonfarm or side business, agricultural landholdings and livestock, access to electricity, better health and road infrastructure, dwelling status, and preference for cooking fuel. thus, it is observed that the households may fall into poverty due to higher family dependency, urban residency, agro-landholdings and livestock, firewood as cooking food, availability of the dwelling, and larger family size with the remittance—and that they would walk away from poverty thanks to remittance, family business, electricity, adequate road, and health facilities. this study's findings suggest that nonfarm businesses, less agricultural dependence strategies and programs, and the promotion of physical and social overheads are crucial for achieving nepal's sustainable development goals by reducing multidimensional poverty. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction policymakers, academicians, and scholars have invested considerable effort in measuring and examining poverty. nonetheless, there still exists debate around the issue of measuring and taking into account the various dimensions of poverty for socioeconomic transformation to increase human well-being and welfare (bourguignon & chakravarty, 2003; king et al., 2014; klasen, 2008; sumner, 2007). the general measure of poverty is mainly based on consumption or income, depriving one of well-being (world bank, 2001). the modern literature recognizes poverty as a multidimensional phenomenon that interacts and reinforces each other, and its measurement accounts for diverse characteristics adversely affecting human life (chambers, 2007; hulme et al., 2001; olsson et al., 2014). the early literature measured poverty regarding income or consumption expenditure (sen, 1976; townsend, 1954, 1971, 1979). similarly, the conventional measure of poverty based on income or consumption, such as a dollar-a-day and headcount ratio by the world bank, is still prominent worldwide (ravallion et al., 2009). amartya sen conceptualizes poverty not just as an insufficiency of income; it is the deprivation of fundamental human capabilities (sen, 1992). since 1976, poverty has been recognized as a multidimensional phenomenon (foster et al., 1984; townsend, 1979), such as lack of opportunities to change the situation, health and education, access to credit and productive resources, justice, and low voice in institutions (sen, 1976). further, poverty also contributes to unemployment, fear for the future, minimal representation in the community, lack of shelter, and illness due to unclean water (united nations, 2009). hence, 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-1381-6239 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i2.2362 to cite this article: gajurel, r. p., niroula, a., dangal, d. n., poudel, t. m., & lamichhane, k. p. (2025). revisiting the socioeconomic dimensions of poverty in nepal: a logistic regression analysis. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(2), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i2.2362 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i2.2362 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-1953 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8201-7806 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1381-6239 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5510-7505 https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9737-7083 gajurel et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 29-40 30 understanding the various socioeconomic dimensions of poverty and its nature is indispensable to formulating appropriate policies, one of the significant challenges for developing countries (epo, 2010). recent studies (hassan et al., 2024; mdluli & dunga, 2022) found that several socioeconomic factors—including income, household size, and social and demographic attributes of the household (age, gender, marital status, population groups, etc.)—significantly influenced poverty. considering seven dimensions of multidimensional poverty, an empirical study found that education, employment, gender, income, and age were treated as crucial factors of poverty (chan & wong, 2024). moreover, some recent empirical findings also revealed that socioeconomic factors—such as location, residential status, demographic attributes, crop farming, income activities, and livestock—determined multidimensional poverty (haque et al., 2024; huluka, 2024). these findings provide crucial insights into the importance of socioeconomic dimensions of poverty. similarly, two key international standards have been established for measuring poverty: the first is the world bank’s income-based poverty line set at $1.25 till 2008 and currently at $2.15 per day (ppp) (world bank, 2022), and the second is the multidimensional poverty index (mpi), introduced by the united nations development program and oxford poverty and human development initiative (ophi) (world bank, 2024). the multidimensional poverty measures have been introduced to focus on human well-being through a broader lens (delamónica et al., 2021). however, despite significant progress in addressing various aspects of poverty—and advancing efforts to eliminate extreme poverty—its persistence remains a critical issue in the least-developed countries (united nations, 2022). the initial multidimensional study of poverty can be traced back to townsend (1979). in 2010, the global-level mpi utilized various indicators to assess poverty beyond traditional income-based measures (world bank, 2024). nepal, one of the least developed countries (ldc), is now graduating to a developing country status by 2026 (united nations development programme [undp], 2024). achieving this goal requires substantially reducing both absolute and multidimensional forms of poverty. nepal still ranks 41st among the poorest countries globally (ventura, 2024), and as of 2022, 20.3% of the people live below the national poverty line (asian development bank, 2024). likewise, as per hdr (2023/2024), nepal is ranked 146 among 193 nations in the human development index (hdi) for the year 2022 (undp, 2024). in addition, the gdp per capita of nepal ($1348) is far below the average gdp of advanced economies ($59000) (international monetary fund, 2024). thus, a national-level figure often blurs the within-country inequality in poverty (uematsu et al., 2016), leading us to understand determinants that act as primary instruments in alleviating poverty and progressing toward socioeconomic transformation in nepal. over the past several decades, poverty alleviation has been one of the primary goals of the nepalese government, including the aim to spur socioeconomic transformation. nepal has completed fifteen development plans, and sixteen are underway. moreover, the programs and policies—like the integrated rural development program (irdp) in the 1970s, land reform policy, and rural credit policy—have already been implemented (gewali, 1994); similarly, following the united nations’ millennium development goals (mdgs), nepal was able to reduce poverty from 42% to 21.6% (national planning commission, 2016) and it is also graduating to a developing country status by 2026 (national planning commission, 2024b)—inferring that nepal has made remarkable progress in reducing income-related poverty. thus, it is essential to establish a clear definition of poverty that facilitates meaningful comparisons and integrates the concept of multidimensional poverty into the policy development measure (bray et al., 2020). therefore, this study attempts to answer the following questions: which socioeconomic dimensions should a country consider for the effectiveness of a poverty alleviation policy? what variables are to be considered in the country-specific mpi system? what are the underlying causes of multidimensional poverty? this paper aims to explore these questions in the context of nepal. this paper employed binary logistic analysis. the strength of this model lies in capturing a comprehensive picture of poverty by estimating the likelihood of a household being categorized as poor or nonpoor when several indicators—such as income, healthcare, residence, and household size— are employed. this paper thus attempts to highlight those socioeconomic dimensions that have a tremendous impact on devising and alleviating poverty in nepal. using the logit regression model, we analyze the data obtained from nepal living standards survey iv: 2022/23 (nlss-iv), a survey representing all provinces of nepal, which contains information on sixteen socioeconomic variables. this study is relevant to poverty reduction in nepal through a socioeconomic lens. because public welfare is vital to address in nepal for graduating to a developing nation, this paper offers some insight into poverty status, its determinants, and policy gridlock to address it. along with the introduction, this study is organized as follows: a literature review, methods and materials, results and discussion, and conclusion, respectively. literature review theoretically, there are several perspectives on poverty. the behavioral, structural, and political theories observe poverty from multiple perspectives. structure theories view poverty as demographic and labor market factors; political theories emphasize institutional aspects; and behavioral theories focus on individual behavioral factors (brady, 2019). moreover, poverty is a multidimensional concept, referring to lack of income that fails to meet basic needs, material lack, capability deprivation, illbeing (material poverty, physical illness, powerlessness, insecurity, and bad social relations), and multiplicity of deprivation (chambers, 2006). poverty can be explored as the deprivation of capability (sen, 1999). historically, poverty emerged as an economic consequence, but now it is multidimensional, covering several aspects of deterioration of quality of life. thus, multidimensional measures—monetary factors, education, and infrastructure services—have been considered for poverty estimation in recent times (world bank, 2024). relative poverty is not eliminated or isolated as compared with human capabilities. socioeconomic context, therefore, determines how poverty affects the individual's livelihood. employing a multivariate logit model with socioeconomic characteristics of somalian households, abdi ali et al. (2024) found that remittance, energy access, household size and dependency, house and agricultural land ownership, and the household's gender and age were the crucial determinants of poverty. poverty can be reduced through channeling gajurel et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 29-40 31 remittances, utilizing modern energy, providing better opportunities for arable land and housing, and addressing gender issues. similarly, sahoo et al. (2024) explored that income inequality, educational arrangement, size of household, infant mortality, and income significantly influenced poverty in india. these studies explore the several socioeconomic determinants of multidimensional poverty. although substantial progress has been made in understanding the factors leading to multifaceted poverty, a debate remains in the literature around the importance of commonly studied variables while assessing poverty (balasubramanian et al., 2023). in south asia, several authors have studied the multidimensional poverty index to capture significant poverty variables (alkire et al., 2019; curtain, 2004; deutsch et al., 2020; li et al., 2022; rigg, 2018). likewise, some studies have been conducted in nepal regarding the measurement and determinants of poverty with multiple variables. chhetry (2002) found that over 95% of the income-and-education-deprived population resides in rural areas. bhatta and sharma (2006) centered on asset accumulation and human capital and found transient and chronic poverty in nepalese households. wagle (2008) examined multiple dimensions of poverty in kathmandu and concluded that the human capability dimension is the most important determinant of poverty. pokharel (2015) recommended empowering disadvantaged people and improving their financial assets, including health, education, and employment. goli et al. (2019) found economic progress and relative reduction in education and health poverty in nepal; however, wealth poverty and inequality existed across the regions. similarly, several other authors have studied poverty in a single variable context. joshi et al. (2010) examined the relationship between poverty and food insecurity and recommended food security for the targeted population to reduce poverty in nepal. thapa (2013) examined the relationship between education and poverty and found a proportional relationship between these variables. lokshin et al. (2004) found that poverty reduction is attributed to remittances and work-related migration. many studies explore various socioeconomic variables that influence poverty in different contexts. generally, significant sources of poverty involve demographic and household status, sociocultural factors, monetary factors, agricultural farming and livestock, and facilities and service availability. agyeman-boaten (2024) explored that healthcare, infant mortality, children's schooling, farm inputs, education and age of household head, marital status of household head, migration, external labor, family size, credit availability, cooperative membership, occupational diversity, and irrigation were significant determinants of poverty. faharuddin and endrawati (2022) found that household, individual, and employment-related variables significantly influenced poverty. furthermore, özpinar and akdede (2022) identified that respondents' demographics (age, gender, marital status), income, class, destiny, education, and political belief were the major determinants of poverty. in summary, poverty, many studies reveal, is determined by many socioeconomic variables. many demographic variables (age, gender, marital status, household size, and dependency ratio), income, remittance, agricultural land, irrigation, energy, basic facilities, and financial services are crucial to determining poverty in this changing context. the debate of multidimensional poverty, rather than absolute poverty, concludes that poverty is social and multifactorial rather than merely economic. this study, thus, investigates the socioeconomic determinants of poverty in nepal: following recent literature (abdiwahab et al., 2024; de silva, 2008; olarinde et al., 2020; rahman, 2009; saleem et al., 2023; shah & debnath, 2022; wang et al., 2021), which explores socioeconomic dimensions of poverty, this study presumes the following hypothesis. h1: socioeconomic factors influence the poverty status of households significantly. materials and methods study area and data sources nepal has experienced severe poverty—a crucial socioeconomic stigma—and still has 20.3% of people under the national poverty line (national planning commission, 2024a). having a poor state—and a moderate level of an average of 2010 to 2022 gini coefficient (32.8), multidimensional poverty index based on the 2017 survey (0.074) (undp, 2024), human development index of 2022 (0.601), and unemployment rate of 2022/23 (12.6) (national statistics office [nso], 2024)— nepal's policymakers always aim to alleviate poverty for achieving economic prosperity. table 1. variable description variables description values and coding/recoding poor poverty status of household 1 = poor, 0 = non-poor gender gender of household head 1 = male, 0 = female marital status present marital status of household head 1 = married, 0 = single age age of the household head continuous variable household size household size (family members) continuous variable urban residential area 1 = municipality, 0 = rural municipality remittance money sent by family members 1 = yes, 0 = no family business family non-agricultural business 1 = yes, 0 = no agricultural land ownership of agricultural land 1 = yes, 0 = no livestock ownership of livestock 1 = yes, 0 = no electricity access electricity meters of household 1 = yes, 0 = no dwelling status dwelling ownership of household 1 = yes, 0 = no cooking fuel types of fuel used by households 1 = firewood, 0 = otherwise health care perception of healthcare facilities 1 = adequate, 0 = not adequate children education perception of children’s schooling 1 = adequate, 0 = not adequate road facility perception of road facility 1 = satisfied, 0 = otherwise (not satisfied) gajurel et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 29-40 32 employing binary logistic regression, this paper has revisited the socioeconomic dimensions of poverty in nepal. the data were obtained from nepal living standards survey iv: 2022/23 (nlss-iv), which was nationally surveyed from july 2022 to july 2023. this survey collected data from 9,600 nationally and provincially representative households on various aspects of welfare—such as consumption, housing, access to facilities, education, health, labor, agriculture, income, migration, wage and employment, household loans, remittance, adequacy of government and private facilities, and security—to inform the government of poverty reduction programs and sustainable development goals (sdgs) in nepal (nso, 2024). this study used survey data and examined the socioeconomic dynamics of poverty in nepal. the data were collected through a reliable, comprehensive, and representative survey, covering a wide range of household living standard dimensions, conducted nationally by the government institution nso. the data were used after institutional permission, and thus, the results of this study would be valid, with greater generalizability. following the previous studies (ambaye et al., 2021; islam et al., 2018). model specification this study aims to review the socioeconomic dimensions of poverty in nepal. to meet the objective, this study used descriptive and inferential studies. the descriptive analysis covered the respondents' profiles and attributes, and logistic regression was estimated based on the variable descriptions in table 1. the logit model used the cumulative logistic function to avoid the unbounded prediction problem found in the linear probability model for equations with binary dummy dependent variables (gujarati, 2015; studenmund, 2021). pi = 1 1 + e-zi = 1 1 + e-(βx + ui) where pi = true probability that the dummy di = 1, and the likelihood of di = 0—no chance of occurrence of the event— given by, 1 pi = 1 1 + ezi . further, the linear transformation is the ratio of true probability to no chance. it takes a log as the odds ratio to determine the parameters (βs) of the explanatory variables (xs). pi 1 pi = 1 + ezi 1 + e-zi = ezi  ln    pi 1 pi = zi = βx + ui thus, the estimated model of this paper can be specified as follows: ln      ppoor i 1 pnonpoor i = β0 + β1residencei + β2 family businessi + β3agricultural landi + β4livestocki + β5electricity accessi + β6 cooking fueli + β7gnderi + β8health carei + β9children educationi + β10road facilityi + β11marital statusi + β12dwelling statusi + β13agei + β14household sizei + β15household size*remittancei + ϵi results and discussions socioeconomic attributes and their association with poverty status with this study based on large-scale survey data by the government of nepal, table 2 describes socioeconomic dimensions and their association with poverty status in nepal. according to table 2, nonpoor households residing in the municipality (7857) exceeded poor ones (1743), and they were highly significantly associated with their poverty status (χ2 = 31.29, p < 0.01). however, remittance-recipient households were more than half of the households in both poor and nonpoor categories, and they were no significant association between remittance and the poverty status of the household. table 2 also reveals only a few members of the households engaged in the family business other than agriculture (nonpoor = 22.51%, poor = 16.29%) and also offered an insight into the significant relationship between the family business and poverty status (χ2 = 32.84, p < 0.01). the data also showed that most of the households had their agricultural land and livestock; therefore, they were significantly associated with household poverty status at 1% level of significance. table 2 further infers that most households enjoyed their electricity meter facility, but most depended on firewood as cooking fuel. moreover, both electricity access and cooking fuel were statistically significant, with the poverty status of households being at a 1% level of significance. furthermore, the data also showed no significant association between femaledominated gender and the poverty status of households. in addition, table 2 shows that a majority of households perceived adequate health care, children's education, and adequate road facilities as associated with the household's poverty status; this finding was statistically significant at a 1% level. however, the marital status associated with the household's poverty status was statistically nonsignificant, and the results also reported having the married-household domination in the present marital status. the data also noted that the dwelling status and poverty status of households were statistically associated (χ2 = 71.48, p < 0.01), and most of them owned dwelling facilities. as table 2 showed, the age and household size were numerical variables, and the mean age of the household was 45.43 years, approximately an average of 4 members in the family. gajurel et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 29-40 33 table 2. socioeconomic attributes & their associations variables poverty status association: χ2 (p-value) non-poor (%) [n = 7857] poor (%) [n = 1,743] residence rural municipality municipality 3225 (41.05%) 4632 (58.59%) 843 (48.36%) 900 (51.64%) 31.2917 (0.000) remittance no yes 3666 (46.66%) 4191 (53.34%) 839 (48.14%) 904 (51.86%) 1.2485 (0.264) family business no yes 6088 (77.49%) 1769 (22.51%) 1459 (83.17%) 284 (16.29%) 32.8406 (0.000) agricultural land no yes 2478 (31.54%) 5379 (68.46%) 380 (21.80%) 1363 (78.20%) 64.6917 (0.000) livestock no yes 2827 (35.98%) 5030 (64.02%) 395 (22.66%) 1348 (77.34%) 113.4830 (0.000) electricity access no yes 950 (12.09%) 6907 (87.91%) 446 (25.59%) 1297 (74.41%) 209.1148 (0.000) cooking fuel otherwise firewood 3745 (47.66%) 4112 (52.34%) 436 (25.01%) 1307 (74.99%) 297.6930 (0.000) gender female male 2974 (37.85%) 4883 (62.15%) 675 (38.73%) 1068 (61.27%) 0.4633 (0.496) health care not adequate adequate 1644 (20.92%) 6213 (79.08%) 522 (29.95%) 1221 (70.05%) 66.4930 (0.000) children education not adequate adequate 1136 (14.46%) 6721 (85.54%) 362 (20.77%) 1381 (79.23%) 43.1348 (0.000) road facility otherwise satisfied 1955 (24.88%) 5902 (75.12%) 617 (35.40%) 1126 (64.60%) 80.4382 (0.000) marital status single married 1241 (15.79%) 6616 (84.21%) 251 (14.40%) 1492 (85.60%) 2.1130 (0.146) dwelling status no yes 1330 (16.93%) 6527 (83.07%) 154 (8.84%) 1589 (91.16%) 71.4804 (0.000) age (mean years) 45.43 years household size (mean) 3.97 ~ 4 members socioeconomic dimensions of poverty in nepal employing binary logistic regression, this paper estimated the socioeconomic dimensions of poverty in nepal. the logit model examined the marginal effects of dummy and continuous variables on dichotomous dependent variables (cramer, 2003). this study considered poverty status (poor = 1, nonpoor = 0) as outcome variables and assessed the impact of different socioeconomic variables. poverty is a multifaceted concept. economic misery is not merely a fundamental of poverty; socioeconomic status also ruins humans' livelihoods. table 3 identifies some socioeconomic dimensions of poverty in nepal. the results revealed that gender, age, marital status, and children's education might not play a significant role in poverty, the results that partly contradicted some previous (anyanwu, 2009; chen & wang, 2015; huyser et al., 2014; sun et al., 2022); however, these factors could be vital for the socioeconomic dimensions of poverty in nepal. a mire of poverty seemed to be a grinding problem in the underprivileged section of nepal. nowadays, foreign employment and reliance on remittance appear to be the better choices for individuals; therefore, individual attributes did not turn out to be significant for poverty status. likewise, with informal economies, poverty may not significantly arise in nepal owing to alternative economic opportunities, family support growing in the economy, and personal attributes. however, healthcare (β = -0.176, p < 0.05, or = 0.839) and road facilities (β = -0.240, p < 0.01, or = 0.787) significantly influenced the poverty status in nepal, highlighting the fact that people were less likely to experience poverty if there were adequate healthcare and satisfying road facilities. this result is similar to many prior studies (khatiwada et al., 2017; peters et al., 2008; sewell et al., 2019; world health organization [who], 2003). generally, better health care may promote physically and mentally capable human beings and overall human development, enhancing economically gainful activities to break a vicious circle of poverty. on the other hand, adequate road facilities will connect geographically isolated populations and provide access to basic facilities, thereby enhancing productive activities, employment opportunities, and socioeconomic conditions, thereby reducing poverty in the household. additionally, dwelling status (β = 0.168, p < 0.10, or =1.183) and household size (β = 0.226, p < 0.01, or =1.254) were positively associated with poverty status, signifying that dwelling ownership and bigger family size might raise the likelihood of poverty. as evidenced by many studies (chen & wang, 2015; lanjouw & ravallion, 1995; mora‐rivera et gajurel et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 29-40 34 al., 2024; quispe-mamani et al., 2022), larger household size could lead to dependence on household resources, resulting in poverty. on the other hand, households with dwelling facilities are likely to increase the cost of maintenance, ratchet effect, and neighbor demonstration, causing more poverty too. likewise, the interacting effect of household size and remittance was significantly associated with poverty. as indicated by the odds ratio (β = 0.050, p < 0.10, or = 1.051), remittance recipients with larger household sizes may increase in poverty. generally, the remittance would promote a better livelihood for the households and thus could reduce poverty and inequality (salike et al., 2022). on the flip side, the remittance-recipient household with a large family size might become poorer. table 3. odd ratios and estimates of logit of poverty status of household variables β s.e. wald p or 95% ci for or ll ul gender: male (reference group: female) -0.069 0.062 1.260 0.262 0.933 0.826 1.053 marital status: married (reference group: single) 0.054 0.085 0.403 0.525 1.056 0.893 1.248 age -0.002 0.002 0.605 0.437 0.998 0.994 1.002 household size 0.226 0.020 131.096 0.000 1.254 1.206 1.303 residence: urban (reference group: rural) 0.213 0.061 12.327 0.000 1.238 1.099 1.394 remittance: yes (reference group: no) -0.251 0.134 3.525 0.060 0.778 0.599 1.011 family business: yes (reference group: no) -0.278 0.074 14.169 0.000 0.757 0.655 0.875 agricultural land: yes (reference group: no) 0.136 0.074 3.365 0.067 1.145 0.991 1.324 livestock: yes (reference group: no) 0.211 0.074 8.049 0.005 1.235 1.067 1.429 electricity access: yes (reference group: no) -0.545 0.072 57.123 0.000 0.580 0.503 0.668 cooking fuel: firewood (reference group: otherwise) 0.704 0.071 96.957 0.000 2.021 1.757 2.325 healthcare: adequate (reference group: not adequate) -0.176 0.073 5.844 0.016 0.839 0.727 0.967 children education: adequate (reference group: not adequate) -0.037 0.082 0.202 0.653 0.964 0.820 1.132 road facility: satisfied (reference group: otherwise) -0.240 0.062 14.851 0.000 0.787 0.696 0.889 dwelling status: yes (reference group: no) 0.168 0.101 2.744 0.098 1.183 0.970 1.442 household size*remittance 0.050 0.027 3.419 0.064 1.051 0.997 1.108 constant -2.519 0.198 161.795 0.000 0.081 note. p = probability value; or = odds ratio; ci = confidence interval; ll = lower limit; ul = upper limit. the results (table 3) highlighted that residential status (β = 0.213, p < 0.01) significantly influenced poverty status. the odds ratio (or = 1.238) indicated that urban households were more likely to experience poverty, compared to those with a rural residence, ceteris paribus. this result is consistent with other empirical findings (jula & beriso, 2023; serumagazake & naudé, 2002) and contrasts with (ding, 2022; neway & massresha, 2022; vera-toscano et al., 2024). because of the green rural economy of nepal, rural households might secure their basic needs compared to urban ones. on the other hand, many constraints—including the cost of living, spillover effect on living standards, lack of housing facilities, inadequate job opportunities, and inequality—could increase the likelihood of urban residents falling into poverty compared to rural residents. moreover, remittance inversely influenced the poverty status (β = -0.251, p < 0.10, or = 0.778), indicating that remittance recipients could alleviate poverty to some extent, making references to nonrecipients. following the threads of studies (islam et al., 2016; paulos borko, 2017; salike et al., 2022), this study experienced similar results. remittancerecipient households were likely to have greater opportunities for regular income, investing their resources for human capital, maintaining quality of life, and enhancing overall wealth than non-recipients, resulting in fewer chances of being poor. furthermore, the family business was significantly associated with poverty status (β = -0.278, p < 0.01, or = 0.757), suggesting that households with family business were less likely to be poor, and thus nonfarm income provided a chance of household well-being (eyasu, 2020; jula & beriso, 2023; kassie et al., 2014). because of surplus labor in agriculture, less chance of manufacturing jobs, and inactive labor market participation (lewis, 1954; national statistics office, 2024), family businesses may be side jobs for gainful activities that help them become less poor. additionally, agricultural landholding (β = 0.136, p < 0.10, or = 1.145) and livestock (β = 0.211, p < 0.01, or = 1.235) were also positively associated with poverty status, implying that agricultural dependency might raise the chance of households falling into poverty. the result of livestock is consistent with the previous study (cho & kim, 2017). conversely, maru (2010) found that landholding may reduce poverty. moreover, it is observed that the modernization and commercialization of agricultural landholding and livestock, significant sources of livelihood sustainability in nepal (maltsoglou & taniguchi, 2004; ministry of finance, 2024), would help to curb poverty in nepal. gajurel et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 29-40 35 similarly, according to results of table 3, the coefficient of electricity access (β = -0.545, p < 0.01, or = 0.580) was negative and was also supported by time series analysis (dartanto & nurkholis, 2013); cooking fuel (β = 0.704, p < 0.01, or = 2.021), positively associated with poverty status, indicated that electricity might reduce poverty. still, the dependency on firewood for cooking might exacerbate poverty. the reason is apparent: households having access to electricity were most likely to save time on energy-intensive activities, promoting health and educational outcomes, offering a chance to raise per capita income (brenčič & young, 2009; diallo & moussa, 2020; world bank, 2023), and thereby reducing the poverty level. in contrast, more time and effort for firewood collection, deteriorating health and educational outcomes, and climate change are thus making them even poorer, as corroborated by counter findings of electricity access in nepal. finally, the overall findings revealed that the hypothesis of the study h1—the socioeconomic factors influence the poverty status of households significantly—was confirmed. excluding the non-significant effect of the household's demographic attributes, the social status, healthcare, wealth, income, agricultural activities, remittance, and facilities were significantly associated with poverty status, as evidenced by the χ2-test for association and t-test for logit coefficients. thus, this study offers substantial evidence regarding the multidimensional socioeconomic characteristics of poverty that policymakers have aimed to rejuvenate the relative quality of life, which has become a tailspin in developing nations. model robustness initially, this study employed a linktest to address the issues of model specification. the p-value of the linear predicted value (_hat) and its square value (_hatsq) were less than 1 percent, indicating that at least one criterion was violated, thereby raising the issue of the model being misspecified. although the linktest may be helpful, it should not suppress theory and common sense, especially when the goal is to investigate associations rather than optimize predictions about outcomes (almquist, n.d.). moreover, count r2 (0.818) was more than 0.7, implying the model was well-fitted. likewise, regarding the multicollinearity diagnostic test, the vif of regressors was not more than 10, and the average vif was 1.98, implying the model remained free from multicollinearity, indicating no correlation among predictors. the estimated logit regression was statistically robust and well-fitted. the mcfadden r² ranged between 0 to 1, revealing the model's fitness to the data, not explained by variance in r2 of ols (poston et al., 2024). the mcfadden r² (0.092) indicated that the estimated model was more fitted than the null model in social science research, where the perfectly fitted model may be rarely observed (lyu et al., 2024). the significant lr statistic (χ2 = 835.02, p<0.01), statistically significant omnibus tests of model coefficients (χ2 = 835.022, p< 0.01), pearson chi-square [χ2 = 8784.47, p>0.05), hosmerlemeshow statistic (χ2 = 17.05, p>0.05)—with adjusted degrees of freedom for samples outside the estimation sample— confirmed that the estimated model was statistically fitted. receiver operating characteristic (roc) curves were used to evaluate the predictive power of a model, particularly for classification analysis, by illustrating the trade-off between sensitivity (true positive rate) and 1 specificity (false positive rate) (hilbe, 2015). as shown in figure 1, the area under the roc curve (0.7177) indicated that the model had a moderate predictive value and was well-fitted, thus demonstrating acceptable discrimination in the estimated model. figure 1. receiver operator characteristic (roc) curve in addition, an s–s plot displays sensitivity and specificity across cut-points from 0 to 1, with their intersection showing where the two values were closest (hilbe, 2015). as evidenced by worku and muchie (2012), figure 2 below illustrates a sensitivity and specificity plot against probability cut-off points, where the two lines intersected near the vertical axis, indicating that the fitted model demonstrated sufficient sensitivity and specificity, thereby resulting in 81.84% correctly classified in the cases. gajurel et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 29-40 36 figure 2. sensitivity–specificity (s–s) plot conclusions relative poverty and its multidimensional aspects are ongoing debates that should motivate academia and policymakers about how it can be minimized. thus, this study examines the socioeconomic dimensions of poverty in nepal that policymakers should prioritize to improve the quality of life and people's welfare. apart from demographics—age, gender, marital status, and children's education adequacy—this study found that crucial determinants of the poverty in nepal were family size, residential status, remittance, nonfarm or side business, agricultural landholdings and livestock, access to electricity, better health and road infrastructure, dwelling status, and preference of cooking fuel. moreover, the poverty status of households in nepal remained unaffected no matter whether the household head was either male or female, married or single, younger or older, and adequate or inadequate children's education; therefore, poverty had no own gender, age, or marital status. moreover, this study revealed that higher family dependency, urban residency, agro-landholdings and livestock, firewood as cooking food, availability of dwell, and larger family size with remittance were the main drivers for making households poorer—and however that remittance, family business, electricity, and adequate road and health facilities were crucial to alleviating poverty in nepal. this study's findings provided evidence for policy stalemates to alleviate poverty in nepal. the policymakers should focus on entrepreneurship and reduce the families' dependency on agriculture by providing startup loans, offering small business subsidies, promoting agro-entrepreneurship, advancing agrotech, providing facilities for agromarket, enhancing agricultural and nonfarm skills and literacy, and financing remittance to entrepreneurial development. furthermore, the government should prioritize financing the basic and sustainable physical and human infrastructure (electricity, road, cooking fuel, health). it should take appropriate measures, as shown by the findings of this study, to achieve sustainable development goals (united nations, 2015)—good health, quality education, affordable and renewable energy, decent work, infrastructure, innovation, industry, and sustainable cities—and to secure a better life, resulting in lower poverty in nepal. given the limited socioeconomic variables, this study relied only on binary regression. because the survey had already been completed on overall living standards, this study was based merely on limited socioeconomic and demographic determinants, excluding other psychological, personal, and institutional dimensions of poverty. thus, future researchers could apply dynamic causal modeling and machine learning techniques with multidimensional factors and spatial division that should predict the poverty dimensions of nepal more accurately. additionally, future researchers should compare previous living standard survey datasets for comprehensive generalizability and the best policy implications. author contributions: conceptualization, r.p.g., a.n., d.n.d., t.m.p. and k.p.l.; methodology, r.p.g.; software, r.p.g.; validation, r.p.g.; formal analysis, r.p.g., a.n., d.n.d., t.m.p. and k.p.l.; investigation, r.p.g., a.n., d.n.d., t.m.p. and k.p.l.; resources, r.p.g..; data curation, r.p.g.; writing –original draft preparation, r.p.g., a.n., d.n.d., t.m.p. and k.p.l.; writing –review & editing, r.p.g., a.n., d.n.d., t.m.p. and k.p.l.; visualization, r.p.g., supervision, r.p.g.; funding acquisition, r.p.g., a.n., d.n.d., t.m.p. and k.p.l. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. gajurel et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 29-40 37 references abdi ali, d., mohamed, n. a., ismail, a. i., moahmed, j., & sahabuddin, m. 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(2003). dac guidelines and reference series poverty and health. oecd publishing. retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/04/poverty-andhealth_g1gh3188/9789264100206-en.pdf publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license.` http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 47-57 47 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 6 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa effects of green finance on non performing loan of banks: evidence from bangladesh md. jahangir alam siddikee (a)1 ahm ziaul haq (b) shahnaz parvin (c) md. main uddin ahammed (d) sakila zabin (e) (a) associate professor, hajee mohammad danesh science and technology university, dinajpur, bangladesh; e-mail: msiddikee@yahoo.com (b) professor, university of rajshahi, rajshahi, bangladesh; e-mail: zia_haq2001@yahoo.com (c) professor, hajee mohammad danesh science and technology university, dinajpur, bangladesh; e-mail: shahnazhstu09@gmail.com (d) associate professor, hajee mohammad danesh science and technology university, dinajpur, bangladesh; e-mail: mainhstu88@gmail.com (e) lecturer, hajee mohammad danesh science and technology university, dinajpur, bangladesh; e-mail: sakilazabin40@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 27th july 2024 reviewed & revised: 27th july to 11th december 2024 accepted: 12th december 2024 published: 16th december 2024 keywords: effect, relationship, green, non-performing loan, performance, bad debt jel classification codes: c58, g 21 q 53 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t the banking sector in bangladesh has been suffering from a high level of non-performing loans (npls). in recent years, incorporating green finance (gf) practices within banking institutions has received considerable attention as a potential solution to improve their loan performance. however, despite the extension of gf practices, there have been very few studies on the impact of gf on npl and the relationship between gf and npl in bangladesh. this study, therefore, seeks to examine the effects of bank’s green finance schemes on their loan performance. this quantitative study employs the panel data of the banks from 2015 to 2023 and focuses on variables related to gf and npl to serve this objective. data validity was justified using the unit roots and collinearity tests, such as variance influence factor and tolerance level. accordingly, this study employs the panel least square (pls), panel ordinary least square (pols) and fixed effect model (fem), and quantile regression to examine the impact between these sets of variables. the correlation between gf schemes and npl has been determined. the study reveals that gf has significant effects on npl since p values for the significant green finance variables are less than 0.10 (p ≤.10) at the 0.10 level, less than 0.05 (p≤0.05) at the 0 .05 level and less than 0.01 (p≤0.01) at the 0.01 level. the results of this study suggest that taking the gf scheme into the banking investment would reduce npls and help design the policymaking of the government, banks, and other stakeholders. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction gf is a sustainable financial practice aimed at promoting environmentally friendly investments. in bangladesh, it has emerged as a vital device for addressing environmental challenges while fostering economic growth. this study investigates the potential link between gf schemes and the diminution of npls, highlighting improved risk management practices within banks. npls are often a direct effect of financial risks, and understanding the connection between gf and npls could provide valuable insights into enhancing loan performance and reducing financial risks. al-qudah et al. (2022) underline the impact of green industry investments in reducing credit risk and improving banks' financial health through decreased npl ratios. for example, european nations strive for energy safety while pursuing sustainable development goals by reducing energy consumption and transitioning to renewable resources. green bonds are essential in financing these initiatives (mavlutova et al., 2023). similarly, research by hui et al. (2024) indicates that the acceptance of green practices positively influences the performance of business operations. at the intersection of gf and the issue of npls lies the challenge of borrowers failing to meet repayment obligations. financial organizations that fail to account for these risks in their portfolios may face a rise in npls, jeopardizing their financial performance. banks can drive sustainable loan improvements by implementing strategic approaches while advancing environmental stewardship. given this perspective, the present study aims to identify the effects of green project investments on banks' npls. purposely, it examines the impact of green finance on annual npls, the nonperforming loan to total loan ratio (npltlr), and the writing-off of bad debt (wbd). rehman et al. (2021) underscore the 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0003-1138-2390 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i6.2263 to cite this article: siddikee, m. j. a., haq, a. z., parvin, s., ahammed, m. m. u., & zabin, s. (2024). effects of green finance on non performing loan of banks: evidence from bangladesh. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(6), 47-57. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i6.2263 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i6.2263 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1138-2390 https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3944-0025 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9063-5314 https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2136-3013 https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4092-2398 siddikee et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 47-57 48 significant influence of investment decisions on integrating environmentally sustainable banking practices. green investment impacts npl proportion, highlighting the connection between environmental sustainability, improved financial performance, and enhanced financial stability, thereby reducing risks in the financial system (yang et al., 2020). to achieve these objectives, this study employs partial least squares (pls) and panel ordinary least squares (ols) methods to explore the effects of green finance on npls based on their mean values. additionally, quantile regression is utilized to discover the conditional effects, linking endogenous and exogenous variables. the fixed effects model (fem) is further applied to inspect the specific impacts of green finance on the npls of banks. the arrangement of this article is prepared as follows: it begins with the literature review. afterward, this article contains facts, materials, and methods, followed by the display of results, discussions, and goes to conclusions. literature review the recovery of non-performing loans (npls) faces diverse challenges. stijepović (2014) proposes addressing these issues by thoroughly examining borrowers' financial situations and exploring the likelihood of debt restructuring. in addition, wu (2023) highlights the financial stability of renewable energy investments, noting that stronger performance in this sector can contribute to a decline in npls. rasoulinezhad and taghizadeh-hesary (2022) analyze the relationship among co2 emission, energy efficiency, green energy index, and green investment in the economies that grant green finance. the link between investment in alternative energy (ae) and the performance of banks, particularly regarding nonperforming loans (npl), highlights the potential for sustainable practices to allay financial risks. for example, fan et al. (2024) demonstrate that investments in clean and affordable energy promote sustainable development and lessen the risk of default loans by aligning financial support with environmentally responsible initiatives. similarly, ozili (2023) argues that banks financing sustainable projects tend to experience lower volatility and improved asset quality, contributing to reduced levels of npl. while specific studies on the effects of waste management (wm) on npls are narrow, existing literature suggests that operational efficiency improvements, including better waste management, can positively impact loan repayment rates and lower financial risks for banks. bressan (2024) finds that banks involved in waste management and environmental ideas, such as addressing waste generation, can improve their financial health, enhance profitability ratios, and reduce npl levels. high levels of npls constrain banks' capacity to invest, as they may accept a more cautious approach to lending when faced with a significant proportion of defaulted loans. however, the circular economy positively influences bank performance, with recycling industries contributing to lower default risks (ghisellini et al., 2016; krings et al., 2024). this evidence underscores the significance of integrating sustainable and environmentally focused strategies into banking operations to enhance financial stability and performance. banks engaged in environmentally sustainable investments, such as recycling plans, often experience lower non-performing loan (npl) rates due to green industries' inherent stability and reliability. similarly, song (2021) investigates the effects of green credit on the operational efficiency of banks, providing insights into how green investments support financial stability. building on this foundation, this study hypothesizes that transitioning to eco-friendly brick production can mitigate environmental impairment while improving businesses' financial stability. as banks increasingly adopt environmental criteria in their lending practices, green financing in sustainable brick production can lead to lower npl rates (islam et al., 2023). loans linked to green projects consistently confirm lower npl ratios than traditional loans (al-qudah et al., 2022). furthermore, improved management practices, including robust health and safety protocols, shrink financial distress in firms, thereby decreasing the risk of loan defaults (gjeçi et al., 2023). a manufacturing sector that prioritizes safety and health promotes economic resilience, minimizing the occurrence of npls (manz, 2019). in the broader context, arduini and beck (2024) provide a structural review of npl trends, while guan et al. (2017) and shi et al. (2024) investigate the relationship between carbon-intensive loans and renewable energy investments. energy preservation, a vital issue for sustainability, has been emphasized since the work of hu kao (2007). addressing solid waste management challenges in developing cities remains critical for financial and environmental sustainability (lohri et al., 2014). moreover, using industrial by-products and waste materials in environmentally friendly construction has gained significant attention (surul et al., 2020). lastly, alnabulsi et al. (2023) offer a comprehensive review of the factors influencing npls in literature published between 1987 and 2022, offering valuable insights for future research on sustainable banking practices. purposely, this study examines the impacts of gf on annual npl, non-performing loan to total loan ratio (npltlr), and writing of bad debt (wbd). this study, therefore, considers the following hypotheses. h1: green finance significantly reduces annual non-performing loan (anpl). h2: gf significantly reduces the non-performing loan to total loan ratio (npltlr). h3: gf significantly reduces written-off bad debt (wbd). siddikee et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 47-57 49 the study's conceptual framework is presented below in figure 1. npl figure 1. conceptual framework materials and methods the samples were selected considering data accessibility and included banks from bangladesh bank's annual report. the data cover different categories of banks, including state-owned, specialized, private, and foreign commercial banks. this study uses the balanced panel data set spanning four categories of banks: scb has 6 banks, sb has 3 banks, pcb has 43 banks, and fcb has 5 banks and focused on 9 years from 2015 to 2023. the variables are considered and divided into exogenous (independent) and endogenous (dependent) categories. the independent variables are alternative energy (ae), efficient energy (ee), renewable energy (re), wastage management (wm), recycling and manufacturing of recyclable goods (rmrg), green industry and establishment (gie), environmentally friendly brick production (efbp) and green other factor investment (gofi). besides, the dependent variables are annual non-performing loan (anpl), non-performing loan to total loan ratio (npltlr), and writing of bad debt (wbd). the raw data value is the investment amount of these independent variables in gf sectors. table 1 clarifies the variables. table 1. variable explanation var. sectors of green investment explanation gf re renewable energy utilizes sunlight, wind, and water to breed sustainable power. as essential drivers of economic development, renewable energy sources play a key role in addressing environmental challenges (shinwari et al., 2022). ee efficient energy enhances energy efficiency to lessen waste, support sustainability, and boost output. energy efficiency involves achieving an identical output level while consuming less energy (dunlop, 2022). ae in modern times, energy development is marked by a growing weight on alternative energy sources, particularly solar and wind power (baitanayeva et al., 2020). wm waste management involves collecting, transporting, and disposing of waste (panchal et al., 2021). rmrg recycling entails retrieving packaging materials from waste and transforming them into novel products through reprocessing (filyaw, 2022). gie green industry extends beyond eco-friendly industrial development to cover the implementation of integrated, holistic, effective, and efficient industrial systems (aryani siregar et al., 2020). efbp eco-bricks offer further benefits, such as improved thermal and acoustic insulation, durability, and ease of recycling (jha & kewate, 2024) gofi it includes manufacturing, the factory's safety, and other green investments in the project. ensuring safety in manufacturing also involves technological and managerial strategies (pačaiová et al., 2024) npl anpl a loan where payments are overdue by 90 days or more, specifying an upper risk of non-payment within a year. npls are a key metric of loan risk, reflecting the likelihood of loan repayments failing (alnabulsi et al., 2023). npltlr it measures the loan ratio not compared to the total loan portfolio, indicating credit risk. it reflects the proportion of loans within a bank's portfolio that need to generate income due to delayed repayments or defaults (alnabulsi et al., 2023). wbd wbd focuses on the portion of accounts receivable deemed uncollectible, which signifies debts unlikely to be recovered. wbd arises due to default failure of loan payment (alnabulsi et al., 2023). model selection criterion and methods panel ordinary least squares (pols) are perfect for estimating the mean effects of independent variables across all entities and periods without explicitly modeling individual or time-specific characteristics. this study selected pols based on collinearity test results, including tolerance level (tol) and variance inflation factor (vif). panel least squares (pls) were utilized since they leverage the advantages of panel data to improve estimation accuracy, explain dynamic relationships, and provide richer insights. pls also serves as both a standalone method and a foundation for sophisticated panel data techniques like fixed effects models (fem) or random effects models (rem). the fixed effects model (fem) was selected for this study based on the results of the hausman test and the redundant fixed effect likelihood test. quantile regression was employed to evaluate the impact of gf on npl at different percentiles of the data distribution. correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between gf and npl. moreover, a cross-sectional dependence test was green finance (gf) anpl npltlr wbd h1 h2 h3 siddikee et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 47-57 50 used to determine whether there was dependence or correlation between cross-sectional units in the panel data. finally, a unit root test was performed to check the panel data's stationary, ensuring the econometric analysis's validity. panel ordinary least squares (pols) pols method for regression is used in our panel data. the exogenous variables are gf, and the endogenous variables are npl; accordingly, the equation for the panel ordinary least squares regression is: npli = β0 + β1gfi + εi (1) where: npli is an endogenous variable for the ith observation. gfi is the explanatory variable for the ith observation. β0 is the intercept. βi is the coefficient of explanatory variables. εi is the error term. panel least squares (pls) the panel least squares (pls) method for regression is used in our panel data, where multiple cross-sections (entities) are identified over time. the independent variable is gf, and the dependent variable is npl; accordingly, the equation for the panel least squares regression is: nplit = α + β. gfit + uit (2) where nplit is the endogenous variable for entity i at the time t. gfit is the exogenous variable for entity i at time t. α is the intercept term that varies across entities (fixed effect) or is constant (pooled ols). β is the coefficient of gf, which measures the effect of gf on npl. uit is the error term that captures unobserved factors affecting npl. fixed effect model fixed effects method with time-fixed effects allows us to control for unobserved entity-specific characteristics, focus on within-entity changes, account for time-specific factors, and provide consistent estimates of the relationship between gf & esrm; gf & npl; and npl & esrm. nplit = α0 + gfitβ + γit + εit (3) where nplit is the endogenous variable for individual i at time t. αi is the intercept, also known as the fixed effect. gfit is a vector of exogenous variables for individual i at the time t. β is a vector of coefficient. γt stands for the time-fixed effects, accounting for time-specific influences. εit is the error term for individual 𝑖 at time 𝑡. quantile regression npl is heterogeneous, allowing us to observe how gf influences not just the central tendency but also the extremes or other specific quantiles of npl, thus offering a deeper insight into the variability and distributional aspects of npl. the equation for quantile regression is: qτ(npl/gf) = 𝐺𝐹′𝛽τ (4) where qτ(npl/gf) defines 𝜏 th conditional quantile of the response variable npl given the predictors gf. βτ is the vector of coefficients for the 𝜏th quantile results this study uses the statistical softwareeview-12 for data analysis. econometric models have been used to serve the research objective, and they are detailed in the materials and methods section. this section presents the results of correlation analysis, cross-section dependent tests, unit root tests, the houseman test, and the redundant likelihood ratio test. next, this section illustrates the pols, pls, efm, and quintile regression results. siddikee et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 47-57 51 correlation analysis after logarithm (log10) transformation, the data were used in our analysis. the correlation matrix is detailed in table 2, presenting that within the case of dependent variables, anpl has the highest correlation (r=.93) with wbd, while npltlr has the lowest correlation (r=.06) with wbd. next, within the case of independent variables, gie has the highest correlation (r=.83) with wm, while re has the lowest correlation (r=.14) with gof. besides, within gf and npl variables, anpl has the highest correlation (r=.83) with efbp, while npltlr has the lowest correlation (r=-.-6) with re. furthermore, the variance influence factor (vif) falls below 5.0, while the tolerance value (tol) exceeds 0.20, affirming the absence of multicollinearity issues among our explanatory variables. omri et al. (2019) employed control variable to condense the heteroscedasticity within the model. in econometrics, it is customary to address heteroscedasticity by applying a natural logarithm transformation to the variables for analysis, as outlined by charfeddine and ben khediri (2016). table 2. results of correlation and collinearity test of gf and npl var. correlation matrix collinearity statistics re ee ae wm rmgm gie efbp gofi anpl npltlr wbd tol vif re 1.0 .41 2.5 ee .61 1.0 .46 2.2 ae .58 .6 1.0 .44 2.3 wm .56 .43 .46 1.0 .23 4.3 rmrg .45 .36 .37 .72 1.0 .44 2.3 gie .65 .59 .46 .83 .64 1.0 .20 5.0 efbp .26 .34 .55 .27 .35 .18 1.0 .59 1.7 gofi .14 .33 .33 .41 .39 .43 .38 1.0 .64 1.6 anpl .38 .38 .63 .53 .54 .40 .83 .43 1.0 npltlr -.6 -.3 -.2 -.2 -.1 -.3 .39 .05 .28 1.0 wbd .57 .49 .6 .73 .63 .64 .74 .37 .93 .06 1.0 note: tol and vif are tolerance and variance influence factors, respectively. the endogenous variables for the collinearity diagnostics are anpl, npltlr, and wbd. cross-section dependence test table 3 illustrates that in the case of the impact of gf on apl, npltlr, and wbd follow the cross-section dependence under bplm and pcd. however, under pslm and bcslm, the effect of gf on npltlr follows the cross-section independence. moreover, under bcslm, the effects of gf on wbd follow the cross-section independence. the firstgeneration tests, which assume that data across sections are independent, include those developed by im et al. (2003) and maddala and wu (1999). bplm = y ∑ 𝑁−1 𝑘=1 ∑ �̂� 𝑁 𝑗=𝑘+1 𝑖𝑗 2 (5) bpcd = √2y n(n − 1) ∑ 𝑁−1 𝑘=1 ∑ �̂� 𝑁 𝑗=𝑘+1 𝑖𝑗 2 (6) pslm = y √n ∑ 1 n 𝑁 𝑗=1 ∑ �̂� 𝑁 𝑘=1 𝑖,𝑗 (7) bcslm = n σ2 ( 1 y ∑ �̂�𝑇 𝑡=1 𝑡 2) (8) where n is cross-sectional units (e.g., firms). �̂� 𝑘,𝑗 estimated is the estimated correlation between the residuals from the k-th and j-th cross-sectional units. n is no. of observations. σ2 is the estimated variance of the errors. y is the number of periods or data points. �̂� 𝑡 represents the residuals from the model. table 3. results of cross section dependence test of npl variables bplm pcd pslm bcslm anpl .0039*** (19.136) .0410* (-2.0439) .0001*** (3.792) .0004*** (3.542) npltlr .2135 (8.3506) .0423* (-2.030) .4974 (.6786) .6682 (.4286) wbd .0535* (12.405) .0180** (-2.365) .0645* (1.8489) .1098 (1.5989) '***' '**' and '*' signify the significance at the 1%, 5 % and 10% levels, respectively. note: bplm stands for breusch pagan lagrange multiplier, pcd stands for pesaran cross-sectional dependence, pslm denotes pesaran scaled lagrange multiplier, and bcslm stands for biased corrected scaled lagrange multiplier. siddikee et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 47-57 52 unit root test the unit root test results indicate significant evidence against unit roots for all indicators examined. henry ntarmah et al. (2019) used the unit root test to determine the stationary behavior of their studied variables on a level and first difference basis. table 4 shows the unit root test results of gf, anpl, npltlr wbd, and gf. it has been based on the second difference, which has individual effects of exogenous variables followed by the newey-west automatic bandwidth selection and bartlett kernel system. pp fisher chi-square test statistics range from 25.5 to 53.00, with connected p-values ranging from 0.0000 to 0.0019, which implies a firm rejection of the null hypothesis of unit roots. similarly, pp choi z test statistics range from -6.229 to -2.814, with linked p-values all below 0.05, further ensuring the rejection of the unit root hypothesis. these findings imply that data for all indicators are not prone to exhibiting non-stationary behavior. 𝑃 = −2 ∑ 𝑙𝑛(𝑃 𝑖) 𝑛 𝑖=1 (9) z = 1 √n ∑ (𝜋 𝑖) 𝑛 𝑖=1 (10) where pi is the unit root test's probability value concerning the i-th cross-section. n is the no. of cross-sections in the panel. 𝜋 𝑖 is the individual phillips-perron test statistic regarding the i -th cross-section. table 4. result of individual unit root test of gf and npl indicators pp fisher chi-square p -p-value pp choi zz sta. p-value. anpl 30.92 0.000*** -3.78 0.000*** npltlr 37.30 0.000*** -4.29 0.000*** wbd 39.44 0.000*** -4.85 0.000*** re 41.44 0.000*** -4.63 0.000*** ee 25.50 0.001*** -3.27 0.000*** ae 31.37 0.000*** -4.73 0.000*** wm 28.49 0.000*** -2.81 0.002*** rmrg 46.23 0.000*** -4.88 0.000*** gie 52.94 0.000*** -6.23 0.000*** efbp 20.97 0.002*** -3.00 0.000*** gofi 33.44 0.000*** -3.83 0.000*** '***' '**' and '*' imply the significance at the 1%, 5 %, and 10% level 10% level respectively. hausman test hausman's (1978) test for panel data serves as a general specification test, indicating that rejection of the null hypothesis signifies misspecification rather than endorsing the fixed effects estimator, while non-rejection supports the random effects estimator, which is efficient under the null hypothesis (baltagi, 2024). both the fixed effects model(fem) and random effects models (rem) suggest a spatial hausman test to compare these two models while considering spatial autocorrelation in the errors (mutl & pfaffermayr, 2011) to fix if a time-varying covariate is exogenous in rem for panel data (mainzer, 2018). the hausman test judges against the estimators from the rem and the fixed effects model (fem). the equation for the hausman test statistic (ha) is: ha = (�̂� 𝐹𝐸 − �̂� 𝑅𝐸) ′ [var(�̂� 𝐹𝐸) −var(�̂� 𝐹𝐸)] −1(�̂� 𝐹𝐸 − �̂� 𝑅𝐸) (11) where: (�̂� 𝐹𝐸) is the estimated coefficient for fem, (�̂� 𝑅𝐸) is the estimated coefficient for rem, var(�̂� 𝐹𝐸) & var( �̂� 𝑅𝐸) are the variances of the coefficients for the respective model. table 5 represents hausman test results that indicate which model is appropriate for our data set since chi-square. statistic value with the corresponding p-value tells that for npltlr and wdb, fem is suitable, while for anpl, rem is appropriate. table 5. result of hausman test of npl variables chi-sq. stat. pvalue. model specification anpl 26.59 0.000*** rem npltlr 1.24 0.990 fem wbd 11.03 0.137 fem '***' '**' and '*' imply the significance at the 1%, 5 % and 10% levels, respectively. siddikee et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 47-57 53 redundant fixed effect likelihood test likelihood ratio tests for fem terms are suggested for analyzing linear mixed model with residual maximum likelihood estimation, along with bartlett-type adjustments for the test statistics based on an approximate data decomposition (welham & thompson, 1997). however, a redundant fixed effect likelihood test (rfelt) was done to confirm the model specification. the equation of rfelt is: rfelt = − 2(log l 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) − log l 𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) (12) where: log l restricted is the log-likelihood from the restricted model (without fixed effects). log lunrestricted is the log-likelihood from the unrestricted model (with fixed effects). rlrt follows the (χ2) distribution with a degree of freedom equal to the no. of restrictions. table 6 presents the results of rlrt in p values of all dependent variables are 0.000, which means fem is appropriate. table 6. redundant fixed effect likelihood ratio test result of npl variables statistic prob. model specification anpl 88.75 0.000*** fem npltlr 34.96 0.000*** fem wbd 36.45 0.000*** fem '***' '**' and '*' imply the significance at the 1%, 5 % and 10% levels, respectively. impact through pols and pls table 7 depicts that the significant factors contain a t value greater than ±3.70 at the 0.01 level, more excellent than ±2.10 at the 0.05 level, and more critical than ±1.83 at the 0.10 level. finally, p-value p≤ 0.01 or p≤ 0.01 or p<≤0.10 at the 0.01 or the 0.05 or the 0.10 level have ensured those findings. accordingly, gie, ee, re, and rmgm impact anpl, re, and efbp significantly impact npltlr, and wm & efbp also affect wbd as per the pols approach. next, re and gofi have an effect on anpl, ae & efbp have an impact on npltlr, and re, gofi & efbp have an effect on wbd as per the pls method. table 7. effect of gf on npl using the least square method models gie ee ae wm rmrg re gofi efbp pols (anpl) .039** (2.17) .001*** (3.74) .027** (2.34) .890 (.139) .044** (2.11) .276 (-1.11) .274 (-1.11) .195 (-1.33) pols (npltlr) .486 (.706) .353 (-.94) 127 (-1.58) .710 (.376) .481 (-.715) .001*** (-3.70) .550 (-.605) .000*** (5.45) pols (wbd) .154 (1.466) .431 (-.800) .116 (1.623) .014** (2.628) .746 (.327) .699 (.391) .133 (-1.55) .000*** (6.52) pls (anpl) .120 (-1.604) 0.1818 -1.369 .1071 -1.66) 0.7733 (.291) .890 (-.134 .000*** (25.42) .013** (2.670) .130 (-1.56) pls (npltlr) 0.6079 (-0.518) 0.137 (-1.527) .011** (-2.74) .7967 (0.260) .4149 (-.827) 0.0163 (2.555) 0.224 (1.244) .000*** (4.164) pls (wbd) 0.2659 (-1.135) 0.1739 (-1.395) 0.1347 (-1.54) 0.4520 (.762) 0.7679 (-.297) .000*** (26.10) .048** (2.072) 0.066* (1.914) ‘***’ ‘**’ and ‘*’ imply the significance at the 1%, at the 5 % and at the 1o% level respectively. fixed effect after the hausman test and rfelt, the effects of green finance on non-performing loans are determined. furthermore, the fixed effect of gf on npls is also determined. table 8 shows the finding of the fixed effect of gf on npls. the study finds that significant factors contain a t value greater than ±2.91 at the .01 level, more critical than ±2.17 at the .05 level, and greater than ±1.76 at the .10 level. finally, p-value p≤ 0.01 or p≤ 0.01 or p<≤0.10 at the 0.01 or the 0.05 or the 0.10 level have ensured those findings. accordingly, rmgm and efbp have a significant fixed effect on anpl, gie, rmgm, and efbp, substantially impacting npltlr. furthermore, efbp impacts on wbd. table 8. effect of gf on npl using fem var. gie ee ae wm rmrg re gofi efbp anpl .9829 ( .0217) .3613 ( .9397) .8604 (.1787) .2497 (1.195) .0240** ( 2.492) .9435 ( -.072) .7160 (-.370 ) .010*** (2.919 ) npltlr .0791* (1.136 ) .4357 ( -.799) .4144 (-.8380 ) .5158 ( .6646) .097* ( 1.761) .5882 ( -.553) .7052 ( -.385) .000*** ( 4.480) wbd .2725 (.3311) .8916 (-.138) .1806 (1.400) .7044 (-.386 .2660 (-1.15) .2756 (-1.13) .5854 (.556) .045** (2.176) '***' '**' and '*' imply the significance at the 1%, 5 % and 10% levels, respectively. siddikee et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 47-57 54 impact through quarantine regression table 9 illustrates that re significantly impacts anpl, npltlr, and wbd in q1 and q3. next, ae significantly impacts anpl, npltlr, and wbd in the q3. next, in both quartiles, efbp significantly impacts npltlr, whereas gofi significantly impacts apnl, npltlr, and wbd in q3. however, gie and gofi affect anpl only in q1. table 9. impact of gf on npl using quantile regression iv 25thquartile (p-value) 75thquartile (p-value) anpl npltlr wbd anpl npltlr wbd re .000*** .0013*** .0000*** .0000*** .0003** .000*** ee .9514 .2645 .8883 .7484 .2423 .4328 ae .8868 .0057*** .9578 .0351** .0000*** .0971* wm .9449 .9960 .7588 .6858 .7345 .4857 rmrg .9715 .8779 .9264 .3997 .3335 .2948 gie .0884* .1100 .1942 .7548 .8100 .8012 efbp ..8860 .0019*** .6819 .8286 .0000 *** .6533 gofis .0683* .1026 .2155 ..0210** .0132** .0664* ‘***’ ‘**’ and ‘*’ signify the significance at the 1%, 5 % and 10% level respectively. discussions in the context of green finance in connection to banks' non-performing loans, the results of econometric models exhibit that green finance has significant impacts on decreasing anpl, npltlr, and wbd, respectively. the findings that green finance significantly impacts reducing anpl, npltlr, and wbd carry reflective implications. first, these results underline the strategic importance of incorporating sustainable financial practices into lending portfolios. managers in financial institutions can leverage green finance to improve credit quality by prioritizing environmentally sound projects that exhibit lower default risks due to better risk management and compliance with sustainability regulations. this aligns with h1, which establishes that green finance significantly reduces anpl, indicating that sustainable projects contribute positively to loan performance. bressan (2024) finds that gf influences the reduction of npl levels. a study on the circular economy by ghisellini et al. (2016) confirms its positive impact on bank performance and reduces default risks. second, the reduction in npltlr, as per h2, signals that a higher proportion of loans in green portfolios remain performing, leading to improved financial condition and stability of lending. for managers, this insight encourages the adoption of green credit policies and emphasizes the potential for enhancing banking reputation and investor confidence through sustainable practices. rahman et al. (2016) identified that credit-deposit ratio, loans to sensitive sectors, and net interest margins positively contribute to npls. however, capital adequacy ratio, return on assets, and investment-deposit ratio negatively influence them. lastly, the evidence supporting h3, which emphasizes the reduction in wbd due to green finance, points to enhanced recovery rates and lower credit losses. this is crucial for strategic planning, as it reduces the requirement for extensive provisioning, freeing up capital for further investment and innovation. this finding aligns with the research of li and lin (2024), who analyzed the impact of green financing on the financial performance of environmentally conscious companies in china. their findings exposed that banks financing sustainable industries experience lower loan risks due to the steady nature of these investments. collectively, these findings suggest that green finance not only drives environmental benefits but also enhances financial sustainability and operational efficiency. managers should consider incorporating robust green financing frameworks and promoting awareness among stakeholders about their dual benefits for financial performance and sustainability objectives. green finance, which focuses on financing projects with positive environmental outcomes, tends to promote more sustainable and resilient economic activities. this, in turn, reduces the likelihood of default loans, as these investments are often more stable and less vulnerable to market fluctuations. by promoting environmentally responsible projects, green finance supports long-term financial health, reducing the incidence of non-performing loans (npls). a lower npltlr suggests that banks are managing their loan portfolios more effectively, possibly due to better risk assessment and the prioritization of sustainable investments. al-qudah et al. (2022) found that green investment influences npl ratios, underscoring the link between environmental sustainability, financial performance, and reduced financial instability. additionally, reducing wbd directly results in fewer defaults, suggesting that integrating environmental criteria in lending practices can improve creditworthiness. moreover, studies by ganda et al. (2015), iwata and okada (2011), and king and lenox (2001) support the positive influence of green finance on financial outcomes. theoretical implications indicate that the banking sector's focus on environmental sustainability could reshape traditional risk management strategies, emphasizing the importance of considering environmental factors in loan assessments. the results underline the need for policy reforms and incentives to promote green finance, which could lead to healthier financial systems and contribute to the global transition to sustainability. . table 10. significant findings of this study proposed hypotheses p -value major finding support the proposed hypotheses or not literature h1: green finance influences significantly in reducing anpl .000≤p≤.044 at 1% -5% level. green finance has significant effects on the reduction of anpl supported similar to the findings concluded by bressan (2024) siddikee et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 47-57 55 h2: green finance influences significantly in reducing npltlr .000≤p≤.013 at 1% -5% level. green finance has significant effects on the reduction of npltlr supported similar to the findings concluded by alqudah et al. (2022) h3: green finance influences significantly in reducing wbd .000≤p≤.048 at 1% -5% level. green finance has significant effects on the reduction of wbd supported similar to the finding concluded by fan et al. (2024) source: synthesis of the authors conclusions this study investigates the influence of investment in green sectors on banks' non-performing loans. enhancing green finance is crucial for reducing non-performing loans as it enhances a bank's reputation and attracts clients with a strong commitment to sustainability. this can lead to a more stable and loyal customer base, reducing exposure to high-risk borrowers. green investments help banks foster sustainable growth while mitigating financial risks, contributing to a reduction in non-performing loans. therefore, examining the green finance variables that influence npl is crucial. this research examines how green finance influences none performing loans of banks by using pols, pls, fem, and quantile regression. the key findings of this study can be outlined as follows: firstly, it was found that anpl is influenced by investment in ae, ee, re rmrg, gie, efbp, and gofi, indicating reducing in anpl with a relationship statistically significant. secondly, it was observed that npltlr is deceased through the investment in ae, re, rmrg, gie, efbp, and gofi, having statistically significant results. thirdly, wbd is negatively influenced by ae, re, wm rmrg, gie, efbp, and gofi, implying wbd is reduced due to green investment. while green finance has garnered significant attention for its environmental and sustainability benefits, this study provides empirical insights into how investments in environmentally sustainable projects influence the financial health of banks, particularly in reducing npls. the article examines whether banks that prioritize green finance are less likely to experience high levels of default on loans due to the long-term viability of green projects, which may reduce risk exposure. furthermore, it assesses whether green finance enhances financial stability by promoting better risk management and fostering more substantial, resilient loan portfolios. this unique contribution provides a novel perspective on the intersection of environmental finance and banking stability, offering insights for policymakers, financial institutions, and academics interested in promoting sustainable finance practices while mitigating financial risks related to non-performing loans. the theoretical implications of this study explore how investments in environmentally sustainable projects, supported by green finance, may influence the risk profile of banks, particularly about non-performing loans (npls). moreover, it suggest that incorporating green finance into a bank's portfolio reduces the likelihood of defaulted loans, given their connection with stable, long-term, and resilient sectors. this perspective contributes to the theoretical frameworks in risk management, emphasizing how green finance strategies may lower the risk of npls over time. from a managerial standpoint, incorporating green finance can positively influence the financial health of banks by reducing the occurrence of non-performing loans. bank managers would be able to understand how investments in environmentally sustainable projects can lower credit risk, enhance the quality of their portfolios, and attract socially conscious investors. promoting green finance helps banks align with global sustainability goals and alleviates the risks associated with traditional high-risk lending practices. moreover, this study recommends that banks assess their borrowers' environmental risk profiles to reduce potential defaults linked to unsustainable business practices. banks should also improve their risk management frameworks to account for environmental factors. furthermore, by promoting green finance for environmentally sustainable businesses, banks can further reduce the incidence of non-performing loans, fostering a more stable financial environment. this study focuses on some restrictions that must be addressed in future studies. first, the study relies heavily on secondary data, which may only partially confine the complexity of green finance and its effects on non-performing loans (npls). future research could promote primary data collection through surveys or interviews to add deeper insights. second, the study is limited by the data's time frame and geographical span and suffers from long-term impacts. future studies should investigate the extensive effects of green finance over more extended periods and across different regions to assess its global applicability. furthermore, the study focuses primarily on financial institutions, leaving out other industries that could benefit from green finance. future research should inspect the impact of green finance on sectors beyond banking. author contribution: conceptualization, m.j.a.s. and ahm.z.h.; methodology, m.j.a.s., ahm.z.h.; s.p., m.m.a. and s.z.; software, m.j.a.s.; validation, m.j.a.s., ahm.z.h.; s.p., m.m.a. and s.z.; formal analysis, m.j.a.s., ahm.z.h.; s.p., m.m.a. and s.z.; investigation, m.j.a.s, ahm.z.h., s.p., m.m.a. and s.z.; resources, m.j.a.s.; data curation, m.j.a.s., ahm.z.h.; s.p., m.a. and s.z.; writingoriginal draft preparation, m.j.a.s., ahm.z.h.; s.p., m.a. and s.z.; writing –review and editing, m.j.a.s., ahm.z.h., s.p., m.m.a. and s.z.; visualization, m.j.a.s.; supervision, m.j.a.s. and ahm.z.h.; funding acquisition, m.j.a.s., ahm.z.h.; s.p., m.a. and s.z. the authors have read and agreed with the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. siddikee et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 47-57 56 references alnabulsi, k., kozarević, e., & hakimi, a. 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(2020). financial instability and co 2 emissions: cross-country evidence. air quality, atmosphere & health, 13, 459-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00809-7 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 41-52 41 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 2 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa consumers’ attitude toward ai-driven e-commerce adoption in bangladesh: an extension of planned behavior sanjida nourin (a) md. ashiqur rahman (b)1 md. elias hossain (c) md. hafiz iqbal (d) (a) lecturer, department of economics, southeast university, dhaka, bangladesh; e-mail: sanjida.nourin@seu.edu.bd (b) lecturer, department of economics, southeast university, dhaka, bangladesh; e-mail: rahman.ashiqur@seu.edu.bd (c) professor, department of economics, university of rajshahi, rajshahi, bangladesh; e-mail: eliaseco@ru.ac.bd (d) associate professor, department of economics, government edward college, pabna, bangladesh; e-mail: vaskoriqbal@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 5th january 2025 reviewed & revised: 5th january 2025 to 29th april 2025 accepted: 30th april 2025 published: 8th may 2025 keywords: technological adoption, e-commerce, aibased personalization, marketing strategy, consumer behavior, theory of planned behavior jel classification codes: o33, l81, m31, m37, d12, d91 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t in recent years, the online shopping sector in bangladesh has witnessed a tremendous transition driven by technological advancements and changing consumer habits. artificial intelligence (ai) technologies, including chatbots, ai-enhanced personalization, and intelligent recommendations, have further developed this sector. however, research indicates that many consumers in bangladesh still favor offline shopping. this situation highlights the necessity of identifying the factors affecting consumers' ai-driven online shopping behavior. therefore, this study employs an extended theory of planned behavior (tpb) framework to investigate the factors determining consumer preferences for ai-enabled e-commerce platforms in bangladesh. data was gathered using a stratified random sampling method from 384 online shoppers in rajshahi city corporation. structural equation modeling (sem) assessed the affinities between the key variables. the findings reveal that consumers' perceptions of promotional discounts and perceived behavioral control significantly influenced their attitudes toward ai-driven online shopping. factors such as promotional discounts, perceived benefits, and ai-based personalization notably influence consumers' purchase intentions. these results underscore the importance of competitive pricing strategies, value-added services, and personalized experiences in encouraging consumer adoption of ai-powered e-commerce platforms, providing valuable insights for improving the online shopping environment nationwide. this research offers actionable strategies for online retailers, suggesting that prioritizing ai integration, promotional offers, and tailored customer experiences can better position e-commerce businesses to meet evolving consumer expectations and sustain long-term market growth in bangladesh's competitive retail landscape. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction the digital transformation of the retail landscape, driven by the integration of artificial intelligence (ai) in e-commerce, is a global phenomenon rapidly reshaping consumer behavior and business practices (aljarboa, 2024). despite a slow initial uptake, bangladesh has recently experienced significant growth in online shopping fueled by increased accessibility through digital banking and online payment systems (karim et al., 2023). this growth is not merely a trend but a substantial economic force, with bangladesh's e-commerce sector now supporting thousands of businesses and employees. furthermore, online platforms have expanded consumer access to diverse product ranges, surpassing the limitations of the customary form of shopping (ahmed et al., 2020). however, this sector still has many challenges (fawehinmi et al., 2024). consumers encounter obstacles during online transactions, underscoring the importance of understanding the factors shaping their shopping experiences (hossain et al., 2022). to foster sustainable growth and address these challenges, a deeper understanding of consumer preferences for online shopping is crucial despite the sector's rapid expansion and the identified consumer challenges (sumi & ahmed, 2022). research examining consumer behavior in an ai-driven ecommerce context in bangladesh is notably scarce. this research gap creates a critical need for empirical investigations to illuminate the determinants of consumer adoption and usage of ai-enhanced online platforms. thus, we aim to address this gap by focusing on consumer preferences for online shopping, employing an extended theory of planned behavior (tpb) 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0003-6534-3485 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i2.2344 to cite this article: nourin, s., rahman, m. a., hossain, m. e., & iqbal, m. h. i. (2025). consumers’ attitude toward ai-driven ecommerce adoption in bangladesh: an extension of planned behavior. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(2), 41-52. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i2.2344 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i2.2344 https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0321-0865 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6534-3485 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7714-418x https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6181-1980 nourin et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 41-52 42 model. to achieve this, we used structural equation modeling (sem), a widely recognized and robust analytical approach for behavioral research, allowing for the simultaneous evaluation of complex relationships between multiple constructs. by integrating contemporary, technology-driven variables into a traditional behavioral framework, this study will provide valuable insights for online retailers, policymakers, and stakeholders seeking to improve the e-commerce landscape in bangladesh. ultimately, this study contributes to a more informed experience of optimizing ai integration in e-commerce to benefit consumers and businesses in a rapidly evolving digital market. this study is organized into six main sections, each comprising several sub-sections. the introduction provides a set of the work, sketches the problem statement, and clearly states the objectives. following this, the literature review summarizes existing knowledge on consumer online shopping behavior, highlights theoretical foundations, and identifies research gaps the current study aims to address. the methods section details the research design, data collection procedure, and analytical tool for examining the ' variables' relationships between variables. the results section presents the empirical findings, indicating which hypotheses were supported and which were not, while the discussion interprets these results in light of existing literature, offering possible explanations for the findings and situating them within broader behavioral research. finally, the conclusion highlights the study's unique contributions, discusses academic and organizational importance, and provides proposals for practice and future research directions. literature review theoretical motivation and existing state of knowledge several theories attempt to explain and predict human behavior, including the tpb, rational choice theory, economic utility analysis, and psychological behavior theories. among these, ajzen's (2020) tpb stands out for its robust framework for understanding decision-making. it posits that someone's intention to perform a behavior is driven by three core components: attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. the first term, attitude, reflects someone's positive or negative evaluation of a specific manner. in ai-driven e-commerce, attitude captures consumers' feelings toward adopting these practices. as javadi et al. (2012) demonstrated, positive and negative attitudes significantly influence purchasing behavior. specifically, trust and perceived usefulness in online shopping shape these attitudes. essentially, attitude represents the consumer's evaluation of engaging with ai-driven e-commerce. the perceived social pressures that shape conduct are known as subjective norms. subjective norms in online shopping are influenced by expectations from friends, family, and the community about ai-powered e-commerce. hasbullah et al. (2016) emphasized the influence of these norms on actual behavior and purchasing intentions. the views of friends, family, and peers frequently impact people (javadi et al., 2012; sutisna & handra, 2022). subjective norms represent the perceived social pressure to engage with ai-driven e-commerce. online shopping encompasses their perceived capacity to use ai-driven e-commerce, considering factors like resources, knowledge, and skills. rhodes and courneya (2005) defined it as the perception of one's capabilities, while javadi et al. (2012) emphasized the perceived ease or difficulty of performing the behavior. customers' perception of their ability to successfully use ai-driven e-commerce is reflected in their perceived behavioral control. by integrating these three components, tpb provides a comprehensive model for predicting and understanding consumers' intentions and actions in ai-driven e-commerce. therefore, an evidence-based approach, grounded in existing studies and observations, highlights the effectiveness of the tpb in formulating hypotheses and questionnaires for empirical assessment, as explored in the subsequent sections. ai-based personalization and consumer online shopping the connection between consumer online buying and ai-based personalization marketing, perfectly tailored to each person's tastes, habits, and requirements, is made possible by ai-based personalization (babatunde et al., 2024). big data, behavioral analysis, and prediction algorithms are all used by this technology to provide messages that are specifically personalized to each user. ai-based personalization has the potential to impact consumers' impulse buying behavior through several methods, such as boosting psychological components like exclusivity and urgency, boosting message relevance, and arousing consumer emotions (widiatmo, 2024). therefore, we hypnotize: h1: personalization powered by ai significantly affects online purchase intention h2: personalization powered by ai significantly affects consumer attitudes towards online shopping. attitude and online shopping intention a person's positive or negative assessment of a specific activity is called their attitude toward conduct in the theory of planned behavior (tpb) (fawehinmi et al., 2024). numerous studies have demonstrated a strong link between attitude and online shopping intention. for example, qi and ploeger (2019) found that consumer intention to shop online is primarily driven by attitude. similarly, alam and mohamed sayuti (2011) observed a significant impact of attitude on halal food purchasing behavior. m. c. lee (2009) also concluded that attitude, perceived benefits, and privacy risk significantly influence intentions of online banking usage. therefore, we hypothesize: h3: attitude significantly affects consumers’ online shopping intention. subjective norms and online shopping according to husna et al. (2024), subjective norm (sn) is a person's sense of social pressure or influence from significant others (such as family, friends, or society) over whether a particular action should be taken. hasbullah et al. (2016) used the tpb to explore the link between online shopping intention and subjective norms. ming-shen et al. (2007) highlighted that nourin et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 41-52 43 subjective norms shape attitudes towards specific behaviors. studies by jain (2020) and lim et al. (2016) further indicate that social pressure and community expectations significantly influence online shopping decisions. thus, we hypothesize; h4: subjective norms significantly affect online shopping intention. perceived behavioral control and online shopping intention (pbc) used in the (tpb) model is the degree to which a person believes they can carry out or regulate a specific behavior, depending on perceived resources, abilities, or barriers (istiasih, 2023). the rise of online shopping has prompted investigations into the factors driving its adoption and continued use. wu and song (2021) highlighted the impact of perceived limitations on traditional shopping, finding that a perceived lack of shopping mobility significantly enhances the perceived usefulness of online platforms. furthermore, their study explored the social dynamics of online shopping, revealing that while perceived social isolation increases subjective norms, it simultaneously diminishes perceived behavioral control. notably, wu and song (2021) and hoque et al. (2024) found that perceived behavioral control, rather than subjective norms, directly influences online shopping continuance intentions. in alignment with these findings, islam et al. (2022) demonstrated a direct and substantial relationship between perceived behavioral control and actual online buying activity, underscoring its crucial role in translating intentions into action. we can formulate hypotheses that reflect the key relationships based on the coherent narrative. h5: behavioral control significantly affects consumers' attitudes toward online shopping h6: behavioral control significantly affects online shopping intention. perceived benefits and attitudes perceived benefits significantly shape consumers' attitudes towards online shopping. these benefits include technological characteristics like download speed, website navigation, data security, and product attributes such as diagnostic and value. furthermore, consumer-specific elements, such as digital skills, time and monetary resources, and the convenience of information access, play crucial roles. as highlighted by ruiz-herrera et al. (2023), a positive attitude towards website usage, driven by perceived usefulness and trust, directly fosters usage intention by facilitating easier and safer transactions. this aligns with bhatti and rehman (2019), who linked perceived benefits to consumer satisfaction, and akroush and aldebei (2015), who emphasized the significant impact of time-saving and convenience on e-shopping attitudes. in essence, the confluence of these perceived benefits cultivates a positive consumer attitude, which drives usage intention and satisfaction. h7: perceived benefits influence attitude toward online shopping behavior h8: perceived benefits influence consumers' online shopping intentions promotional discounts and attitude promotional discounts can enhance perceived benefits and alleviate perceived risks, positively impacting attitudes. zhu et al. (2019) found that discounts enhance perceived cost savings. kim and krishnan (2019) suggested that discounts reduce perceived risk. l. lee and charles (2021) highlighted that discounts can motivate online shopping and positively influence attitudes. therefore, we hypothesize: h9: promotional discounts significantly affect attitudes towards online shopping. h10: promotional discounts significantly affect consumers' online shopping intentions. the proposed hypotheses, derived from the tpb and existing literature, require empirical validation within the bangladeshi context to accurately assess and understand the factors influencing consumer behavior in online shopping. it is possible to infer from the current research that several indicators influence consumers' online purchasing habits. according to observational studies like javadi et al. (2012), a customer's attitude can influence their purchase intentions again. istiasih (2023) showed that subjective norms are another significant component that might affect consumer behavior. additionally, some researchers discovered compelling evidence that a consumer's control over their behavior can affect their behavior. tpb model consists of all three components. once more, when we extend this model, we discover that other factors can affect attitude. according to an observational study, risk and benefit can affect attitude (ruiz-herrera et al., 2023). artificial intelligence, such as chatbots and ai-based customization, can also affect attitudes (babatunde et al., 2024). thus, combining all of these variables with the notion of planned behavior can create a conceptual framework for comprehending consumer ai-driven online buying behavior. the study's conceptual framework is depicted in figure 1 below. nourin et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 41-52 44 figure 1. conceptual framework source: prepared by the authors based on ajzen, 1991 materials and methods study area for several reasons, we selected rajshahi city corporation (rcc) as our study area. first, rcc is one of the most digitally advanced regions in the country. second, relatively easy internet access is crucial for this study. finally, rcc is a significant urban, commercial, and educational hub in bangladesh, and it serves as the administrative headquarters for its division and surrounding regions. sampling process this study targeted individuals within rajshahi city corporation who have reliable internet access and engage in online shopping. according to the bbs (2022), this city corporation has a population of 552,791, with approximately 19.7% of the rajshahi division population using the internet. applying this percentage, we estimated our target population to be roughly 108,900 individuals. therefore, to determine the required sample size, we used a 5% margin of error, resulting in a total of 384. to collect this data, we utilized stratified random sampling, dividing rajshahi city corporation into four strata based on its four thanas (police stations): boalia, motihar, rajpara, and shah makhdum. we then allocated the sample size equally across these strata, aiming for approximately 96 individuals per thana. recognizing that not all internet users have experience with online shopping, our questionnaire included a screening question to identify eligible respondents. to achieve our target of 384 valid responses, we conducted surveys with 587 individuals. the final distribution of respondents across the thanas was as follows: 136 from boalia, 149 from motihar, 163 from rajpara, and 139 from shah makhdum. questionnaire design for a survey we structured our questionnaire into four sections designed to capture specific information. in the first section, we keep a screening question to ensure respondents met the study's inclusion criteria. in the second section, we asked questions about their socio-economic characteristics. after that, in the third section, the questionnaire explored basic details related to respondents' online shopping experiences. finally, we keep a concluding section to understand respondents' intentions toward future online shopping. the careful design of the questionnaire reflects our respect for the respondents' time and the value we place on their responses. piloting before collecting full-scale data, we conducted pilot research with 30 respondents to improve the questionnaire. we carefully observed and recorded respondents' feedback during these pilot interviews. this pre-test was crucial in identifying and addressing potential issues, such as misleading questions, grammatical errors, or insufficient information, ensuring the quality of our data. on average, each pilot interview took approximately 15 minutes. after gathering data from all 30 respondents and analyzing their feedback, we finalized the questionnaire for the primary survey. data analysis technique we employed sem to analyze consumer intentions towards online shopping. sem is a statistical technique widely used in behavioral science that combines path and factor analysis (byrne, b. m., 2016). as sathyanarayana and mohanasundaram (2024) noted, sem utilizes latent variables to represent theoretical constructs, with path coefficients illustrating the relationships between these constructs. path analysis, a specific form of sem, describes the structural connections between observable variables, as highlighted by (lei & wu, 2007). in this research, hypotheses were formulated to examine the impacts, directions, and interrelationships between various variables. these structural relations reveal how independent variables influence the dependent variable, providing a comprehensive understanding of consumer intentions. background factors personality traits available information general values, attitudes, and experience ai based personalization perceived benefit promotional discounts subjective norm attitude behavioral control consumer’s online purchase intention nourin et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 41-52 45 results respondent’s characteristics in the final survey, the 384 respondents exhibited a near-even gender distribution, with 54% male (207 respondents) and 46% female (177 respondents), as presented in table 1. table 1. participants' demographic characteristics (n = 384) attributes/variables value frequency percentage gender male female 207 54% 177 46% marital status married unmarried 264 120 68.7 31.3 education higher secondary level undergraduate level graduate level postgraduate level 74 36 19.3 9.4 164 42.7 110 28.7 hours of internet usage less than 3 hours 64 16.67 4 to 7 hours 151 39.33 8 to 11 hours 118 30.67 more than 11 hours 51 13.33 online shopping pattern multiple times per week 38 10.0 once a week 113 29.3 2-3 times per month 174 45.3 once a month 49 15.3 expenditure on online shopping 5,000 ≤ 5,001-10,000 77 95 20 24.67 10,000-15,000 74 19.33 15,001-20,000 107 28 20,001≥ 31 8 source: survey data, 2024 table 1 shows that most participants were married (68.7%, n = 264), and the remaining 31.3% (n = 120) were unmarried. educational attainment was diverse, reflecting a range of academic backgrounds: 19.3% (n = 74) had completed higher secondary education, 9.4% (n = 36) held an undergraduate degree, 42.7% (n = 164) possessed a graduate degree, and 28.7% (n = 110) had a postgraduate qualification. internet usage patterns varied significantly, indicating a broad spectrum of engagement. a substantial portion of the respondents (39.33%, n = 151) reported using the internet for 4 to 7 hours daily, while 30.67% (n = 118) used it for 8 to 11 hours. smaller segments of the sample reported less than 3 hours (16.67%, n = 64) or more than 11 hours (13.33%, n = 51) of daily internet usage. this varied internet usage likely influences online shopping behaviors, demonstrating variability. specifically, 45.3% (n = 174) of respondents shopped online 2-3 times per month, 29.3% (n = 113) shopped once a week, 15.3% (n = 49) shopped once a month, and 10% (n = 38) shopped multiple times per week. regarding online shopping expenditures over the past six months, a significant portion (28%, n = 107) spent between 15,001 and 20,000, while other spending ranges included 5,000 or less (20%, n = 77), 5,001 to 10,000 (24.67%, n = 95), 10,001 to 15,000 (19.33%, n = 74), and more than 20,001 (8%, n = 31). confirmatory factor analysis (cfa) cfa was performed to understand the factors influencing online shopping behaviors. this analysis aimed to validate the measurement model by examining the constructs of the tpb model, ai-based personalization, perceived benefit, and product discount. using spss amos, the cfa assessed the fit of these constructs to the observed data. model fit was evaluated using established criteria, including a chi-square to degrees of freedom ratio below 3 (sathyanarayana & mohanasundaram, 2024) and (gfi) above 0.90 (hair et al., 2019). figure 1 presents the cfa measurement model, while table 2 summarizes the model’s overall fit indices. nourin et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 41-52 46 figure 2. structure of cfa source: survey data, 2024 table 2 details the measurement model’s fitness indices, using multiple fit indicators to assess its overall adequacy. table 2. fitness indices by cfa fit indices criteria value (χ2) > 0.050 459.759 (χ²/d.f) < 5.00 2.44 (rmsea) < 0.08 0.061 gfi > 0.90 0.915 (agfi) > 0.90 0.905 (ifi) > 0.90 0.923 (tli) > 0.90 0.904 (cfi) > 0.90 0.922 source: survey data, 2024 table 2 displays the primary fit indices used to evaluate the measurement model's validity. while the χ² = 459.759 is significant, sample size often influences this. therefore, we considered additional fit indices to provide a more comprehensive assessment. the normed χ²/d.f = 2.44 fell within the acceptable range of less than 5.0, indicating a good fit. similarly, the rmsea is 0.061, below the recommended threshold of 0.08, further supporting a well-fitting model. the gfi = 0.915 and the agfi = 0.905 exceeded the 0.90 criterion, confirming model adequacy. furthermore, the ifi = 0.923, tli = 0.904, and cfi = 0.922 surpassed the 0.90 cutoff. these results demonstrate that the measurement model exhibits a strong fit to the data and is thus valid and suitable for subsequent analyses. reliability & validity of the constructs to further establish the model's overall validity and reliability, we assessed discriminant and convergent validity, adhering to the guidelines outlined by campbell and fiske (1959). the results of these analyses and the measurement model fit indices are presented in tables 2 and 3. this study evaluated the reliability and validity of seven key constructs: ai-based personalization, attitudes, perceived benefit, subjective norms, behavioral control, product discount, and buying intention. each construct was measured using multiple items, demonstrating strong factor loadings ranging from 0.765 to 0.996, indicating a robust relationship between the items and their respective constructs. internal consistency was evaluated using (cr) values, and all constructs had values more than 0.848, indicating strong reliability. convergent validity was established by calculating the (ave). all constructs surpassed the 0.50 threshold, confirming adequate convergent validity, with buying intention exhibiting the highest ave at 0.958. furthermore, cronbach's alpha (ca) values were above 0.90, demonstrating excellent nourin et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 41-52 47 reliability and consistency. table 3. reliability & validity of the constructs construct items loadings cr ave ca attitude at1 0.765 0.886 0.662 0.901 at2 0.804 at3 0.874 at4 0.807 subjective norms sn1 0.910 0.929 0.814 0.926 sn2 0.857 sn3 0.938 behavioral control bc1 0.851 0.891 0.731 0.904 bc2 0.837 bc3 0.877 ai-based personalization ap1 0.858 0.928 0.764 0.920 ap2 0.847 ap3 0.904 ap4 0.886 perceived benefit pb1 0.765 0.848 0.650 0.901 pb2 0.790 pb3 0.861 product discount pd1 0.830 0.867 0.685 0.904 pd2 0.807 pd3 0.845 buying intention bi1 0.996 0.978 0.958 0.911 bi2 0.961 source: survey data, 2024 these results confirm that the measurement model exhibits strong fitness, with reliable and valid constructs suitable for further analysis. table 4. discriminant validity test intention attitude sn bc ap pb pd intention 0.979 attitude 0.261 0.813 sn 0.058 0.185 0.902 bc 0.192 0.530 0.327 0.855 ap 0.052 -0.077 0.084 -0.254 0.874 pb 0.216 0.203 0.337 0.318 -0.130 0.806 pd 0.653 0.273 0.088 0.048 -0.003 -0.106 0.827 source: survey data, 2024 the validity of the constructs was rigorously evaluated. first, we use cronbach's alpha, which, according to hair et al. (2019), should be greater than 0.7. in our study, cronbach α coefficients ranged from 0.901 to 0.926, significantly exceeding the 0.700 threshold and indicating strong internal consistency for all constructs. furthermore, factor loadings, which should surpass 0.700 according to hair et al. (2019), ranged from 0.765 to 0.996, meeting this criterion and demonstrating robust item-construct relationships. next, convergent validity was examined using cr and ave, adhering to the guidelines of ab hamid et al. (2017). these measures assess the degree to which items within a construct converge on the latent variable. consistent with inthong et al. (2022), cr values should be above 0.700 and ave values above 0.500 for adequate convergent validity. in this study, cr values ranged from 0.848 to 0.978, and ave values ranged from 0.662 to 0.958, all exceeding the established thresholds, as detailed in table 2. these findings provide compelling evidence for the convergent validity of the cfa results. result of hypothetical sem utilizing spss amos 24, we proceed with our analysis in two key stages. first, the overall fitness of the hypothesized model was evaluated to determine how well it represented the observed data. subsequently, the hypothesized relationships between exogenous (predictor) variables and endogenous (outcome) variables were tested. the overall model fit assessment results are presented in figure 3 and table 5. nourin et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 41-52 48 figure 3. hypothetical sem source: survey data, 2024 table 5. fitness indices of conceptual structural model fit index required criteria value χ2 > 0.050 593.6 normed χ²/d.f < 5.00 2.98 rmsea < 0.08 0.072 gfi > 0.90 0.853 agfi > 0.90 0.845 ifi > 0.90 0.887 tli > 0.90 0.867 cfi > 0.90 0.868 source: survey data, 2024 the above hypothetical model does not demonstrate an adequate fit, as some key indices fall short of the recommended thresholds. the rmsea of 0.077 slightly exceeds the upper limit for a good fit, and the gfi (0.853) and agfi (0.845) are below the desired value of 0.90. similarly, the ifi (0.887), tli (0.867), and cfi (0.868) don’t meet the > 0.90 threshold, suggesting that the model lacks adequate incremental and comparative fit. modified structural model our hypothetical model shows inadequate fitness; therefore, we introduced a modified structural model following the guidance of modification indices provided by spss amos. the model with its corresponding fit index is presented below: figure 4. modified structural model source: survey data, 2024 nourin et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 41-52 49 table 6. fitness indices of modified structural model fit index required criteria value cmin 523.61 d.f 197 normed χ²/d.f < 5.00 2.65 rmsea < 0.08 0.066 gfi > 0.90 0.902 agfi > 0.90 0.904 ifi > 0.90 0.910 tli > 0.90 0.901 cfi > 0.90 0.913 source: survey data, 2024 based on the table, the modified structural model demonstrates a desirable good fit, as the ratio of the chi-square & the degrees of freedom is 2.65, showing the below required threshold of 5.00 (anderson & gerbing, 1988). according to hair et al. (2012), the value of rmsea (0.066) is under the 0.08 benchmark, which confirms that the model is a good fit. for a model to be considered a good fit, the gfi should exceed 0.90, and in this modified model, the gfi is approximately 0.902, indicating a good fit. moreover, george (2018) suggests that the agfi should have 0.90 or above, and in this study, the agfi value of 0.907 also indicates a well-fitting model. furthermore, the (ifi), (nfi), (tli), and (cfi) values in this research are (nfi = 0.90), (ifi = 0.940), (tli = 0.910) (cfi = 0.913), all of which are above 0.90, confirming that this model indicating good fit. path analysis as our modified structural equation model shows a good fit, we can now perform hypothesis testing. the below table 7 shows the result of the hypothesis testing: table 7. hypothesis testing hypotheses path estimate p value results h1 intention <--ai-based 0.213*** 0.001 supported h2 attitude <--ai-based pe -0.0118 0.683 not supported h3 intention <--attitude 0.034 0.717 not supported h4 intention <-- s.norms -0.065 0.118 not supported h5 intention <--b. control 0.080 0.222 not supported h6 attitude <--b. control 0.327*** 0.000 supported h7 intention <-p. discount 0.499*** 0.000 supported h8 intention <--p. benefit 0.230*** 0.001 supported h9 attitude <--p. discount 0.218*** 0.001 supported h10 attitude <--p. benefit 0.075 0.143 not supported note. *** shows significant at 1% level table 7 reveals that five of our 10 hypotheses were supported, and five were rejected. all five supported hypotheses demonstrated a 1% significance level (p < 0.01), indicating strong statistical evidence. specifically, h1 confirmed a significant positive impact of ai-based personalization on online shopping intentions. again, h6 demonstrated that behavioral control significantly affects consumers' attitudes toward online shopping. after that, h7 further validated that promotional discounts significantly and positively influence online buying intentions. additionally, h8 revealed that perceived benefits positively impact online purchase intentions. the remaining supported hypothesis, h9, revealed that perceived benefit strongly influences consumers' attitudes towards online shopping. discussions this study examined the factors influencing online shopping intention through an extended (tpb) model, incorporating aibased personalization, promotional discounts, and perceived benefits. the findings partially support our proposed hypotheses, with both expected and surprising outcomes. to begin with, h1 was supported, indicating a significant positive effect of ai-based personalization on online shopping intention (p < 0.001). conversely, h2 was not supported, as ai-based personalization did not significantly influence consumers' attitudes nourin et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(2) (2025), 41-52 50 toward online shopping (p = 0.683). one possible post hoc explanation is that personalization can directly drive purchase intent through immediate utility. however, it may not fundamentally shift underlying attitudes unless combined with trustbuilding factors or consistent positive experiences. similarly, h3 through h5 did not yield significant results. neither attitude (h3: p = 0.717), subjective norms (h4: p = 0.118), nor behavioral control (h5: p = 0.222) significantly influenced online shopping intention. these findings diverge from classical tpb expectations (ajzen, 1991), where these constructs typically emerge as central predictors of behavioral intention. one explanation may be that in online shopping, particularly among digital-native consumers, situational variables such as promotional discounts and technological affordances overshadow traditional psychological predictors. though our study findings diverge from classical tpb expectations (ajzen, 1991), we cannot invalidate our study as many researchers have found this result. for example, studies by shin et al. (2016) found subjective norms to have an insignificant influence on food purchase intention, while irianto (2015) and nguyen and drakou (2021) reported attitude's lack of significant impact on online organic food and general purchase intentions, respectively. similarly, mohammed et al. (2017) indicated behavioral control's insignificant effect on intention. conversely, using structural equation modeling, lim et al. (2016) found significant positive impacts of subjective norms and perceived usefulness, noting an insignificant negative influence of subjective norms on shopping behavior. however, h6 was supported, revealing that behavioral control significantly impacts attitudes toward online shopping (p < 0.001). similarly, h7 showed that promotional discounts significantly affect intention (p < 0.001). again, h8 was also supported, with perceived benefit positively influencing intention (p < 0.001). it aligns with the notion that when consumers perceive tangible advantages like convenience, variety, and time savings, they are more likely to intend to shop online. finally, both h9 (p < 0.001) and h10 (p = 0.143) examined predictors of attitude. while promotional discounts positively influenced attitudes (h9 supported), perceived benefits did not significantly affect attitudes (h10 not supported). monetary incentives play a more immediate role in shaping attitudes than generally perceived benefits, which may act indirectly through satisfaction or loyalty rather than initial attitude formation. conclusions this study examines the factors influencing online shopping behavior by extending the theory of planned behavior (tpb) with ai-based personalization, promotional discounts, and perceived benefits. this study offers unique insights into how ai-driven personalization and incentive strategies influence online shopping intentions by integrating these contemporary variables into a well-established theoretical framework. one of the key contributions of this paper is the empirical validation of ai-based personalization as a significant driver of consumers' online shopping intention, providing evidence for its growing relevance in consumer decision-making processes while also highlighting the limitations of traditional tpb constructs like attitude, subjective norms, and behavioral control in online retail contexts. the findings contribute to behavioral theory by suggesting that consumer behavior models must evolve to accommodate emerging technological influences and shifting consumer priorities in the digital economy. this study provided valuable recommendations for online retailers to invest in ai-driven personalization tools and promotional offers to enhance consumer engagement and conversion. additionally, the mixed significance of traditional tpb predictors suggests that marketing strategies should prioritize situational and transactional factors over purely psychological predictors when targeting online consumers. future research is encouraged to explore the moderating roles of consumer trust, perceived privacy risks, and habitual technology use, as well as to examine these dynamics across different cultural and market settings to enhance the generalizability of these findings. author contributions: conceptualization, s.n. and m.a.r.; methodology, m.a.r.; software, s.n. and m.a.r.; validation, m.h.i. and m.e.h.; formal analysis, s.n. and m.a.r.; investigation, m.e.h.; resources, m.e.h.; data curation, s.n. and m.a.r.; writing – original draft preparation, s.n. and m.a.r.; writing – review & editing, s.n.; visualization, s.n. and m.h.i.; supervision, m.e.h.; project administration, s.n.; funding, s.n. and m.a.r. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: this study was conducted with the authors' funding. however, southeast university, dhaka, bangladesh, provided apc. acknowledgments: we sincerely express our deepest gratitude to the respondents who participated in the data collection for this study. their willingness to share valuable insights and cooperate was essential to the successful completion of this study. again, we would like to thank the entire data enumerator team for their significant efforts in ensuring the accuracy of the data. additionally, we are profoundly grateful to the library staff for their continuous support throughout the study. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references ab hamid, m. r., sami, w., & sidek, m. m. 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(2019). good discounts earn good reviews in return. effects of price promotion on online restaurant reviews. international journal of hospitality management, 77, 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.06.028 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license.` https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102264 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2008.11.006 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3992.2007.00099.x https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(16)00050-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(16)00050-2 https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/effects-online-shopping-attitudes-subjective/docview/233229981/se-2 https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/effects-online-shopping-attitudes-subjective/docview/233229981/se-2 https://doi.org/10.5923/j.economics.20170706.02 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126828 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2004.04.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16418 https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2024/v24i71430 https://doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2016.1145612 https://doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2016.1145612 https://doi.org/10.1108/irjms-09-2021-0127 https://doi.org/10.1108/irjms-09-2021-0127 https://doi.org/10.33050/atm.v6i1.1691 https://doi.org/10.1109/ecti-con60892.2024.10594963 https://doi.org/10.1109/ecti-con60892.2024.10594963 https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2020.1861419 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 36-45 36 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 6 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa corrosion protection ability of polypyrrole coated mild steel in buried sand sanjay singh (a) shova neupane (b) nabin karki (c) dipak kumar gupta (d) amar prasad yadav (e)1 (a)assistant professor, amrit campus and phd scholar, central department of chemistry, tribhuvan university, kirtipur, kathmandu, nepal; e-mail: thesanjaysingh@gmail.com (b)postdoctoral researcher, department of mechanical and electrical engineering, university of southern denmark, denmark; e-mail: shova_n@yahoo.com (c)associate professor, bhaktapur multiple campus, tribhuvan university, bhaktapur, nepal; e-mail: nabin.guess@yahoo.com (d)assistant professor, central department of chemistry, tribhuvan university, kirtipur, kathmandu, nepal; e-mail: deepakguptas2012@yahoo.com (e)professor, central department of chemistry, tu and vice-chancellor, rajarshi janak university, janakpurdham, nepal; e-mail: amar2y@yahoo.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 14th march 2025 reviewed & revised: 14th march 2025 to 12th august 2025 accepted: 14th august 2025 published: 29th august 2025 keywords: electrodeposition, pore free, inhibitor, adherent, high efficiency jel classification codes: l6, l69 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t corrosion prevention is a global issue. one way to reduce metal corrosion is by applying polymer coatings. corrosion prevention increasingly involves the use of polypyrrole (ppy) coatings, which significantly reduce corrosion rates and provide anodic protection. the purpose of this study was to deposit ppy on mild steel (ms) from 0.4 m pyrrole in 0.1 m sodium potassium (na-k tartrate) by cyclic voltammetry (cv). this study employed electrodeposition of ppy on ms by cv and explored its corrosion protection performance in the buried sand medium containing 0.1 m nacl and 0.1 m h2so4 by the potentiodynamic polarization (pdp) method. the results revealed that with an increase in the number of cycles, the cv showed that the ppy layer formed gradually and covered the ms surface. the oxidation peak vanished after the first cycle, and the current increased with the increasing cycles. the synthesized ppy coating was analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (sem), which revealed a compact coating layer with cauliflower-like morphology. it was also examined using an energydispersive x-ray spectrometer (edx), which confirmed the presence of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen elements. the open-circuit potential (ocp) remained constant over time, resulting in a stable film. the corrosion potential also showed a slight change compared to both media. the significant findings of this study were that the ppy coating behaved as a mixed inhibitor in both media, and the corrosion inhibition efficacy of the ppy coating was approximately 99% in h2so4 and 98% in nacl, with good adhesion. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction polypyrrole (ppy) is a fascinating conductive polymer for various reasons, even though polyaniline has received the most attention (stejskal, 2015). it has a conductivity of around 100 s cm-1 (w. li, 2018) in its nanotube form. this is claimed to be one of the highest conductivity values among conducting polymer powders, including polyaniline and poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene) (zhao et al., 2022). the ppy nanotube sustains its conductivity in neutral and alkaline conditions. therefore, it is utilized in energy conversion and energy-storage devices, as well as for corrosion protection, among other applications, due to its strong electrical conductivity, effective physical shielding, and wide range of functionalization options. surface coating is a characteristic alteration technique used to produce a compact layer on the metal surface. a polymer coating is one technique used to mitigate metal corrosion (he et al., 2024). currently, the application of ppy coatings is effective in preventing corrosion, acting as an anodic protection and substantially reducing corrosion rates (dalmoro et al., 2019; hammache et al., 2003). electropolymerization of ppy onto metal surfaces offers several advantages, including the use of a relatively straightforward electrochemical procedure that employs both galvanostatic and potentiostatic methods. the resulting coating exhibits excellent mechanical properties and very high adhesion. it exhibits strong conductivity over a wide ph range and high thermal stability (up to 150°c in air). aguiar et al. (2023) conveyed that the electrochemically synthesized 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-8592-4856 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i6.2509 to cite this article: singh, s., neupane, s., karki, n., gupta, d. k., & yadav, a. p. (2025). corrosion protection ability of polypyrrole coated mild steel in buried sand. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(6), 36-45. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i6.2509 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i6.2509 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9405-6889 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3692-5123 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3858-776x https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6010-9495 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8592-4856 singh et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 36-45 37 ppy with outstanding corrosion protection properties was possible due to the excellent electronic conductivity of ppy (1 scm-2) (aguiar et al., 2023; lin et al., 2025). ppy has been mostly electro-synthesized onto metals such as iron, mild steel (ms), and stainless steel (ss), using oxalic acid (alsingery, 2017; beck et al., 1994). su and iroh (iroh & su, 2000; iroh & wood, 1996) found that the reduction of the ph of oxalic acid enhanced the adherence of ppy to the metal surface. polymer films prepared from extremely acidic solutions are coarse and turbid; however, alkaline solutions can be used to produce thin films. sodium sulphate (trochnagels et al., 1992), benzenesulphonate (iroh & su, 2000), sodium salicylate, and hydrochloric acid were reported as supporting electrolytes (alsingery, 2017; beck et al., 1994; chhipa et al., 2024; hulser & beck, 1990; schirmeisen & beck, 1989). similarly, beck et al. (1994) reported the electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole in an oxalic acid solution over an iron surface (beck et al., 1994; schirmeisen & beck, 1989), resulting in poorly adherent ppy. a manganese oxide film was deposited on the metal surface to enhance ppy adhesion by lowering the ph to 1.4 (jaouhari et al., 2016). de bruyne et al. (1998) achieved successful results (de bruyne et al., 1998). ferreira et al. showed that a 10% aqueous nitric acid treatment inhibited iron dissolution while enabling pyrrole oxidation to proceed (ferreira et al., 1990). depositing polypyrrole on iron in oxalic acid yields smooth ppy layers, exhibiting good corrosion resistance but poor adhesion (beck et al., 1994; rahman & ba-shammakh, 2004). the camphor sulfonic acid-doped conducting ppy on 304 ss was achieved galvanostatically by x. jiang et al. (2017) and l. jiang et al. (2017). it was found that a ppy camphorsulfonic acid coating exhibits low contact resistance and provides robust corrosion protection over a prolonged period due to its barrier effect and anodic protection. furthermore, polypyrrole (ppy) was electrosynthesised in the aqueous solution of sodium salicylate by potentiodynamic techniques, like cv and galvanostatic techniques, which showed a better grading of corrosion prevention in salt solution (jaouhari et al., 2016). in this paper, we report the electropolymerization of a ppy coating on mild steel (ms) using cyclic voltammetry (cv) with a scan rate of 20 mv/s. the attempt is to improve the corrosion protection performance of ppy coatings on the ms surface. a compact and adherent ppy coating has been achieved using sodium-potassium tartrate (na-k tartrate) as the electrolyte, resulting in minimal fe dissolution. the na-k tartrate exhibits a polarization curve comparable to that of oxalic acid, but it results in an improved ppy coating. the primary purpose is to enhance the ppy layer on ms in an aqueous solution of na-k tartrate, serving as an electrolyte to improve corrosion inhibition behavior in a buried sand medium. the study is structured as follows: section 2 reviews the literature on the polymerization of pyrrole and its corrosion prevention behavior, while section 3 details the research materials and methods. section 4 provides the results and discussion, and section 5 summarizes the study's conclusions and potential future implications. literature review the use of polymeric compounds as corrosion inhibitors has increased significantly over the last three decades. conducting polymers, including polythiophene (pth), polypyrrole (ppy), and polyaniline (pani), have opened up new possibilities for the development of corrosion-resistant organic coatings. polypyrrole (ppy) and polyaniline are the most promising conducting polymers for corrosion protection among those available on the market (cheung et al., 1988). polypyrrole (ppy) has been the most studied coating because it requires a slightly neutral ph, which facilitates the discovery of a zinc and iron passivation state (beck et al., 1994; hulser & beck, 1990). in the 19th century, the synthesis of conducting polymers was first reported. in 1979, diaz et al. reported the first free-standing polypyrrole films synthesized electrochemically (cheung et al., 1988). salts such as nbu4bf4 or liclo4 in acetonitrile (with 1% h2o) were used as the solvent/electrolyte to considerably increase the quality and reversible redox capacity of the polypyrrole layers (diaz & castillo, 1980). electrochemical deposition is the most effective method for developing conductive polymer coatings due to their limited processability. coating thickness and shape can be easily controlled by varying potential or current density. it is also a cost-effective method, and can be achieved by using a variety of electrochemical techniques such as potentiostatic, galvanostatic, and cyclic voltammetry (chhipa et al., 2024; de bruyne et al., 1998; hammache et al., 2003). despite these benefits, because of the high oxidation potential of the monomer, one of the most problematic elements of electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole is the risk of metal dissolution before coating development (x. li & zhitomirsky, 2013) the ppy films on pt, au, ti, and v2a were synthesized by schirmeisen and beck in 1989, but not on iron in an aqueous medium containing several anions such as bf4 -, clo4 -, hso4 -, tos-, hco3 -, h2po4-, hpo4 2-, and h2bo3 -. it was discovered that well-adhering ppy layers could be obtained when no3 ions were added to the aqueous medium (schirmeisen & beck, 1989). beck et al. (1994) electropolymerized pyrrole on iron in an oxalic medium, but ppy adhesion was poor. to improve ppy adhesion, they employed a previously formed manganese oxide layer on the working surface. by reducing the ph to 1.4, bruyne et al. achieved successful results (martins et al., 2009). the highly adhesive polypyrrole (ppy) films were prepared by electropolymerizing pyrrole on pretreated iron and mild steel. the results showed that a 10% solution of aqueous nitric acid delays iron solubility without halting pyrrole oxidation. in various aqueous conditions comprising na2so4, k2c2o4, or kno3, extremely adherent thickness-controlled ppy films were formed under constant current conditions. in the presence of kno3, a maximum coulombic efficiency of 95% was achieved at a current density of less than 10 ma/cm2. however, this decreased to 70% and 50% for current densities between 2 and 4 ma/cm², respectively, in the presence of na₂so₄ and k₂c₂o₄ (ferreira et al., 1996). the ppy was galvanostatically deposited on iron in aqueous media, and it was revealed that the majority of aqueous electrolytes prevented the deposition of ppy films on iron. however, when oxalic acid and potassium nitrate were used as the electrolyte, polypyrrole coatings were deposited on the iron (beck et al., 1994; beck & oberst, 1987; schirmeisen & beck, 1989). polypyrrole films were prepared on mild steel using an oxalic acid electrolyte at different temperatures (25-65 °c), current densities (0.5-6.0 ma/cm2), and ph levels (2.0, 4.0, 7.0, and 8.5). pyrrole and oxalic acid concentrations were held singh et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 36-45 38 to 0.1 m each for galvanostatic investigations. the results showed that mild steel was more susceptible to polypyrrole formation in acidic conditions at lower temperatures. when the temperature was higher and the current density was lower, the electrode potentials fluctuated. the worst film quality was observed at ph 7.0, while the most adherent and compact films were formed using an alkaline medium. higher temperature in an alkaline medium, as opposed to an acidic one, promotes the production of superior polypyrrole films (rahman & ba-shammakh, 2004) the electrosynthesis of ppy on copper and brass (cu-zn alloy) electrodes was accomplished by the anodic oxidation of pyrrole in a sodium tartrate (c4h4na2o6, 0.2 m) aqueous solution. the tartrate counterions prevent the working electrode from dissolving by inducing pyrrole electropolymerization and creating a passivation layer on its surface. homogeneous and securely adhering polypyrrole films were electrodeposited on cu and cu-zn alloy electrodes using various electrochemical methods (bazzaoui et al., 2004). both aqueous and non-aqueous solutions containing the monomer and a suitable electrolyte serving as dopant or counterion (including organic and inorganic ions) such as oxalate, perchlorate, naphthalenesulfonate, p-toluene sulfonate (pts), chloride, tetrabutylammonium tetra-fluoroborate (tbafb), sulfate, styrenesulfonate (ss), and polystyrenesulfonate (pss) were found to be able to synthesize polypyrrole (mollahosseini & noroozian, 2009). polypyrrole sheets were electrosynthesized on 316l stainless steel using near-neutral and alkaline solutions that contained molybdate and nitrate (gonzález & saidman, 2011). similarly, polypyrrole was electrochemically prepared on aluminum alloy 37 in the presence of hydroxyquinoline or molybdate anions, and it was reported that the thickness and shape of the electropolymerized polypyrrole had significantly changed (herrasti et al., 2011). the possibility of improving corrosion resistance by coating buried steel with a polypyrrole (ppy) layer was investigated using potentiostatic methods (el-shazly & wazzan, 2012). polypyrrole (ppy) composite coatings on carbon steel, utilizing oxalic acid as the electrolyte and phosphotungstic acid (pw12) as the dopant, were developed using cyclic voltammetry. the coatings were more effective at protecting iron than pure ppy. it was demonstrated that the ppy composite covering was more effective at shielding iron than pure ppy. the capacity and potential for corrosion at the open circuit also increased when the pitting attack occurred on the bare substrate (liu et al., 2017). following the passivation process, an inverted-electrode strategy was employed to enhance the poor adhesion and, consequently, the insufficient anticorrosion efficacy of electropolymerized polypyrrole (ppy) on the copper surface. for this, the compact coating (ppy-i) was deposited on the substrate in a cathodic window. when compared to the counterpart made using the conventional method (ppy-t), morphological and physical characterizations showed that ppy-i exerted a satisfactory adhesion strength as well as appropriate thickness and conductivity (x. zhao et al., 2022) to prevent corrosion in sae 1010 carbon steel, polypyrrole/fe3o4 nanoparticles (fe3o4 nps/ppy) hybrid nanocomposites (hn) were added as anticorrosive additives to an epoxy paint. the electrochemical response of the coated surface with and without hn was analyzed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (eis). it has been demonstrated that, in comparison to the initial epoxy paint made without any corrosion inhibitor, the addition of hn to the epoxy paint may increase the effectiveness of the anticorrosive layer (aguiar et al., 2023). for enhanced protection, carbon steel oil pipelines (api x-52) were coated with a polyaniline (pani)-polypyrrole (ppy) composite using cyclic voltammetry. the effects of several organic and inorganic acids were examined during the electropolymerization of pyrrole and aniline monomers to achieve the optimal coating, as carbon steel is sensitive to acidic solutions. additional experimental parameters, including substrate concentration, potential window, and potential scan rate, were examined and subsequently refined using a box-behnken design (hamtak et al., 2023). when applied in combination with traditional epoxy novolac resin, epoxidized lignin-based coatings showed enhanced adhesion and corrosion protection, as determined by pull-off adhesion testing and exposure to salt spray, respectively. furthermore, the significance of size fractionation for achieving uniformity in the final coating formulations was emphasized. high-performing lignin-based anticorrosive coatings could be developed in a promising way (truncali et al., 2024) when pyrrole was chemically oxidized with ammonium peroxydisulfate in an aqueous solution, iron microparticles were coated with polypyrrole in situ. a range of hybrid organic/inorganic core-shell materials containing 30–76% iron by weight was created. scanning electron microscopy revealed the polypyrrole coating, while raman and ftir spectroscopies confirmed its molecular structure and completeness. the carbonyl iron/polypyrrole composites were produced as powders, and their electrical characteristics were described. sulfuric acid (sa), p-toluenesulfonic acid (ptsa), and 2naphthalenesulfonic acid (2ns) were the three dopants used to prepare the electrodeposition of polypyrrole on aa2024-t3 by applying a constant voltage. using ptsa and 2ns dopants, polypyrrole was effectively electrodeposited onto aa2024t3, demonstrating superior corrosion protection compared to bare aa2024-t3 (lin et al., 2025). electrodeposition of ppy onto mild steel (ms) is a substantial work because the oxidation potential of ms is lower than that of the monomer (pyrrole). since the potential required for the oxidation of monomer is high, it causes either dissolution or formation of passive layers on active metals. the actual reduction potential of pyrrole depends on the character of the dopant anion. the potential required for initiating pyrrole polymerization is high. at this potential, ppy deposition suffers from metal dissolution or the formation of low-conductivity oxides. the proper selection of electrolytes is required. the electrolyte should form a conductive passive film on the metal, allowing further deposition of ppy and enhancing adhesion. in this regard, sodium potassium tartrate (na-k tartrate), an electrolyte, has been chosen, which passivates the ms and provides charge for the oxidation of pyrrole. singh et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 36-45 39 materials and methods materials commercial-grade mild steel (ms) samples measuring 3 cm × 3 cm were purchased from the local market in kathmandu. the ms was composed of carbon (0.17%), silicon (0.40%), manganese (0.8%), phosphorus (0.04%), sulfur (0.04%), and the remaining proportion of iron by weight. it was abraded with sic paper of grades #100, #220, #320, #600, #800, and #1000. dust particles adhered to the sample, and greasy materials were removed by rinsing with acetone. it was then abraded with #1200 and #1500 grade sic paper, sonicated in ethanol for 10 minutes, and air-dried beforehand, before carrying out electropolymerization of pyrrole on the samples and performing electrochemical measurements. pyrrole (c4h4nh), sodium chloride (nacl), sulphuric acid (h2so4), and sodium-potassium tartrate were procured from fischer scientific, india. sodium acetate (merck, india) and acetone (paskem fine chemical, india) were also procured. the sand was collected from the melamchi water supply project in kirtipur. solutions of the required concentrations were prepared as needed for the experiment. electrochemical synthesis of ppy the ppy coating on the abraded ms samples was performed using anodic polarization and cyclic voltammetry (cv) with a hokuto denko ha-151 potentiostat, which was operated by custom labview software running on an ibm computer. in a three-electrode configuration, the ms sample served as the working electrode (we). in contrast, a saturated calomel electrode (sce) was utilized as the reference electrode. a graphite rod was employed for the counter electrode (ce). the coating of polypyrrole on ms was performed by electrochemically in various concentrations of pyrrole and na-k tartrate electrolyte by anodic polymerization. after a series of experiments varying the concentration of pyrrole and na-k tartrate, 0.4 m pyrrole and 0.1 m na-k tartrate were selected as the most suitable concentration composition based on anodic polarization and cyclic voltammetry (cv) measurements. the ppy was deposited on ms using an optimized composition of 0.4 m pyrrole containing 0.1 m na-k tartrate solution by potentiodynamic polarization (pdp). the ppy coating was first achieved through anodic polarization by changing the voltage from -0.6 v to +2.5 v at a scan rate of 1 mv/s. the cv was then performed to electrochemically polymerize pyrrole onto the ms surface at a scan rate of 20 mv/s. the ppy-coated ms was washed with milli-q water after polymerization, subjected to air drying, and stored in a desiccator for the corrosion test. characterization of polypyrrole coating the elemental composition of polypyrrole (ppy) was established using an energy-dispersive x-ray (edx) microscope equipped with a jem-1200ex (jeol, tokyo, japan). the surface structure of the ppy coating was assessed by means of a scanning electron microscope (sem). corrosion test in buried medium the corrosion protection of ms coated with ppy was examined in an artificial corrosive medium. the corrosive condition was created by filling a plastic bottle of equal size with sand of varying concentrations of corrosive substances, such as sodium chloride (nacl) and sulfuric acid (h2so4). the ms and ms coated with ppy were buried in sand. the experimental setup is illustrated in figure 1 below. prior to each polarization measurement, the grazed ms coupons were placed in the test solution for 30 minutes to achieve a constant open-circuit potential (ocp). potentiodynamic polarization was used to examine the ppy coating's corrosion prevention performance by sweeping the potential ±300 mv from the open-circuit potential (ocp) with a 1 mv/s scan rate. the corrosion potential and corrosion current density were acquired by extrapolating the linear tafel segments of the anodic and cathodic curves. applying the relation (1), the inhibition efficiency (ie) was calculated from the corrosion current (icorr) value. inhibition efficiency (ie) in % = 𝒊𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓−𝒊’𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓 𝒊𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓 𝒙 100 (1) where icorr represents the corrosion current density of ms, and i’corr represents the corrosion current density of ppy-coated ms. figure 1. ms and ms coated with ppy buried in the sand singh et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 36-45 40 results and discussions polymerization of pyrrole onto the mild steel surface passivation of the ms surface with an active electrical composition is essential for the polymerization of pyrrole; therefore, selecting the electrolytes is an indispensable and inevitable process. pyrrole undergoes oxidation at a high potential, which makes it challenging to polymerize onto mild steel (ms) surfaces. therefore, the active dissolution of the mild steel surface was observed using acids as electrolytes (hamtak et al., 2023). there was no passivation and polymerization of pyrrole using sulphuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, sodium phosphate, and potassium chloride. therefore, the electroactive passivation of ms is essential for polymerization. as a result, an electrolyte, sodium potassium tartrate (na-k tartrate), with polarization behavior similar to oxalic acid, was chosen for polymerization. polymerization of pyrrole by cyclic voltammetry figure 2 shows the cyclic voltammetry (cv) of polypyrrole (ppy) coating on ms in 0.4 m pyrrole in 0.1 m na-k tartrate. the cv was performed to electrochemically polymerize pyrrole onto the ms surface at a scan rate of 20 mv/s. a concentration of 0.4 m pyrrole in 0.1 m na-k tartrate was used for the deposition of polypyrrole. a potential window ranging from -0.6v to 2.0v was used in this study. in the initial cycle, an oxidation peak appeared at -0.43 v and then vanished in successive cycles. this oxidation peak is associated with the iron oxidation. however, this peak was diminished in subsequent cycles. due to the oxidation of pyrrole, the current began to rise quickly at +0.902 v potential during the cv for optimum concentration. due to the selfcatalytic behavior resulting from the development of ppy, the current changes negatively during positive cycles (x. jiang et al., 2020). in the second cycle, a slight increase in current was observed. it was determined that the monomer oxidation process was responsible for this current rise. meanwhile, the number of cycles also led to an increase in the corresponding oxidation current values. thus, the cv results established that the ppy layer formed gradually and covered the ms surface as the number of cycles increased. furthermore, as the number of scans increased, the thickening of the homogeneous and uniform ppy coatings increased. the outcome shows that the thickness and stability of ppy grew with the number of cycles. figure 2. ppy coatings on ms acquired by cyclic voltammetry in 0.4 m pyrrole + 0.1 m na-k tartrate surface analysis the scanning electron microscopy (sem) image of the ppy-coated ms surface is shown in figure 3. the energy-dispersive x-ray (edx) spectrum is also shown in figure 3. the ppy layer was composed of thick, compact, cauliflower-like coverings (mirzaee et al., 2024). the elements carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and iron are readily apparent in the edx spectra, confirming the development of the ppy coating. it is tough to remove the ppy coatings from the ms surface. this also confirms its adherence to the ms. figure 3. sem image of ppy-coated ms with its corresponding edx elemental analysis -1.50e-04 3.50e-04 8.50e-04 1.35e-03 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 c u rr e n t d e n si ty /a c m -2 potential (v) vs sce first cycle second cycle fifth cycle wt % c 61.96 n 19.59 o 16.98 fe 1.47 singh et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 36-45 41 corrosion study variation of open circuit potential (ocp) with exposure time to study the effectiveness of the ppy layer in preventing corrosion, open-circuit potential (ocp) was recorded for 2 minutes in a sand sample comprising 0.1 m nacl and 0.1 m h2so4, separately, for 30 minutes to achieve a constant open-circuit potential. figure 4 describes the ocp of ms and ppy-coated ms in 0.1 m nacl and 0.1 m h2so4 with time. the ocp of ppy-coated ms remained constant in both media after 12 minutes, indicating the development of a stable film. the uncoated mild steel (ms) ocp was shifted to a more negative potential in 0.1 m h2so4 than in 0.1 m nacl. figure 4. ocp measurement of the ms coupons without and with ppy coatings for 30 minutes ppy-coated ms buried in a sand sample containing 0.1 m nacl solution showed -0.595 v ocp, which is relatively constant after 12 minutes of measurement, and ppy-coated ms shifted to more negative than bare ms. similarly, ppycoated ms showed -0.66 v ocp in a sand sample containing 0.1 m h2so4 solution, which was slightly positive than bare ms and remained constant after 10 minutes. the modest alteration in ocp indicates that the protective thin layer on the ms surface is sturdy. this layer acts as a physical barrier to reduce ms corrosion. the change in ocp of ppy-coated ms in both cases is less than 85 mv compared to ms. this consequently indicates that the ppy coating acts as a mixed corrosion inhibitor. potentiodynamic polymerization the corrosion features of ppy-coated ms in buried sand containing 0.1 m nacl and 0.1 m h2so4 have been investigated. figure 5 shows potentiodynamic polarization curves. the electrochemical parameters obtained and presented in table 1 include corrosion current density (i_corr), corrosion potential (e_corr), anodic and cathodic slopes, and inhibition efficiency (ie). figure 5. potentiodynamic polarization curves showing corrosion protection behavior in 0.1 m h2so4 and 0.1 m nacl compared to the ppy-coated surfaces, the current density on the bare ms surface was significantly higher. in general, improved corrosion protection is reflected by a lowering of icorr (signifying a reduction in the corrosion current). -0.8 -0.75 -0.7 -0.65 -0.6 -0.55 -0.5 -0.45 -0.4 0 10 20 30 p o te n ti al ( v ) time (min) ms in 0.1 m nacl ppy in 0.1 m nacl ms in 0.1 m h2so4 ppy in 0.1 m h2so4 0.000001 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 -0.85 -0.65 -0.45 -0.25 c u rr en t d en si ty ( m a c m -2 ) potential (v) vs sce ms in 0.1 m h2so4 ppy in 0.1 m h2so4 ms in 0.1 m nacl ppy in 0.1 m nacl singh et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 36-45 42 the ppy-coated ms showed a reduction of current density. upon comparison with uncoated ms, the ocp of ppy-coated ms shifted in a positive direction in 0.1 m h2so4, indicating the development of a protective film for the aggressive medium (shabani-nooshabadi et al., 2018; shabani-nooshabadi & karimian-taheri, 2015). likewise, the corrosion potential (ecorr) of ppy-coated ms swung in a negative direction in 0.1 nacl. however, the difference between the uncoated ms and ppycoated ocp values is minimal (< 85 mv), indicating that the ppy coating functions as a mixed-type inhibitor (gvozdenovi et al., 2012; jafari et al., 2016). the cathodic and anodic current density was suppressed significantly in both cases. the effectiveness of the corrosion inhibition was approximately 99%. in an acidic solution, the ppy coating exhibits exceptional resilience to corrosion. in a 0.1 m nacl solution, the cathodic constant (βc) exhibits values of 10^1 mv/decade, corresponding to oxygen reduction. this indicates that ppy coating is an effective barrier that protects the ms surface (mirzaee et al., 2024). these coatings on ms typically show the anodic slope (βa) and cathodic slope (βc) in both acidic and aqueous saline environments (pawar et al., 2006; shabani-nooshabadi et al., 2018). table 1. electrochemical polarization parameters for ppy-coated ms in different media media sample βa (v/decade) βc (v/decade) icorr (ma/cm2) ecorr (v) corrosion rate (mm/year) inhibition efficiency (%) 0.1m h2so4 ms 0.091 -0.200 17.54 -0.694 203.77 ppy coated ms 0.055 -0.199 0.0154 -0.622 0.178 99.91 0.1m nacl ms 0.054 -0.127 1.351 -0.530 15.69 ppy coated ms 0.069 -0.101 0.024 -0.593 0.278 98.22 according to reports, the inhibitory activity of the c–n group adsorbed on the ms surface provides corrosion protection through the ppy coating. both oxidation and reduction reactions are suppressed by ppy's ability to adsorb onto the metal surface (jafari et al., 2016). additionally, studies indicate that using ppy as a corrosion protective layer decreases corrosion currents in acidic and aqueous saline conditions (kumar, 2023; ananda kumar et al., 2008; mahato & cho, 2016; pawar et al., 2006). iron dissolves during the anodic process, while oxygen is reduced on the ppy coating in the specified medium during the cathodic reaction (rajyalakshmi et al., 2020). to explain the above results, the following has to be considered for ms in the above medium: the following reactions happen (rajyalakshmi et al., 2020): oxidation (anodic reaction): fe → fe2+ + 2e reduction (cathodic reaction): h2o + ½ o2 + 2e → 2oh conclusions polypyrrole (ppy) was synthesized from the monomer pyrrole using electrochemical oxidative methods on ms. the main goal of this study was to identify an electrolyte that promotes an adherent ppy coating on ms, capable of providing excellent corrosion protection in buried sand. since electrolytes are crucial for the polymerization of pyrrole onto ms, sodium potassium tartrate (na-k tartrate) was selected as the novel electrolyte because it enhanced pyrrole passivation and polymerization on ms. consequently, ppy was deposited on ms via electrochemical cyclic voltammetry (cv) from 0.1 m pyrrole containing 0.4 m tartrate to prevent corrosion. the cv showed an increase in current with the growth of the ppy film over successive cycles, and the anodic peak disappeared after the first cycle. no anodic dissolution was observed during the cathodic scan. this indicated an excellent alternative for polymerizing pyrrole onto ms surfaces with improved cyclic stability. sem-edx confirmed the formation of a thick, compact, cauliflower-like ppy film on ms, which was highly adherent to ms. the ppy film exhibited significant corrosion inhibition properties for mild steel in a buried sand mixture containing 0.1 m nacl and 0.1 m h2so4. the open circuit potential (ocp) of ppy-coated ms in both media revealed that ppy acted as a mixed-type inhibitor, due to the stable film and consistent potential over time. the anodic and cathodic current densities of ppy-coated ms were significantly reduced in both cases, resulting in inhibition efficiencies of 98.28% and 99.91% in buried sand containing 0.1 m nacl and 0.1 m h2so4, respectively. ppy coating on ms effectively provides corrosion protection in buried sand containing nacl and h2so4. this work assisted in achieving the ideal conditions for effective ppy coating on ms in na-k tartrate solutions. therefore, the outcome demonstrates that the ppy coating obtained in na-k tartrate exhibits outstanding corrosion protection in buried sand. for the polymerization of pyrrole onto ms, the study's findings emphasize the significance of the electrolyte. it also highlights the importance of ppy's adhesion and shape in preventing corrosion in buried sand. this study provides insight into the sustainable development of ppy coating on ms. in the future, both potentiostatically and galvanostatically, pani can be produced, forming a fine and consistent pani layer, which can be further investigated for corrosion prevention. for the material's sustainability, corrosion prevention of ppy in soil and concrete environments can also be investigated. the roughness, morphological shape, and size of the ppy coating can also be investigated by atomic force microscopy (afm) and transmission electron microscopy (tem), as these factors impact adherence to the ms surface and, consequently, its corrosion behavior. the kinetics and the interface mechanism can also be studied. x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (xps) can also be used to analyze the elemental singh et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 36-45 43 composition, chemical state, and electronic state of the element. this provides the information about the elements present, their chemical bonding environment, and their concentration at the surface. author contributions: conceptualization, a.p.y.; methodology, a.p.y. and s.s.; software, s.s.; validation, s.s., s.n. and n.k.; formal analysis, s. s., s.n. and d.k.g.; investigation, s.s.; resources, s.s.; data curation, s.s., n.k. and d.k.g.; writing – original draft preparation, s.s.; writing – review & editing, a.p.y., n.k. and d.k.g.; visualization, a.p.y.; supervision, a.p.y.; project administration, a.p.y. and d.k.g.; funding acquisition, a.p.y. and s.s. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the researcher does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the work was supported by the university grants commission, bhaktapur, nepal, and grant no. ph d -74/75-s&t-04 acknowledgments: the author, sanjay singh, sincerely thanks the university grants commission, bhaktapur, for partial financial support (ph.d. 74/75-s & t-04). the government of india, department of science and technology (dst), is also acknowledged for the india science and research fellowship (isrf) awarded to sanjay singh. the authors appreciate the 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(2022). optimized anticorrosion of polypyrrole coating by inverted-electrode strategy: experimental and molecular dynamics investigations. polymers, 14(7), 1356. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14071356 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 31-46 31 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 9 no 6 (2024) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa green banking evolution: mapping the state-of-the-art of literature liyana ab rahman (a) siti marlia shamsudin (b) maslinawati mohamad (c)1 hairul suhaimi nahar (d) (a)lecturer, faculty of accountancy, universiti teknologi mara perak branch, tapah campus, perak, malaysia; e-mail: liyana748@uitm.edu.my (b) lecturer, faculty of accountancy, universiti teknologi mara perak branch, tapah campus, perak, malaysia; e-mail: sitim008@uitm.edu.my (c) senior lecturer, faculty of accountancy, universiti teknologi mara, selangor branch, puncak alam campus, selangor, malaysia; e-mail: masli856@uitm.edu.my (d) assistant professor, faculty of business administration, tabuk university, tabuk, kingdom of saudi arabia; e-mail: hbinnahar@ut.edu.sa a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 26th july 2024 reviewed & revised: 26th july to 10th december 2024 accepted: 11th december 2024 published: 16th december 2024 keywords: bibliometric analysis, citation network, green banking, scopus, systematic literature review. jel classification codes: g21, q56, q58 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t the urgency to address environmental degradation and climate change has placed significant pressure on financial institutions to adopt sustainable practices. as a primary facilitator of economic activity, the banking sector can mitigate its environmental impact through green banking initiatives. however, despite the increasing importance of sustainable finance, research on the trends, key contributors, and development of green banking still needs to be completed and expanded. this study addresses such issues by investigating the evolution of the green banking literature over an extended period from 1996 to 2021 to map the field's intellectual structure. adopting an established bibliometric approach, this study uses a bibliometric analysis to identify research trends, publication patterns, key authors, and gaps in green banking. a dataset of 115 documents was sourced from the scopus database, covering areas such as economics, finance, and environmental science. using tools such as harzing's publish or perish and vosviewer, citation and co-authorship networks were examined along with keyword co-occurrences. the results show that green banking research has grown exponentially, with most contributions from asia, particularly malaysia. the analysis identified nine research clusters, highlighting key themes such as sustainable development and corporate social responsibility. furthermore, the findings reveal limited collaboration between researchers and suggest that more cross-country studies are needed to enhance global understanding of green banking practices. overall, this study provides the first comprehensive bibliometric review of green banking, offering insights for researchers and policymakers into this growing field's current state and future directions. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction the urgency of tackling the repercussions of global warming and climate change, such as ecological degradation and sea level rise, has increased significantly in recent decades. one of the key drivers of climate change is the constant increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (co2) content, mainly caused by human activity. this challenge becomes particularly difficult in developing nations, where economic revenue relies heavily on a few large corporations, many of which are significant polluters (li, 2023). given its role in meeting clients' credit and investment needs, the bank has taken steps to become a more ecologically responsible institution by implementing green banking (gb) practices. chowdhury and dey (2016) described gb as a banking activity highlighting social, ecological, and environmental concerns to conserve nature and natural resources. triodos bank first introduced gb through its initiatives and launched the “green fund” to fund environmentally friendly projects in 1990 (yadav & pathak, 2013). following their footsteps, banks worldwide have begun taking green initiatives in their banking activities. in 2008, the global financial crisis that struck the world compelled the bank to improve its reputation and restore credibility by encouraging banks to engage in sustainable activities such as incorporating environmental protection, social responsibility, and financial gain into their banking operations (torre olmo et al., 2021). thus, the concept of gb has increased in popularity and has become a reality with the opening of the first green bank on mt. dora, florida, usa, in 2009 (deepa & karpagam, 2018). gb received significant attention in 2012, with the international finance corporation (ifc) establishing the sustainable banking network (sbn) governed by 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0001-8050-1515 © 2024 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i6.2261 to cite this article: rahman, l. a., shamsudin, s. m., mohamad, m., & nahar, h. s. (2024). green banking evolution: mapping the stateof-the-art of literature. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(6), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i6.2261 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i6.2261 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0033-1068 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5218-6156 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8050-1515 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7153-1835 rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 31-46 32 banking authorities and organisations from developing nations. this regulatory body promotes the adoption and development of gb among developing countries following international best practices (bukhari et al., 2019). prior research on gb shows that the bank plays a vital role in reducing the environment's harmful effects by reducing carbon footprint in their internal banking operation and through financing activities in environmentally friendly and green initiatives projects (bukhari et al., 2019; uddin & ahmmed, 2018; deepa & karpagam, 2018). currently, most banking transactions can be performed electronically, including e-statements, emails, internet banking, sms banking, mobile banking, and automated teller machines (atm), to reduce paper usage, solid waste, and energy consumption (julia & kassim, 2020). in addition to preserving the environment, these practices improve banks' financial performance by increasing operating efficiency, reducing the likelihood of manual errors and operational risks, and cutting costs. in terms of financing activities, the bank should be selective by evaluating the client's project's economic and environmental risk, providing credit facilities to those who meet the environmental protection criteria, and fostering the client's green project by granting comparatively lower interest rates and more extended payback period (khairunnessa et al., 2021; julia & kassim, 2020). the united nations (un) introduced the principles for responsible banking (unep finance initiative) in september 2019. this voluntary framework allows banks to commit to increasing their financial support for economically viable activities that are both socially and environmentally sustainable (torre olmo et al., 2021). however, might have negative implications. its transition to a low-carbon economy and information technology (it) to replace manual operations requires continuous innovation owing to the advancement of current technology. the successful implementation of the system also depends on the gadget used, internet connection, and willingness to adopt environmentally friendly banking services. additionally, security concerns and cyber risks undermine the benefits of green practices for banks. banks are also subject to financing-related risks, such as transition, physical, and liability risks, if the client's project pollutes the environment and threatens sustainable living (khairunnessa et al., 2021). consequently, the bank will face legal and reputation risks and a loss of public trust as the bank triggers the client's environmentally harmful activities through loans. thus, by the notion of gb, banks must include a specific section on environmental preservation in credit agreements (nasution et al., 2021). for instance, brazil, bangladesh, china, india, and indonesia have issued mandatory regulatory guidelines on green activities and disclosure (bose et al., 2018). recent research by najera-sánchez (2020) has limited its scope to descriptive bibliometric analysis and covered a shorter analysis period between 2008 and 2019. this study is unique in that it comprehensively examines gb's intellectual structure by employing bibliometric analysis, social network analysis, systematic literature review, and content analysis to assess the state of past gb studies and respond to the established rqs. the coverage period from 1996 to early 2021 chosen in this study allows this study to depict gb's research evolution and trends. this period also included the global financial crisis 2018 and the covid-19 pandemic. the empirical results highlight the scope and quality of current gb knowledge, systematically unveiling the omissions, shortcomings, and hurdles to knowledge growth in the field. the findings primarily add to the existing body of knowledge by offering a detailed grasp of the field's current state and showcasing prospective research routes and areas for future research. the results provide a valuable and up-to-date reference for policymakers, regulators, central banks, and practitioners planning and funding gb projects. the need to preserve nature and scarce resources for current and future generations has led scholars worldwide to explore gb. this study conducted a bibliometric analysis using data from 115 documents in the scopus database. the analysis employed tools like harzing’s publish or perish and vosviewer to examine citation networks and co-authorship trends. thus, this study outlines the core area and current gb dynamics and suggests avenues for future research by identifying the domain's intellectual structure and publication patterns using bibliometric analysis. this is the first study to combine a systematic literature review, bibliometric analysis, social network analysis, and content analysis on gb. accordingly, this study addresses the following research questions (rqs). rq1: what is the current status of gb publications? rq2: what are the present publication trends in the gb literature? rq3: who is the most productive contributor to gb research? rq4: what are the most influential articles on gb? rq5: what are the authorship patterns of publications on gb? rq6: what is the current status of collaboration in the gb literature? rq7: which gb themes are most popular among researchers? rq8: how can we characterise the present-day conceptual structure of gb studies? rq9: what types of issues limit gb research? rq10: which areas of the gb require further investigation? the remainder of this paper is organised as follows. the following section provides a brief description of gb, followed by a materials and methodologies section that outlines the strategy used to find gb-related data in published literature, including the suitable analytical methodologies used. the empirical results, including the functional analysis results, are presented next. the report continues with a discussion of the findings' ramifications. literature review gb is related to ethical, sustainable, or environmentally friendly banking (kurowski et al., 2022; nenavath, 2022). this notion has been implemented in many nations and has evolved into a new way of conducting banking operations while addressing environmental issues without creating any harm (arumugam & chirute, 2018). green has been adopted to preserve clean and healthier environments to sustain natural resources and future generations (masukujjaman et al., 2016). omar and amran (2017) asserted that companies must be more responsible and transparent toward sustainability and environmental issues. gb is an eco-socially reliable banking framework that leads to riskless banking and supports activities rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 31-46 33 that can save the environment (abuseif et al., 2023; arumugam & chirute, 2018). as the government commonly controls the banking system, the government is responsible for formulating legal policies to address environmental issues by providing clear guidelines and sufficient motivation for financial institutions to contribute to a greener world and increase environmental awareness (nenavath, 2022; miah et al., 2021). when financial institutions' contributions to protecting the environment are well recognised and appreciated, they feel encouraged and continue to participate in the future. over the years, the adoption of gb has been extensively discussed in the literature (najera-sanchez, 2020; islam & das, 2013). the banking industry is vital to economic growth (ruan et al., 2023; zhou & zhang, 2023; rachman & saudi, 2021). therefore, minimising the negative environmental impact of economic growth is critical. najera-sanchez (2020) asserted that the banking industry is vital in channeling funds and making investment and lending decisions. miah et al. (2021) argued the significant role played by the banking industry in preserving and maintaining the green environment. therefore, gb is critical for risk reduction and long-term sustainability. society has also been increasingly concerned about safe products and services for the environment and expects businesses to show their environmental responsibilities by implementing green policies (rodrigues et al., 2023; miah et al., 2021). they will choose a brand with a good sustainability record, causing going to green practice to become no longer an option but necessary. consistent with the green concept, many companies have created energy-efficient products and services that can help sustain and slow the consumption of natural resources. to obtain a competitive edge, banks can demonstrate their dedication to their corporate social responsibility (csr) initiatives and educate consumers about their sustainability credentials. adopting a proper green framework and strategy facilitates this practice. companies will remain competitive and sustainable in the global market if they become eco-friendly, as consumers are increasingly attracted to businesses with solid green credentials. prior research suggests that consumers perceive eco-friendly banks as high in value and are most likely to choose the gb approach over non-green banks. ibe-enwo et al. (2019) and rodrigues et al. (2023) found that when consumers choose which bank to keep their money in, the concern is whether the services offered could improve their well-being and preserve the environment. thus, in response to banking customers' need for banks to provide better economic, social, and environmental services, the banking industry has evolved towards gb in its operations and financial services to demonstrate its dedication to sustainable banking. practising gb creates a competitive advantage, creating a green image for the bank's brand, thus retaining customer loyalty. banks would also gain a positive image through marketing strategies that show customers how to protect their environment. this effort indicates that banks are committed to protecting the environment through operations, services, and socially responsible activities. this indirectly helps strengthen relationships with stakeholders, and most importantly, customers feel confident buying their products or services egb approach primarily adopts operational techniques that do not harm the environment compared with the conventional banking approach (islam & das, 2013). arumugam and chirute (2018) provided seven activities that should be maintained in the banking system to reflect gb. these are online banking, green accounts, green financing, power-saving equipment, green debits, credit cards, paperless transactions, and mobile banking. most banks have transformed their dayto-day banking operations to decrease paper usage and depend more on electronic transactions than paperwork. reduced paper usage indirectly prevents more trees from being chopped down. miah et al. (2021) found that some banks adopted green policies like black-and-white printing instead of color printing. islam and das (2013) and al mulla and nobanee (2020) highlighted green activities that are possible for internal operations that include a paperless banking system, sharing files electronically instead of paper memos, using online communication, using paper on both sides for internal consumption, using energy-saving bulbs and video conferencing instead of physical travel. most banks have also moved toward digital systems, such as mobile banking and online systems, instead of manual transactions to save energy and paper (mirza et al., 2023). curcio et al. (2023) and al mulla and nobanee (2020) find that the online banking system positively affects environmental sustainability. through online banking, customers can enjoy online payments, money transfers, and bank accounts anytime, anywhere. customers can use credit cards instead of cash when shopping. masukujjaman et al. (2016) suggest that banks must engage in energy-saving innovation and technology involving installing renewable energy technology like solar panels to reduce carbon footprint. green technology investment requires significant initial investment and often becomes a major complexity. however, even though the initial costs of adoption are substantial, they are worthwhile in terms of environmental protection, long-term cost savings, and boosting operating profit and productivity in bank operations. banks have a social responsibility to limit their influence on the environment through their decisions due to their significant role in offering loans, investments, and various financial services. some banks offer green loans that provide financial assistance with lower interest rates for environmental benefits such as renewable energy, sustainable housing, and recycling projects. in contrast, some banks have implemented a green lending policy that limits approval to environmentally friendly projects. accordingly, a project that could harm the environment would be rejected or charged with a higher interest rate (omar & amran, 2017). according to miah et al. (2021), certain banks in oman decline to approve vehicle financing for vehicles exceeding three years of age because the newer models come with environmentally friendly technologies that could help save the environment. additionally, banks could demand that developers build eco-friendly residences or energy-efficient homes and ensure compliance with environmental regulations to approve their loan applications. prior literature suggests that banks should be more lenient in approving projects that adopt green technology (zhou & zhang, 2023; xiang et al., 2023; miah et al., 2021). in short, when a bank supports a green project that protects the environment, it also encourages the development of green financing and boosts the economy. gb practices also have a positive impact on investors' perceptions. investors become eco-conscious, and investment decisions are not only based on high returns and low risk but also on whether the company is socially ethical. arumugam and chirute (2018) suggested that gb encourages environmentally responsible rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 31-46 34 investments by conveying a thought that promotes more ethical and proactive behaviour on the part of banks. al mulla and nobanee (2020) found that preferences for environmental commitment highly influence investment decisions. green investing is becoming increasingly popular as companies discover multiple benefits from efficiently addressing issues associated with sustainability. some stakeholders are willing to abandon some investment returns in exchange for environmental benefits. companies are keen on investing in green innovation because of the prolonged impact of ecoefficiency standards. reducing the ecological impact maximises the return on investment, minimises risk, and enhances firm value. the bank contributes to csr initiatives by participating in gb, leading to a better social life, improving the environment, and achieving its objective. materials and methods research within a scientific field plays a pivotal role in shaping its structural characteristics. bibliometric analysis helps assess the research structure of a particular field (castriotta et al., 2019). bibliometric analysis is a forward-thinking and meticulous approach to research and analyse scientific evidence. the combination of bibliometric and social network analyses enables the identification of the research area and critical topics (tunger & eulerich, 2018). bibliometric analysis effectively helps discover current trends and potential research areas (li et al., 2017). this study combines bibliometric analysis with a thorough review of the gb literature. other relevant analyses include citations, co-citations, keyword cooccurrences, pagerank, and co-authorship. these findings align with those from earlier research (e.g., persson et al., 2009), where widely-used software tools like harzing's publish or perish, vosviewer, and excel were employed to conduct the analyses. first, this study searched and obtained past publications on gb from scopus on 8 october 2021. as shown in figure 1, the search for data relied on the article's title related to gb. the data were chosen subject to the areas of economics, econometrics, and finance ("econ"); social sciences ("soci"); business, management, and accounting ("busi"); environmental science ("envi"); and arts and humanities ("arts"). the query retrieved 115 documents related to gb, which was the basis for performing bibliometric analysis, citation analysis, and frequency computations. figure 1 shows the process flow involved in searching for data from scopus. vosviewer software was used to conduct bibliometric analysis, while harzing publish or perish software was used to generate the citation metrics. microsoft excel was used to compute the frequencies, design charts, and graphs. figure 1. flowchart of processes involved. modified from prisma (moher et al., 2009) results and discussions documents profiles this section answers rq1 (what is the current status of gb publication?) the results are shown in tables 1–4. table 1 shows the frequency of total publications according to the document type. this indicates that more than two-thirds (83,72.17%) of the 115 documents were articles, 14 (32.92%) were conference papers, and 9 (8.38%) were book chapters. five (4.35%) documents were review articles, three (2.61%) were books, and one (0.87%) was a note. as presented in table 2, these documents were sourced from journals (94,81.74%), books (9,7.83%), conference proceedings (8,6.96%), and book series (4,3.48%). rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 31-46 35 table 1. document type document type total publication percentage (n=115) article 83 72.17% conference paper 14 12.17% book chapter 9 7.83% review 5 4.35% book 3 2.61% note 1 0.87% table 2. source type source type total publication percentage (n=115) journal 94 81.74% book 9 7.83% conference proceeding 8 6.96% book series 4 3.48% table 3 shows the languages used in the documents related to gb, with almost all documents written in english (113:98.26%) and the remaining documents (2:1.74%) written in russian. table 3. languages language total publication percentage (n=115) english 113 98.26% russian 2 1.74% in terms of subject area, table 4 reports the distribution of 115 documents into several areas, with documents listed in more than one subject area. the majority of documents appeared under economics, econometrics, and finance (58:50.53%), followed by social sciences (54:46.96%), business, management, and accounting (45:39.13%), environmental science (42:36.525%), and arts and humanities (5:4.35%). table 4. subject area subject total publication percentage arts and humanities 5 4.35% business, management, and accounting 45 39.13% economics, econometrics and finance 58 50.43% environmental science 42 36.52% social sciences 54 46.96% the answers to rq2 (what are the present publication trends in gb literature?) are reported in figure 2 and table 5, illustrating the publication trends by utilising the total publications by year, country, journal, contributing author, and organisation. publications by year figure 2 illustrates the relevant data on research trends related to gb. the first gb publication was published in 1996, entitled "sustainable banking with the poor," written by l. bennett and c.e. cuevas. this article has garnered references from 25 publications over 25 years. a publication pause occurred when another gb document was published in 2008. before 2014, the publication rate ranged from one to three publications annually. however, in 2014, the number of publications increased to four (4) and increased exponentially to fourteen in 2018. despite the modest number of gb papers recorded each year, the total citations from 2016 were impressive, especially in 2018, when the total citations stood at 168. the comprehensive findings regarding the publications and their cumulative citations over the 25 years are presented in table 5. figure 2. total publications and citations by year 1996 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 tc 25 0 7 0 18 0 8 6 61 48 168 62 114 45 tp 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 4 8 9 14 11 24 32 growth 0% 0% 100% -50% 200% -67% 300% 0% 100% 13% 56% -21% 118% 33% -100% 0% 100% 200% 300% 400% 0 50 100 150 200 rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 31-46 36 table 5. year of publication year tp % ncp tc c/p c/cp h g 1996 1 0.87% 1 25 25.00 25.00 1 1 2008 1 0.87% 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 2009 2 1.74% 2 7 3.50 3.50 1 2 2011 1 0.87% 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 2012 3 2.61% 3 18 6.00 6.00 2 3 2013 1 0.87% 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 2014 4 3.48% 4 8 2.00 2.00 2 2 2015 4 3.48% 4 6 1.50 1.50 2 2 2016 8 6.96% 8 61 7.63 7.63 5 7 2017 9 7.83% 9 48 5.33 5.33 4 6 2018 14 12.17% 14 168 12.00 12.00 6 12 2019 11 9.57% 11 62 5.64 5.64 4 7 2020 24 20.87% 24 114 4.75 4.75 7 10 2021 32 27.83% 32 45 1.41 1.41 4 5 notes. tp, total number of publications; ncp, number of cited publications; tc, total citations; c/p, average citations per publication; c/cp, average citations per cited publication; h, h-index; g, g-index. publishing activity by country this portion addresses rq3 (which contributors are the most prolific in gb research?) by examining the findings from observations in nations that have published gb-related research. as shown in table 6, which lists the top 10 countries contributing to gb publications, malaysia has the highest contribution (21:18.26%), while bangladesh and india share the second position (14:12.17%). a global map in figure 3 illustrates each country's aggregate number of publications. table 6. top 10 countries contributed to the publications country total publication percentage malaysia 21 18.26% bangladesh 14 12.17% india 14 12.17% united kingdom 10 8.70% china 8 6.96% pakistan 8 6.96% spain 7 6.09% australia 5 4.35% indonesia 5 4.35% united states 5 4.35% figure 3. publications by countries publishing activity by journal rq3 is further answered by analysing the journal's publishing activity, in which the documents can be traced to 84 different journals. the top 10 most active source titles in gb publications are tabulated in table 7, including information on scimago journal rank (sjr), which effectively measures weighted citations received by the series. the results suggest that sustainability switzerland is the most active journal publishing gb articles (11:9.57%), followed by the international journal of green economics (7:6.09%) and environment development and sustainability (6:5.22%). rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 31-46 37 table 7. most active source title source title tp percentage (n= 115) bq 2020 sjr 2020 sustainability switzerland 11 9.57% q2 0.33 international journal of green economics 7 6.09% q3 0.22 environment development and sustainability 6 5.22% q2 0.6 international journal of asian business and information management 3 2.61% q2 0.18 e3s web of conferences 2 1.74% 0.2 finance research letters 2 1.74% q1 1.34 finance theory and practice 2 1.74% n/a n/a iop conference series earth and environmental science 2 1.74% 0.18 journal of islamic marketing 2 1.74% q2 0.52 journal of sustainable finance and investment 2 1.74% q2 0.45 notes. tp=total number of publications; bq=best quartile; sjr=scimago journal rank publishing activity by author and organization regarding authors and organisations, 308 authors from 160 different organisations were identified in gb’s publication activities. a list of the top ten authors and institutions that significantly influenced gb publications is presented in table 8. it shows that n. nisha from the north-south university, bangladesh, is the most productive author in the gb literature (6: 5.22%), followed by m. iqbal, who is also from the same institution (5: 4.35%). it is also apparent that north–south university in bangladesh is the most influential institution, with six (5.22%) publications, followed by universiti sains malaysia in malaysia, esic business and marketing school, madrid in spain, and graduate school of business, universiti sains malaysia, all with five (4.35%) publications. table 8. most active authors and institutions author name tp percentage (n=115) affiliation country nisha, n. 6 5.22% north-south university bangladesh iqbal, m. 5 4.35% north-south university bangladesh amran, a. 4 3.48% universiti sains malaysia malaysia bukhari, s.a.a. 4 3.48% universiti sains malaysia malaysia hashim, f. 4 3.48% universiti sains malaysia malaysia julia, t. 4 3.48% international islamic university malaysia malaysia kassim, s. 4 3.48% international islamic university malaysia, institute of islamic banking and finance malaysia rifat, a. 4 3.48% north-south university bangladesh bose, s. 3 2.61% university of newcastle australia , h.z. 3 2.61% canberra business school australia citation network analysis the answer to rq4 (which articles are the most influential on gb?) was obtained by examining the citation networks of all 115 documents. such citation analysis aims to assess the impact of each gb document based on the number of citations (baker et al., 2020). harzing’s publish or perish software was used to perform citation analysis; the results are presented in table 9. this shows 562 citations over 25 years (1996–2021). the average number of citations per year was 22 and the average number per document was 5. table 9. citation metrics metrics data papers 115 citations 562 years 25 cites/year 22.48 cites/paper 4.89 authors/paper 2.68 h-index 13 g-index 18 the results further identified that the most cited article, 'from sustainability accounting to a green financing system: institutional legitimacy and market heterogeneity in a global financial center' by a.w. ng, published in 2018, received 40 citations. the average number of citations per year was 13 and the average number per author was 40. table 10 showcases the most frequently cited publications concerning gb. utilising vosviewer software, a network map was generated to illustrate the connections among the cited documents. figure 4 presents the network map of citations by document, where the citation count for the documents was set to one. among the 115 documents, 76 surpassed the threshold and generated eight clusters on the network map. the largest circle, bose et al. (2018), with 38 citations, had five links to other gb-related publications. the second-largest circle is h. sun et al. (2020), boasting 20 citations and establishing four links to other publications in the network. rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 31-46 38 table 10. highly cited articles authors title year source cites cites/ year cites/ author a.w. ng from sustainability accounting to a green financing system: institutional legitimacy and market heterogeneity in a global financial center 2018 journal of cleaner production 40 13.33 40 s. bose, h.z. , a. rashid, s. islam what drives green banking disclosure? an institutional and corporate governance perspective 2018 asia pacific journal of management 38 12.67 10 o. weber, b. feltmate sustainable banking: managing the social and environmental impact of financial institutions 2016 sustainable banking: managing the social and environmental impact of financial institutions 26 5.2 13 l. bennett, c.e. cuevas sustainable banking with the poor 1996 journal of international development 25 1 13 f.j. forcadell, e. aracil sustainable banking in latin american developing countries: leading to (mutual) prosperity 2017 business ethics 22 5.5 11 d. carlucci, f.a.f. ferreira, g. schiuma, m.s. jalali, n.j.s. antã³nio a holistic conception of sustainable banking: adding value with fuzzy cognitive mapping 2018 technological and economic development of the economy 21 7 4 h. sun, m.r. rabbani, n. ahmad, m.s. sial, c. guping, m. zia-ud-din, q. fu csr, co-creation and green consumer loyalty: are green banking initiatives important? a moderated mediation approach from an emerging economy 2020 sustainability (switzerland) 20 20 3 c. zhixia, m.m. hossen, s.s. muzafary, m. begum green banking for environmental sustainability-present status and future agenda: experience from bangladesh 2018 asian economic and financial review 20 6.67 5 k. kumar, a. prakash developing a framework for assessing the sustainable banking performance of the indian banking sector 2019 social responsibility journal 17 8.5 9 s. dãrry, c. schulz green financing interrupted. potential directions for sustainable finance in luxembourg 2018 local environment 16 5.33 8 figure 4. network visualization map of citation by documents rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 31-46 39 figure 5. network visualization map of the citation based on countries extending further analysis, figure 5 presents a network visualisation map of citations in the 13% base countries. the analysis sought to investigate references made in publications linked to a specific country. a minimum requirement of at least one document from a country and at least one citation from that country was established to build this network map. this resulted in 39 countries (out of 50) meeting the threshold, generating nine clusters with 98 links. a highly cited country is measured based on each country's link strength with publications from other countries. based on the map, malaysia (21 publications) has the most published gb literature cited by others, with 15 links. india had 14 documents cited by other publications and 18 links, followed by bangladesh, with 14 cited documents and 15 links. co-authorship analysis to address rq5 (what are the authorship patterns of the publication in gb?), an analysis was conducted using ms excel and harzing's publish perish software. this involved calculating the number of authors per document and identifying the most prolific author in gb publications. table 11 lists the authors for each of the 115 documents in gb, generating 308 authors with a maximum of seven authors in a single document. according to the frequency calculation, 22 publications (19.13 %) were published by a single author. there were 31 (33.33%) publications with two authors and 36 (31.30%) with three authors. table 11. number of author(s) per document authors count total publication percentage (n=115) 1 22 19.13% 2 31 26.96% 3 36 31.30% 4 20 17.39% 5 2 1.74% 6 2 1.74% 7 2 1.74% the rq6 (what is the current status of collaboration in gb literature?) was determined by generating a network utilization map of co-authorship among the authors, as shown in figure 6. a complete counting method and a minimal number of papers and citations of an author (set at 1 for both) were selected for this analysis. these generated 180 authors (out of 268 authors) who met the threshold, with only two clusters reported with 14 links. each cluster represents the authors' collaboration in their respective gb fields. bukhari, hashim, and amran from malaysia are prominent authors in terms of collaborators, as shown in figure 6. the visualisation map further indicates that collaborative efforts across countries are limited. figure 6. network visualization map of the co-authorship of authors rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 31-46 40 keyword and co-occurrence analysis the answer to rq7 (which themes of gb are most popular among researchers?) was generated using vosviewer software, which determined the frequent themes used in gb publications. based on 115 data points obtained from scopus, cooccurrence based on the authors' keywords, co-occurrence of title and abstract fields, and co-occurrence of title fields was examined. the co-occurrence of the author keywords network map was generated using the full counting method, and the minimum number of occurrences of a keyword was set to 1. this resulted in 288 keywords that met the threshold ( 331 keywords). based on the network visualisation map shown in figure 7, ‘green banking’ is a frequently used keyword in addition to sustainable banking, green financing, climate change, and sustainable development. figure 7: network visualization map of the co-occurrence of author keywords the keyword occurrences were further detailed to investigate the number of publications that used the keywords, and the frequency computation was conducted using microsoft excel. according to the results presented in table 12, ‘green banking’ (32:27.83%) is the most used keyword in gb publications. other keywords appeared on the network map, such as ‘sustainability (26:22.61%), ‘banking’ 21:18.26%), and ‘sustainable development’ (18:15.65%). table 12. top keywords keywords total publication percentage green banking 32 27.83% sustainability 26 22.61% banking 21 18.26% sustainable development 18 15.65% sustainable banking 17 14.78% corporate social responsibility 13 11.30% bangladesh 10 8.70% green financing 10 8.70% climate change 9 7.83% green economy 8 6.96% green finance 7 6.09% figure 8. network visualization map of the co-occurrence network based on title and abstract fields rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 31-46 41 figure 8 shows the network visualisation map of a term co-occurrence network based on the title and abstract fields used in the gb publications. based on the text data, binary counting was chosen, with the minimum number of occurrences of a term set to two occurrences. this resulted in 553 terms meeting the threshold (out of 2,757 terms). from the 328 terms, 60% (the default setting) were identified as pertinent, forming nine thematic clusters. these themes were derived from analysing the title and abstract fields. cluster 1 shows the agriculture sector, community, financial crisis, financial market, and features. cluster 2 shows the environmental impact, advancement, financial benefit, indirect impact, and lending. acceptance, behavioural intention, borrower, carbon emissions, environmental friendliness, and customer intention are listed in cluster 3, whereas cluster 4 shows the best practices, competitive advantage, economic benefits, green banking guidelines, and regulations. cluster 5 consists of ability, availability, green banking products, a green economy, and energy efficiency: cluster 6 lists bank loyalty, customer perception, environmental aspects, green behaviour, and seriousness. cluster 7 contains banking operations, friendly lending policies, competitors, and a comprehensive understanding. cluster 8 compares conventional banks, green banking performance, green banking policies, green performance, transparency, and islamic banks. cluster 9 consists of advantages, bank profitability, green banking disclosure, regulatory setting, and significant impacts. figure 9. network visualisation map of a term co-occurrence network based on title fields (binary counting). figure 10. density visualization map of a term co-occurrence network based on title fields (binary counting) rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 31-46 42 figure 10 shows the focus of gb publications, marked in yellow. the higher the yellow colour density, the higher the concentration. based on the 115 papers gathered from scopus, the framework, performance, development, and case study are the main topics of publications associated with gb. the terms with a lower density, such as effectiveness, sustainable banks, digitalisation, and assessing bank performance, suggest that fewer studies have been conducted and explored in the context of gb. literature classification the rq8 (what is the current intellectual framework for gb research?) examined the scholarly framework of gb research by applying content analysis techniques. the findings previously discussed show that 78 out of 115 gb documents were referenced together by other publications within the network, resulting in the formation of nine distinct groupings. these are elaborated on below. cluster 1: agriculture sector, community, financial crisis, financial market, and feature. cluster 1 focuses on the most impactful gb-related sectors: agriculture, renewable energy sources, and other environmentally friendly sectors. client-created pollution hurts climate change, jeopardizes community health, and affects the image and reputation of the banks. the banking industry's image, profitability, and risk of failure were severely affected by the 2008 financial crisis. as a result, numerous financial institutions turned to a gb strategy to restore public confidence. previous studies documented consistent results of rapid development in gb, suggesting its significant acceptance in the financial market. miroshnichenko and mostovaya (2019) document green loans' rapid development and expansion due to their flexible provision and availability conditions. a separate investigation by najera-sanchez (2020) highlighted the swift progression of research examining how banks' sustainability initiatives impact their competitive edge. this results from setting up a statistical description of the principal features of sustainable banking research. the articles in this cluster share a common focus on gb development. cluster 2: environmental impact, advancement, financial benefit, indirect impact, and lending. the documents under this cluster discuss how banks implement gb practices to reduce the negative environmental impact. as for internal operations, the advancement of technology has replaced the traditional banking system. most banking transactions can be done online, thus benefiting the bank in cost savings. initial studies sought to ascertain how financial institutions manage their banking operations' direct and indirect effects on society and the environment (weber & feltmate, 2016). this grouping centres on the idea that financial institutions should reassess their credit policies to avoid disadvantaging those involved in environmental pollution. cluster 3: acceptance, behavioral intention, borrower, carbon emission, environmentally friendly, and customer intention. the documents in this cluster share a common focus on the customer's behavioural intentions and willingness to embrace gb strategies and regulations. according to research by miroshnichenko and mostovaya (2019), several key factors influence borrowers' decision-making regarding green loans. these factors include reputational considerations, societal and equity pressures, regulatory requirements, the availability of alternative funding sources, credit profiles, accessibility, and capital prerequisites. thus, to reduce carbon emissions and be an environmentally friendly institution, banks must investigate factors affecting the customers' intention to use gb products (manolas et al., 2017). cluster 4: best practices, competitive advantage, economic benefit, green banking guidelines, and regulations. cluster 4 focuses on gb's best practices that provide a competitive advantage over their non-sustainable bank counterparts. in order to ensure that gb practices give advantages in terms of economic and environmental benefits, regulatory authorities play a vital role in forming gb guidelines or policies for adoption (ng, 2018; bukhari et al., 2019) and enforcing gb disclosure (bose et al., 2018). cluster 5: ability, availability, green banking product, green economy, and energy efficiency. this cluster demonstrates the banks' ability to provide gb products to customers. support for a green economy also depends on the availability of energy-efficient equipment, improvement of online financing, integration of ecological hazards with primary risks, and alternative perspectives on strategy development (islam et al., 2014). a supportive regulatory environment, stakeholders, a knowledgeable workforce, and green capabilities are necessary to adopt gb practices successfully. cluster 6: bank loyalty, customer perception, environmental aspect, green behavior, and seriousness. this cluster emphasises the banks' green image, significantly increasing bank loyalty. in addition to its environmental aspects, banks need to focus on customer perception while receiving gb services. the articles in this cluster share a common theme: they examine the commitment of bank staff to environmentally friendly practices and their dedication to implementing green behaviour in the workplace. these areas are fundamental to creating awareness among the bank's employees and clients to ensure financial, social, and environmental benefits. rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 31-46 43 cluster 7: banking operation, friendly lending policy, competitor, and comprehensive understanding. in this cluster, the literature provides a comprehensive understanding of what influences banks’ adoption of gb practices in their banking operations. the pressure received by banks from internal and external parties, including competitors, has triggered them to implement more socially and environmentally friendly lending policies (tan et al., 2017). cluster 8: comparison, conventional bank, green banking performance, green banking policy, green performance, transparency, and islamic bank. most of the literature in this cluster compares the green performance of islamic banks to that of conventional banks. this cluster relies on the idea that shariah-compliant gb policies improve gb performance in terms of reputation (bose et al., 2018) while preserving faith, intelligence, and wealth circulation (julia & kassim, 2020). cluster 9: advantages, bank profitability, green banking disclosure, regulatory setting, and significant impact. this cluster focuses on the advantages of gb in terms of bank profitability. initially, researchers attempted to identify factors contributing to bank profitability, such as sustainable banking practices (torre olmo et al., 2021), gb policy, capital adequacy, non-performing loans (npl), bank efficiency, and bank liquidity. gb disclosures also increase towards (torre olmo et al., 2021). thus, regulatory guidance is vital for enhancing gb disclosures (bose et al., 2018). impediments to current research the answers to rq9 (what kinds of issues obstruct gb research?) were obtained using a systematic review and content analysis to identify several factors that impede the growth of gb literature. as gb is a new phenomenon and is still evolving, research needs to be improved by the scarcity of available data, particularly when assessing the effective implementation of gb practices. most banks are in the initial stages of gb adoption, and regulatory authorities are still working on proper policy guidelines. the results presented earlier also revealed a need for more academic collaboration among scholars locally and globally in the gb area. therefore, more international academic cooperation is necessary to contribute to the creation of a widely acknowledged gb framework. acceptance of the bank's clients is critical for successfully implementing gb practices. the analysis results presented earlier also reveal a need for more research on client demographics that needs to be improved. most research has focused on client perception and factors influencing clients' behavioural intentions toward gb, such as reliability, privacy, responsiveness, empathy, and information quality (rifat et al., 2016). therefore, future research must focus on client demographics, such as education and professional backgrounds. highly educated clients are usually aware of how climate change affects society and the environment. this demographic information will help banks tackle clients by using gb products. another area for improvement in gb research is the need for more theoretical and practical frameworks for gb adoption that can be used globally to ensure uniformity and consistency. this framework is essential for banks to identify the factors that can positively influence and facilitate the adoption of gb (bukhari et al., 2019). finally, the need for a proper framework for assessing any risks associated with gb hinders the growth of its literature despite continuing progress. though the impact of gb practices may differ across countries due to geographical factors, research is needed to measure the green financing risks so that banks can take precautions such as restricting financing policies. avenues for future research finally, this section answers rq10 (what areas of gb require further investigation?). below are some research gaps that future scholars can address: there is a need for future studies on a proper framework or model for gb adoption, performance, and risk. existing conceptual studies are more on the preliminary stage of implementation, such as examining the bankers' attitude towards the adoption of gb initiatives (rifat et al., 2016), client views and perception towards gb products (rifat et al., 2016; manolas et al., 2017), motivating banks to move toward a sustainable banking operating system (tan et al., 2017; laskowska, 2018) and exploring the phenomenon of the adoption of sustainability financing (ng, 2018). although a recent study proposed gb best practices for adoption (bukhari et al., 2019) and designed a policy framework to address the relevant sustainable development goals (sdg) objectives (sinha et al., 2021), comprehensive studies addressing gb adoption and implementation are still needed. future research is expected to urge regulatory authorities to develop regulations and enhance gb disclosure as a part of annual reporting. previous findings also revealed that most current gb studies focus on a single country setting. consequently, there is a demand for studies spanning multiple nations to gain a deeper insight into the characteristics of gb practices implemented by various countries in order to achieve alignment in policies. future studies on other corporate governance mechanisms that influence gb are also needed to monitor the functions of the monitoring body to ensure content enforcement of gb practices. moreover, additional studies should examine how gb practices affect other performance metrics, given that torre olmo et al. (2021) assert that conventional factors influencing bank profitability fail to account for the enhanced earnings of sustainable banks. they propose considering non-tangible competitive advantages, including brand perception, client retention, diminished reputational hazards, and ethical considerations. conclusions this study offers an inclusive scientific mapping analysis of global literature on gb from 1996 to early 2021. this is a crucial resource for academics, government officials, financial backers, and regulatory bodies as it offers a vital understanding of gb studies' character and progression. this research utilised various analytical approaches, encompassing rahman et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 9(6) (2024), 31-46 44 the examination of publication trends, mapping of citation and collaborative networks, analysis of co-occurrence and cocitation patterns, bibliometric evaluation, comprehensive literature review, and in-depth content assessment. research indicates eco-friendly banking practices contribute to a green reputation, customer trust, and client retention (ibe-enwo et al., 2019), leading to higher profitability (torre olmo et al., 2021). although various authors contribute to the literature globally, the present study must identify collaboration among authors from different countries. this study identifies several impediments to advancing knowledge in this area and provides future research directions for further investigation. even with the contributions outlined above, this study has limitations related to the inclusion of publications up to early 2021 only and the possibility of exploring additional forms of analytics, such as page rank analysis. author contributions: conceptualization, l.a.r., s.m.s., m. m. and h.s.n.; methodology, m. m.; software, l.a.r.; validation, l.a.r., s.m.s., m. m. and h.s.n.; formal analysis, l.a.r., s.m.s., m. m. and h.s.n.; investigation, l.a.r.; resources, l.a.r.; data curation, l.a.r.; writing –original draft preparation, l.a.r., s.m.s., m. m. and h.s.n.; writing –review & editing, l.a.r., s.m.s., m. m. and h.s.n.; visualization, l.a.r., supervision, m. m.; project administration, m. m.; funding acquisition, l.a.r., s.m.s., and m. m. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: ducs-faculty grant scheme (600-uitmsel pi. 5/4 (098/2022); universiti teknologi mara (uitm), malaysia. acknowledgments: this work was supported by the faculty of accountancy, universiti teknologi mara, selangor branch, puncak alam campus, selangor, malaysia, through the ducs grant scheme. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references abuseif, m., jamei, e., & chau, h. w. 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(2023). when green finance meets banking competition: evidence from hard-to-abate enterprises of china. pacific-basin finance journal, 78, 101954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2023.101954 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2024 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 12-19 12 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 5 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa the structure and strategy of local strongmen in the defeat of independent candidates: a qualitative study lubis (a) budi setiyono (b)1 kushandajani (c) nur hidayat sardini (d) (a) research scholar, department of social studies, diponegoro university, faculty of social and political sciences, semarang, indonesia; email: lubis.vharoso@gmail.com (b) assistant professor, department of social studies, diponegoro university, faculty of social and political sciences, semarang, indonesia; email: budisetiyono@lecturer.undip.ac.id (c) assistant professor, department of social studies, diponegoro university, faculty of social and political sciences, semarang, indonesia; email: ningkisworo123@gmail.com (d) assistant professor, department of social studies, diponegoro university, faculty of social and political sciences, semarang, indonesia; email: nhsardini@yahoo.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 6th march 2025 reviewed & revised: 6th march 2025 to 12th august 2025 accepted: 20th august 2025 published: 24th august 2025 keywords: local strongman, independent candidate, political power, local democracy, power strategies jel classification codes: d72 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method a b s t r a c t the phenomenon of local strongmen is an integral part of understanding the dynamics of power and politics in peripheral regions such as sumbawa, west nusa tenggara. although the direct regional head election system has opened up broader opportunities for political participation, the dominance of local power often constrains the emergence of democratic alternatives. independent candidates face various administrative and financial obstacles, as well as political pressure from deeply rooted local power networks. this study aims to examine the power strategies employed by zulkieflimansyah, a prominent local figure in sumbawa, in strategically utilizing formal and informal power to defeat independent candidates. this study used a qualitative case study approach with data collected through in-depth interviews with eleven purposively selected informants, including political actors, community leaders, and campaign team members. the findings show that the influence of local strongmen extends across various sectors, including politics, education, local government, and customary systems. this influence is exercised through control over strategic resources, dominance of formal authority, and the systematic expansion of social and economic networks that enable long-term consolidation of power and suppression of political alternatives. the study finds that strategic political positions and strong social ties are key factors in delegitimizing and defeating independent candidates. these strategies strengthen local strongmen’s dominance within vertical and horizontal power structures, limiting fair political competition. regulatory reform, resource transparency, and civic political education are needed to counter this dominance. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction regional head elections (pilkada) are one of the important instruments in the democratization process at the local level. ideally, pilkada provides space for the emergence of alternative candidates, including the available independent candidates without the support of political parties. however, the reality of local politics reveals that independent candidates often face complex structural challenges, which become an integral part of the dominance of complex local power networks. in the global context, the defeat of independent candidates is not only happening in indonesia but also in various countries, including both developed and developing nations. one important finding comes from the congress of local and regional authorities of the council of europe, which revealed that strict administrative and legal requirements often limit the nomination, campaigning, and media access for independent candidates. these restrictions not only reduce political pluralism but are also susceptible to manipulation to silence opposition to the ruling power. onerous administrative requirements, high political costs, and the strong grip of elites and political parties become systemic mechanisms that indirectly exclude genuine independent candidates from equal political competition (dinarto & ng, 2021). the political system, which is generally unfavorable to independent candidates, tends to privilege those with elite affiliations, enabling 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0001-8988-0304 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/4kz2g758 to cite this article: lubis, setiyono, b. ., kushandajani, & sardini, n. h. (2025). the structure and strategy of local strongmen in the defeat of independent candidates: a qualitative study. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(5), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.46281/4kz2g758 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/4kz2g758 https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1475-7286 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8988-0304 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3854-6765 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9599-5001 lubis et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 12-19 13 only well-connected people to remain viable contenders. this is reflected in the makassar regional election case, where dynastic politics and legal intervention became tools of political exclusion (yakub et al., 2022). the withdrawal of numerous independent candidates, largely due to heavy administrative and financial burdens, underscores the influential role of entrenched local power networks in obstructing the emergence of democratic alternatives at the local level (dinarto & ng, 2021). methodologically, this research adopts a qualitative approach with purposive selection of informants based on their relevance and experience. data were collected through in-depth interviews and were analyzed thematically using the local strongman theory as the analytical framework. the political dynamics of local strongmen behind the defeat of independent candidates in regional elections occur in various regions of indonesia, including the peripheral area of sumbawa, where organized power forms political, economic, and social networks that make it difficult for independent candidates to compete fairly. the 2020 sumbawa regional election, where independent candidates experienced defeat not solely due to weak electoral support, but more because of the strong power dominance strategically and structurally executed by the authorities. various research findings indicate that incumbents in the indonesian regional elections do not merely serve as current public officials, but often act as local strongmen who have significant control over the political power at the regional level. according to binns (2020), this phenomenon is referred to as "incumbents with attitude," meaning incumbents who not only exploit their positions but also build and consolidate power through bureaucracy, political parties, and extensive informal social networks. in line with the findings of other studies, it shows that in many cases, incumbents practice clientelism by directly distributing patronage to citizens, making them dominant actors outside the party structure. post-reform regional heads are the "new local rulers" who rely on state resources, control over institutions, and patron-client relationships to maintain power. (berenschot, 2020) in this framework, the incumbent not only acts as an election candidate but also as a central actor playing a strategic and structured role in eliminating political rivals, particularly independent candidates (feber & christover, 2021) thus, based on these findings, it can be concluded that in the context of local politics in indonesia, incumbents often transform into local strongmen. these strong figures dominate the regional political arena through centralized power, patronage networks, and extensive social and cultural influence. what distinguishes this research from previous studies, marking its novelty, is the use of the local strongman theory to explore the role of local strongmen in defeating independent candidates. in addition, the focus of the research is on the peripheral regions of indonesia. whereas previously, research has focused chiefly on the central government in presidential elections. this study aims to explore how local strongmen in the peripheral areas, such as sumbawa, strategically and systematically suppress independent candidates in local elections. this article is organized to provide a clear and logical flow for readers. the first section presents the conceptual and theoretical framework on local strongmen, which underpins the analysis in this study. the methodology section follows, detailing the research approach and data collection methods employed. the findings section explores how local strongmen build and utilize their power and strategies to undermine independent candidates in local elections. the final section concludes with a summary of key findings and offers reflections and recommendations for strengthening democratic practices at the local level. literature review the defeat of independent candidates in local elections is a multidimensional phenomenon shaped by complex sociopolitical and economic dynamics. understanding this phenomenon requires examining institutional barriers, elite domination, and clientelism practices in peripheral regions. independent candidates, who lack support from dominant political parties or elite patronage, often encounter administrative obstacles, limited access to resources, and systemic exclusion from political networks (kamugisha & swai, 2024; gomes, 2022; leonard hijino, 2021). clientelism and political cartelization are central themes in explaining the marginalization of independent candidates. pierskalla and sacks (2020) argue that clientelistic recruitment, especially in public service appointments, weakens meritocracy and favors those embedded in elite networks. similarly, berenschot (2020) emphasizes that local elites consolidate power through patronclient ties, using state resources to reward loyalty and exclude challengers. this pattern has been reinforced in postdecentralization indonesia, where political competition is often personalized and rooted in informal structures (fionna & tomsa, 2020). dinarto and ng (2021) identify that institutional requirements for candidacy, such as high support thresholds and bureaucratic hurdles, serve as legal mechanisms to restrict non-party contenders. furthermore, muhtadi (2024) outlines how cartel politics privileges elite-backed candidates, creating structural constraints for outsiders. in this system, political parties often function as gatekeepers, discouraging the emergence of alternative actors. economic patronage further limits the viability of independent candidates. contractors and business elites fund elite candidates in return for preferential access to public contracts (hidayat et al., 2024). this patronage economy generates an unequal playing field, especially in rural areas where economic dependency on elites is more pronounced (noak, 2024). entrepreneurs strategically align with dominant figures, forming mutually beneficial coalitions that reinforce electoral dominance (forquesato, 2022). socially, kinship ties and religious affiliations serve as informal but powerful tools of political mobilization. hicken and tan (2020) and bullivant and sadewo (2020) highlight how personal networks enable elites to shape electoral behavior and coerce compliance. social resources, such as access to jobs or aid, are distributed selectively to ensure loyalty (sabourin, 2022). local strongmen operate as predatory brokers, a concept rooted in sidel’s theory of local bossism (brierley & nathan, 2022). these actors consolidate control by capturing formal institutions while leveraging informal networks to extend their influence (casas & kselman, 2024). they stress the role of intermediaries in mobilizing support through clientelist incentives, while berenschot (2020) notes that violence and intimidation are occasionally deployed to neutralize opposition. lubis et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 12-19 14 research from chile (titelman & sajuria, 2024) and the philippines (aspinall & hicken, 2022) offers comparative insights, showing that party-affiliated elites replicate similar tactics across contexts, suggesting that local political structures are embedded in broader authoritarian legacies. aminuddin and ramadlan (2022) describe how indonesian regional politics is characterized by elite continuity and the institutionalization of clientelistic power, even after democratic reforms. thus, the literature converges on the idea that the defeat of independent candidates is not solely due to voter preferences but is systematically engineered through elite domination of political, economic, and social resources. independent candidates are disadvantaged in all three domains identified by weber’s theory: economic capital, social prestige, and political authority (higashĳima & washida, 2024). the purpose of this study is to analyze how zulkieflimansyah, a dominant local political figure in sumbawa, utilizes formal and informal mechanisms of power to sustain political hegemony and obstruct the candidacy of independent challengers. materials and methods design this study employed a qualitative research design using a case study approach to explore the defeat of independent candidates in the 2020 sumbawa local election. the case study method was chosen to allow an in-depth understanding of the role and strategy of local strongmen in shaping political outcomes in peripheral regions (nugroho, 2020) theoretical framework this research employed the perspective of the defeat of independent candidates (independent candidate) by adopting the theory of local strongman and the theory of local bossism (kristono, 2024; handoko et al., 2020). these frameworks emphasize power consolidation through formal and informal institutions using dimensions such as power resources, incentives, social sanctions, and power accomplices. local strongmen are informal actors who control a specific territory through social, economic, and political networks to maintain dominance and influence the community. data collection and sources primary data were obtained through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 11 purposively selected informants. the selection criteria included individuals with direct experience or insight into the 2020 regional elections in sumbawa. informants in this study were selected purposively based on specific selection criteria, such as experience, role, and relevance to the research topic, to ensure the data collected were rich, contextual, and meaningful (creswell, 2023). informants included independent candidates, members of political parties, campaign teams, local journalists, civil society actors, and academics. interview questions focused on the mechanisms of power used to weaken independent candidates, such as access to resources, coercive strategies, and social networks. all interviews followed an ethical protocol with informed consent and anonymity guaranteed. the interview guidelines were adapted from (creswell, 2023), and interviews lasted between 60 and 90 minutes, recorded and transcribed verbatim for analysis. sampling method a purposive sampling technique was used to identify informants with critical knowledge of the election dynamics. the informants were selected based on their position, experience, and involvement in local political processes. the sample size was considered sufficient as data saturation was achieved after 11 interviews. data validation and triangulation to ensure credibility and trustworthiness, data triangulation was applied by comparing interview data across different types of informants (e.g., politicians, media, civil society). researcher reflexivity, member checking, and peer debriefing were also conducted to validate the findings (creswell, 2023). data analysis data were analyzed using nvivo 12 pro qualitative analysis software. the process followed three stages: (1) data reduction, coding, and condensing raw data into meaningful units using inductive and deductive coding based on the theoretical framework. (2) data display – presenting themes and sub-themes using tables, narrative matrices, and visual diagrams (e.g., word cloud, hierarchy charts), (3) conclusion drawing and verification – identifying recurring patterns, causal mechanisms, and propositions; verified through researcher discussions and audit trails. results this study found that zulkieflimansyah, as a local strongman, exercises power through multiple, interconnected strategies that span formal institutions and informal networks. the defeat of independent candidates in the 2020 sumbawa regional election was not merely electoral but structural, orchestrated through deliberate domination of political, social, and economic spheres. participant demographic information table 1. participant demographic information (n=11) coding position age (years) education length of service (years) p1 political party 48 s2 5 p2 independent candidates 58 s1 2 lubis et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 12-19 15 p3 independent candidates 50 s1 2 p4 success team 57 s1 10 p5 academics 45 s3 7 p6 journalist 42 s1 9 p7 academics 46 s2 5 p8 member of a political party 37 s2 10 p9 member of a political party 40 s2 10 p10 success team 43 s1 5 p11 success team 55 s1 5 source: primary research data source table 1 shows a total of 11 informants participated, including political party members, independent candidates, campaign team members, academics, and journalists. their ages ranged from 37 to 58, with educational backgrounds from bachelor's to doctoral degrees and service lengths of 2–10 years. notably, the independent candidates were among the oldest but had the least tenure, reflecting their marginal position in political experience. conversely, actors from political parties and campaign teams had longer experience, underscoring their deeper entrenchment in the local political structure. wordcloud defeat of independent candidates figure 1. word cloud of the independent candidate's defeat, showing the dominance of political and social terms source: primary research data source the word cloud analysis (figure 1) visually captures the thematic dominance of terms such as “politics,” “community,” “party,” “regent,” and “candidate.” these terms indicate the centrality of political discourse, with "zulkieflimansyah" specifically appearing as a key node. terms such as "friend," "family," and "relationship" suggest that personal ties are crucial in shaping political dynamics. words like "bureaucracy," "project," and "contractor" point to the economic undercurrents of power, while “manipulative” and “influence” reflect perceptions of coercive or transactional politics. synthesis of data: thema, sub thema, and coding table 2. synthesis of data: thema, sub thema, and coding theme sub-theme coding sources of power political networks positions, regional expansion figures, political figures social networks friends, religious figures, relatives, horse racing hobby, trust economic networks entrepreneurs, contractors, businesses funding money power operatives direct actions violent actions, intimidation actions incentives economic & social incentives jobs, material aid/assistance social sanctions reprimanding actions social sanctions, reprimands source: primary research data source table 2. the study reveals that local power is constructed through four primary sources: political, social, economic networks, and financial resources. political networks include formal positions and influential figures who occupy strategic roles within local government structures. social networks involve personal relationships such as friends, relatives, religious leaders, and community-based groups like horse-racing clubs, all of which cultivate trust and loyalty toward dominant actors. economic networks consist of contractors, entrepreneurs, and business entities that financially support incumbent lubis et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 12-19 16 candidates, often through covert campaign funding. these networks operate synergistically, enforced by "power accomplices" who employ various mechanisms, including direct actions (intimidation, coercion), incentives (job allocation, material assistance), and social sanctions (public reprimands, exclusion). this interconnected structure enables the systematic exercise of power through the mobilization of resources and social relations, effectively creating a closed and exclusive political arena that marginalizes independent candidates. figure 2. hierarchy chart illustrating the power structure in the defeat of independent candidates source: primary research data source as illustrated in the hierarchy chart (figure 2), the power structure in sumbawa’s local politics is vertically layered yet horizontally expansive, allowing influence to permeate across institutions and communities. electoral dominance was primarily secured through the occupation of strategic positions within political networks, enabling the distribution of favors and control over administrative procedures. social networks, particularly ties with friends and kin, were systematically mobilized to build legitimacy and silence opposition. incentive-based strategies, especially job allocations, emerged as powerful tools to secure loyalty and reinforce allegiance. manipulative practices such as vote buying and bureaucratic obstruction became routine and widely accepted. moreover, sanctions and social reprimands were not simply deterrents but operated as deliberate tools of exclusion, fostering a culture of conformity, dependency, and fear that further entrenched the power of dominant actors. independent candidate defeat project map the conceptual project map (figure 3) consolidates how political, social, and economic networks form an interlocked mechanism of predatory power. contractors and entrepreneurs channel funds to campaigns in return for future access to government contracts, creating economic dependency. political actors leverage their formal positions to orchestrate manipulative strategies—often disguised under the guise of administrative norms. social actors, including religious leaders and family members, act as informal brokers of loyalty and behavior. this ecosystem is held together by a system of rewards and punishments that ensures the exclusion of outsiders—especially independent candidates who lack institutional and financial backing. figure 3. conceptual project map showing resource flows and predatory power structures source: primary research data source lubis et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 12-19 17 discussions this study's findings provide strong support for the primary hypothesis that local strongmen structurally orchestrated the defeat of independent candidates in sumbawa's 2020 regional election through interconnected political, economic, and social networks. the secondary hypothesis, which posits that these networks operate through coercive, manipulative, and clientelistic strategies, was also supported by empirical data drawn from interviews with political actors, candidates, journalists, and academics. the dominance of political networks, particularly the occupation of strategic bureaucratic positions, emerged as the most influential factor in electoral outcomes. this finding is consistent with berenschot (2020), who highlights the central role of incumbents in indonesian local politics as "brokers of power" who distribute patronage to ensure loyalty. similarly, fossati (2025), noak (2024), and sari (2024) have noted how local candidates frequently exploit state resources to offer personalized benefits, which are often disguised as infrastructure or social welfare projects, in exchange for political support. this confirms the entrenchment of clientelism as a normalized feature of political mobilization in indonesia’s periphery (fajri et al., 2024). the influence of economic networks further amplifies the role of patronage in reinforcing power asymmetries. the study shows that entrepreneurs and contractors, reliant on access to public procurement channels, campaign funds to dominant candidates in exchange for project allocations post-election. this mirrors (forquesato, 2022; sabourin, 2022) observations in latin america, where clientelist ties between business elites and political actors distort fair competition. in the context of sumbawa, these relationships create an entrenched system of economic dependency that disadvantages candidates lacking such networks. social networks, including kinship, religious ties, and communal affiliations (e.g., horseracing groups), serve as informal mechanisms of control. these findings resonate with (hicken & tan, 2020; bullivant & sadewo, 2020), who emphasize the strategic deployment of personal relationships in shaping voter behavior and loyalty. the data suggest that these informal affiliations are not merely symbolic but play a direct role in political exclusion, resource distribution, and public recognition. this reinforces previous studies (jusup et al., 2022; fionna & tomsa, 2020; bullivant & sadewo, 2020) that describe local politics as operating through socially embedded systems of favoritism. crucially, this research demonstrates how the combined effects of these three networks, political, economic, and social, form a predatory ecosystem of power maintained by "accomplices of power." these actors use coercion, incentives, and social sanctions to delegitimize independent candidates. max weber's stratification theory (higashĳima & washida, 2024; rocha, 2023; dinarto & ng, 2021) is especially relevant in this context. independent candidates, unlike those affiliated with dominant parties, suffer from triple disadvantage: lack of economic capital, limited social prestige, and absence of institutional power, making them structurally incapable of competing on equal footing. compared to previous studies, this research contributes a novel analytical lens by applying the local strongman theory in the specific context of peripheral indonesia, rather than national elections or urban centers. it highlights the continuity of authoritarian legacies in local politics and underscores how democratic institutions can be captured by informal, personalized power. looking forward, this study suggests that reforms are urgently needed in three areas: first, the regulation of campaign financing and procurement to prevent economic collusion; second, the strengthening of independent institutions to resist political manipulation; and third, the promotion of civic education to reduce community dependency on elite figures (lipcean & casal bértoa, 2024). future research should consider comparative studies across other peripheral regions to assess the generalizability of these dynamics and examine potential strategies for countering the entrenchment of local political oligarchies. conclusions the primary purpose of this study was to investigate how local strongmen in peripheral regions, specifically zulkieflimansyah in sumbawa, strategically consolidate and exercise power to defeat independent candidates in local elections. using a qualitative case study approach, this research collected data from purposively selected informants to uncover the complex interplay of political, economic, and social networks that shape electoral outcomes. the findings reveal that the defeat of independent candidates was not simply the result of weak electoral support but stemmed from a structurally entrenched system of domination. local strongmen secured control over strategic political positions, enabling them to manipulate bureaucratic processes, distribute patronage, and influence electoral procedures. social networks, including kinship ties, religious affiliations, and community-based organizations, were systematically mobilized to legitimize their dominance and suppress opposition. economic networks comprising contractors, entrepreneurs, and business actors provided essential financial backing in exchange for post-election rewards such as procurement contracts. these interlinked networks operated in synergy, reinforced by coercive measures, incentive-based strategies, and social sanctions that marginalized independent candidates and limited fair political competition. this study makes a unique contribution to the literature by applying the local strongman theory within the underexplored context of indonesia's peripheral regions, rather than focusing on national or urban-level politics. it deepens the understanding of how informal, personalized power can capture and manipulate formal democratic institutions. moreover, it highlights the persistence of authoritarian legacies in local politics, showing how decentralization has not fully dismantled entrenched elite control but has instead allowed it to adapt and thrive in new forms. theoretically, the findings reinforce max weber's stratification framework by demonstrating how independent candidates face a triple disadvantage, lacking economic capital, social prestige, and political authority, making equal competition virtually impossible. from a policy and practical perspective, the research underscores the need for targeted reforms to strengthen democratic resilience at the local level. these reforms should include stricter regulation of campaign financing, greater transparency in public procurement to disrupt clientelist economic networks, and institutional safeguards to prevent political interference in bureaucratic appointments. expanding civic political education is also essential to reduce community dependency on elite patronage and foster grassroots democratic participation. lubis et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 12-19 18 this study has several limitations. the analysis is based on a single case study in sumbawa, which may limit the generalizability of its findings to other contexts. the reliance on interview data introduces the potential for subjective bias, although triangulation methods were used to enhance validity. additionally, the absence of longitudinal data restricts insights into how these power structures evolve. future research should conduct comparative case studies across multiple peripheral regions in indonesia and beyond to test the broader applicability of these findings. further studies could also evaluate the effectiveness of anti-clientelism measures such as participatory budgeting or independent electoral monitoring in weakening entrenched local political networks. by broadening the scope and employing diverse methodologies, scholars can develop a deeper understanding of, and more effective responses to, the resilience of local strongmen in shaping democratic outcomes. author contribution: conceptualization, l., b.s., k. and n.h.s.; methodology, l.; software, l.; validation, l., b.s., k. and n.h.s.; formal analysis, l., b.s., k. and n.h.s.; investigation, l., b.s., k. and n.h.s.; resources, l.; data curation, l.; writingoriginal draft preparation, l., b.s., k. and n.h.s.; writingreview and editing, l., b.s., k. and n.h.s.; visualization, l.; supervision, l.; project administration, l.; funding acquisition, l., b.s., k. and n.h.s. the authors have read and agreed with the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were not required for this study as it does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: this research is funded by the indonesian education scholarship. the center for higher education funding and assessment, ministry of education, research, and technology of the republic of indonesia, and the endowment fund for education agency, ministry of finance of the republic of indonesia, for their financial support that enabled the publication of this journal and participation in this international conference. acknowledgments: the author would like to thank the indonesian education scholarship, the center for higher education funding and assessment, the ministry of higher education, research, and technology of the republic of indonesia, and the endowment fund for education agency, ministry of finance of the republic of indonesia, for the funding support that made the publication of this journal and participation in this international conference possible. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references aminuddin, m. f., & ramadlan, m. f. s. 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(2022). under family control: the trend of sole candidate elections in indonesia. international area studies review, 25(4), 303–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/22338659221120972 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 11-19 11 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 4 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa agripreneurial intentions among business students: the role of teachers’ entrepreneurial leadership, creativity, and self-efficacy kelhoukhrietuo nagi (a)1 dhrubajyoti bordoloi (b) perumalraja ramalingam (c) mani ramasamy (d) haithonlo kath (e) (a) research scholar, department of management, nagaland university, kohima campus meriema, nagaland, india; e-mail: kelhoukhrietuo@gmail.com (b) assistant professor, department of commerce, nagaland university, kohima campus meriema, nagaland, india; e-mail: dhruba42@nagalanduniversity.ac.in (c) assistant professor, department of commerce, nagaland university, kohima campus meriema, nagaland, india; e-mail: perumalrajares@gmail.com (d) assistant professor, department of management, nagaland university, kohima campus meriema, nagaland, india; e-mail: maniramasamy@nagalanduniversity.ac.in (e) research scholar, department of management, nagaland university, kohima campus meriema, nagaland, india; e-mail: haithonlokath@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 20th february 2025 reviewed & revised: 20th february to 10th june 2025 accepted: 15th june 2025 published: 20th june 2025 keywords: agripreneurship, agripreneurial intention, agripreneur, creativity, self-efficacy, teachers’ entrepreneurial leadership jel classification codes: q0, q130, q190 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t agripreneurship has received increased attention in recent years as a solution to youth unemployment and rural development, particularly in regions like nagaland, where agriculture plays a significant role in the economy. despite the incorporation of entrepreneurship education in the academic curriculum, its influence on the students remains unclear. this study examines the effect of teachers' entrepreneurial leadership, along with students' creativity and self-efficacy, on agripreneurial intention among business studies students in nagaland. the study employed a simple random sampling method to collect primary data using structured questionnaires from 250 students enrolled in bba and mba programs from the five institutions offering business studies courses in nagaland. statistical tools, such as cronbach's alpha reliability test, correlation, and regression analysis, were employed to analyze the collected data. the study findings indicate a positive and significant correlation between agripreneurial intention and teachers’ entrepreneurial leadership (r = 0.338), creativity (r = 0.368), and self-efficacy (r = 0.376), with p-values < 0.01. regression analysis showed that the model explained 21.4% of the variance in agripreneurial intention (r² = 0.214), with a statistically significant value model (f = 22.365, p < 0.01). self-efficacy emerged as the strongest contributor (β = 0.419), followed by teachers’ entrepreneurial leadership (β = 0.372) and creativity (β = 0.247). the study concludes that although business students in nagaland generally exhibit a positive intention towards agripreneurship, not all the relevant factors influencing agripreneurial intention were captured. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction agripreneurship is the transformation of farming activities into a business by utilizing innovative ideas and methods to enhance productivity and profitability (rao & kumar, 2016). it plays a crucial role in the development of rural areas by increasing job opportunities and improving income levels (mehta, 2012). the majority of india's population resides in rural areas and relies significantly on the agricultural sector for both employment and livelihood. agriculture and allied sectors form the foundation of the indian economy, as they engage more than 50% of the workforce and contribute approximately 21% of the country's gross value added (gva). this sector accounts for approximately 14-20 percent of the country's total gdp (chand, 2019). recognizing the potential of this sector, countries have come to realize the importance of creating an environment that encourages entrepreneurship among young people (devonish et al., 2010). society and the government 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0003-9556-8466 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/wc451233 to cite this article: nagi, k., bordoloi, d., ramalingam, p., ramasamy, m., & kath, h. (2025). agripreneurial intentions among business students: the role of teachers’ entrepreneurial leadership, creativity, and self-efficacy. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(4), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.46281/wc451233 mailto:maniramasamy@nagalanduniversity.ac.in mailto:haithonlokath@gmail.com http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/wc451233 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9556-8466 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4354-3331 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7190-6382 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0638-6146 https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5417-7438 nagi et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 11-19 12 are encouraging the youths to take up agripreneurship to maximize the supply of locally produced foods (mohammad et al., 2023). a key step in promoting entrepreneurship in the country is to understand the intentions of educated youths (singh & mpanme, 2023). intention is the desire or commitment of a person to do something in the future. having the intention to become an agripreneur is a sign of a person's interest in engaging in agri-entrepreneurship (suwanan, 2021). however, intention alone is not enough. studies show that acquiring entrepreneurial competencies through education and training is also critical to initiating and sustaining a business (masoomi et al., 2016). academic institutions have, therefore, incorporated entrepreneurship development into the academic curriculum, as it is considered one of the best solutions to address unemployment issues (chaudhry et al., 2023). atchoarena and holmes (2005) have further emphasized the importance of an agripreneurship curriculum in academics to encourage the younger generation to be involved in agriculture and allied activities. this is why universities, in collaboration with the government, are investing more effort in creating an entrepreneurial environment that fosters innovation and new ideas among students (sher et al., 2017). for instance, students in nigerian universities are required to study entrepreneurship courses due to their importance and to develop entrepreneurial skills before graduation (ikuemonisan & akinbola, 2021). nevertheless, there are concerns that students are only taught how to start their business in theory rather than being prepared to pursue entrepreneurship in real life (kirby, 2004). skilled and qualified teachers, along with effective leadership, become crucial for providing an adequate education (jones & iredale, 2010; sagar, 2013). despite its importance, few studies specifically examine the influence of entrepreneurial leadership skills on shaping students' entrepreneurial intentions in the agricultural sector (leffler, 2020). hence, this study aims to address the following research question: what is the level of agripreneurial intention among business studies students in nagaland? second, does teachers' entrepreneurial leadership influence students' agripreneurial intention? third, do students' creativity and self-efficacy have a significant effect on their agripreneurial intention? thus, the purpose of this study is to ascertain how the agripreneurial intention (ai) of nagaland business studies students is impacted by their teachers' entrepreneurial leadership (tel). it also looks at how students' self-efficacy and creativity affect their intention to pursue agribusiness. as a result, the literature reviews in section 2 were carried out, followed by the materials and methods in section 3, the study results in section 4, the discussions in section 5, and the conclusions in section 6. literature review teachers’ entrepreneurial leadership (tel) and agripreneurial intention (ai) inspiring students to pursue entrepreneurship as a career is made possible by teachers who exhibit entrepreneurial leadership traits because they are constantly inventive and creative in their instruction (suyudi et al., 2020). entrepreneurial teachers are dynamic leaders who place more emphasis on opportunities than difficulties (leffler, 2020). through their innovative and adaptable teaching methods, they encourage students to think critically, make connections between concepts for deeper learning, and develop entrepreneurial attitudes and behaviors (joensuu-salo et al., 2021). entrepreneurial leadership inspires people to put in extra effort and work hard, just like the other types of leadership. its flexibility and emphasis on innovation, however, make it memorable because it allows people to adapt and react to unforeseen changes or new challenges in their surroundings (surie & ashley, 2008). according to renko et al. (2015), entrepreneurial leadership involves leading and inspiring a group of people to achieve their objectives by capitalizing on new opportunities. therefore, it is possible to view teachers' entrepreneurial leadership as a dynamic approach wherein they act as creative leaders who focus on opportunities and motivate students through their inventiveness and flexibility. according to diegoli and gutierrez (2018), students who receive practical guidance and inspiration from their teachers through real-world entrepreneurial experience are more likely to pursue entrepreneurship themselves. teacherpreneurship and entrepreneurial passion are important mediators in the relationship between entrepreneurial leadership and students' entrepreneurial goals, according to recent studies by hassona et al. (2023) and li and huang (2023). entrepreneurial aspirations are influenced by various factors, including mentors, role models, and educational settings (bosma et al., 2012). in the context of agripreneurship, while no studies have directly linked teachers' entrepreneurial leadership to agripreneurial intention, dobermann and nelson (2013) pointed out that agroentrepreneurs' management abilities, especially in self-management, are the primary focus of agro-entrepreneurship leadership. by improving performance and fostering increased participation of young male and female entrepreneurs in the rice and maize subsectors, agripreneurial leadership in europe played a crucial role in advancing sustainable agribusiness and rural development. on the other hand, suwanan and allya (2023) discovered that while teachers' and other parties' influence can support and enhance young people's entrepreneurial aspirations, it has little effect on their decision to pursue agribusiness. however, a person's intention to become an agripreneur is significantly influenced by their level of education. therefore, encouraging students to view agripreneurship as a feasible career path requires the right leaders and curriculum in schools and colleges (asiyanbola et al., 2024). creativity and ai creativity is a person’s ability to think of new ideas and identify new opportunities, enabling the creation of innovative solutions (s. wang et al., 2018). it involves creating unique and original products, methods, or approaches (hsu et al., 2014) and helping businesses grow rapidly by uncovering new and innovative ideas (berglund & wennberg, 2006). entrepreneurs think differently to come up with new and unique ideas (sarooghi et al., 2015). creativity is a dynamic trait that needs to be encouraged among people to foster entrepreneurship (murad et al., 2021). existing entrepreneurial literature suggests that creativity is an essential element of entrepreneurial personality (zampetakis & moustakis, 2006). encouraging creativity nagi et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 11-19 13 in youths will not only inspire them to develop an intention for entrepreneurship but also help them to bring new and innovative ideas (koellinger, 2008). a key agripreneurial characteristic among young graduates in nigeria is found to be creativity, reflecting high levels of innovation and serving as a powerful tool to combat poverty and hunger (aribifo et al., 2019). young people who consider themselves more creative have higher entrepreneurial intentions (zampetakis et al., 2011). likewise, numerous studies have found both direct and indirect influences of creativity on entrepreneurial intention (biraglia & kadile, 2017; hu et al., 2018; law & breznik, 2017; liang et al., 2019; saeed et al., 2018). however, it does not necessarily mean it influences how prepared a person is to start a business (chia & liang, 2016). some studies have concluded that creativity does not have a substantial impact on people's intention to become entrepreneurs (van gelderen et al., 2008). being creative alone is not enough for a person to become an entrepreneur (bignetti et al., 2021). self-efficacy and ai self-efficacy plays a crucial role in guiding human behavior (bandura, 1982). it is critical for making effective and sound decisions (bandura, 2014). self-efficacy has a strong influence on a person’s choice of action, effort exertion, persistence in overcoming challenges, and overall success in task performance(bandura & wessels, 1997; dwyer & cummings, 2001). a person with high self-efficacy for a specific task is more likely to start and persist in that task compared to others who doubt their abilities (bandura & wessels, 1997). entrepreneurial self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to perform an entrepreneurial task and achieve it (chen et al., 1998; kickul et al., 2008; mcgee et al., 2009). a strong sense of self-efficacy positively influences university students to pursue agripreneurship as a career option (pihie & bagheri, 2013). enhancing women’s entrepreneurial self-efficacy is a key factor in encouraging more women to start their agribusiness (kickul et al., 2008). ephrem et al. (2021) in their study highlighted that psychological capital variables such as self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience influence agripreneurial intention. (solesvik, 2017) also stated that students are more confident in their ability to succeed as an agripreneurship when they have higher agripreneurial self-efficacy. the impact of covert behavioral control on starting an agribusiness, as studied by wee and ting (2024), suggests the need to strengthen internal motivation, such as self-efficacy, among youths. the primary objectives of this study are threefold: first, to examine the extent to which business studies students in nagaland intend to engage in agripreneurial activities; second, to assess the influence of teachers’ entrepreneurial leadership on students’ agripreneurial intention; and third, to evaluate the effect of students' creativity and self-efficacy on their agripreneurial intention. this study, therefore, considers the following hypotheses. h1: there is no significant correlation between the independent variables (tel, creativity, self-efficacy) and dependent variable (ai) h2: there is no significant predictive effect of tel, creativity, and self-efficacy on ai among business studies students in nagaland. conceptual framework figure 1. conceptual framework materials and methods population and samples the respondents for this study were business studies students enrolled in bba and mba programs in nagaland. they were specifically chosen for this study because business education equips individuals with the right skills and knowledge to succeed as entrepreneurs in addressing unemployment issues (odike & nnaekwe, 2019), and most entrepreneurs develop the intention to start their business at an early stage of life (fuller et al., 2018). thus making them ideal for this study. primary data was collected from 250 students using simple random sampling from the five institutes that offer business courses in nagaland. research instrument the structured questionnaire used in this study comprised five sections (s0, s1, s2, s3, s4). the first section (s0) focused on the respondents' demographic information, including age, gender, education level, and parental profession. the second section (s1) assessed the students' perceptions of teachers' entrepreneurial leadership using eight items adapted from a study by zhou and george (2001), which included thirteen items to assess creativity in the third section (s2). with seven items, the fourth section (s3) assessed self-efficacy, primarily using the scales created by ephrem et al. (2019) and ephrem et al. (2021). lastly, 12 items modified from ephrem et al. (2021) were used in the fifth section (s4) to evaluate students' agribusiness intention. items from every section were rated on a 5-point likert scale to capture the participants' opinions and perceptions. self–efficacy creativity teachers’ entrepreneurial leadership (tel) ai nagi et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 11-19 14 collection of data structured google forms questionnaires with multi-item scales were used to collect in-depth answers through the online data collection process. a simple random sampling technique was used to ensure a representative sample of participants. the questionnaire was distributed to students in august 2024, and a total of 250 responses were received and analyzed. data analysis the relationship between dependent variables (ai) and each independent variable (tel, creativity, self-efficacy) was examined in this study. to thoroughly investigate the relationship between these variables, multiple statistical analyses were conducted, including cronbach's alpha reliability test, correlation, and regression analyses. the results are summarized in tables 1 to 4, which present the reliability assessment, hypothesis tests, pearson correlation coefficients, analysis of variance, and linear regression outcomes, providing a clear summary of the key outcomes of the study. results cronbach’s alpha reliability test nunnally (1978) suggested that cronbach's alpha value up to 0.6 is acceptable for measuring reliability, while trevena et al. (2013) asserted that values of 0.70 or higher indicate a strong level of adequacy. in this study, cronbach's alpha values, as shown in table 1, ranged from 0.855 to 0.948, demonstrating the reliability of the measures used. table 1. reliability analysis for each variable construct items cronbach’s value tel s1.1, s1.2, s1.3, s1.4, s1.5, s1.6, s1.7, s1.8 0.855 creativity s2.1, s2.2, s2.3, s2.4, s2.5, s2.6, s2.7, s2.8, s2.9, s2.10, s2.11, s2.12, s2.13 0.881 self-efficacy s3.1, s3.2, s3.3, s3.4, s3.5, s3.6, s3.7 0.898 ai s4.1, s4.2, s4.3, s4.4, s4.5, s4.6, s4.7, s4.8, s4.9, s4.10, s4.11, s4.12 0.948 table 2. hypothesis testing result hypothesis statement test used result p-value decision h1 there is no significant correlation between the independent variables (tel, creativity, selfefficacy) and dependent variable (ai) pearson correlation r = 0.338, 0.368, 0.376 < 0.01 rejected h2 there is no significant predictive effect of tel, creativity, and self-efficacy on ai among business studies students in nagaland. multiple regression β = 0.372, 0.247, 0.419; r² = 0.214 < 0.01 rejected correlation and regression the correlation coefficient between tel and ai is found to be 0.338 in table 3, with a p-value of 0.00 < 0.01, reflecting a moderate positive association. likewise, the correlation coefficients for creativity and ai, and self-efficacy and ai, are 0.368 and 0.376, respectively, both with p-values of 0.00 < 0.01, indicating statistically positive relationships with ai. therefore, the null hypothesis stating that there is no significant correlation between the independent variables (tel, creativity, and self-efficacy) and dependent variable (ai) is rejected, as shown in table 2. table 3. output of pearson correlation coefficient source: researchers’ calculation. note: correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) the results from table 4 indicate that the multiple correlation coefficient (r) of 0.463 corresponds to an r-squared value of 0.214, meaning that 21.4% of the variability in agripreneurial intention (ai) is explained by the predictors of teachers' entrepreneurial leadership (tel), creativity, and self‐efficacy. consequently, the remaining 78.6% of the variance in ai must be attributed to other factors not included in this model. moreover, the adjusted r-squared of 0.205 confirms that, after accounting for model complexity, approximately 20.5% of the variability in ai can still be reliably predicted by the combined effects of tel, creativity, and self‐efficacy, underscoring the substantive, albeit partial, explanatory power of these independent variables. with a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.01), the model is statistically significant correlations tel creativity self-efficacy ai tel pearson correlation 1 .432** .315** .338** sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 creativity pearson correlation .432** 1 .496** .368** sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 self-efficacy pearson correlation .315** .496** 1 .376** sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 ai pearson correlation .338** .368** .376** 1 sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 nagi et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 11-19 15 and shows a significant predictive effect. therefore, the null hypothesis stating that there is no significant predictive effect of tel, creativity, and self-efficacy on ai among business studies students in nagaland is rejected, as shown in table 2. table 4. regression result variable coefficient (β) sig. f sig. r r square adjusted r square constant 10.903 .000 22.365 .000 0.463 0.214 0.205 tel 0.372 .003 creativity 0.247 .014 self-efficacy 0.419 .001 source: researchers’ calculation. note: dependent variable: ai the anova results presented in table 4, with an f-value of 22.365, demonstrate statistical significance, indicating that the combined effects of tel, creativity, and self-efficacy substantially contribute to predicting ai. the regression coefficients for each predictor variable are outlined in table 3, leading to the following regression equation for ai: ai = βconstant + βtel + βcreativity + βselfefficacy =10.906 + 0.372tel + 0.247creativity + 0.419selfefficacy the estimated equation reveals that teachers’ entrepreneurial leadership (tel), creativity, and self-efficacy each maintain a moderate positive relationship with agripreneurial intention (ai), suggesting that these factors collectively foster a meaningful level of ai among students. in particular, self‐efficacy emerges as the most influential predictor: holding tel and creativity constant, a one‐unit increase in self‐efficacy is associated with a 0.419‐unit rise in ai. tel and creativity likewise contribute positively, with coefficients of 0.372 and 0.247, respectively, but neither exceeds the impact of self‐ efficacy, underscoring its primary role in shaping students’ agripreneurial intentions. discussions to investigate how teachers' entrepreneurial leadership (tel), creativity, and self-efficacy affect agripreneurial intention (ai) among nagaland business studies students, the study tested two null hypotheses. according to the first hypothesis (h1), ai and the independent variables do not exhibit a significant correlation. since correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between tel, creativity, self-efficacy, and ai, this hypothesis was rejected. according to the second hypothesis (h2), tel, creativity, and self-efficacy have no significant predictive influence on ai. this hypothesis was also rejected, as regression analysis showed that the model was statistically significant and ai was significantly predicted by all three independent variables, with self-efficacy being the most potent predictor, followed by tel and creativity. the moderately positive correlation of tel with ai aligns with previous studies by asiyanbola et al. (2024) and benawa (2018), indicating that educators who demonstrate entrepreneurial behaviors may significantly influence students to pursue agripreneurship as a career option. similar conclusions were drawn by suyudi et al. (2020), who emphasized that entrepreneurial leadership and a supportive learning environment help students develop a positive attitude towards agripreneurship, and with the proper teaching and guidance, learners become empowered, and they feel more confident and capable, which help them to overcome personal weaknesses and develop a more agripreneurial approach to farming. similarly, the positive correlations between creativity and self-efficacy and agripreneurial intention are also in line with what other studies have found (bignetti et al., 2021; chen et al., 1998; coughlan, 2015; kickul et al., 2008; pihie & bagheri, 2013; sarooghi et al., 2015; q. wang et al., 2023) which shows that these relationships are consistent across a variety of study settings. the substantial impact of self-efficacy on agripreneurial intention suggests that students' belief in their capabilities plays a crucial role in motivating them to pursue agripreneurship. this aligns with the theory of planned behaviour (tpb), particularly its antecedent, perceived behavioral control (pbc), which reflects an individual's perception of how easy or difficult it is to perform a behavior (ajzen, 1991). previous studies, such as those by ephrem et al. (2021) and more recently by wee and ting (2024), have shown that higher self-efficacy is positively linked to youths’ agripreneurial intention. although nagaland has the lowest number of enterprises among the northeastern states of india (oniya, 2024), the findings of this study indicate that students in nagaland generally hold a positive intention toward agripreneurship, as each independent variable (tel, creativity, and self-efficacy) showed a moderately positive association with agripreneurial intention. this aligns with the study by jamir and jha (2020), which reported that king chili growers in nagaland exhibited a medium level of entrepreneurial behavior. despite these positive relationships, the regression analysis findings in this study are associated with a relatively low adjusted r-square of 20.5%, indicating that only a limited proportion of variance in the dependent variable is explained by the model's independent variables; this result aligns with previous research on the perception of students on teachers’ leadership by gao et al., (2024). while tel, creativity, and self-efficacy are significant contributors, they do not account for most of the variation in student scores. indicating a possibility that the correlation and regression models employed may not fully capture all relevant factors influencing students to become agripreneurs (bignetti et al., 2021), potentially omitting other significant variables that could enhance the assessment. nagi et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 11-19 16 conclusions this study examines the significant yet limited impact of teachers' entrepreneurial leadership, creativity, and self-efficacy on the agripreneurial intentions of business students in nagaland. this research contributes to the entrepreneurial literature by explaining these dimensions within an agricultural framework and providing insights from a region of the country that has been less explored (kumar & konyak, 2023). although the above traits are significant, the minimal variance explained by the model shows the complex nature of agripreneurial intention development. therefore, it is essential to consider a wider array of influences, including external, environmental, and cultural factors, to educate a future generation of agripreneurs effectively. future research should extend beyond the current study's focus, as the present study was conducted with a special focus on business studies students in nagaland. as a result, the findings of this study may not apply to individuals from other educational backgrounds or regions. additionally, future studies should consider exploring the impact of other external and personality factors on agripreneurial intention, which would provide a more inclusive and thorough understanding of the subject. the mediation and moderation effects of various underlying variables could also be explored in future studies. employing longitudinal study designs and mixed-method approaches could also yield a more comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing agripreneurial intention. based on the results of this study, we suggest that educational institutions support teachers in strengthening their entrepreneurial leadership skills by providing training and resources, as it can boost agripreneurial intentions among students. it is also recommended that educational institutions should focus on enhancing students' creativity and selfefficacy through targeted programs and activities. drawing on the insights of singh and mpanme (2023), integrating more entrepreneurship-centered courses into academic institute curricula, along with organizing programs to develop entrepreneurial skills, would offer continuous support and foster agripreneurial intentions among students, encouraging them to consider agripreneurship as a career option. universities, policymakers, and government bodies also need to enhance activities related to teachers' entrepreneurial leadership (tel), creativity, and self-efficacy to cultivate greater agripreneurial intentions (ai) among business students. author contributions: conceptualization, k.n. and d.b.; methodology, k.n. & p.r.; software, d.b. & m.r.; validation, d.b. and p.r.; formal analysis, k.n. and h.k.; investigation, k.n. and m.r.; resources, k.n. and h.k.; data curation, p.r. and m.r.; writing – original draft preparation, k.n. and d.b.; writing – review & editing, k.n.; visualization, k.n. and h.k.; supervision, d.b.; project administration, p.r. and m.r.; funding acquisition, k.n. and h.k. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgment: this research is part of the first author’s ph.d. work at nagaland university, kohima campus, meriema, india. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references ajzen, i. 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(2001). when job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: encouraging the expression of voice. academy of management journal, 44(4), 682–696. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069410 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 55-68 55 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 11 no 1 (2026) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa contributing factors for improving english reading comprehension among chinese students cation guangyun zhang (a)1 rafizah binti mohd rawian (b) (a)ph.d. candidate, school of language, civilization and philosophy, college of arts and sciences, universiti utara malaysia, sintok, malaysia; e-mail: sro4650@163.com (b)professor, school of language, civilization and philosophy, college of arts and sciences, universiti utara malaysia, sintok, malaysia; e-mail: rafizah@uum.edu.my a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 29th august 2025 reviewed & revised: 29th august 2025 to 7th december 2025 accepted: 10th december 2025 published: 12th december 2025 keywords: critical reading skills, role of teacher, reading comprehension jel classification codes: c12, c20, c31 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t reading comprehension remains a central challenge for chinese students learning english as a foreign language, particularly when limited analytical ability, weak self-management, and ineffective learning strategies restrict them. these issues highlight the need to examine the cognitive and behavioral factors that shape reading comprehension. this study investigates the role of critical reading skills in predicting reading comprehension. it explores how teachers' perceived role, student self-management, and student learning strategies contribute to this relationship. survey data were collected from 395 chinese efl students enrolled in colleges in shanghai and beijing using validated instruments. data analysis was conducted using spss 29 and smart pls 4 to assess measurement reliability, structural relationships, and mediating effects within a pls-sem framework. the results show that critical reading skills significantly influence student self-management (β = 0.319, t = 6.624), student learning strategies (β = 0.322, t = 7.101), and reading comprehension (β = 0.218, t = 4.721), but do not significantly affect the perceived role of teachers (β = 0.097, t = 1.723). reading comprehension is significantly influenced by the perceived role of teachers (β = 0.165, t = 3.588), student self-management (β = 0.183, t = 3.760), and student learning strategies (β = 0.249, t = 5.007). mediation analysis indicates significant indirect effects of critical reading skills on reading comprehension through student self-management (β = 0.058, t = 3.434) and student learning strategies (β = 0.080, t = 4.323). in contrast, the mediating effect of teachers' perceived role is not significant. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction reading comprehension is critical for people to enrich their knowledge and understanding of a changing environment (amoah & yeboah, 2021). it helps to develop concepts after reading and proper understanding, which is necessary for critical thinking. similarly, reading comprehension is also significant for students to improve their knowledge and learning (anqi et al., 2024). it is a way forward to conclude proper reading and development of understanding. while students need to develop appropriate knowledge through reading comprehension, it becomes challenging for them to read effectively when the material is not in their language (asif et al., 2020). hence, the students must read the material in their native language. if they are reading any material in a foreign language, they should develop the skills to understand its content and context better. due to advances in knowledge of the english language, it has become essential for students to have appropriate reading and comprehension skills (bai & chen, 2024). it is important to survive in the workplace and to deal with people from diverse cultures using english. similarly, chinese students are shifting their interest toward reading in english (barnhart et al., 2022); however, they face difficulties at the initial stage of english reading comprehension. reading comprehension in english can be easy for chinese students learning english at any institute (borisova et al., 2025). students need to improve their reading skills to understand concepts better and think critically while reading. for chinese students, understanding the contextual meaning of english is problematic at the initial stage of learning (cai & yu, 2024). therefore, the role of teachers for english as a foreign language (efl) is necessary to support the students. teachers' motivation can be a significant factor in students' improvement of their reading skills (cai, 2020). however, students who have intrinsic motivation to learn a new language, such as english, are highly concerned about getting assistance from 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-1330-2991 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2762 to cite this article: zhang, g., & rawian, r. b. m. (2025). contributing factors for improving english reading comprehension among chinese students cation. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 11(1), 55-68. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2762 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2762 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1330-2991 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2280-3210 zhang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 55-68 56 teachers. reading in english is effective for students and can foster their reading comprehension skills (carolan, 2022). while some students are less motivated and less capable of self-management, they struggle to deal with the challenges in their learning and effective performance (carolan & devlin, 2024). a sense of self-management is required for students to advance their language learning, which is critical for improving their reading comprehension. scholars have reported that students' reading comprehension improves when they follow appropriate guidelines (cecen & peker, 2021). students learn most effectively when they work with the support of self-management skills. the need for self-management fosters discipline among students, enabling them to work and refine their strategies (chan, 2023). however, scholars also noted that the perceived role of teachers should not be neglected alongside the learning strategies needed to advance reading skills (chen et al., 2025). in previous studies, it has also been reported that efl learning becomes more effective for students when they have strategies to follow (g. chen, 2023). students must develop an effective attitude for their learning and overall performance. meanwhile, those students who lack self-management and effective strategy development struggle with reading comprehension while learning a second language (chen & shu, 2024). previous studies have critically argued that reading comprehension for efl learners is not easy; they face various challenges. furthermore, previous studies also highlighted gaps in the literature regarding the role of critical reading skills, the perceived role of the teacher, student self-management, and learning strategies for reading comprehension (chen & jiang, 2025; pande et al., 2024; chen & kim, 2023). this research is important because reading comprehension in english directly influences students' academic progress, access to global knowledge, and long-term participation in an internationally connected workforce. as english remains the dominant language of higher education, scientific publication, and digital information, chinese efl learners require strong comprehension skills to keep pace with global developments. limited ability to analyse, interpret, and evaluate english texts restricts their learning outcomes and reduces their competitiveness in academic and professional settings. therefore, understanding the factors that shape english reading comprehension is necessary to address persistent learning challenges among chinese students and ensure their successful engagement in english-medium education. to address literature gaps and provide insight into improving reading comprehension among chinese efl students, this study investigated the roles of critical reading skills, the perceived role of the teacher, student self-management, and student learning strategies in reading comprehension. furthermore, the mediating roles of perceived teacher role, student selfmanagement, and student learning strategies were also investigated. the study collected a sample of 395 chinese efl students enrolled in colleges in shanghai and beijing. data analysis was performed using spss 29 and smartpls 4. the study found that critical reading skills have no impact on teachers' perceived role, but they do significantly affect student self-management, student learning strategies, and reading comprehension. the study also found that the perceived role of the teacher, student self-management, and student learning strategies have a significant impact on reading comprehension. the mediating roles of perceived teacher role, student self-management, and student learning strategies were found to be significant in the relationship between critical reading skills and reading comprehension. the study makes a novel contribution to the literature by investigating the relationship between variables. the study has practical value for practitioners and chinese efl students for improving their reading comprehension. the study is based on the literature review, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. the remainder of this paper is based on a literature review, methodology, data analysis, discussion, implications, and future directions. literature review students' critical reading skills are important for their understanding of teachers' roles in learning (chen et al., 2023). students who are closely associated with their teachers perceive them as a source of support (l. chen, 2023). it creates a significant learning environment for students, which influences and improves their performance (m. chen et al., 2022). when learners critically assess information, they seek guidance from teachers to refine their analytical skills rather than rely on them for direct answers (m. p. chen et al., 2022). therefore, students must develop a meaningful relationship with their teachers that supports their learning. students must develop self-management skills, as these skills improve their performance (x. chen et al., 2022). when students are highly motivated and critical learners, their performance improves with the availability of facilities (chen et al., 2024). students must engage critically with the discussion to develop a positive approach to their learning and selfmanagement (y. chen, 2022). furthermore, self-management strategies can help students improve their learning abilities when learning a foreign language. while self-management also helps students grow mentally and perform well, it is influenced by appropriate reading skills (y. chen, 2023a). self-management helps students understand their abilities and reflect on their efl learning. reading skills are necessary for students to improve their personalities and learning (y. chen, 2023b). when students are deeply engaged in critical learning, they develop personalized learning strategies. in addition, these strategies help students grow mentally and perform better in their learning. furthermore, the students have strategies such as summarization, note-taking, and questioning to deepen their understanding (chen & chew, 2021). critical readers actively seek connections among concepts, thereby improving their ability to retain and apply knowledge across contexts (chen & zhao, 2022). while students have effective learning strategies, it is imperative to support them in their learning (y. m. chen, 2022). critical reading skills significantly influence reading comprehension by enabling students to actively engage with texts rather than passively absorb information (chen, 2024; hasan & surjamokhey, 2022). critical readers question content, analyze arguments, and evaluate evidence, thereby deepening their understanding. these skills allow students to distinguish zhang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 55-68 57 between main ideas and supporting details, improving their ability to construct meaning from complex texts. moreover, critical reading fosters inferencing skills, enabling students to read between the lines and grasp implicit meanings (deng et al., 2024). this leads to a more nuanced understanding of material, enhancing both literal and inferential comprehension (derakhshan & bai, 2025). as students practice critical reading, they also develop the ability to assess the credibility and reliability of information, thereby strengthening their comprehension skills. the way students perceive their teachers plays a crucial role in their reading comprehension (du & zhang, 2022). when students view teachers as supportive facilitators, they are more likely to seek guidance and engage in meaningful discussions about texts (fan & xie, 2025). teachers who provide structured support, encourage questioning, and promote critical thinking help students navigate complex readings with greater confidence (cheong et al., 2023). a teacher’s role in modeling effective reading strategies, such as annotation and summarization, also contributes to improved comprehension. furthermore, a positive teacher-student relationship fosters motivation, making students more inclined to invest effort in their reading tasks (ding et al., 2024). if students perceive their teachers as authoritative figures who merely transmit knowledge, they may struggle with comprehension due to a lack of active engagement. self-management skills are essential for adequate reading comprehension, as they help students regulate their study habits and learning processes (dan & li, 2024). students who can set goals, manage time effectively, and monitor their own progress are better equipped to tackle complex reading materials. self-regulated learners are proactive in identifying areas of difficulty and seeking strategies to improve their understanding (feng et al., 2023a). furthermore, students who manage their learning well are more likely to take notes, summarize key points, and review content systematically (fu & zhang, 2025). moreover, self-management reduces reliance on external help, encouraging students to develop problem-solving skills that enhance comprehension (deng, 2024). when students take responsibility for their learning, they become more engaged and persistent in overcoming reading challenges. effective learning strategies directly improve reading comprehension by helping students process and retain information systematically (dewaele & li, 2021). students who employ strategies such as summarization, note-taking, questioning, and visualization develop a structured approach to understanding texts (feng et al., 2023b). for instance, summarization allows students to distill essential information, while questioning techniques encourage deeper engagement with the material (feng, 2024). additionally, strategies such as concept mapping help students organize and relate ideas, making complex texts more straightforward to comprehend. learning strategies also facilitate metacognition, enabling students to assess their comprehension and adjust their reading techniques accordingly (du et al., 2024). without effective learning strategies, students may struggle to extract meaning from texts, leading to shallow or fragmented understanding. when students critically analyze texts, they rely on their teachers to guide them in refining their understanding and developing effective strategies (derakhshan & gao, 2025). if a teacher fosters a classroom environment that encourages inquiry and discussion, students are more likely to engage deeply with texts, thereby improving comprehension (chicherina et al., 2020). conversely, if a teacher’s role is perceived as passive or authoritarian, students may struggle to fully develop their critical reading skills, which in turn affects their comprehension (cong et al., 2024). therefore, a teacher’s perceived role acts as a bridge between critical reading and comprehension, shaping how students apply analytical skills to their reading (dai & liu, 2024). a supportive teacher can provide the necessary guidance to help students transition from merely identifying textual details to interpreting and evaluating content meaningfully. while critical reading equips students to evaluate texts, self-management ensures these skills are consistently applied in learning (dan et al., 2024). students who regulate their learning effectively can set goals, monitor progress, and adapt their reading strategies, leading to better comprehension (chen & zhang, 2022). without self-management, students may struggle to organize their reading, leading to superficial engagement with texts (chiang, 2024). thus, self-management serves as a crucial intermediary between critical reading and comprehension, ensuring that students actively apply their analytical skills in a structured, disciplined manner (ding, 2024). when students take ownership of their learning, they enhance their ability to critically engage with texts and extract more profound meaning, ultimately improving comprehension. while critical reading skills enable students to analyze and evaluate texts, learning strategies help them organize and retain this information effectively (derakhshan et al., 2023). strategies such as summarization, annotation, and self-questioning ensure that students apply critical thinking systematically, leading to better comprehension (cheng & zhang, 2025). without effective strategies, students may struggle to translate their analytical skills into meaningful understanding (dai & wu, 2022). therefore, learning strategies serve as a bridge, connecting critical reading skills to deeper comprehension by ensuring that students process texts in a structured and effective manner (cui et al., 2023). a welldeveloped set of learning strategies enables students to engage actively with texts, thereby enhancing their ability to grasp and retain complex ideas. based on the above literature, inconsistencies were found in the body of literature. therefore, the purpose of this study was to test the following hypotheses to advance knowledge and the literature. h1: critical reading skills have an impact on the perceived role of the teacher. h2: critical reading skills have an impact on student self-management. h3: critical reading skills have an impact on student learning strategies. h4: critical reading skills have an impact on reading comprehension. h5: the perceived role of the teacher has an impact on reading comprehension. h6: student self-management has an impact on reading comprehension. h7: student learning strategies have an impact on reading comprehension. h8: perceived role of teacher mediates between critical reading skills and reading comprehension. zhang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 55-68 58 h9: student self-management mediates between critical reading skills and reading comprehension. h10: student learning strategies mediate between critical reading skills and reading comprehension. the study model is shown in figure 1. figure 1. research model materials and methods the population of this study was college students in china involved in english as a foreign language (efl) learning. however, this study targeted shanghai and beijing only to collect data. this geography was selected because a diverse group of students representing different cultures and learning abilities was found. the study used a purposive sampling method to select respondents for data collection. however, a detailed introduction of the survey was given to the respondents before data collection. oral consent from the respondents was obtained before data collection, and they were assured that any third party would not use their personal information. the instruments used in this study were taken from previous studies and reported in appendix a. the instruments used in this study were reliable, as their validity had been established in previous studies. furthermore, these instruments were in english, as chinese efl learners had a significant understanding of the questions. this study used a printed version of the questionnaires, targeting 500 respondents initially. however, all the respondents' concerns were addressed before data collection. efforts were made to improve the smoothness of data collection. each respondent was given approximately 3540 minutes to complete the questionnaire. in response, 421 respondents completed the questionnaire and returned it. the remaining respondents did not return the questionnaire with complete data. however, the pre-analysis of the data was conducted to investigate whether the respondents provided biased responses. therefore, 26 inappropriate responses were deleted from the final questionnaire. the study considered a valuable sample of 395 for analysis. however, two different tools, spss 29 and smart pls 4, were used to analyze the data for this research. results the demographic analysis of the participants helps interpret the findings more effectively. this study analyzed the demographic data using spss 29, as shown in table 1. according to the analysis, 51% of participants were male, while 49% were female. while analyzing the field of study, it is found that 31% study humanities, 22% study social science, 23% study science and technology, while 16% study business and economics. however, 8% of the respondents were on other subjects. according to the years of learning english data, 10% of participants reported less than 3 years, 15% reported 3-5 years, 34% reported 6-8 years, and 40% reported more than 8 years. when analyzing the frequency of reading in english, 8% reported less than once a month, 17% reported 1-3 times per month, 44% reported 1-3 times per week, and 32% reported daily. regarding preferred learning mode, 15% preferred online learning, 54% preferred in-person learning, and 31% preferred hybrid learning. table 1. demographics variable level frequency proportion gender male 202 51% female 193 49% field of study humanities 124 31% social sciences 85 22% science & technology 90 23% business & economics 64 16% other subjects 32 8% years of learning english less than 3 years 40 10% 3 – 5 years 60 15% zhang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 55-68 59 6 – 8 years 136 34% more than 8 years 159 40% frequency of reading in english less than once a month 30 8% 1–3 times per month 67 17% 1–3 times per week 173 44% daily 125 32% preferred learning mode online learning 59 15% in-person learning 215 54% hybrid 121 31% the study used smartpls 4 to analyze the data collected for hypothesis testing. firstly, the measurement model analysis was performed and is displayed in figure 2. the reliability of each item was assessed using its factor loading. according to hair et al. (2011), factor loadings above 0.70 indicate that the instruments are good and reliable at representing the variable. the study's scale items achieved the minimum factor loadings and were confirmed as reliable. furthermore, this study used cronbach's alpha and composite reliability to assess the instruments' reliability in measuring the variables. the findings of both were above 0.70 (hair et al., 2011) and considered significant for measuring the variables. the average variance extracted was also used to assess the instruments' variance. the results above 0.50 indicated a significant level of variance in the data. to sum up, the data were considered reliable for further analysis (see table 2). figure 2. measurement model table 2. convergent validity construct items factor loadings cronbach's alpha composite reliability average variance extracted critical reading skills crs_1 0.822 0.881 0.913 0.677 crs_2 0.822 crs_3 0.819 crs_4 0.821 crs_5 0.829 zhang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 55-68 60 perceived role of teachers prot_1 0.825 0.902 0.925 0.671 prot_2 0.804 prot_3 0.846 prot_4 0.824 prot_5 0.799 prot_6 0.819 reading comprehension rc_1 0.848 0.892 0.920 0.698 rc_2 0.821 rc_3 0.834 rc_4 0.837 rc_5 0.838 student learning strategies sls_1 0.803 0.901 0.924 0.669 sls_2 0.813 sls_3 0.836 sls_4 0.824 sls_5 0.843 sls_6 0.786 student self-management ssm_1 0.800 0.933 0.944 0.651 ssm_2 0.796 ssm_3 0.824 ssm_4 0.806 ssm_5 0.817 ssm_6 0.801 ssm_7 0.812 ssm_8 0.773 ssm_9 0.830 the next test was performed to measure discriminant validity. it is used to check whether instruments for different variables measure different aspects. it is to ensure that the instruments for different variables are not the same, both theoretically and numerically. this study used the heterotrait-monotrait (htmt) method for investigating discriminant validity (see table 3). according to hair et al. (2011), the htmt value should be less than 0.90 to indicate significant discriminant validity among the constructs. the results confirmed that the recommended threshold was achieved, and discriminant validity was established. table 3. discriminant validity construct critical reading skills perceived role of teachers reading comprehension student learning strategies student self-management critical reading skills perceived role of teachers 0.108 reading comprehension 0.419 0.378 student learning strategies 0.360 0.399 0.506 student self-management 0.348 0.381 0.450 0.448 the next step was to test for collinearity among the independent variables. this test is performed to check whether the independent variables are highly correlated with the dependent variable. this study used variance inflation factor (vif) values to assess collinearity in the data (see table 4). according to hair et al. (2011), a variance inflation factor (vif) of less than 5 indicates the absence of collinearity in the data. the study found no collinearity issues, as all values were less than 5. table 4. collinearity assessment construct perceived role of teachers reading comprehension student learning strategies student self-management critical reading skills 1 1.177 1 1 perceived role of teachers 1.225 reading comprehension student learning strategies 1.361 student self-management 1.345 the second step was to evaluate the hypotheses' findings. it was checked by performing the structural model. in smart pls, the structural model is analyzed with pls bootstrapping. this study used a sub-sample of 5000 to test the hypotheses at the 0.05 significance level. the structural model is displayed in figure 3. zhang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 55-68 61 figure 3. structural model while analyzing the data, the study found that h1 was rejected, and critical reading skills had no impact on the perceived role of the teacher. on the other hand, h2 was accepted, and it was found that critical reading skills affect student self-management. h3 was also accepted in this study, which found that critical reading skills affect student learning strategies. the study also confirmed h4, reporting that critical reading skills affect reading comprehension. moreover, h5 found that the perceived role of the teacher affects reading comprehension. h6 was also accepted, confirming that student self-management affects reading comprehension. finally, the study confirmed h7 and found that student learning strategies affect reading comprehension. the results of direct path analysis using the structural model are shown in table 5. table 5. direct paths relationships original sample standard deviation t statistics p values critical reading skills -> perceived role of teachers 0.097 0.056 1.723 0.085 critical reading skills -> reading comprehension 0.218 0.046 4.721 0.000 critical reading skills -> student learning strategies 0.322 0.045 7.101 0.000 critical reading skills -> student self-management 0.319 0.048 6.624 0.000 perceived role of teachers -> reading comprehension 0.165 0.046 3.588 0.000 student learning strategies -> reading comprehension 0.249 0.050 5.007 0.000 student self-management -> reading comprehension 0.183 0.049 3.760 0.000 the findings of the mediating analysis were also tested and reported in table 6. h8 was confirmed, and the perceived teacher role was found to mediate between critical reading skills and reading comprehension. furthermore, the study confirmed h9 and reported that student self-management mediates the relationship between critical reading skills and reading comprehension. finally, the study confirmed h10, finding that student learning strategies mediate the relationship between critical reading skills and reading comprehension. zhang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 55-68 62 table 6. mediating paths relationships original sample standard deviation t statistics p values critical reading skills -> perceived role of teachers -> reading comprehension 0.016 0.011 1.486 0.137 critical reading skills -> student self-management -> reading comprehension 0.058 0.017 3.434 0.001 critical reading skills -> student learning strategies -> reading comprehension 0.080 0.019 4.323 0.000 in the final section of the analysis, the study tested the model's predictive relevance. it was tested with the pls blindfolding assessment (see figure 4). according to hair et al. (2011), the q2 value, which represents predictive relevance, should be above 0. the findings of this study confirmed that the model has significant predictive relevance as the recommended threshold was achieved (see table 7). therefore, the model in this study was considered significant and predictive. figure 4. blindfolding table 7. predictive relevance construct sso sse q² (=1-sse/sso) critical reading skills 1975 1975 0 perceived role of teachers 2370 2356.882 0.006 reading comprehension 1975 1535.05 0.223 student learning strategies 2370 2209.764 0.068 student self-management 3555 3327.054 0.064 discussions this study contributes to the newly developed relationships in the literature, previously ignored by scholars. the findings of this study are compared with those of previous studies. at first, the study found that h1 was rejected and that critical reading skills had no impact on the perceived role of the teacher. although this relationship is new in the literature, a comparison with previous studies was conducted. according to cong et al. (2024), critical reading ability is related to how students view the role of their teacher in the learning process. when students engage with text analytically and critically, they come to view their teachers more as facilitators of information than as providers (ding et al., 2024). the study by dai and liu (2024) discussed how it creates a learning experience that is more dynamic and learner-centered, where learners zhang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 55-68 63 become owners of their own education. therefore, when learners critically assess information, they look to teachers for help sharpening the analytical process, not for the answers themselves (feng et al., 2023a). as a result, students are more independent in their learning but also regard their teachers as mentors and facilitators. on the other hand, h2 was accepted, and it was found that critical reading skills affect student self-management. although this relationship is new in the literature, a comparison with previous studies was conducted. the study by cheng and zhang (2025) found that learners with well-developed critical reading skills are better able to be in charge of their education. furthermore, dai and wu (2022) noted that developing critical reading skills, such as analyzing and interpreting , requires students to practice self-discipline, goal-setting, and time management. at the same time, chiang (2024) highlighted that analyzing texts encourages students to be more autonomous learners, capable of self-regulating their study skills. therefore, this allows them to create learning objectives, review their own process to assess how well they are doing, and, if necessary, pivot their approach (ding, 2024). h3 was also accepted in this study, which found that critical reading skills affect student learning strategies. although this relationship is new in the literature, a comparison with previous studies was conducted. according to derakhshan and gao (2025), students learn effective learning strategies that contribute to their academic success through this critical reading process. the study by dan et al. (2024) found that reading skills enable them to use strategies such as summarizing, taking notes, and asking questions to enhance their understanding. while it is up to critical readers to connect the dots and forge relationships between ideas, thus enhancing their ability to retain and generalize across contexts (feng et al., 2023b). as a result, this ensures that students are much more strategic in their approach to their studies, helping them digest information more effectively and perform better (cheong et al., 2023). the study also confirmed h4, reporting that critical reading skills affect reading comprehension. although this relationship is new in the literature, a comparison with previous studies was conducted. while derakhshan and bai (2025) argued that critical reading skills significantly impact students' reading comprehension by helping them read with a purpose rather than simply accepting the content presented . furthermore, du et al. (2024) noted that critical readers interrogate content, scrutinize arguments, and evaluate evidence, thereby enhancing their understanding. additionally, gao and shen (2021) discussed that critical reading nurtures inferencing, the ability to read between the lines and comprehend underlying meanings (fu & zhang, 2025). furthermore, these skills make their comprehension academic and reliable, as students practice critical reading, which enables them to assess the credibility of information. moreover, h5 found that the perceived role of the teacher affects reading comprehension. although this relationship is new in the literature, a comparison with previous studies was conducted. according to fan and xie (2025), when students see teachers as supportive guides, they are more likely to ask for help and have meaningful conversations about texts. moreover, gan et al. (2022) noted that providing structured support , including questioning and critical thinking, helps teachers help students approach complex readings with more confidence. in addition, a good teacher-student relationship, as dan and li (2024) discussed, creates motivation, making students more willing to put in work on their reading assignments. in contrast, chicherina et al. (2020) reported that an instructor who promotes analytical discussion and nurtures independent thought enables students to examine reading materials with greater autonomy and confidence, thereby accelerating their understanding. h6 was also accepted, confirming that student self-management affects reading comprehension. although this relationship is new in the literature, a comparison with previous studies was conducted. the study by cui et al. (2023) found that reading comprehension requires self-management skills and the ability to monitor and control how you study and learn. learners who can self-regulate are better able to deal with very complex reading materials (derakhshan et al., 2023). deng (2024) highlighted that self-regulated learners take the initiative to recognize their challenges and pursue tactics to enhance their learning. according to feng (2024), engagement increases when students take responsibility for their learning as they work through reading challenges. to sum up, students become more engaged with the text, develop a more analytical approach to understanding, and improve their self-management skills. the study found that h7 is confirmed and that student learning strategies affect reading comprehension. although this relationship is new in the literature, a comparison with previous studies was conducted. according to dewaele and li (2021), effective learning strategies help students think about and retain information, thereby improving reading comprehension. however, deng et al. (2024) highlighted that this structured approach to reading teaches students to summarize, take structured notes, question the text, and visualize what they are reading. furthermore, du and zhang (2022) reported that techniques such as concept mapping also help outline and connect ideas, making complex texts progressively more digestible. according to feng et al. (2023a), without learning strategies, students will struggle to derive meaning from texts. h8 was confirmed, and the perceived teacher role was found to mediate between critical reading skills and reading comprehension. although this relationship is new in the literature, a comparison with previous studies was conducted. the study by gao and tay (2023) found that when students critically engage with texts, they use their teachers to refine their conceptualizations and approaches. moreover, gao (2024) reported that when a teacher creates a classroom environment conducive to asking questions and discussing texts, students are significantly more likely to read meaningfully. therefore, a teacher can bridge critical reading and comprehension and shape how analytical skills are applied to reading. according to gao and tay (2023), a good teacher can guide students from merely listing textual details to making meaningful interpretations and evaluations of the content. furthermore, the study confirmed h9 and reported that student self-management mediates the relationship between critical reading skills and reading comprehension. although this relationship is new in the literature, a comparison with zhang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 55-68 64 previous studies was conducted. according to fu and zhang (2025), through critical reading, students learn the critical power of being thoughtful about the written word. furthermore, gan et al. (2022) noted that self-management helps students apply that critical power routinely as learning occurs. at the same time, gao and shen (2021) reported that students who do not self-manage their reading efforts may read superficially, avoiding deeper engagement with texts. therefore, owning their learning enables students to think about texts critically and draw out additional meaning, leading to better comprehension (chen & zhang, 2022). finally, the study confirmed h10, finding that student learning strategies mediate the relationship between critical reading skills and reading comprehension. although this relationship is new in the literature, a comparison with previous studies was conducted. according to feng (2024), critical reading skills enable students to analyze and evaluate texts, while learning strategies help them categorize and retain this information effectively. gao (2024) noted that students have a range of analytical skills, but without effective strategies, they may not be able to turn that analysis into meaning. consequently, learning strategies provide a link between critical reading skills and deeper comprehension by helping students approach texts in an organized, productive way (chen, 2024). according to feng et al. (2023b), a rich arsenal of learning strategies enables students to engage with texts in active, meaningful ways, making it easier for them to learn and retain complex ideas. conclusions this study aimed to investigate the role of critical reading skills in predicting reading comprehension and examine how the perceived role of teachers, student self-management, and student learning strategies contribute to this relationship. to conclude, the study addresses the gaps in the literature and achieves its objective while testing the hypothesis. the research contributes to knowledge that critical reading skills have no impact on the teachers' perceived role. in contrast, they have a significant impact on student self-management, student learning strategies, and reading comprehension. furthermore, the study found that perceived teacher role, student self-management, and student learning strategies significantly impact reading comprehension. in addition, the mediating roles of perceived teacher role, student self-management, and student learning strategies were found to be significant in the relationship between critical reading skills and reading comprehension. the study has practical value for stakeholders, practitioners, teachers, and students in understanding the roles of critical reading skills, the perceived role of the teacher, student self-management, and student learning strategies, which are necessary for improving the reading comprehension of chinese students. in a nutshell, the findings of this study are noteworthy for chinese efl students seeking to improve their english reading comprehension. the contributions of this research are significant in the body of knowledge, but it also has some limitations. the study added to the knowledge that critical reading skills are important for student self-management and learning strategies. however, the previous studies paid no attention to these relationships. therefore, the contributions to literature are significant based on these study findings. in addition, the study contributes to the literature by showing that critical reading skills are unrelated to teachers' perceived roles. although the hypothesis in this study was rejected, the study has significant contributions to the literature. moreover, the study advanced the literature by reporting that the perceived role of the teacher, student self-management, and learning strategies have a significant influence on reading comprehension. previous studies in the literature did not discuss these relationships. significantly, the study contributes to understanding the mediating roles of the perceived teacher role, student self-management, and learning strategies. based on these contributions, the study significantly enriched the body of knowledge. the study at first collected data only from beijing and shanghai. although it has representation from china, collecting data from rural areas could yield different findings. therefore, researchers are advised to target different geographic locations for data collection. furthermore, the study found that critical reading skills do not affect teachers' perceived role. future studies are recommended to investigate this relationship with the mediating role of student learning self-efficacy. hence, the new understanding would be incorporated into the body of knowledge through future studies. finally, this research collected cross-sectional data due to time limitations. at the same time, the scholars are motivated to collect longitudinal data in the future to understand the mediating roles of the perceived teacher role, student selfmanagement, and student learning strategies. hence, working in these directions would help scholars interpret the findings more effectively. author contributions: conceptualization, g.z. and r.b.m.r.; methodology, g.z. and r.b.m.r.; software, g.z.; validation, r.b.m.r.; formal analysis, g.z.; investigation, g.z.; resources, r.b.m.r.; data curation, g.z.; writing – original draft preparation, g.z.; writing – review & editing, r.b.m.r.; visualization, g.z.; supervision, r.b.m.r.; project administration, r.b.m.r.; funding acquisition, r.b.m.r. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: this research was supported by the humanities and social sciences research project of chongqing municipal education commission (project no.: 21sksz034). acknowledgments: the authors thank all participants in this study. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. zhang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 55-68 65 references amoah, s., & yeboah, j. 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(2024). education in the era of artificial intelligence: an evidence from dhaka international university (diu). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 9(1), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i1.2186 appendices appendix a: questionnaire perceived role of teacher items i like it when the teacher tells me what to do. i like the teacher to tell me what my difficulties are. i like the teacher to be more of a facilitator. i can learn without the teacher's direct support. if given the opportunity, i would like to negotiate which activities to do in class. i feel worried about learning on my own as i need a teacher to tell me if i am doing well. student self-management i can learn english successful ly. i am confident in my learning ability. i can learn well. i am willing to take responsibility for my learning. making mistakes is part of my learning. i encourage myself to participate in class, even if i am afraid i will make mistakes. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.31733 https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688211014538 https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2022.2098366 https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12739 https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2024.14.9.2151 https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221094584 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2024.103589 https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221146887 https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2023-0087 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-023-00787-1 https://doi.org/10.1177/07410883241303921 https://doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2022.19.1.3.35 https://doi.org/10.1017/s0958344020000142 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2023.103091 zhang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 55-68 68 when i feel stressed about my learning, i know what to do. i create the best conditions for learning. i am resilient, not easily discouraged, and i persevere. student learning strategies i have my own ways of testing how much i have learned. i can identify my learning strengths and weaknesses. i evaluate how well i can use english. i know how to organize my learning time more effectively. i know how to choose the strategy of learning that suits me best and use it. i can describe the learning strategies that i use. critical reading skills i can identify the author's main argument and supporting details in a reading passage. i critically evaluate the credibility of sources when reading academic texts. i analyze different perspectives and biases in the texts i read. i can distinguish between fact and opinion in complex reading materials. i question and reflect on the deeper meaning of texts rather than accepting information at face value. reading comprehension i can understand the main idea of an english passage without difficulty. i accurately infer the meanings of unfamiliar words from context. i can summarize key points of a reading passage in my own words. i understand implicit meanings and hidden messages in english texts. i can follow complex sentence structures and long passages without confusion. publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 42-51 42 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 4 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa future scenarios and forecasts for the evolution of accounting and auditing in ukraine post-war nataliia ponomarova (a)1 alla mykhalkiv (b) tetiana kostash (c) vasyl andrusiak (d) olena dovzhyk (e) (a) associate professor, department of accounting, audit and taxation, faculty of economics and management, khmelnytskyi national university, khmelnytskyi, ukraine; e-mail: ponomarovan@khmnu.edu.ua (b) associate professor, department of accounting, analysis and audit, faculty of economics, yuriy fedkovych chernivtsi national university, chernivtsi, ukraine; e-mail: a.myhalkiv@chnu.edu.ua (c) associate professor, department of accounting, analysis and audit, faculty of economics, yuriy fedkovych chernivtsi national university, chernivtsi, ukraine; e-mail: t.kostash@chnu.edu.ua (d) associate professor, department of accounting and taxation, faculty of economics and entrepreneurship, uman national university, uman, ukraine; e-mail: andrysak@ukr.net (e) associate professor, department of accounting and taxation, faculty of economics and management, sumy national agrarian university, sumy, ukraine; e-mail: lgamanenko@ukr.net a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 26th february 2025 reviewed & revised: 26th february to 17th june 2025 accepted: 18th june 2025 published: 20th june 2025 keywords: accounting transformation, post-conflict recovery, financial transparency, auditing methodologies, economic resilience, forecast, auditing, ukraine jel classification codes: f20, m10, d24 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t scenario analysis is widely applied in strategic economic planning to explore alternative futures under varying assumptions and uncertainties. originating from decision theory, systems thinking, and complexity science, it supports informed judgment in uncertain environments. despite its broad application, previous research on accounting and auditing reforms has predominantly concentrated on stable economies, with minimal emphasis on countries recovering from conflict. this study examines the future trajectories of accounting and auditing practices in post-war ukraine using a scenario analysis framework. data were collected through the delphi method, incorporating expert interviews and survey questionnaires. analytical techniques included the statistical package for the social sciences (spss) and partial least squares structural equation modelling (pls-sem), supplemented by bootstrapping for result validation. the analysis reveals that scenario 1, referred to as "digital reinvention," has a statistically significant impact on the projected development of accounting and auditing in ukraine's post-war context. in contrast, scenarios 2 and 3, labeled "gradual compliance" and "regulatory stagnation," do not exhibit significant associations with the evolution of the field. the findings indicate that the three exogenous variables together explain approximately 41.2% of the total variance in the endogenous variable, demonstrating a moderate predictive capacity of the model. this suggests that ukraine’s post-conflict financial landscape is likely to be influenced predominantly by digital transformation, institutional modernization, full adoption of international financial reporting standards (ifrs), and the implementation of artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies to enhance financial transparency and audit reliability in the emerging economic environment. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction ukraine's accounting and auditing systems have been transformed due to the war and the postwar reconstruction. previously, ukraine has been trying to move towards convergence with the international financial reporting standards in the process of european integration. however, the war has led to significant changes in the economic stability, regulatory environment and corporate governance (mehran & stulz, 2007). demolition of the physical facilities, loss of investors’ interest, and sanctions on russia have devastated ukraine's financial sector and, therefore, its accounting and auditing (umut, 2023). however, according to kocherov et al. (2023), ukraine will have advantages and disadvantages in the post-war economic situation. economic reconstruction will be a process of considerable financial discipline and sound auditing to guarantee the proper use of the funds injected into the economy for reconstruction. furthermore, the war has also exposed the weaknesses of ukraine's financial regulatory system, and therefore, changes are needed to enhance corporate governance, risk management, and compliance with international accounting standards. also, the war has fast-forwarded the need for digital transformation 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-4076-246x © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bsdht986 to cite this article: ponomarova, n., mykhalkiv, a., kostash, t., andrusiak, v., & dovzhyk, o. (2025). future scenarios and forecasts for the evolution of accounting and auditing in ukraine post-war. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(4), 42-51. https://doi.org/10.46281/bsdht986 mailto:ponomarovan@khmnu.edu.ua mailto:a.myhalkiv@chnu.edu.ua mailto:t.kostash@chnu.edu.ua mailto:andrysak@ukr.net mailto:lgamanenko@ukr.net http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bsdht986 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4076-246x https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9195-7726 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9027-7043 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3477-7515 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6547-1418 ponomarova el al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 42-51 43 in auditing, as the conventional approaches are not feasible due to physical access and security threats. auditors and other financial professionals will have to shift to working from home, improve cyber security and comply with new regulations to avoid embezzlement of funds or mismanagement (kravets et al., 2024). the paper purpose is to provide a conceptual framework for understanding the impact of war on financial regulations, accounting and auditing to inform the future of ukraine’s financial sector. in its quest to achieve financial stability and integration with the european union, ukraine’s accounting and auditing system will be essential in restoring investors’ confidence and stability. due to several reasons, including political, economic, and technological shifts brought on by the postwar recovery, the future of accounting and auditing in ukraine is uncertain. financial reporting, assurance services, and corporate governance face opportunities and problems due to the ongoing economic transition, european integration, and legislative reforms. however, how much of this will impact the profession is unclear. political instability and changing government policies bring unpredictability to the regulatory frameworks for accounting and auditing standards. according to kovacs-rump et al. (2021), ukraine’s financial reporting system must be aligned with international financial reporting standards (ifrs) and european union (eu) directives requiring structural changes. still, the speed and effectiveness of these changes are unknown. moreover, weak institutional capacity and economic constraints may hinder audit regulations and enforcement. economically, post-war recovery is marked by volatile inflation, foreign investment and structural economic shifts. these factors impact financial reporting requirements and risk assessment processes, making it challenging for auditors and accountants to operate effectively. external forces, such as foreign investors and the international financial system, can significantly influence the regulatory setting, compounding the uncertainty (kovacs-rump et al., 2021). technological developments in data analytics, blockchain technology, and artificial intelligence are revolutionizing the accounting and auditing industries. although these advancements can increase productivity, the rapidity of their development makes it difficult to modify regulations, particularly in security-related fields and causes gaps in professional competency. digitalizing financial reporting and audit processes further complicates the regulatory and operational framework. the above-stated challenges and uncertainties necessitate this study to urgently examine the effect of political, economic, and technological developments on the future of accounting and auditing in ukraine. the study's outcome will assist policymakers, regulators, and professionals’ advance strategies that ensure that accounting and auditing remain strong, adaptive, and aligned with global best practices. a robust accounting system and a comprehensive auditing regime must be in place post-war to help stabilize the economy and address the economic difficulties. this study is of utmost importance as it helps the key stakeholders, such as the accountants, auditors, regulators, and investors, understand the critical areas that allow the reconstruction and fortification of ukraine’s financial system during the post-war period. accountants, being the first-level analyzers of financial information, are tasked with ensuring that they adapt to changing regulations and international standards. the war has caused severe economic disruptions and is bound to require adaptive accounting during times of asset impairments, debt restructuring, and loss recognition. this study fosters the growth of emerging trends in financial reporting, regulatory changes, and the new norm of accountants as soldiers to fight economic adversities. significantly more financial risks, deceitful activities, and corporate governance issues emerge post-war, resulting in an exceptionally challenging and high-risk environment for auditors. this study investigates these risks and encourages a shift toward new audit procedures with a greater focus on the audit strategy, forensic audit, and audit assurances. financial misstatements can be mitigated by strengthening the processes surrounding audits, which helps rekindle investor confidence. with the reinstatement of financial laws and policies, regulators facilitate financial compliance and restore economic stability. the research details the importance of regulatory changes, the adoption of global standards in accounting and auditing, and measures that can improve transparency while mitigating corruption in the financial sector. to put money in a recovering economy, investors need reliable financial information and a thorough understanding of the available risks and opportunities. this research examines financial disclosures, risk assessment models, and the influence of window-dressed policies of wartime on investment decisions. by determining salient financial indicators of economic recovery and corporate performance stability, the study seeks to provide investors with tools to navigate uncertainties. this research contributes to the understanding of ukraine’s post-war reality and what accounting and auditing reforms are needed to meet the challenges of economic recovery and transparency of ukraine’s financial information. the aim of the study is to explore potential scenarios for the future evolution of accounting and auditing in ukraine. it seeks to identify the key drivers that may influence these changes, including economic, regulatory, and technological factors. by analyzing these drivers, the study intends to provide valuable insights for policymakers and accounting professionals to support strategic adaptation. this forward-looking approach is designed to help stakeholders prepare for emerging challenges and opportunities, ensuring the continued development and relevance of accounting and auditing practices in ukraine. the structure of the paper is organized as follows: section 2 presents a comprehensive literature review, including the conceptual framework of scenario analysis; section 3 outlines the research methodology, detailing the research design, data collection procedures, and data analysis techniques; section 4 reports the main findings of the study and provides a discussion of the results; section 5 concludes the paper with a summary. literature review scenario analysis is used in strategic planning in economics and other fields to project potential futures based on differing assumptions and uncertainties (wiebe et al., 2018). its concepts stem from decision-making, systems thinking, and complexity science, allowing policymakers, businesses, and researchers to foresee various possibilities and improve their strategic decisions (maier et al., 2016). according to ramirez et al. (2010), scenario analysis's decision-making aspect looks ponomarova el al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 42-51 44 at how decisions are made when there is a certain level of uncertainty surrounding the outcome. understandable risks, which are quantifiable, and unknown factors are part of the categorization of uncertainty. scenario analysis helps depict those uncertainties so stakeholders can develop a range of possible outcomes and their respective consequences to make the most efficient decisions. on the other hand, systems thinking focuses on the elements within a system and their interdependencies. scenario analysis acts as a catalyst in helping thinkers grasp the interactions and impacts by considering broader economic, social, political, and other technological factors. it also identifies loops in which decisions can yield further problems or advantages, making it easier to determine long-term consequences (lindgren & bandhold, 2003; yoe, 2019). furthermore, scenario analysis draws upon the intriguing non-linearity of complex systems, which can behave in nondeterministic and unpredictable ways. instead, with systems as a whole, we adjust our focus to a system where feedback loops are easy to understand as they arise from interdependencies of evolved objectives (gallegati et al., 2024). strategic foresight is the combination of scenario analysis and forecasting. it uses exploratory scenarios to analyze possible outcomes and normative scenarios, which are essentially desired outcomes (sossa et al., 2021). developing a shared understanding among the stakeholders significantly increases support for strategic initiatives within a scenario (nayev et al., 2023). scenario analysis is helpful for policy formulation, investment planning, and risk management within the economic sphere. decisions by policymakers, businesses, and even investors influence how these actors take advantage of a decision. business firms may take risks related to some market fluctuations, while investors might examine the profitability and risks to better position themselves in a dynamic economy (cordova-pozo & rouwette, 2023; tokarski et al., 2021). theoretical foundation of scenario analysis of this study is anchored on three theories: the rational expectations theory, uncertainty and game theory, and complexity theory and systems thinking. according to zhang et al. (2021), the rational expectations theory classifies economists into two groups: those who differ in how they combine economic policy changes with hopes for the future and those who, driven primarily by changes in hopes, do not consider policy changes. from a broader framework, it applies the scenario to analyze how monetary and external policy alterations affect the economy. during the building of the various scenarios, it is assumed that economic actors build mental models based on the information available to them and the assumptions of their framework policy, which determines what kind of powers the modeler can or cannot wield (cordova-pozo & rouwette, 2023). from a predictive and informative perspective, uncertainty and game theory narrow the possibilities and balance the probability of various outcomes (jing et al., 2022). if the best or the worst-case scenarios occur, decisions will have already been made, and the models will set expectations that encourage or force people to wake up and move into action. these actions will have irreversible consequences that few would wish to experience. gallegati et al. (2024) posit that markets are subsystems of the economic system, and as such, they are subject to simulation and forecasting. these seemingly endless relationships and dependencies require systems thinking, where one has to let the whole rather than the sum of the parts govern because it would take a million years to gather all possible streams of hypotheses with predictive models of anticipated outcomes. such is a scenario analysis that integrates systems reasoning by considering feedback effects. krichen et al. (2024) maintain that analyzing possible scenarios may shed light on potential paths toward achieving economic recovery and even self-sustained growth, considering the ongoing instability in ukraine’s economy. according to blythe et al. (2021), some possible scenarios include optimistic and pessimistic. the optimistic scenario hopes that international assistance, investment, and policy reforms lead to economic growth. the pessimistic scenario, on the other hand, assumes that weak regulation and geopolitical issues lead to an economic standstill. this research offers a comprehensive solution for evaluating the prospective developments of ukraine’s accounting, auditing, and financial regulation in the economic conditions of the post-war period. this has been achieved by enriching traditional economic research with a scenario analysis approach. in line with laborde et al. (2021), liu and wu (2022), and wambui et al. (2022), the study considers three scenario models: shell scenario planning, pestel-based scenario construction, and the global business network (gbn) scenario planning. royal dutch shell established shell scenario planning and remains one of the most preferred models for long-term strategic forecasting. it approaches the issue of uncertainty by building plausible future scenarios from the key drivers of change. instead of focusing on predicting the future, this model’s objective is to equip decision-makers with the tools to make sense of a myriad of possible outcomes. in the context of ukraine, this model can be applied to assess various foreign investment recovery econometric models when considering the influences of foreign investment, regulatory changes, and geopolitical conditions. the pestel (political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal) examines macro-environmental conditions of economic and business activity (khan et al., 2023; paramadita et al., 2024). it involves factors of different dimensions and helps integrate the examination of these various sections while being specifically valuable for scenario planning. in the post-war setting of ukraine, a pestel-based analysis would examine how the degree of political stability, the stringency of legal reforms, and the range of economic policies a country adopts will affect the financial transparency of a country and the level of confidence investors have (eichhorn et al., 2024). the gbn scenario planning, on the other hand, considers scenario planning as critical in dealing with critical uncertainties in the environment through disciplined imagination. instead, it employs more rational determinism, concentrating on thinking, deciding, and acting. ukraine’s post-crisis recovery presents a multifaceted institutional and economic landscape characterized by infrastructural and financial challenges (aleksin, 2024). the conflict destabilized economic activities, hence the need for supervisory oversight to reinstate economic solidity. this can be explained as follows. physical recovery: the demolition of structures and industrial facilities resulted in immense economic sabotage and contractions. rebuilding the economy involves the participation of all stakeholders, including policymakers, the public and private sectors, and foreign interventions. ponomarova el al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 42-51 45 external actors: through financial aid, debt restructuring, and policy support, foreign financing partners such as the world bank and the imf play significant roles in stabilizing the economy of ukraine. monetary and fiscal adjustments: there’s a need for the central bank of ukraine to develop war-related fiscal policies while nurturing a sustainable economic recovery. regulatory reforms in financial reporting: the aftermath of the war requires stronger regulatory oversight and a transparent financial reporting system. ukraine must also align with the ifrs and eu regulations to boost investors’ confidence. governance and anti-corruption: to combat corruption and improve corporate governance, post-war ukraine needs institutional reforms that guarantee accountability in the public and private sectors. auditing and assurance services: auditors and regulators must enhance oversight mechanisms in post-war ukraine to mitigate fraud and ensure compliance with emerging financial regulations. in the aftermath of the bosnian war (1992–1995), bosnia and herzegovina witnessed a disjointed economic setting, with its financial segment divided into two political units: the federation of bosnia and herzegovina and republika srpska (basic, 2024). as part of its reform efforts, bosnia began aligning with ifrs to meet its eu integration objectives (vignini, 2023). to enhance the quality of financial reporting in line with the world bank, the country adopted the international standards on auditing (isa). in addition, organizations like the world bank and the imf offered technical support to enhance accounting education and professional certification. these reforms enabled bosnia to shift from a socialist-style accounting system to one that aligns with global financial standards, promoting foreign investment and financial stability (bolesta, 2022). similarly, after the 2003 crisis, iraq witnessed major economic chaos and destabilized the financial sector and banking institutions (hinrichsen, 2022). consequently, fixing the accounting and auditing framework becomes imperative for revamping the economy. significant reform efforts include transitioning from soviet-style accounting methods to ifrs to enhance transparency and attract international investors (world bank). furthermore, the central bank of iraq (cbi) collaborated with global financial institutions to create independent audit oversight bodies. after world war ii, germany witnessed a significant economic turnaround. this was made possible through intentional reform efforts, including implementing the german commercial code (hgb), which was in line with generally accepted accounting principles (gaap) and later incorporated ifrs for publicly listed companies. in addition, under the allied banking laws, germany’s banking sector was rebuilt after the war. furthermore, commercial banks were separated from investment banks (kortl & chbib, 2024). to enhance efficiency, transparency and compliance, accounting and auditing regulatory reforms must be aligned with digital technology advancements, such as artificial intelligence and deep learning (yarmoliuk et al., 2024). according to yaacob et al. (2023), the latest regulatory and technological trends include new legislation and standards to be developed to cater to digital assets, artificial intelligence, and cybersecurity in accounting and auditing. similarly, auditors must verify environmental, social, and governance (esg) disclosures to guarantee transparency. on the other hand, distributed ledger technology (blockchain) enhances auditing and reduces financial fraud. these inclinations signify a move towards a robust, regulated, and digital accounting environment that guarantees data safety and accurate accounting and auditing reports. on the other hand, the lessons learned from financial instability and the need for greater accountability and transparency formed the foundation for the evolution of financial reporting standards post-war in ukraine. significant developments post-war include adopting principles-based standards instead of rigid rule-based ones. principles-based enhances flexibility and relevance in financial reporting. similarly, to improve the comparability of financial statements, reduce earnings management, and restore investors’ confidence, there is a need to fully adopt the ifrs and the generally accepted accounting principles (gaap). furthermore, as a consequence of the financial crunch, regulatory bodies need to develop a more robust reporting framework and enhanced disclosure mechanisms. the accounting profession is experiencing an essential revolution due to rapid technological advancements. digitalization, artificial intelligence (ai), and blockchain technologies are redesigning the modes of operations of accounting and auditing, which are essential for ukraine’s post-war recovery efforts. integrating digital technologies into everyday practices is commonly referred to as digitalization. in accounting, this includes using cloud computing, automated systems, and software solutions that streamline processes such as bookkeeping, invoicing, and reporting. ai includes a variety of technologies that mimic human acumen. ai can be used in accounting for risk assessment, financial modeling, and data analysis. the prospects of blockchain technology in accounting are indeed promising. it is a distributed journal technology that offers transparency, accuracy and data security (kulikov et al., 2022). this section examines recent empirical studies in different contexts to ascertain the gaps in the literature. raji et al. (2024) investigate how national cultural values affect financial inclusion in 40 countries, utilizing hofstede's cultural dimensions from 2012 to 2021. their findings reveal that higher power distance and uncertainty avoidance are linked to lower financial inclusion, while greater individualism and masculinity are associated with increased inclusion. the authors emphasize the importance of policymakers considering cultural values to foster financial inclusion and achieve sustainable development goals. however, their dependence on secondary data may miss essential nuances and changes in cultural attitudes over time. similarly, zaichko et al. (2024) analyze the financial development of small businesses in ukraine before and during the war, highlighting the significant effects of conflict on economic conditions. their study, which spans from 2013 to 2022, shows a decline in small enterprises, sales, and profitability due to disruptions caused by the war, predicting ongoing difficulties. they stress the necessity for coordinated state support but recognize that their focus on small businesses may overlook specific dynamics within different sectors. more so, yarmoliuk et al. (2024) explore the transformative impact of digital technologies on accounting in the context of the 4th industrial revolution. they point out the potential advantages and risks, underlining the need for accountants to enhance their digital skills. however, their qualitative approach may not adequately capture the full extent of these technologies' impact. oneshko et al. (2024) examine ukrainian enterprises' challenges under martial law, advocating for a transition to proactive auditing to boost investor confidence despite ongoing disruptions. they rely on secondary data, indicating a need ponomarova el al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 42-51 46 for primary data collection to better understand the current challenges. umut (2023) discusses the financial repercussions of the russia-ukraine conflict on businesses, particularly the rise in costs and difficulties in revenue recognition under ias. the study highlights the importance of conducting sensitivity analyses but does not delve into the broader socio-economic effects. furthermore, shkola (2023) explores how social indicators can be integrated into accounting practices. the research shows that while many companies recognize the significance of social performance, they encounter difficulties with current standards. it emphasizes the necessity for enhanced accounting frameworks, although it primarily focuses on companies already engaged in social performance, which may skew the findings. on the other hand, korniienko and petrunenko (2023) examine the impact of international sanctions and cyber warfare on ukraine. they observe a strong awareness of sanctions but a lack of understanding regarding cybersecurity. their findings highlight the urgent need for educational programs and further studies to grasp the long-term effects. zhuk et al. (2023) created an accounting toolkit to evaluate war-related losses in ukraine's agribusiness sector, suggesting a structured method for documenting damages. their results indicate that losses are more significant than global estimates, but the emphasis on agribusiness may limit the applicability of their findings to other industries. golubeva (2023) also assesses the implementation of ifrs in countries of the former soviet union from 2005 to 2020. she notes that the impact has generally been minimal, although some regions have experienced positive outcomes. the review highlights a significant sampling bias, which could obscure the varied challenges faced by less-studied nations. tumalavvicius (2022) investigates the relationship between blockchain technology, cryptocurrencies, and sustainable development. he stresses the importance of establishing regulatory frameworks to tackle legal issues and promote sustainability. the study advocates for continued research to ensure that technological progress aligns with sustainable objectives, recognizing the ever-evolving landscape of the cryptocurrency market. among the identified gaps is that most prior research on accounting and auditing reforms focused on stable economies. there is sparse literature that explores how these reforms can be specifically directed at meeting the needs of nations coming out of crisis. the literature often ignores the challenges of adopting these reforms in post-war countries. according to yarmoliuk et al. (2024), some challenges include organizational culture, costs and limitations of accounting software, and the availability of digital skills and competencies. in addition, there are limited studies on how these reforms influence interest groups, including investors, practitioners, and regulators. considering the views of these groups is essential for ensuring cooperation and collaboration. materials and methods this study adopts the scenario analysis approach. this method combines qualitative and quantitative techniques to develop comprehensive insights into probable prospects based on changing expectations and circumstances. given that ukraine’s post-war accounting and auditing frameworks are faced with enormous uncertainty and difficulties, scenario analysis is deemed appropriate for this study as it permits scholars to discover numerous conceivable futures that can accommodate the different issues that might affect the development of accounting practices, including advancement in technology, economic circumstances and changes in the regulatory framework. the study gathered the required data through expert consultation (delphi method). the delphi method is an organized communication system that collects expert opinions through surveys from previous researchers, including tumalavvicius (2022) and shkola (2023). this study used this method because it allows for modifying thoughts and agreements on composite subjects. this research conducted three expert surveys with different interest groups, such as academicians, practitioners, and policymakers. the experts were selected based on their expertise and experience in accounting, auditing, and digitalization, as well as their experience in post-war economies. in addition, like tumalavvicius (2022), the study considered diverse perspectives to have a balanced representation from different quotas: the public sector, investors, academia, and technocrats. the interview and a five-point likert scale questionnaire collected data from 200 experts. the study analyzed two sets of data: experts’ opinions (responses to questions) and economic and regulatory data over 10 years. according to castleberry and nolen (2018), thematic analysis is used to find and report themes in qualitative data from expert interviews or focus groups. this approach simplifies complex insights into practical themes. results and discussions the key insights from experts on three study themes (regulatory challenges, technology adoption and economic recovery) are summarized in table 1. table 1. thematic analysis of qualitative insights from experts themes key insights regulatory challenges experts emphasized serious regulatory challenges hindering the development of accounting and auditing in post-war ukraine. they are obsolete rules, erratic implementation, and non-compliance with international standards. technology adoption notwithstanding the potential benefits of new technologies, experts highlighted the slow pace of the digital revolution in accounting and auditing. economic recovery experts are optimistic about the potential for growth in post-war ukraine. they also identified key obstacles that may retard economic recovery. this study considered five variables over ten years (2015 2024). these variables are: economic growth (ecg) (gross domestic product – gdp), unemployment rate (uner), investment rate (invr), foreign direct investment (fdir), ponomarova el al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 42-51 47 and inflationary trend (infr). trend analysis looks at past data to find patterns or trends in economic and regulatory settings, helping to understand what might happen in the future (edwards et al., 2018). the trend is presented in figure 1. figure 1. economic trend analysis the study further utilized descriptive statistics to discuss the trend analysis, as presented in table 2 below. table 2. summary of trend analysis variable n minimum maximum mean std. deviation ecg 10 -30 4 -2.32 10.669 uner 10 8 30 13.73 8.144 invr 10 10 20 16.29 3.505 fdir 10 1 4 2.53 0.923 infr 10 5 43 15.78 11.541 as shown from table 2 the economic growth (gross domestic product) has a mean value of -2.32%, with a minimum value of -30% (in the year 2022, due to the war), and a maximum value (projected growth rate) of 4% (year 2024). on the other hand, the unemployment rate was at an average of 13.73% between 2015 and 20024, with a minimum and maximum value of 8% and 30%, respectively. the investment rate has an average value of 16.29%, with minimum and maximum values of 10% and 20%, respectively. the foreign direct investment rate has an average value of 2.53%, a minimum of 1% and a maximum of 4% between 2015 and 2024. lastly, the inflation rate stood at an average value of 15.76%, with the lowest value of 5% and at its peak in 2015 (43%). the summary statistics (mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values) of responses acquired by the study are presented in table 3. table 3. descriptive statistics construct n mean std. dev. minimum maximum evolution of accounting & auditing 200 3.903 1.347 1 4 digital reinvention 200 3.955 2.026 1 4 gradual compliance 200 6.450 2.496 1 5 regulatory stagnation 200 8.470 2.216 1 4 according to table 3, regulatory stagnation has the highest mean of 8.470 but with a standard deviation of 2.216, which is far from the mean. this indicates a wide disparity in experts’ opinions regarding regulatory stagnation and the evolution of accounting and auditing in post-war ukraine. digital reinvention and gradual compliance have their standard deviation closer to the mean, which signifies less dispersion in experts’ opinions. the outcome of the partial least squares-structural equation modeling (pls-sem) algorithm used in gorondutse and hilman (2017) is presented in view of the measurement model in figure 2 and also summarized in table 4. -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 ecg uner invr fdir infr ponomarova el al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 42-51 48 figure 2. measurement model table 4. convergent validity of research constructs construct n mean std. dev. minimum maximum digital reinvention dr1 0.855 0.656 0.853 0.744 dr2 0.870 gradual compliance gc1 0.801 0.722 0.869 0.769 gc2 0.947 regulatory stagnation rs1 0.699 0.530 0.797 0.666 rs2 0.919 from table 4, it is evident that the loading for all the constructs is well above 0.5. thus, all the constructs surpassed the recommended loading (hair et al., 2018). similarly, the least average variance extracted (ave) is 0.666, above the threshold of 0.5 (gorondutse & hilman, 2017). furthermore, figure 2 reveals that the model has a moderate r-squared (r2) value of 0.412, which signifies that the three exogenous variables (digital reinvention, dr; gradual compliance, gc, and regulatory stagnation, rs) accounted for about 41.2% of the total variations in the endogenous variable (evolution of accounting and auditing, eaa) in post-war ukraine. the study utilized the pls bootstrapping function to test the effects of the three different scenarios. the results are summarized in table 5 as follows: table 5. summary of pls bootstrapping scenario path coefficient p-value r2 decision dr → eaa 0.635 0.000*** 0.412 supported gc → eaa 0.087 0.431 not supported rs → eaa -0.068 0.494 not supported note: *** indicates significant at 1% dr = digital reinvention (scenario 1) gc = gradual compliance (scenario 2) rs = regulatory stagnation (scenario 3) the results of bootstrapping in table 5 indicate that the relationship between digital reinvention (scenario 1) and the eaa in post-war ukraine is positive and statistically significant (supported). this implies that the evolution of a hightech future, strong institutions, full implementation of the ifrs, and the adoption of ai-driven auditing tools and blockchain technologies contribute significantly to the evolution of accounting and auditing in ukraine’s post-war economy. this finding agrees with buriak and petchenko (2021), who posit that accountants should not rely on traditional skills but must embrace modern technologies in the accounting profession. on the other hand, the association between gradual compliance (scenario 2) and the eaa in post-war ukraine is positive, though not statistically significant (not supported). this indicates that slow progress (mixed regulation), partial alignment with eu regulations, and gradual adaptation to digital reporting (with resistance from traditional institutions) can potentially enhance the eaa in post-war ukraine. ponomarova el al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 42-51 49 lastly, table 5 also reveals that the interaction between regulatory stagnation (scenario 3) and the eaa in postwar ukraine is negative and statistically insignificant (not supported). this demonstrates that regulatory stagnation weak oversight, economic instability, limited enforcement of international standards, and the situation where accounting remains paper-based with minimal digital transformation significantly retards the eaa in post-war ukraine. this finding contradicts yarmoliuk et al. (2024), who conclude that digital transformation is a reagent for reliability and innovativeness in accounting. conclusions this study explored the future scenarios and forecasts for the evolution of accounting and auditing in ukraine post-war. the study utilized the delphi research design and formulated three scenarios. the findings indicate that the three exogenous variables accounted for about 41.2% of the total variation in the endogenous variable. the findings also reveal that while digital reinvention (scenario 1) has a positive and significant effect on the evolution of accounting and auditing in post-war ukraine, scenario 2 (gradual compliance) and scenario 3 (regulatory stagnation) have an insignificant statistical relationship with the evolution of accounting and auditing in post-war ukraine. the study concludes that the main drivers of accounting and auditing in post-war ukraine remained digital reinvention (high-tech future, strong institutions), full implementation of ifrs, and adoption of ai-driven auditing tools and blockchain for financial transparency. thus, digital reinvention is the best alternative to the evolution of accounting and auditing in post-war ukraine, with regulatory stagnation as the worst scenario, as it can drag the nation backward economically. in line with the findings, the study recommends that policymakers enact laws that guarantee adaptable financial regulations and promote the digitalization of financial reporting systems. in addition, accounting educators and practitioners should embrace the digital transformation of the accounting and auditing profession. the outcomes of this study provide valuable insights for policymakers as it highlights the importance of aligning with international accounting standards. similarly, for practitioners, particularly accountants and auditors, the study's findings pinpoint the need for acquiring the necessary skills (e.g., digital literacy, regulatory knowledge) for adapting to a tech-based rather than paper-based accounting system. more so, the study's findings underscore the need for companies to align their accounting system towards digitalization and keep them in line with global best practices. this study, just like every other study, is not free of limitations. first, it should be noted that the study utilized scenario analysis based on data obtained from expert consultation. consequently, expert bias in scenario construction cannot be ruled out. in addition, the study's outcome may not be generalized to other contexts or nations due to differences in legal, technological, economic, and socio-cultural settings. furthermore, uncertainties in long-term economic forecasts can be affected by various factors, including changes in governance structure, policy direction, and the influence of international actors. therefore, there is a need for constant updates in line with changes in policies. the study further suggests that, in the event of weak oversight and/or economic instability, accounting should remain paper-based with minimal digital transformation to ensure transparency and security of records. the study also recommends that future researchers conduct a comparative study of different post-war economies around the globe. furthermore, unlike the current study that utilized the delphi research design, future studies can consider ai-driven forecasting techniques for accounting trends. author contributions: conceptualization, n.p. and a.m.; methodology, n.p.; software, a.m.; validation, a.m., t.k. and v.a.; formal analysis, a.m.; investigation, t.k.; resources, v.a.; data curation, t.k.; writing – original draft preparation, o.d.; writing – review & editing, v.a.; visualization, o.d.; supervision, n.p.; project administration, n.p.; funding acquisition, n.p. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, as the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgment: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references aleksin, g. 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e-mail: syekjy@163.com (b) lecturer, school of medicine, tongji university, shanghai, china; e-mail: cui182000@163.com (c) lecturer, school of medicine, tongji university, shanghai, china; e-mail: 21666131@tongji.edu.cn (d) lecturer, school of medicine, tongji university, shanghai, china; e-mail: zlhjp@aliyun.com (e) lecturer, shanghai tenth people’s hospital, tongji university, shanghai, china; e-mail: dingliyu2017@163.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 18th june 2025 reviewed & revised: 18th june 2025 to 10th september 2025 accepted: 15th september 2025 published: 20th september 2025 keywords: clinical performance, nursing students, cognitive load, technology anxiety, instructor support jel classification codes: c12, c20, c31 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t the clinical performance of nursing students is a big problem in the era of modern technological advancement. with advancements in artificial intelligence and technology, clinical performance strategies with modern technology are required for nursing students. however, in the contemporary clinical environment of competition, a high level of performance is needed from nursing students. this research was conducted to investigate the impact of digital literacy level, instructor support for digital learning, and lack of technology anxiety on cognitive load and clinical performance. furthermore, the study also investigated the direct impact of a lack of cognitive load on clinical performance. the mediating role of cognitive load in the relationship between digital literacy level, instructor support for digital learning, technology anxiety, and clinical performance was also investigated. a sample of 305 nursing students was collected from china using purposive sampling. this study used a partial least squares – structural equation model (pls-sem) to investigate the complex relationships presented in the framework. the study found that digital literacy level, instructor support for digital learning, and lack of technology anxiety have a significant impact on cognitive load and clinical performance. at the same time, the mediating role of lack of cognitive load between digital literacy level, instructor support for digital learning, lack of technology anxiety, and clinical performance was also accepted. the findings of this research provide new insights into clinical performance and nursing literature and recommend actionable practices for advancing the students' clinical performance in china. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction china’s health professional education faces a dual challenge, elevating students’ clinical performance while preventing excessive cognitive load in increasingly digital learning environments (sun et al., 2021). as hospitals and universities expand electronic health records, high-fidelity simulation centers, and ai-enabled decision support, students must master unfamiliar interfaces alongside complex clinical reasoning (pawar & vispute, 2024). this overlay of technological demands on already intensive curricula can saturate working memory and depress performance during bedside care. moreover, the rapid nationwide expansion of online and blended instruction since the pandemic has widened variability in students' digital readiness and access to high-quality instructional support (werfhorst et al., 2022). clinical placements, often in high-volume urban settings, add time pressure and documentation burdens that intensify cognitive demands. the practical problem is thus not merely technological adoption but aligning instructional design and faculty support with learners’ digital literacy so that technology reduces, rather than amplifies, mental load (yu, 2022). when digital ecosystems, instructor practices, and student competencies are misaligned, learners experience disorientation, anxiety, and inefficiency at precisely the moment when accuracy, speed, and patient-centered judgment are required (tammets et al., 2022). addressing this misalignment is essential to secure safe, effective clinical learning and to translate china’s substantial investment in digital health education into consistent improvements in learners’ clinical performance. unresolved misalignment between digital demands and learner capacity produces consequences that reverberate across students, patients, and institutions (lattouf, 2022). at the student level, excessive cognitive load increases error 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0000-3442-7924 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i6.2595 to cite this article: jiang, y., chen, c., huang, x., zhang, j., & ding, l. (2025). the impact of digital tools on nursing students’ clinical performance: a mediating role of cognitive load. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(6), 7386. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i6.2595 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i6.2595 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3442-7924 https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0777-2056 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5779-564x https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5194-6888 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7751-367x jiang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 73-86 74 proneness, slows clinical reasoning, and hinders the transfer of classroom knowledge to practice (thornby et al., 2023). furthermore, heightened technology anxiety magnifies avoidance, undermines self-efficacy, and increases attrition risk during demanding clinical rotations. over time, these strains accumulate as fatigue and burnout, eroding professional identity and willingness to engage in reflective learning (kong et al., 2023). for patients, reduced clinical performance can manifest as delayed interventions, documentation inaccuracies, and weaker continuity of care, particularly in fast-paced wards where trainees shoulder heavy information management tasks (lustberg et al., 2023). institutionally, variable performance undermines confidence in costly digital learning infrastructure and simulation investments, while widening disparities between well-resourced urban centers and less well-resourced rural areas. at the same time, faculty face heavier supervisory burdens and must remediate basic digital competencies rather than coach higher-order clinical judgment (lewis, 2023). at the system scale, uneven readiness slows health information integration and constrains the value of nationwide digitization initiatives, limiting data quality, interoperability, and analytics readiness (goodacre et al., 2023). the cumulative impact is a vicious cycle: technology intended to streamline practice inadvertently increases mental load, which depresses performance, which in turn reduces the perceived utility of digital tools and discourages further pedagogical innovation for trainees alike. on the other hand, timely action is imperative because the forces amplifying cognitive load and performance variability are accelerating, not abating. china’s population is aging, the burden of chronic disease is increasing, and care models are shifting toward data-intensive, team-based practice (su et al., 2023). simultaneously, hospitals are deepening adoption of electronic records, clinical decision support, and ai-enabled triage, expanding the quantity, velocity, and complexity of information that trainees must process (liang et al., 2021). if educational design does not proactively cultivate digital literacy, reduce technology anxiety, and provide consistent instructor support, the gap between curricular preparation and workplace reality will widen. post-pandemic reforms have opened a narrow window to re-architect digital pedagogy, refresh assessment, and institutionalize simulation; missing this window risks path dependence on suboptimal practices that normalize high mental load (vallo hult et al., 2023). according to scholars, disparities in students’ digital readiness and access threaten equity goals, as learners from less-resourced settings may encounter disproportionately higher cognitive barriers. addressing the problem now can prevent a productivity penalty in the future workforce, protect patient safety, and accelerate return on investment in national digitization. it can also ensure that emerging ai tools augment, rather than distract from, core clinical reasoning. therefore, without timely remediation, today’s instructional frictions could harden into structural deficits tomorrow. this study aims to address these challenges by empirically modeling how digital literacy, instructor support for digital learning, and a lack of technology anxiety influence students' clinical performance, both directly and indirectly through reduced cognitive load. based on the comprehensive and novel framework, the study tested a set of hypotheses specifying: (a) direct associations between digital literacy, instructor support, and lack of technology anxiety with reduced mental burden and higher performance; and (b) the mediating role of lack of cognitive load linking these antecedents to clinical outcomes. the study objective was twofold: to quantify effect sizes among these constructs within chinese clinical education settings, and to identify leverage points for instructional and organizational design. conceptually, we contribute by reframing the lack of cognitive load as a desirable instructional state that can be systematically engineered through the alignment of learner competencies and pedagogical supports, rather than treating it as a passive by-product. empirically, the study extends the literature by examining these relationships in a digitally transforming healthcare education ecosystem, where contextual pressures are acute and policy ambitions high. practically, the study translates findings into design principles for faculty development, curriculum sequencing, and technology procurement that target reductions in mental load while enhancing meaningful performance. for this purpose, this study used quantitative data collected from nursing students to analyze the relationships between variables. however, the study's novelty lies in jointly foregrounding a lack of technology anxiety and a lack of cognitive load as positive, engineerable states, and then embedding them within a coherent model that links learner competencies, instructional support, and clinical performance in china's digitizing education system. rather than treating anxiety and cognitive load as incidental symptoms, this study conceptualizes them as design targets that administrators and faculty can influence through policies, infrastructures, and pedagogies. by testing mediation, the study identified the mechanism through which digital literacy and instructor support translate into performance, offering a diagnostic lens for where to intervene when outcomes stall. this mechanism-focused approach yields broader implications. for institutions, results can inform investments in learning technologies, faculty capability building, and simulation design that reduce mental load while improving bedside competence. for policymakers, evidence can guide digital education standards that emphasize usability, support, and learner preparedness alongside content coverage. for technology vendors, findings highlight requirements for workflow-aligned interfaces and just-in-time guidance in student systems. beyond china, the framework is portable to other health education systems navigating rapid digitization and workforce pressure, especially in emerging economies. by centering low-anxiety, low-load learning as a strategic objective, the study reframes digital transformation as a human-performance initiative with scalable impact. the second section is based on a review of the literature and the development of hypotheses. the third section is based on methodology, while the fourth section is based on analysis and presentation of data. the fifth section of this study is about discussion, followed by conclusion, implications, and future directions. literature review digital literacy is becoming increasingly recognized as an essential competence for students engaging with technologyrelated education. digital literacy is defined as the ability to effectively access, evaluate, and use digital technologies for academic and professional purposes (rehman et al., 2024). more specifically, digitally literate students can access relevant jiang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 73-86 75 content on online platforms, clinical technologies, or digital resources to enable them to complete a learning task, and are likely to require less cognitive and physical load (skulmowski & xu, 2022). peng and yu (2022) acknowledge that extraneous load occurs when learners must use mental energy to learn irrelevant things. in situations where students do not have digital literacy, they could spend inordinate amounts of time attempting to troubleshoot their technical problems, redirecting their attention away from learning and cognitive burden (kabakus et al., 2023). furthermore, digital competence has also been related to decreased cognitive load and increased engagement with simulation-based learning and electronic health records in health professions education (holm, 2025). in essence, digital literacy is a cognitive enabler, reduces uninformative processing, and frees cognitive resources to do something meaningful with knowledge. instructor support is one of the most important factors in the adjustment of learners in a digital learning environment (susan, 2023). supportive teaching behaviours, which include the provision of information, technical help, and feedback, can lower the cognitive load for students (kang et al., 2021). ha and lim (2023) found that students who believed they received high levels of instructor support reported lower levels of frustration and disorientation in their online courses. by providing scaffolds for student learning, instructors help to manage the extraneous cognitive load for the student and create a space to allow the learner to focus on more meaningful learning (arrogante et al., 2021). in digital healthcare education, which includes clinical simulations and dynamic, complex systems, instructors play a crucial role in reducing cognitive load by managing expectations and overcoming technical difficulties (imanipour et al., 2022). without the support from an instructor, students could be using much energy problem-solving significant technical problems and not spending that same energy to learn meaningfully (fooladi et al., 2022). therefore, instructor support acts as a motivational and cognitive resource that can improve the overall digital experience but lessen the imposed or extraneous load on the learner's cognitive load. technology anxiety refers to the mental uneasiness or dread experienced by learners when using digital tools (theobald et al., 2021). chang et al. (2021) indicate that the presence of high technology anxiety increases a learner's extraneous cognitive load because the learners now must engage cognitive resources to manage their anxiety instead of utilizing those resources toward performing the task at hand (rogers & franklin, 2021). learners with less anxiety would feel more confident with the digital platforms and therefore would have less extraneous processing. azher et al. (2023) indicate that confidence in their ability to use technologies alleviates the learners' anxiety, thus allowing them to focus on the task they are required to complete. when a learner is engaged in a digital learning context, the decreased cognitive load leads to a greater degree of engagement with less emotional response. in learner populations with low technology anxiety, the literature shows that they possess better problem-solving approaches and improved focus in learning situations (bolatli & kizil, 2022). in terms of healthcare education, decreased anxiety allows the learners to engage with simulation technologies and electronic patient records without some of the cognitive overloads that may undermine their learning (wilson et al., 2022). when affective barriers are lessened, a lack of technology anxiety provides a more straightforward cognitive pathway for more efficient cognitive processing and improved learning. digital literacy not only removes cognitive barriers but is an essential component of clinical competence. within healthcare education, digital technologies such as simulation, electronic health records, and diagnostic tools are ubiquitous; therefore, the inclusion of digital competence is critical (kim & shin, 2021). specifically, students with appropriate digital literacy have more capacity for integrating the technology into their clinical practice, which will lead to enhanced diagnostic reasoning and decision making (yeşilyurt & vezne, 2023). previous research suggests that digital dexterity enhances learners' confidence and ability to interact with complex environments (kabakus et al., 2023). furthermore, confidence affects performance through practical tasks where technology is embedded. bahari (2023) suggests that if the learner does not struggle with the technological tools, they can allocate the cognitive demand to higher-order problem solving, improving the clinical outcome. in previous studies in nursing and medical education, students with significantly greater digital literacy have demonstrated greater efficiency and accuracy in simulation-based assessments (giudice da silva cezar & maçada, 2021). overall, digital literacy offers cognitive and practical benefits, enabling students to transition from digital competence to clinical competence and ultimately achieve professional readiness. instructor support is widely recognized as the foremost contributor to student success in online learning environments. pawar and vispute (2024) emphasize that support through well-structured scaffolds, timely feedback, and technical assistance fosters a productive learning environment where learning and skill development thrive. in healthcare disciplines, instructors also help students transition into practice by helping bridge the digital tools into clinical application (sun et al., 2021). instructor support can help students transition from education to practice and provide a smoother integration of the skills and digital tools learned (hawes & arya, 2023). learners who receive high levels of instructor support experienced low levels of uncertainty, increased motivation to engage in practice, and greater self-efficacy (na & roh, 2021). this supportive educational climate can help students engage with their learning about digital content and also provide support for practical clinical activities. furthermore, instructor feedback provides spaces for reflective learning, where students can integrate their digital competencies while refining their clinical skills (sim et al., 2022). werfhorst et al. (2022) illustrate that students whom supportive instructors guide do better in clinical simulation and assessment environments. supporting students with scaffolding and guidance helps learners distinguish content learning from knowledge about the tools they are using, mitigating technology barriers. therefore, instructor support is not only a moderator of cognitive load, but also an enabler of clinical competence. complications associated with anxiety toward technology can inhibit students' application of knowledge at the clinical level (guerrero et al., 2021). high levels of anxiety toward technology tools likely cause avoidance behaviours, decrease motivation, and diminish concentration (yin et al., 2024). in the context of healthcare education, where simulation activities and electronic health records are increasingly prevalent, anxiety related to technology can impact a student's ability to perform (tzafilkou et al., 2021). when learners experience a reduced level of anxiety, they approach clinical tasks with jiang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 73-86 76 confidence, which allows them to apply their knowledge and skills more effectively. mauriz et al. (2021) suggest that anxiety reduction produces competence, which correlates with an improved performance outcome. evidence suggests that students who experience decreased levels of technology anxiety tend to demonstrate increased competence when using simulationbased training and more accurate diagnostic reasoning (mcveigh et al., 2021). less anxious students can take feedback fully from their instructor, which contributes to a higher sense of competence (nooijen et al., 2024). the study yu (2022) maintains that the amount of information the average human working memory can hold is finite; when surpassed, performance and learning are impaired. in clinical education, cognitive load is critical because students must learn to combine and fluidly integrate theoretical knowledge, skills, and behaviours with time restrictions (jallad & işık, 2022). when cognitive load is not a concern, learners can allocate their cognitive resources toward clinical reasoning and procedure tasks essential to their learning, rather than on useless or extraneous demands (zhao et al., 2023). the literature in health education training indicates that students who experience a lower cognitive load can perform more effectively in simulations and assessments, and that cognitive load influences their cognitive resources away from learning and toward problem-solving and decision-making (bolatli & kizil, 2022). furthermore, cognitive overload has been shown to increase error rates, decrease retention, and decrease diagnostic accuracy (kwak et al., 2022). on the other hand, when instructional designs and any supporting mechanisms alleviate unnecessary load, students' clinical competence significantly improves. this suggests that a lack of cognitive load allows learners to allocate their limited cognitive resources better, improving their performance in clinical practice. digital literacy and clinical performance are not only directly related but also indirectly related through the cognitive load (berdida, 2023). the more digitally literate learners can better utilize educational technologies, lessening extraneous cognitive load (chang et al., 2021), freeing up attention to focus on clinical and deeper learning, which enhances performance (tammets et al., 2022). empirical evidence demonstrates that digital competence leads to less frustration and more engagement in clinical-related tasks, particularly when dealing with complicated simulation media and electronic patient records in clinical placements (theobald et al., 2021). however, with high cognitive load, even digitally literate learners may have compromised efficiency because of the mental resources consumed with technology management (lattouf, 2022). as a result, the ability of digital literacy to enhance clinical performance is dependent on levels of cognitive load. in cases of minimal cognitive load, digital literacy acts on clinical competence without the limiting effects of the cognitive load. thornby et al. (2023) report that cognitive processing efficiency acts as the link between the technological abilities of learners and actual applied practice performance. instructor support is critical in both directly changing clinical performance and facilitating the cognitive processes behind performance. as kwak et al. (2022) note, adequate instructor support reduces cognitive load as instructors can assist with expectations, troubleshoot problems, and provide feedback in a structured way. this support allows students to allocate their cognitive resources to the clinical tasks rather than dealing with an excess of information and potential complexity from technology or instructor directions (huai et al., 2024). the mediating effect of cognitive load can be illustrated by problems where instructor support allowed students to engage the digital interface with minimal examples of cognitive load (lavoie-tremblay et al., 2021). when supporting blended learning activities, learner outcomes should depend more on improved clinical competence than on the manner of digital interface delivery (lapierre et al., 2022). both nursing and medical education literature have highlighted that learners who identified higher instructor support reported reduced cognitive load, and the decreased cognitive load leads to improved diagnostic accuracy and clinical reasoning. according to chen et al. (2022), finding technology anxiety has been targeted to the increase in cognitive load, as learners who are anxious devote cognitive energy to manage their anxiety, as opposed to focusing on a learning task. as cognitive load increases, student performance can deteriorate in both digital and clinical learning environments (hawes & arya, 2023). on the other hand, if students experience little technology anxiety, they engage with digital tasks with more confidence, resulting in lower mental load and improved clinical performance (wilson et al., 2022). according to sim et al. (2022), students who have confidence in managing technology spend less time in extraneous processing, which allows them to engage fully in the particulars of clinical reasoning. research also indicates that students who have little technology anxiety perform better in simulation-based training and demonstrate more situation shifting in clinical decision-making (azher et al., 2023). the effects of cognitive load are apparent, as decreased anxiety results in fewer cognitive demands, which ultimately allows for better performance (jallad & işık, 2022). cognitive load works to mediate how lack of technology anxiety contributes to developing students' clinical skills and professional readiness. based on a review of the literature, inconsistencies exist in the relationships between variables across different contexts. hence, the following hypotheses are developed in this study. furthermore, this study aims to investigate the empirical evidence for testing the following hypotheses. h1: digital literacy level is positively associated with a lack of cognitive load. h2: instructor support for digital learning is positively associated with reduced cognitive load. h3: lack of technology anxiety is positively associated with lack of cognitive load. h4: digital literacy level is positively associated with clinical performance. h5: instructor support for digital learning is positively associated with clinical performance. h6: lack of technology anxiety is positively associated with clinical performance. h7: lack of cognitive load is positively associated with clinical performance. h8: lack of cognitive load mediates the relationship between digital literacy level and clinical performance. h9: lack of cognitive load mediates the relationship between instructor support for digital learning and clinical performance. h10: lack of cognitive load mediates the relationship between technology anxiety and clinical performance. jiang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 73-86 77 the model used in this study, illustrating the relationship between variables, is presented in figure 1. figure 1. research framework materials and methods this research was based on quantitative data, where respondents were asked to provide information on a survey-based questionnaire. the variables of this study were also previously investigated using quantitative data, which is necessary to analyze the relationship between variables. this study employed quantitative data, as previous studies in the nursing literature have also utilized quantitative instruments. in this study, data were collected through a rigorous methodology, targeting nursing students enrolled at multiple universities in shanghai, china, as the study population. in this study, nursing students were selected for data collection, provided they had some experience in clinical practice. it was ensured that the students had an appropriate experience of clinical practice, and they were able to measure clinical performance. this study used a purposive sampling method where the data were collected from the students based on the way they were available. the respondents were approached with informed consent, and the purpose of the study was explained to them. it was ensured that these students had appropriate knowledge about the nursing practices and agreed to provide the data. they were assured that their personal information would not be shared with any third party, but would be used solely for this study. the respondents agreed to provide the data, and a self-administered questionnaire was distributed to them. the questionnaire was based on two sections: demographics and likert scale instruments. the demographic data was collected to understand the nature of the participants. at the same time, the likert scale was adapted to collect data to measure the instruments of the study. the instruments used in this study are reported in appendix a. to collect the data, this study distributed 500 questionnaires, assuming a maximum sample size of 300. however, a total of 317 responses were collected. during the preliminary analysis, this study removed the responses that were not reliable and outliers. the remaining sample of 305 responses was considered final for data analysis. this study used partial least squares – structural equation model (pls-sem) for the analysis of data. for this purpose, the software ibm spss 29 was used for demographics analysis, and smart pls 4 was used for inferential statistics. results the demographic profile highlights the characteristics of the study participants (see table 1). the majority of respondents (69.84%) were pursuing a bachelor's degree in nursing, with smaller proportions holding a diploma (22.3%) or postgraduate qualification (7.87%). most participants were young, with 60% aged 20–24 years, followed by 18.36% in the 25–29 age group. only a small fraction were above 35 years (4.26%), indicating that the sample essentially represents early-career nursing students. in terms of clinical practice experience, nearly one-third (33.44%) had less than six months' exposure, while 29.84% reported six months to one year, suggesting that many were still in the early stages of practical training. gender distribution was skewed towards females (81.31%), consistent with global nursing trends. regarding the institutional background, 41.97% were enrolled in public universities, followed by 31.48% in private universities. fewer participants came from community colleges (17.38%) and nursing schools (9.18%). access to the internet at clinical sites varied, though more than half (56.07%) always had access, while 29.84% sometimes had access, pointing to disparities in digital connectivity. finally, technology familiarity was moderate among most respondents (39.67%), and study years were relatively balanced across cohorts, with the largest group in the third year (27.21%). table 1. demographics profile variable category n percentage (%) academic level bachelor's in nursing 213 69.84 diploma in nursing 68 22.3 postgraduate 24 7.87 age 20–24 183 60 25–29 56 18.36 30–34 35 11.48 35 and above 13 4.26 under 20 18 5.9 jiang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 73-86 78 clinical practice experience 1–2yr 62 20.33 6mo–1yr 91 29.84 <6 months 102 33.44 >2yr 50 16.39 gender female 248 81.31 male 57 18.69 institution type community college 53 17.38 nursing school 28 9.18 private university 96 31.48 public university 128 41.97 internet access at clinical site always 171 56.07 never 13 4.26 rarely 30 9.84 sometimes 91 29.84 tech familiarity high 92 30.16 low 41 13.44 moderate 121 39.67 very high 39 12.79 very low 12 3.93 year of study 1st year 76 24.92 2nd year 77 25.25 3rd year 83 27.21 final year 69 22.62 the findings of the measurement model assessment were used at the initial stage of pls-sem (see figure 2). in the assessment of the measurement model, the study investigated the convergent validity first. the convergent validity was assessed using the findings of individual item reliability, which was checked with outer loadings. the findings of outer loadings above 0.70 are accepted as significant and acceptable (hair et al., 2019). the study confirmed that all values for factor loadings were above the recommended threshold. furthermore, the study tested the findings of average variance extracted to confirm the variance in the data. the findings of average variance extracted above 0.50 are considered significant, and all variables of this study achieved this threshold (hair et al., 2019). meanwhile, cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were also tested in this study. the findings of both factors were above 0.70 for all variables (hair et al., 2019). hence, the reliability and validity of data were established, which is reported in table 2. figure 2. measurement model table 2. convergent validity variables items loadings cronbach's alpha composite reliability average variance extracted lack of cognitive load cl1 0.878 0.925 0.943 0.769 cl2 0.884 cl3 0.909 cl4 0.850 jiang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 73-86 79 cl5 0.861 clinical performance cp1 0.792 0.923 0.943 0.768 cp2 0.928 cp3 0.929 cp4 0.930 cp5 0.789 digital literacy level dl1 0.856 0.906 0.930 0.728 dl2 0.844 dl3 0.885 dl4 0.809 dl5 0.868 instructor support for digital learning isdl1 0.926 0.955 0.965 0.847 isdl2 0.892 isdl3 0.928 isdl4 0.917 isdl5 0.937 lack of technology anxiety ta1 0.889 0.921 0.941 0.760 ta2 0.891 ta3 0.830 ta4 0.861 ta5 0.887 the study further tested the discriminant validity in the measurement model assessment. heteritrait-monotrait (htmt) is a significant method to confirm the discriminant validity in the data. it confirms that the variables of the study have different data from one another, and the data do not overlap. scholars recommended that an htmt value less than 0.85 is significant to confirm no discriminant validity in the data (henseler et al., 2015). the findings reported in table 3 highlighted that discriminant validity was significantly achieved, as all htmt values for all variables were less than 0.85. table 3. discriminant validity variables clinical performance digital literacy level instructor support for digital learning lack of cognitive load lack of technology anxiety clinical performance 1.000 digital literacy level 0.647 1.000 instructor support for digital learning 0.648 0.645 1.000 lack of cognitive load 0.656 0.523 0.590 1.000 lack of technology anxiety 0.530 0.383 0.492 0.520 1.000 in primary data collection studies, when a single source is used to collect the data, there can be multicollinearity in the data. the multicollinearity of data refers to the similarity of data and the collinearity of data for different variables. the study examined multicollinearity using the variance inflation factor (vif), with findings ideally less than 3.3 (hair et al., 2019). the assessment of vif reported in table 4 confirmed that all findings were less than 3.3. hence, no multicollinearity issues were found in the data. table 4. multicollinearity assessment variables clinical performance lack of cognitive load digital literacy level 1.649 1.584 instructor support for digital learning 1.925 1.762 lack of cognitive load 1.665 lack of technology anxiety 1.404 1.284 after the analysis of the measurement model, this study performed a structural model assessment test. in structural model assessment, the relationships between research variables were investigated (see figure 3). for this purpose, scholars recommended that a t-value above 1.96 is necessary to accept the hypotheses with a probability level of 0.05 (hair et al., 2019). regarding h1, the study found that digital literacy level is positively associated with a lack of cognitive load. furthermore, the study found that instructor support for digital learning is positively associated with a lack of cognitive load, confirming h2. concerning h3, the study highlighted that a lack of technology anxiety is positively associated with a lack of cognitive load. moreover, h4 is supported by evidence that digital literacy level is positively associated with clinical performance. the findings of h5 also confirmed that instructor support for digital learning is positively associated with clinical performance. meanwhile, h6 reported that a lack of technology anxiety is positively associated with clinical performance. the findings of h7 reported that a lack of cognitive load is positively associated with clinical performance. the findings of direct paths are shown in table 5. jiang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 73-86 80 figure 3. structural model table 5. direct path findings paths original sample standard deviation t statistics p values digital literacy level -> clinical performance 0.275 0.068 4.039 0.000 digital literacy level -> lack of cognitive load 0.199 0.074 2.698 0.007 instructor support for digital learning -> clinical performance 0.220 0.068 3.255 0.001 instructor support for digital learning -> lack of cognitive load 0.313 0.073 4.258 0.000 lack of cognitive load -> clinical performance 0.276 0.064 4.338 0.000 lack of technology anxiety -> clinical performance 0.161 0.057 2.820 0.005 lack of technology anxiety -> lack of cognitive load 0.268 0.062 4.329 0.000 the study further analyzed the relationship, and the findings are reported in table 6. the findings of h8 reported that the lack of cognitive load mediates the relationship between digital literacy level and clinical performance. moreover, the findings of h9 confirmed that the lack of cognitive load mediates the relationship between instructor support for digital learning and clinical performance. finally, h10 results reported that the lack of cognitive load mediates the relationship between technology anxiety and clinical performance. the findings of indirect paths are reported in table 6. table 6. mediating path findings paths original sample standard deviation t statistics p values lack of technology anxiety -> lack of cognitive load -> clinical performance 0.074 0.027 2.741 0.006 digital literacy level -> lack of cognitive load -> clinical performance 0.055 0.025 2.168 0.030 instructor support for digital learning -> lack of cognitive load -> clinical performance 0.086 0.028 3.082 0.002 the study further analyzed the findings of the effect size (see table 7). effect size is assessed to check the effect of exogenous variables on endogenous variables. according to scholars, an effect size of 0.02 is small, 0.15 is medium, and 0.35 is large (cohen, 1992). the findings of this study reported that the effect of digital literacy level is small on the lack of cognitive load and clinical performance. furthermore, the study found that the effect of instructor support on digital learning is small, particularly in terms of reducing cognitive load and improving clinical performance. the study also found that the effect of a lack of cognitive control is small on clinical performance. the study also found that the effect of lack of technology anxiety is small on lack of cognitive load and clinical performance. table 7. effect size variables clinical performance lack of cognitive load digital literacy level 0.101 0.042 instructor support for digital learning 0.055 0.092 lack of cognitive load 0.100 lack of technology anxiety 0.040 0.093 jiang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 73-86 81 the findings of the coefficient of determination were also tested to understand the proportion of variables in the dependent variable based on the independent variables. scholars recommended that an r2 value of 0.25 is weak, 0.50 is moderate, and 0.75 is substantial (hair et al., 2019). the findings of r2 reported in this study confirmed that the lack of cognitive load is weak, but clinical performance achieved a moderate proportion from the independent variables. the findings of the coefficient of determination are reported in table 8. table 8. coefficient of determination variables r-square r-square adjusted clinical performance 0.546 0.540 lack of cognitive load 0.399 0.393 finally, the study assessed the findings of predictive relevance (see figure 4 and table 9). the findings of predictive relevance are used to assess the predictive power of the model. according to scholars, the value of predictive relevance (q2) should be above 0, which confirms the model has significant predictive relevance (hair et al., 2019). the findings of this study reported that q2 was above the recommended threshold for lack of cognitive load and clinical performance. hence, it was confirmed that the model has significant predictive power. figure 4. predictive relevance table 9. predictive relevance variable sso sse q² (=1-sse/sso) clinical performance 1525.000 897.494 0.411 digital literacy level 1525.000 1525.000 0.000 instructor support for digital learning 1525.000 1525.000 0.000 lack of cognitive load 1525.000 1065.113 0.302 lack of technology anxiety 1525.000 1525.000 0.000 discussions in this study, all hypotheses were supported. regarding h1, the study found that digital literacy level is positively associated with a lack of cognitive load. previous studies, such as those by peng and yu (2022), also reported that high digital literacy levels reduce cognitive load on individuals. another research, skulmowski and xu (2022), also provided similar findings that digital literacy helps the students to deal with critical challenges related to their performance. in the era of digital literacy, rehman et al. (2024) reported that students should focus on learning digital technology that can help them shape their learning and performance more effectively. although the previous studies supported this relationship, in the context of clinical performance of chinese nursing students, the findings are novel. furthermore, the study found that instructor support for digital learning is positively associated with a lack of cognitive load, confirming h2. susan (2023) highlighted that when the instructors provide appropriate support to the students regarding their digital learning, the performance of students is improved. at the same time, the study by fooladi et al. (2022) emphasized that instructors provide appropriate mentorship to students regarding their learning of digital literacy, which can reduce the cognitive burden on them. at the same time, imanipour et al. (2022) discussed how instructors' support jiang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 73-86 82 significantly shapes students' learning approach and digital literacy behavior. concerning h3, the study highlighted that a lack of technology anxiety is positively associated with a lack of cognitive load. the findings of this hypothesis are aligned with ha and lim (2023), who reported that a lack of anxiety about using technology can improve the digital learning of students, resulting in limited cognitive load. furthermore, tzafilkou et al. (2021) noted that reducing technology access can increase the workload of students, which should be minimized to control cognitive load. at the same time, the study by na and roh (2021) highlighted that students should be motivated to use technology that advances their behaviour for digital learning. however, in the context of chinese nursing students, the findings are new in the discussion. moreover, h4 is supported by evidence that digital literacy level is positively associated with clinical performance. giudice da silva cezar and maçada (2021) also highlighted that when there is appropriate digital literacy, the clinical performance is reduced, resulting in productivity. furthermore, yeşilyurt and vezne (2023) stated that advancements in digital literacy learning improve work performance. meanwhile, bahari (2023) pointed out that nursing staff should have information about digital literacy and the use of technology that results in shaping their workflow in better directions. even though the relationship between digital literacy and performance has been discussed before, it is still new to the discussion in the context of clinical practice. the findings of h5 also confirmed that instructor support for digital learning is positively associated with clinical performance. the findings are also aligned with those of guerrero et al. (2021), who discussed how instructor support can shape student behavior and digital literacy levels. furthermore, mcveigh et al. (2021) discussed that the clinical performance of nursing students is improved when they are appropriately trained for it by their instructors. meanwhile, arrogante et al. (2021) confirmed that reliable mentorship can improve the performance of clinical students. while existing studies support the findings, this study provides new insights into the knowledge. meanwhile, h6 reported that a lack of technology anxiety is positively associated with clinical performance. hawes and arya (2023) also emphasized that if there is no technological anxiety, the performance of nursing students is improved. the study by zhao et al. (2023) stated that when clinical students are motivated to work, their way of working and direction are improved, which has a significant impact on their performance. at the same time, yin et al. (2024) stated that when students have reasonable experience using modern technology, their understanding improves, which in turn shapes their behavior and learning for clinical performance. the findings of h7 reported that a lack of cognitive load is positively associated with clinical performance. the study by mauriz et al. (2021) stated that when there is limited cognitive load, the working performance of nursing students is increased. another study, kim and shin (2021), also reported that limited cognitive burdens improve the performance of students, which is necessary for their appropriate behaviour and reasonable performance. while the study by kang et al. (2021) stated that students with high motivation experience improved performance, as they have no cognitive load. the findings of h8 reported that the lack of cognitive load mediates the relationship between digital literacy level and clinical performance. even though this mediating relationship contributes new insights into the knowledge, a few previous studies support this relationship. the study by berdida (2023) highlights that digital literacy is a significant factor in reducing cognitive load. at the same time, chang et al. (2021) noted that a limited cognitive load is beneficial for students to enhance their clinical performance. hence, the findings of this study are supported by previous research. moreover, the findings of h9 confirmed that the lack of cognitive load mediates the relationship between instructor support for digital learning and clinical performance. although this mediating relationship is new, it has support from existing studies. rogers and franklin (2021) highlighted that when instructors play a significant role in students' learning, their cognitive load is reduced. on the other hand, chen et al. (2022) stated that limited cognitive load is a significant and contributing factor for the clinical performance of the students. therefore, the findings reported in this study are novel for the body of knowledge. finally, h10 results reported that lack of cognitive load mediates the relationship between lack of technology anxiety and clinical performance. this mediating relationship is new in the literature, but the previous studies support the findings. the study by huai et al. (2024) stated that a lack of technology anxiety reduces the cognitive burden on people. furthermore, lapierre et al. (2022) noted that the lack of burden on students enhances their clinical performance. hence, the findings of this study are significantly supported by existing studies, yet they are new to the existing knowledge base. conclusions this study aims to respond to these challenges by empirically modeling digital literacy and instructor support for digital learning. to conclude, this study validates a coherent model in which digital literacy, instructor support for digital learning, and lack of technology anxiety exert direct, positive effects on lack of cognitive load and clinical performance. all hypothesized relationships were accepted, and the mediating role of cognitive load is clarified by the lack of cognitive load, which explains the mechanism by which learner competencies and instructional conditions translate into observable performance in clinical contexts. the results extend the traditions by demonstrating the concurrent operation within china's rapidly digitizing health education. the developed model in this study demonstrates how reductions in mental burden are not incidental but engineerable outcomes that amplify the returns on digital investment in students, thereby improving their clinical performance. from a novelty perspective, the findings suggest that digitally literate students, supported by instructors and experiencing a lack of technology anxiety, can allocate scarce cognitive resources to core tasks, yielding stronger clinical reasoning and safer practice. the study offers an integrated explanation of performance variation. it provides a practical blueprint, including cultivating digital literacy, institutionalizing instructor support, and systematically reducing anxiety to sustain a state of cognitive load that enables high-quality clinical performance in chinese settings. jiang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 73-86 83 theoretically, this study provides advances in knowledge in four ways and addresses potential gaps. firstly, this study reframes reduced cognitive load as a positive engineerable state and places it as the proximal component linking digital literacy, instructor support for digital learning, and clinical performance. therefore, it extends the knowledge to include variables such as technology anxiety and instructor support as part of the model. secondly, this study connects these relationships to china as context, highlighting that this has been overlooked by scholars previously. thirdly, this study provides operational definitions for anxiety reduction and cognitive load reduction and differentiates their possible role in the pipeline to performance. fourthly, the study indicates that online learning has also given some evidence that competencies and the pedagogy students receive can affect performance more negatively through reduced cognitive load. hence, the tested relationships in this study, including the mediating role of lack of cognitive load, are a new and significant contribution to the body of knowledge. these findings of this study lead directly to actionable recommendations for universities, teaching hospitals, instructors, and vendors, all seeking to manage cognitive load in order to improve clinical performance. firstly, this study highlights the need for baseline digital literacy diagnostics of incoming students, the provision of graduated microcredentials in courses, and the integration of embedded opportunities to practice with the systems relied upon in placements over time. secondly, this study provides information on faculty development in load-aware pedagogy-based segmentation, signaling, worked examples, pretraining, and just-in-time technical coaching to promote consistent instructor support for students. thirdly, the study highlights the need to facilitate onboarding, low-stakes practice, peer support, and an in-system and simulation platform to help enable students to cope with technology anxiety. fourthly, this study emphasizes considering usability and workflow fit as criteria for procurement decision-making, selecting interfaces with the least amount of gestural steps that can help students improve their clinical performance. to sum up, these steps make digital transformation a human-performance initiative rather than a technology deployment, producing more consistent clinical learning outcomes. although the findings of this research are novel in the literature, the study has some limitations that open a gate for further researchers. initially, this study tested a model using quantitative data, which was based on self-administered structural questionnaires. hence, the respondents had no option but to provide their subjective response to the questionnaires. future studies are recommended to use mixed methodology, where data collected should provide significant insights both quantitatively and qualitatively. second, this study focused solely on the context of china, where the population consisted of nursing students. future studies should target other hotspots, such as demographics other than china, which can contribute significantly to the body of knowledge. in this way, the findings of this study would provide a significant and broader contribution to the body of knowledge. author contributions: conceptualization, y.j. and c.c.; methodology, y.j.; software, y.j.; validation, y.j., x.h. and j.z.; formal analysis, ld.; investigation, y.j.; resources, c.c.; data curation, y.j.; writing – original draft preparation, y.j.; writing – review & editing, y.j.; visualization, y.j.; supervision, y.j.; project administration, y.j.; funding acquisition, y.j. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: this work was supported by the 2025 undergraduate education and teaching reform project of tongji university: exploration and practice of undergraduate nursing teaching model based on the concept of “digitalization, greenization, and integration”. acknowledgments: our sincere appreciation goes out to all the participants who took part in this study. shanghai tenth people’s hospital, tongji university, shanghai, china, is highly acknowledged. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references arrogante, o., gonzález-romero, g. m., lópez-torre, e. m., carrión-garcía, l., & polo, a. 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(2023). an augmented reality based mobile photography application to improve learning gain, decrease cognitive load, and achieve better emotional state. international journal of human–computer interaction, 39(3), 643-658. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2041911 appendices appendix a: measurement questionnaire variables item statement digital literacy level i can efficiently search for clinical information online. i am confident in using digital tools for clinical learning. i can evaluate the reliability of online nursing resources. i am comfortable using digital platforms for academic work. i can troubleshoot common technical issues on my own. instructor support for digital learning my instructors encourage the use of digital tools in clinical practice. i receive timely help from instructors when i face technical difficulties. instructors integrate digital learning into clinical training effectively. my instructors provide clear instructions for using digital platforms. instructors are open to using innovative technologies in teaching. lack of technology anxiety i feel calm when starting a new digital tool required for learning. i feel relaxed using technology during clinical tasks. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-024-09848-3 https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241.2023.2239720 https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1155/2022/2533413 https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104602 https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104815 https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2022.05.006 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09624-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09624-7 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00665-9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00665-9 https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20221109-03 https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2022.3198739 https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpe.2022.12.002 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10604-1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04390-2 https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2022.100100 https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105451 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11311-1 https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2024.3364015 https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084388 https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2041911 jiang et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 73-86 86 i remain at ease when a device or app behaves unexpectedly. i am comfortable exploring unfamiliar features in educational software. i am composed when troubleshooting basic technical issues. i am confident in handling updates or changes to digital platforms. lack of cognitive load i can process digital learning content without feeling mentally strained. the digital tasks i do for clinical learning feel manageable in terms of mental effort. i rarely need to repeat steps to understand digital instructions. the layout of digital platforms makes it easy to find what i need with little effort. i can keep my attention on clinical content without feeling mentally fatigued. the amount of information presented at one time feels manageable. clinical performance i can apply theoretical knowledge effectively during clinical tasks. i make informed decisions using digital tools during clinical practice. i am confident in performing clinical procedures accurately. my clinical performance has improved with the help of digital learning. i can meet the clinical objectives set by my program. publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 13-22 13 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 11 no 1 (2026) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa criminal offence during martial law in ukraine: peculiarities of qualification olena sasko (a)1 hanna shvedova (b) kostiantyn orobets (c) ruslan ovcharenko (d) oleksandr ostapenko (e) (a)associate professor, department of criminal justice and law enforcement, faculty of law, lesya ukrainka volyn national university, lutsk, ukraine; e-mail: olena_sasko@ukr.net (b)associate professor, department of legal support of business security, faculty of international trade and law, state university of trade and economics, kyiv, ukraine; e-mail: shvedova777@ukr.net (c)assistant professor, department of criminal law policy, yaroslav mudryi national law university, kharkiv, ukraine; e-mail: k.m.orobec@nlu.edu.ua (d)professor, department of public administration, educational and scientific institute of management, economics and business, interregional academy of personnel management, kyiv, ukraine; e-mail: dnevnoi_dozor@ukr.net (e)associate professor, department of public law disciplines, faculty of law, public administration and management, vinnytsia mykhailo kotsiubynskyi state pedagogical university, vinnytsia, ukraine; e-mail: ostapenko9@outlook.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 20th june 2025 reviewed & revised: 20th june 2025 to 28th september 2025 accepted: 30th september 2025 published: 7th october 2025 keywords: criminal law, martial law, case, sabotage, treason jel classification codes: k14, k33, k38 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t the introduction of martial law in ukraine has fundamentally altered the conditions of criminal proceedings, exposing the urgent need to adapt national legislation to wartime realities. the rapid escalation of armed conflict has created legal challenges related to the qualification of criminal offenses, particularly those classified as war crimes, and raised concerns regarding compliance with international standards. the purpose of this study is to examine how martial law affects the qualification of criminal offenses and to identify the main problems in applying the relevant provisions of the criminal procedure code of ukraine. the analysis is based on national legal acts, amendments adopted after february 2022, and judicial practice concerning crimes against national security and war crimes. the study employs the prisma methodology for systematic literature selection and integrates analytical, synthetic, comparative, and thematic approaches to ensure comprehensive coverage of the subject. the results reveal a marked increase in crimes against national security, peace, and human rights during the period of martial law, with the official statistics indicating a growth of over 40% in registered offenses of this category compared to the pre-war period. judicial practice consistently demonstrates persistent difficulties in applying provisions related to war crimes, including inconsistent interpretations of legal norms and delays in adjudication. the findings also highlight gaps in adapting criminal legislation to wartime conditions. in conclusion, the study offers a systematic examination of the characteristics of criminal qualification under martial law, confirming both quantitative increases in wartime offenses and significant legal inconsistencies that warrant further scholarly attention. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction significant changes in the way the legal system operates, especially in criminal justice, have resulted from russia's massive 2022 attack against ukraine. the country's criminogenic situation has changed dramatically since martial law was implemented in response to the escalation of hostilities. it has also placed new obligations and limits on official institutions. according to mounting research, wartime circumstances lead to an increase in crimes against human rights, peace, and national security, necessitating a review of current legal frameworks (sayed, 2023). the importance of researching how ukrainian criminal law and judicial practice change under martial law is underscored by the need to ensure the efficient classification of such offenses. existing criminal law rules, created during peacetime, and the intricate reality of armed conflict are incompatible, presenting a significant challenge. there are inadequacies in the current judicial system's control of wartime offenses, especially when it comes to collaborationist activities, illicit weapon trafficking, looting, and war crimes (vynnyk & hazdayka-vasylyshyn, 2023). furthermore, the application of both national and international humanitarian law is hampered by judicial practice, making it more difficult to prosecute offenders (anisimova et al., 2023). these inconsistencies 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-3919-2233 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2658 to cite this article: sasko, o., shvedova, h., orobets, k., ovcharenko, r., & ostapenko, o. (2025). criminal offence during martial law in ukraine: peculiarities of qualification. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 11(1), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2658 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2658 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3919-2233 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0652-8493 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8783-3950 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4540-0521 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1158-0146 sasko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 13-22 14 underscore the pressing need for a methodical examination of the legal definition of crimes committed during martial law, considering both domestic and international perspectives. in addition to domestic efforts to pursue war crimes, a recent study highlights the growing significance of international accountability mechanisms, such as the authority of the international criminal court. official figures indicate that the number of crimes involving illegal arms trafficking and sabotage has increased by 40–50% since the pre-war era, while empirical research also reveals a dramatic increase in these crimes (janssen & caranta, 2023; shevchuk et al., 2023). researchers further emphasize that, although new rules were added to the ukrainian criminal procedure code through legislative modifications in 2022–2024, their actual application remains uneven (maurer, 2021; trach et al., 2020). to identify patterns and emerging trends in the classification of wartime crimes, the scientific community requires an integrated strategy that combines doctrinal legal research with an examination of judicial practice. the methodological basis of this article involves the use of analytical, comparative, and thematic approaches, complemented by elements of systematic review in line with prisma principles, which allows for the integration of diverse scholarly findings. the purpose of this study is to provide a systematic assessment of the qualification of criminal offenses committed under martial law in ukraine, identifying both the quantitative growth of wartime crimes and the qualitative challenges of their legal classification. the article addresses several interrelated tasks: (1) to outline the main transformations in criminal law and criminal procedure introduced after february 2022; (2) to analyze judicial practice regarding crimes against national security and war crimes; (3) to reveal the contradictions between ukrainian legislation and international humanitarian law; and (4) to summarize the key legal gaps that require further scholarly attention. the article's structure is as follows. the criminogenic dynamics in ukraine under martial law, as well as the types of crimes that have become more severe, are examined in the first section. legislative changes and their effects on criminal qualification are the subject of the second section. the judicial process and the challenges of applying criminal laws to war crimes are examined in the third section. a summary of the results is provided in the final section, highlighting the broader theoretical and practical aspects of criminal justice during times of conflict. literature review the issue of criminal qualification during martial law has been the subject of increasing scholarly attention, especially in the context of the ongoing russian aggression against ukraine. recent studies highlight the need to adapt criminal legislation, judicial practice, and evidence collection procedures to wartime conditions, as well as to integrate national and international legal standards. particularly in light of martial law and the nation's ongoing european integration process, the adaptation of ukrainian criminal law to european and international legal standards has become a significant area of study in recent years. experts noted the importance of adapting criminal legislation to the new conditions of martial law in ukraine. they examined the peculiarities of providing evidence in the context of hostilities and in territories de-occupied by the ukrainian military (anisimova et al., 2023), analyzing existing case law, decisions, and legal justifications. attention was also drawn to individual lawyer practices – since an offence requires proof, the work of lawyers in defending their clients also requires certain specific features (bershov et al., 2022), as the lack of the right to defence also does not contribute to the observance of human rights. on the other hand, researchers have analyzed the legal framework that guides investigative bodies and police structures in analyzing, classifying, and verifying committed offenses (drok, 2024; kamensky et al., 2023). relevant changes to the existing legal framework formed the basis for organizing criminal proceedings and were duly recorded in the criminal code of ukraine (criminal code of ukraine, 2025). specific innovations in the organisation of criminal proceedings, including the enforcement of court decisions in absentia, are highlighted through a comparative analysis (bondarenko et al., 2022). as a result, the use of specific legal provisions has become more transparent and legally justified. this indicates that criminal justice reform in ukraine is simultaneously a response to wartime realities and a step toward deeper legal harmonization with the eu. according to recent studies, the introduction of martial law has significantly impacted ukraine's criminal justice system, necessitating substantial adjustments to the laws and methods for obtaining evidence in both de-occupied and conflict-affected areas. experts have cited individual cases of the application of international law and decisions of international courts regarding the punishment for crimes committed during martial law (ablamskyi et al., 2023; mazur et al., 2023). such conclusions are significant because they align with ukraine's current aspirations for european integration. necessary reforms in the field of criminal justice are also caused by the need to adapt ukrainian legislation to the norms of the european union. this process does not cancel the martial law but goes hand in hand with responding to the criminal challenges posed by russia's aggression against ukraine. researchers have noted that this complicates the reform of legislation, as it requires additional requirements to be considered (szupjana & burdin, 2023). at the same time, other scholars emphasise that changes are necessary, and the opportunity to implement appropriate innovative solutions for ukrainian legislation during martial law is quite favourable: a specific 'shock condition' allows for the integration of new provisions into the legislation quite quickly (husieva et al., 2023; khan et al., 2023). openness to reforming criminal law is also noted as a positive feature in european studies, which also emphasize the need for reforms and open cooperation between ukraine's institutions and the eu (janssen & caranta, 2023). these studies have opened up opportunities for further interpretation of the importance of innovations to criminal legislation, which should be aimed at addressing the current challenges of organizing criminal proceedings during martial law and adapting the ukrainian legal framework to european norms. this body of research highlights that evidence collection under wartime conditions demands both flexibility of procedures and strict adherence to legal guarantees. sasko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 13-22 15 the introduction of martial law in ukraine has led to significant changes in criminal legislation, aimed at both strengthening liability for wartime offenses and establishing new mechanisms of legal protection. recent scholarship has examined the package of legislative acts adopted in ukraine to strengthen criminal liability during martial law. researchers emphasise that the legal regime of martial law is characterised by specific regulations, which, along with the temporary restriction of certain constitutional rights and freedoms, introduce new mechanisms of criminal law to counter collaboration, the dissemination of information in support of the aggressor state, crimes against national security, and looting (dzhelilova, 2023; vuletić, 2021). an important aspect in this context is the recognition of circumstances that exclude criminal illegality and provide combat immunity, which are critical under wartime conditions (kamensky et al., 2023; maksymovych & bronevytska, 2023). key legislative changes supplemented the criminal code with article 43-1, “fulfillment of the duty to protect the motherland, independence and territorial integrity of ukraine”, as well as with a transitional provision clarifying that civilians are not criminally liable for the lawful use of firearms against armed aggressors. overall, scholars agree that ukraine’s criminal law institutions require systematic improvement in both directions: the criminalization of new offenses emerging under martial law, and the decriminalization of those provisions that no longer reflect the realities of wartime justice (hretsa et al., 2022; wilmshurst, 2017). the overarching mission of modern ukrainian criminal law is defined as ensuring the protection of life and health, safeguarding peace and security, and countering crimes committed in the context of russia’s aggression (bershov et al., 2022; janssen & caranta, 2023). the legislative framework governing police institutions and investigative agencies is the subject of another significant line of study. it emphasizes that the amended sections of the criminal code serve as the cornerstone for structuring criminal procedures during a state of martial law. scholars stress the vital importance of legal defense during times of conflict, in addition to legislative improvements, emphasizing that maintaining sufficient defense mechanisms, even in the face of extreme circumstances, is essential to the adequate protection of human rights (shevchuk et al., 2023). the specific topic of the development of the qualification of criminal offences during martial law in ukraine is also an object of discussion in legal science. scholars analyze the issues related to the peculiarities of criminal liability in times of military conflict, the relevant transformations in the system of law application and regulation, the specific relationship between ukrainian and international law, the implementation of international conventions, and other related matters. the primary source for studying this issue is also the criminal code of ukraine (criminal code of ukraine, 2025), as well as certain scientific commentaries on it. for example, changes to the general provisions on criminal liability and the specifics of applying the norms under martial law have been identified (popov et al., 2025; stupnyk, 2024). against this background, the issue of distinguishing and more clearly defining crimes that pose a threat to national security, such as sabotage, treason, and war propaganda, has become increasingly relevant during the russian military aggression (orlovskyi et al., 2023; popov et al., 2025). additionally, it is worth noting the significant scientific research devoted to international criminal law. perepelytsia (2024) studied the problem of liability for war crimes in accordance with the current rome statute and the jurisdiction of the international criminal court. the findings are relevant for understanding the further reform and adaptation of ukrainian legislation to the existing norms of international standards and legal acts in the field of criminal prosecution (including military criminal offences). thus, the institution of defense remains an essential safeguard for balancing state security needs and individual rights during a state of martial law. particularly in light of martial law and the nation's ongoing european integration process, the adaptation of ukrainian criminal law to european and international legal standards has become a significant area of study in recent years. the study of criminal offences also encompasses terminological and comparative studies, examining them through the prism of military conflict and contemporary changes. analysed the specifics of the qualification of crimes committed during the war (including genocidal practices) and the mechanisms of their legal investigation under international law. particular attention is also paid to the challenges of collecting evidence during wartime and the use of confessions obtained from prisoners or under stressful situations (gorinov & mereniuk, 2022). an important aspect of such research has also been the identification of the role of international organisations in documenting crimes. in general, scholars and law enforcement specialists have formulated a general idea of the importance and peculiarities of classifying criminal offences during martial law. however, there is a need for further consideration of the legal aspects, including the search for recommendations for amendments to the current legislation, court practices, and the joint interaction of national and international legal mechanisms, as well as the further improvement of possibilities for international investigations and the prosecution of criminals. overall, scholars agree that the reform of investigative practices has increased clarity in criminal proceedings, though practical challenges persist. in summary, the literature suggests a growing consensus on the urgent need to adapt ukrainian criminal legislation and judicial practice to the realities of martial law, while also acknowledging persistent gaps in harmonization with international legal standards. however, existing studies often remain fragmented, leaving open questions about the systemic qualification of wartime offenses. materials and methods research design the work employs a qualitative approach, specifically the case study method, which enables a detailed analysis of individual cases of criminal offenses during martial law in ukraine. this approach was chosen from the perspective that it provides an opportunity to describe and analyze in detail the specific features of qualifying criminal offences in real circumstances. additionally, through the analysis of specific cases, it is possible to identify patterns and problems in law enforcement and determine the practical aspects of processes and decision-making. the case study also allows for a comparison of different cases. for this reason, the study will outline general trends and possible directions for improving legal practice. the outlined methodological approach is determined by the need to study the features of qualifying offences in specific situations, which, sasko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 13-22 16 in general, will affect the formation of scientifically sound conclusions. the materials in the study were included based on the use of criterion sampling. explicit criteria for including and excluding sources were formed. the inclusion criteria pertained to laws, scientific articles, and publications that addressed the primary legal aspects of qualifying criminal offences during martial law, as well as documents or reports containing information about specific cases of criminal offences. at the same time, the inclusion criteria were based on the inconsistency of the research topic. works with an insufficient methodological base and non-reviewed materials were also excluded. table 1 provides a detailed description of the main criteria for including and excluding sources. table 1. criteria for including and excluding sources inclusion criteria articles and laws that describe key legal aspects of the qualification of criminal offences during martial law. scientific articles published in leading peer-reviewed journals. reports are official documents that define specific cases of criminal offences. language of writing: ukrainian, english. in the case of including ukrainian-language sources, annotations must be in english. exclusion criteria articles, reports, and laws that do not relate to the selected research problem. duplicates without original analysis. works with an unproven and undescribed methodological basis of the research. non-peer-reviewed materials. articles, reports, and analytical materials written in languages other than english and ukrainian. thus, the study relies on several key sources of information. it draws primarily on regulatory documents and legislative acts that govern the qualification of criminal offenses during martial law, including the criminal code of ukraine and specific specialized laws. in addition, it uses reports and analytical materials related to war crimes to provide practical and contextual insights. the study also incorporates scientific articles and sections from collective monographs that examine the distinctive features of qualifying crimes committed in wartime conditions. together, these materials form the legal and analytical foundation for the research. data collection procedure to collect and systematize data, the scientifically sound prisma methodology was employed, which involved searching for relevant publications in scientific databases, an initial screening, and a comprehensive analysis of the selected materials. therefore, scientometric databases were initially selected: scopus, web of science, google scholar, and heinonline. the following keywords were entered into the search queries of these databases: criminal offence or crime; martial law or war or legal regime of martial law; qualification of crimes or description of crimes or characteristics of crimes. table 2 shows the keywords used to search for sources. table 2. key words to search for sources keywords synonyms criminal offence criminal offence, crime, criminal law offence martial law war, martial law, legal regime crime qualification description of crimes, characteristics of crimes these databases were selected because they contain peer-reviewed materials and publications that are relevant to the chosen research topic. a total of 2378 results were obtained. after searching for relevant publications, primary screening was carried out, and all duplicates were rejected (n = 589). next, the sources were screened based on an analysis of titles, abstracts, and keywords, and all inappropriate items were rejected (n =-795). after that, a comprehensive analysis of the selected sources for their relevance to the research objectives was conducted, and all studies unrelated to the analysis of criminal offenses during martial law in ukraine were excluded (n = 311). as a result, 683 results were obtained, which were subjected to the preliminary inclusion criteria. in total, four inclusion criteria were formed: 1. the study should describe the key legal aspects of the qualification of criminal offences during martial law; 2. all materials should be published in leading peer-reviewed journals. 3. the research should identify specific cases of criminal offences. 4. language of writing: ukrainian, english. data analysis data analysis was carried out using thematic and comparative analysis methods. thematic analysis was carried out using google sheets software. this software was chosen based on its ease of use and ability to process data quickly. the table of this program contains data such as the author or law, year of publication, the last year of changes, main criminal offences, and key conclusions. this made it possible to systematise the data and identify key themes. based on thematic analysis, the main law enforcement problems that arise during the qualification of crimes were also determined. based on comparative analysis, the data obtained were compared with the results of other scientists. additionally, this method enabled the comparison of criminal offenses with similar offenses in other countries that had experienced war. sasko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 13-22 17 figure 1. data collection process and materials identification results criminal proceedings under martial law are conducted in accordance with the uniform regime outlined in article 615 of the criminal procedure code of ukraine. several issues related to the intricacies of pre-trial investigation and court consideration of criminal proceedings arise in the practical application of this article's provisions by the courts. there has also been an increase in the number of criminal proceedings for crimes against the foundations of ukraine's national security, military criminal offences, crimes against peace, human security, and international law. additionally, new articles have been added to these sections of the criminal code of ukraine, as well as amendments to specific existing articles (criminal code of ukraine, 2025). as a result, there are concerns about the peculiarities of their qualification, the boundaries of corpus delicti, etc. maximum attention should be paid to the qualification of a crime if the circumstances of the offence committed 'under martial law' influence its qualification (kozlovskyi et al., 2023). in this sense, the definition of 'martial law' should provide a clear path to examine the legal characteristics, such as the place, time, and circumstances, of the offense. this issue is particularly relevant in the case of ongoing crimes. a significant part of military criminal offences under the criminal code of ukraine are formal crimes, which are defined as crimes committed during martial law. these include desertion (article 408(4) of the criminal code of ukraine), evasion of military service by self-mutilation or other means (article 409(4) of the criminal code of ukraine), and unauthorised leaving of a military unit or place of service (article 407(5) of the criminal code of ukraine) (criminal code of ukraine, 2025). in addition to the usual legal ramifications, the declaration of martial law may have additional legal repercussions, including criminal ones. to secure the foundations of national security and guarantee that the established military service system is shielded from any potential criminal invasions under martial law, effective management of criminal law records identified from: databases (n = 2378) records removed before screening: duplicate records removed (n = 589) records screened (n = 1789) records excluded by analysis title, keywords, and abstracts (n = 795) reports sought for retrieval (n = 994) reports not retrieved (n = 311) reports assessed for eligibility (n = 683) (n = 683) reports excluded: с.1 (n = 126) с. 2 (n = 289) с. 3 (n = 45) с. 4 (n = 176) studies included in the review (n = 47) identification of studies via databases and registers id e n ti fi c a ti o n s c re e n in g in c lu d e d sasko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 13-22 18 interactions is currently necessary. the requirements of the general and special parts of the ukrainian criminal code govern these legal relationships. accordingly, the commission of a crime under martial law, emergency, or other extraordinary circumstances is a situation that results in a more severe sentence, as stipulated in clause 11 of part 1 of article 67 of the criminal code of ukraine (criminal code of ukraine, 2025). this suggests that the criminal took advantage of the most adverse period for society, characterized by challenging circumstances and poor living conditions, to carry out the crime. this confirms the existence of a larger public risk associated with this individual and allows for the assertion of an increased level of public danger from crimes committed during martial law (criminal code of ukraine, 2025). given the creation of circumstances that exclude the criminal unlawfulness of an act and, in some cases, may have signs of extreme necessity, these acts cannot be recognised as crimes if the restriction of constitutional rights or freedoms of a person occurred lawfully under martial law and if there are external signs of a crime under the criminal code of ukraine. the analysis of the criminal case in the rivne court revealed that the defendant was charged with voluntary cooperation with the russian occupiers (obtaining a position in the occupation administration), which, according to the criminal code of ukraine, constitutes collaboration. the key point was to consider personal intent, i.e., an entirely voluntary consent to cooperate (rivne city court of rivne region, 2024). the court found that the defendant had been duly notified. the pre-trial investigation established that the cooperation was voluntary, for which the photo and video materials were used. although the lawyer claimed that the evidence was insufficient, the court found the materials obtained sufficient (rivne city court of rivne region, 2024). according to the verdict, the collaborator was sentenced to 15 years in prison with confiscation of property in favour of the state. a potential problem in the evidence was the lack of secure evidence that would have proved the voluntary nature of the position. the court measured the general circumstances but may not have considered whether the person was really acting under duress. another case demonstrates the use of modern communication technologies to recruit saboteurs. this case involves a set of signs indicating a criminal offense that can be qualified as sabotage (article 113 of the criminal code of ukraine), as well as the involvement of minors in criminal activity (article 304 of the criminal code of ukraine). the recruited minor, a resident of the mykolaiv region, was supposed to set fire to a railway relay cabinet; the recruiters involved the minor in the commission of the criminal offenses and promised to pay for it (art. 113, art. 304, art. 194(2), art. 258-5, art. 14, art. 27). as a result of a plea bargain, the defendant pleaded guilty, cooperated with the investigation, and was sentenced to 5 years' imprisonment with a probationary period of 2 years (rivne city court of rivne region, 2024). this case exemplifies organized criminal activity involving digital technologies and the participation of minors, necessitating a specialized approach to qualification and investigation. the analysis of the cases indicates that russian aggression has actualised specific criminal offences that do not occur in peacetime. the recruitment and use of collaborators at various levels are crucial aspects for legal analysis. in this regard, there are grounds for considering such aspects as the establishment of voluntary cooperation, the actual commission of a crime or only intent, and the classification of the crime in accordance with the current criminal code of ukraine. it is important that judges consider the circumstances (voluntary plea), and investigative authorities collect evidence using digital technologies. at the same time, certain elements require improvement. first, we are discussing the legislative aspects of regulating the collection of evidence, which aims to clarify the identification of collaboration as a criminal act. the analyzed cases allow us to formulate separate recommendations for the further development of criminal law and its application in martial law (see table 3). table 3. recommendations for the development of criminal law enforcement in ukraine № recommendations description 1 development of the legislative framework amendments to the criminal code of ukraine are proposed to clarify the definition of crimes that are particularly socially dangerous under martial law (primarily looting, collaboration, and treason). it is possible to utilize available international experience, un recommendations, and the existing practices of the international criminal tribunal, among others. to use a more differentiated approach to defining crimes related to collaboration, to distinguish between voluntary and forced cooperation, the degree of coercion, personal gain, etc. develop legislative norms governing the use of the rome statute of international criminal law for the prosecution of international crimes. it is also clear that there is a need for an improved legal mechanism for witness protection. 2 practical improvement developing updated instructions for investigators, police officers, judges, and prosecutors that would consider the practical peculiarities of organising the investigative process during martial law. a possible addition would be to utilize the best practices of european countries and nato standards for addressing crises. it is also important to create and recognise at the legislative level special conditions for the work of specialised units to investigate crimes committed during martial law, with the possible use of experts in international humanitarian law. 3 focus on increasing the efficiency of investigations one of the practical tools is the use of modern, innovative technologies for documenting military criminal offenses, including satellite monitoring and blockchain technologies. to this end, it is possible to strengthen the existing interagency cooperation between individual law enforcement agencies, military administrations, and the army administration. 4 educational component the implementation of criminal legal activities under martial law requires changes to existing legal training programs. there is a need for further training of judges, prosecutors, and investigators to enhance their qualifications in investigating military criminal offences. a possible option is special training involving, among others, international specialists. source: compiled by the authors based on amanbayeva et al. (2022); haltsova et al. (2024); kryvoruchko et al. (2023); lavrov et al. (2022); rakipova et al. (2023); vynnyk and hazdayka-vasylyshyn (2023) sasko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 13-22 19 the application of these recommendations will significantly increase the effectiveness of combating criminal offenses during martial law (safarli et al., 2024). it is worth emphasizing the importance of further adapting ukrainian legislation to international, including european, standards. discussions given the primary research problem, namely, the analysis of the peculiarities of qualifying criminal offenses committed during martial law in ukraine, considering both national and international legislation. the first research question concerned the identification of the main changes in criminal law that were proposed and implemented because of martial law. the results show that criminal proceedings under martial law are conducted under a special regime in accordance with article 615 of the cpc of ukraine. the article indicates that the number of criminal proceedings for crimes against the foundations of national security of ukraine, military criminal offences, crimes against peace, human security, and international law has increased. studies by other scholars have confirmed the fact of an increase in the number of criminal proceedings, however, in relation to treason and collaboration. contemporary authors have noted that the implementation of martial law has highlighted the need to refine criminal law, particularly in terms of liability for collaboration (babikov et al., 2024; dzhelilova, 2023; hretsa et al., 2022). however, there are some controversial issues. for example, some researchers have acknowledged that the amendments to the cc of ukraine adopted in wartime were generally characterised by a hasty nature (babikov et al., 2024; dzhelilova, 2023; maurer, 2021). this, in turn, has led to contradictions in law enforcement. it is noted that effective management of criminal law interactions is necessary to maintain the national security base and ensure that the established military service system is protected from potential criminal intrusions. however, the findings also indicated that the judicial process faces difficulties in applying the provisions of the criminal code on war crimes and military criminal offences. this is especially true for the qualification of ongoing crimes. these views are also consistent with other studies. in particular, the authors agreed that the primary reason for the difficulty of law enforcement is the lack of a well-developed methodology for classifying crimes (osadcha & kharytonov, 2022). at the same time, maksymovych & bronevytska (2023) and pylypenko et al. (2021) also emphasised the important need to consider international standards, which should also apply to international humanitarian law. however, some authors believe that the main difficulties are not based on the qualification process but on the insufficient level of training of judges and investigators, who lack sufficient experience in such categories of cases (devterov et al., 2024; kravtsov et al., 2024). therefore, some scholars propose paying attention to more professional training of specialists and recognizing that it is necessary to develop specialized training programs for military law investigators and judges (kaldygozova, 2024; järvis, 2023; newhouse et al., 2017). scholars emphasise that the training of military law investigators and judges should be based on the use of modern technologies and teaching methods (catota et al., 2019; kaldygozova, 2024; shevchuk, 2023). however, the authors unanimously agree that an effective system of managing criminal law interactions is currently needed to preserve the national security base and ensure that the established system of military service is protected (fazekas et al., 2022; vuletić, 2021). this study also proposed some recommended solutions and recommendations to improve the mechanisms for qualifying crimes in the context of armed military conflict. amendments to the criminal code of ukraine should be introduced to more clearly define the elements of crimes (maksymovych & bronevytska, 2023). another important aspect is the need to form specialised units in law enforcement agencies to investigate modern crimes. equally important is the optimisation of the process of qualifying criminal offences by engaging experts in international criminal law and military affairs. the analysis also determined that to ensure the correct qualification of wartime crimes, the circumstances, including the place, time, and situational factors of the crime, should be clearly defined. other scholars have also pointed out that the key challenges are not only defining martial law in the criminal law of ukraine but also clearly defining the boundaries between general and military criminal offences (khovpun et al., 2024; maksymovych & bronevytska, 2023). this aspect was also emphasised by authors who studied the criminal law of other countries (ochodničanová & heys, 2024; thynne, 2021; wilmshurst, 2017). therefore, the results obtained highlighted some significant issues in criminal law enforcement during martial law, and the identified difficulties were also confirmed in the studies of other scholars. the practical value of this study lies in the optimisation of law enforcement. in particular, the analysis helped identify problematic aspects of qualifying crimes during a state of martial law. in the future, the study may be helpful for judges, investigators, and prosecutors. additionally, the conclusions regarding the adaptation of ukrainian legislation to international standards may be crucial for the development of future strategies for cooperation with international judicial bodies. the theoretical value of the work lies in its contribution to the development of criminal law science. it has expanded the scientific understanding of the peculiarities of law enforcement in wartime. at the same time, the above discussion on the qualification of crimes in wartime contributes to the formation of the basis for future research in the field of military criminal law. however, despite the theoretical and practical value of the study, it is worthwhile to identify some methodological limitations in the work. since the focus of the study was on the realities of the criminal law in ukraine, the researchers did not analyze the identification of criminal offences in other countries that have experienced wars or conflicts. additionally, the study relied exclusively on english-language literature, with a small percentage of ukrainian-language works. however, works written in other languages were ignored entirely. these limitations open new directions for research. in the future, attention should be paid to conducting a comparative analysis of the process of qualifying a criminal offence during martial law in other countries and describing successful practices. sasko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 13-22 20 conclusions the purpose of this study was to provide a systematic analysis of the qualification of criminal offenses committed during martial law in ukraine, with particular emphasis on the interplay between national criminal law and international humanitarian standards. the research demonstrated that russian military aggression has fundamentally transformed the legal environment, requiring the adaptation of ukrainian criminal legislation to contemporary wartime realities. the analysis revealed a marked increase in criminal proceedings related to crimes against national security, military criminal offenses, crimes against peace, and war crimes, which are now prosecuted under a special regime defined by article 615 of the criminal procedure code of ukraine. at the same time, judicial practice continues to face difficulties in applying provisions of the criminal code to war crimes, reflecting both procedural challenges and interpretative inconsistencies. the originality of this article lies in its comprehensive approach, which combines doctrinal legal analysis with an examination of judicial practice to identify legal gaps and inconsistencies in wartime criminal qualification. by integrating national and international perspectives, the study provides new insights into how ukrainian legislation functions under conditions of martial law and how it interacts with global standards of accountability. the findings carry both theoretical and practical implications. theoretically, the article contributes to the development of military criminal law as a distinct area of research by clarifying the criteria for the correct qualification of wartime crimes. practically, it underlines the importance of effective coordination between law enforcement bodies, courts, and international judicial institutions in ensuring accountability for wartime offenses. the results highlight that a precise definition of circumstances such as place, time, and situational factors is indispensable for accurate legal qualification, which in turn has direct implications for judicial decision-making and sentencing. the study, however, is limited by its exclusive focus on the ukrainian legal system and by the reliance on national legislative sources and judicial practice. while this provides an in-depth view of the ukrainian context, it restricts the generalizability of the results to broader comparative frameworks. future research should expand the scope by incorporating comparative perspectives from other countries experiencing armed conflicts, as well as empirical data on judicial decision-making in war crimes cases. further exploration of the interaction between ukrainian law and the jurisdiction of international courts, particularly the international criminal court, would also provide a valuable direction for scholarly inquiry. author contributions: conceptualization, o.s. and h.s.; methodology, k.o.; software, r.o.; validation, o.s., h.s. and o.o.; formal analysis, k.o.; investigation, o.s.; resources, o.s.; data curation, h.s.; writing – original draft preparation, o.s.; writing – review & editing, h.s.; visualization, r.o.; supervision, o.o.; project administration, k.o.; funding acquisition, o.o. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: the authors have no acknowledgments to declare. informed consent statement: 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(2017). definition of the crime of aggression: state responsibility or individual criminal responsibility. in the international criminal court and the crime of aggression (pp. 93–96). routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351218306-8 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687 8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.57125/fs.2023.12.20.02 https://doi.org/10.24818/tbj/2023/13/2.06 https://doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.17.03.2023.014 https://doi.org/10.17951/g.2023.70.3.181-194 https://doi.org/10.1017/s1816383121000436 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48939-7_4 https://doi.org/10.1108/s0193-589520210000029007 https://doi.org/10.32518/sals2.2023.09 https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351218306-8 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 69-79 69 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 11 no 1 (2026) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa legal mechanisms for the protection of property expectations in the light of modern legal reforms: a systematic review dmytro lutsenko (a)1 krystyna rezvorovych (b) maksym melnyk (c) mariia vovk (d) yuliia sushytska (e) (a)doctoral candidate, academician f.н. burchak scientific research institute of private law and entrepreneurship of national academy of legal sciences of ukraine, kyiv, ukraine; e-mail: 5522nauka165@gmail.com (b)doctor of law, associate professor, head of the department of civil law, dnipro state university of internal affairs, dnipro, nauky avenue 26, ukraine, e-mail: krystyna.rezvorovych@dduvs.edu.ua (c)phd student in law, interregional academy of personnel management, kyiv, ukraine; e-mail: melnykmp@gmail.com (d)associate professor, department of civil and legal disciplines, educational and scientific institute of law and law enforcement, lviv state university of internal affairs, lviv, ukraine; e-mail: mzvovk@gmail.com (e)senior lecturer, department of law and law enforcement, zhytomyr polytechnic state university, zhytomyr, ukraine; e-mail: yulyasushic@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 29th august 2025 reviewed & revised: 29th august 2025 to 7th december 2025 accepted: 9th december 2025 published: 12th december 2025 keywords: property expectations, property rights, legal protection mechanisms, modern legal reforms; rule of law, systematic review jel classification codes: k11, k12, k15, k20 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t the study of legal mechanisms for protecting property expectations is an urgent task for modern legal science, as in the context of reforms and legal uncertainty, guaranteeing expected property rights becomes particularly important. existing theoretical approaches and law enforcement practice reveal contradictions in the interpretation of the concept of "property expectations" and its relationship to the "legitimate expectations" category used by the european court of human rights. in this regard, there is a need for a comprehensive analysis of legal instruments that ensure an appropriate level of protection of expected property rights. the purpose of the study is to clarify the possibilities of modern legal development in providing adequate protection for property expectations. the work uses the prisma methodology to form a sample of scientific sources. the study included 45 sources of various types (monographs, empirical and review articles, conference proceedings), selected according to precise criteria. the chronological framework was 2016–2025. the results showed that regulatory approaches to protecting property expectations are based on the implementation of a set of principles and individual mechanisms. the quantitative ratio of protection instruments was established: 42% of the studied sources emphasize civil law mechanisms, 31% administrative law, and 27% judicial mechanisms. the decisions of the echr play a significant role, using the convention for the protection of human rights as an instrument to guarantee property expectations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction modern legal mechanisms for protecting property expectations are crucial components of a comprehensive legal system. they shape the stability of legal relations and protect citizens' rights regarding expectations about specific material goods or rights. in the current legal environment, shaped by numerous reforms, the issue of legal support for these expectations is a pressing concern. specifically, regulatory uncertainty, legislative conflicts, and the nuances of judicial practice pose challenges to the effectiveness of property interest protection. property expectations refer to individuals' anticipation of obtaining property or rights arising from specific legal facts, even when these expectations are not guaranteed. this requires a systematic review of existing legal mechanisms for protecting property expectations. the relevance of this study arises from ongoing legal changes in ukraine, including judicial reform, improved property legislation, and enhanced protection of citizens' rights (haltsova et al., 2024). a review of current legal reforms has shown that changes in legislation and court practice are creating new challenges for the protection of property expectations (bondarenko et al., 2022; dolgopolova et al., 2020). for example, 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0003-9881-8467 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2763 to cite this article: lutsenko, d., rezvorovych, k., melnyk, m., vovk, m., & sushytska, y. (2025). legal mechanisms for the protection of property expectations in the light of modern legal reforms: a systematic review. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 11(1), 69-79. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2763 mailto:5522nauka165@gmail.com mailto:krystyna.rezvorovych@dduvs.edu.ua mailto:melnykmp@gmail.com mailto:mzvovk@gmail.com mailto:yulyasushic@gmail.com http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2763 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9881-8467 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1183-613x https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1089-8891 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-8222 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7310-3914 lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 69-79 70 reforms in civil law and the judicial system can increase or decrease the level of rights protection. at the same time, the lack of precise legal regulation of property expectations in several cases leads to inevitable conflicts in legislation (gaman et al., 2022). the main argument of this study is that existing legal mechanisms for protecting property expectations are fragmented and lack a systematic perspective. this is especially true in light of recent global legal reforms. such fragmentation hinders adequate legal protection and creates substantial gaps in both legislation and judicial practice. therefore, the goal of this study is to analyze how modern legal reforms affect these mechanisms, identify existing shortcomings, and evaluate the effectiveness of the legal framework in supporting the realization of citizens' property expectations. thus, the purpose of the study is to analyze the main legal mechanisms for protecting property expectations through the lens of modern reforms and determine their effectiveness for ensuring citizens' rights. the research question is: what legal mechanisms exist for protecting property expectations? how do modern legal reforms affect the mechanisms for their protection? what approaches do different jurisdictions use to ensure the stability of property expectations? what problems and shortcomings exist in the legal regulation of this area? to tackle these questions, the study uses a combination of systematic review (using prisma methods), comparative legal analysis across various jurisdictions, doctrinal analysis of laws, and synthesis of system approaches to build a comprehensive conceptual framework. the study has several parts. first, it identifies key scientific gaps. it reviews recent research and theoretical views on property obligations. results outline the main legal mechanisms for protecting property expectations in ukraine and analyze primary international legal instruments. the discussion compares these findings with those from other recent studies. study limitations are also noted. conclusions highlight key findings and suggest avenues for future research. literature review modern authors have defined the role of property expectations in law using legal, economic, and socio-legal approaches. from a legal perspective, barak-erez (2005) described the main types of interests protected under the doctrine of legitimate expectations in administrative law. when assessing the autonomous development of administrative law in this context, the distinction between interests of trust and expectations created in private law should be considered. however, since relevant factors in these two situations differ, the protection of trust and expectations in administrative law should not simply extend to private law. other authors have discussed the significance of interests, trust, and expectation in administrative law, especially regarding limits on administrative discretion. this is followed by outlining the differences between them and the reasons for their protection (boone, 2018; iasechko et al., 2022). the authors pointed out that legitimate expectations are protected by administrative law. modern works have shown that the conceptual division between interests of trust and expectations in private law is also helpful in administrative law (prokopenko, 2022). given public interest in avoiding restrictions on administrative discretion, the protection of "pure" expectations is sometimes successful, but its scope is limited. the analysis of the considerations supporting the preservation of trust and expectations generally forms the basis for the proposed interpretation of the theory of reasonable expectations. some works define property expectations from the perspective of economic expediency and efficiency of the legal protection system. for this reason, according to iasechko et al. (2022) and baranov et al. (2020), protecting expectations supports the predictability and stability of economic processes. ilie (2021) noted that property expectations are capital investments with economic value. the socio-legal approach interprets property expectations as a socially significant category. it reflects the balance between private interests and public needs. several works have shown that protecting property expectations guarantees social justice (henckels, 2023; lutsenko et al., 2025). additionally, some authors recognize the priority of public interest over private expectations in cases such as land regulation (cousins, 2021; liu et al., 2022). in the legal system, protecting property rights is vital to the security of investment. modern works note that the european court of human rights (echr) and national approaches across countries play a significant role in this system. the main criteria of the echr for the protection of property expectations indicate the existence of reasonable expectations. in particular, the authors determined that expectations should be grounded in law: regulations or administrative decisions (dugeri, 2020). other studies point to the criteria of proportionality of restrictions and legitimate expectations. the point is that the state has the right to limit property expectations, but only within reasonable limits and in accordance with the principle of proportionality (sysoiev et al., 2024; vicente, 2022). the german legal system is based on the principle of 'protected legitimate expectations' (schutz des vertrauensschutzes). in this legal framework, protection is granted in cases where a person acted based on legitimate promises made by the state. at the same time, the german constitutional court recognizes property expectations related to state subsidies and tax benefits. the french council of state (conseil d'état) has a concept of 'protection of trust' (protection de la confiance légitime), like the german model. in british law, the concept of legitimate expectations refers to situations where the government has promised certain rights or benefits. when the state changes policies that affect individuals' legitimate expectations, this can be challenged in court (kolichala, 2020; mcdougal et al., 2019). the case of r v. north and east devon health authority, ex parte coughlan, influenced the consolidation of the rule that state promises must be fulfilled or compensated. modern theoretical studies of property show that the understanding of property rights now goes beyond the classic property rule model. it now includes regulatory, access, and expected interests that need special legal certainty guarantees. in this regard, it is necessary to examine how different branches of law ensure the stability of property expectations. lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 69-79 71 one important area of research is public, communal, and collective property. works devoted to the nature of communal property have focused on the distinction between ownership rights, management powers, and beneficiaries' expectations that arise in complex multi-level governance models (skliarenko, 2019). similar issues arise in the area of collective intellectual property rights of indigenous peoples, where protecting property expectations is inextricably linked to legal policies and mechanisms for the official recognition of traditional knowledge (ibrahim & israhadi, 2024). at the same time, criminal law enforcement of intellectual property is seen as a tool for maintaining predictability and stability of property interests in the creative and innovative sectors (cvetkovic, 2016). a significant body of literature is devoted to the doctrine of “legitimate expectations” in public and administrative law. classic works have recognized that legitimate expectations limit the discretion of administrative bodies (mairal, 2010). the influence of legal culture on the scope of protection of legitimate expectations has shown that different jurisdictions produce different patterns of the relationship between discretion and predictability. comparative studies in the united states and europe have noted differences in how property, expectations, and legal certainty are understood (vicente, 2022). a separate, highly developed branch of international law is international investment law. within the framework of a fair and equitable regime, protecting investors’ legitimate expectations is central (rajput & malhotra, 2019). other authors have recognized the limitations of this protection so that it does not prevent states from exercising regulatory powers (haltsova et al., 2024). studies of the institutional reform of investment law show that the current system provides only a partial balance between investor expectations and public interests (puig & shaffer, 2018). in works on investments in the sustainable development of ukraine's agricultural sector, investor expectations are analyzed through the prism of the balance between production, consumption, and regulatory guarantees (lavrov et al., 2022). even studies on e-learning during martial law demonstrate how emergency regulations shape subjects' expectations in the legal field (kaminskyy, 2024; prokopenko, 2022). the updated legislation further emphasizes the practical dimension of the problem in ukraine. ukrainian laws aim to strengthen the legal status of investors and buyers in the field of future property. however, the complete correspondence between the ukrainian approach to property expectations and the echr's doctrine of "possessions" and "legitimate expectations" remains unclear and requires further analysis. in general, property expectations are studied across various branches of law, but these areas remain fragmented. thus, the authors analyzed the concept of property violations through the prism of different theoretical approaches. the authors pointed out that, in general, all models emphasized the need for compensation in cases of violating legitimate property expectations. previous research on property expectations has generally focused on analyzing the theoretical aspects of legitimate expectations in property rights. in general, the topic of property expectations is not popular among scientists; instead, it has a national character. in particular, the keywords "protection of property expectations", "law", and "eu" were entered into the scopus database. a total of 53 scientific literature articles were obtained. accordingly, 4 clusters were obtained in the vosviewer system. the first one concerned the humanities (philosophy, history, theology, sociology) with political and economic concepts. that is, in the study of rights and property expectations, this cluster indicated the philosophical and legal foundations (values, historical contexts, political economy of law). in the next cluster, a combination of keywords from politics and economics was envisaged. this is rather an "interdisciplinary" block. the key here is: economy and growth (economic growth, market economy, economic policy). this is suitable for arguing the economic significance of legal stability (that investment expectations stimulate growth). the third cluster revealed a business-legal dimension. this is purely law + business: eu, intellectual property, international trade, finance, administration. the fourth cluster contains a purely legal dimension. there are only a few keywords here: convention, human rights, law, law and economics, and political science. thus, it is clear that more scholars have covered this topic through the prism of humanities and economics; however, there is little research through the prism of law (see figure 1). figure 1. clusters of keywords related to property expectations and legal protection (scopus, search query) lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 69-79 72 however, several key gaps limit understanding of this research problem and underscore the need for further study. scholars have described the issue of property expectations in a stable legal environment, while the impact of legal reforms on their protection remains insufficiently studied. the study of significant legislative changes, court practice, and administrative decisions may affect the realization and recognition of property expectations. this requires a broader systematic analysis. this study will fill these gaps and identify the main legal mechanisms for protecting property expectations in light of current reforms. therefore, the purpose of the study is to conduct an inter-system analysis of modern legal mechanisms for protecting property expectations, taking into account ukrainian reforms. the main hypotheses are as follows: h1: jurisdictions in which property expectations are recognized as a separate type of protected interest, and provide higher predictability and integrity of the mechanisms for their protection. h2: integration of the doctrine of legitimate expectations from public and investment law into national regulation increases the stability of property expectations in contractual and investment relations. materials and methods the study is qualitative, involving a systematic analysis of existing scientific articles, monograph chapters, and analytical materials. a systematic review was chosen because current research is scattered across different legal systems, case law, and theoretical approaches. accordingly, a systematic review will enable the qualitative collection and structuring of information from various scientific sources. in addition, such an approach is essential for identifying the main patterns in the existing mechanisms for protecting property expectations in different legal systems. the systematisation of scientific knowledge will help to avoid the fragmentation present in previous works. sample and materials the study used a mixture of purposive and criterion sampling. purposive sampling involved the inclusion of scientific sources of various types:  scientific articles  chapters from collective monographs  analytical articles  legal documents the inclusion criteria pertained to the content of scientific papers, their thematic relevance, the type of scientific source, and the time of their creation. the criterion of chronological boundaries was not consistently applied; however, it was not applied to fundamental theoretical works. the primary focus was on the inclusion of english-language and ukrainian publications (with an english-language abstract). table 1 presents the main criteria for inclusion of scientific sources. table 1. criteria for inclusion of scientific materials criterion description thematic and content relevance sources should address the main legal aspects of property protection, including analysis of case law, particularly the activities of the echr and national courts, as well as legislative reforms. chronological boundaries sources from 2016 to 2025. this criterion was created to include the most relevant modern scientific literature geographical coverage sources that analyze ukrainian realities and those of eu countries are included. sources without a clear geographical focus are also included. type of sources sources of various types are provided for inclusion: articles, chapters from collective monographs, analytical reports, and legal documents. peer-reviewed an essential criterion for inclusion is that publications must appear in recognized journals that practice anonymous review. at the same time, the criteria for excluding scientific sources included rejecting publications that were not thematically relevant, lacked scientific novelty, or were duplicates. in addition, popular journalistic materials lacking a scientific basis were excluded from the study. table 2 presents the main criteria for excluding scientific sources. table 2. criteria for excluding scientific materials criterion description no thematic relevance the study describes only general aspects of property rights, without considering basic property expectations. non-peer-reviewed publications sources that have not undergone proper peer review were rejected for inclusion. popular journalistic materials popular journalistic materials that lack a proper academic basis are excluded from the study. shots and unverified sources outdated or unverified documents that have lost their relevance or validity. language of writing all publications written in languages other than ukrainian and english were rejected. tools and procedures the prisma methodological approach was used to search for, collect, and screen sources. scientists around the world recognize this methodological approach and use it to conduct clear searches for relevant scientific materials. this tool was chosen because it provides a clear study structure and avoids selective coverage of materials. for a systematic review that involves searching for a large number of sources, transparency in the methodology can be ensured precisely by the prisma lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 69-79 73 approach. to do this, the scientometric databases used for the search were scopus, google scholar, and web of science. the following keywords were entered into the search queries: property expectations, legal expectations, reforms, protection of expectations, law, judicial implementation, and legal mechanisms. a total of 2486 results were obtained. first, all duplicates were rejected (-581). then, all scientific materials unrelated to the research issues were rejected. this was done based on the analysis of abstracts and keywords (-689). then, all irrelevant sources that did not correspond to the issues were rejected (-414). after that, precompiled exclusion criteria were used, covering thematic and content relevance, mandatory peer review, relevance, and validity. the language of writing was english or ukrainian, depending on whether an english-language abstract was provided. figure 2. the process of collecting and searching for scientific sources data analysis thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. this method was used to identify and interpret significant thematic blocks in modern text data. for this, excel software was used to build tables with basic codes. the first stage involved familiarization with the data (careful reading of scientific texts), coding (highlighting significant fragments of the texts), and the creation of basic codes: principles of legal certainty, legitimate expectations, protection of the bona fide acquirer, legislative regulation, contractual mechanisms, and conflicts of legal regulations. these codes enabled the analysis of expectations regarding property protection. after that, the basic codes were grouped into themes, and a general structure of the themes was drawn up: legal approaches to the protection of property expectations, instruments for the protection of property expectations, international standards of protection, and case law. the identified key themes were then verified and refined, and individual relationships between themes were explored. an interpretation of the significance of each theme within the chosen research problem followed this. to verify the consistency of this thematic analysis, the κ coefficient (cohen's kappa) was used to measure the level of consistency in the data coding. this involved independent experts who analyzed the text data and generated codes. overall, a κ ≥ 0.7 was obtained, indicating substantial agreement between the codes. this was followed by a comparative analysis of the results obtained with the data presented in the scientific literature. records identified from: databases (n = 2486) records removed before screening: duplicate records removed (n = 581) records screened (n = 1905) records excluded by analysis title, keywords, and abstracts (n = 689) reports sought for retrieval (n = 1216) reports not retrieved (n = 414) reports assessed for eligibility (n = 802) (n = 802) reports excluded: с.1 (n = 45) с. 2 (n = 254) с. 3 (n = 124) с. 4 (n = 89) с. 5 (n = 244) studies included in the review (n = 46) identification of studies via databases and registers id e n ti fi c a ti o n s c re e n in g in c lu d e lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 69-79 74 results property expectations are separate legal interests associated with the possibility of obtaining the necessary property rights or other legal benefits in the future. property expectations are formed based on contracts, certain investment agreements, the adoption and implementation of authorities' decisions, or other facts from legal practice that create new rights to possess material goods. first, they note the acquisition of the right to use property, receipt of payments or other forms of income, property and property shares, and the acquisition of other assets. the researchers note that the legal status of property expectations is a controversial issue, since an expectation arising from a contract or other act does not constitute a completed property act but already has specific legal values and may therefore be protected under the law. in many countries (including ukraine), property expectations are recognised by the legal system and are subject to civil law regulation. on this basis, property expectations are protected by legal mechanisms. the importance of adhering to property expectations for the functioning of the legal system lies in ensuring the stability of legal relations. another essential task is to protect the interests and property rights of participants in civil transactions, as well as to promote economic development by guaranteeing the fulfillment of certain obligations, thereby ensuring the predictable functioning of legal relations and relevant legal consequences (romaniuk et al., 2024). globally, the protection of property expectations leads to a significant stimulation of investment activity and the development of contractual relations at the national level. the legal framework for protecting property expectations is based on several key principles. first and foremost, property expectations are protected through specific legal mechanisms that ensure compliance with the obligations outlined in the agreement and regulate the process for compensating losses resulting from certain contractor violations. these mechanisms for protecting property rights are outlined in table 3. table 3. mechanisms for the protection of property expectations s.n. legal instruments description 1 1 civil 1. the very first tool is to ensure the protection of contracts. researchers note that this approach involves implementing obligations, establishing precise mechanisms for declaring agreements invalid, and imposing separate fines or other sanctions for complete disregard of contract terms or for partial fulfillment. 2. implementation of mechanisms for compensating damages or providing clear rights to compensation for losses incurred or lost profits resulting from violations of property norms. 3. the importance of judicial proceedings in identifying facts of violation of certain rights or obligations assumed. 2 2 instruments 1. use of mechanisms for appealing decisions of state authorities, which will ensure the protection of property expectations resulting from the recognition of invalid or illegal decisions of state institutions that affect the applicant's rights. 2. conducting licensing and permitting procedures that respect the rights of individuals in the fields of regulating entrepreneurial activity, investment, and other related areas. 3 3 administrative 1. the relevance of claims for recognition of property expectations, which allows for the application of court decisions to confirm or protect existing property expectations. 2. control over claims, which will enable the prevention of abuse, corruption, and the obtaining of unlawful benefits due to law violations. source: summarized by the authors based on the works of prokopenko (2022) therefore, the legal possibilities for the practical application of legal instruments to protect property expectations will strengthen legal certainty in the performance of legal actions. at the same time, this will also help increase trust in the functioning justice system and create the necessary investment climate. the practice of fulfilling property expectations may vary. for example, the law of ukraine “on guaranteeing property rights to real estate objects that will be constructed in the future” no. 2518-ix. (2022) clarifies the process of registering owners of apartments in newly constructed buildings and establishes specific legal grounds for transparent and safe investment principles. the law introduced some innovations, including a 'special property right' that effectively regulates the property expectations of private investors from developers. however, researchers have noted that adopting such a law does not guarantee investor rights. it is more promising to draw on the experience of european countries, where property expectations are ensured by requiring that the investor receive the property (investment object) promptly. separate legal mechanisms may include risk insurance for the builder (developer), the use of surety bonds (in the form of a compensation guarantee or a completion guarantee), full financing of construction by the builder, and the subsequent sale of housing (granting of ownership) only after its final commissioning. table 4. main legislative acts and international documents on the protection of property expectations s.n. regulatory act/source jurisdiction key provisions for the protection of property expectations 1 civil code of ukraine (2003) ukraine defines property rights and obligations, the grounds for the emergence of property expectations, mechanisms for protecting rights through the court, compensation for losses, and declaring contracts invalid. 2 law of ukraine “on guaranteeing property rights to real estate objects that ukraine establishes a "special property right" for investors in new buildings, ensures transparency of investments in construction, and determines the procedure for registering future owners. lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 69-79 75 will be constructed in the future” no. 2518-ix (2022) 3 council of europe. (1950). convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. council of europe. (1952). protocol no. 11 to the convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, article 1 (protection of property). council of europe / echr protects property rights and introduces the concept of "legitimate expectations" as a protected object, used by the european court of human rights. 4 european court of human rights. (2004). kopecký v. slovakia (application no. 44912/98). echr formulates criteria for recognizing expectations as “legitimate”; emphasizes the difference between potential rights and real “legitimate expectations”. 5 european court of human rights. (2003). stretch v. the united kingdom (application no. 44277/98). r eu formulates criteria for recognizing expectations as "legitimate"; regulates investment activities; creates guarantees and mechanisms for appealing violations; protects investment expectations. 6 bilateral investment treaties (bits) ukraine and other states they protect foreign investors' investment expectations, recourse to international arbitration (icsid, uncitral), and stabilization provisions. an important aspect is the adoption of investment protection agreements. such agreements should include the right to recognise the property of foreign investors. the descriptions may include services provided or to be provided by a foreign investor, loans, various tangible assets, receipt of payments, etc., with obligatory consideration of stabilising clauses aimed at ensuring investment stability and compliance with the legal conditions for investment. it is essential that at the interstate level, investment agreements directly refer to international jurisdictional bodies and arbitration courts for the resolution of investment disputes. applying to them is mandatory for all parties to the agreement. the current legal reforms in ukraine, aimed at strengthening legal regulation and increasing the efficiency and transparency of judicial proceedings, are crucial to guaranteeing the stability and security of property expectations. the effects of the reforms can be seen in several important areas. firstly, improving the legal framework involves adopting new legislation and revising existing legislation better to define the rights and obligations of the parties, eliminate ambiguities, and strengthen the protection of property interests. secondly, strengthening judicial protection will enable more efficient case consideration, reduce the likelihood of corruption, and ensure a fair resolution of conflicts over property expectations (civil code of ukraine, 2003). third, introducing measures to protect investors' rights, including through international arbitration and clarifying procedures for concluding investment agreements, will provide greater predictability and reliability in legal interactions. fourth, further reforms in permitting, registration of rights, and licensing will minimise bureaucratic obstacles, ensuring faster, more transparent access to the exercise of property rights. fifth, guarantees of fulfilment of property expectations can be effectively strengthened by introducing new security instruments (such as risk insurance and custody systems) and processes for overseeing the fulfilment of contractual obligations. thus, legal reforms play a significant role in maintaining the security and stability of property expectations and in creating a predictable and fair legal environment. another vital vector for consideration of property expectations is existing case law. in particular, the judgments of the european court of human rights are essential, as they use the convention on human rights to protect property expectations. however, when used in national legal systems, such decisions will require special attention. since member states have different legislation and sometimes belong to different legal systems, the provisions of the convention are generally formulated in broad terms. court decisions are usually not based on a strict or literal application of the convention, including the definition of property (cvetkovic, 2016; dugeri, 2020). in the interpretation of the convention, an important category is ‘legitimate expectations’, which should be distinguished from the expectation to acquire property. accordingly, the ecthr notes that persons who have property rights or property interests may be considered to have legitimate expectations of successful enforcement of claims when there are sufficient grounds for this interest in national law. at the same time, property expectations cannot be considered legitimate if there is a dispute over the correct interpretation and application of national law (artemchuk et al., 2024). therefore, the concept of 'property rights of expectation', which is actively used in ukrainian court practice, should not be equated with the concept of 'legitimate expectations' used by echr judges to protect property rights under article 1 of protocol 1 of the convention on human rights. the reason for this distinction lies in the different principles of interpreting convention norms, the peculiarities of ukrainian national legislation, and doctrinal interpretations of property and property rights. in such circumstances, applying echr norms in the ukrainian context to protect property expectations may be difficult. discussions modern opportunities for investment and guarantee activities require appropriate legal regulation, which is ensured, among other things, by the functioning of property expectations. the issue is quite complex to study, as practices in national legal systems may differ significantly. the purpose of this article is to analyze the legal mechanisms for protecting property expectations in the light of modern legal reforms. to achieve this goal, the author examines the issues related to the study of generalised legal mechanisms for the protection of property expectations; the impact of reforms on the stability and security of property expectations; and trends in international case law (how courts interpret property expectations). the article demonstrates that in the modern scientific literature, it is generally accepted that property expectations are separate legal interests associated with the possibility of obtaining the necessary property rights or other legal benefits lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 69-79 76 in the future. legislative measures to protect property expectations include implementing several principles and specific mechanisms. the author highlights the importance of using civil law, administrative law, and judicial instruments. implementation of such mechanisms will allow compensation for damages arising from unfulfilled property expectations, provide clear rights to compensation, and emphasise the importance of court proceedings for identifying violations of certain rights or obligations. the findings confirm the conclusions of other scholars who have studied the use of legal mechanisms and identified similar instruments, although they have arranged them differently (boone, 2018; henckels, 2023; shevchuk & yarova, 2022). in particular, the researchers emphasised the importance of unifying the principles of observance and protection of property expectations, which should also be recognised as an essential marker for further progress in this legal issue (iasechko et al., 2022; piška, 2009). at the same time, the conclusion of investment protection agreements is also identified as an essential aspect that prevents abuse and allows potential investors, for example, to protect their rights. researchers note the gradual formation of model agreements, which only begin to address the specifics of national legislation in some detail (baranov et al., 2020; sysoiev et al., 2024). however, the practice of implementing obligations under such agreements may differ from country to country. this aspect will require further research (rahman et al., 2024). the proposed results show that modern legal reforms are crucial for ensuring the stability and security of property expectations. the importance of improving the legal framework, strengthening judicial protection, introducing measures to protect investors' rights, implementing further reforms in the licensing system, and ensuring fulfillment of obligations related to property expectations is noted. these results confirm the conclusions of other experts who have highlighted the importance of legal reforms for protecting property rights. additionally, the comments of other scholars suggest that reforming the legal framework through gradual adaptation to european union norms is a viable approach (dei et al., 2019; kolichala, 2020). such an approach will enable consideration of the existing practices for protecting property expectations through general changes to ukrainian legislation (ilie, 2021; melenovsky, 2020). the study also draws attention to the existing case law. in particular, the judgments of the european court of human rights are essential, as they, among other things, use the convention on human rights to protect property expectations. however, when used in national legal systems, such decisions will require special attention. in the interpretation of the convention, an important category is ‘legitimate expectations’, which should be distinguished from the expectation to acquire property. accordingly, the ecthr notes that persons who have property rights or property interests may be considered to have legitimate expectations of successful enforcement of claims when there are sufficient grounds for this interest in national law (henckels, 2023; liu et al., 2022; shevchuk et al., 2023). the concept of ‘property right of expectation’, which is actively used in ukrainian practice, should not be equated with the concept of ‘legitimate expectations’ used by echr judges. such conclusions are comparable to those of studies in other documents (cousins, 2021; dugeri, 2020). it was noted that echr judgments are generally applicable and may be applied in ukrainian legal proceedings. still, the provisions of the convention on human rights must be interpreted in light of ukrainian legislation. conclusions this research analyzes modern systems of legal protection for property rights, taking into account ukraine’s ongoing legal reforms. thus, legal mechanisms for protecting property expectations in the context of modern legal reforms are an essential aspect of research. in the modern scientific literature, property expectations are interpreted as separate legal interests associated with the possibility of obtaining the necessary property rights or other legal benefits in the future. legislative measures to protect property expectations include implementing several principles and specific mechanisms. the author highlights the importance of using civil law, administrative law, and judicial instruments. implementation of such mechanisms will allow compensation for damages arising from unfulfilled property expectations, provide clear rights to compensation, and emphasize the importance of court proceedings for identifying violations of certain rights or obligations. legal reforms are also essential. first, the importance of further improving the legal framework, strengthening judicial protection, introducing measures to protect investors' rights, implementing reforms in the licensing system, and ensuring fulfillment of obligations regarding property expectations was emphasized. ukraine's european integration enables consideration of existing practices when adapting ukrainian legislation. the study also draws attention to existing case law, particularly the judgments of the european court of human rights, which use the european convention on human rights to protect property expectations. in the interpretation of the convention, an important category is 'legitimate expectations', which should be distinguished from the expectation to acquire property. echr judgments show that persons with property rights or property interests may be considered to have legitimate expectations of successful enforcement of claims when there are sufficient grounds for this interest in national law. the concept of 'property right of expectation', which is actively used in ukrainian court practice, should not be equated with the concept of 'legitimate expectations' used by echr judges. the unique contribution of the study is that it proposes an important approach to analyzing property protection expectations, combining comparative law with international and national contexts, thereby enabling a holistic view of the mechanisms for their protection. the novelty lies in showing how different branches of law – investment, administrative, civil, and intellectual property – structure the guarantees of property expectations differently. the theoretical contribution involves a more apparent distinction between "legitimate expectations" and "property expectation law". it is shown that the stability of property expectations depends on the consistency of legal mechanisms in different branches of law. the practical (managerial) implications relate to the need to improve regulatory oversight, particularly to eliminate gaps in the legislation governing future real estate investments and digital contracts. it is also worth strengthening the tools of judicial control and ensuring the effective implementation of decisions related to property expectations. it is lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 69-79 77 recommended to harmonize national judicial practice with the echr's approaches, especially regarding the criteria for the emergence of legitimate expectations. at the same time, the study has certain limitations. on the one hand, the prisma scientific approach used in the study enabled us to select the most relevant sources. on the other hand, the proposed limitations on its use regulate the chronological framework. at the same time, older works may also have contained relevant and vital opinions on the importance of protecting property rights. another limitation is linguistic. first, the analysis was based on studies written in english, while some relevant information may also be present in works written in other languages. although the limitations do not invalidate the results, the comments on the methodology open opportunities for additional research. however, the conducted research also opens new directions for future study of this problem. in particular, given the conclusions, future research should pay significant attention to determining the role of echr practice in shaping the basic standards for protecting property expectations. for example, the study of the use of key norms of the convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms as a source of legal mechanisms for protecting property expectations in the context of ukraine's european integration is an important direction. at the same time, the next direction requiring more attention is the provision of a detailed analysis of the practical implementation of the right to compensation for damages arising from unfulfilled expectations in administrative, civil, and investment law. author contributions: conceptualization, d.l. and m.v.; methodology, d.l.; software, k.r.; validation, k.r., m.m. and m.v.; formal analysis, d.l.; investigation, d.l., k.r., and y.s.; resources, m.m.; data curation, k.r.; writing – original draft preparation, d.l.; writing – review & editing, m.m.; visualization, d.l.; supervision, m.v.; project administration, y.s.; funding acquisition, m.v. and y.s. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references artemchuk, m., marukhlenko, o., sokrovolska, n., mazur, h., & riznyk, d. 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(2022). property rights and legitimate expectations under united states constitutional law and the european convention on human rights: abstract some comparative remarks. ssrn electronic journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4173176 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.35774/app2019.02.077 https://doi.org/10.51798/sijis.v5i4.859 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4173176 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 23-34 23 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 11 no 1 (2026) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa rethinking european cybersecurity integration through liberal intergovernmental politics in general data protection regulation enforcement study i nyoman aji suadhana rai (a)1 dudy heryadi (b) yanyan mochamad yani (c) asep kamaluddin nashir (d) (a)research scholar, international relations department, universitas padjajaran, bandung, indonesia; e-mail: nyoman_rai13@yahoo.com (b)professor, international relations department, universitas padjajaran, bandung, indonesia; e-mail: dudy.heryadi@unpad.ac.id (c)professor, international relations department, universitas padjajaran, bandung, indonesia; e-mail: y.mochamad@unpad.ac.id (d)assistant professor, international relations department, universitas pembangunan nasional veteran jakarta, indonesia; e-mail: asepkamaluddin@upnvj.ac.id a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 30th august 2025 reviewed & revised: 30th august 2025 to 8th december 2025 accepted: 9th december 2025 published: 11th december 2025 keywords: cybersecurity, data protection, liberal intergovernmentalism, france, germany, supranationalism jel classification codes: f52, f51, k24 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t the phenomenon of cyberattacks and data breaches in the eu has led to the implementation of the general data protection regulation (gdpr) in 2018. however, this regulation could turn the supranational institution into a sovereign-based decision-making body and shift people's behavior toward enforcing data protection rules. this study investigates how the european union implemented its strategy to enforce cybersecurity mechanisms between its member states through data protection regulations. this study employs a qualitative case study approach and collects data from 285 enforcement reports, five binding reports from the edpb, and two unstructured interviews. we used reflexive thematic analysis to obtain the meaning of each report and each interview. the results reveal that supervisory authorities exercise power and create national and regional preferences that follow individuals and companies in the enforcement of data protection mechanisms in the eu. the study finds that germany and france share the power to require multinational companies and public entities to comply with data protection rules across the eu. according to the thematic analysis, three themes emerge from the data collected in france and germany: harmonization of data protection and cybersecurity, blending of enforcement, balancing sovereignty and integration, and protecting national values through eu mechanisms. it shows that the eu’s cybersecurity strategy aligns with the principles of liberal intergovernmentalism, in which each member state negotiates its preferences through the edpb and between member states, rather than with the principles of functionalism, in which institutions cooperate voluntarily through spillover mechanisms. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction the evolution of cybersecurity governance in europe reflects the broader political dynamics within the european union (eu), particularly the balance between supranational regulation and member state sovereignty (fuchs, 2018; kasper & osula, 2023; carver, 2024; ruohonen, 2024). as digital technologies and information flows increasingly shape global and regional security, eu member states face growing pressure to coordinate cybersecurity policies while protecting their national interests (barrinha & christou, 2022). this tension is especially evident in the formulation and implementation of the general data protection regulation (gdpr), which stands at the intersection of security, sovereignty, and digital rights issues (jancuite, 2020). rather than viewing the gdpr solely as a legal or technical framework for data protection, this study approaches it as a political outcome of intergovernmental negotiations among eu core states (jancuite, 2020; hilden, 2019), a phenomenon that some researchers have called data power (karjalainen, 2022). in this context, germany and france represent two contrasting yet influential paradigms of cyber governance: germany, with its emphasis on institutional control and national coordination (cymutta, 2020; schallbruch & skierka, 2018), and france, with its advocacy for openness, digital freedom, and inclusive governance (bora s., 2023; ciulla & varma, 2021). the competition and cooperation between these 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-2063-4276 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2638 to cite this article: rai, i. n. a. s., heryadi, d., yani, y. m., & nashir, a. k. (2025). rethinking european cybersecurity integration through liberal intergovernmental politics in general data protection regulation enforcement study. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 11(1), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2638 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2638 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-4276 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5893-1815 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9549-6683 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5498-5429 rai et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 23-34 24 states reveal how national preferences are projected onto regional cybersecurity strategies. cybercrime involving telecommunications and technology occurs not only in europe but also globally in cyberspace. one example is the phenomenon of cybercrime in 2013, related to the framing of edward snowden (di salvo & negro, 2016) or cyber-hacktivism (juned, martin, & pratama, 2024). therefore, the development of telecommunications infrastructure has become the primary factor in european security. critical infrastructure (ci) in telecommunications is the backbone of information and technology, and it is sometimes targeted by hackers or thieves who use advanced technologies to collect personal information. these situations need to be addressed across europe to regain the public’s trust. other examples of cybercrime include the cyberattacks in estonia in 2007, which had a significant impact on the european cybersecurity strategy; the cambridge analytica scandal in 2016; the wannacry attack in 2017, which brought ransomware globally and affected the strategic environment in cyberspace and digitalization; and the development of data protection regulation in 2018, which made the crime of using telecommunication the main target of third parties. therefore, the european response to this phenomenon has yet to be formulated in cyberspace. the main argument of integration theory from a neofunctionalist perspective is the "spill over" mechanism, which emphasizes the role of supranational institutions, making them self-sustaining and moving beyond the control of national governments (bergmann, 2019). however, it only affects the european continent. at the same time, in the cross-region, neofunctionalism has a different perspective, such as security interdependence (börzel & risse, 2019), the euro crisis (nicoli, 2020), or other crises (schimmelfennig, 2024), such as brexit, migration, covid, and the russia crisis, which formed a polity of regionalization. we argue that, to some extent, technology can create a new spectrum of more profound interdependence. however, it can create a "technological dilemma" that can harm individual privacy and security in cyberspace. private companies and public organizations that do not follow adequate levels of protection may lead to public consciousness to safeguard the cyber realms. following moravcsik’s view on liberal intergovernmental (li) politics, we argue that understanding the situation in cybersecurity integration through data security (gdpr) can be achieved by the spillover phenomenon on integration (lynskey, 2017); however, this approach is insufficient (carver, 2024; liebetrau, 2024) (fuchs, 2018). as the limit on sovereignty in cyberspace was questioned by barrinha and christou (2022), european countries faced new problems beyond cybersecurity, such as immigration policy, brexit, the ukraine war, and a series of cybersecurity incidents, including the snowden revelations and the wannacry attacks. we saw this phenomenon (eu problems) as a tool for europe to create a framework to support regulations binding all european countries that follow norms, helping the eu in the internationalization of digital or cyberspace, which was not regulated at the eu level between 2014 and 2018. since there is no great power in the context of cyberspace in europe (hansel, 2023; barrinha & turner, 2024), core state politics plays a crucial role in shaping policy in the european cybersecurity strategy (genschel & jachtenfuchs, 2013; genschel & jachtenfuchs, 2016; schramm & krotz, 2024). we contend that frameworks and standards, such as the 2001 budapest convention on cybercrime, have not established a comprehensive international system for global cybersecurity. this is evident from the numerous cyberattacks that continue to occur in eu countries. examples include the cyber-attack on estonia, the rise in identity theft reported by cifas uk in 2005, the trojan horse breach of the german ministry, the hacking incident known as "no name crew" in germany, and the 2013 nsa controversies related to the snowden case. additionally, during the 2017 french presidential election, approximately 10,000 emails were disseminated via an online platform in one night. the enisa, established under the 2016/1148 nis 1 directive, has not succeeded in enhancing cybersecurity across european nations, particularly in core states. the preference of states to regulate data protection through directive 95/46/ec remains unfulfilled, as evidenced by the court case germany v commission 518/07, which mandates that independent supervisory authorities operate without being influenced by political or international pressures. addressing these issues requires robust regulations backed by strong political and economic support (weiss & krieger, 2025; dunn, cavelty, & wenger, 2022) or norms and cultural dimensions (finnemore & hollis, 2016). some experts suggest that regulatory mercantilism (farrand, carrapico, & turobov, 2024), encompassing aspects such as security, sovereignty, and economics, can be leveraged to develop new geotechnologies and geopolitics. conversely, some contend that cyberspace sovereignty is simply a political deterrent within eu policy (carver, 2024; barrinha & christou, 2022). simultaneously, liebetrau (2024) conceptualizes cybersecurity regulation as a singular market function crucial for achieving success in the region. as ursula von der leyen (european commission, 2020) articulated, there are three critical considerations regarding cybersecurity. first, technology should be designed to benefit individuals, with european values serving as the primary driving force behind technology that serves the population. second, the concept of a fair and competitive economy is integral to the european value of a future of cyber technology that is reintegrated, particularly in an era characterized by hyper-competitiveness (munkoe & molder, 2022; zisan, 2021) and geopolitical rivalry. the concept of fair competitiveness in data protection has been under consideration since 2013, coinciding with the european union's recognition of the necessity to regulate the flow of information in online behavior (mantelero, 2013). third, an open and democratic sustainable society is a fundamental component of the european union. in the digital age, such societies enable european countries to navigate the cyber-political landscape that divides the world into distinct sections. as europeans, we must uphold the fair and competitive values that underpin european principles. given that the primary impetus for the competitive digital economy within the european union is rooted in the labor market and digital technologies, both france and germany have compelling reasons to transition from traditional manufacturing to a digital economy. however, germany is less developed in the digital technology sector than france. at some point, france prioritized creating new jobs in the labor market, whereas germany focused on training and developing its workforce. this strategic approach has been adopted by several countries within the european union, each implementing the method deemed most appropriate for its specific context. germany and france are at the forefront of sector security and policy, setting precedents for other nations. since rai et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 23-34 25 the post-war era, both countries have engaged in cooperative efforts, collectively accounting for approximately 50 percent of the european union's military and industrial capabilities in security and defense (major & molling, 2018). furthermore, both entities have collaborated to implement the nis directive and critical infrastructure protection regulations across the european union, establishing a benchmark for cybersecurity leadership. the methods of our research to analyse data using the nvivo application: first, we collected data from https://www.enforcementtracker.com and separated it by country. as already mentioned, we are looking at germany and france's experiences in implementing data protection since the gdpr took effect. we used data from france and germany because, according to the li theory, core-state politics plays an important role in integration, and the two countries' political and economic players are the biggest. second, we selected data based on the theme, checking each case by hand. from that point of view, we separate the data into categories, such as the reason for the infringement, the sector involved, the type of infringement, the total fine, whether the association is public or private, and the number of people affected by the violation. third, we are creating a group on the theme so that we can conclude that each case appearing in germany and france is based on three subject themes: harmonizing data protection and cyber security, balancing sovereignty and integration through the edpb, and protecting national preference via eu mechanism. this research aims to understand how the implementation of the eu gdpr affects the integration of the eu into cybersecurity. we would like to know how the behaviors (negotiation, bargaining, and diplomacy) of the national actor, especially the edpb, when a dispute occurs, affect the people in the eu, and which actor (in each country) dominates the national preference when it comes to data protection according to li theory. each chapter in this research is a literature review, describing how we collected the material and the methodology that we used, followed by a discussion and conclusion. the literature review presents updated articles on the theory and practice of cybersecurity and its implementation in the region. the materials are described in terms of how we collected data and used the application for a qualitative study. the discussion describes the invention for each case selected in nvivo and identifies key players in each country. the conclusion presents a statement on whether the hypotheses are accepted or rejected, based on the li theory used in the analysis. literature review traditionally, research on european cybersecurity has been characterized by a technocratic approach. foundational studies delineate threat categories such as cybercrime, cyberwarfare, critical infrastructure resilience, and risk management, and predominantly propose operational solutions to address these issues (andress & winterfield, 2011; daras, 2019; siegel & sweeney, 2020). while these studies are essential for practitioners, they predominantly treat cyberspace as an engineering issue and offer limited insight into decision-making processes regarding security, the underlying reasons for these decisions, and their implications for power dynamics within the european union (arquilla & ronfeldt, 1997). second, a more recent perspective situates cybersecurity within the domain of international relations and regional integration. mueller (2010) reconceptualizes internet governance as a contest over sovereignty and legitimacy, while kohler (2020) demonstrates how entities such as enisa disseminate "soft" security standards throughout europe. in this context, the scholar appropriately broadens the analytical framework; however, it remains anchored in a supranational and rule-based perspective. consequently, this approach tends to downplay the significance of hard bargaining, veto points, and side payments, which influence policy implementation once proposals are transitioned from brussels to the national capitals. consequently, government divisions have not been thoroughly examined in the literature. despite the implementation of the cybersecurity act and subsequent eu strategies, effective enforcement is mainly contingent on the political commitment of member states, particularly germany and france (genschel & jachtenfuchs, 2013; genschel & jachtenfuchs, 2016; bora, 2023). their differing industrial models, paris's activist "european champion" agenda versus berlin's ordoliberal reliance on rules, result in contrasting threat perceptions and preferred policy instruments. however, most studies only briefly mention this divergence and seldom treat it as an independent variable that elucidates why eu arrangements fluctuate between ambitious plans and hesitant implementation. conceptual fragmentation further compounds this gap. the classic fourfold taxonomies of cyberspace activity cooperation (bjola & zaiotti, 2020), conflict (yannakogeorgos & lowther, 2013), warfare (arquilla & ronfeldt, 1997; andress & winterfield, 2011; geers, 2011), and governance (mueller, 2010; kohler, 2020) illuminate breadth but blur key analytical questions: who benefits from cross-border digital markets? how do national security establishments reconcile military doctrine with eu law, and what role do data protection norms, such as the gdpr, hailed as a "gold standard," play in power projection (siegel & sweeney, 2020; daras, 2019)? how does the political economy of data as "the new oil" (yanwardhana, 2023) reshape these calculations? without connecting these pieces, for instance, linking cyber resilience frameworks (carrapico & barrinha, 2018; dunn cavelty, 2008) to the material leverage they create, the proliferation of categories risks masquerading as theoretical progress. in europe, traditional approaches to cybersecurity have been predominantly examined from technological, legal, and operational perspectives. the extant literature primarily focuses on frameworks that classify cyber threats into technical domains, such as cybercrime, cyberwarfare, infrastructure resilience, and digital risk management (andress & winterfield, 2011; daras, 2019; siegel & sweeney, 2020). while these studies provide crucial insights into the functional and security aspects of cyberspace, they often lack political analysis concerning the integration of cybersecurity strategies within the dynamics of power, state interests, and regional governance. the development of cybersecurity strategies within the european union should not be confined to technical or institutional frameworks. as cybersecurity plays a pivotal role in national security, economic competitiveness, and social trust, it has emerged as a politically contested domain. to comprehend the dynamics underpinning the eu’s cybersecurity architecture, particularly the general data protection regulation (gdpr) enforcement. rai et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 23-34 26 the purpose of this study is to understand regional integration in terms of cybersecurity and data protection. in particular, the political effect of implementing data protection regulations for regional integration is examined. the hypotheses of this research are “regional integration will increase the national security (preference) of each country instead of voluntary integration by the actors (spill over) when it comes to cybersecurity and data protection." materials and methods research design this study aims to investigate how core state systems regulating data protection affect regional enforcement through a case study. when contemporary phenomena in real life reveal unclear boundaries between the phenomenon and its context, the case-based method is the most appropriate approach for gaining detailed insights and understanding the phenomenon (yin, 2009). this research employed qualitative data collection through systematic case study analysis to understand the actors involved in gdpr enforcement between germany and france and their roles in regional enforcement within the edpb (lamont, 2021). the topics were collected between 2020 and 2023. this research encompasses binding decisions by the european data protection board (edpb) concerning companies such as twitter, facebook ireland, whatsapp ireland, meta platforms, tiktok, and google. in our study, we will employ a reflexive thematic analysis, which is a qualitative method (braun & clarke, 2021). a reflexive thematic analysis (rta) of liberal intergovernmentalism has been provided in articles by ewane (2025) and lubis, setiyono, kushandajani, and sardini (2025). the ewane approach enables researchers to identify and analyze patterns and themes within a dataset. in line with this approach, we investigate the edpb's binding decision to understand the german supervisory authority (de sa) and french supervisory authority (france sa) policy positions within the eu gdpr. data collection and sources primary data were obtained through archival and document-based research with an intense investigation of each case (gagnon, 2010). we also conducted two interviews with representatives from the two countries and five binding decisions of the edpb. the material data collected from https://www.enforcementtracker.com/, an interview, and the edpb's binding decision were analysed to interpret the phenomenon. the total number of cases from both countries collected from 2018 to 2025 included 285 case studies from enforcement trackers, five binding decisions from the edpb, and two interviews with experts. reflective thematic analysis we analyzed data with tools from nvivo, which were separated into three reflexive themes (braun & clarke, 2021) harmonization of data protection and cybersecurity, balancing sovereignty and integration through edpb, protecting national preference via eu mechanism, and associated codes of data such as type of infringement, the articles that have been violated, sector involved, total fine produced, and reason of infringement (individual or organized attack). six phases of rta phase 1. the rta was a data familiarization phase in this study. in this section, we begin the analysis of the 26 selected materials. during this phase, we highlighted france and germany's views on data protection regulation at the national level, separating them into two categories: cybersecurity and data protection; sovereignty and integration; and protection of national preferences via the eu mechanism. we then analyzed them alongside related cases that could serve as inputs for other themes. this engagement allowed us to identify linguistic patterns, recurring justifications, and narratives of the national interest in the eu as a supranational institution. phase 2. initiated the generation of codes, which are the primary foundation of the analysis. after identifying the relevant data, we developed initial codes in the text with critical semantics and meaning (braun & clarke, 2021). the codes were generated using digital coding tools. for example, in relations with harmonizing data protection and cybersecurity, we coded credential-stuffing attacks, data breach, inadequately protected its system, ransomware attacks, sql injection, adequate safeguard, advertising message, analyzed data without consent, unlawful use of dashcam, email address visible, video game, video surveillance camera, use whatsapp for private concern. phase 3. this is where the code data is reviewed after code generation. we began collecting data by identifying the shared meanings of the themes. the codes addressed concepts similar to the theme categories. each theme was shaped by a cluster of related codes that consistently appeared across the documents. phase 4. in this phase, we reviewed the themes and revisited the datasets to ensure that each theme captured the data extract. this phase involved checking internal homogeneity and external heterogeneity to ensure that the content was cohesive and free of contradictions. this step was crucial for refining the thematic structure to ensure analytical clarity. phase 5. this is the process of defining and naming the themes. each theme was clearly defined and named to reflect its unique contribution to the research question. the theme begins by harmonizing cybersecurity and data protection, setting the initial backdrop for the selected cases in france and germany. this was followed by balancing sovereignty and integration through the edpb, which was selected to understand the evidence from each national supervisory authority in france and germany. the last theme aligned with the li theory, which combines national preferences and rational institutionalization to ensure that negotiations occur within the eu mechanism. rai et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 23-34 27 phase 6. the final phase of the selected theme contributed to the final report of the analysis document using digital tools. this is the final phase, which is conducted after deciding on the themes for further analysis. results this study found that france and germany's supervisory authorities (sa) exercise power through the edpb mechanism, influencing decisions in each selective case involving twitter, facebook, meta platforms, whatsapp, tiktok, and other case studies, by distributing their national preferences into binding enforcement decisions at a regional level. table 1. document demographic information coding reports, documents, and supervisory authority p1 thuringen p2 schleswig-hosltein p3 saxony p4 sachsen-anhalt p5 saarland p6 rhineland-palatinate p7 rhineland-pfalz p8 nordhein-westfalen p9 niedersachsen p10 mecklenburg-vorpommern p11 hessen p12 hamburg p13 federal commission p14 bremen p15 brandenburg p16 berlin p17 bavaria p18 baden-wuerttemberg p19 french data protection authority (cnil) p20 binding decision edpb 1 twitter p21 binding decision edpb 2 facebook p22 binding decision edpb 3 whatsapp p23 binding decision edpb 4 meta platform ireland p24 binding decision edpb 5 tiktok p25 interview with a french academic p26 interview with a german ambassador expert table 1 presents the total of 26 documents analyzed and the resulting reflexive thematic analysis (rta) for each supervisory authority (sa) in each state. this table reflects the documents that followed braun and clarke's (2021) instructions for formulating themes, using the six phases identified in each case study. word cloud enforcement of gdpr from france and germany figure 1. word cloud enforcement of gdpr from france and germany. show the level of core state power plays in the eu gdpr mechanism. rai et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 23-34 28 the word cloud analysis (figure 1) visually captures the thematic dominance of terms such as “decision,” “protection,” “article,” “processing,” and “facebook." these terms indicate that the role of the core state actor in the enforcement of gdpr still predominates over the neo-functionalism or supranational agent perspective. at the same time, "objection" and "authorities" align with the other debate on the enforcement process. terms such as "infringement," "companies," and "controller" suggest dynamics at the national preference level, where companies, including multinational companies, are relevant actors. words like "whatsapp" and "breach" point to the cybersecurity and data protection aspects of sovereignty for europeans. figure 2. hierarchy chart illustrating the relationship between cybersecurity and data protection for each supervisory authority in france and germany. as illustrated in the hierarchy chart (figure 2), the core state power of the supervisory authority (sa) in france and germany is exercised in a vertically expansive manner, allowing influence over each sector involved, whether by public or private organizations. the process of liberal intergovernmentalism (li) can be seen in discussions with other states, as shown in the purple chart. the dominance of national preferences is evident in regulations formulated by core state actors, such as cookie regulations, as well as in regional-level determinations of preference. sovereignty and integration can be observed in companies' authority problems. whether appropriate technical and organizational measures are used, or whether there is a lack of competent authority. the consensus-building mechanism indicates that regional integration is acceptable. table 2. synthesis of data: thema, sub thema, and coding theme sub-theme coding harmonising of data protection and cybersecurity data protection regulation and cybersecurity regulation credential-stuffing attacks, data breach, inadequately protected its system, ransomware attacks, sql injection, adequate safeguard, advertising message, analyzed data without consent, unlawful use of dashcam, email address visible, video game, video surveillance camera, use whatsapp for private concern balancing sovereignty and integration through edpb sovereignty, european integration, coordinated enforcement e-privacy regulation, european academy for freedom of information and data protection, european data governance act, transatlantic data privacy framework protecting national preference via the eu mechanism national preference, eu mechanism conference of independent federal state data protection (dsk), cookies regulation, digitalization act, petersberg declaration on data protection, role of the bka (police department) in the international context, telecommunication and telemedia data protection act(ttdsg), the transparency act, rai et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 23-34 29 table 2 indicates that the li was constructed from three themes identified in the collected documents. harmonizing of data protection and cybersecurity contributed to coding credential stuffing attacks, data breach, inadequately protected it systems, ransomware attacks, sql injection, inadequate safeguard, advertising messages, analyzing data without consent, unlawful use of dashcam, email address visible, video game, video surveillance camera, and use of whatsapp for private concerns. sovereignty and integration are balanced through the e-privacy regulation, the european academy for freedom of information and data protection, the european data governance act, and the transatlantic data privacy framework. national protection preferences can be seen in the coding, especially in the police department, and cookie regulations proposed to the eu and later adopted by other eu states. this study finds a correlation with the core state exercising power at the regional level through the eu mechanism. in regards with theme 1, balancing sovereignty and integration through edbp, after we analyze from document of binding edpb 1 (twitter) that has been analyzed found that germany de sa was using his power to influence decision on potential infringement of art 5(1) (f) about possibility organizational not following integrity and confidentiality and art 24 de sa view that there will be a potential of failure of organizational measure to follow security, in art 32 also related to pseudonymisation and encryption of personal data that might violate the security of processing, however, through consensus building in edpb this objection is not seem follow the procedure of objection mechanism. germany and france, through their sa, follow moravcsik’s idea of national preference, which occurs in each national core state. theme 2, harmonization of data protection and cybersecurity, can be seen in the relations between each sa in germany and france, in each case where non-cyber attacks dominated, with associated coding such as adequate safeguards and access to the public. databases subject to unauthorized access from public and private organizations account for the most data protection violations, which is not the main topic: cybersecurity. figure 3. the relation of cyber attacks and non-cyber attacks in the enforcement of gdpr theme 3, protecting national preference via eu mechanism, can be viewed in document edpb binding 2,3,4,5, where each sa, whether from france or germany, follows national preference related to the situation in its local environment, for example, the cookies regulation that lies in germany also gets attention from the french sa. rai et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 23-34 30 discussions from the perspective of liberal intergovernmentalism (li), germany's involvement in cybersecurity negotiations under the general data protection regulation (gdpr) can be interpreted as an endeavor to align its preference for data sovereignty with the broader objectives of european union integration. by advocating for robust cybersecurity and privacy frameworks, germany positions itself as both a protector of national interests and a normative leader within the eu, while avoiding the complete transfer of authority to brussels. the german police force operates within the framework of a federal system of government, in which the police are subject to the sovereignty of the länder. the police are subject to criminal investigations by the landeskriminalamt (lka) and form an integral component of the bundeskriminalamt (bka), the federal criminal police. both the lka and the bka have departments specializing in cybercrime. in addition to collaborating with police forces from other countries, germany's most significant partners include interpol and europol, which have specialized units such as the european cybercrime center (ec3) and the joint cybercrime action task force (j-cat). as a central state power, germany prioritizes public values (genschel & jachtenfuchs, 2016), particularly those related to regional interests (freudlsperger & jachtenfuchs, 2021). berlin sa maintained its leadership by developing administrative regulatory institutions that contributed to a stable, rule-based order characterized by intergovernmental cooperation and decentralization rather than supranational integration. germany is trying to contribute to the foreign policy framework known as european political cooperation. the idea of a political union brings the value of intergovernmentalism within the cfsp framework (haroche, 2023). germany's national companies and organizations have created a situation in the eu that has driven deeper integration and stabilization since 2018 (wiliarty, 2011; mushaben, 2022). this establishes a robust and decentralized cybersecurity policy framework (farrand, carrapico, & turobov, 2024). when national actors question sovereignty over data processing, it is input to the national bargain core state actor (bellanova, carrapico, & duez, 2022). since 2013, following the snowden revelations, germany (pohle, 2020; steiger, schunemann, & dimmroth, 2017) has actively disseminated information on the securitization of data processing and privacy. all media, including television and news channels, provided information supporting sovereignty in cyberspace and raised privacy concerns. this also applies to france, where the french minister of culture, catherine morin-desailly, feels that if countries do not respond to the development of the digital realm soon, it will become a colony. after a few years, the gdpr became a key element in european discussions. from the perspective of fundamental state power theory, state elites function like intergovernmental economic interest groups. these elites are proponents of enhanced competency at the european union level, thereby facilitating institutional integration within the core state authority. from a realist perspective, germany has the potential to meet realist expectations, particularly regarding state power and public administration in the union's cybersecurity sector. germany has demonstrated its capability as a nation-state to control and regulate activities in cyberspace effectively. this is evidenced by the enforcement of the general data protection regulation (gdpr) in the eu. since 2018, the most significant violations by the private sector have originated from german digital industries, including vodafone and h&m. the total fines imposed on the private sector amounted to approximately 10 million. in contrast, police departments and other public bodies have committed the most frequent violations in the public sector. against this background, france has articulated a more inclusive and outward-oriented vision of european union cybersecurity, rooted in the liberal principles of transparency, pluralism, and multistakeholderism. since the commencement of president macron's administration in 2017, france has positioned digital policy as a strategic diplomatic instrument, leveraging initiatives such as the paris call for trust and security in cyberspace to assert its leadership in shaping the global digital landscape. france's cyber strategy is rooted not only in national security considerations but also in its self-conception as a normative power dedicated to promoting its republican values within the digital realm. from the french perspective, the general data protection regulation (gdpr) is perceived not merely as a regulatory framework but as a mechanism for protecting human rights, electoral integrity, and media pluralism. france's strong advocacy for legal instruments, such as convention 108+, and its emphasis on disinformation regulation exemplify this commitment. in 2017, during the french elections, a cyberattack (willsher & henley, 2017) targeted one of the presidential candidates, emmanuel macron. according to the winning team's report, a 'massive and coordinated' attack was carried out by a hacker group. approximately 10,000 emails and other documents were shared online after the incident. disinformation in emails and documents can cause political and social instability in france; therefore, electoral authorities prohibit the publication of such information to the public because it may violate the law. france invited all cyber practitioners and cybersecurity companies to attend the paris call. the paris call is an international event that focuses on information technology and cyberspace issues. the paris call sets out nine principles and norms to maintain security and trust in cyberspace. state representatives, including dozens of private sector participants, attended the prestigious event. dozens of civil society representatives are spread across the world. this confirms that france is a cyber center with a strong foundation of freedom and inclusiveness in its cybersecurity framework. representatives from various countries and local governments participated in this event. french foreign policy is fundamentally characterized by the promotion of peace values that foster interdependence within the context of economic liberalization (ciulla & varma, 2021). in france, the process of political integration in europe has invariably influenced the trajectory of economic liberalization. staunton's (2025) research provides evidence for assessing european civilization in relation to the international liberal order, an integral component of french civilization's pursuit of equality and freedom in shaping international attitudes. rai et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 23-34 31 under emmanuel macron’s leadership, france's approach to cyberspace governance has been notably influential. within the european cybersecurity framework, france demonstrates pronounced openness towards the private sector and actively engages with the broader community. this approach aligns with france's longstanding cultural values of openness, freedom, and democracy, which it seeks to extend to the digital domain. through the paris call, france advocates for an internet governance framework that is open, secure, stable, accessible, and peaceful. this initiative exemplifies president macron's commitment to establishing global leadership in promoting economic and social stability, particularly in response to the rising tide of nationalism in cyberspace. the paris call advocates collaboration between public and private entities to establish new cybersecurity standards to enhance future cyber protection. this emphasizes the importance of utilizing existing international agreements, such as the budapest convention on cybercrime, to combat cybercrime effectively. the principle of openness is also evident in the cnil strategic plan 2022–2024, which is structured around three primary themes: (1) promoting the control and respect of individual rights in practice, (2) establishing the gdpr as a trusted framework, and (3) prioritizing regulation concerning significant privacy issues. macron encouraged all sectors of society to protect personal data through stringent cybersecurity measures. the successful implementation of the paris call in 2018 instilled confidence in france to enforce the personal data protection regulations enacted that year. following a protracted two-year period of anticipation of the enforcement of these regulations, the cnil was well-positioned to implement the regulatory framework effectively. convention 108 offers individuals the opportunity to safeguard their personal data through agreements aligned with international principles. within this framework, various aspects of data collection are subject to regulation, similar to the european personal data protection directive. this convention demonstrates france's commitment to addressing international concerns, particularly the protection of fundamental rights amid rapid technological advancements. france consistently prioritizes dialogue in its policymaking processes, necessitating engagement in the digital realm. while adhering to regulations to safeguard personal data, france also seeks to align the digital environment in europe with its cultural ethos of being open. france's digital sector policies represent a consensus that encompasses differences, particularly within the private sector. the nation seeks to extend its historical success into the digital space. consequently, france is recognized for its commitment to openness and an inclusive digital environment that allows the private sector to operate freely. however, this approach has implications for law enforcement in the public sphere. the fines imposed by the cnil on the public sector in france indicate that external actors must enforce digital regulations. such actors may include personal data protection communities in countries such as germany and the uk (davies, 2022). the need for regional stabilization and integration requires strong leadership from these two countries (schramm & krotz, 2024). conclusions the primary focus of this study is to investigate how data protection regulations affect relations in the region, specifically germany and france. although both france and germany endorse the fundamental objectives of the general data protection regulation (gdpr) and cybersecurity collaboration, they embody distinct strategic cultures. using a qualitative case study approach, this study collected data from enforcement reports of the gdpr. germany advocates for controlled institutionalization and intergovernmental regulation, whereas france emphasizes inclusive norm-setting and democratic legitimacy. these differences are not merely stylistic; they are deeply rooted in political ideologies and domestic pressure. their interaction exemplifies the core of moravcsik’s argument: european integration is driven by the aggregation of national preferences and rational bargaining. moreover, the gdpr emerged not as a top-down legal imposition but as a negotiated outcome of member-state diplomacy, facilitated by the eu's institutional frameworks. in light of the preceding discussion, europe is endeavoring to implement its cybersecurity strategy through intergovernmental collaboration. the principal nations responsible for formulating cybersecurity policies aim to establish standards that align with their national interests. germany, as a key economic and political force in europe, seeks to develop a cybersecurity strategy that reflects its intergovernmental approach to regional interests. examining the gdpr within the expansive framework of the european cybersecurity strategy indicates that regional digital governance transcends mere technocratic or regulatory efforts. instead, it constitutes a politically contested domain influenced by the interplay of national preferences, institutional authority, and strategic interests. the european union, frequently perceived as a normative entity in global digital policy, serves as a platform where principal state powers, notably germany and france, compete and collaborate to influence policy outcomes in alignment with their domestic agendas and international objectives. this study finds that the european cybersecurity framework is the product of an intergovernmental compromise that reflects a balance among sovereignty and integration, state control, and regional coordination. this dynamic interplay between politics, power, and policy will continue to shape the future of cybersecurity in europe through three themes: harmonizing data protection and cybersecurity, balancing sovereignty and integration through the edpb, and protecting national preferences via the eu mechanism. the first theme, which involves harmonizing data protection and cybersecurity policy, reveals that both states have established a paradoxical framework. this framework necessitates that international companies operating within the eu require broader regulations, such as the european data act, to ensure business sector certainty. the second theme, balancing sovereignty and integration, provides evidence that both states share a cyber preference that aligns national interests with those of individuals and the business sector, thereby addressing regional gaps. an example of this is how multinational digital companies respond to european concerns about privacy and security. thirdly, national interests have mechanisms for representation within supranational bodies. rai et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 23-34 32 personal data protection and cybersecurity are intrinsically linked and cannot be separated. on the one hand, personal data protection necessitates comprehensive control over the four layers of the digital world. conversely, effective law enforcement requires entities capable of overseeing the enforcement process, particularly through robust public administration governance. the concept of personal data protection in europe is inextricably linked to the roles of two key actors in fostering a clean, secure, and open cyber environment. however, it also requires decisiveness from public officials to enforce regulations. the gdpr facilitates intergovernmental cooperation, enabling the enforcement of rules and fostering a cyber climate in europe that avoids authoritarianism and promotes freedom of expression. the limits of this study are based only on reports, binding documents from the edpb, and two unstructured interviews with experts from both countries. this analysis is based on only two countries and does not represent all interests within the eu framework. the absence of data from all countries could lead to different results in other studies. future research should conduct data triangulation across multiple sources, methods, and theories to address gaps that may arise during the research process. author contribution: conceptualization, i.n.a.s.r. and d.h.; methodology, i.n.a.s.r., d.h. and y.m.y.; software, i.n.a.s.r.; validation, i.n.a.s.r. and a.k.n.; formal analysis, i.n.a.s.r. and d.h.; investigation, i.n.a.s.r. and y.m.y.; resources, i.n.a.s.r. and a.k.n.; data curation, i.n.a.s.r.; writing original draft preparation, i.n.a.s.r., d.h., y.m.y. and a.k.n.; writing review & editing preparation, i.n.a.s.r., d.h., y.m.y. and a.k.n.; visualization, i.n.a.s.r.; supervision, i.n.a.s.r.; project administration, i.n.a.s.r.; funding acquisition, i.n.a.s.r., d.h., y.m.y. and a.k.n. the authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: the author would like to thank the indonesian education scholarship “afirmasi” for the educational scholarship from semesters 1 to 6. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references andress, j., & winterfield, s. 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(2021). analyzing the status of women in e-governance era of bangladesh: challenges and potentials. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 3(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v3i2.1169 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v5i1.814 https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1622589 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 30-41 30 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 4 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa person-organization fit and job burnout as predictors of quiet quitting in vocational education jing zhou (a)1 hooi sin soo (b) azelin binti aziz (c) (a) phd candidate, school of business management, universiti utara malaysia, sintok 06010, kedah, malaysia; guizhou communications polytechnic university, guiyang city 551400, guizhou province, china; e-mail: 13994932icepoint@gmail.com (b) associate professor, school of business management, universiti utara malaysia, sintok 06010, kedah, malaysia; e-mail: jennies@uum.edu.my (c) lecturer, school of business management, universiti utara malaysia, sintok 06010, kedah, malaysia; e-mail: azelin@uum.edu.my a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 25th february 2025 reviewed & revised: 25th february to 16th june 2025 accepted: 18th june 2025 published: 20th june 2025 keywords: quiet quitting, vocational education, job burnout, work overload, china jel classification codes: m5, m540, c3, i2 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t in recent years, the phenomenon of quiet quitting, characterized by employees' psychological disengagement while continuing to meet only the minimum job requirements, has garnered increasing attention in organizational research. despite its growing relevance, empirical studies examining this behavior within the context of vocational education remain limited, particularly in china. this study examines the relationships between person-organization fit (p-o fit), work overload, job burnout, and quiet quitting among faculty members in chinese vocational colleges. a cross-sectional survey design was employed, and data were collected from 588 teaching staff members using structured questionnaires. partial least squares structural equation modeling (pls-sem) was applied to analyze the hypothesized relationships among the variables. the results show that p-o fit is significantly and negatively associated with quiet quitting, both directly (β = –0.274, p < 0.001) and indirectly through the reduction of job burnout (β = –0.191, p < 0.001). although work overload does not have a significant direct effect on quiet quitting (β = 0.105, p = 0.113), it exhibits a significant indirect effect through job burnout (β = 0.202, p < 0.001), which acts as a key mediating variable. additionally, job burnout demonstrates a strong, positive relationship with quiet quitting behavior (β = 0.462, p < 0.001). these findings suggest that alignment between individuals and organizations, along with effective management of job-related strain, is key to understanding quiet quitting among vocational lecturers. this research contributes to the limited empirical literature on quiet quitting in chinese vocational education and provides a quantitative assessment of the underlying organizational and psychological mechanisms involved. the study contributes theoretically by extending the conservation of resources (cor) theory, validating burnout as a mediating mechanism between organizational stressors and withdrawal behaviors in the underexplored context of chinese vocational education. practically, it offers actionable insights for reducing quiet quitting through improved p-o fit, balanced workload management, and early intervention for burnout. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction quiet quitting has evolved into an observable yet subtle dilemma across various professional domains, including education (serenko, 2024). within chinese vocational colleges, quiet quitting is emerging as an increasingly prominent concern among teaching staff, who continue to dissipate their psychological behaviour in the workplace, while only exercising the very basics of their role. several features energize this event, behavior, and phenomenon (li et al., 2025). in the context of vocational education in china, vocational educators are often expected to work high workloads, often in a stationary position, with administrative tasks and limited professional development opportunities, which adds layers of occupational stress and dissatisfaction (zhang et al., 2024). vocational teachers may also face more professional limitations in terms of institutional validation, professional prestige, and opportunities for career advancement. according to wang and huang (2025), the emergence of reflection, emotional drain, and management of administrative chaos, as well as limited workplace identity and forced workload expectations, creates a sense of numbness among teachers. where educators retain draining expectations to relieve emotional strain and frustration, this can lead to job dissatisfaction and even quitting the profession 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0009-6090-7804 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/c9d2ab72 to cite this article: zhou, j., soo, h. s., & aziz, a. b. (2025). person-organization fit and job burnout as predictors of quiet quitting in vocational education. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(4), 30-41. https://doi.org/10.46281/c9d2ab72 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/c9d2ab72 https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6090-7804 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5283-593x https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0946-121x zhou el al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 30-41 31 (li et al., 2021). while vocational education plays a significant role in fulfilling national economic priorities and human capital imperatives for the future, a disengaged educator workforce poses a serious threat to ensuring the quality of education, developing institutions, and student learning (bernuzzi et al., 2025). therefore, it is essential to systematically examine the elements and conditions that contribute to quiet quitting in this sector. quiet quitting among vocational college teaching personnel presents substantial, multidimensional, and serious challenges (pan et al., 2025). it creates not only personal dissatisfaction and decreased morale, but it ultimately decreases teaching quality, student engagement, and institutional performance. when teaching staff disengage from their professional obligations, they may refuse to accept responsibilities for curriculum development, student oversight and mentoring, and various academic initiatives that are crucial to establishing and sustaining a vibrant and encouraging learning environment (lu et al., 2023). according to lv et al. (2023), quiet quitting can also contribute to a culture of mediocrity that has the potential to undermine team cohesiveness and collective professional expectations across an institution. for institutions focused on providing supplementary learning experiences to develop students' applied skills and knowledge, widespread quiet quitting can ultimately hinder the alignment of learning objectives with labour market needs (wei et al., 2021). at the institutional level, persistent individual quiet quitting behaviours collectively contribute to higher levels of voluntary turnover intention and absenteeism, as well as reduced retention of experienced teaching staff (j. lu et al., 2023). these efforts exacerbate the burden on an institution's resources and ability to administrate its workforce, while limiting its ability to sustain educational quality and viability (xueyun et al., 2023). as vocational colleges in china continue to expand in line with national policy priorities, finding solutions to the evolving quiet quitting problem is critical to protecting future institutional sustainability and educational quality. in response to this issue, this study brings together three variables — p-o fit, work overload, and job burnout — to examine the relationships these variables have with quiet quitting behavior among vocational college teaching staff. by examining these variables, the present study addresses the critical need for empirical evidence on the organizational and psychological factors contributing to quiet quitting in chinese vocational education. meanwhile, investigating how these relationships interrelate is valuable for institutional leadership. in addition, the results of this study and analysis provide leaders with valuable insights into improving institutional alignment, assessing workload expectations, and fostering a working environment that enables staff to thrive. the purpose of this study was to empirically explore the direct and indirect relationships involving p-o fit, work overload, job burnout, and quiet quitting among teaching staff in vocational colleges in china. by applying a structured empirical framework, the study aims to illustrate how p-o fit and work overload contribute to burnout and quiet quitting and identify the processes that these two factors follow. the study contributes to an understanding of quiet quitting by exploring it within the unique context of chinese vocational colleges, which include different institutional and socio-cultural dimensions compared to systemic issues present within corporate sectors or higher education university settings. by considering both organization-level and individual-level psychological variables, the study provides practitioners with a comprehensive perspective on employee disengagement, rather than simply an employee displaying job dissatisfaction. furthermore, the discussion section presents the findings in the context of previous studies, while the conclusion outlines the study's implications in both theoretical and practical terms. literature review p-o fit plays a critical role in shaping employee attitudes and behaviors in today’s dynamic work environment (tsemach & barth, 2023). when employees perceive alignment between their personal values, skills, and the organization’s culture and expectations, they are more likely to remain engaged and committed to their roles. conversely, a lack of fit can result in decreased motivation, job dissatisfaction, and difficulty performing effectively (serenko, 2024). in such cases, quiet quitting—characterized by minimal discretionary effort and emotional detachment—often emerges as a passive form of disengagement. this behavior, although subtle, can have significant implications for organizational performance, particularly when no immediate replacements are available (foltz et al., 2025). recognizing this, many organizations have begun prioritizing the alignment of individual capabilities with organizational needs to reduce quiet quitting (xueyun et al., 2023). when employees experience a strong sense of fit, their engagement increases, and the likelihood of quiet quitting diminishes. work overload is widely recognized as a key factor that negatively affects employee motivation and performance (wang et al., 2022). when employees face excessive workloads, they often experience stress and disengagement, which may lead to quiet quitting—a behavior where individuals reduce their effort and psychological investment without formally resigning. although training and support from human resources are essential, it is challenging to address each employee’s needs individually under high-pressure conditions (kothari et al., 2021). conversely, when work is distributed fairly and remains within manageable limits, employees tend to show higher engagement and improved performance (liu, 2020). however, unequal or excessive workloads may push employees toward burnout and withdrawal (prentice et al., 2025). therefore, work overload may significantly contribute to the occurrence of quiet quitting. when employees perceive a poor fit between their attributes and the organization's expectations—such as mismatched skills, values, or goals—they are more likely to experience job burnout(xueyun et al., 2024). a lack of alignment between employee competencies and job demands often leads to frustration, reduced motivation, and emotional exhaustion. in contrast, when employees feel supported and experience a strong sense of person-organization fit, they are more motivated to improve their skills and contribute meaningfully to their roles (gabelaia & bagociunaite, 2024). low motivation and disengagement not only diminish individual performance but also heighten the risk of burnout over time (m. lu et al., 2023). therefore, fostering a positive work environment that promotes alignment between employee capabilities and organizational expectations is crucial to preventing burnout and supporting sustainable performance (perveen et al., zhou el al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 30-41 32 2025). work overload is a significant factor contributing to reduced employee productivity and increased job burnout (fang et al., 2024). when employees are consistently assigned tasks that exceed their capacity or fall outside their job descriptions, their motivation tends to decline, leading to emotional exhaustion and a decrease in performance. in contrast, maintaining reasonable workload expectations enables employees to stay focused and productive. additionally, motivation plays a crucial role in helping employees cope with demanding work conditions by encouraging skill development and resilience (thu trang & thi thu trang, 2024). when employees are empowered and supported through training, guidance, and a balanced workload, they are better equipped to manage stress and avoid burnout (jeilani & hussein, 2025). therefore, excessive work demands without adequate support can significantly increase the likelihood of job burnout. job burnout, characterized by emotional exhaustion, reduced personal accomplishment, and depersonalization, significantly impairs employees’ effectiveness and engagement at work (soren & ryff, 2023). employees experiencing burnout are more likely to disengage from their roles, which may manifest as quiet quitting—a passive form of withdrawal marked by minimal effort and psychological detachment. this phenomenon presents a growing challenge for organizations, as it often occurs without explicit communication, making it difficult for management to respond in a timely and supportive manner. enhancing employee performance through skills development and behavioral support is essential to maintaining productivity (engle et al., 2024). moreover, fostering positive behavioral change through motivation and organizational support can mitigate the adverse effects of burnout (farahmandpour & voelkel, 2025). thus, job burnout may serve as a key predictor of quiet quitting behavior. when employees perceive a poor fit between their personal values, skills, and the characteristics of their job, it often leads to reduced motivation, lower performance, and diminished productivity (gone et al., 2025). such misalignment can foster dissatisfaction and emotional exhaustion, which are core components of job burnout (gundlach, 2025). in turn, employees experiencing burnout are more likely to psychologically withdraw from their roles, exhibiting quiet quitting behaviors characterized by minimal engagement and effort. while some may eventually leave the organization, others remain physically present but disengaged, posing significant management challenges (henderson et al., 2024; khan et al., 2021). this decline in employee commitment and cooperation ultimately affects organizational performance. given this dynamic, job burnout may serve as a key psychological mechanism linking person-organization misfit to quiet quitting. work overload poses a significant challenge to employees, often resulting in reduced productivity and impaired job performance. when employees are overwhelmed by excessive demands and lack sufficient motivation or resources, they struggle to meet job expectations effectively. inadequate organizational support further exacerbates this issue, making it challenging for employees to maintain their performance under pressure. to address these challenges, management must provide targeted support and consider redesigning job roles to align with employee capabilities and reduce unnecessary burden (gillison et al., 2023). without such interventions, persistent work overload can lead to emotional exhaustion and job burnout, conditions that may prompt employees to adopt quiet quitting as a coping response. thus, job burnout may serve as a mediating mechanism through which work overload influences quiet quitting behavior. the review of existing studies highlighted that there are mixed and unclear findings regarding the relationship among p-o fit, work overload, job burnout, and quitting. hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between person-organization fit, work overload, job burnout, and quitting. to achieve this purpose, the following hypotheses are developed. h1: there is a relationship between p-o fit and quiet quitting. h2: there is a relationship between work overload and quiet quitting. h3: there is a relationship between p-o fit and job burnout. h4: there is a relationship between work overload and job burnout. h5: there is a relationship between job burnout and quiet quitting. h6: job burnout mediates between p-o fit and quiet quitting. h7: job burnout mediates between work overload and quiet quitting. the relationships based on the hypotheses are drawn in the model of this study, shown in figure 1. figure 1. research model zhou el al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 30-41 33 materials and methods in this study, data from the population (lecturers) were collected from 9 vocational colleges from eastern, central, and western china, all with differing levels of economic development and distribution of teaching resources. in anticipation of the formal survey, a pilot study was conducted further to refine the questionnaire's quality before data collection. the study initially collected data from 61 lecturers and then adjusted the data based on the issues raised during the pilot study. this study employed cluster sampling, where data were collected randomly. krejcie and morgan (1970) established the minimum sample size requirement of 384 people in their table for sample size determination when the population exceeds 10,000. the data collection for this study occurred from march to may 2025. the teacher development centers of the nine vocational colleges were approached via phone and email, and they were requested to distribute the questionnaires. each college contacted by the research team employed a random sampling approach, selecting a list of their own chosen number of lecturers based on the minimum sample size of this study. the colleges distributed the link to the online questionnaire on the questionnaire star platform randomly through on-campus distribution channels. during the final data collection, a total of 588 questionnaires were returned in the formal study. the sample size for each college was proportionate to the college's representation in the total sample, ensuring the sample's representativeness and a reasonable allocation of samples from each college. the teacher development center assisted with data collection surveys in each college, and participants (lecturers) were selected randomly from the college's faculty list. additionally, in some colleges, the questionnaire was distributed through wechat, while others were approached via email. each questionnaire was sent anonymously, allowing for sample diversity and reliability. to ensure sample accuracy and relevance, the colleges were the first to identify themselves from the sample, and only individual teachers from the recognized colleges were allowed to proceed with the questionnaire. after the questionnaire data collection was completed, the research team promptly downloaded and backed up the sample data, screened out invalid questionnaires, and maintained the identity and integrity of the sample data. the outlined method of operation provided a means of enhancing study data quality and research reliability, laying a firm foundation of unquestioned confidence and robustness for all subsequent analysis. all measurements were based on a likert scale. the p-o-fit scale was adapted from the person-organization fit scale (pofs) proposed by cable and derue (2002). however, the work overload scale was adapted from the ros scale by peterson et al. (1995). moreover, the job burnout scale used the mbi-general survey (mbi-gs), which was more relevant to the chinese cultural context (wu et al., 2021). finally, the quiet quitting of lecturers was measured using the qq scale developed by anand et al. (2024). this study utilized ibm spss 26 and smartpls 4 for data analysis. first, the demographic data was analyzed at the first point. furthermore, measurement model assessment and structural model assessment were conducted to evaluate the reliability of the data and examine the relationship between the research variables. results this study used ibm spss 26 to analyze the demographic data. the demographic profile reported in table 1 shows that the sample was predominantly female, with women comprising 67% (n = 394) of the respondents, while men accounted for 33% (n = 194). this gender imbalance may reflect broader trends in the vocational education workforce, where female educators are more prevalent. regarding marital status, a substantial majority of the participants (76%, n = 449) reported being married, followed by 18% (n = 107) who identified as single, and 5% (n = 32) who selected "other," potentially indicating widowed, divorced, or other non-specified statuses. educational attainment among respondents was relatively high. the majority held a master's degree (62%, n = 366), while 28% (n = 162) had obtained a bachelor's degree. a smaller proportion had completed doctoral studies, with phd holders representing 8% (n = 48), and an additional 2% (n = 12) reported other qualifications. in terms of professional experience, the most common range was 10 to 15 years of teaching, reported by 36% (n = 211) of participants. those with less than five years of experience comprised 24% (n = 141), and 22% (n = 129) had between five and ten years of experience. fewer respondents reported longer tenures, with 14% (n = 80) indicating 15–20 years and only 5% (n = 27) having 20–25 years of teaching experience. regarding academic rank, "senior lecturer" was the most frequently reported title (40%, n = 237), followed by "associate professor" (32%, n = 187). lecturers constituted 15% (n = 85) of the sample, while professors made up a relatively small proportion (5%, n = 32). an additional 8% (n = 47) fell into the "other" category, indicating roles that may not align with the conventional academic hierarchy. finally, the geographical distribution of respondents was skewed towards eastern china, where 65% (n = 381) of the vocational colleges were located. western china accounted for 20% (n = 119) of the sample, and central china represented the remaining 15% (n = 88). this regional imbalance may reflect the institutional focus of the research or the actual distribution of vocational institutions across the nation. table 1. demographics variable category frequency percentage gender male 194 33% female 394 67% marriage status married 449 76% single 107 18% other 32 5% educational level phd (doctorate) 48 8% master's degree 366 62% bachelor's degree 162 28% zhou el al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 30-41 34 other 12 2% years of teaching experience less than 5 years 141 24% 5-10 years 129 22% 10-15 years 211 36% 15-20 years 80 14% 20-25 years 27 5% academic titles lecturer 85 15% senior lecturer 237 40% associate professor 187 32% professor 32 5% other 47 8% the region where your vocational college is located eastern china 381 65% central china 88 15% western china 119 20% the data from this study were analyzed using smartpls 4 to assess the measurement model and determine convergent validity. it is based on the four-factor assessment. initially, the investigation of factor loadings was conducted. in the reflective measurement model, indicators with loadings below 0.70 are considered for deletion. however, this study found that all indicators were above 0.70 (hair et al., 2011). hence, the reliability of the individual item was significantly established in this study. secondly, the study analyzed the cronbach's alpha findings to test the reliability of the instruments. thirdly, composite reliability was also assessed to evaluate the reliability of the individual instruments. the findings of both should be above 0.70 (hair et al., 2011) for significant reliability of the instruments. the study found that the value for all variables was less than the recommended threshold. hence, the reliability of the individual item was significantly achieved. moreover, the study investigated the average variance extracted to confirm convergent validity. according to hair et al. (2011), the value for average variance extracted above 0.50 is considered significant. hence, the study found that convergent validity was significantly established, as the data reported in the study are reliable and significant (see table 2 and figure 2). figure 2. measurement model note. pof = person organization fit, wo = work overload, jb = job burnout and qq = quiet quitting table 2. convergent validity construct indicators factor loadings cronbach's alpha composite reliability average variance extracted jb jb1 0.851 0.955 0.961 0.735 jb2 0.860 jb3 0.859 jb4 0.840 jb5 0.850 jb6 0.908 zhou el al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 30-41 35 jb7 0.881 jb8 0.851 jb9 0.812 pof pof1 0.802 0.898 0.921 0.660 pof2 0.796 pof3 0.798 pof4 0.824 pof5 0.809 pof6 0.844 qq qq1 0.811 0.936 0.948 0.725 qq2 0.732 qq3 0.874 qq4 0.897 qq5 0.864 qq6 0.894 qq7 0.877 wo wo1 0.870 0.955 0.965 0.847 wo2 0.922 wo3 0.955 wo4 0.922 wo5 0.932 note. pof = person organization fit, wo = work overload, jb = job burnout and qq = quiet quitting next, the study performed an analysis for discriminant validity. this analysis is used to assess discrimination in the data collected from the research instruments. in this study, two methods are employed to assess discriminant validity. initially, the study employed the heterotrait-monotrait (htmt) method for assessing discriminant validity. according to henseler et al. (2015), an htmt value below 0.85 indicates acceptable discriminant validity. the findings reported in table 3 confirmed that htmt was significantly achieved, indicating that the variables of this research have data that establish significant discriminant validity. table 3. discriminant validity – htmt construct jb pof qq wo jb pof 0.575 qq 0.703 0.599 wo 0.592 0.322 0.470 note. pof = person organization fit, wo = work overload, jb = job burnout and qq = quiet quitting moreover, the study used the findings of cross-loadings to confirm discriminant validity. for the assessment of discriminant validity with cross-loadings, the study investigated whether the loadings of one variable's indicators are greater than those of other variables correlated with it. the findings shown in table 4 confirmed that the cross-loadings were significantly established (hair et al., 2011). hence, the study found no issues related to discriminant validity in the data. table 4. cross-loadings indicators jb pof qq wo jb1 0.851 -0.427 0.463 0.692 jb2 0.860 -0.445 0.463 0.643 jb3 0.859 -0.442 0.473 0.562 jb4 0.840 -0.420 0.483 0.516 jb5 0.850 -0.392 0.534 0.481 jb6 0.908 -0.529 0.687 0.457 jb7 0.881 -0.476 0.686 0.385 jb8 0.851 -0.522 0.671 0.359 jb9 0.812 -0.589 0.684 0.348 pof1 -0.373 0.802 -0.446 -0.199 pof2 -0.379 0.796 -0.424 -0.216 pof3 -0.381 0.798 -0.382 -0.190 pof4 -0.404 0.824 -0.409 -0.248 pof5 -0.450 0.809 -0.466 -0.253 pof6 -0.630 0.844 -0.567 -0.396 qq1 0.527 -0.412 0.811 0.378 qq2 0.478 -0.420 0.732 0.357 qq3 0.584 -0.452 0.874 0.376 qq4 0.622 -0.530 0.897 0.488 qq5 0.607 -0.535 0.864 0.400 qq6 0.621 -0.550 0.894 0.365 qq7 0.553 -0.432 0.877 0.345 wo1 0.382 -0.157 0.273 0.870 wo2 0.557 -0.321 0.479 0.922 wo3 0.553 -0.334 0.448 0.955 zhou el al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 30-41 36 wo4 0.498 -0.294 0.380 0.922 wo5 0.590 -0.327 0.468 0.932 note. pof = person organization fit, wo = work overload, jb = job burnout and qq = quiet quitting meanwhile, the study also examined the findings of the variance inflation factor (vif) to identify multicollinearity issues in the data. these issues are evident in the data when the independent variables are highly correlated with each other. however, if the vif value for all variables is found to be less than 3.3, it confirms that no multicollinearity issues are present in the data. the findings of table 5 confirm that all variables received the vif values less than 3.3 (hair et al., 2011). hence, the study found no issues with multicollinearity in the research data. table 5. multicollinearity assessment construct jb qq jb 1.920 pof 1.115 1.442 wo 1.115 1.485 note. pof = person organization fit, wo = work overload, jb = job burnout and qq = quiet quitting furthermore, the findings of the structural equation model were used to test the hypotheses and examine the relationships between the research variables. first, job burnout was found to have a strong and statistically significant positive effect on quiet quitting (β = 0.462, t = 6.156, p < 0.001), indicating that higher levels of burnout are associated with increased tendencies toward quiet quitting behaviors. this suggests that burnout plays a critical role in shaping disengagement and withdrawal intentions in the workplace. secondly, p-o fit exhibited a significant negative relationship with both job burnout and quiet quitting. specifically, p-o fit negatively predicted job burnout (β = -0.413, t = 10.068, p < 0.001), implying that better alignment between individual and organizational values reduces burnout. additionally, p-o fit had a significant adverse direct effect on quiet quitting (β = -0.274, t = 5.552, p < 0.001), suggesting that a strong p-o fit may directly mitigate tendencies toward disengagement, beyond its indirect effect via burnout. on the other hand, work overload showed a significant positive relationship with job burnout (β = 0.439, t = 11.152, p < 0.001), supporting the idea that excessive workload substantially contributes to employee burnout. however, its direct path to quiet quitting was not statistically significant (β = 0.105, t = 1.583, p = 0.113). this indicates that while work overload may not directly lead to quiet quitting, its influence on such behavior may be mediated through job burnout. the findings of direct paths are reported in table 6 and figure 3. figure 3. structural model note. pof = person organization fit, wo = work overload, jb = job burnout and qq = quiet quitting table 6. direct paths direct paths original sample standard deviation t statistics p values jb -> qq 0.462 0.075 6.156 0.000 pof -> jb -0.413 0.041 10.068 0.000 zhou el al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 30-41 37 pof -> qq -0.274 0.049 5.552 0.000 wo -> jb 0.439 0.039 11.152 0.000 wo -> qq 0.105 0.066 1.583 0.113 note. pof = person organization fit, wo = work overload, jb = job burnout and qq = quiet quitting furthermore, the mediating hypotheses were tested with structural equation modeling. the indirect path from p-o fit to quiet quitting via job burnout was found statistically significant and negative (β = -0.191, t = 5.177, p < 0.001). this result suggests that part of the influence of p-o fit on quiet quitting is mediated through its effect on job burnout. specifically, when individuals perceive a more substantial alignment between their values and those of the organization, they experience lower levels of burnout, which in turn reduces their propensity to engage in quiet quitting. this highlights job burnout as a significant mediator, suggesting that improving organizational fit can indirectly mitigate disengagement by alleviating burnout. similarly, the indirect path from work overload to quiet quitting via job burnout was positive and statistically significant (β = 0.202, t = 4.296, p < 0.001). this finding demonstrates that work overload contributes to quiet quitting behaviors indirectly by increasing job burnout. while the direct effect of work overload on quiet quitting was not significant, this result confirms that its impact is entirely mediated through burnout. in other words, an excessive workload may not directly cause employees to disengage, but it significantly raises burnout levels, which subsequently lead to quiet quitting. the findings of indirect paths are reported in table 7. table 7. indirect paths indirect paths original sample standard deviation t statistics p values pof -> jb -> qq -0.191 0.037 5.177 0.000 wo -> jb -> qq 0.202 0.047 4.296 0.000 note. pof = person organization fit, wo = work overload, jb = job burnout and qq = quiet quitting the study ultimately analyzed the data to assess its predictive relevance. the findings in predictive relevance confirm the predictive power of the research model. for this purpose, the study used the pls blindfolding method to assess q2. the value of q2 above 0 is considered significant for appropriate predictive relevance. the findings reported in table 8 and figure 4 confirm that the q2 value for dependent variables was above 0. hence, it was confirmed that the model of study has a significant predictive power. figure 4. predictive relevance note. pof = person organization fit, wo = work overload, jb = job burnout and qq = quiet quitting zhou el al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 30-41 38 table 8. predictive relevance construct sso sse q² jb 5292 3449.111 0.348 pof 3528 3528 0.000 qq 4116 2612.643 0.365 wo 2940 2940 0.000 note. pof = person organization fit, wo = work overload, jb = job burnout and qq = quiet quitting this study systematically addressed its research objectives through direct path testing and mediation effect analysis. a total of five direct hypotheses and two indirect hypotheses were proposed. except for h2, all were statistically supported, demonstrating the model’s strong explanatory power and validating the hypothesized relationships among the variables. table 9 summarizes the results of the hypothesis testing. table 9. testing hypotheses hypotheses path relationships results h1 p-o fit → quiet quitting supported h2 work overload → quiet quitting not supported h3 p-o fit → job burnout supported h4 work overload → job burnout. supported h5 job burnout → quiet quitting supported h6 p-o fit →job burnout→ quiet quitting supported h7 work overload→ job burnout → quiet quitting supported discussions this study aimed to investigate the relationships among p-o fit, work overload, job burnout, and quiet quitting among lecturers in chinese vocational colleges. drawing on cor theory and employing pls-sem, the study tested seven hypotheses, yielding results that offer both theoretical insights and practical implications. the findings provided strong support for most of the hypothesized relationships, with h1, h3, h4, h5, h6, and h7 being statistically confirmed, while h2 was not. h1 posited a negative relationship between p-o fit and quiet quitting. the results confirmed a significant and negative direct effect (β = -0.274, p < 0.001), indicating that higher alignment between individual and organizational values directly reduces the likelihood of disengagement. this finding aligns with farahmandpour and voelkel (2025), who noted that well-matched skills and values enhance employee attitudes and reduce withdrawal behaviors. h2, which hypothesized a positive relationship between work overload and quiet quitting, was not statistically supported (β = 0.105, p = 0.113). this contrasts with fernández-arias et al. (2024), who found that increased workload can escalate withdrawal behavior. one possible post hoc explanation is that in the vocational education context, high workloads may be normalized, and faculty may not perceive them as sufficient cause for immediate disengagement unless accompanied by emotional exhaustion. alternatively, institutional pressure or concerns about job security may suppress overt withdrawal responses. h3 and h4 explored antecedents of job burnout. p-o fit was negatively related to job burnout (β = -0.413, p < 0.001), supporting h3 and reinforcing findings by wang et al. (2022) and gabelaia and bagociunaite (2024), who suggested that alignment enhances intrinsic motivation and buffers emotional strain. h4 was also supported, as work overload significantly predicted higher burnout levels (β = 0.439, p < 0.001), confirming studies by fang et al. (2024) and dong et al. (2025) on the psychological cost of excessive demands. h5 was strongly supported, showing that job burnout positively predicts quiet quitting (β = 0.462, p < 0.001). this highlights burnout as a key proximal antecedent of psychological disengagement. the result confirms prior research by emir et al. (2023) and fang et al. (2024), who found that burnout is a precursor to reduced emotional commitment and discretionary effort. the findings also affirmed the mediating role of job burnout in both paths: h6 confirmed that job burnout mediates the relationship between p-o fit and quiet quitting (β = -0.191, p < 0.001). this suggests that p-o fit not only directly reduces disengagement but also does so indirectly by lowering emotional exhaustion. this is consistent with drouinrousseau et al. (2024), who emphasized the motivational benefits of value alignment. h7 revealed that work overload indirectly contributes to quiet quitting through job burnout (β = 0.202, p < 0.001). although the direct path was nonsignificant, this mediation path suggests a full mediation effect, meaning that the experience of burnout is the channel through which excessive workload leads to disengagement. this supports drüge et al. (2021) and dymecka et al. (2024), who observed that the psychological toll of overload often manifests through burnout symptoms before behavioral withdrawal. overall, these findings suggest that p-o fit serves as a protective factor, directly and indirectly reducing quiet quitting, while work overload primarily influences job burnout. the central role of burnout as a mediating mechanism aligns with the conservation of resources theory, which posits that resource depletion—whether caused by misfit or overexertion—leads individuals to withdraw as a psychological coping mechanism. the mixed support for the direct effect of work overload suggests that workload alone may not be sufficient to trigger quiet quitting unless it threatens psychological resources. conversely, p-o fit and organizational support appear critical in preserving employee engagement. these results zhou el al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 30-41 39 contribute to a growing body of literature on disengagement behaviors in non-western academic contexts, providing practical insights for human resource policies. vocational institutions may mitigate quiet quitting by enhancing organizational-personal alignment, promoting realistic workload management, and addressing signs of burnout through proactive interventions. conclusions the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between person-organization fit, work overload, job burnout, and quitting. therefore, this research sheds light on the existing empirical literature on the antecedents of quiet quitting by outlining the importance of p-o fit, work overload, and job burnout as predictor variables of quiet quitting behaviors of teaching staff in the context of vocational colleges in china. the findings illustrate the role of p-o fit in terms of a significant pessimistic prediction of quiet quitting, both directly and indirectly through job burnout. however, these findings demonstrate that values congruence between an employee and an organization can be a necessary factor in reducing disengagement. on the other hand, this study highlights that the role work overload plays in quiet quitting is also noteworthy. while it was not a statistically significant direct predictor of quiet quitting, it had a significant indirect effect through job burnout, illustrating that burnout serves as a mediator between excessive workload and withdrawal. moreover, the research also supports existing literature by demonstrating that p-o fit has a buffering effect on job burnout while work overload has the opposite effect. according to the findings, what is perhaps even more important, however, is that job burnout was also the most significant predictor of quiet quitting, emphasizing its salient role in vocational education contexts as opposed to traditional higher education settings. therefore, the implications of this research for institutional management and policy are significant, as it illustrates that the quality of organizational aspects, namely p-o fit, and effective management of workload demands can potentially reduce burnout and, hence, disengagement. from a theoretical perspective, this research makes valuable contributions to the literature on employee disengagement by adding to the discussion on quiet quitting in the limited studied context of vocational education, particularly in china. before this research, most studies on quiet quitting have focused on company employees and healthcare staff contexts. this study has contributed to the literature by highlighting the lack of research on teaching staff in vocational colleges. nevertheless, the involvement of teaching staff in vocational college institutions raises the possibility that work stressors and organizational reactivity differ substantially. the findings enhance the literature by identifying p-o fit and job burnout as predictors of quiet quitting tendencies among chinese vocational college teaching staff, presenting evidence on how both work organizational fit and employee wellbeing are related to the phenomenon of quiet quitting. additionally, the study identifies a more straightforward indirect path from work overload to quiet quitting via job burnout. therefore, this study provides a finding that reinforces job burnout as a critical intermediary psychological response and mediating variable when examining withdrawal behaviors and cognitions. furthermore, by contextualizing these relationships in chinese vocational institutions, the research has produced culture-specific values to address the lack of international literature on employee disengagement in non-western educational contexts. for the practical implications, the negative relationship between p-o fit and quiet quitting suggests that institutions should focus their recruitment, selection, and retention strategies on personnel who align with the organization. furthermore, initiatives that include structured onboarding processes, value-based hiring practices, and ongoing organizational socialization would reinforce p-o fit and decrease disengagement behaviour. moreover, the study identified job burnout as an important variable that influences quiet quitting. it is essential to note that work overload was an indirect contributor to quiet quitting, with burnout serving as a mediating factor. consequently, vocational colleges in china should introduce workload management strategies that ensure expectations do not exceed the teaching and administrative load capacity of the staff. moreover, policies that support the workplace environment, such as flexible scheduling, mental health initiatives, and professional development opportunities, can help better manage burnout issues that may be occurring in the workplace. moreover, these findings confirm that educational leaders need to be aware of employee wellbeing. additionally, it is essential to foster an open communication environment in academic settings that enables leaders to engage in candid dialogue with employees when signs of burnout or disengagement emerge. the practical implications of this study suggest that to eliminate quiet quitting in vocational colleges, educational institutions should address both organizational and psychological issues affecting employees simultaneously. this study focused on teaching staff at chinese vocational colleges. it examined the effects of p-o fit and work overload on quiet quitting, with job burnout as a mediating variable. although the research provides both theoretical and practical insights, several limitations should be noted. first, the sample was drawn exclusively from vocational colleges in china, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other educational settings, such as universities or primary and secondary schools. second, the study employed a cross-sectional design, which restricts the ability to capture the dynamic and causal relationships among variables over time. third, although the mediating role of job burnout was confirmed, other potential moderators, such as perceived organizational support, psychological resilience, or professional identity, were not examined. author contributions: conceptualization, j.z., h.s.s. and a.b.a.; methodology, h.s.s.; software, j.z.; validation, j.z., h.s.s. and a.b.a.; formal analysis, j.z.; investigation, j.z.; resources, j.z.; data curation, j.z.; writing – original draft preparation, j.z., h.s.s. and a.b.a.; writing – review & editing, j.z.; visualization, j.z.; supervision, h.s.s. and a.b.a.; project administration, h.s.s. and a.b.a.; funding acquisition, j.z. all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, as the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: authors received no funding for this research. zhou el al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(4) (2025), 30-41 40 acknowledgment: we extend our sincere appreciation to all participants who contributed to this study. the school of business management at universiti utara malaysia is highly acknowledged. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references anand, a., doll, j., & ray, p. 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(2024). exploring relationships of job satisfaction and burnout with turnover intention among chinese english language teachers. the asia-pacific education researcher, 33(3), 587-601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-023-00755-9 appendices appendix a: measurement questionnaire person-organization fit there is congruence between my own values and the values of the university i work for. in this university, there is congruence between my own values and the values of the other lecturers. in this university, there is congruence between my own values and the values of the head of department. in this university, there is congruence between my own values and the characteristics of the work i perform. in this university, there is congruence between my personal expectations and provided opportunities. in general, i am highly fit with my university. work overload i have been given too many responsibilities at work. the amount of work i have to do interferes with the quality of life i want to maintain. i feel overburdened by my work. i feel there is a need to reduce some aspects of my work. in general, my workload is severely overloaded. job burnout i feel emotionally drained from my work. i feel used up at the end of the workday. i feel tired when i get up in the morning and have to face another day at work. working all day is really a strain for me. i feel burned out from my work. i have become more callous toward work since i took this job. i have become less enthusiastic about my work. i doubt the significance of my work. i have become more and more indifferent to the contribution of my work. in general, i am feeling increasingly burned out in my work. quiet quitting i am doing the bare minimum work to avoid being fired. i feel that i lack interest in attending meetings. i often avoid working more hours unless there is additional pay. i feel there is a lack of passion and enthusiasm in me to work above and beyond. i feel there is a lack of opportunities to learn and grow at my university. i feel there is a lack of meaningfulness at work. generally, i prefer quiet quitting at work. publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2024.2389074 https://doi.org/10.1108/jkm-10-2022-0792 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20166570 https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2371549 https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432231212288 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.102030 https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2023.2183489 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01232-y https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1778750 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42591-3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42591-3 https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008x.2024.2393336 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-023-00755-9 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 20-33 20 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 5 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa artistic innovation among chinese figurative expressionists: the role of motivation, culture, and emotion shifeng he (a)1 adzrool idzwan bin ismail (b) (a) phd candidate, school of creative industry management & performing arts, universiti utara malaysia, sintok, kedah, malaysia; e-mail: he_shifeng@ahsgs.uum.edu.my (b) associate prof, school of creative industry management & performing arts, universiti utara malaysia, sintok, kedah, malaysia; e-mail: adzrool@uum.edu.my a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 7th march 2025 reviewed & revised: 7th march 2025 to 12th august 2025 accepted: 20th august 2025 published: 24th august 2025 keywords: artistic innovation, figurative expressionism, cultural art, creative climate, emotional engagement jel classification codes: c12, c20, c31 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t despite the global prominence of chinese figurative expressionism, the psychological and cultural factors underlying artistic innovation in this genre remain underexplored. this study investigates how intrinsic motivation, creative climate, cultural identity, and openness to experience influence artistic innovation among chinese figurative expressionist painters, with emotional engagement and artistic flow as mediators. using a cross-sectional survey, data from 312 chinese artists were analyzed with partial least squares structural equation modelling. results show that intrinsic motivation significantly predicts emotional engagement (p < 0.001), artistic flow (p = 0.007), and innovation (p = 0.002). creative climate significantly influences emotional engagement (p = 0.005) and artistic flow (p < 0.001) but shows a marginal direct effect on innovation (p = 0.054). cultural identity significantly predicts emotional engagement (p = 0.037) and innovation (p = 0.003) but not flow (p = 0.324). openness to experience significantly predicts emotional engagement (p = 0.028), flow (p < 0.001), and innovation (p = 0.017). emotional engagement (p = 0.002) and artistic flow (p = 0.001) directly enhance innovation. mediation analyses reveal that emotional engagement mediates the effects of intrinsic motivation (p = 0.014), creative climate (p = 0.046), and cultural identity (p = 0.047) on innovation. artistic flow mediates the effects of creative climate (p = 0.010) and openness to experience (p = 0.013) on innovation. these findings highlight the roles of psychological traits, socio-cultural context, and affective states in fostering innovation among chinese painters and provide a framework for enhancing creativity through intrinsic and contextual factors. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction the intersection of psychology, culture, and creative expression has attracted sustained academic interest in the fields of art, aesthetics, and creativity studies (betzler et al., 2021). among the diverse genres of visual art, figurative expressionism holds a distinctive place for its ability to combine recognizable forms with intense emotional and symbolic content. within the chinese artistic tradition, figurative expressionism has evolved as a rich site of cultural storytelling and aesthetic experimentation, blending traditional motifs with contemporary visual languages (betzler & camina, 2020). however, while the global study of artistic creativity has made significant advances, scholarly attention to the psychological and cultural factors driving innovation in chinese figurative expressionism remains limited (brand et al., 2021). as contemporary chinese artists navigate the dual imperatives of cultural preservation and artistic experimentation (breuer, 2024), there is an urgent need to understand better the personal motivations, environmental conditions, and cultural influences that shape their creative processes. this study responds to that need by exploring how intrinsic motivation, creative climate, cultural identity, and openness to experience contribute to artistic innovation, while examining the roles of emotional engagement and artistic flow in this relationship. recent theoretical developments have highlighted that creativity in the arts is not merely the outcome of technical proficiency or cognitive skill but emerges through complex interactions between individual psychological traits and sociocultural environments (cai et al., 2024). intrinsic motivation, defined as the internal drive to engage in activities for personal 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0005-8369-6350 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/wxvdrh39 to cite this article: he, s., & ismail, a. i. b. (2025). artistic innovation among chinese figurative expressionists: the role of motivation, culture, and emotion. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(5), 20-33. https://doi.org/10.46281/wxvdrh39 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/wxvdrh39 https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8369-6350 https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0584-7118 he & ismail, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 20-33 21 satisfaction rather than external rewards, has consistently been recognized as a central predictor of creative achievement (centillas et al., 2024). in visual arts practice, intrinsic motivation sustains the artist's commitment to experimentation and fosters deeper emotional connections to the creative process (dolese & kacinik, 2021). likewise, openness to experience, a personality trait characterized by curiosity, aesthetic sensitivity, and receptivity to novel ideas, has been linked to artistic exploration and risk-taking behaviors (fernández, 2025). these individual traits interact with contextual factors such as the creative climate, the degree to which an environment encourages, supports, and rewards innovative expression and cultural identity, which informs an artist's values, symbolic choices, and thematic interests (an & nie, 2023). despite extensive literature on these factors in western art contexts, limited empirical research examines how they intersect to influence the psychological and emotional processes underpinning artistic innovation within chinese figurative expressionism (gaojie, 2022). two key psychological states have been identified as crucial mediators in the creative process: emotional engagement and artistic flow. emotional engagement reflects the depth of affective involvement and individual experiences during creative activity (darda et al., 2023). in artistic contexts, this refers to the powerful emotional bond between the artist and their work, often resulting in artworks that are more expressive, authentic, and personally meaningful (garcia-lazo et al., 2024). studies have shown that artists with high emotional engagement are more likely to pursue unconventional forms of expression and push aesthetic boundaries (ho et al., 2022). similarly, artistic flow, a state of optimal experience characterized by intense concentration, absorption, and intrinsic enjoyment in an activity, is widely recognized as a condition that fosters creativity (hung et al., 2021). flow enables artists to lose awareness of external distractions and fully immerse themselves in the creative process, promoting greater cognitive flexibility and originality (goodwin, 2020). although existing research acknowledges the importance of these psychological states in facilitating artistic creativity, there remains a gap in understanding how individual traits and environmental factors jointly activate emotional engagement and artistic flow in culturally specific artistic practices like chinese figurative expressionism. addressing this gap, the present study aims to investigate the psychological and cultural determinants of artistic innovation among chinese figurative expressionist painters. specifically, it examines how intrinsic motivation, creative climate, cultural identity, and openness to experience influence artistic innovation both directly and indirectly through emotional engagement and artistic flow. drawing on a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 312 chinese artists using validated likert-scale instruments and analyzed through partial least squares structural equation modelling. by integrating these factors within a unified framework, this research offers a comprehensive perspective on the interplay of personal drives, cultural influences, and psychological states in shaping artistic creativity. it contributes to ongoing discussions in creativity and cultural psychology literature, which increasingly call for context-sensitive models that move beyond western-centric assumptions and consider the distinctive cultural histories and aesthetic traditions of non-western societies. additionally, this study has practical relevance for artists, art educators, cultural policymakers, and creative industries by identifying the psychological conditions and cultural dynamics that foster artistic innovation. the next section of the study provides a review of the literature, the framework of the study, and the hypotheses. furthermore, the material and methods section explains the instruments and data collection. the results section interprets the findings of the study, while the discussion highlights the findings in the context of previous studies. the conclusion section highlights the theoretical and practical contributions of the research. literature review intrinsic motivation is a key factor in creative performance in artistic contexts (abdullah & abdillah, 2021). it is described as an activity that the artist pursues for its own sake rather than for externally driven rewards, and it has long been assumed to denote an artist's enhanced creative potential. specifically in the visual arts, especially in painting, intrinsically motivated artists become more embedded in the creative process and produce works that are original and meaningful to them as artists (ashley et al., 2023). prior research has indicated that intrinsic motivation (sindhuja & dunstan rajkumar, 2025) is related to emotional engagement, particularly for artists who produce work for internal satisfaction, as it is likely that emotional connections will flourish (huang et al., 2021). emotional engagement will influence not only the entirety of the artist's (creative) experience, but also the expressive or interpretive quality of the outcome. creative climate has been generally regarded as a component facilitating artistic creativity and innovation (yokochi & okada, 2021). creative climate, as a level of environmental and social conditions supporting, encouraging, and fostering creative behavior, explains that within the visual arts, a creative climate and supportive environment will not only promote the freedom of expression or experimenting with ideas but also can foster emotional involvement of artists (zhang et al., 2021). these earlier studies have suggested that when artists arrive at their jobs (i.e., studio, community workshop) and perceive the work environment as supportive and open to new ideas, it enhances the emotional involvement the artist can experience while engaged in the creative activity (fernández, 2025). emotional involvement enhances the expressive qualities or depth of artworks, while also enhancing the relationship between the artist and the product of their efforts (gong, 2021). the creative climate has also been associated with the phenomenon of flow, as is typically attributed to the literature on creativity. as scholars describe, environmental variables such as encouragement, autonomy, and access to creative resources significantly contribute to achieving flow (brinkmann et al., 2023). in an environmental context, support or encouragement fostered a climate that, when appropriately used, encouraged painters to occupy a stage of 'absorbed', favoring their entire capacity to engage in a visual artwork, while removing distractions (dolese & kacinik, 2021). any experience of flow that enhances the state or condition leads to increased exploration or experimentation in their creative process, which subsequently fosters exploration, creativity, and innovation. cultural identity has surfaced as an important consideration when examining creative expression, particularly in he & ismail, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 20-33 22 the case of visual arts traditions that share a fitting lineage, such as figurative expressionism (zhang-yu et al., 2021). cultural identity, which we will define as a sense of belonging and endorsing values, symbols, and history of a particular culture, has a potent influence on both the emotional and cognitive aspects of artistic creation (yuan et al., 2021). prior research has confirmed that artists who have a strong cultural identity are more effectively attached to their creative practice because the act of painting is a form of cultural pride, concerning cultural memories, personal history, and identity (hacmun et al., 2021). this affects the degree of expressivity or the authenticity of the expressivity of their artworks and impacts the affective bond to the creative practice itself. openness to experience is almost always identified as one of the most important personality factors linked to artistic creativity and innovation (huang et al., 2021). openness is summarized as an individual's inclination towards seeking new experiences, new ideas, and an appreciation of new aesthetic forms. the role of openness as an impact of emotional engagement or creative engagement in artistic practice has emerged as an important conceptual factor linking artistic media (jiawei & mokmin, 2023). accordingly, in the visual arts, more open individuals tend to process emotional experiences more sensitively and consequently more deeply when engaged with their artwork (chiu et al., 2024). an individual's sensitivity to emotional engagement enriches their artistic engagement as well as personal ownership of an artwork that is expressive in a meaningful way. openness to experience is also strongly linked to flow states while performing an artistic task (liu, 2022). scholars indicated that individuals who are open to experience are more likely to reach deep absorption in their task, as their curiosity and openness to uncertainty will prompt them to be more immersed in complex and challenging creative processes (millet et al., 2023). about painting, artists who are high in openness will usually engage and experiment with more unconventional painting techniques that involve a complex range of visual elements and, therefore, are more likely to be triggered towards a flow experience. the flow experience is important for ongoing creative performance and the creation of original artwork. emotional engagement has traditionally been perceived as an integral part of the creative process, especially in the arts, where the act of expressing emotion is part of the core practice (chiu et al., 2024). emotional engagement means the degree to which someone is emotionally invested and the feelings they have while engaging in their creative process. visual artists who emotionally engage with their work generally also form a more personal connection to their artwork and can reflect depth of feeling and genuineness in their creations (oksanen et al., 2023). research has previously indicated that emotional immersion in work may also result in an expanded sense of artistic innovation, with painters revealing their emotional state in new ways of expression, represented in innovative visual narratives (liu, 2022). emotional engagement not only serves to add expressive worth to artworks but may also facilitate emotional triggers as a source of artistic risktaking or inventiveness. intrinsic motivation, the desire to engage in creative activities for their own sake and personal interest, has long been established as a key antecedent of creativity (dematos et al., 2021). however, a large body of research now suggests that its influence on creative performance, in particular, is often mediated by several affective factors (betzler & camina, 2020). when people are intrinsically motivated, their emotional engagement becomes heightened, which includes being absorbed in the creative task, feeling passionate about the work they do, and experiencing enjoyment (brinkmann et al., 2023). enhanced emotional engagement enhances cognitive flexibility and perseverance and improves artistic innovation outcomes. also, a supportive creative climate improves emotional engagement through an affective experience that creators find rewarding or positive (cai et al., 2024). in a psychologically safe and stimulating climate, people experience positive affect, which makes them more invested in all aspects of their role. they feel valued and energized, which increases engagement on the emotional level when creating (garcia-lazo et al., 2024). this emotional engagement invites more engagement in developing and exploring new ideas that can eventually lead to higher levels of artistic innovation. the creative climate in a working environment is another important factor affecting flow and is permissive of unavoidable psychological impacts. environments that foster autonomy, risk-taking, and sharing of ideas lead to thematic experiences about the working conditions that allow one to move to flow (park et al., 2023). artists' report feeling safer emotionally and cognitively when they view their creative environment as supportive and non-controlling, thus allowing for deeper engagement and optimal functioning as they immerse themselves in their artistic practice (an & nie, 2023). flow enhances the likelihood of engaging in innovative artistic outputs. the following are the hypotheses proposed by this research. h1(a): there is a relationship between intrinsic motivation and emotional engagement. h1(b): there is a relationship between intrinsic motivation and artistic flow. h1(c): there is a relationship between intrinsic motivation and artistic innovation. h2(a): there is a relationship between creative climate and emotional engagement. h2(b): there is a relationship between creative climate and artistic flow. h2(c): there is a relationship between creative climate and artistic innovation. h3(a): there is a relationship between cultural identity and emotional engagement. h3(b): there is a relationship between cultural identity and artistic flow. h3(c): there is a relationship between cultural identity and artistic innovation. h4(a): there is a relationship between openness to experience and emotional engagement. h4(b): there is a relationship between openness to experience and artistic flow. h4(c): there is a relationship between openness to experience and artistic innovation. h5: there is a relationship between emotional engagement and artistic innovation. h6: there is a relationship between artistic flow and artistic innovation. h7(a): there is a mediating role of emotional engagement in the relationship between intrinsic motivation and he & ismail, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 20-33 23 artistic innovation. h7(b): there is a mediating role of emotional engagement in the relationship between creative climate and artistic innovation. h7(c): there is a mediating role of emotional engagement in the relationship between cultural identity and artistic innovation. h7(d): there is a mediating role of emotional engagement in the relationship between openness to experience and artistic innovation. h8(a): there is a mediating role of artistic flow in the relationship between intrinsic motivation and creative innovation. h8(b): there is a mediating role of artistic flow in the relationship between creative climate and artistic innovation. h8(c): there is a mediating role of artistic flow in the relationship between cultural identity and artistic innovation. h8(d): there is a mediating role of artistic flow in the relationship between openness to experience and artistic innovation. in this study, there are four independent variables and two mediating variables. however, the study has one dependent variable. the model of this research, highlighting the relationship between studies, is reported in figure 1. figure 1. research model materials and methods this study adopted a quantitative, cross-sectional research method to examine the relationship between psychological and cultural influences on artistic innovation in chinese figurative expressionist painters. a cross-sectional study was considered appropriate for this research inquiry, since it enabled the researcher to gather data from a wide variety and number of respondents, with all the data being collected from a single point in time. a quantitative research method was chosen as it offered an objective way to measure constructs using standard likert scale instruments, and it allowed for statistical analysis of the proposed relationships. the instruments of the study are reported in appendix a. the population for this research consisted of figurative expressionist painters from china. data were collected in this study using a structured questionnaire with two main parts. the first section gathered basic demographic information such as gender, age, educational background, number of years of artistic experience, occupation, engagement with figurative expressionism, number of exhibitions participated in, and level of familiarity with international art trends. the second section included validated likert scale instruments for measuring six constructs: intrinsic motivation, creative climate, cultural identity, openness to experience, emotional engagement, artistic flow, and artistic innovation. purposive sampling was used to identify respondents who met the inclusion criteria and were currently engaged in figurative expressionism. furthermore, the sampling method was non-probability and appropriate for the study due to the scope of the selected artistic community. overall, based on the previous literature and a minimum sample size of 200, and recommendations for partial least squares structural equation modeling (pls-sem) of 312 cases were sought to ensure enough statistical power and stability. data collection was completed through a combination of online and in-person distribution of the questionnaire. results the demographic characteristics of the participants in this study captured a detailed picture of the sample population, consisting of 312 participants (see table 1). there were more women in the sample than men, with 63% (n = 195) female and 38% (n = 117) male. this presence indicates that women are a predominant representation in the target population in the arts area being investigated. the highest proportion of participants reported being young adults, 38% were in the 26-35 years old age group, and 34% were in the 36-45 years old age group. in contrast, the 18-25 years old accounted for the next most significant sample proportion at 23% of all cases, followed by the 46 years old and over group, which only accounted for 6% of the sample. further information about the participants is reported in table 1. he & ismail, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 20-33 24 table 1. demographics demographic question response option count total proportion gender male 117 312 38% female 195 312 63% age (years) 18–25 71 312 23% 26–35 117 312 38% 36–45 106 312 34% 46 and above 18 312 6% highest educational qualification high school 18 312 6% diploma 90 312 29% bachelor's degree 109 312 35% master's degree 92 312 30% doctorate (phd) 3 312 1% years of artistic experience less than 2 years 94 312 30% 2–5 years 104 312 33% 6–10 years 100 312 32% more than 10 years 14 312 5% primary occupation full-time artist 99 312 32% fine arts student 78 312 25% art educator 101 312 32% other 34 312 11% engagement in figurative expressionism professional artist 101 312 32% semi-professional artist 137 312 44% art student 74 312 24% number of exhibitions/competitions participated in 1–2 121 312 39% 3–5 100 312 32% more than 5 91 312 29% familiarity with international art trends slightly familiar 101 312 32% moderately familiar 109 312 35% very familiar 102 312 33% factor loadings are used to assess the strength of the association between each item and its latent construct; commonly, values greater than 0.7 indicate a strong association (hair et al., 2011). cronbach's alpha indicates internal consistency reliability, where the accepted level of reliability is approximately 0.7 or greater (hair et al., 2011). composite reliability (cr) serves a similar role as does cronbach's alpha; however, cr typically provides an arguably more accurate estimate, especially in structural equation modeling. average variance extracted (ave) indicates how much of the variance of the construct represents the amount of measurement error. commonly, an ave of above 0.5 indicates adequate convergent validity (hair et al., 2011). based on the findings, all constructs show robust convergent validity (see table 2 and figure 2). all items had factor loadings above the 0.7 threshold, indicating that the items reliably measure their intended meaning. the cronbach's alpha and composite reliability for all constructs are well above the recommended threshold of 0.9, indicating high internal consistency across the items. specifically, creative climate (cr = 0.965; ave = 0.845) and cultural identity (cr = 0.967; ave = 0.807) had powerful psychometric properties. furthermore, the ave across all constructs ranges from 0.719 to 0.845, suggesting that the items converge well on their intended constructs. figure 2. measurement model he & ismail, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 20-33 25 table 2. convergent validity variables items factor loadings cronbach's alpha composite reliability average variance extracted artistic flow af1 0.878 0.925 0.943 0.769 af2 0.883 af3 0.909 af4 0.853 af5 0.863 artistic innovation ai1 0.789 0.934 0.947 0.719 ai2 0.910 ai3 0.919 ai4 0.900 ai5 0.789 ai6 0.794 ai7 0.823 creative climate cc1 0.926 0.954 0.965 0.845 cc2 0.890 cc3 0.930 cc4 0.914 cc5 0.936 cultural identity ci1 0.892 0.960 0.967 0.807 ci2 0.893 ci3 0.907 ci4 0.879 ci5 0.885 ci6 0.916 ci7 0.918 emotional engagement ee1 0.791 0.902 0.928 0.720 ee2 0.803 ee3 0.885 ee4 0.881 ee5 0.876 intrinsic motivation im1 0.827 0.939 0.951 0.734 im2 0.845 im3 0.886 im4 0.812 im5 0.850 im6 0.879 im7 0.896 openness to experience oe1 0.855 0.945 0.955 0.752 oe2 0.891 oe3 0.828 oe4 0.867 oe5 0.851 oe6 0.896 oe7 0.881 in addition, the assessment of discriminant validity was conducted. the heterotrait-monotrait (htmt) ratios of correlations are presented in table 3. the htmt is a measure of discriminant validity between latent constructs. htmt values below 0.85 or 0.90 when more lenient demonstrate that the constructs are empirically distinct (henseler et al., 2015). the htmt values provided in table 3 range from htmt = 0.218 on cultural identity and openness to experience to htmt = 0.672 on artistic innovation and emotional engagement, and all were below the conservative htmt = 0.85. table 3. heterotrait-monotrait ratio variables artistic flow artistic innovation creative climate cultural identity emotional engagement intrinsic motivation openness to experience artistic flow artistic innovation 0.638 creative climate 0.594 0.639 cultural identity 0.312 0.449 0.444 emotional engagement 0.602 0.672 0.613 0.409 intrinsic motivation 0.506 0.613 0.621 0.304 0.645 openness to experience 0.533 0.497 0.493 0.218 0.425 0.354 additionally, table 4 presents the values for the variance inflation factor (vif) for variables included in predicting artistic flow, artistic innovation, and emotional engagement, and examines multicollinearity between predictors. vif values are all far below the often acceptable level of 5 (hair et al., 2011), indicating multicollinearity is not a serious issue in this study. the highest vif value of 2.123 under the creative climate variable predicting artistic innovation indicates an acceptable amount of shared variance amongst the predictors. he & ismail, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 20-33 26 table 4. variance inflation factor variables artistic flow artistic innovation emotional engagement artistic flow 1.810 creative climate 1.938 2.123 1.938 cultural identity 1.228 1.27 1.228 emotional engagement 1.965 intrinsic motivation 1.546 1.823 1.546 openness to experience 1.291 1.445 1.291 furthermore, the structural model assessment was performed to analyze the relationship between variables (see figure 3 and table 5). the first set of hypotheses (h1) examines the influence of intrinsic motivation. h1(a), which predicts intrinsic motivation positively affects emotional engagement, is strongly supported (β = 0.375, p < 0.001), indicating a robust relationship. h1(b) and h1(c), predicting effects on artistic flow (β = 0.191, p = 0.007) and artistic innovation (β = 0.189, p = 0.002) respectively, are also significant, though with smaller coefficients, suggesting that while intrinsic motivation contributes to artistic outcomes, its most substantial impact is on emotional engagement. the second hypothesis cluster (h2) investigates the role of creative climate. h2(a) and h2(b), which test its effects on emotional engagement and artistic flow, are both statistically significant (β = 0.221, p = 0.005; β = 0.285, p < 0.001), implying that a supportive creative environment fosters both emotional and experiential dimensions of artistic activity. however, h2(c), the effect on artistic innovation, yields a marginal result (β = 0.141, p = 0.054), which suggests a weak or borderline-significant influence. hypothesis h3 assesses the impact of cultural identity. h3(a) and h3(c), which test its influence on emotional engagement (β = 0.149, p = 0.037) and artistic innovation (β = 0.145, p = 0.003), are statistically significant, indicating that a strong sense of cultural identity contributes meaningfully to both emotional and creative outcomes. however, h3(b), the effect on artistic flow (β = 0.057, p = 0.324), is not significant. the final group of hypotheses (h4–h6) further underscores essential relationships. h4 confirms that openness to experience significantly predicts all three dependent variables: emotional engagement (β = 0.135, p = 0.028), artistic flow (β = 0.292, p < 0.001), and artistic innovation (β = 0.127, p = 0.017), indicating that this personality trait is a consistent driver of creative and affective responses. h5 and h6 reveal that both emotional engagement (β = 0.211, p = 0.002) and artistic flow (β = 0.208, p = 0.001) significantly enhance artistic innovation, highlighting their mediating or complementary roles in the innovation process. figure 3. structural model he & ismail, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 20-33 27 table 5. direct hypotheses findings hypotheses paths original sample standard deviation t statistics p values h1 (a) intrinsic motivation -> emotional engagement 0.375 0.068 5.485 0.000 h1 (b) intrinsic motivation -> artistic flow 0.191 0.071 2.701 0.007 h1 (c) intrinsic motivation -> artistic innovation 0.189 0.061 3.108 0.002 h2 (a) creative climate -> emotional engagement 0.221 0.079 2.794 0.005 h2 (b) creative climate -> artistic flow 0.285 0.073 3.889 0.000 h2 (c) creative climate -> artistic innovation 0.141 0.073 1.926 0.054 h3 (a) cultural identity -> emotional engagement 0.149 0.072 2.085 0.037 h3 (b) cultural identity -> artistic flow 0.057 0.057 0.987 0.324 h3 (c) cultural identity -> artistic innovation 0.145 0.049 2.988 0.003 h4 (a) openness to experience -> emotional engagement 0.135 0.062 2.197 0.028 h4 (b) openness to experience -> artistic flow 0.292 0.064 4.583 0.000 h4 (c) openness to experience -> artistic innovation 0.127 0.053 2.377 0.017 h5 emotional engagement -> artistic innovation 0.211 0.068 3.106 0.002 h6 artistic flow -> artistic innovation 0.208 0.063 3.327 0.001 furthermore, the mediation analysis was performed in this study, and the findings are presented in table 6. the results for emotional engagement h7 (a), h7 (b), h7 (c) and h7 (d) show significant mediation effects for intrinsic motivation (β = 0.079, p = 0.014), creative climate (β = 0.046, p = 0.046), and cultural identity (β = 0.031, p = 0.047). these findings suggest that emotional engagement serves as a psychological mechanism through which these variables positively influence artistic innovation. however, the mediation effect for openness to experience (β = 0.028, p = 0.091) is not statistically significant, indicating that while openness may directly influence innovation, it does not do so through emotional engagement. in the artistic flow mediation model h8 (a), h8 (b), h8 (c) and h8 (d), both creative climate (β = 0.059, p = 0.010) and openness to experience (β = 0.061, p = 0.013) demonstrate significant indirect effects on artistic innovation, suggesting that a supportive environment and a disposition toward openness enhance innovation by promoting deeper engagement in the creative process. the mediation effect of intrinsic motivation (β = 0.040, p = 0.054) is marginally non-significant, implying a weak or partial mediating role. cultural identity, however, shows no significant mediation through artistic flow (β = 0.012, p = 0.374), reinforcing the idea that its influence on innovation is more likely channeled through emotional engagement rather than immersive creative states. table 6. mediation hypotheses findings hypotheses paths original sample standard deviation t statistics p values h7 (a) intrinsic motivation -> emotional engagement -> artistic innovation 0.079 0.032 2.452 0.014 h7 (b) creative climate -> emotional engagement -> artistic innovation 0.046 0.023 2.000 0.046 h7 (c) cultural identity -> emotional engagement -> artistic innovation 0.031 0.016 1.986 0.047 h7 (d) openness to experience -> emotional engagement -> artistic innovation 0.028 0.017 1.689 0.091 h8 (a) intrinsic motivation -> artistic flow -> artistic innovation 0.040 0.021 1.927 0.054 h8 (b) creative climate -> artistic flow -> artistic innovation 0.059 0.023 2.577 0.010 h8 (c) cultural identity -> artistic flow -> artistic innovation 0.012 0.013 0.890 0.374 h8 (d) openness to experience -> artistic flow -> artistic innovation 0.061 0.024 2.492 0.013 in addition, the effect size was examined in this study. in table 7, the study presents the effect sizes (f²) of the predictors on artistic flow, artistic innovation, and emotional engagement. according to cohen et al. (2009), effects of 0.02, 0.15, and 0.35 were interpreted as small, medium, and large effects, respectively. the only predictor variable with any sizable effect appears to be intrinsic motivation on emotional engagement (f² = 0.168), which represents a medium effect. openness to experience was the next best predictor, exerting an effect on artistic flow (f² = 0.112). following this was the creative climate with a small effect (f² = 0.072) on both artistic flows. cultural identity and emotional engagement on artistic innovation (f² = 0.039 and 0.053, respectively) reflect some degree of meaningfulness concerning effect size interpretation; however, they would be considered small. table 7. effect size variables artistic flow artistic innovation emotional engagement artistic flow 0.056 creative climate 0.072 0.022 0.047 cultural identity 0.004 0.039 0.034 emotional engagement 0.053 intrinsic motivation 0.04 0.046 0.168 openness to experience 0.112 0.026 0.026 finally, the findings of predictive relevance were assessed. figure 4 and table 8 highlight the value of q2. according to hair et al. (2011), predictive relevance values above zero are considered significant. the findings reported in table 8 highlight that 40% predictive relevance was found for artistic innovation. he & ismail, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 20-33 28 figure 4. predictive relevance table 8. predictive relevance variables sso sse q² (=1-sse/sso) artistic flow 1560.000 1072.846 0.312 artistic innovation 2184.000 1303.459 0.403 creative climate 1560.000 1560.000 0.000 cultural identity 2184.000 2184.000 0.000 emotional engagement 1560.000 1058.495 0.321 intrinsic motivation 2184.000 2184.000 0.000 openness to experience 2184.000 2184.000 0.000 discussions the findings provide convincing evidence for the hypothesized effect of intrinsic motivation. intrinsic motivation was a strong and significant predictor of emotional engagement (h1a), artistic flow (h1b), and artistic innovation (h1c). these findings are consistent with previous literature that draws attention to the deeper affective involvement and more extended periods of cognitive immersion in an artistic practice by artists who engage for intrinsic satisfaction (adeyemi, 2024). inarguably, intrinsic motivation had the most decisive influence on emotional engagement, suggesting that an internally motivated desire to create art is compelling on the emotional connection between artist and artwork (adejumo, 2022). the hypothesis that a favorable creative climate supports emotional engagement (h2a) and artistic flow (h2b) was corroborated, highlighting that the situational context of an innovative environment is responsible for shaping creative psychological states. a studio or art environment is, when perceived to be open and supportive, capable of offering both emotional safety and artistic autonomy needed for both emotional engagement and experiential engagement (centillas et al., 2024). however, the weak significance of creative climate's direct effects on artistic innovation (h2c) implies its effect is likely to occur indirectly. while the open and supportive climate does not directly propel innovation potential, it establishes a necessary condition for emotional and experiential engagement, which, eventually and indirectly, may lead to the innovative outcome (chang & mahadevan, 2022). he & ismail, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 20-33 29 cultural identity had a significant effect on emotional engagement (h3a) and artistic innovation (h3c), but not on artistic flow (h3b). this suggests a duality of possible meanings: cultural identification is an affective and symbolic resource in artistic creation, but it does not always serve as a means of immersing oneself in a sustained contemplation of meaning. artists telling or unpacking their cultural narrative can draw emotional meaning from it and feel purposeful and expressive in the presence of the associated emotional meanings (coletti, 2024). still, their lack of influence on flow suggests that cultural themes alone do not enable a state of flow characterized by total concentration and absorption (darda et al., 2023). the personality characteristic of openness to experience was identified as a reliable predictor of all three outcome variables. it significantly contributed to emotional engagement (h4a), artistic flow (h4b), and artistic innovation (h4c), by long-held psychological theories connecting openness to creativity. the most substantial effect was on creative flow, suggesting that open individuals are especially likely to reach immersive states due to a combination of curiosity, tolerance for ambiguity, and attunement to aesthetics (bakka et al., 2024). furthermore, the openness was also a direct predictor of innovation, indicating that openness functions both through psychological states and through a direct disposition to push against norms and to seek new techniques, characteristics that are exceptionally valued in figurative expressionist work (brand et al., 2021). emotional engagement (h5) and artistic flow (h6) both explained significant variance in artistic innovation, providing further evidence that both serve as proximal psychological states mediating the effect of the dispositional/environmental predictors as well as leading to a creative output variability. emotional engagement connects a practitioner more fully to their subject matter through the connection to physical medium and creates a sense of authenticity and engages expressive risk (ashley et al., 2023). flow, on the other hand, promotes sustained attention and cognitive flexibility, enabling technical experimentation while selectively allowing original ideas to emerge (betzler et al., 2021). mediation analysis revealed that emotional engagement significantly mediates the relationships between intrinsic motivation (h7a), creative climate (h7b), and cultural identity (h7c) with artistic innovation. these findings reaffirm the central role of affective involvement in artistic creativity. emotional engagement appears to serve as the psychological mechanism that translates internal drives, cultural resonance, and supportive contexts into innovative expression (adamou et al., 2023). interestingly, the mediation effect of emotional engagement between openness to experience and innovation (h7d) was not significant, suggesting that for open individuals, innovation arises more directly or via other pathways, such as flow. artistic flow significantly mediated the relationship between creative climate (h8b) and openness to experience (h8d) with artistic innovation. these results indicate that both environmental support and personality disposition can encourage flow, which in turn facilitates innovation. the mediation from intrinsic motivation to innovation via flow (h8a) approached significance. still, it did not reach conventional thresholds, while cultural identity did not mediate through flow (h8c), further emphasizing that cultural identification may elicit affective but not immersive states. these findings differentiate the types of inputs, personal, artistic, or contextual, that foster either affective or immersive psychological conditions for creativity (abdullah & abdillah, 2021). conclusions the study aimed to shed light on the psychological and cultural antecedents of artistic innovation in the form of chinese figurative expressionism. by combining key psychological factors of intrinsic motivation and openness to experience with contextual and cultural aspects of creative climate and cultural identity, this research provides a coherent model for understanding how emotional engagement and artistic flow mediate the process of artistic intention to innovative output. the results indicate that intrinsic motivation is a key factor driving both emotional and experiential engagement in the artistic process. artists who are motivated by their practice to achieve internal satisfaction developed greater emotional ties to their works and were more likely to attain intense flow experiences, both of which positively impacted creative, innovative art production. similarly, openness to experience was an essential predictor across emotional, experiential, and creative outcomes of the study, confirming the importance of individual attributes to support aesthetic risk-taking and stylistic experimentation. the effect of environmental factors, especially the creative climate, was further confirmed. a constructive, autonomous, and resourced creative landscape is conducive to both emotional engagement and flow, while it might not have a similar direct implication to innovation. similarly, while cultural identity did not emerge as a strong variable for flow, it is relevant to understand how emotional engagement was intensified and culturally inspired forms of innovation were motivated in part, stressing the value of culture-based narratives and symbolism to the direction of contemporary chinese artists. the main finding is that both emotional engagement and artistic flow were affirmed as proximal mechanisms. in contrast, the more distal factors, such as personal psychological and environmental conditions, are channeled to creative innovation. these mediatory states demonstrate that doing creativity in visual arts is not only a result of a complex amalgam of dispositional tendencies or situational stimuli but also of emotional and absorbed experiences during and as a part of the creative process. the study is a valuable addition to the growing body of literature in creativity and cultural psychology, as it presents an integrated model of creativity that includes both psychological characteristics and socio-cultural contexts. by providing empirical evidence for the mediating roles of emotional engagement and artistic flow, this study supports the understanding of creative outcomes not as the result of strictly dispositional considerations, but as the outcome of multiple psychological states that connect individuals' internal motivations to external contexts. additionally, the study gives culturally specific perspectives beyond traditional western-centric notions of creativity. importantly, the different roles of cultural identity and he & ismail, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 20-33 30 creative climate in the chinese art context suggest a need for multiple theories that are nuanced to culture and forms of art. for practicing artists and especially artists that engage in figurative expressionism, this study generates empirical support for the importance of intrinsic motivation and openness to experience, both psychologically defined characteristics. the study extends this effect, suggesting that they influence not only how the artist feels about the work they create, but also how they are engaged in the creative process and the originality of their resulting output. further, artists who are emotionally engaged in their work or more regularly experience an artistic flow state may be more likely to produce new, meaningful work. this insight encourages artists to prioritize emotionally resonant and immersive creative practices, rather than focusing solely on technical skill or external validation. in this regard, arts organizations and cultural institutions can also use this research at the policy level by understanding the psyche and environment in which artists work. the development of funding bodies and cultural policy can benefit by not only funding the creation and exhibition of artworks, but also by funding measures that support intrinsic motivation and creative flow, such as residencies for artists, funding for studio space, and funding for collaborative programming. cultural identity has been highlighted as a great motivator of emotional connection and innovation. it should be supported through initiatives that develop heritage-based or indigenous artistic inquiry, especially when developing emerging artists who can navigate the ongoing tension between traditional and modern practices in the creative process. while this investigation proffered crucial insights into the psychological and cultural foundations of artistic innovation in chinese figurative expressionism, limitations do exist. all limitations provided proper avenues for future research that could deepen and widen the current understanding of creative processes in visual art. first, cross-sectional research designs have limits in establishing causal relationships among variables. although structural equation modeling permits the testing of more intricate associations, it does not represent the dynamic, developing processes of an artist's engagement and innovation. therefore, longitudinal approaches in future research may be needed to capture how psychological states and creative outcomes change over time, but more importantly, how constructs like intrinsic motivation or emotional engagement evolve and influence stakeholder innovation across stages in an artist's career. second, the research relied exclusively on self-report data that, while using validated instruments, is prone to social desirability and personal interpretation biases. constructs like emotional engagement and artistic flow, in particular, are intensely personal constructs in the person's expression, whereby their survey responses may not capture or idealize what they experience. future research may build upon this research by turning to a mixed methods approach, like using in-depth interviews, behavioral observation, or analyzing the actual artwork, providing more objective or narrative-based insights rather than relying solely on self-report data. third, the sample was constricted to chinese figurative expressionist painters, providing culturally rich, genrespecific data, but limited in its applicability to other cultural situations or contexts. further research could apply the model to different artistic genres, such as abstract, installation, and digital art, or consider cross-cultural contrasts, to see if similar psychological and cultural mechanisms exist and operate in other socio-artistic traditions, such as western modernism and south asian folk art. author contributions: conceptualization, sf.h. and a.i.b.s.; methodology, sf.h.; software, sf.h.; validation, sf.h. and a.i.b.s.; formal analysis, sf.h.; investigation, sf.h.; resources, sf.h.; data curation, sf.h.; writing – original draft preparation, sf.h.; writing – review & editing, sf.h.; visualization, sf.h.; supervision, a.i.b.s.; project administration, a.i.b.s.; funding acquisition, a.i.b.s. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: our sincere appreciation goes out to all the participants who took part in this study. school of creative industry management & performing arts, universiti utara malaysia, is highly acknowledged. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references abdullah, a. h., & abdillah, n. 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(2021). multi-experiences in the art performance tourism: integrating experience economy model with flow theory. journal of travel & tourism marketing, 38(5), 491–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1952148 appendices appendix a: measurement questionnaire variables instruments intrinsic motivation i create art because it gives me personal satisfaction. i enjoy the process of painting regardless of the outcome. i feel a strong inner desire to express myself through painting. my motivation for creating art comes from within. i paint because it is meaningful to me personally. i find painting to be a rewarding activity on its own. i create artworks to satisfy my creative urges. creative climate my working environment encourages creative ideas. i feel supported by others when trying new artistic techniques. my surroundings inspire artistic creativity. the people around me value artistic innovation. i have access to resources that foster artistic creativity. cultural identity my cultural background influences my painting style. i feel proud to express my culture through my artwork. traditional chinese elements are important in my art. i see my art as a reflection of my cultural identity. i consciously incorporate cultural symbols into my paintings. chinese heritage shapes my creative ideas. my cultural values affect how i approach artistic expression. openness to experience i enjoy trying out new painting styles and techniques. i am curious about new artistic ideas. i often explore unconventional artistic concepts. i seek opportunities to experiment with different materials. i am open to diverse cultural influences in my artwork. i value artistic works that challenge traditional boundaries. i find inspiration in unexpected sources. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000535 https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11120801 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11845-y https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1155/2022/1366418 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107707 https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.chbah.2023.100004 https://doi.org/10.1108/apjml-11-2022-0945 https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1002/jocb.472 https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2020.1869387 https://doi.org/10.1080/10749039.2020.1760300 https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1952148 he & ismail, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(5) (2025), 20-33 33 emotional engagement i feel deeply connected to my emotions while painting. my artworks reflect my emotional states. i lose track of time when emotionally involved in painting. painting helps me process my emotions. i feel emotionally fulfilled after completing a painting. artistic flow i feel completely immersed while creating art. time passes quickly when i am painting. i am entirely focused when working on a painting. i feel energized and motivated during the painting process. my creativity feels natural and effortless while painting. artistic innovation my paintings are original compared to others. i often introduce new ideas in my artwork. i create artworks that reflect unique perspectives. i strive to produce innovative artistic expressions. my artworks differ from conventional figurative styles. i experiment with new forms in my art. i often blend traditional and modern elements creatively. publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 1-11 1 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 6 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa influence of personal attributes on digital entrepreneurial intention: the added impact of entrepreneurial passion and creativity nurjahan akter monira (a) ireen sultana (b)1 werner krings (c) fariha tazin (d) sayma sharmen (e) (a)lecturer, department of business studies, state university of bangladesh, bangladesh; e-mail: nurjahan@sub.edu.bd (b)ireen sultana, assistant professor, department of sociology, jagannath university, bangladesh; e-mail: ireen110@gmail.com (c)professor, department of marketing, framingham state university, united states; e-mail: wkrings@framingham.edu (d)assistant professor, department of business studies, state university of bangladesh, bangladesh; e-mail: farihatazin@gmail.com (e)assistant professor, department of business administration, dhaka international university, bangladesh; e-mail: sayma.bba@diu.ac a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 10th march 2025 reviewed & revised: 10th march 2025 to 20th august 2025 accepted: 24th august 2025 published: 27th august 2025 keywords: digital entrepreneurial intention, personal attributes, digital entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial passion, creativity, innovation jel classification codes: l26, m13, o33 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t digital entrepreneurship is gaining global relevance as digital technologies transform the way ventures are conceived and launched. however, the individual-level traits influencing digital entrepreneurial intention (dei) remain under-examined. this study extends prior frameworks by integrating two novel predictors, entrepreneurial passion and creativity, alongside five established traits: empathy, prior experience, locus of control, self-efficacy, and risk-taking tendency. using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 589 bangladeshi university students, a population well-positioned as future digital entrepreneurs. multiple regression analysis revealed that all seven personal attributes significantly and positively influence dei (p < 0.05). the extended model accounted for 59.4% of the variance in dei (adjusted r² = 0.594, f(7, 581) = 122.4, p < 0.001). quantitatively, risk-taking tendency (β = 0.301, p < 0.001) and entrepreneurial passion (β = 0.244, p < 0.001) emerged as the strongest predictors. creativity (β = 0.127, p = 0.002), locus of control (β = 0.119, p = 0.001), and selfefficacy (β = 0.102, p = 0.004) followed in magnitude. empathy (β = 0.079, p = 0.024) and prior experience (β = 0.058, p = 0.047) also showed statistically significant but comparatively smaller effects. these results highlight that both affective (passion, empathy) and cognitive (creativity, self-efficacy, locus of control) traits play a pivotal role in fostering digital entrepreneurship. the findings underscore the importance of cultivating emotional motivation and innovative capacity in digital entrepreneurship education. overall, this study presents a robust empirical model that explains dei, offering practical implications for entrepreneurship educators and policymakers in developing contexts. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction advanced digital technologies have transformed the business landscape, creating new opportunities and challenges for entrepreneurs. digital entrepreneurship, a distinct subcategory, centers on leveraging digital technologies and online platforms to create, manage, and grow ventures. this digital context differentiates itself from traditional entrepreneurship by relying on virtual operations and innovative technological tools. while interest in digital entrepreneurship is increasing, research on its key driving factors is still in its formative stages. in particular, there is a need to understand what motivates individuals to pursue entrepreneurial endeavors in the digital realm, digital entrepreneurial intention (dei). dei extends beyond a general inclination to start a business; it reflects a proactive commitment to initiate new ventures using digital means. identifying the determinants of dei is crucial, as intentions often precede and predict actual entrepreneurial behavior (ajzen, 1991). prior studies on entrepreneurial intentions have highlighted various individual characteristics that can facilitate or hinder one's resolve to start a venture. additionally, optimizing digital media platforms has been identified as a crucial component of digital entrepreneurship, enabling ventures to effectively reach their target markets (krings et al., 2021). building on the theory of planned behavior and trait-based approaches, researchers have examined how personal traits and experiences shape entrepreneurial intentions (kautonen et al., 2015; schlaegel & koenig, 2014). in the context of social 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0006-2631-1255 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/xxsgv572 to cite this article: monira, n. a., sultana, i., krings, w., tazin, f., & sharmen, s. (2025). influence of personal attributes on digital entrepreneurial intention: the added impact of entrepreneurial passion and creativity. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(6), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.46281/xxsgv572 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/xxsgv572 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4387-2602 https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2631-1255 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2071-5703 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2896-301x https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1433-017x monira et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 1-11 2 entrepreneurship, for example, hossain (2021) demonstrated that empathy, prior experience, internal locus of control, self‑efficacy, and risk‑taking propensity positively influence students' intentions to become entrepreneurs. these findings suggest that individual-level factors have a significant impact on entrepreneurial career choice processes. it is plausible that similar personal attributes also drive intentions in the digital entrepreneurship domain, yet this area remains underexplored. moreover, beyond these five traits, other personal factors could further deepen our understanding of entrepreneurial intention formation. in particular, entrepreneurial passion — the intense positive emotion and dedication towards entrepreneurial activities — and creativity, the capacity to generate novel and valuable ideas, are two pertinent individual-level variables that may directly affect one's intention to found a digital venture. entrepreneurial passion has been theorized as a core motivational force that energizes entrepreneurs to pursue and persist in venture creation (cardon et al., 2009). passion embodies a strong emotional attraction towards entrepreneurial work and has been linked to higher entrepreneurial goals, effort, and perseverance. recent studies have begun to empirically connect entrepreneurial passion with the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. for instance, a study by biraglia and kadile (2017) found that passion, coupled with creativity, significantly predicted individuals' intent to start new businesses. similarly, contemporary research underscores that passion can inspire nascent entrepreneurs to overcome obstacles and commit to launching their ventures (murnieks et al., 2016). given that digital entrepreneurship often requires continual learning and adaptation to fast-changing technology, passionate engagement may be especially critical in sustaining the intention to embark on a digital startup journey. creativity, defined as the ability to produce innovative and valuable ideas, is another individual attribute closely associated with entrepreneurship. creative individuals are better at recognizing opportunities and devising novel solutions, highly valuable skills in the digital economy, where innovation is constant. prior research in traditional settings has demonstrated that creativity can stimulate entrepreneurial intentions by enhancing opportunity identification and confidence in problem-solving (hamidi et al., 2008; rahaman et al., 2022). more recent evidence reinforces the importance of creativity: for example, shahab et al. (2019) found that entrepreneurial creativity (along with education) significantly impacts self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions. creativity might drive individuals to conceive unique digital business models or products in a digital context, thereby strengthening their intent to actualize those ideas through venture creation. in light of these considerations, this study aims to revise and extend the digital entrepreneurial intention (dei) model by incorporating entrepreneurial passion and creativity as additional predictors alongside the five established individual factors (empathy, prior experience, locus of control, self-efficacy, and risk-taking). by doing so, we aim to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how personal attributes collectively influence one's propensity to engage in digital entrepreneurship. we integrate entrepreneurship and digital entrepreneurship literature to develop hypotheses for the effect of each predictor on dei. using a sample of 589 university students (an appropriate population for intention studies, as they are prospective entrepreneurs in the near future), we test the proposed model and evaluate the contributions of each factor. the findings of this research will enrich the theoretical discourse on digital entrepreneurial intentions and offer insights for educational and incubation programs to cultivate essential traits (such as passion and creativity) in aspiring digital entrepreneurs. the remainder of the paper is structured as follows. first, we review relevant literature and formulate hypotheses for the relationships between the seven individual-level factors and digital entrepreneurial intention. next, we describe the methodology, including the sample, measures, and analytic approach. we then present the statistical analysis results, followed by a discussion of the findings in light of theory and prior research. finally, we outline the practical and theoretical implications of the study, acknowledge its limitations, and suggest avenues for future research before concluding. literature review empathy refers to the capacity to understand and share others' feelings and experiences. in an entrepreneurial context, empathy enables individuals to perceive problems or needs from others' perspectives and respond with innovative solutions that are tailored to their needs. empathic individuals are attuned to the pain points of customers or communities, which can inspire the recognition of opportunities and socially conscious venture ideas. in traditional and social entrepreneurship research, empathy is a driver for helping behavior and pro-social venture creation (mair & noboa, 2006; hockerts, 2015). while digital entrepreneurship is primarily technology-driven, empathy can still play a crucial role: understanding user needs deeply can lead to the development of user-centric digital products and services. an aspiring digital entrepreneur with higher empathy may be more inclined to identify with users' problems and feel compelled to create a digital solution, thereby strengthening their entrepreneurial intention. empirical support for the influence of empathy on entrepreneurial intentions is documented in social entrepreneurship settings (hockerts, 2017; hossain, 2021). we expect a similar positive linkage in the digital domain. prior experience encompasses an individual's previous exposure to activities related to entrepreneurship or relevant domains. experience can be gained through activities such as working in a startup, participating in business projects, or involvement in digital technology endeavors. experience often shapes attitudes and self-confidence. positive experiences can reinforce one's desire and perceived feasibility to repeat the behavior (shook et al., 2003). in entrepreneurship research, prior entrepreneurial exposure or involvement in related projects has been identified as a predictor of entrepreneurial intention (kautonen et al., 2015; chlosta et al., 2012). the rationale is that experience provides practical knowledge, skills, and a realistic preview of venture creation, thereby reducing uncertainty. in the digital entrepreneurship context, prior experience (such as developing a digital product, managing an online business, or volunteering in a technology initiative) can build pertinent knowledge and networks. such expertise may enhance an individual's confidence in launching a digital startup and increase their commitment to doing so. empirical studies in social entrepreneurship have similarly found that volunteering or working on social projects increases students' inclination to start a social venture. monira et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 1-11 3 locus of control is a personality trait reflecting one's belief about control over life events. individuals with a strong internal locus of control believe that the outcomes in their lives are primarily a result of their own actions and efforts, rather than external forces or luck (rotter, 1954). this trait has long been associated with entrepreneurial propensity; entrepreneurs often exhibit a high internal locus of control, believing they can shape their venture's success through personal initiative and effort. an internal locus of control can instill greater confidence in managing the uncertainties of entrepreneurship, as individuals feel they have agency to influence results. prior studies have found that an internal locus of control is associated with higher entrepreneurial intentions (göksel & aydıntan, 2011; altinay et al., 2012). in a digital entrepreneurship scenario, those with an internal locus may be more comfortable leveraging digital tools and strategies to achieve business goals, trusting in their own ability to learn and adapt. they will likely view potential challenges in the digital marketplace as surmountable through effort and skill, thus bolstering their intention to initiate a digital venture. self-efficacy refers to one's belief in one's capability to perform tasks and achieve goals (bandura, 1977). entrepreneurial self-efficacy refers to the confidence in one's ability to launch and successfully run a new venture (chen et al., 1998; mair & noboa, 2006). high self-efficacy can influence the decision-making process by increasing an individual's perceived feasibility of entrepreneurship. if people believe they have the skills to start a business, they are more likely to form the intention to do so (krueger & brazeal, 1994). prior research consistently identifies self-efficacy as a strong predictor of entrepreneurial intention (zhao et al., 2005; schlaegel & koenig, 2014). in the context of digital entrepreneurship, self-efficacy encompasses confidence in one's technical skills (e.g., coding, digital marketing) and the business acumen necessary to establish a digital startup. individuals with greater digital entrepreneurial self-efficacy are more likely to perceive themselves as capable of navigating the complexities of the digital market, from developing a digital product to acquiring online customers. they are thus more likely to intend to start a digital venture. empirical evidence from related domains supports this link; for example, shahab et al. (2019) found self-efficacy crucial for translating creativity and education into entrepreneurial intention in a multi-country study. a risk-taking tendency is the disposition to willingly take on risk and uncertainty in decision-making. entrepreneurship inherently involves risk, as new ventures often face uncertain outcomes and a potential for failure. individuals vary in risk tolerance; those with higher risk-taking propensity are more comfortable with uncertainty and are often more attracted to entrepreneurial careers (stewart & roth, 2001). since early studies, risk-taking has been considered a hallmark trait of entrepreneurs (brockhaus, 1980). a person eager to take calculated risks may view the uncertainties of starting a business, including a digital business, as challenges to be embraced rather than avoided. prior research in commercial and social entrepreneurship contexts has linked risk propensity to stronger entrepreneurial intentions. in the digital arena, while some entry barriers are reduced (for instance, lower startup costs), significant risks remain related to technological change, competition, cybersecurity, and other factors. those with a greater risk-taking tendency might be less deterred by these uncertainties and more resolute in their intention to create a digital startup. entrepreneurial passion is characterized by intense positive emotions, deep intrinsic motivation, and enduring enthusiasm for entrepreneurial activities such as inventing new products or founding new businesses. passionate entrepreneurs are often described as being "obsessed" in a positive way with their venture ideas, which fuels their perseverance and resilience (cardon et al., 2009). the role of passion in entrepreneurship has received growing scholarly attention, with findings suggesting that passion can drive higher levels of initiative and persistence even in the face of obstacles. from an intention standpoint, entrepreneurial passion can strengthen one's personal desire and commitment to start a business. when individuals feel passionate about an entrepreneurial idea or role, they are more likely to form a stronger intention to pursue that path as a career. recent studies provide evidence of the influence of passion on entrepreneurial intention. for example, newman et al. (2019) reported that entrepreneurs' passion positively predicted their intentions to start a business and subsequent actions. similarly, biraglia and kadile (2017) found that entrepreneurial passion significantly contributes to developing entrepreneurial intentions among hobbyist entrepreneurs (in their study of homebrewers). in the context of digital entrepreneurship, passion can be a critical energizing factor: launching a digital enterprise often requires long hours of skill development and iterative product refinement, which are more sustainable when driven by genuine passion. a passionate individual is likely to remain committed to the goal of founding a digital startup, despite setbacks such as software bugs or market feedback, thereby maintaining a high level of entrepreneurial intention. creativity is the ability to generate original ideas, concepts, or solutions that are valuable and innovative. in entrepreneurship, creativity underlies the recognition of opportunities. the process of perceiving new business opportunities often comes from creative insight. creative individuals tend to question the status quo and envision novel products or services, making them more inclined to pursue entrepreneurship to implement their ideas. prior research has linked creativity to entrepreneurial intentions; for instance, students with higher creativity have shown greater interest in starting their own businesses (zampetakis et al., 2009). creativity can also enhance self-efficacy and attitudes towards entrepreneurship by giving individuals a sense of originality and a competitive advantage. a recent study by shahab et al. (2019) explicitly examined "entrepreneurial creativity" and found that it plays a significant role in shaping entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intentions. in digital entrepreneurship, creativity is even more salient. digital entrepreneurs operate in fast-paced, innovation-driven environments where competitive advantage often comes from unique digital solutions or disruptive business models. an individual's creativity can lead to the conception of a new app, platform, or digital service that they become eager to bring to life. this creative ideation can spark and reinforce the intention to develop a venture that brings the idea to market. those scoring higher on creativity will be more likely to intend to start a digital enterprise, all else being equal. monira et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 1-11 4 this study aims to advance the current digital entrepreneurial intention (dei) model by incorporating entrepreneurial passion and creativity as additional predictors alongside the five recognized individual factors: empathy, prior experience, locus of control, self-efficacy, and risk-taking. the goal is to provide a deeper and more holistic understanding of the factors influencing dei. this research proposes the following hypotheses. h1: empathy positively influences digital entrepreneurial intention. h2: prior entrepreneurial or relevant experience positively influences digital entrepreneurial intention. h3: an internal locus of control has a positive influence on digital entrepreneurial intention. h4: self-efficacy positively influences digital entrepreneurial intention. h5: risk-taking tendency positively influences digital entrepreneurial intention. h6: entrepreneurial passion positively influences digital entrepreneurial intention. h7: individual creativity positively influences digital entrepreneurial intention. materials and methods sample and data collection this study applied a quantitative survey design to test the above hypotheses. the target population consisted of university students in bangladesh, who represent potential future entrepreneurs. focusing on students is common in entrepreneurial intention research, as they are on the verge of career choices and constitute a relevant sample for studying nascent entrepreneurial intentions (krueger et al., 2000; tiwari et al., 2017). data were collected using a structured self-report questionnaire. with cooperation from several prominent universities, the researchers distributed the survey to final year undergraduate and postgraduate students from business, engineering, and computer science programs. these fields were chosen to capture a diverse set of respondents with exposure to business and digital technology, aligning with the context of digital entrepreneurship. participation was voluntary, and respondents were assured anonymity and that the data would be used only for research purposes. a total of 650 survey forms were distributed in class and via an online link. of these, 612 responses were returned. after screening the data for completeness and attention (e.g., removing forms with excessive missing data or obvious inattentive patterns), 589 responses were deemed usable for analysis. this final sample (n = 589) had an average age of 22.7 years (sd = 2.1). approximately 55% of respondents were male, and 45% were female. in terms of academic background, approximately 60% were business or management majors, 25% were engineering/computer science majors, and the rest were from other fields (such as economics or social sciences) with an interest in entrepreneurship. during their studies, most respondents (around 72%) reported some exposure to entrepreneurship education or digital innovation courses. these demographics indicate a suitable sample for examining digital entrepreneurial intentions. table 1 summarizes the key characteristics of the respondents. table 1. demographic profile of respondents (n = 589) characteristic category frequency percentage (%) age 20 or younger 68 11.5% 21–23 410 69.6% 24 or older 111 18.9% gender male 323 54.8% female 266 45.2% education level undergraduate (bachelor’s) 482 81.8% postgraduate (master’s) 107 18.2% field of study business/management 354 60.1% engineering/comp. science 147 25.0% other 88 14.9% entrepreneurship course taken yes 423 71.8% no 166 28.2% table 1 profiles 589 university students, predominantly aged 21–23 years (69.6%), with 11.5% aged 20 or younger and 18.9% aged 24 or older. the gender split is pretty balanced (54.8% male, 45.2% female). most respondents are undergraduates (81.8%) rather than postgraduates (18.2%), indicating that results primarily reflect pre-entry labor market intentions. academically, 60.1% study business/management, 25.0% engineering/computer science, and 14.9% other fields, an appropriate mix for digital entrepreneurship, combining commercial and technical perspectives. a large majority (71.8%) have taken at least one entrepreneurship course, which enhances the sample's relevance for intention research but may elevate average intention and self-efficacy compared with less-exposed cohorts. overall, the sample is well-suited for examining digital entrepreneurial intention in a student context; however, generalization to older or non-student populations should be made cautiously. measures all the constructs in this study were measured with established multi-item scales adapted from prior research. the survey instrument assessed the seven independent variables (empathy, previous experience, locus of control, self-efficacy, risktaking tendency, entrepreneurial passion, creativity) and the dependent variable (digital entrepreneurial intention), along with demographic questions. unless otherwise noted, respondents rated each item on a five-point likert scale (1 = "strongly disagree" to 5 = "strongly agree"), indicating their level of agreement with each statement. monira et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 1-11 5 digital entrepreneurial intention (dei): we measured dei using a six-item scale adapted from abdelwahed et al. (2024), which was initially developed to assess individuals' intentions to start a digital business. the items capture one's readiness and determination to become a digital entrepreneur. a higher score indicates a stronger intention to found a digital venture. in this study, the dei scale showed good reliability (cronbach's α = 0.85). empathy: empathy was measured using three items adapted from hockerts (2015, 2017), which were initially developed in a social entrepreneurship context but were framed more generally for this study. these items assess the degree to which respondents resonate with others' difficulties and feel compelled to help. cronbach's alpha for the empathy scale was 0.84. prior experience: we captured prior entrepreneurial or relevant experience with a three-item scale based on hockerts (2017) and prior intention studies. the items asked whether the respondent had experience working or volunteering in organizations, projects, or activities related to entrepreneurship or digital innovation. a higher score reflects greater pertinent experience. the reliability of this scale was α = 0.78. locus of control: locus of control was assessed using a seven-item scale adapted from koh (1996) that measures the internal locus of control in an entrepreneurial setting. higher scores indicate a more internal locus of control. the internal consistency of this scale was α = 0.81. self-efficacy: entrepreneurial self-efficacy was measured with a four-item scale adapted from chen et al. (1998) and hockerts (2017). we specifically focused on the respondent's confidence in skills relevant to starting a digital business. cronbach's alpha for self-efficacy was 0.83. risk-taking tendency: we employed a six-item scale developed by koh (1996) to assess risk-taking propensity. the items describe attitudes towards risk and uncertainty. this measure assesses the respondent's comfort with uncertain outcomes and their preference for bold decisions, traits relevant to entrepreneurial contexts. the risk-taking scale had an internal consistency of α = 0.72 in our sample. entrepreneurial passion: entrepreneurial passion was measured by adapting five items from prior studies of entrepreneurial passion (cardon et al., 2009; biraglia & kadile, 2017). these items capture the intensity of positive feelings toward founding and developing a business. the passion scale demonstrated high reliability (α = 0.88). creativity: we assessed individual creativity using a four-item creative thinking scale adapted from tierney and farmer (2002) and measures used in entrepreneurial contexts (zampetakis et al., 2009). the items gauged the respondent's selfperception of their creative ability. for this study, creativity refers to entrepreneurial creativity, the ability to generate ideas for new products, services, or solutions. cronbach's alpha on the creativity scale was 0.80. all scale items were presented in english, the medium of instruction at the participating universities, ensuring that language did not pose a barrier to understanding. we conducted a pre-test of the questionnaire with 30 students to check for clarity and relevance of the items in the digital entrepreneurship context. based on the feedback, minor wording adjustments were made (for instance, clarifying terms like "digital venture"). table 2. validity check construct item code factor loading digital entrepreneurial intention (dei) (α = 0.85) dei1 0.78 dei2 0.81 dei3 0.84 dei4 0.80 dei5 0.76 dei6 0.82 empathy (α = 0.84) emp1 0.77 emp2 0.83 emp3 0.79 prior experience (α = 0.78) exp1 0.73 exp2 0.76 exp3 0.71 locus of control (α = 0.81) loc1 0.74 loc2 0.78 loc3 0.81 loc4 0.75 loc5 0.72 loc6 0.79 loc7 0.77 self-efficacy (α = 0.83) se1 0.81 se2 0.79 se3 0.76 se4 0.83 monira et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 1-11 6 risk-taking tendency (α = 0.72) risk1 0.72 risk2 0.74 risk3 0.70 risk4 0.73 risk5 0.68 risk6 0.71 entrepreneurial passion (α = 0.88) pass1 0.85 pass2 0.83 pass3 0.82 pass4 0.86 pass5 0.87 creativity (α = 0.80) crea1 0.77 crea2 0.80 crea3 0.76 crea4 0.81 the factor loading table shows that all items loaded strongly on their respective constructs, with standardized values ranging from 0.68 to 0.87. these results indicate that each item is a valid indicator of its underlying construct. the highest loading was observed for entrepreneurial passion, reflecting strong coherence among its items, while the lowest loading was found for risk-taking tendency, but still within an acceptable range. reliability check we undertook multiple procedures to assess the psychometric soundness of the measures. cronbach's α exceeded the conventional threshold of 0.70 for all multi-item constructs, indicating acceptable to excellent reliability (hair et al., 2010). risk-taking was adequate for exploratory work (α = 0.72). a summary is provided below. table 3. reliability check construct items cronbach’s α digital entrepreneurial intention (dei) 6 0.85 empathy 3 0.84 prior experience 3 0.78 locus of control 7 0.81 self-efficacy 4 0.83 risk-taking tendency 6 0.72 entrepreneurial passion 5 0.88 creativity 4 0.80 the reliability evidence is solid: cronbach’s α values range from 0.72 to 0.88, indicating acceptable to perfect internal consistency across constructs. the strongest scales are entrepreneurial passion (α = 0.88) and dei (α = 0.85), followed closely by empathy (α = 0.84), self-efficacy (α = 0.83), locus of control (α = 0.81), and creativity (α = 0.80), all comfortably above the .80 “good” benchmark. prior experience (0.78) is satisfactory, and its three-item length likely caps α somewhat (α generally increases with more items). the risk-taking tendency (0.72) meets the conventional threshold of 0.70. it is adequate for exploratory work, although it shows the most room for refinement, warranting examination of item-total correlations, reverse-coded items, and potential sub-dimensions. overall, the scale set provides a reliable foundation for hypothesis testing. to further strengthen reporting, consider adding composite reliability (cr) from the cfa and retaining α in the text/table for transparency. results descriptive statistics and correlations table 4 presents the descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) for all study variables, along with the pearson correlation matrix. the sample mean for digital entrepreneurial intention was 3.67 on a 5-point scale (sd = 0.81), indicating that overall intention levels were above the neutral midpoint, with many students agreeing that they plan to pursue digital entrepreneurship. among the independent variables, entrepreneurial passion had the highest mean (m = 3.89, sd = 0.77), indicating that, on average, respondents felt a strong affinity for entrepreneurship. creativity and self-efficacy were also relatively high (m = 3.74 and 3.61, respectively). in contrast, prior experience had the lowest mean (m = 2.94, sd = 0.93), reflecting that many students had limited direct entrepreneurial or work experience. the correlation matrix indicates that all independent variables exhibit a positive and significant correlation with the dependent variable (dei), providing initial support for our hypotheses. entrepreneurial passion and risk-taking tendency strongly correlate with dei (r = 0.59 and r = 0.57, respectively, p < 0.01). locus of control and creativity are also substantially correlated with dei (r = 0.50 and r = 0.46, p < 0.01). empathy and prior experience show weaker yet significant correlations with dei (r = 0.33 and r = 0.28, p < 0.01). these patterns suggest that students with a higher passion for entrepreneurship, greater risk tolerance, strong internal locus of control, and high creativity tend to report higher intentions to start digital ventures. inter-correlations among independent variables are generally moderate. as expected, entrepreneurial passion is moderately correlated with creativity (r = 0.44, p < 0.01) and self-efficacy (r = 0.52, p < 0.01), indicating that passionate individuals often feel capable and think creatively. prior experience is moderately associated with risk-taking (r = 0.37, p < 0.01) and self-efficacy (r = 0.41, p < 0.01), possibly because hands-on experience can build confidence and comfort with monira et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 1-11 7 risk. the highest correlation among the predictors is between self-efficacy and locus of control (r = 0.55, p < 0.01), which is logical as believing in one's control over outcomes can enhance one's confidence in performing tasks. importantly, none of the predictor intercorrelations approaches excessively high levels (e.g., r > 0.8) that would signal concerns about multicollinearity, aligning with the vif diagnostics. overall, the correlation analysis provides a favorable initial test of our model. each characteristic is positively linked to digital entrepreneurial intention, supporting the notion that these factors may serve as significant determinants. table 4. descriptive statistics and correlations among variables variable mean (m) sd 1. dei 2. empathy 3. prior exp 4. locus 5. selfeff 6. risktaking 7. passion 8. creativity 1. digital entrepreneurial intention 3.67 0.81 1 2. empathy 3.45 0.85 0.33** 1 3. prior experience 2.94 0.93 0.28** 0.21** 1 4. locus of control 3.58 0.67 0.50** 0.19** 0.26** 1 5. self-efficacy 3.61 0.74 0.45** 0.18** 0.41** 0.55** 1 6. risk-taking tendency 3.32 0.80 0.57** 0.30** 0.37** 0.43** 0.39** 1 7. entrepreneurial passion 3.89 0.77 0.59** 0.24** 0.29** 0.48** 0.52** 0.46** 1 8. creativity 3.74 0.69 0.46** 0.15** 0.22** 0.34** 0.40** 0.42** 0.44** 1 note: **p < 0.01 (n = 589) the correlation findings support all bivariate associations proposed (h1 through h7). however, to rigorously test the hypotheses, we next turn to multivariate regression analysis, which assesses the unique contribution of each factor to dei while controlling for the others. this approach determines whether each predictor has a significant independent effect on digital entrepreneurial intention, thus providing a stronger test of the hypotheses. regression analysis we performed a multiple linear regression with digital entrepreneurial intention as the dependent variable and the seven individual characteristics as simultaneous predictors. the overall regression model was statistically significant (f(7, 581) = 122.4, p < 0.001), indicating that the set of predictors reliably explains variance in dei. the model's r-squared value was 0.775, and the adjusted r-squared value was 0.594, meaning that these seven factors accounted for approximately 59.4% of the variance in digital entrepreneurial intention. this represents a substantial effect size in the context of behavioral intentions. it also reflects an improvement over earlier models with fewer predictors (for example, a comparable model with only five traits was found to explain about 54% of the variance in social entrepreneurial intentions). including entrepreneurial passion and creativity in the model has thus added meaningful explanatory power, highlighting their relevance to dei. table 5 details the regression coefficients for each predictor. all seven hypotheses (h1–h7) are supported, as each independent variable shows a positive and statistically significant coefficient (at least at the 0.05 level). specifically, entrepreneurial passion emerged as a strong predictor of dei (β = 0.244, p < 0.001), providing evidence for h6. this suggests that, when controlling for other factors, students' passionate drive towards entrepreneurship has a unique and significant effect on their intention to start a digital venture. creativity also had a positive and significant impact on dei (β = 0.127, p < 0.01), confirming h7 and demonstrating that creative ability contributes to one's entrepreneurial intention in the digital context. among the original five predictors, risk-taking tendency retained a highly significant influence on dei (β = 0.301, p < 0.001), in line with h5. in fact, risk propensity had the most significant standardized coefficient in the model, indicating it is one of the most influential factors (alongside passion) for intending to engage in digital entrepreneurship. the locus of control also remained significant (β = 0.119, p < 0.01), supporting h3, which states that individuals who believe they control their own outcomes are more likely to intend to create a digital business. self-efficacy had a positive coefficient (β = 0.102, p < 0.01), supporting h4; even with other traits in the model, confidence in one's entrepreneurial abilities remains a significant contributor to higher dei. empathy's coefficient was smaller but still positive and significant (β = 0.079, p < 0.05), consistent with h1, suggesting that empathy has a modest but honest effect on motivating digital entrepreneurial pursuits. lastly, prior experience showed a positive coefficient (β = 0.058, p < 0.05), marginally supporting h2. this indicates that having previous exposure to entrepreneurial or relevant activities adds slightly to one's intention to start a digital venture (though its effect is relatively weaker compared to other predictors, likely because not all students had substantial experience). table 5. multiple regression results predicting digital entrepreneurial intention. predictor unstandardized b std. error b standardized β t-value p-value empathy 0.072 0.032 0.079 2.256 0.024* prior experience 0.041 0.021 0.058 1.993 0.047* locus of control 0.115 0.036 0.119 3.203 0.001** self-efficacy 0.098 0.034 0.102 2.882 0.004** risk-taking tendency 0.308 0.028 0.301 10.998 0.000** entrepreneurial passion 0.228 0.031 0.244 7.358 0.000** monira et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 1-11 8 creativity 0.116 0.037 0.127 3.149 0.002** model summary: r = 0.775; r2 = 0.600; adjusted r2 = 0.594; f(7, 581) = 122.4, p < 0.001; durbin-watson = 1.98. note: dependent variable: digital entrepreneurial intention. unstandardized b = unstandardized regression coefficient; std. error b = standard error of b; standardized β = standardized coefficient. p<0.05*, *p<0.01 (two-tailed). these results confirm that each hypothesized determinant has a positive effect on digital entrepreneurial intention when analyzed jointly. entrepreneurial passion (h6) and creativity (h7), the newly introduced variables, both have significant independent impacts, thus extending the understanding of dei formation. the strong influence of passion aligns with theoretical expectations that emotional drive is key in entrepreneurship. creativity's effect, while smaller in magnitude, is noteworthy; it suggests that, beyond being confident and risk-tolerant, would-be digital entrepreneurs benefit from having a creative mindset that generates the ideas they intend to pursue. the findings for the original five factors (h1–h5) largely align with prior literature and empirical evidence from related contexts, such as social entrepreneurial intention. risk-taking propensity stands out as a major contributor, underscoring the importance of embracing uncertainty, even in digital startups. internal locus of control and self-efficacy remain essential and intuitive: individuals who feel in charge of their own fate and are confident in their skills are more likely to intend to start a venture. empathy, while significant, had the smallest coefficient; this suggests that its role, although positive, may be less critical than that of other factors in the digital entrepreneurship setting. one reason could be that empathy's effect is more indirect (e.g., through shaping social value motives) or that in a tech-driven domain, empathy is not as immediately influential on intention as, say, passion or risk propensity. prior experience's marginal significance indicates that while helpful, experience alone (especially among a young sample) is not a strong driver unless coupled with other qualities, such as self-efficacy or passion. it is possible that many students without direct startup experience still form intentions based on their education and traits, somewhat diluting the difference between those with and without experience in this sample. overall, the regression analysis provides robust support for our extended dei model. nearly sixty per cent of the variance explained is considerable for an intentions model, suggesting that these seven personal attributes collectively offer a powerful lens for understanding who is likely to pursue digital entrepreneurship. next, we discuss these results in a broader context, comparing them with previous findings and drawing out implications. discussions support for hypotheses: the findings clearly indicate that the primary hypotheses (h3, h4, h5, h6, h7) were all supported by the data, as were the secondary hypotheses (h1, h2). in other words, each proposed predictor demonstrated a significant positive relationship with students’ digital entrepreneurial intention. notably, entrepreneurial passion (h6) and risk-taking propensity (h5) emerged as two of the most influential factors, consistent with expectations. meanwhile, empathy (h1) and prior experience (h2) showed weaker support, with smaller effect sizes and marginal significance in the case of prior experience (p = 0.047). these two traits, although significant, contributed less to the intention model, suggesting their impact is modest compared to the other predictors. such results warrant closer examination to understand why their effects were relatively subdued. entrepreneurial passion (h6): the strong effect of entrepreneurial passion on digital entrepreneurial intention confirms the importance of emotional drive in venture creation. passionate individuals exhibit high intrinsic motivation and perseverance, which likely translates into a stronger resolve to start a digital business. our results align with emerging research that identifies passion as a core motivational engine for entrepreneurship. for instance, cardon et al. (2009) theorized that passion fuels entrepreneurial goals, and murnieks et al. (2016) found passion linked to greater entrepreneurial engagement. we extend these insights to the digital domain: even in technology-driven ventures, the “heart” (passion) remains crucial. this implies that nurturing students' entrepreneurial passion, for example, by helping them discover venture ideas they deeply care about, could bolster their intention to launch digital startups. our research on h6 highlights that an intense positive emotion for entrepreneurship can energize individuals to pursue and persist in the digital entrepreneurial process. creativity (h7): incorporating creativity into the model also proved valuable. a creative mindset was positively associated with digital entrepreneurial intention, indicating that students who see themselves as creative thinkers are more inclined to envision starting their own digital ventures. this finding aligns with prior studies that have linked creativity to entrepreneurial intentions in traditional settings (hamidi et al., 2008; zampetakis et al., 2009). in our study, h7 was supported, reinforcing that the ability to generate novel ideas can inspire entrepreneurial action. intuitively, individuals brimming with innovative ideas are quicker to spot opportunities and feel compelled to bring those ideas to life through startups. this echoes shahab et al. (2019), who questioned the role of entrepreneurial creativity and found that creativity indeed matters for intention. in a digital context, creative ability might also indirectly strengthen intention by boosting selfefficacy (confidence in devising unique solutions) and making the entrepreneurial journey more personally rewarding. practical implication: training programs for future digital entrepreneurs should not only teach technical skills but also foster creative thinking and problem-solving, as doing so can increase participants' motivation to start a venture. risk-taking propensity (h5): among the established traits, risk-taking propensity had one of the most significant impacts on digital entrepreneurial intention. this aligns with the classic understanding that entrepreneurship involves uncertainty, and individuals who are comfortable with risk are more likely to pursue it. our data strongly supported h5, mirroring findings in both commercial entrepreneurship (where risk tolerance is a hallmark of entrepreneurs, stewart & roth, 2001) and social entrepreneurship contexts (hossain, 2021). even in the digital realm, which can offer flexibility but monira et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 1-11 9 still entails market and technological uncertainties, a higher risk appetite differentiates those who intend to found ventures. the implication is that developing individuals' ability to manage and accept risk (through education or guided experience) could encourage more students to consider digital startups. in entrepreneurial development programs, helping nascent entrepreneurs learn risk management strategies might increase their comfort with launching a venture. internal locus of control (h3) and self-efficacy (h4): both an internal locus of control and entrepreneurial selfefficacy showed significant positive relationships with digital entrepreneurial intention, supporting h3 and h4. these results underscore the importance of self-belief and agency in the entrepreneurial mindset. students who believe that outcomes depend on their own actions (internal locus) and who are confident in their entrepreneurial abilities (high self-efficacy) were more likely to intend to start a digital business. this is consistent with social cognitive theory (bandura, 1977) and prior research on entrepreneurial intentions, which emphasizes that feeling in control and feeling capable encourage entrepreneurial pursuits. interestingly, in our data, these two traits were strongly correlated, often going hand-in-hand: those who feel in control tend to feel capable as well. both traits can be enhanced through education and experience, for example, engaging students in hands-on projects, internships, or startup simulations can improve self-efficacy, while teaching entrepreneurial skills and problem-solving can strengthen an internal locus of control (nowiński et al., 2019). our findings suggest that bolstering students' confidence (h4) and sense of agency (h3) may directly increase their digital entrepreneurial intentions. in practical terms, educators and mentors should focus on providing mastery experiences and empowerment strategies, since believing in one’s abilities and influence is key to turning intention into action in the digital startup context. empathy (h1) and prior experience (h2): empathy and prior entrepreneurial experience were the two weakest predictors in our model, although both effects were still statistically significant. empathy (h1) had the smallest standardized coefficient, indicating that while being compassionate and attuned to others has some positive influence, it is not a primary driver of digital entrepreneurial intention. this outcome aligns with the notion that many digital businesses are opportunitydriven or tech-focused, and not always launched from empathic motives, unlike social enterprises, which often stem directly from empathy for a problem or community (mair & noboa, 2006; hockerts, 2017). nonetheless, the fact that h1 was supported (β = 0.08) suggests that empathy adds a layer of purpose to entrepreneurial intentions. students who care about others or society may channel that concern into mission-driven digital ideas, thereby slightly bolstering their drive to start a venture. future research may investigate whether empathy plays a more significant role in intentions to launch certain types of digital startups (e.g., health or education platforms with social impact) compared to purely commercial apps. prior experience (h2) showed a marginal but positive effect on intention (β = 0.06, p =0.047), indicating weak support for h2. this tepid influence could be due to our undergraduate sample, as few students had substantial entrepreneurial exposure, so experience did not vary enough to drive intentions strongly. indeed, literature shows mixed results on the impact of prior experience: some studies find that having an entrepreneurial background or exposure increases intentions. in contrast, others find a limited direct impact after accounting for personal traits. our result leans toward the latter; it implies that other factors, such as education or self-efficacy, may partly offset a lack of experience. still, the significance of h2 (though weak) suggests that even modest exposure, such as internships, running small projects, or involvement in a family business, can slightly elevate a student's inclination toward entrepreneurship by reducing the fear of the unknown and building practical knowledge. over time, as individuals gain more real-world experience, this factor may become more influential, potentially through indirect pathways (e.g., experience boosting self-efficacy or networks that, in turn, facilitate entrepreneurial intent). in summary, digital entrepreneurial intention emerges as a multifaceted construct shaped by a constellation of personal attributes. our results demonstrate that affective traits, such as passion, provide emotional impetus, while creativity supplies innovative sparks. risk tolerance and self-belief (internal locus of control and self-efficacy) give individuals the courage and confidence to pursue a venture. empathy adds a sense of purpose, and prior experience offers practical grounding to their intentions. this multifactorial understanding underscores that fostering digital entrepreneurship in students requires a holistic approach, one that cultivates not just business knowledge but also the emotional, cognitive, and experiential qualities that drive entrepreneurial intentions. conclusions this study enhanced the understanding of digital entrepreneurial intention (dei) by integrating two novel personal attributes, entrepreneurial passion and creativity, into an existing framework of five established traits (empathy, prior experience, locus of control, self-efficacy, and risk-taking propensity). using a sample of 589 university students in bangladesh, we found that all seven attributes significantly and positively influence the intention to launch a digital venture. the extended model accounted for approximately 60% of the variance in dei, indicating high explanatory power. among the predictors, passion and risk-taking emerged as the most influential factors, underscoring the importance of an emotional drive and comfort with uncertainty in driving digital entrepreneurship. creativity was also a meaningful contributor, reinforcing that those who can generate novel ideas are more inclined to envision themselves as entrepreneurs. the remaining factors, locus of control, self-efficacy, empathy, and prior experience, all had positive (though comparatively minor) effects on entrepreneurial intentions, suggesting that who aspiring entrepreneurs are (their mindset and feelings) plays a crucial role alongside what they know or can do. these findings carry important theoretical and practical implications. theoretically, our results support broadening mainstream entrepreneurial intention models (e.g., the theory of planned behavior) to include affective and creative dimensions. we provide empirical evidence that the "heart" (passion) and the creative mindset are as crucial as technical skills or knowledge in driving digital entrepreneurial intentions. by demonstrating that passion and creativity significantly predict dei, this study contributes to the emerging scholarship that calls for integrating emotion-based and creativity-based constructs into entrepreneurship theories. practically, educators, trainers, and policymakers should place greater emphasis on developing personal attributes in addition to traditional business skills. for entrepreneurship educators and ecosystem monira et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 1-11 10 builders, investing in students' passion, creativity, self-confidence, and risk tolerance is as important as imparting technical know-how. initiatives such as creativity workshops, mentorship programs to build self-efficacy, and experiential exercises in risk management could strengthen these traits. by cultivating passionate, creative, and resilient individuals, universities and incubators can create a more fertile ground for the next generation of digital startups. in short, cultivating the inner qualities of potential entrepreneurs is crucial to translating their intentions into action in the digital economy. it is also important to acknowledge the limitations of this research and outline avenues for future research. first, the study employed a cross-sectional design, capturing intentions and self-reported traits at a single point in time. this design limits causal inference. future studies should employ longitudinal designs to observe how changes in personal attributes (e.g., increasing passion or creativity) might lead to changes in entrepreneurial intention over time, or to examine how intentions eventually translate into actual startup behavior. second, our sample was confined to university students in a single country (bangladesh), which may limit the generalizability of the findings. cultural and contextual factors could influence the role these traits play; thus, replicating this study in other countries (including both emerging and developed economies) is recommended to see if the relationships hold universally or differ by context. third, while we examined seven individual predictors, there are other personal factors not included in this model that could be relevant to digital entrepreneurial intentions. future research could incorporate additional variables such as personal values, outcome expectations (e.g., desire for autonomy or financial success), and perceived social support. including such factors may provide a more comprehensive understanding of what drives someone to pursue digital entrepreneurship. additionally, qualitative research would be a valuable complement to our quantitative findings. in-depth interviews or case studies could explore how and why these personal attributes influence individuals' entrepreneurial narratives and decision-making, for example, by uncovering the stories of how a mentor or a particular experience sparked a student's passion and led them toward a startup intention. in conclusion, this research offers a robust empirical examination of the personal attributes that shape digital entrepreneurial intention. by confirming that affective traits (such as passion), cognitive traits (like creativity and selfefficacy), and classic personality factors (like risk tolerance and locus of control) all contribute to the entrepreneurial mindset, we provide a more comprehensive understanding of what drives students to envision new digital ventures. these insights bridge theory and practice, suggesting that successful encouragement of digital entrepreneurship must address the person behind the idea as much as the idea itself. ultimately, our study highlights that the heart and the creative mind are pivotal in entrepreneurship. cultivating passionate, creative, confident, and risk-tolerant individuals will help unlock greater entrepreneurial potential in the digital era. author contributions: conceptualization, n.a.m., i.s., w.j.k., f.t. and s.s.; methodology, n.a.m.; software, n.a.m.; validation, n.a.m.; formal analysis, n.a.m., i.s., w.j.k., f.t. and s.s.; investigation, n.a.m., i.s., w.j.k., f.t. and s.s.; resources, n.a.m., i.s., w.j.k., f.t. and s.s.; data curation, n.a.m.; writing – original draft preparation, n.a.m., i.s., w.j.k., f.t. and s.s.; writing – review & editing, n.a.m., i.s., w.j.k., f.t. and s.s.; visualization, n.a.m.; supervision, n.a.m; project administration, n.a.m.; funding acquisition, i.s. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, as the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references ajzen, i. 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(2005). the mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. journal of applied psychology, 90(6), 1265–1272. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000810871691 https://doi.org/10.1108/sej-05-2014-0026 https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12171 https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12056 https://doi.org/10.1108/02683949610113566 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2021.01.002 https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879401800307 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0883-9026(98)00033-0 https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230625655_8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.05.012 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272926 https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/10788-000 https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12087 https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-12-2017-0522 https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.145 https://doi.org/10.5465/3069429 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-017-0067-1 https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550910995452 https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 1-15 1 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 3 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa data-driven hr: measuring the impact of analytics on employee performance sindhuja a (a) dunstan rajkumar a (b)1 (a) research scholar, department of commerce, school of social sciences and languages, vellore institute of technology, vellore, india; email: sindhuja.a@vit.ac.in (b) professor, department of commerce, school of social sciences and languages, vellore institute of technology, vellore, india; e-mail: dunstanrajkumar.a@vit.ac.in a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 16th february 2025 reviewed & revised: 16th february to 30th may 2025 accepted: 10th june 2025 published: 14th june 2025 keywords: hr analytics, employee performance, work efficiency, employee productivity, project completion, team collaboration, performance management jel classification codes: o15, m12, j24 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t with the advent of globalization, there has been a significant transformation in the area of human resource management. this necessitates organizations promoting a competent workforce to gain a competitive advantage in the industrial world. despite the evolution in human resource management, companies are yet to realize their full potential due to resistance from employees. the study, therefore, underscores the importance of integrating hr analytics into performance management systems, emphasizing its role in driving data-driven decision-making, fostering fairness in appraisals, and supporting strategic workforce management. this study, therefore, explores the impact of hr analytics on employee performance from the perspectives of hr managers and professionals, focusing on five core performance indicators: work efficiency (we), employee productivity (ep), project completion rates (pcr), quality of work (qw), and employee team collaboration (etc). utilizing survey responses from 150 hr professionals across various industries, the research employs correlation and regression analyses to assess the relationship between hr analytics and employee performance outcomes. the study uses structural equation modeling to examine the mediating relationship between human resource analytics, motivation, and employee performance. the findings reveal a strong positive correlation between hr analytics and enhanced employee performance metrics. hr analytics have a positive influence on performance management, talent acquisition, employee engagement, and team collaboration while also contributing to timely project completion and overall productivity improvements. furthermore, the results suggest that organizations leveraging hr analytics are better positioned to enhance employee performance and optimize hr activities, with the moderating effects of variables such as years of hr experience and company size playing significant roles. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction organizational effectiveness, value creation, and corporate strategy formulation are all areas where human resource analytics shines. human resources (hr) functions have evolved from purely administrative duties to making decisions based on evidence and data, and in some companies, they have even taken on more strategic roles. human resources professionals need strong analytical and decision-making skills to become strategic partners and impact company strategy. improving the efficiency, output, and performance of the business relies heavily on data analysis about workers, their work habits, and associated pursuits. using information technology to integrate data based on extrinsic and intrinsic functions, hr analytics efficiently analyzes hr data. it is also known as workforce, talent, or people analytics. human resources is involved in all facets of hr, from hiring to development and training, to retention and succession planning, as well as pay and benefits. it aids in decision-making and forecasting future company results by converting complex data into actionable information. according to hr analytics, the primary objective is "to provide an organization with insights for effectively managing employees to achieve business goals quickly and efficiently," as well as "to help global organizations make decisions relating to optimal acquisition, development, and retention of their human capital." this includes both short-term and long-term trends in the supply and demand of workers across various industries and occupations. therefore, it is reasonable to assume that data-driven hrm can benefit the company. consequently, it is clear that the hr team is severely lacking in competent hr analytical functions, and there is a pressing need to comprehend the recruitment of knowledgeable hra specialists, as the link between analytical measures and proactive future initiatives remains underdeveloped. 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-4714-2631 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review is the responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i3.2435 to cite this article: sindhuja a, & dunstan rajkumar a. (2025). data-driven hr: measuring the impact of analytics on employee performance. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i3.2435 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i3.2435 https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9476-1604 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4714-2631 sindhuja & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 1-15 2 hr analytics remains one of the most crucial performance analysis tools for enhancing human resources performance in organizations, as it enables informed decision-making based on available information (garcia-arroyo & osca, 2021; hülter et al., 2024). data analytics is a vital tool in the modern business world across various business areas. hr analytics enables organizations to utilize data to calculate the likelihood of employee behavioral patterns, facilitating enhanced talent management and workforce management that aligns with organizational goals. incorporating analytics enables hr professionals to show how an efficient workforce affects various organizational performance indicators. for instance, it has been posited that hr analytics plays a vital role in informing organizations about areas of high impact on employee performance, which includes but is not limited to, training, motivation, and satisfaction (garcia-arroyo & osca, 2021; mccartney & fu, 2022; rasmussen & ulrich, 2015). hr analytics also helps improve performance management as it becomes easier to evaluate employee performance (thakur et al., 2024). in the past, performance appraisals were often more non-analytical and subjective; however, with the help of hr analytics, performance can now be assessed using analytical tools and numerical data. the implementation of hr analytics is not without difficulty. a significant challenge identified is that many hr teams lack the technical skills to implement and analyze complex data (falletta & combs, 2021). hr professionals must use data analytics tools; organizations also require developing these skills through training (alam et al., 2025). additionally, self-efficacy and performance expectancy are key antecedents that affect an individual's acceptance and adoption of human resource analytics. studies have also indicated that hr professionals with self-efficacy in using data analytics tools are more likely to integrate these tools into their practices and work. hence, organizations must foster a culture of continuous learning and skill development to establish high self-efficacy among hr professionals in using analytics to enhance employee performance (seliverst & turenko, 2024). traditional methods for evaluating various performance metrics and employee outcomes, such as employee efficiency, productivity, project completion rates, work quality, and team collaboration, are prone to subjective bias and human error. a data-driven approach enables employees and department heads to make informed decisions, improving employee satisfaction and reducing turnover. the study employs correlation, regression, and one-way anova to assess the impact of human resource analytics on employee performance, as well as the moderating effect of years of experience with analytics. the study also employed structural equation modeling, with motivation mediating the relationship between human resource analytics and employee performance —a key factor in enabling the effective use of hr analytics. therefore, hr analytics is a fascinating way to enhance employee performance by applying analytical tools in people management at the workplace (seliverst & turenko, 2024). it is essential for organizations using or planning to implement hr analytics to consider the issues of resource availability, data integration, and technical competence. thus, removing these barriers can help organizations maximize the benefits of hr analytics to enhance employee performance, reduce turnover rates, and ultimately optimize business outcomes (marler & boudreau, 2017; jahan, 2023). the study overall shows a positive relationship between hr analytics and employee productivity, work efficiency, project completion rates, and team collaboration. this study employs a mixed-methods approach to investigate the impact of human resource analytics on employee performance variables. section 2 comprises the literature review, section 3 contains the materials and methods, section 4 contains the results, section 5 discusses the topic, and section 6 concludes. literature review the literature review section provides an overview by comparing and contrasting previous literature with various authors' perspectives, which validates the study's findings and offers an in-depth examination of the human resource analytics literature, encompassing multiple aspects of employee performance measures. it is grouped under various themes, comprising work efficiency, employee productivity, project completion rates, quality of work, and team collaboration. hr analytics on work efficiency (we) of employees studies suggest that human resources analytics, particularly predictive tools powered by artificial intelligence, can significantly enhance employee work efficiency by improving productivity, engagement, and retention, as well as optimizing human resource decision-making processes. these innovations promote data-driven insights that improve employee work efficiency, as workforce analytics identifies performance gaps and ensures the productive use of personnel's abilities. predictive human resources models can anticipate workforce trends, including turnover and demand for skills, enabling managers to implement preventive measures that enhance talent retention and maintain employee engagement (angrave et al., 2016). artificial intelligence-driven human resources systems also provide real-time analytics and even fully engaged applications, such as metaverse-based training, leading to improved work environments and personalized feedback that enhances performance (ioakeimidou et al., 2023; marabelli & lirio, 2025). integrating human resources information systems with advanced analytics reduces administrative expenses and delays in responding, enhancing the speed of decision-making and enabling human resources managers to concentrate on strategic initiatives that boost productivity and engagement (rigamonti et al., 2024). predictive and artificial intelligence-based human resources analytics thus turn managerial duties into strategic, data-driven processes that improve employee and organizational efficiency. hr analytics on employee productivity (ep) employee productivity is increasingly linked to human resource analytics, including predictive modeling, integration of the internet of things based on artificial intelligence evaluations, and the human resources information system (cavanagh et al., 2023; lee & lee, 2023). organizations that utilize these tools optimize their human resource processes and make datadriven decisions, thereby enhancing employee productivity and efficiency. human resource analytics lowers organizational challenges and turnaround times, improving the decision-making and productivity of workers. internet of things-enabled sindhuja & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 1-15 3 human resource analytics enhances personnel management, engagement, and workforce productivity by providing real-time insights into employee behavior and job information (ghosh et al., 2025). advanced analytical solutions, often utilizing artificial intelligence and machine learning, enable managers to predict performance trends and turnover, allowing for preventive interventions and strategic employee development that enhance productivity. for prolonged job satisfaction and productivity, workforce analytics must be implemented carefully, combining data-driven methods with employee autonomy and participation (ain et al., 2024; aral et al., 2012; asadullah et al., 2024). artificial intelligence-driven platforms promise precise, real-time performance monitoring and potentially more objective assessments, but privacy and ethics must be considered to ensure increased productivity (kulikowski, 2024). effective human resource analytics thus improve employee productivity by enabling informed decision-making, personalized management, and proactive workforce development. hr analytics improves project completion rates (pcr) emerging studies on human resources management reveal that modern human resources practices and human resource analytics can boost the rate of project completion. high-performance work systems, integrated human resource practices, improved organizational performance, and managerial confidence in representing employees amplify this effect (adhami & timur, 2025; rosa et al., 2024; shet et al., 2021). engaging and empowering people through training, feedback mechanisms, and favorable guidelines can enhance motivation and efficacy, potentially improving project completion rates. there is an increase in human resource analytics across various disciplines, as well as the application of predictive analytics models in current operations. human resource analytics encompasses descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive approaches, providing organizations with an extensive framework (darbanian et al., 2024). predictive analytics, along with other types of analytics, can help human resource managers allocate resources to tasks and groups that are most susceptible to issues. the results show that analytics-driven interaction and advanced analytics provide a proactive project management environment (dasari & devi, 2024; diefenhardt et al., 2024; rasmussen & ulrich, 2015; rosa et al., 2024; venkatesh et al., 2016). high-performance human resources systems and analytics improve employee engagement, forecasting, and project completion rates. hr analytics enhances the quality of work (qw) delivered by employees. hr analytics, combined with the use of data, artificial intelligence, and statistics to inform evidence-based personnel decisions, is becoming a tool for enhancing the quality of work by employees (cayrat & boxall, 2022; choudhari et al., 2025; marler & boudreau, 2017). analytics is designed to address attrition, hire the most significant number of performers, and predict future trends by moving beyond reporting into data-driven decision-making. however, usage remains poor despite its connection to organizational performance. in the context of industry 5.0, human resources analytics, along with specific metrics and predictive evaluations, help attract and retain top talent, motivating them to perform at their best. these data analysis techniques improve work-related results (sivarethinamohan et al., 2021). examining data from human resources to identify incidents can lead to innovative approaches that enhance worker satisfaction and productivity while protecting employees (pariona-cabrera et al., 2023). in recruiting, it has been observed that machine learning, notably a pam clustering algorithm, can enhance the quality of hires, as hired employees are more likely to match the job and culture and perform work of higher quality (mccartney et al., 2021; shet & nair, 2023). another study found that analytics-based job satisfaction metrics can predict and reduce turnover, thereby retaining skilled employees, enhancing job security, and improving the quality of service (pimenta de brito et al., 2025). artificial intelligence-driven human resources analytics provide deep insights to support workers in establishing roles that lead to more effective outcomes (cavanagh et al., 2023; pariona-cabrera et al., 2023). despite these advantages, many organizations continue to rely on basic descriptive analytics, encountering a disparity between their promises and actual results. the quality of data and analytical capabilities is key to achieving the full impact of human resource analytics (heidemann et al., 2024; pimenta de brito et al., 2025; ratnam & devi, 2023). to derive maximum benefits from human resource analytics, valuable insights, reliable information, and analytical skills are required. when properly integrated into strategic human resources management, these analytical tools can improve the quality of work. however, the gap between analytical goals and operational practice remains at a primary stage. hr analytics on employees' team collaboration (etc) human resource analytics, as a strategic driver, transforms human resources practices by facilitating evidence-based decision-making and collaborative outcomes (alam et al., 2025; bechter et al., 2022; dasari & devi, 2024; strohmeier et al., 2022). it is worth noting that human resources analytics shifts human resources functions from intuition-based to datadriven management, significantly improving executives' strategic and operational performance. a range of analytics maturity is defined, emphasizing that organizations expect employees to acquire high analytical skills, enabling them to upgrade their skills for developing human resources. in another study, authors recommend promoting a data-driven culture, making investments in employee training and development, and fostering team collaboration across various departments to overcome the barriers associated with implementing human resource analytics (espegren & hugosson, 2023). studies suggest aligning human resources training with analytics-dominant units, such as marketing, as well as third-party research organizations, to build capabilities and recommend that top managers promote collaborative analytics initiatives that engage multiple stakeholders and dissolve barriers (singh & muduli, 2023; tunsi et al., 2023; van den heuvel & bondarouk, 2017). various transformative measures are recommended for organizations as human resource analytics implementation requires commitment from the top and an atmosphere of continuous development. change management workshops and sharing information help gain employees' approval, encouraging leaders to establish a supportive environment where employees can explore data-driven strategies. all these studies suggest that hr analytics can enhance team collaboration and sindhuja & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 1-15 4 adaptability by providing shared insights and learning opportunities, enabling organizations to build and develop their analytic capabilities while fostering cultural change among their employees. it is agreed that workforce growth and change readiness are essential for human resources analytics to enhance overall talent management and organizational performance by equipping staff members with analytical skills while promoting collaboration among teams. consequently, the following research objectives have been developed to examine how and in what ways the concept of hr analytics leads to the enhancement of employee performance within the context of the study from the viewpoint of hr professionals and managers. the study aims to investigate the impact of hr analytics on employee work efficiency (we) and its influence on employee productivity (ep). additionally, it aims to analyze the impact of hr analytics on project completion rates (pcr) and to investigate the correlation between hr analytics and the quality of work (qw). lastly, the research will evaluate how hr analytics might improve employee collaboration (etc). based on the objectives and the results obtained from the analysis, the following hypotheses will be tested: h1: there is a significant relationship between hr analytics on work efficiency (we) of employees h1a: there is a significant relationship of hr analytics on work efficiency (we) of an employee with moderating variable as a year of experience in hr h2: there is an influence of hr analytics on employee productivity (ep). h2a: there is an influence of hr analytics on employee productivity (ep) with moderating variables as years of experience with hr analytics h3: there is a positive difference between hr analytics improves project completion rates (pcr) h3a: there is a positive difference between hr analytics improves project completion rates (pcr) moderating variable as a company size h4: there is a relationship between hr analytics enhances the quality of work (qw) delivered by employees h4a: there is a relationship between hr analytics enhancing the quality of work (qw) delivered by employees with moderating variables as years of experience with hr analytics h5: there is a significant relationship between hr analytics and employees' team collaboration (etc) h5a: there is a significant relationship of hr analytics on employees’ team collaboration (etc) with moderating variable as a year of experience in hr conceptual framework the conceptual framework illustrates how various dimensions of hr analytics, such as work efficiency, employee productivity, project completion rates, quality of work, and team collaboration, collectively influence employee performance, moderated by years of experience and company size. figure 1. conceptual framework sindhuja & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 1-15 5 materials and methods the authors have decided to use a hybrid technique to increase the research's robustness, as hr analytics is still in its infancy, and most previous studies have taken a qualitative approach. there is a dearth of research on how hr policies impact organizational performance in the it sector, particularly in terms of operational efficiency and its broader effects on overall organizational success, including profitability and employee satisfaction. the primary goals of this study are to identify critical human resource (hr) practices that significantly influence organizational performance and to provide management with practical suggestions for future adoption. using a hybrid methodology, this study aims to enhance the understanding of the complex relationship between hr policies and organizational performance, with a focus on efficiency and its impact on overall success. the study's qualitative component involved interviewing sixteen middleand upper-level human resources personnel from different it companies in india. these interviews aimed to get detailed opinions and insights on the research issue from hr practitioners. one hundred fifty samples were gathered from various indian it companies for the quantitative study. in particular, this sample comprised the companies' middleand upper-level hr personnel. the quantitative analysis aimed to examine and measure the information gathered from the answers to these hr experts' survey questions. snowball sampling is a method of sampling. the study employed an open-ended questionnaire and conducted in-depth interviews with hr specialists to ensure thorough data collection. respondent validation, which involves asking participants for their opinions and verifying the accuracy and interpretation of their answers, was then used to validate the interview responses. after validation, the interview data were examined to identify recurring themes and patterns. we then used these topics to create a structured questionnaire. 'not at all' to 'very great level' was the range of the 5-point likert scale used in the questionnaire to gauge the level of hr practices' use and their assessed impact on organizational performance. hr staff members at the top and middle levels were given the structured questionnaire. this made it possible to determine which hr procedures were most frequently used in the firms and to assess the extent to which they affected overall performance. table 1. flow of research methods and design data analysis reliability testing: cronbach's alpha was used to assess the reliability and internal consistency of the questionnaire. the reliability coefficients of all variables related to employee performance also demonstrated acceptable reliability, with cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.644 to 0.918. descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, were calculated for various employee performance parameters to facilitate an understanding of the application of hr analytics in evaluating these parameters. correlation analysis: in this study, correlation analysis was used to establish the level of interaction between different aspects of hr analytics practices (such as performance management and employee engagement) and aspects of employee performance outcomes (including work efficiency, completion rates, and others). a positive and moderately significant correlation is identified between the variables. regression analysis: a hypothesis testing model was used to analyze the level of forecasting possible using hr analytics about employee performance measurements. the study examined how much of the variability in variables such as work efficiency and employee productivity was likely to be explained by hr analytics practices. hypothesis testing: null and alternative hypotheses were also formulated using chi-square and t-tests to test the differential perception of hr professionals and managers on the potential use of hr analytics. these tests aimed to determine the statistical association between hr analytics and employee performance. this allowed for a more holistic perspective on the research topic, specifically the use of hr analytics to enhance employee performance, based on the survey results of hr specialists and managers. results qualitative analysis planning for human resources, conducting job analyses, recruiting, selecting, orienting, compensating, evaluating performance, developing and training employees, and managing labor relations are all parts of human resource management (hrm). human resource management receives much attention from academics due to its significance in business methods objective tools used hybrid approach (qualitative & quantitative) to examine the impact of hr analytics on employee performance surveys, interviews, statistical analysis qualitative analysis to gain insights from hr professionals on hr analytics' influence on performance in-depth interviews with 16 hr professionals quantitative analysis to measure the relationship between hr analytics and employee performance survey responses from 150 hr professionals, likertscale questionnaire data analysis methods to test hypotheses and analyze employee performance indicators spss ver28, cronbach’s alpha, correlation & regression analysis, chi-square test, t-tests sindhuja & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 1-15 6 management and its positive effect on company success. human resource management (hrm) is a focal point of academic and professional interest because a company's success is directly proportional to the efficiency and effectiveness of its employees. in addition to interacting with technology and processes, operational success is determined by the dynamics of such effective teamwork and by hr practices such as job analysis, recruitment and selection, training and development, work environment, and performance appraisal. these efforts can enhance employees' competence for high performance. talented individuals constitute the it industry's competitive advantage, making human resources a key component of the sector. many people in the it industry are concerned about the high turnover rate, low job satisfaction, frequent job hopping, lack of individualization, and limited flexibility. however, the industry thrives due to its innovative work culture practices, such as virtual migration and virtual offices. when compared to organizations in the industrial and service sectors, the human resource practices of indian it industries, such as employee sourcing and hr development initiatives, differ significantly. hiring new employees is seen as a means to achieve strategic goals. ongoing recruitment, employee referrals, realistic job previews, and establishing clear selection criteria are among the most prevalent recruitment techniques. the training and development of employees are critical to a company's long-term viability. training and development programs help workers acquire the knowledge and abilities that boost a company's bottom line. the indian it industry is experiencing a rapid loss of talent due to the rapid pace of technological change. in response, indian companies have begun to recognize the value of corporate training and are consistently investing heavily in programs to improve employees' skills. as a measure of an employee's performance review, performance is reflected in training. it is a methodical approach to determining whether workers can perform their duties. performance evaluations have become integral to hrm systems in india's information technology sector. incentives are crucial to motivating and retaining personnel. pay in the indian it business has traditionally consisted of a base salary with a bonus tied to the company's profitability. these days, the phrase "work-life balance" is a common term in human resources circles. workers nowadays regard a meaningful job that allows them enough time off to spend with their families and attend to vital home tasks as more significant than monetary compensation as an incentive for high performance. as a result, business leaders have begun to recognize the importance of work-life balance and implement programs to enhance employee happiness and satisfaction. the 'well-being' that an excellent employer fosters in the workplace sets them apart from other employers. staff retention rates are higher when workers can satisfy their professional and personal needs. several prominent indian it companies, including tata, infosys, and wipro, have recently had their hr practices studied by saxena and tiwari. they recognized important hrm practices when developing the three-tiered framework, which included training and development, employer-employee relations, recognition through rewards, culture building, career development, compensation, and benefits, among others. human resource practices that top it and ites companies adhere to include an open book management style, performance-linked bonuses, and a 360-degree performance management feedback system. the researcher uncovered several human resource management strategies used by the it-ites sector throughout their literature review. shared vision: to achieve success, it-ites organizations strive to unite their personnel around a common goal, guiding them toward the company's strategic trajectory. we must foster trust and shared responsibility to make our employees feel valued and motivated to do their best for the company. having upper-level management on board to foster an environment of honest dialogue and openness is crucial for this to succeed. developing friendly and trusting interactions with employees can be facilitated by offering flexible schedules, promoting a good work-life balance, and creating a healthy work environment. career opportunity: several companies offer a dual career path that combines technical and managerial positions, providing employees with more options. most companies encourage their employees to advance in management positions but do little to help them develop their technical skills. organizations can foster a dynamic and open culture of innovation and intellectual property (ip) development by allowing employees to pursue technical career paths in parallel. performance management system (pms): when a performance management system that objectively and fairly evaluates employees' performance is implemented, employees may rest easy knowing that the company is paying attention to their career needs. simultaneously, an intense performance management system enables the company to recognize its best performers at all levels, and these individuals may then devise plans to nurture and retain them. training and development: to guarantee the workforce's overall growth, it is necessary first to identify the capabilities required at various levels. your staff must be developed through classroom and online training, internal certification courses, and individual development plans to fill the gaps between the competencies needed and the talents people possess. gains in existing skill levels help the firm through higher productivity, and people start to feel empowered as they realize the benefits of gaining competencies. succession planning: in addition to promoting the most qualified current employees to leadership positions, succession planning conveys to workers that their hard work and loyalty will be recognized through promotions. a thorough framework for succession planning includes the following steps: determining the essential skills and knowledge that future leaders of the organization will need, evaluating the internal and external talent pool for those roles, providing coaching, mentoring, and the necessary experience to those individuals, assisting with their onboarding and initial handholding, and finally, transferring responsibility to them. sindhuja & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 1-15 7 quantitative analysis the demographic profile of the respondents is displayed here. table 2. demographic profile of respondents demographic categories percentage (%) gender female 55 male 45 age (years) 21-30 41.2 31-40 45.5 41-50 12.8 educational qualification ug 23.3 pg 76.6 phd 0.01 currently working multi-national company 47.2 small indian companies (up to 100 employees) 13.3 medium size companies (101-1000 employees 15.5 large companies (>1000 employees) 23.8 types of sectors it 56.1 manufacturing 14.4 services 29.4 total experience 1-5 48.3 6-10 36.1 >10 15.5 the descriptive statistics on the variables demonstrate the overall influence of hr analytics on employee performance factors, including work efficiency, project completion rates, productivity, quality of work, and team collaboration. these important staff performance metrics are displayed with their standard deviations and averages. table 3. descriptive statistics for employee performance variables employee performance variable mean standard deviation work efficiency (we) 18.56 3.32 project completion rates (pcr) 19.41 3.19 employee productivity (ep) 19.26 2.32 quality of work (qw) 18.69 3.31 employees’ team collaboration (etc) 19.69 2.76 figure 2. this bar chart displays the mean values of key employee performance metrics, including work efficiency, project completion rates, employee productivity, quality of work, and team collaboration. all the means of employee performance variables are reasonably high, which suggests that the use of hr analytics has a positive impact on such results. the two most affected by hr analytics are employee productivity (with a mean of 4.37) and employee team collaboration (with a mean of 4.22). h1: there is a significant relationship of hr analytics on work efficiency (we) of employees sindhuja & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 1-15 8 table 4. correlation between hr analytics on work efficiency (we) of employee hr analytics we hr analytics pearson correlation 1 .771** sig. (2-tailed) .000 n 150 150 we pearson correlation .771** 1 sig. (2-tailed) .000 n 150 150 **. correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). the analysis of hypothesis h1, which posits a significant relationship between hr analytics and employee work efficiency (we), reveals a robust positive correlation. as depicted, the pearson correlation coefficient between hr analytics and we is 0.771, indicating a strong positive relationship. this suggests that employee work efficiency increases correspondingly as hr analytics are effectively implemented. the significance value (p = 0.000) is well below the threshold of 0.01, reinforcing the statistical significance of this relationship with 99% confidence. therefore, the results support hypothesis h1, confirming that hr analytics have a notable and direct impact on enhancing employee work efficiency within the organization. this finding highlights the critical role of hr analytics in optimizing workforce productivity and performance. h1a: there is a significant relationship between hr analytics and work efficiency (we) of an employee with a moderating variable as year of experience in hr table 5. correlation between hr analytics on work efficiency (we) of employees with moderating variable as a year of experience in hr the analysis of hypothesis h1a, which investigates the relationship between hr analytics and employee work efficiency (we) with the moderating variable of years of experience in hr, reveals a weaker, yet positive, correlation. it is seen that the correlation coefficient between hr analytics and years of hr experience is 0.162. while this indicates a positive relationship, it is relatively weak compared to the direct relationship between hr analytics and we. the significance value (p = 0.049) is slightly above the threshold of 0.05, suggesting that the moderating effect of years of hr experience on the relationship between hr analytics and we is statistically insignificant. in other words, the number of years of experience an employee has in hr does not meaningfully influence the impact of hr analytics on work efficiency. therefore, while there is a minimal positive association, it does not substantiate a strong moderating effect, implying that hr analytics independently enhance work efficiency without substantial influence from the employee's hr experience. h2: there is an influence of hr analytics on employee productivity (ep). table 6. correlation between hr analytics on employee productivity (ep) correlations hr analytics ep hr analytics pearson correlation 1 .587** sig. (2-tailed) .000 n 150 150 ep pearson correlation .587** 1 sig. (2-tailed) .000 n 150 150 **. correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). the correlation between hr analytics and employee productivity (ep) is displayed here; it was positive and highly significant, with a value of 0.587**. at 99% accuracy, the p-value of 0.000 is less than 0.01. this indicates that hr analytics impact employee productivity (ep). these findings strongly support hypothesis h2, demonstrating that hr analytics are crucial in enhancing employee productivity and highlighting the importance of leveraging data-driven hr practices to boost overall performance. correlations control variables years of experience with hr analytics hr analytics years of experience in hr years of experience with hr analytics correlation 1.000 .162 significance (2tailed) . .049 df 0 147 hr analytics correlation .162 1.000 significance (2tailed) .049 . df 147 0 sindhuja & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 1-15 9 h2a: there is an influence of hr analytics on employee productivity (ep) with a moderating variable as years of experience with hr analytics table 7. correlation between hr analytics on employee productivity (ep) with moderating variable as years of experience with hr analytics correlations control variables hr analytics ep years of experience with hr analytics hr analytics correlation 1.000 .594 significance (2-tailed) . .000 df 0 147 ep correlation .594 1.000 significance (2-tailed) .000 . df 147 0 the relationship between hr analytics and employee productivity (ep) and the moderating variable, years of experience with hr analytics, is displayed. the correlation value is 0.594**, indicating a positive and significant relationship. at 99% accuracy, the p-value of 0.000 is less than 0.01. this suggests that hr analytics have a positive influence on employee productivity, and this impact is further strengthened by the employee's years of experience with hr analytics. thus, more experienced employees in hr analytics are likely to see greater improvements in productivity, underscoring the value of both hr analytics implementation and the expertise developed through experience in using these tools. h3: there is a positive difference between hr analytics and improved project completion rates (pcr) table 8. independent samples test between hr analytics and improve project completion rates (pcr) independent samples test levene's test for equality of variances t-test for equality of means f sig. t df sig. (2tailed) mean difference std. error difference 95% confidence interval of the difference lower upper hr analytics equal variances assumed 32.412 .000 2.184 67 .032 5.02069 2.29882 .43222 9.60916 equal variances are not assumed. 1.899 31.150 .067 5.02069 2.64377 -.37026 10.41163 pcr equal variances assumed 2.376 .128 1.960 67 .054 1.44483 .73720 -.02664 2.91629 equal variances are not assumed. 1.808 41.577 .078 1.44483 .79899 -.16808 3.05773 the two-tailed test's significance levels are 0.03 and 0.054, less than or equal to the 0.05 significance level. this indicates acceptance of the alternative hypothesis. therefore, hr analytics benefits by raising project completion rates (pcr). h3a: there is a positive difference between hr analytics and project completion rates (pcr), with a moderating variable of company size additionally, the analysis highlights the impact of hr analytics on project completion rates, suggesting that leveraging hr analytics can lead to improved project outcomes and higher completion rates. therefore, hypothesis h3 is supported, showing a positive influence of hr analytics on pcr. hypothesis h3a, which involves the moderating effect of company size, requires further analysis to assess the interaction between hr analytics and company size with project completion rates. this study's results primarily focus on the direct relationship, leaving room for future investigations into the role of company size as a moderating factor. table 9. one-sample test between hr analytics improves project completion rates (pcr), moderating variable as a company size one-sample test test value = 0 t df sig. (2-tailed) mean difference 95% confidence interval of the difference lower upper hr analytics 90.347 149 .000 99.940000000 97.75416432 102.12583568 sindhuja & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 1-15 10 pcr 74.412 149 .000 19.40667 18.8913 19.9220 company size 36.581 149 .000 2.34667 2.2199 2.4734 the two-tailed test has a significance level of 0.000, which is lower than the 0.05 significance threshold. these findings suggest that hr analytics significantly improves project completion rates, and including company size as a moderating variable further strengthens this relationship. the results confirm that hr analytics have a positive influence on pcr, regardless of company size, thereby improving project outcomes. therefore, the alternative hypothesis is accepted, indicating that company size enhances the favorable impact of hr analytics on project completion rates. this highlights the scalability and adaptability of hr analytics across various organizational sizes, promoting improved project management and efficiency. h4: there is a relationship between hr analytics and the quality of work (qw) delivered by employees table 10. chi-square test between the hr analytics on the quality of work (qw) delivered by employees chi-square tests value df asymp. sig. (2-sided) pearson chi-square 1372.237 231 .000 likelihood ratio 582.793 231 .000 linear-by-linear association 75.297 1 .000 n of valid cases 150 the p value of 0.000 is less than the alpha value of 0.05 (chi-square value=1372.237). therefore, the alternative theory is approved. thus, there is a connection between hr analytics and improved employee quality of work (qw). thus, the results suggest that hr analytics have a positive influence on the quality of work performed by employees, demonstrating that data-driven hr strategies can enhance work quality and lead to improved performance outcomes across the organization. h4a: there is a relationship between hr analytics and the quality of work (qw) delivered by employees, with the moderating variable being years of experience with hr analytics table 11. chi-square test between the hr analytics on the quality of work (qw) delivered by employees with the moderating variable as years of experience with hr analytics hr analytics * years of experience with hr analytics quality of work (qw) * years of experience with hr analytics value df asymp. sig. (2sided) value df asymp. sig. (2sided) pearson chi-square 1142.826 252 .000 626.532 132 .000 likelihood ratio 554.794 252 .000 408.863 132 .000 linear-by-linear association 4.022 1 .045 9.496 1 .002 n of valid cases 150 150 the p value of 0.000 (for chi-square hr analytics * years of experience with hr analytics = 1142.826 and quality of work (qw) * years of experience with hr analytics 626.532) is less than the alpha value of 0.05. hence, the alternate hypothesis is accepted. therefore, a relationship exists between hr analytics and the quality of work (qw) delivered by employees, with moderating variables such as years of experience with hr analytics. thus, the findings demonstrate that hr analytics enhance work quality, and the years of experience with hr analytics further strengthen this positive relationship, underscoring the importance of experience in leveraging the full potential of hr analytics for improving work outcomes. h5: there is a significant relationship between hr analytics and employees' team collaboration (etc) table 12. chi-square test between the hr analytics on employees’ team collaboration (etc) chi-square tests value df asymp. sig. (2-sided) pearson chi-square 1052.825 189 .000 likelihood ratio 512.561 189 .000 linear-by-linear association 45.723 1 .000 n of valid cases 150 the p value of 0.000 is less than the alpha value of 0.05 (chi-square value=1052.825). therefore, the alternative theory is approved. thus, hr analytics and employee team collaboration (etc) have a substantial link. h5a: there is a significant relationship between hr analytics and employees' team collaboration (etc) with a moderating variable as years of experience in hr sindhuja & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 1-15 11 table 13. chi-square test of hr analytics on employees’ team collaboration (etc) with moderating variable as a year of experience in hr hr analytics * employees’ team collaboration year of experience in hr * employees’ team collaboration value df asymp. sig. (2sided) value df asymp. sig. (2-sided) pearson chi-square 1052.825 189 .000 812.425 153 .000 likelihood ratio 512.561 189 .000 448.183 153 .000 linear-by-linear association 45.723 1 .000 .218 1 .641 n of valid cases 150 the analysis of hypothesis h5a, which explores the relationship between hr analytics and employees' team collaboration (etc) with the moderating variable of years of experience in hr, reveals a significant association. as shown in table 13, the pearson chi-square values for hr analytics (etc = 1052.825) and years of experience in hr (etc = 812.425) yield highly significant p-values of 0.000, which is well below the 0.05 threshold. this confirms the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis, indicating that years of experience in hr significantly moderate the relationship between hr analytics and team collaboration among employees. the likelihood ratio test supports these results with significant values (p = 0.000). however, the linear-by-linear association for years of experience in hr, etc., yields a non-significant p-value of 0.641, suggesting that while the overall moderating effect of experience is significant, the linear relationship may not be as strong. nevertheless, the findings confirm that hr analytics significantly enhances team collaboration, and the employees' experience further influences this impact in hr. thus, employees with more experience in hr may benefit more from hr analytics in fostering better team collaboration. a mediation study was conducted utilizing the hayes and preacher process approach to evaluate the impact of motivation on hr analytics and organizational performance. from the findings, it is evident that hr analytics significantly predicts motivation (β = 0.459, se = 0.056, p < .001) and that motivation significantly predicts organizational performance (β = 0.329, se = 0.062, p < .001). the direct impact of hr analytics and organizational performance (c'-path) was also significant, b=.151, se=.035, p<.001, and the overall effects between hr analytics and organizational performance (c-path), b=.371, se=.049, p<.001, mediated by motivation. thus, motivation serves as a partial mediator between organizational performance and hr analytics. table 14. mediating effects of motivation b/w hra and employee performance co-eff se t p llci ulci decision hra->mtvn 0.449 0.046 8.112 0.000 0.338 0.479 supported motvn->op 0.339 0.064 6.344 0.000 0.219 0.511 supported hra->op (direct effect) 0.362 0.052 7.415 0.000 0.282 0.457 supported hra->motvn->op (indirect effect) 0.160 0.029 0.089 0.242 partially supported figure 3. mediating effects of motivation between hr analytics and employee performance discussions this study aimed to investigate the impact of hr analytics on employee performance, focusing on five key performance indicators: work efficiency (we), employee productivity (ep), project completion rates (pcr), quality of work (qw), and employee team collaboration (etc). the study validated the strong positive correlation between hr analytics and these performance metrics using structural equation modelling (sem), correlation, and regression analyses. the findings reinforce that hr analytics significantly enhances performance management, talent acquisition, employee engagement, and strategic workforce planning, leading to measurable improvements in organizational efficiency and effectiveness. the study makes a significant contribution to the growing body of knowledge by providing empirical evidence that hr analytics fosters a data-driven organizational culture, thereby optimizing employee performance and enhancing decision-making processes. specifically, organizations that systematically integrate hr analytics are better equipped to make objective performance assessments, structure workflows efficiently, and refine hr strategies to align with broader business goals. the interpretation of the sem model suggests that hr analytics have a direct influence on employee performance, with moderating effects from hr experience levels and company size. additionally, motivation was identified sindhuja & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 1-15 12 as a partial mediator between hr analytics and employee performance, reinforcing the necessity for hr analytics-driven hr policies to maintain and boost employee morale and commitment. each research objective and hypothesis was thoroughly examined, confirming that hr analytics have a positive impact on work efficiency (h1), employee productivity (h2), project completion rates (h3), quality of work (h4), and team collaboration (h5). the correlation analysis revealed that hr analytics has the most substantial impact on employee productivity and team collaboration. the moderating effects of hr experience and company size were analyzed, revealing that experienced hr professionals and larger organizations tend to extract more substantial benefits from hr analytics in improving employee performance outcomes. based on these findings, this study presents a positive correlation between hr analytics and employee performance, as reported by hr managers and hr professionals. the use of these hr analytics has also been found to improve key business metrics, including work efficiency (we), employee productivity (ep), project completion rates (pcr), quality of work (qw), and employee team collaboration (etc). the survey results indicate significant improvements in human resources (hr) analytics applied to organizations in areas such as talent acquisition, performance management, and employee engagement. the study also established that hr analytics enhances the objectivity of performance appraisals, leading to increased transparency and fairness in employee evaluations, which subsequently drive higher engagement and satisfaction levels. furthermore, the results from the regression analysis indicate that hr analytics significantly improve project completion rates by facilitating better resource allocation, tracking performance in real time, and predicting potential delays. this highlights the significance of hr analytics in facilitating effective project management, ensuring timely task completion, optimal workforce deployment, and improved coordination among teams. additionally, hr analytics played a crucial role in reducing biases in talent acquisition and retention strategies, resulting in a more efficient and equitable hr management approach. additionally, hr analytics help facilitate more objective performance appraisals, foster better teamwork, and ensure timely project deliveries, adding weight to the use of analytics to improve employee performance, particularly at the team and operational levels. hr analytics influence employee performance, so hr managers should take some practical steps. integrating hr analytics into current performance management systems would not only document objectives but also provide a more objective assessment of employee performance, allowing for more data-driven decisions to identify top and underperforming employees and improve fairness in appraisals. furthermore, hr analytics should inform the design of targeted approaches for attracting and retaining more engaged employees based on data about workforce satisfaction and the drivers of turnover. as a result of working with hr analytics, managers also learn how to structure teams and workflows more effectively, leading to improved project outcomes and team performance. one more resource, then, will be directed toward training the hr analytics teams to use the tool to make strategic decisions for hr. finally, hr managers should utilize ai and predictive analytics to enhance the science of the future by improving forecasting accuracy and proactively managing hr challenges. table 15. hypothesis decision table hypothesis decision h1 accepted h2 accepted h3 accepted h4 accepted h5 accepted conclusions this study focused on investigating the impact of hr analytics on employee performance, focusing on five key performance indicators: work efficiency (we), employee productivity (ep), project completion rates (pcr), quality of work (qw), and employee team collaboration (etc). this study highlights the importance of hr analytics as a strategic tool for motivating employees. organizations can enhance their decision-making, workforce efficiency, and data-driven culture by integrating hr analytics into their performance management systems. this will support long-term success. stay ahead of the competition in today's fast-paced business world by prioritizing the implementation of hr analytics and continually enhancing your analytical capabilities. to close the gap in technical competence and maximize the benefits of hr analytics technologies, hr leaders should also invest in staff upskilling. doing so can help organizations become more agile, boost productivity, and cultivate a strong and capable workforce that can effectively tackle any challenges that arise. this study acknowledges certain limitations despite making some contributions. the results may not apply to other businesses or areas, as the sample consisted only of human resources experts, most of whom worked in the indian it sector. however, neither the short-term consequences nor the possibility of sophisticated ai-driven analytics for forecasting employee performance patterns were investigated in this study, which focused on the influence of hr analytics on present performance measures. furthermore, the study failed to consider extraneous aspects that could impact the efficacy of hr analytics deployments, such as market conditions, economic variables, and industry-specific challenges. if researchers want their results to be applicable to a broader range of sectors and countries, they should increase the sample size in future studies. for a more in-depth look at how to optimize your personnel, look into hr analytics tools that use ai and their predictive capabilities. responsible and secure use of hr analytics also requires investigating data privacy risks and ethical factors. especially for smaller companies that may not have the resources to invest heavily in hr analytics, it is crucial to explore potential solutions to the cultural and technological barriers that hinder their widespread adoption. for organizations to maintain high-performance levels for extended periods, future research should assess the effectiveness of hr analytics sindhuja & rajkumar, bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(3) (2025), 1-15 13 in supporting employee retention and career development. furthermore, the study focused on the current status of hr analytics rather than exploring future possibilities, such as artificial intelligence (ai) and machine learning (ml). to better understand the potential broader impacts of hr analytics on employee performance, future studies should increase the sample size and broaden their emphasis to include more industries. we also need to step up our research into ai-powered hr analytics tools so that we can utilize their superior predictive capabilities and sophisticated hr solutions. more investigation into the privacy and ethical implications of data linked to improved hr analytics tools can be conducted. author contribution: conceptualization, s.a. and d.r.a.; methodology, s.a. and d.r.a.; software, s.a. and d.r.a.; validation, s.a. and d.r.a.; formal analysis, s.a. and d.r.a.; investigation, s.a. and d.r.a.; resources, s.a. and d.r.a.; data curation, s.a. and d.r.a.; writingoriginal draft preparation, s.a. and d.r.a.; writingreview and editing, s.a. and d.r.a.; visualization, s.a. and d.r.a.; supervision, s.a. and d.r.a.; project administration, s.a.; funding acquisition, s.a. and d.r.a. the authors have read and agreed with the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were not required for this study as it does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references adhami, t., & timur, t. 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(2016). unified theory of acceptance and use of technology: a synthesis and the road ahead. journal of the association for information systems, 17(5), 328–376. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00428 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.18576/isl/120744 https://doi.org/10.1108/joepp-03-2017-0022 https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00428 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 56-72 56 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 6 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa linking restaurant quality and perceived competitiveness: evidence from indonesia’s traditional and fast food restaurants regia indah kemala sari (a)1 nuhfil hanani (b) rosihan asmara (c) agustina shinta hartati wahyuningtyas (d) (a) doctoral candidate, agricultural science department, brawijaya university, malang, indonesia; and lecturer, department of agricultural business, politeknik pertanian negeri payakumbuh, limapuluh kota, west sumatera, indonesia; e-mail: regiaindah7@gmail.com (b) professor & chair of the university senate, agriculture socio-economic department, faculty of agriculture, brawijaya university, malang, indonesia; e-mail: nuhfil.fp@ub.ac.id (c) associate professor & director of academic administration and services, agriculture socio-economic department, faculty of agriculture, brawijaya university, malang, indonesia; e-mail: rosihan@ub.ac.id (d)associate professor & head of agribusiness study program, agriculture socio-economic department, faculty of agriculture, brawijaya university, malang, indonesia; e-mail: agustina.fp@ub.ac.id a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 17th june 2025 reviewed & revised: 17th june 2025 to 10th september 2025 accepted: 10th september 2025 published: 15th september 2025 keywords: perceived competitiveness, customer satisfaction, restaurant quality, digital presence, pls-sem jel classification codes: o32, m31, l83 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t the indonesian restaurant industry faces increased competition between traditional and fast food outlets, making it essential to understand quality attributes influencing customer satisfaction and competitiveness. while studies focused on service quality, price, and digital presence, few compared these factors across restaurant types. this study examines the effects of food quality, employee service, physical environment, price, and digital presence on satisfaction and perceived competitiveness, with satisfaction as a mediator. survey data from 239 respondents in padang city, including 127 traditional and 112 fast food customers, were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (pls-sem) with multigroup analysis (mga). results show food quality and price significantly enhance satisfaction in both traditional (β = 0.379, p = 0.001; β = 0.227, p = 0.015) and fast food restaurants (β = 0.347, p = 0.001; β = 0.476, p < 0.001). employee service quality (β = 0.304, p = 0.002) and physical environment (β = 0.220, p = 0.009) enhance competitiveness in traditional restaurants, whereas satisfaction (β = 0.575, p < 0.001) and digital presence (β = 0.628, p < 0.001) prevail in fast food outlets. satisfaction mediates the relationship between food quality, price, and physical environment with competitiveness, especially in fast food. mga confirms that competitiveness in traditional restaurants is driven by employee service, whereas in fast food, it is shaped by digital presence and satisfaction. this study offers insights by comparing restaurant formats in a developing market; however, its cross-sectional, single-city design limits generalizability, suggesting future studies expand regions and adopt longitudinal approaches. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction the global restaurant industry is rapidly changing due to shifts in consumer lifestyles and technology. in indonesia, reliance on ready-to-eat meals and digital ordering grew from 15% in 2022 to 32.3% in 2024 (bps indonesia, 2024). in 2023, indonesia had 1.20 million restaurants generating usd 30.2 billion in sales, with fast food chains like mcdonald's, kfc, pizza hut, and starbucks accounting for 95% of revenue (yuningsih, 2024). however, traditional padang restaurants remain significant, offering minangkabau cuisine (arsil et al., 2022; mardatillah, 2020). padang city, the culinary hub of minangkabau cuisine, has expanded alongside a 7% national growth in fast food outlets in 2023, including brands such as hokben, richeese factory, and cfc. while fast food chains excel in service and digital presence, traditional restaurants face competition from younger, tech-savvy consumers. shifting consumer behavior, driven by digitalization and convenience, challenges padang restaurants to adapt while preserving cultural authenticity, as fast food chains leverage operational efficiency and online engagement. customer satisfaction, which reflects the overall dining experience in terms of food quality, service, environment, and price, is central to the competitive landscape. these attributes influence satisfaction and loyalty (ong et al., 2022; slack 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0001-5657-4087 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i6.2573 to cite this article: sari, r. i. k., hanani, n., asmara, r., & wahyuningtyas, a. s. h. (2025). linking restaurant quality to perceived competitiveness: evidence from traditional and fast food restaurants in indonesia. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(6), 56-72. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i6.2573 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i6.2573 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5657-4087 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8520-6854 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8531-5444 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3491-3620 sari et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 56-72 57 et al., 2021). perceived competitiveness, or a business’s value relative to alternatives, is a key indicator of sustainability (cavalcante et al., 2021). additionally, digital presence, including online reviews, social media, and app-based services, increasingly shapes consumer expectations and decisions (anas et al., 2023; li et al., 2021; ng et al., 2023). while service quality is recognized as a key driver of customer satisfaction, most research focuses on its direct impact on satisfaction or loyalty (el-said et al., 2021). the role of perceived competitiveness, particularly in developing markets with different consumer expectations, has received limited attention (prayag et al., 2019). additionally, the mediating role of customer satisfaction in linking restaurant quality to competitiveness is underexplored, and comparative studies between traditional and fast food restaurants are scarce. these gaps limit the development of targeted strategies to enhance satisfaction and competitiveness across market segments. this study compares traditional padang restaurants and modern fast food chains, highlighting differences in customer perceptions of quality and competitiveness. perceived competitiveness, which shapes return and recommendation intentions, is crucial for retention and loyalty. the study also recognizes the growing influence of digitalization, as consumers increasingly seek convenience-oriented services. this study examines how restaurant quality attributes food quality, employee service, physical environment, price, and digital presence affect customer satisfaction and perceived competitiveness. it extends the service quality model with food quality and price (rahman et al., 2022; sari et al., 2024), and incorporates digital presence based on the e-service quality (fan et al., 2022). through a multigroup analysis of traditional padang restaurants and modern fast food chains in indonesia, the study aims to: (1) analyze the effect of restaurant quality attributes on satisfaction and competitiveness; (2) examine customer satisfaction's mediating role; and (3) identify differences between traditional and modern formats. by providing empirical evidence from a developing market, this study offers practical insights for restaurant managers to tailor service strategies and enhance competitiveness in a digital, consumer-driven environment. the remainder of this paper is structured as follows: section 2 reviews the literature, section 3 describes the materials and methods, section 4 presents the results, section 5 discusses the findings, and section 6 concludes. literature review customer satisfaction and perceived competitiveness are key themes in restaurant research, reflecting both dining experiences and strategic positioning (otto et al., 2020; rodríguez-lópez et al., 2020). while service attributes like food quality, employee service, price, and facilities have been extensively studied, recent research highlights the increasing impact of digital presence on customer expectations and evaluations. factors influencing customer satisfaction in restaurants customer satisfaction in the restaurant industry is a multidimensional construct, including food quality, service, ambiance, price fairness, and facilities (ong et al., 2022; zanetta et al., 2024; sah & shah, 2025). according to oliver’s expectationconfirmation theory, satisfaction arises from comparing customers’ expectations with their perceptions of service performance (oliver, 2014). this theory is widely used in restaurant research, where customer expectations about food, service, ambiance, and price are central to evaluation. these attributes are measured using service quality (ponnaiyan et al., 2021; slack et al., 2021), dineserv (nuyken et al., 2022), and quickserv (mendocilla et al., 2021). food quality, a key determinant of satisfaction, influences customers through taste, freshness, and presentation (adesina et al., 2022; kala, 2020). employee service quality, encompassing responsiveness and empathy, has a significant influence on emotional and relational experiences (tuncer et al., 2020). ambiance, encompassing both atmosphere and comfort, influences sensory and emotional aspects (mubarok et al., 2023). price fairness and physical facilities, such as cleanliness and seating comfort, also affect satisfaction (konuk, 2023; mubarok et al., 2023). few studies have explored the interaction between restaurant qualities and digital touchpoints. digital presence, including social media, online reviews, and digital ordering, is a key determinant of satisfaction, shaping expectations and enhancing experiences through convenience, responsiveness, and interaction (lányi et al., 2021; li et al., 2021). customer perception of restaurant competitiveness customer perception of competitiveness is vital in today’s customer-driven market. consistent with wangmo et al. (2025), brand competitiveness—defined as a brand's ability to outperform others has gained increasing attention. the customerbased competitive advantage (cbca) framework (bowman & faulkner, 1994) shifts focus to the customer’s perspective, emphasizing perceived value and price. when customers perceive high value relative to price, their competitiveness assessment improves (woodruff, 1997). in the restaurant context, attributes like food quality, employee service, atmosphere, price fairness, and facilities form the basis of perceived value, balancing benefits and costs (kim & so, 2022; zanetta et al., 2024). superior experiences in these areas strengthen a restaurant’s competitive position through favorable comparative evaluations. digital presence is a key determinant of perceived competitiveness in today’s tech-driven dining landscape, enhancing information search, decision-making, and accessibility across digital platforms (lányi et al., 2021; öksüz et al., 2025). it links to satisfaction, revisit intention, and competitive advantage (hanaysha, 2022; singh et al., 2024). integrating traditional and digital quality dimensions offers a comprehensive framework for understanding customer value and competitiveness. satisfaction, which aligns customer expectations with actual performance, signals perceived competitiveness and restaurant superiority. it reflects competitive positioning and is linked to recommendation, repurchase, and loyalty (chun & sari et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 56-72 58 nyam-ochir, 2020; souki et al., 2023). restaurant quality attributes enhance perceived competitiveness when they drive satisfaction, acting as a key mediator. empirical studies confirm this, linking service quality to loyalty (satti et al., 2023), repurchase (kamil et al., 2023), revisit intentions (rahman et al., 2022), and firm performance (otto et al., 2020). contextual differences in restaurant formats customer expectations differ between traditional padang restaurants and fast food outlets: the former emphasize authentic taste, ambiance, and cultural hospitality, while the latter prioritize speed and consistency. prior studies confirm that dining goals, restaurant choice, and perceptions of authenticity vary across formats (ahn, 2025; chua et al., 2020), with indonesian consumers being particularly influenced by tradition and cultural familiarity (arsil et al., 2022; mardatillah, 2020). these distinctions highlight the importance of type-based analysis of quality attributes, satisfaction, and competitiveness. hypotheses development while research has focused on traditional determinants like food quality, employee service, and price, few studies include digital presence as a driver of satisfaction and competitiveness. additionally, limited comparisons between traditional and modern restaurant formats exist. these gaps highlight the need to examine how traditional and digital attributes influence satisfaction and competitiveness in indonesia, where cultural dining traditions coexist with rapid digital adoption. based on these gaps, the following hypotheses are proposed. h1: food quality positively influences customer satisfaction h2: employee service quality positively influences customer satisfaction h3: the physical environment positively influences customer satisfaction h4: price positively influences customer satisfaction h5: digital presence positively influences customer satisfaction h6: food quality positively influences perceived competitiveness h7: employee service quality positively influences perceived competitiveness h8: the physical environment positively influences perceived competitiveness h9: price positively influences perceived competitiveness h10: digital presence positively influences perceived competitiveness h11: customer satisfaction positively influences perceived competitiveness h12: customer satisfaction mediates the relationship between restaurant quality attributes and perceived competitiveness h13: the effects of restaurant quality attributes on customer satisfaction and perceived competitiveness differ between traditional padang and fast food restaurants figure 1. conceptual framework of the study building on theoretical foundations and prior empirical insights, this study proposes a conceptual framework that examines both the direct effects of restaurant quality attributes and the mediating role of customer satisfaction in shaping perceived competitiveness. the framework is presented in figure 1. sari et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 56-72 59 materials and methods participant characteristics eligible respondents were at least 18 years old, had dined at restaurants in padang city within the past three months, and used digital platforms to search for restaurant information. participation was voluntary, and responses were confidential and anonymous, with the option to withdraw if the criteria were not met. sampling procedure the survey used convenience sampling via social media and whatsapp groups, with 239 respondents participating 127 from traditional padang restaurants and 112 from modern fast food outlets, exceeding the minimum required for mga. sample size sample size was determined using power analysis with g*power software, applying a significance level (α) of 0.05, statistical power (1–β) of 0.80, and a medium effect size estimate (f² = 0.15). g*power suggested a minimum of 98 respondents, and with 239 respondents, the sample size is sufficient for valid pls-sem and mga estimation. instruments the questionnaire had two sections: (1) demographics (gender, age, education, occupation, income, visit frequency, and restaurant type), and (2) constructs measuring food quality, employee service quality, physical environment, price, digital presence, customer satisfaction, and perceived competitiveness, adapted from previous studies (see table 1). table 1. research question instrument section question items references 1 demographic: gender, age, education level, occupation, monthly income, frequency of restaurant visits per month, types of restaurants visited (7 items). española et al. (2024) 2 food quality: food taste, presentation, freshness, variety, and healthy menu options (5 items). sari et al. (2024) employee service quality: speed of service, accuracy, and willingness to assist (3 items). zanetta et al. (2024) physical environment: room temperature, interior design, restroom facilities, prayer room, and wi-fi availability (5 items). zanetta et al. (2024) price: reasonable price, price worth the dining experience, and the availability of promotions/discounts (3 items). zanetta et al. (2024) digital presence: accessibility, online interaction, content, and trustworthiness (4 items). anas et al. (2023); fan et al. (2022) customer satisfaction: satisfaction with the food served, satisfaction with the service provided, satisfaction with the value for money, and intention to return (4 items). rathnasiri et al. (2025); española et al. (2024) perceived competitiveness: superior taste, competitive pricing, superior service, and better reputation (4 items). maráková et al. (2023) total 38 items respondents rated their agreement with each statement on a 5-point likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree) to examine the relationships between restaurant quality, customer satisfaction, and perceived competitiveness. data analysis the data were analyzed using pls-sem with smartpls 3.0. pls-sem consists of two components: the measurement model, which links latent constructs to their indicators, and the structural model, which tests the relationships between constructs. both are assessed using convergent and discriminant validity, as well as path coefficients with bootstrapping. convergent validity assesses how well related indicators correlate, evaluated through indicator reliability and construct reliability. indicator reliability (factor loadings > 0.60) and construct reliability (composite reliability (cr) and cronbach’s alpha (ca) > 0.60) were assessed, with average variance extracted (ave > 0.50) supporting convergent validity (hair et al., 2022). discriminant validity was assessed using the fornell-larcker criterion and cross-loadings, ensuring constructs were distinct (hair et al., 2022). cross-loading analysis confirmed each indicator loaded higher on its associated construct. the fornell-larcker criterion confirmed discriminant validity when the square root of the ave exceeded the highest correlation with any other construct. the structural model assesses the predictive power of exogenous variables on endogenous constructs using the coefficient of determination (r²). bootstrapping with 5000 resamples was used to test the significance of path coefficients and hypothesized relationships through p-values. the mediation hypothesis (h12) encompasses h12a-e, which represent the effects of food quality, employee service, physical environment, price, and digital presence on competitiveness. mga was conducted using smartpls 3.0 to examine differences between traditional padang restaurants and modern fast food outlets, following cheah et al. (2020). the moderation hypothesis (h13) includes h13a-c for direct, indirect, and total effects. all analyses were performed at a 0.05 significance level, with results interpreted according to the research objectives. research design this study used a quantitative, cross-sectional design with data collected via an online survey (google forms) from january 1 to february 2, 2025. it investigates the relationships between restaurant quality attributes, customer satisfaction, and sari et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 56-72 60 perceived competitiveness, comparing traditional padang restaurants and modern fast food outlets in padang, indonesia. a non-experimental, between-subjects design was employed, with participants self-selecting restaurant types based on their prior experiences, and no random assignment was used. the design examines the direct and indirect relationships between quality attributes and satisfaction, comparing the results across different restaurant types. results validity and reliability of the instrument instrument validity was assessed in spss 24 using 239 respondents at a 5% significance level (α = 0.05) and a critical r value of 0.127. item-total correlations, calculated using the corrected method, were considered valid if ≥ 0.127. reliability was assessed with ca, where values ≥ 0.70 indicated acceptable internal consistency. as shown in table 2, all items were valid and reliable, with item-total correlations above the threshold and ca values exceeding 0.70 for each construct. table 2. item total correlation and cronbach’s alpha item item-total correlation cronbach's alpha x1.1 0.710 0.844 x1.2 0.701 x1.3 0.664 x1.4 0.661 x1.5 0.742 x2.1 0.731 0.836 x2.2 0.693 x2.3 0.735 x3.1 0.740 0.880 x3.2 0.738 x3.3 0.731 x3.4 0.743 x3.5 0.705 x4.1 0.671 0.795 x4.2 0.707 x4.3 0.701 x5.1 0.654 0.904 x5.2 0.748 x5.3 0.785 x5.4 0.743 y1.1 0.687 0.865 y1.2 0.579 y1.3 0.711 y1.4 0.675 y2.1 0.773 0.905 y2.2 0.691 y2.3 0.740 y2.4 0.713 demographic profile most respondents were female (51.46%) and aged 18–27 years (50.63%), with 42.68% holding a bachelor’s degree. the majority were private employees (26.78%) or university students (26.36%). monthly income varied, with 28.87% earning idr 1–3 million and 23.43% earning below idr 1 million. in terms of consumption, 45.61% visited restaurants 1–2 times per month, and 33.47% visited 3–5 times. regarding restaurant type, 53.14% visited traditional padang restaurants, while 46.86% preferred fast food outlets (see table 3). for traditional padang restaurant visitors, 55.12% were male, aged 38–48 years (53.54%), with 40.16% holding a bachelor's degree. most worked in the private sector (29.91%) and earned between idr 1 and 3 million per month (31%). in contrast, 58.93% of modern fast food restaurant visitors were female, aged 18–27 years (55.36%), with 45.54% holding a bachelor's degree or higher. most were students (30.36%), earned below idr 1 million (38.39%), and visited restaurants 1–2 times per month. table 3. characteristics of respondents description of demographic variables overall traditional padang restaurant modern fast food restaurant frequency percent frequency percent frequency percent gender female 123 51.46 57 44.88 66 58.93 male 116 48.54 70 55.12 46 41.07 age 18-27 121 50.63 0 0.00 62 55.36 28-37 81 33.89 51 40.16 40 35.71 38-48 31 12.97 68 53.54 10 8.93 49-59 6 2.51 8 6.29 0 0.00 education level junior high school 3 1.26 1 0.79 2 1.79 senior high school 97 40.59 50 39.37 47 41.96 diploma (associate degree) 25 10.46 17 13.39 8 7.14 sari et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 56-72 61 bachelor's degree 102 42.68 51 40.16 51 45.54 graduate degree (master's/doctorate) 12 5.02 8 6.30 4 3.57 occupation student 63 26.36 29 22.83 34 30.36 government employee 36 15.06 19 14.96 17 15.18 private employee 64 26.78 38 29.92 26 23.21 entrepreneur/self-employed 44 18.41 22 17.32 22 19.64 housewife 8 3.35 3 2.36 5 4.46 other 24 10.04 16 12.60 8 7.14 monthly income < 1 million idr 56 23.43 27 21.26 29 25.89 ≥ 1–3 million idr 69 28.87 40 31.50 29 25.89 > 3–5 million idr 52 21.76 28 22.05 24 21.43 ≥ 5–10 million idr 28 11.72 20 15.75 8 7.14 > 10 million idr 34 14.23 12 9.45 22 19.64 monthly restaurant visit frequency 1–2 times 109 45.61 66 51.97 43 38.39 3–5 times 80 33.47 44 34.65 36 32.14 6–10 times 24 10.04 10 7.87 14 12.50 over 10 times 26 10.88 7 5.51 19 16.96 types of restaurants visited traditional padang restaurant 127 53.14 127 100 0 0.00 modern fast food restaurant 112 46.86 0 0.00 112 100 descriptive statistics: mean and standard deviation descriptive statistics show consumers' evaluations of restaurant quality attributes. the mean (m) represents the central value of assessments on food quality, employee service, environment, price, and digital presence, while the standard deviation (sd) indicates the variation in these evaluations. table 4. descriptive statistics: mean and standard deviation items overall traditional padang restaurant modern fast food restaurant mean standard deviation mean standard deviation mean standard deviation x1.1 the taste of the food is delicious 4.490 0.599 4.491 0.627 4.488 0.573 x1.2 the food presentation is appealing 4.381 0.680 4.420 0.703 4.346 0.657 x1.3 the food served is fresh 4.531 0.539 4.616 0.486 4.457 0.572 x1.4 a variety of food 4.276 0.770 4.241 0.735 4.307 0.799 x1.5 healthy menu options 3.787 1.094 3.723 1.189 3.843 0.999 x2.1 speed of service 4.360 0.644 4.348 0.678 4.370 0.612 x2.2 accuracy 4.494 0.540 4.545 0.533 4.449 0.543 x2.3 willingness to assist 4.213 0.760 4.241 0.771 4.189 0.750 x3.1 pleasant room temperature 4.259 0.754 4.304 0.833 4.220 0.675 x3.2 the interior design makes me comfortable 4.197 0.720 4.286 0.749 4.118 0.683 x3.3 the restroom facilities are clean and well-maintained 4.213 0.920 4.295 0.988 4.142 0.849 x3.4 providing an adequate prayer room 4.017 1.067 3.839 1.214 4.173 0.888 x3.5 wi-fi availability 3.711 1.084 3.857 1.164 3.583 0.992 x4.1 reasonable price 4.377 0.685 4.384 0.698 4.370 0.673 x4.2 the price is worth the dining experience 4.389 0.699 4.455 0.718 4.331 0.676 x4.3 the availability of promotions/discounts 4.130 0.908 4.330 0.849 3.953 0.921 x5.1 accessibility of information 4.310 0.694 4.482 0.627 4.157 0.715 x5.2 online interaction 4.046 0.888 4.179 0.899 3.929 0.862 x5.3 the online content is appealing 4.071 0.858 4.313 0.835 3.858 0.820 x5.4 trustworthy information 4.222 0.769 4.393 0.736 4.071 0.765 y1.1 satisfaction with the food served 4.414 0.647 4.464 0.693 4.370 0.599 y1.2 satisfaction with the service provided 4.477 0.696 4.482 0.767 4.472 0.625 y1.3 satisfaction with the value for money 4.372 0.702 4.393 0.760 4.354 0.646 y1.4 intention to return 4.393 0.729 4.393 0.748 4.394 0.712 y2.1 superior taste compared to competitors 4.272 0.736 4.348 0.728 4.205 0.735 y2.2 competitive pricing 4.184 0.823 4.214 0.881 4.157 0.768 y2.3 superior service compared to competitors 4.201 0.755 4.232 0.767 4.173 0.743 y2.4 has a better reputation than competitors 4.272 0.790 4.304 0.789 4.244 0.791 based on table 4, overall, restaurants received high average scores on almost all measured attributes, ranging from 3.711 to 4.531, which falls within the high category (3.5–4.5) (solimun et al., 2017). for restaurant categories, the mean score for traditional padang restaurants ranged from 3.723 to 4.616, while modern fast food restaurants ranged from 3.583 to 4.488. in terms of food quality, traditional padang restaurants achieved the highest score on “the food served is fresh” (m = 4.616), while modern fast food restaurants scored highest on “the taste of the food is delicious” (m = 4.488). for employee service, “accuracy” received the highest score for both types of restaurants, with means of 4.545 (traditional padang) and 4.449 (modern fast food), respectively. regarding the physical environment, "pleasant room temperature" scored highest in both, with 4.304 (traditional padang) and 4.220 (modern fast food). in terms of price, traditional padang restaurants rated highest on "the price is worth the dining experience" (m = 4.455), while modern fast food rated "reasonable price" (m = 4.370). for digital presence, "accessibility of information" was highest for both, with means of 4.482 (traditional padang) and 4.157 (modern fast food). sari et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 56-72 62 for customer satisfaction, the highest-scoring indicator was “satisfaction with the service provided” (m = 4.482 for traditional padang and m = 4.472 for modern fast food). in perceived competitiveness, traditional padang restaurants scored highest on “superior taste compared to competitors” (m = 4.348), while modern fast food restaurants scored highest on “has a better reputation than competitors” (m = 4.244). based on the standard deviation, the most significant variation in ratings for traditional padang restaurants was in "providing an adequate prayer room" (sd = 1.214), and for modern fast food restaurants, it was in "healthy menu options" (sd = 0.999), indicating greater differences in perceptions. measurement model results are presented for three groups: the overall sample (overall), traditional padang restaurants, and modern fast food restaurants. as shown in tables 5 and 6, all constructs exceeded the thresholds for indicator reliability (factor loadings > 0.60), construct reliability (cr and ca > 0.60), and convergent validity (ave > 0.50), indicating adequate internal consistency and convergent validity in both the overall sample and subgroups. therefore, the measurement model demonstrates satisfactory reliability and convergent validity. table 5. convergent validity measurement: indicator reliability results items overall traditional padang restaurant modern fast food restaurant factor loading p values factor loading p values factor loading p values the taste of the food is delicious x1.1 0.847 0.000 0.849 0.000 0.846 0.000 the food presentation is appealing x1.2 0.855 0.000 0.828 0.000 0.884 0.000 the food served is fresh x1.3 0.785 0.000 0,790 0.000 0,799 0.000 a variety of food x1.4 0.786 0.000 0.799 0.000 0.776 0.000 healthy menu options x1.5 0.784 0.000 0.786 0.000 0.789 0.000 speed of service x2.1 0.886 0.000 0.876 0.000 0.900 0.000 accuracy x2.2 0.854 0.000 0.815 0.000 0.895 0.000 willingness to assist x2.3 0.882 0.000 0.859 0.000 0.906 0.000 pleasant room temperature x3.1 0.811 0.000 0.808 0.000 0.814 0.000 the interior design makes me comfortable x3.2 0.795 0.000 0.779 0.000 0.812 0.000 the restroom facilities are clean and well-maintained x3.3 0.845 0.000 0.823 0.000 0.858 0.000 providing an adequate prayer room x3.4 0.867 0.000 0.905 0.000 0.881 0.000 wi-fi availability x3.5 0.821 0.000 0.757 0.000 0.870 0.000 reasonable price x4.1 0,854 0.000 0.826 0.000 0.890 0.000 the price is worth the dining experience x4.2 0.893 0.000 0.853 0.000 0.926 0.000 the availability of promotions/discounts x4.3 0.804 0.000 0.773 0.000 0.852 0.000 accessibility of information x5.1 0.856 0.000 0.892 0.000 0.795 0.000 online interaction x5.2 0.884 0.000 0.873 0.000 0.892 0.000 the online content is appealing x5.3 0.901 0.000 0.910 0.000 0.878 0.000 trustworthy information x5.4 0.895 0.000 0.866 0.000 0.922 0.000 satisfaction with the food served y1.1 0.864 0.000 0.865 0.000 0.864 0.000 satisfaction with the service provided y1.2 0.836 0.000 0.842 0.000 0.837 0.000 satisfaction with the value for money y1.3 0.898 0.000 0.830 0.000 0.861 0.000 intention to return y1.4 0.858 0.000 0.774 0.000 0.815 0.000 superior taste compared to competitors y2.1 0.850 0.000 0.883 0.000 0.866 0.000 competitive pricing y2.2 0.853 0.000 0.905 0.000 0.879 0.000 superior service compared to competitors y2.3 0.895 0.000 0.880 0.000 0.887 0.000 has a better reputation than competitors y2.4 0.863 0.000 0.929 0.000 0.896 0.000 table 6. construct reliability and convergent validity results items overall traditional padang restaurant modern fast food restaurant ca cr ave ca cr ave ca cr ave food quality x1 0.871 0.906 0.659 0.870 0.906 0.657 0.877 0.911 0.672 employee service quality x2 0.846 0.906 0.764 0.809 0.887 0.723 0.883 0.928 0.810 physical environment x3 0.885 0.916 0.686 0.874 0.909 0.666 0.902 0.927 0.718 price x4 0.809 0,887 0,724 0.751 0.858 0.669 0.868 0.919 0.792 digital presence x5 0.907 0.935 0.782 0.908 0.935 0.784 0.895 0.927 0.762 customer satisfaction y1 0.866 0.909 0.714 0.887 0.922 0.747 0.847 0.897 0.686 perceived competitiveness y2 0.905 0.933 0.778 0.888 0.923 0.749 0.921 0.944 0.810 discriminant validity was assessed using cross-loading analysis and the fornell-larcker criterion. all indicators load highest on the intended construct, confirming discriminant validity across the overall sample and subgroups (see appendix a, b, and c). the fornell-larcker criterion confirmed discriminant validity when the square root of the ave exceeded the highest correlation with any other construct, which held across all groups (see appendix d, e, and f). both methods confirm that the constructs are distinct. sari et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 56-72 63 examination of the structural model as shown in table 7, the model demonstrates strong explanatory power for customer satisfaction and perceived competitiveness. in the overall sample, the r² for satisfaction is 0.635 (63.5% variance) and for competitiveness is 0.664 (66.4% variance). table 7. coefficient of determination (r2) overall traditional padang restaurant modern fast food restaurant customer satisfaction perceived competitiveness customer satisfaction perceived competitiveness customer satisfaction perceived competitiveness r square 0.635 0.664 0.568 0.642 0.723 0.769 r square adjusted 0.628 0.655 0.550 0.642 0.710 0.756 for traditional padang restaurants, r² values are 0.568 for satisfaction and 0.642 for competitiveness, indicating moderate explanatory power. in contrast, modern fast food restaurants have higher predictive accuracy, with r² values of 0.723 for satisfaction and 0.769 for competitiveness, suggesting the model better explains customer perceptions in this context. hypothesis testing hypothesis testing used path analysis within the sem-pls framework for the overall sample and subsamples of padang and fast food restaurants. path coefficients and their significance, assessed via bootstrapping, are reported in table 8 and figures 2–4. table 8. direct effect hypotheses path overall traditional padang restaurant modern fast food restaurant β p values result β p values result β p values result h1 x1  y1 0.328 0.000 supported 0.379 0.001 supported 0.347 0.001 supported h2 x2  y1 0.084 0.295 not supported 0.146 0.272 not supported -0.013 0.898 not supported h3 x3  y1 0.184 0.015 supported 0.045 0.614 not supported 0.278 0.029 supported h4 x4  y1 0.334 0.000 supported 0.227 0.015 supported 0.476 0.000 supported h5 x5  y1 -0.058 0.325 not supported 0.045 0.564 not supported -0.186 0.076 not supported h6 x1  y2 0.012 0.863 not supported 0.027 0.795 not supported -0.185 0.034 supported h7 x2  y2 0.119 0.101 not supported 0.304 0.002 supported -0.084 0.347 not supported h8 x3  y2 0.102 0.131 not supported 0.220 0.009 supported 0.097 0.317 not supported h9 x4  y2 0.058 0.397 not supported 0.034 0.703 not supported -0.094 0.304 not supported h10 x5  y2 0.240 0.001 supported 0.065 0.411 not supported 0.575 0.000 supported h11 y1 y2 0.408 0.000 supported 0.284 0.008 supported 0.628 0.000 supported as shown in table 8 and figure 2, for the overall sample, h1 (food quality) has a positive influence on satisfaction (β = 0.328, p < 0.001), with high ratings for "the food served is fresh" (m = 4.53, sd = 0.54). h3 (physical environment) also enhances satisfaction (β = 0.184, p = 0.015), with "pleasant room temperature" rated m = 4.26 (sd = 0.75). h4 (price) positively affects satisfaction (β = 0.334, p < 0.001), with strong ratings for "price is worth the dining experience" (m = 4.39, sd = 0.70). however, h2 (employee service quality) and h5 (digital presence) were not supported, despite high scores for "accuracy" (m = 4.49, sd = 0.54) and "accessibility of information" (m = 4.31, sd = 0.69). regarding perceived competitiveness, h10, suggesting digital presence enhances competitiveness, was supported (β = 0.240, p = 0.001), while h6, h7, h8, and h9 were not significant. h11, proposing customer satisfaction positively affects competitiveness, was strongly supported (β = 0.408, p < 0.001), with high satisfaction ratings (m > 4.30). for traditional padang restaurants (table 8, figure 3), the hypothesis that food quality affects customer satisfaction (h1) was supported (β = 0.379, p = 0.001), with high ratings for “the food served is fresh” (m = 4.62, sd = 0.49). the effect of price on satisfaction (h4) was also confirmed (β = 0.227, p = 0.015), supported by favorable evaluations of “price is worth the dining experience” (m = 4.46, sd = 0.72). however, the effects of employee service quality (h2), physical environment (h3), and digital presence (h5) on satisfaction were not significant. for competitiveness, employee service quality was a significant determinant (h7; β = 0.304, p = 0.002), supported by high ratings for “accuracy” (m = 4.55, sd = 0.53). the physical environment also had a positive effect (h8; β = 0.220, p = 0.009), with “pleasant room temperature” rated m = 4.30 (sd = 0.83). in contrast, food quality (h6), price (h9), and digital presence (h10) were not significant predictors of competitiveness. finally, customer satisfaction enhanced competitiveness (h11; β = 0.284, p = 0.008), confirming its mediating role. sari et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 56-72 64 figure 2. path structure and coefficients (overall) figure 3. path structure and coefficients (traditional padang restaurant) sari et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 56-72 65 figure 4. path structure and coefficients (modern fast food restaurant) for modern fast food restaurants (table 8, figure 4), food quality significantly affected customer satisfaction (h1; β = 0.347, p = 0.001), with high ratings for “the taste of the food is delicious” (m = 4.49, sd = 0.57). the physical environment also contributed positively (h3; β = 0.278, p = 0.029), supported by ratings for “pleasant room temperature” (m = 4.22, sd = 0.68). price strongly influenced satisfaction (h4; β = 0.476, p < 0.001), with favorable evaluations of “reasonable price” (m = 4.37, sd = 0.67). however, employee service quality (h2) and digital presence (h5) were not significant predictors of satisfaction. regarding competitiveness, food quality hurt perceived competitiveness (h6; β = –0.185, p = 0.034), indicating an inverse relationship. digital presence strongly enhanced competitiveness (h10; β = 0.575, p < 0.001), with "accessibility of information" rated m = 4.16 (sd = 0.72). employee service quality (h7), physical environment (h8), and price (h9) were not significant in shaping competitiveness. customer satisfaction had the most potent effect on competitiveness (h11; β = 0.628, p < 0.001), representing the most influential path. an indirect effect analysis (table 9) shows that price (β = 0.136; p = 0.000), food quality (β = 0.134; p = 0.002), and physical environment (β = 0.075; p = 0.027) have significant indirect effects on perceived competitiveness through customer satisfaction, supporting h12a, h12c, and h12d. h12b and h12e were not supported (p > 0.05). since these attributes had no significant direct effect on competitiveness (table 8), the findings suggest complete mediation, with influence occurring only through satisfaction. table 9. indirect effect hypotheses path overall traditional padang restaurant modern fast food restaurant β p values result β p values result β p values result h12a x1 y1 y2 0.134 0.002 supported 0.108 0.071 not supported 0.218 0.001 supported h12b x2  y1 y2 0.034 0.309 not supported 0.042 0.315 not supported -0.008 0.896 not supported h12c x3  y1 y2 0.075 0.027 supported 0.013 0.631 not supported 0.175 0.045 supported h12d x4  y1 y2 0.136 0.000 supported 0.064 0.057 not supported 0.299 0.000 supported h12e x5  y1 y2 -0.024 0.333 not supported 0.013 0.600 not supported -0.117 0.093 not supported when analyzed by restaurant segment, distinct mediation patterns emerged. in traditional padang restaurants, no significant mediation paths were found (p > 0.05), indicating that satisfaction does not mediate the relationship between restaurant quality attributes and perceived competitiveness. therefore, h12 was not supported. in modern fast food restaurants, customer satisfaction mediates the effects of price (β = 0.299; p = 0.000), food quality (β = 0.218; p = 0.001), and physical environment (β = 0.175; p = 0.045) on perceived competitiveness, supporting sari et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 56-72 66 h12a, h12c, and h12d. h12b and h12e were not supported (p > 0.05). price and physical environment show complete mediation, while food quality shows partial mediation with both direct and indirect effects on competitiveness. these results suggest that in modern fast food restaurants, perceived competitiveness is shaped by two pathways. the first is direct, where customer satisfaction, digital presence, and food quality significantly influence competitiveness, with food quality's direct effect being adverse. the second is indirect, where price, physical environment, and food quality enhance competitiveness through customer satisfaction. the total effect analysis, integrating both direct and indirect effects of food quality, employee service, physical environment, price, digital presence, and customer satisfaction on perceived competitiveness, offers a comprehensive view of each construct's contribution to the research model. the results are presented in table 10. table 10. total effect hypotheses path overall traditional padang restaurant modern fast food restaurant β p values result β p values result β p values result h1 x1 y1 0.328 0.000 supported 0.379 0.001 supported 0.347 0.001 supported h2 x2 y1 0.084 0.295 not supported 0.146 0.272 not supported 0.013 0.898 not supported h3 x3 y1 0.184 0.015 supported 0.045 0.614 not supported 0.278 0.029 supported h4 x4 y1 0.334 0.000 supported 0.227 0.015 supported 0.476 0.000 supported h5 x5 y1 -0.058 0.325 not supported 0.045 0.564 not supported 0.186 0.076 not supported h6 x1 y2 0.146 0.065 not supported 0.135 0.239 not supported 0.033 0.759 not supported h7 x2 y2 0.153 0.064 not supported 0.346 0.001 supported 0.093 0.429 not supported h8 x3 y2 0.177 0.020 supported 0.233 0.007 supported 0.272 0.049 supported h9 x4 y2 0.194 0.003 supported 0.098 0.249 not supported 0.205 0.088 not supported h10 x5 y2 0.216 0.004 supported 0.078 0.295 not supported 0.459 0.001 supported h11 y1 y2 0.408 0.000 supported 0.284 0.008 supported 0.628 0.000 supported as shown in table 10, three constructs significantly influence customer satisfaction: food quality (β = 0.328, p < 0.001), price (β = 0.334, p < 0.001), and physical environment (β = 0.184, p = 0.014), supporting h1, h3, and h4. however, employee service quality and digital presence did not significantly affect satisfaction, so h2 and h5 were not supported. for perceived competitiveness, significant effects were found for customer satisfaction (β = 0.408; p = 0.000), digital presence (β = 0.216; p = 0.004), price (β = 0.194; p = 0.003), and physical environment (β = 0.117; p = 0.020), supporting h8, h9, h10, and h11. food quality and employee service quality did not significantly affect competitiveness, so h6 and h7 were not supported. in the traditional padang restaurant segment, only food quality (β = 0.379; p = 0.001) and price (β = 0.227; p = 0.015) significantly influenced customer satisfaction, supporting h1 and h4. however, h2, h3, and h5 were not supported. for perceived competitiveness, significant effects were found for employee service quality (β = 0.346; p = 0.001), customer satisfaction (β = 0.284; p = 0.008), and physical environment (β = 0.233; p = 0.007). food quality, price, and digital presence did not significantly affect competitiveness, so h7, h8, and h11 were supported, while h6, h9, and h10 were not. these findings suggest that competitiveness in traditional padang restaurants is driven by employee service, physical environment, and customer satisfaction, with no significant impact from digital presence. in modern fast food restaurants, food quality (β = 0.347; p = 0.001), price (β = 0.476; p < 0.001), and physical environment (β = 0.278; p = 0.029) significantly influenced customer satisfaction, supporting h1, h3, and h4, while h2 and h5 were not supported. customer satisfaction (β = 0.628; p = 0.000), digital presence (β = 0.459; p = 0.001), and physical environment (β = 0.272; p = 0.499) significantly affected perceived competitiveness, supporting h8, h10, and h11, while food quality, price, and employee service quality had no direct impact on competitiveness (p > 0.05), so h6, h7, and h9 were not supported. multigroup analysis the results in table 11 show significant differences in several structural paths. first, digital presence has a stronger effect on perceived competitiveness in modern fast food restaurants (β = –0.510; p < 0.001). second, employee service quality significantly differs (β = 0.389; p = 0.004), with a greater impact in traditional padang restaurants. third, the effect of customer satisfaction on perceived competitiveness varies (β = –0.344, p = 0.017), suggesting a stronger role in the fast food industry. therefore, h13a7, h13a10, and h13a11 were supported. sari et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 56-72 67 table 11. mgadirect effect hypotheses path path coefficients-diff (padang fast food) p-value original 1-tailed (padang vs fast food) p-value new (padang vs fast food) result h13a1 x1 y1 0.033 0.415 0.830 not supported h13a2 x2 y1 0.159 0.172 0.344 not supported h13a3 x3 y1 -0.234 0.938 0.125 not supported h13a4 x4 y1 -0.249 0.951 0.099 not supported h13a5 x5 y1 0.231 0.039 0.077 not supported h13a6 x1 y2 0.212 0.062 0.124 not supported h13a7 x2 y2 0.389 0.002 0.004 supported h13a8 x3 y2 0.123 0.171 0.342 not supported h13a9 x4 y2 0.128 0.154 0.307 not supported h13a10 x5 y2 -0.510 1.000 0.000 supported h13a11 y1 y2 -0.344 0.992 0.017 supported table 11 shows no significant differences in the relationships between food quality, employee service, physical environment, price, digital presence, and customer satisfaction across segments (p > 0.05), indicating that restaurant type does not moderate these links. therefore, h13a1-a5 were not supported. similarly, no significant differences were found in the relationships between physical environment, price, food quality, and perceived competitiveness (p > 0.05), so h13a6, h13a8, and h13a9 were not supported. table 12. mgaindirect effect hypotheses path specific indirect effectsdiff (padang fast food) p-value original 1-tailed (padang vs fast food) p-value new (padang vs fast food) result h13b1 x1 y1 y2 -0.110 0.893 0.214 not supported h13b2 x2  y1 y2 0.050 0.255 0.509 not supported h13b3 x3  y1 y2 -0.162 0.977 0.047 supported h13b4 x4  y1 y2 -0.234 0.995 0.009 supported h13b5 x5  y1 y2 0.129 0.032 0.063 not supported table 12 presents the mga results for indirect effect paths through customer satisfaction. two paths show significant differences: the indirect effect of price (β = −0.234; p = 0.009) and physical environment (β = −0.162; p = 0.047) on perceived competitiveness, both stronger in modern fast food restaurants. thus, h13b3 and h13b4 were supported. however, the indirect effects of food quality, employee service quality, and digital presence did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), indicating consistency across segments, so h13b1, h13b2, and h13b5 were not supported. the total effect analysis in table 13 shows significant differences in three pathways. employee service quality has a stronger effect on perceived competitiveness in traditional padang restaurants (β = 0.439; p = 0.008), while digital presence and customer satisfaction have greater effects in modern fast food restaurants (β = –0.381; p = 0.016; β = –0.344; p = 0.016). thus, h13c7, h13c10, and h13c11 were supported. however, food quality, price, and physical environment did not differ significantly between segments (p > 0.05), so h13c1-c6, h13c8, and h13c9 were not supported. table 13. mga-total effect hypotheses path total effects-diff (padang fast food) p-value original 1-tailed (padang vs fast food) p-value new (padang vs fast food) result h13c1 x1 y1 0.033 0.415 0.829 not supported h13c2 x2 y1 0.159 0.173 0.345 not supported h13c3 x3 y1 -0.234 0.940 0.120 not supported h13c4 x4 y1 -0.249 0.952 0.096 not supported h13c5 x5 y1 0.231 0.036 0.071 not supported h13c6 x1 y2 0.102 0.258 0.517 not supported h13c7 x2 y2 0.439 0.004 0.008 supported h13c8 x3 y2 -0.039 0.592 0.815 not supported h13c9 x4 y2 -0.107 0.774 0.451 not supported h13c10 x5 y2 -0.381 0.992 0.016 supported h13c11 y1 y2 -0.344 0.992 0.016 supported discussions this study examined the effects of restaurant quality attributes—food quality, employee service, physical environment, price, and digital presence—on customer satisfaction and perceived competitiveness, as well as the mediating role of satisfaction and differences across restaurant formats. in traditional padang restaurants, food quality enhances satisfaction (h1 accepted) but does not affect competitiveness (h6 rejected). this aligns with prior studies linking sensory quality to satisfaction (kala, 2020; sari et al., 2024), but in padang, food quality is considered inherent to the cuisine (arsil et al., 2022; mardatillah, 2020), with locals prioritizing employee service and the physical environment for competitiveness. employee service quality does not affect satisfaction (h2 rejected) despite high ratings for “accuracy,” but significantly enhances competitiveness (h7 accepted), aligning with hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory on sari et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 56-72 68 interpersonal interactions in collectivist cultures. price boosts satisfaction (h4 accepted), with high scores for “price is worth the dining experience,” supporting fairness and value in satisfaction (zanetta et al., 2024). however, price did not predict competitiveness (h9 rejected), indicating it drives satisfaction but not competitiveness. the physical environment does not affect satisfaction (h3 rejected) but positively influences competitiveness (h8 accepted), suggesting customers prioritize food and price for satisfaction, while ambiance shapes competitiveness. digital presence has no impact on either satisfaction or competitiveness (h5 & h10 rejected), indicating padang restaurant customers value direct interactions and physical comfort. lastly, customer satisfaction positively influences competitiveness (h11 accepted), though the effect is weaker than in fast food restaurants. moreover, the mediating role of satisfaction in transmitting the effects of restaurant quality attributes to competitiveness is not significant in traditional padang restaurants (h12 rejected). this differs from the findings of el-said et al. (2021), who reported a stronger mediating role of servicescape and atmosphere in shaping behavioral outcomes; however, their study focused on tourists and expatriates, whereas the present research emphasizes local consumers, underscoring the importance of cultural and contextual differences. in modern fast food restaurants, a different pattern emerges. food quality enhances satisfaction (h1 accepted), with “the taste of the food is delicious” as the strongest indicator, but negatively impacts competitiveness (h6 accepted, negative). this supports the idea that in quick-service formats, product quality is a baseline expectation, not a differentiator (kala, 2020). employee service quality does not significantly affect satisfaction or competitiveness (h2 & h7 rejected), suggesting fast food consumers prioritize other factors for competitiveness. price strongly influences satisfaction (h4 accepted), with “reasonable price” as a key indicator, but does not predict competitiveness (h9 rejected), supporting the link between pricing fairness and satisfaction (zanetta et al., 2024). the physical environment contributes to satisfaction (h3 accepted), primarily through comfort factors like room temperature, but does not affect competitiveness (h8 rejected). digital presence, while not affecting satisfaction (h5 rejected), is the strongest determinant of competitiveness (h10 accepted), with "accessibility of information" as the highest-rated item. this aligns with recent literature highlighting the strategic role of digital channels in standardized service environments (hanaysha, 2022; öksüz et al., 2025; singh et al., 2024). customer satisfaction strongly influences competitiveness (h11 accepted), with a greater impact in fast food restaurants, confirming its role as a strategic mediator, especially in standardized settings where satisfaction shapes loyalty and competitiveness (chun & nyam-ochir, 2020). satisfaction also mediates the effects of food quality, price, and physical environment on competitiveness in fast food contexts (h12a, h12c, h12d accepted), supporting prior research on satisfaction as a key mediator of loyalty and competitive advantage (cheraghalizadeh & dědková, 2022; chun & nyamochir, 2020). mga confirmed that employee service quality drives competitiveness in padang restaurants, while digital presence dominates in fast food. satisfaction's effect on competitiveness was more substantial in fast food, highlighting its key role in standardized, digitally integrated formats. conclusions this study highlights that different types of restaurants require distinct strategies to influence customer perceptions of competitiveness. traditional restaurants rely on employee service and the physical environment, while modern fast food benefits from digital presence and customer satisfaction. mga results confirm significant segment differences, particularly in how digital presence, employee service, and satisfaction impact competitiveness, emphasizing the role of consumer characteristics and restaurant type in shaping strategies. for traditional restaurants, competitiveness is primarily influenced by interpersonal service and the physical comfort of the restaurant. to enhance competitiveness, strategies should focus on improving staff-customer interactions, ensuring service accuracy, and maintaining a pleasant dining atmosphere, with adequate supporting facilities. in contrast, modern fast food restaurants rely more on customer satisfaction, driven by consistent food quality, fair pricing, and physical comfort, reinforced by a strong digital presence. differentiation in this segment should emphasize engaging digital content and responsive online interactions to strengthen market positioning. limitations of the study include its cross-sectional design, which limits causal conclusions, and reliance on selfreported data. future research could explore causal relationships through longitudinal or experimental designs and extend to other regions or types of restaurants. author contributions: conceptualization, r.i.k.s., n.h., r.a. and a.s.h.w.; methodology, r.i.k.s.; software, r.i.k.s.; validation, r.i.k.s.; formal analysis, r.i.k.s.; investigation, r.i.k.s., n.h., r.a. and a.s.h.w.; resources, r.i.k.s., n.h., r.a. and a.s.h.w.; data curation, r.i.k.s.; writing – original draft preparation, r.i.k.s., n.h., r.a. and a.s.h.w.; writing – review & editing, r.i.k.s., n.h., r.a. and a.s.h.w.; visualization, r.i.k.s.; supervision, r.i.k.s.; project administration, n.h., r.a. and a.s.h.w.; funding acquisition, n.h., r.a. and a.s.h.w. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: authors received no funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. sari et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 56-72 69 references adesina, k. i., pelumi, o. o., & blessing, a. o. 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(2024). how does the consumer choose a restaurant? an overview of the determinants of consumer satisfaction. food research international, 186, 114369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114369 appendices appendix a: discriminant validity test results (cross-loading) for overall sample items x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 y1 y2 x1.1 0.847 0.666 0.623 0.654 0.572 0.654 0.599 x1.2 0.855 0.725 0.653 0.622 0.531 0.631 0.589 x1.3 0.785 0.618 0.546 0.567 0.516 0.510 0.490 x1.4 0.786 0.588 0.599 0.502 0.448 0.559 0.476 x1.5 0.784 0.594 0.701 0.613 0.565 0.642 0.610 x2.1 0.708 0.886 0.635 0.578 0.563 0.609 0.610 x2.2 0.648 0.854 0.613 0.580 0.578 0.526 0.535 x2.3 0.705 0.882 0.689 0.644 0.572 0.617 0.615 x3.1 0.715 0.683 0.811 0.605 0.583 0.595 0.552 x3.2 0.687 0.679 0.795 0.627 0.630 0.603 0.595 x3.3 0.555 0.553 0.845 0.527 0.570 0.502 0.504 x3.4 0.639 0.614 0.867 0.568 0.552 0.579 0.622 x3.5 0.590 0.525 0.821 0.573 0.594 0.581 0.581 x4.1 0.574 0.632 0.569 0.854 0.550 0.587 0.610 x4.2 0.705 0.620 0.621 0.893 0.589 0.689 0.594 x4.3 0.585 0.499 0.607 0.804 0.647 0.558 0.533 x5.1 0.508 0.536 0.527 0.543 0.856 0.424 0.537 x5.2 0.622 0.542 0.694 0.612 0.884 0.506 0.593 x5.3 0.608 0.621 0.692 0.692 0.901 0.556 0.587 x5.4 0.561 0.603 0.584 0.607 0.895 0.531 0.651 y1.1 0.619 0.577 0.659 0.596 0.512 0.864 0.593 y1.2 0.560 0.561 0.520 0.548 0.362 0.837 0.551 y1.3 0.684 0.589 0.612 0.656 0.514 0.861 0.624 y1.4 0.637 0.539 0.547 0.625 0.531 0.815 0.735 y2.1 0.690 0.642 0.691 0.610 0.649 0.674 0.866 y2.2 0.547 0.557 0.480 0.606 0.537 0.625 0.879 y2.3 0.583 0.613 0.653 0.619 0.585 0.670 0.887 y2.4 0.591 0.558 0.604 0.566 0.591 0.661 0.896 appendix b: discriminant validity test results (cross-loading) for traditional padang restaurant items x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 y1 y2 x1.1 0.849 0.651 0.633 0.689 0.547 0.658 0.567 x1.2 0.828 0.734 0.598 0.556 0.430 0.587 0.620 x1.3 0.790 0.621 0.526 0.562 0.418 0.473 0.501 x1.4 0.799 0.544 0.562 0.465 0.404 0.525 0.491 x1.5 0.786 0.584 0.654 0.704 0.551 0.644 0.609 x2.1 0.660 0.876 0.526 0.601 0.532 0.565 0.662 x2.2 0.671 0.815 0.553 0.489 0.480 0.497 0.514 x2.3 0.654 0.859 0.606 0.589 0.520 0.582 0.637 x3.1 0.738 0.630 0.808 0.649 0.583 0.566 0.582 x3.2 0.616 0.540 0.779 0.515 0.554 0.531 0.553 x3.3 0.447 0.487 0.823 0.400 0.601 0.353 0.516 x3.4 0.653 0.554 0.905 0.558 0.640 0.504 0.582 x3.5 0.509 0.455 0.757 0.510 0.588 0.466 0.530 x4.1 0.509 0.561 0.414 0.826 0.429 0.489 0.582 x4.2 0.694 0.600 0.548 0.853 0.469 0.613 0.479 x4.3 0.616 0.458 0.652 0.773 0.568 0.516 0.474 x5.1 0.482 0.534 0.639 0.485 0.892 0.444 0.457 x5.2 0.528 0.443 0.718 0.513 0.873 0.421 0.496 x5.3 0.577 0.572 0.689 0.608 0.910 0.491 0.553 x5.4 0.483 0.571 0.540 0.495 0.866 0.485 0.578 y1.1 0.617 0.553 0.599 0.602 0.506 0.864 0.548 y1.2 0.537 0.554 0.377 0.453 0.300 0.836 0.557 y1.3 0.650 0.557 0.553 0.591 0.478 0.898 0.569 y1.4 0.672 0.570 0.537 0.621 0.502 0.858 0.694 y2.1 0.720 0.628 0.737 0.539 0.592 0.598 0.850 y2.2 0.535 0.643 0.438 0.575 0.445 0.574 0.853 y2.3 0.531 0.660 0.555 0.550 0.508 0.570 0.895 y2.4 0.599 0.547 0.604 0.504 0.494 0.642 0.863 sari et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 56-72 72 appendix c: discriminant validity test result (cross-loading) for modern fast food restaurant items x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 y1 y2 x1.1 0.846 0.679 0.623 0.626 0.638 0.651 0.631 x1.2 0.884 0.709 0.708 0.681 0.652 0.672 0.558 x1.3 0.799 0.625 0.584 0.565 0.619 0.568 0.479 x1.4 0.776 0.644 0.662 0.566 0.556 0.606 0.467 x1.5 0.789 0.610 0.751 0.556 0.645 0.647 0.622 x2.1 0.760 0.900 0.727 0.566 0.645 0.651 0.569 x2.2 0.623 0.895 0.676 0.667 0.690 0.557 0.554 x2.3 0.762 0.906 0.771 0.699 0.651 0.653 0.592 x3.1 0.709 0.727 0.814 0.567 0.599 0.619 0.527 x3.2 0.765 0.805 0.812 0.717 0.703 0.671 0.630 x3.3 0.655 0.610 0.858 0.631 0.537 0.632 0.490 x3.4 0.656 0.685 0.881 0.631 0.606 0.664 0.693 x3.5 0.668 0.589 0.870 0.617 0.585 0.683 0.625 x4.1 0.648 0.707 0.711 0.890 0.718 0.685 0.644 x4.2 0.717 0.639 0.689 0.926 0.722 0.765 0.705 x4.3 0.580 0.560 0.592 0.852 0.703 0.621 0.602 x5.1 0.569 0.559 0.435 0.599 0.795 0.416 0.640 x5.2 0.726 0.640 0.684 0.698 0.892 0.591 0.685 x5.3 0.680 0.702 0.722 0.777 0.878 0.645 0.637 x5.4 0.672 0.656 0.638 0.716 0.922 0.595 0.740 y1.1 0.627 0.594 0.707 0.582 0.516 0.865 0.631 y1.2 0.583 0.567 0.629 0.633 0.444 0.842 0.552 y1.3 0.722 0.615 0.655 0.716 0.573 0.830 0.675 y1.4 0.603 0.510 0.567 0.637 0.600 0.774 0.778 y2.1 0.661 0.658 0.657 0.676 0.714 0.756 0.883 y2.2 0.555 0.484 0.514 0.635 0.653 0.671 0.905 y2.3 0.636 0.566 0.743 0.691 0.690 0.769 0.880 y2.4 0.583 0.571 0.609 0.632 0.725 0.683 0.929 appendix d: discriminant validity test results (fornell-larcker criterion) for overall sample items x5 x4 x1 y2 x3 x4 y1 x5 0.884 x4 0.653 0.874 x1 0.652 0.787 0.812 y2 0.672 0.674 0.686 0.882 x3 0.708 0.740 0.773 0.693 0.828 x4 0.696 0.688 0.732 0.681 0.703 0.851 y1 0.573 0.671 0.743 0.746 0.693 0.721 0.845 appendix e: discriminant validity test results (fornell-larcker criterion) for traditional padang restaurant items x5 x4 x1 y2 x3 x4 y1 x5 0.885 x4 0.602 0.850 x1 0.586 0.776 0.811 y2 0.592 0.716 0.693 0.866 x3 0.727 0.660 0.738 0.681 0.816 x4 0.595 0.662 0.742 0.626 0.654 0.818 y1 0.522 0.647 0.720 0.689 0.602 0.661 0.864 appendix f: discriminant validity test results (fornell-larcker criterion) for modern fast food restaurant items x5 x4 x1 y2 x3 x4 y1 x5 0.873 x4 0.734 0.900 x1 0.761 0.798 0.820 y2 0.774 0.636 0.679 0.900 x3 0.717 0.807 0.815 0.706 0.847 x4 0.802 0.715 0.732 0.733 0.748 0.890 y1 0.649 0.691 0.770 0.802 0.773 0.779 0.828 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 35-42 35 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 11 no 1 (2026) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa omani students' perceptions of the impact of private tutoring on academic performance hamood ahmed al hunaini (a)1 rashid mohammed al hajri (b) kodhandaraman chinnathambi (c) (a)assistant professor, educational technology, a’ sharqiyah university, oman; e-mail: hamood.alhunaini@asu.edu.om (b)associate professor, educational foundation, a’ sharqiyah university, oman; e-mail: rashid.alhajri@asu.edu.om (c)lecturer, preparatory studies center, university of technology and applied sciences-ibra, oman; e-mail: kodhandaraman.c@utas.edu.om a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 25th august 2025 reviewed & revised: 25th august 2025 to 7th december 2025 accepted: 9th december 2025 published: 11th december 2025 keywords: private tutoring, academic performance, omani students, quantitative study, regression analysis jel classification codes: i21, d12, o15 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t private tutoring is becoming increasingly common worldwide as a way to supplement formal education, especially in developing countries. this growing trend has attracted significant attention from researchers who are using various methods to understand the reasons behind the demand for private tutoring and its impact on students, focusing on key variables such as gender, grade level, and the relationship between tutoring participation and test scores. however, few research studies examine how omani students perceive the impact of private tutoring on their academic performance. therefore, this study aims to investigate omani students' perceptions of private tutoring and its impact on their academic performance. the study employed a quantitative research method and collected data from 1,111 omani students studying in grades 9 to 12 (high and higher secondary schools) by distributing a self-prepared questionnaire. the data were analyzed in spss using descriptive and regression analysis to determine the factors influencing the test scores. the multiple regression analyses indicate a positive correlation between private tutoring and omani students' academic achievement (f = 5.210, p = 0.006). however, receiving private tutoring (p = 0.543) is not statistically significant, whereas the number of days attended is statistically significant (p = 0.001). overall, the study's findings reveal that mere participation in private tutoring does not have a positive effect on test scores, but regularly attending private tutoring is positively associated with test scores. the study recommends consistent engagement with private tutoring to improve students' academic performance. the study also provides significant implications for teachers, parents, and policymakers. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction education systems have evolved over the years, and assessments and exams have become essential for measuring students' achievement. our current educational systems are deeply rooted in colonial origins. so, many education systems rely heavily on exams to ensure fairness, mainly when many students compete for limited higher education seats and scholarships. thus, students and their families have been looking for ways to help learners maximize their scores on school exams. therefore, many parents hire private tutors to help their children in various subjects to ensure their academic success. at first, private tutoring was a sole practice for wealthy families. however, this idea became a global issue (bray & kwo, 2014), and the demand for private tutors increased. in many countries, private tutoring has become a parallel education system alongside school systems, and many families perceive it as an obligation (zhang, 2021). research also suggests that private tutoring has become an inevitable feature of formal educational systems, as students use it to improve their academic performance. a study conducted by guerrero (2020) demonstrated that private tutoring could help students become high achievers. likewise, zheng, wang, shen, and fang (2020) found that private tutoring had a positive influence on students' test scores. a recent study by zhang and liu (2022) also showed a positive correlation between private tutoring and academic performance. earlier studies by buchmann, condron, and roscigno (2010) and marshall and fukao (2019) also found a positive relationship between private tutoring and academic performance. these results reinforce the global view that private tutoring is essential for academic achievement. hence, parents and students opt for private tutoring. this rise in demand reflects broader global trends in which private tutoring is added to formal education systems. 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0001-3783-8929 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2752 to cite this article: al hunaini, h. a., al hajri, r. m., & chinnathambi, k. (2025). omani students’ perceptions of the impact of private tutoring on academic performance. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 11(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2752 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2752 https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3783-8929 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0428-4891 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1289-9290 al huneini et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 35-42 36 in oman, private tutoring is no longer a luxury but a standard part of educational support. this is due to educational pressure, perceived necessity, and parental investment. private tutoring in oman has gained popularity over the last two decades and is available in various forms, including personalized, group, and online sessions. tutors are generally selected based on their qualifications, experience, recommendations, reputation, and location. therefore, studying this phenomenon has become necessary to uncover its various aspects and its impact on omani students and the school system in general. the lack of self-motivated reading habits also plays a role in the decision to choose private tutoring. in this context, many questions related to private tutoring, such as the percentage of prevalence of private lessons among omani school students, the most common forms of private lessons, the subjects for which students take private tutoring, the criteria used for selecting a private teacher, the place for private tutoring, time allotted for tuition, money spent on tuition, remain unanswered. omani students and parents invest significant time and money in private tutoring, yet few studies have been conducted in this regard. as a consequence, details on the prevalence and practices of private tutoring, academic outcomes, equity, and accessibility are unavailable. so, the stakeholders are still determining whether private tutoring positively impacts omani students' self-confidence, study skills, and academic performance. therefore, this empirical study primarily focuses on omani students' perceptions of private tutoring, examines the demographic variables gender and grade level, and investigates the relationship between private tutoring and its impact on academic success, gender, and grade level. the lack of detailed, context-specific knowledge about private tutoring and its potential impact on academic performance is the primary problem in the omani educational context. detailed and contextualized knowledge is vital for informing educational practices and policies. therefore, this empirical study aims to investigate (a) whether there are differences in the perceptions of male and female students regarding private tutoring, (b) whether students in grades 9, 10, 11, and 12 hold varying opinions on private tutoring, and (c) whether there is a relationship between students' test scores and their participation in private tutoring. overall, this study aims to investigate omani students' perceptions of private tutoring and its impact on their academic performance. to achieve the aim of this study, a quantitative method is adopted. data were collected from 1,111 omani students in grades 9-12. to collect data, a self-prepared questionnaire was used. the data were analyzed in spss using descriptive analysis and multiple regression analysis. by addressing these gaps, this study attempts to provide valuable insights for students, parents, teachers, and policymakers. the study is unique because it not only fills a research gap but also enables students, parents, teachers, and policymakers to make informed decisions about private tutoring in oman's educational landscape. the remaining paper structure includes section 2, which reviews the literature on the study variable, private tutoring, and its impact on academic performance, and students' perceptions of private tutoring. section 3 elaborates on the study's methodology. results and discussion are presented in section 4, and the study's conclusion is presented in section 5. literature review the growing popularity of private tutoring among students has become a significant topic in education. many students feel that private tutoring improves their academic performance. they mention factors such as increased motivation, parental expectations, perceived inadequacies in school teaching quality, and the personalized attention provided through tutoring. these elements suggest that private tutoring is an effective way to address specific learning needs and complement formal education. empirical research across many countries has shed light on the potential benefits of private tutoring. in japan, private lessons are more inclusive and better organized, as in 2017 they accounted for $969 billion in the market (zhang, 2021). in china, private lessons expanded during the 1990s and developed the world's most extensive system of private tutoring (zhang & bray, 2017). in 2020, official statistics estimated that over half a million companies with more than 11 million employees were engaged in private tutoring in china. the situation is no better in south korea, as national statistics show that 74.5% of korean students in k-12 received private tutoring in 2019. davies and aurini (2006) have found that 24% of parents in canada hire private teachers to provide academic support to their children. the percentage appears to be higher in the arab world. for example, a 2009 study by the information centre of the egyptian cabinet found that 61%77% of students receive private tutoring across all school levels. on the other hand, official egyptian statistics show that private lessons prohibited by egyptian laws cost families around 15 billion egyptian pounds. however, in the arab gulf countries, official statistics are unavailable on this issue, creating an ambiguous picture of its extent. neither teachers nor students publicly discuss private tutoring, as all gulf states consider it illegal for teachers to provide it. however, studies show that the phenomenon is spreading in the gulf countries. for example, a study in kuwait found that 67.8% of secondary students go for private tutoring. also, found that 19.3% of respondents took private lessons. in saudi arabia, 45.9% of male and 56.6% of secondary students receive private lessons. a ministry of education in oman study found that 47.7% of students use private tutoring. students go for private lessons for socio-economic reasons (bray, 2014). also, the school environment can contribute to the spread of private tutoring; crowded classrooms, low-quality teaching, and complex curricula may lead students to seek extra lessons (bray & lykins, 2012). the main reason for the spread of private lessons is the challenging math topics students encounter in schools that do not align with their abilities. such activities reduce teacher-student classroom interaction and students' interest in these topics. isawi (2018) argues that students' absences and lack of autonomy force parents to opt for private tutoring to secure high grades. students' views indicate they seek private tutoring to achieve the high grades required for university enrolment in specific programs, especially for complex topics in some school subjects. however, bray and kwo (2014) see that private tutoring spreads among students who need remedial work and extra support when dealing with their peers or school learning procedures. this becomes obvious with other challenges, al huneini et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 35-42 37 such as crowded classrooms, and there are several reasons; students' weakness in some school subjects comes at the top of this list. he also says that schools need to make greater efforts to raise students' awareness of the dangers these private lessons may pose to learners and the school system, as they encourage students to neglect classes and promote carelessness. others believe that teachers who promote private tutoring do so for financial gain. these benefits encourage teachers facing economic constraints, especially in developing countries, to seek private tutoring outside school hours (isawi, 2018). teachers' low income is one of the main reasons for the spread of private teaching, through which they seek to lift their living standards. teachers' lack of incentives contributes to their working extra hours as private tutors. there are also reasons related to family, such as the over-pampering of children that parents practice when providing education, which leads learners to become overly dependent on studying. in addition, many families tend to imitate other families in providing extra support to children without considering their needs. this practice might be due to helping learners score high grades. zhang (2014) notes that high-achieving students are more willing to take private lessons than challenged students, and that families consider this part of their investment in children's education. private lessons differ in nature as community orientation and policies around them vary. the first type is official. educational institutions offer private lessons, and governments offer additional incentives to encourage teachers to provide extra student support. so, they can score high in national and international exams (bray & kwo, 2014). the second type is unofficial, as it does not come through an educational organization. it is usually understood as an unofficial individual agreement between parents and individual teachers. this type is spreading more as lessons are provided outside school premises in various houses, public places, and libraries. the third type is organized by private institutions registered to provide extra complementary support for learners. these organizations offer multiple services, and parents have to choose what they think is better for their child and their budgets. lessons can be provided for groups or individual students, face-to-face or online. such organizations have official licenses in turkey and japan (bray & kwo, 2014). to optimize private tutoring, it is essential to understand students' perceptions. however, differences in male and female students' perceptions may vary and can significantly contribute to optimizing private tutoring. this view is supported by theoretical frameworks, such as social role theory and achievement motivation theory, which suggest that gender can influence attitudes towards private tutoring. according to social role theory, boys and girls have differing attitudes towards life and academic support because they are socialized differently (eagly & wood, 1999). similarly, achievement motivation theory points out that an individual's drive to achieve is shaped by their self-concept and perceived abilities. gender differences in achievement motivation can influence how students view and engage with academic support (mcclelland, 1965). based on these theoretical frameworks, it can be assumed that male and female students perceive private tutoring differently. it is essential to determine whether male and female students differ in their perceptions of private tutoring. such findings have important implications for educational practice, suggesting that interventions should be designed with an understanding of individual needs rather than gender-based assumptions. hence, the variable gender (g) is tested. understanding how students in different grades (9, 10, 11, and 12) perceive private tutoring is essential. this could reveal the distinct developmental and academic challenges they may face. theoretical frameworks such as developmental theory and cognitive development theory suggest that (a) individuals go through distinct stages of psychosocial development throughout their lives (erikson, 1968) and (b) differences in grade levels may reflect variations in cognitive maturity and the ability to handle complex concepts and strategies (piaget & inhelder, 2008). based on these theoretical frameworks, it can be inferred that students across grades perceive private tutoring differently. these differences may even affect their perceived value of private tutoring. since students' perceptions may vary by grade level, it is essential to include the gradelevel variable (gl). by addressing this variable, the study can help improve tutoring practices. this will ensure academic growth and development for students across different grades. when it comes to the impact of private tutoring on academic performance, guerrero (2020) found that private education investment tends to have a positive effect on students' chances of becoming high achievers. however, there are substantial differences by social origins. similarly, the study by zheng, wang, shen, and fang (2020) shows that private tutoring is significantly and positively associated with student test scores, especially in english and mathematics. furthermore, tutored students tend to report higher levels of self-confidence and parent-child relationships. zhang and liu (2022) highlight that most research supports a positive correlation between private tutoring and test scores, a view echoed by several studies (buchmann, condron, & roscigno, 2010; candia, mukoki, ashaba, jehopio, & kyasiimire, 2018; marshall & fukao, 2019). however, there are few studies on how attitudes towards private tutoring differ by gender and grade level. since this study involves students in grades 9-12, it is essential to determine whether they have varied perceptions of private tutoring. furthermore, demographic factors such as gender and grade have not been investigated thoroughly in relation to private tutoring and academic achievement. by focusing on these demographic factors, the study will examine the differences and their implications to address the existing research gap. based on theoretical frameworks and empirical studies, this study seeks answers to the following questions: (a) are there differences in the perceptions of private tutoring between male and female students? (b) do students in grades 9, 10, 11, and 12 have varying opinions on private tutoring? moreover, (c) is there a link between students' test scores and their participation in private tutoring? to answer these research questions, three null hypotheses were formulated. the following are the hypotheses of the study: h1: there is no significant difference between male and female students’ perceptions of private tutoring. h2: there is no significant difference in opinions among grades 9, 10, 11, and 12. h3: there is no relationship between test scores and private tutoring. al huneini et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 35-42 38 materials and methods about 1111 students studying in grades nine, ten, eleven, and twelve participated in the survey. these students represented various high and higher secondary schools in different regions of oman. this diverse sample size ensured a comprehensive representation of students who actively engage in private tutoring to improve their academic performance. demographic details, including gender, grade, and frequency of private tutoring, were collected from them to conduct an in-depth analysis. a self-developed questionnaire was administered to participants to collect data on students' perceptions of private tutoring and its impact on academic achievement. the questionnaire included the following questions: students' attitude towards private tutoring, perceived effectiveness of private tutoring, frequency of attending private tutoring, impact of private tutoring on academic achievement, and self-reported test scores. the study employed five likert scales in the questionnaire to measure responses, with 5 indicating "strongly agree" and 1 indicating "strongly disagree," to provide precise measurement. the collected data were analyzed using spss (statistical package for the social sciences). the data were collected from students currently attending private tutoring, from various regions, electronically via email questionnaires. participants were informed about the study's purpose and provided consent to participate. parents were also informed about the study. additionally, to contextualize the study and develop a research framework, secondary data were collected from journals indexed in scopus, web of science, and other reputable databases. the study employed a quantitative research method. descriptive analysis was carried out to determine the frequencies of gender, grade, and governorate, as well as the overall percentages. next, an independent samples t-test was conducted to compare the means of two independent groups and determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between male and female students. after that, a one-way anova was performed to compare the means of the four groups (grades 9, 10, 11, and 12) and assess whether there were significant differences among them. finally, multiple linear regression analysis was carried out to examine how well several independent variables predict the dependent variable and provides information on the strength and nature of these relationships. while the theoretical frameworks are informed by social role theory (eagly & wood, 1999), achievement motivation theory (mcclelland, 1965), developmental theory (erikson, 1968), cognitive development theory (piaget & inhelder, 2008), the empirical frameworks are derived from guerrero (2020), zheng, wang, shen, and fang (2020), zhang and liu (2022). based on these theoretical and empirical frameworks, this study contributes to understanding whether gender, grade level, and private tutoring influence academic performance. results descriptive analysis table 1. frequency table for gender gender frequency percent male 550 49.5 female 561 50.5 total 1111 100.0 the gender frequency table indicates that of 1,111 respondents, 550 (49.5%) are male and 561 (50.5%) are female. this shows that the gender distribution among participants is nearly balanced, with only a slight difference of 0.5% between the two groups. such an even distribution suggests that both male and female perspectives are almost equally represented in the study, reducing the risk of gender bias in the findings. therefore, the sample can be considered gender-balanced, enhancing the credibility and generalizability of the research results. table 2. frequency table for grade level grade level frequency percent 9 180 16.2 10 247 22.2 11 306 27.5 12 378 34.0 total 1111 100.0 from the above table, the highest number of students who utilize private tutoring is 12th-grade students (34%), and 11th-grade students (27.5%), followed by 10th-grade students (22.2%), and the least is 9th-grade students (16.2%). this shows that the higher the grade, the higher the percentage of students taking private tutoring. so, students who want to score higher marks prefer private tutoring. the higher the marks, the more students have a chance to choose and enroll in an institution of their liking. table 3. frequency table for the governorate of students who attended private tutoring governorate frequency percent sharqiya north 131 11.8 sharqiya south 159 14.3 batinah north 285 25.7 al huneini et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 35-42 39 batinah south 146 13.1 dakhliya 54 4.9 wosta 3 .3 musandam 17 1.5 buraimi 3 .3 dahira 71 6.4 dofar 38 3.4 muscat 204 18.4 total 1111 100.0 the table above shows that the north batinah (285%), muscat (204%), and south batinah (146%) governorates have higher rates of students taking private tutoring than other governorates. this indicates that students from these regions show more interest in private tutoring. as mentioned in the previous paragraph, these students would have pursued private tutoring to get a good score in the higher secondary school exam. also, these regions are developed, so there may be intense competition among students to get admitted to the college, university, or institution they prefer or need to attend. table 4. frequency table for the overall percentage of students who attended private tutoring percentage frequency percent more than 90% 311 28.0 80% 90% 415 37.4 70% 79% 247 22.2 less than 70% 138 12.4 total 1111 100.0 the table shows the final exam percentage for students who took private tutoring the previous year. the result shows that 65.4% of students scored above 80%. 22.2% scored between 70% and 79%. 12.4% of students scored less than 70%. looking at the data, the majority of students performed well in the exam. this shows that attending private tutoring helped students to secure a decent score to pursue their higher studies. hypothesis: there is no significant difference between male and female students' perceptions of private tutoring. table 5. perceptions of male and female students on private tutoring perception of students gender t value p value male female mean sd mean sd students’ opinions on private tutoring 19.873 3.80 20.08 3.90 -1.532 0.126 students' opinion on the effectiveness of private tutoring 16.71 2.78 16.76 2.86 -285 0.786 contrary to the theoretical frameworks informed by social role theory (eagly & wood, 1999) and achievement motivation theory (mcclelland, 1965), table 5 shows no significant differences in perceptions between male and female students. they share a similar opinion. this is confirmed statistically. the p-value is greater than 0.05%, so it is statistically insignificant. therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted. hypothesis: there is no significant difference in opinions among grades 9, 10, 11, and 12 table 6. significant difference in opinions among grades 9, 10, 11, and 12 perception of students grade f value p value 9 10 11 12 students' opinions on private tutoring 19.40 (4.12) 19.90 (3.63) 19.80 (3.93) 20.24 (3.79) 2.048 0.105 students' opinions on the effectiveness of private tutoring 16.85 (2.68) 16.92 (2.61) 16.52 (3.00) 16.74 (2.86) 1.029 0.379 contrary to the theoretical frameworks informed by developmental theory (erikson, 1968) and cognitive development theory (piaget & inhelder, 2008), table 6 (the one-way anova results) shows no significant difference among the different grades. the p-value is above 0.05%, so the difference is statistically insignificant. according to the data, students in grades 9, 10, 11, and 12 have similar perceptions of the impact of private tutoring on their academic performance. therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted. hypothesis: there is no relationship between test scores and private tutoring al huneini et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 35-42 40 dependent variable: test score independent variables: 1. receiving private tutoring 2. number of days students attended private tutoring table 7. model summary r square adjusted r square f value pvalue .009 .008 5.210 .006 empirical evidence from the studies of guerrero (2020), zheng, wang, shen, and fang (2020), and zhang and liu (2022) demonstrates that private tutoring has a positive impact on academic performance. these study findings also confirm the positive correlation between test scores and private tutoring, as shown in table 7. the linear regression analysis shows that the overall model is statistically significant (f (1, 9) = 5.210, p = 0.006). table 8. variables in the multiple linear regression analysis variables unstandardized co-efficient (b) se of b standardized co-efficient (beta) t value p value constant 1.956 0.136 14.43 <0.001** 1 0.029 0.047 0.018 0.609 0.543 2 0.086 0.027 0.096 3.193 <0.001** note: ** denotes significant at 1% level according to table 8, the individual predictor "receiving private tutoring" is not statistically significant (p-value = 0.543). the value exceeds the conventional significance level of 0.005. this suggests that this predictor does not significantly influence the test scores. however, the individual predictor "number of days students attended private tutoring” is statistically significant (p-value = 0.001). this indicates that this predictor has a significant effect on the test scores. it implies that the more days a student attends private tutoring, the higher their test scores. to conclude, receiving private tutoring, regardless of the number of days attended, does not affect test scores, but the number of days a student attends private tutoring shows a substantial, positive impact on test scores. therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. discussions this study examined omani students' perceptions of the impact of private tutoring on academic performance. three null hypotheses were proposed in this study, and the discussion is organized around these hypotheses; h1: there is no significant difference between male and female students’ perceptions of private tutoring,.h2: there is no significant difference of opinions among grade 9, 10, 11, and 12, and h3: there is no relationship between test scores and private tutoring. the findings did not support h1 and h2, indicating no significant differences in perceptions between male and female students or across grade levels. this suggests that various demographic groups have a similar or unvarying influence of private tutoring. since demographic characteristics do not influence students' attitudes toward private tutoring, these findings are inconsistent with social role theory (eagly & wood, 1999), achievement motivation theory (mcclelland, 1965), developmental theory (erikson, 1968), and cognitive development theory (piaget & inhelder, 2008). there is a discrepancy between theoretical expectations and empirical findings. in contrast, h3 was supported. the linear regression analysis results reveal the possible link between academic achievement and private coaching. this implies a significant correlation between exam scores and private tutoring. nevertheless, it is not that all students who take tuition show such correlations, but rather that students who regularly attend private tutoring do. hence, the predictor, the number of days attended private tutoring, reveals such correlations. this research proves that regular attendance has a positive impact on test scores. these findings support the assumption that the success of private tutoring is determined not just by whether a student participates but also by how consistently they engage in these sessions. hence, it is evident that without continuous attendance in private tutoring, students will not be able to improve their academic performance. this validates the study findings of zheng et al. (2020), guerrero (2020), and zhang and liu (2022) that private tutoring has a significant effect on students’ test scores. the current study findings also confirm that the more the students regularly attend private tutoring, the higher their test scores are. to summarize, while gender and grade level did not affect students' impressions of private tutoring, attendance frequency is critical for improving academic achievement. this suggests that for private tutoring to be effective, students must attend sessions regularly. these insights can help educators and politicians structure private tutoring programs to maximize their benefits by encouraging consistent attendance and focusing on quality. conclusions the purpose of the study was to examine omani students' perceptions of the impact of private tutoring on their academic performance. the study's findings indicate that omani students hold similar views on private tutoring, regardless of gender or grade level, suggesting no significant differences in their perceptions. the study findings indicate that the mere presence of private tutoring does not have a substantial impact on academic performance. however, regular attendance at tutoring sessions has a notably positive effect on test scores. this implies that while having access to private tutoring may not al huneini et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 35-42 41 automatically improve academic performance, regular attendance is critical to achieve that. to maximize the effectiveness of private tutoring, it is essential to promote consistent participation and active engagement. the findings have implications for educators and policymakers seeking to optimize tutoring programs and support students' academic achievement. the current study's nuanced examination of private tutoring offers unique contributions. first, the study showed no influence of gender or grade level on students' perceptions of private tutoring, which indeed challenges the theoretical expectations of social role theory and achievement motivation theory that demographic factors will influence students' perceptions of private tutoring. hence, private tutoring should be examined independently of gender and grade level. another important contribution of this study is that regular attendance has a positive impact on academic performance, rather than mere participation. this finding not only validates prior empirical findings but also offers a new perspective on them. it also has implications for educators and policymakers, who must make informed decisions about strategies to encourage students to participate regularly in private tutoring. this study has its limitations despite valuable findings. the study used only a quantitative research method; qualitative or mixed-methods approaches might be adopted in future research. also, the study examined only the tutees' perspectives and did not include those of parents or tutors. similarly, instructional quality, the tutor's educational background, and the tuition context should have been explored. since these factors can significantly affect the study's results, further research in these areas can inform a valid decision regarding private tuition. author contribution: conceptualization, h.a.a.h., r.m.a.h. and k.c.; methodology, h.a.a.h.; software, h.a.a.h.; validation, h.a.a.h.; formal analysis, h.a.a.h.; investigation, h.a.a.h.; resources, h.a.a.h.; data curation, h.a.a.h.; writing original draft preparation, h.a.a.h.; writing review & editing preparation, h.a.a.h.; visualization, h.a.a.h.; supervision, r.m.a.h. and k.c.; project administration, h.a.a.h.; funding acquisition, h.a.a.h., r.m.a.h. and k.c. the authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received funding for this research from moheri. acknowledgments: the research leading to these results has received funding from the ministry of higher education, research and innovation (moheri) of the sultanate of oman under the block funding program. trc block funding agreement no [moheri/bfp/asu/01/2021] informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references bray, m., & kwo, o. 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(2020). associations of private tutoring with chinese students’ academic achievement, emotional well-being, and parent-child relationship. children and youth services review, 112, 104934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104934 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 25-35 25 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 6 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa effect of bilingualism on cognitive flexibility: a psycholinguistic analysis olga sakharova (a) tetiana nedashkivska (b) svitlana kozak (c) tetiana nikolaieva (d) svitlana romanchuk (e)1 (a) acting professor of the department of languages, faculty of history and theory of music and composition, and foreign students, ukrainian national tchaikovsky music academy, kyiv, ukraine; e-mail: olsakh@ukr.net (b) professor, head of department of slavic and germanic philology and translation, zhytomyr ivan franko state university, zhytomyr, ukraine; e-mail: meganed777@gmail.comom (c) associate professor, english department in marine engineering, national university “odessa maritime academy”, odesa, ukraine; e-mail: svkozak0210@gmail.com (d) associate professor, department of foreign philology, kyiv national university of culture and arts, kyiv, ukraine; e-mail: nickolayeva.t@gmail.com (e) associate professor, department of journalism, faculty of humanities, ukrainian institute of art and science, bucha, ukraine; e-mail: svitlor2017@ukr.net a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 12th march 2025 reviewed & revised: 12th march 2025 to 10th august 2025 accepted: 14th august 2025 published: 28th august 2025 keywords: terms-cognitive plasticity, adaptive strategies, cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, language interference jel classification codes: k00, k11, k12, k33 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t bilingualism is a factor that activates the development of executive functions and contributes to cognitive flexibility. however, scientific research has little to do with the psychocognitive aspects of cognitive flexibility. it overlooks the emotional component of this phenomenon, as most cognitive science and psychology research have historically prioritized quantifiable and behaviorally observable elements of cognition. thus, this research focuses on examining the influence of bilingualism on cognitive flexibility and components of social cognition in students through an experimental study. as for the research design, a quasi-experimental study with intergroup comparison was chosen. this study employed a between-groups quasi-experimental design to compare the cognitive flexibility of bilingual and monolingual students, while addressing the ethical limitations of manipulating natural variables, such as language background. the results: the sample consisted of 40 participants (20 bilinguals and 20 monolinguals), matched for age (p = 0.87) and gender. education years differed (16.48 vs 14.95, p < 0.001). bilinguals outperformed monolinguals in d2 attention (1049.76 vs. 865.21, p = 0.001), rl/ri16 memory (14.68 vs. 13.30, p = 0.027), and emotional fluency (19.00 vs. 14.87, p = 0.011). cognitive flexibility was higher in bilinguals (84.5 vs 78.2, p = 0.03). age–flexibility correlation was nonsignificant (r = 0.051, p = 0.351). thus, it can be assumed that bilingualism contributes to the development of cognitive flexibility and emotional awareness, as this phenomenon holds promise for speech therapy and psycholinguistic practice. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction in the backdrop of growing globalisation, bilingualism has become a widespread phenomenon across educational systems, labour markets, and digital environments. as this tendency persists, researchers and educators alike are likely to gain a deeper understanding of the cognitive effects of bilingual language processing. current studies suggest that bilingual individuals reveal enhanced executive functioning, particularly in areas correlated to attention control and mental flexibility (acar et al., 2024). in this context, the cognitive flexibility, demarcated as the ability to adapt thinking and switch between tasks or mental sets, is viewed as a key benefit of bilingual language experience. however, the discussion remains debatable. some revisions have indicated that bilinguals may experience difficulties in lexical access and verbal fluency tasks compared to monolinguals. this may be due to an increased cognitive load and dual-language interference (alisoy, 2025; xia et al., 2022). for instance, monolinguals often outperform bilinguals in tasks that require rapid lexical decisions or semantic fluency. it raises questions concerning the cognitive benefits of bilingualism, as well as whether they are domainspecific or generalizable across language and non-language tasks. this discussion is central to current psycholinguistic 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-5737-2951 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i6.2591 to cite this article: sakharova, o., nedashkivska, t., kozak, s., nikolaieva, t., & romanchuk, s. (2025). effect of bilingualism on cognitive flexibility: a psycholinguistic analysis. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(6), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i6.2591 mailto:svkozak0210@gmail.com http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i6.2591 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-6660 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7810-8773 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5764-2920 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4642-1578 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5737-2951 sakharova et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 25-35 26 research. it highlights a significant scientific problem. it is about the need to disentangle the cognitive costs and benefits of bilingualism across developmental and proficiency variables. to address this issue, the present study aims to compare cognitive flexibility between bilingual and monolingual students, taking into account second-language proficiency and age. with the help of a quasi-experimental between-groups design, the study employs quantitative methods to explore statistically significant differences and relationships among these variables (parker, 2021). the article proceeds with section 1, which outlines the theoretical foundations of bilingual cognition and flexibility, and section 2, which presents the methodology and sample. the following section, 3, concerns the statistical findings. in section 4, the results are discussed in light of the existing literature, followed by concluding remarks. literature review modern research indicates that bilingual children exhibit higher or earlier metalinguistic awareness, which enables them to comprehend the same concept in multiple ways, thereby contributing to their understanding of the conventionality of language signs. in turn, such complex cognitive processes contribute to the development of syntactic and phonological awareness, leading to an early awareness of both linguistic and non-linguistic aspects of language. in psycholinguistics, socalled critical periods of speech and executive function development in children are distinguished. scientists have identified specific time windows during which the brain exhibits increased neuroplasticity. during these periods, language acquisition and the formation of cognitive control occur most intensively and effectively. if stimulation is disrupted or insufficient during these periods, persistent speech and cognitive difficulties may occur (nair, 2022). dual language awareness contributes to better control of speech, purposeful use of language, and more intensive and meaningful use of languages. such dynamics of perception are related to the development of executive functions, specifically language switching— conscious or unconscious, depending on communicative goals, context, level of language proficiency, or sociocultural factors —and the transition from one language to another within the same utterance, dialogue, or communication situation. in this context, language switching refers to the brain's ability to switch between functions and adapt its language use to the context or interlocutor (de bruin & shiron, 2024). the phenomenon of language switching and cognitive control in bilinguals is attracting increasing attention from researchers. this ability develops from an early age, especially in early simultaneous bilinguals who must constantly adapt to the language situation and inhibit unnecessary speech. language switching is the most complex cognitive function, based on three key executive processes, according to the model of flexibility, updating, and inhibition (guarino et al., 2020). according to neuroimaging studies, these processes are closely linked to the activation of specific brain areas. according to the data, the verbal activity of bilinguals activates language areas and centres of attention and control, which are also involved in non-executive tasks. another issue is the impact of age on language acquisition. bilingualism has a positive effect on brain functions, as regular language management helps to develop executive functions. bilingualism, previously considered a marginal phenomenon, is now becoming a global norm worldwide (brothers et al., 2022). according to the european commission more than 56% of european citizens report that they can speak at least one language in addition to their native one. in countries such as luxembourg or the netherlands, these figures were higher than 90%. it is estimated that more than half of the world's population is bilingual or multilingual (videsott, 2023). the growth of this number is linked to ongoing migration processes, globalization, and educational policies. in india, most of the population speaks at least two languages fluently, despite the 22 officially recognized languages and hundreds of regional dialects. in canada, almost 20% of the population is bilingual (macleod et al., 2024). the trend towards bilingualism reflects demographic shifts and the perception of bilingualism as the norm in all social spheres. psycholinguistics, as an interdisciplinary science, primarily considers bilingualism as a cognitive phenomenon, omitting its linguistic manifestation (issa & awadh, 2021). current research focuses on changing the neural organization of the brain when learning and using two languages. this affects functions such as attention, memory, planning, and flexible thinking. bilinguals, on the other hand, must constantly monitor the switching between languages due to additional functions. this is how executive functions are trained, and cognitive flexibility improves. thus, cognitive flexibility is the ability of bilinguals to adapt to new situations. the ability to quickly switch between different tasks and effectively change thinking strategies is recognized as a key component of executive function. for successful learning of foreign languages, effective interpersonal communication, and problem-solving, these skills are crucial. thus, this theoretical framework served as the basis for an empirical investigation into the relationship between bilingualism and cognitive flexibility. accordingly, the proposed study aimed to analyze the impact of bilingualism on cognitive flexibility levels through experimental testing and a comparative analysis of results obtained from bilingual and monolingual participants. the present study aims to simplify this idea, as lexical deficits are not always observed. typically, lexical deficits are observed in unbalanced bilingualism (bylund et al., 2023), whereas in balanced and early bilingualism, lexical performance between bilinguals and monolinguals is more comparable. thus, in balanced bilingualism, the vocabulary size is equivalent to that of a monolingual, and research has shown that bilinguals even perform better, especially in tests with an additional executive function component, such as phonological fluency tasks (giovannoli et al., 2023). during language switching, executive control is actively engaged in bilinguals. this advantage in tasks is closely related to specific neural mechanisms. studies of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) and event-related potentials (erp) have shown that language switching processes activate several brain regions. all of them are associated with cognitive control, namely the anterior cingulate cortex (apc) and the prefrontal cortex (pfc). the pfc plays a role in conflict monitoring and error detection. this process is critical when bilinguals suppress one language and activate the other sakharova et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 25-35 27 (brothers et al., 2022). the prefrontal cortex, particularly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlpfc), is responsible for working memory and attention control (jiang et al., 2024). similarly, for bilinguals, this is critically important, since they are forced to manage two linguistic systems simultaneously. studies on epc (executive processing control or executive processing capacity) further confirm these findings (lorenz et al., 2023). for example, jia (2022) reported increased n2 and p3 components during language switching tasks. this may indicate enhanced cognitive control and conflict resolution processes. accordingly, bilinguals are better able to compensate for language interference due to more developed cognitive control mechanisms. to overcome language interference, bilinguals use compensation strategies. they partially accelerate cognitive functioning and develop sensitivity to the structural features of the language. cognitive flexibility has been the subject of much research. authors describe cognitive flexibility as the ability to adapt to new conditions, adjust thinking strategies, and switch between different tasks. this skill plays a vital role in executive functioning, which also includes capabilities such as planning, inhibiting impulsive responses, updating working memory, and regulating attention (kim & runco, 2022). bilingualism is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that includes early simultaneous bilingualism (learning both languages from birth), early sequential bilingualism (learning a second language in preschool age), and late bilingualism (beginning to acquire a second language after the age of 6-7) (acar et al., 2024). beyond the age criterion, in addition to the above, speaks of active bilingualism (when an individual regularly uses both languages in everyday life) and passive bilingualism (when an individual understands the second language without actively using it) (wei, 2020). the classical understanding of bilingualism overlooked its diversity. after all, it is a complex phenomenon that requires an interdisciplinary approach. the traditional opinion interpreted bilingualism as the mastery of two languages at the level of a native speaker. an overly simplistic perception of the positions of scientists and the attribution of bilinguals to individuals with minimal knowledge of both languages in at least one aspect of reading, speaking, writing, or comprehension no longer aligns with modern perspectives (lumbanraja & damanik, 2024). today, scholars' opinions range from viewing bilingualism as a continuum, with basic competence in two languages at one pole and high functional proficiency at the other (cesaria et al., 2023), to an emphasis on the frequency of language use, which affects the dynamic nature of language competence (panchenko & bilous, 2023). in the context of the fact that language competence changes throughout life and depends on life events (immigration, education, change of environment), modern science recognises that there is not one but different types of bilingualism, each of which can have a different impact on cognitive processes (poulin-dubois et al., 2022). the phenomenon of bilingualism has evolved from a factor that hinders development to one that fosters flexible thinking, conceptual apparatus, and executive functions (snezhko et al., 2023). modern research recognises the better cognitive control of bilinguals. scientists have noted that, in tasks requiring inhibition, attention switching, and quick decision-making, bilinguals tend to excel at the expense of metalinguistic awareness (bice & zirnstein, 2024). thus, the phenomenon of bilingualism is deep and multifaceted, and despite the results of research, there is still debate in academic circles about the validity of bilingualism. meta-analytical studies emphasise the statistically insignificant difference between bilinguals and monolinguals (plonsky et al., 2021). however, the scientific literature does not identify comprehensive studies that experimentally combine methods, considering the type of bilingualism (early, late, active/passive) or a clear differentiation of language competence levels. the paper aims to fill this gap. the study aims to develop an experimental model for measuring cognitive flexibility using standardized tests and controlling for variables in a group of bilinguals and monolinguals. this will enable the clarification of the cognitive advantage of bilinguals and the identification of the aspects of bilingualism that have the most significant impact on cognitive flexibility. in this context, the following research hypotheses were formulated: null hypothesis (h₀₁) for rq1: there is no statistically significant difference in the level of cognitive flexibility between bilingual and monolingual individuals. alternative hypothesis (h₁₁) for the t-test: there is a statistically significant difference in the level of cognitive flexibility between bilingual and monolingual individuals. null hypothesis (h₀₃) for rq3 (pearson product-moment correlation): there is no statistically significant relationship between age and cognitive flexibility in individuals. alternative hypothesis (h₁₃): there is a statistically significant relationship between age and cognitive flexibility in individuals. this study is grounded in the cognitive framework, which interprets bilingualism as a modulator of executive functions, particularly cognitive flexibility (bialystok & craik, 2022). cognitive flexibility is conceptualized here as an individual's capacity to adapt strategies, shift attention between tasks, and manage competing stimuli, often connected to the activation and inhibition of multiple linguistic systems. the paper draws on the inhibitory control model (green, 1998) that posits that bilinguals develop higher control mechanisms due to regular switching between languages and the necessity to suppress one language while using another. the framework encompasses peculiarities in bilingual typologies, including early and late bilinguals, as well as active and passive bilinguals. it acknowledges that the age of achievement, occurrence of language use, and context of language experience significantly affect cognitive outcomes (luk & bialystok, 2013). it also considers language competence as a critical variable, proposing that higher proficiency in the second language may enhance metacognitive and sakharova et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 25-35 28 attentional skills. the conceptual model assumes that cognitive flexibility is first influenced by language background and level of l2 proficiency, and then by age, as a developmental factor. these mechanisms form the basis of the study's experimental design and statistical modelling. materials and methods in this research, a quasi-experimental design with intergroup comparison was adopted. such a design was chosen due to ethical and practical constraints in manipulating naturally occurring variables such as language background. bilingual and monolingual students were compared in terms of cognitive flexibility using a between-groups design in the study. it allowed the analysis of differences attributable to language background. assuming the nature of human behaviour studies in psychology, a 0.05 level of significance was adopted for all statistical tests. this is ordinary in social sciences. there, the variability in human behaviour is accounted for. unlike in medical research, where more stringent alpha levels (e.g., 0.01) are often used due to higher risk implications. the study population consisted of young adults aged 18 to 25 years, specifically university students. the chosen population met strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. it was also limited to this age range to control for progressive changes in cognitive flexibility that may arise with age. the pilot study involved 40 participants from different ukrainian higher education institutions. the age range was from 18 to 25 years. the participants were divided into two groups (20 bilinguals and 20 monolinguals). table 1. study groups’ inclusion and exclusion criteria group ic ec bilinguals age group 18-25 years old early bilingualism (up to 6 years old) fluency in both languages absence of neurological disorders higher education or its acquisition late or unbalanced bilingualism presence of neurological or mental disorders learning disabilities monolinguals age 18-25 years old ukrainian is the only language educational level is like bilinguals absence of neurological disorders knowledge of another language at a functional level presence of psychoneurological or learning disabilities source: authors' own development the general neurocognitive assessment and the social cognition measure were used to assess social cognition. participants were selected through a rigorous pre-screening process, which included a language background questionnaire and personal interviews. neurocognitive functioning was evaluated using a uniform cognitive battery. it guaranteed that all applicants had an equal cognitive starting point and no diagnosed damages. the social cognition measure further validated participant suitability by assessing critical domains of executive functioning. this methodological rigour permitted a reliable intergroup evaluation and the submission of inferential statistics, such as independent samples t-tests and pearson correlation analysis. pearson's correlation method was added to the study for statistical analysis of the outcomes. the experiment was conducted in two stages. to analyse the neurocognitive assessment, it was necessary to identify possible cognitive difficulties (including attention, processing speed, memory, and flexibility of thinking) and to investigate the relationship between these cognitive functions and social cognition. to achieve this goal, we used the following assessments: rl/ri-16 for speed of processing, attention, and incidental memory; digit memory for short-term memory and working memory; d2 for selective and sustained attention; and verbal fluency for lexical and semantic flexibility. explanations of neurocognition indicators are presented in table 2: table 2. cognition indicators tasks evaluated variables coding (wais iv) standardised score verbal fluencies letter facility (number of words) semantic fluency (number of words) rl/ri-16 free play (gross score) z-score memory for numbers (wais iv) direct order reverse order a growing order d2 total number of processed items percentage of errors source: authors' own development the second stage of the experiment included several tasks to assess the cognitive and emotional components of social cognition using the intention attribution test, faces test, faux pas test, emotional fluency test, gaze interpretation, and leas emotional awareness scale (table 3): sakharova et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 25-35 29 table 3. indicators of social cognition objectives variables interpretation of the gaze total number of correct answers faces test free reproduction choose from four adjectives emotional fluency number of words expressing emotions (according to the leas lexicon) leas ball “i” score "other” general emotional level faux pas total score % of correct answers with a complete understanding of the situations attribution of intentions number of correct answers in experimental conditions source: authors' own development the same stage included the assessment of mood using the beck depression inventory ii (bdi ii), state-traitanxiety inventory (stai-y), bermond-vorst, alexithymia questionnaire (bvaq) (table 4): table 4. indicators of emotional state objectives evaluated variables stai-y sum of points on the state anxiety scale sum of anxiety scale scores as traits bdi-ii total score on the depression scale bvaq total score affective component cognitive component source: authors' own development at the end of the experiment, a statistical analysis was conducted, namely a correlation analysis using pearson's coefficient. this analysis was used to assess the relationship between language proficiency and cognitive flexibility. the results are presented in table 5, which shows the means, standard deviations, and p-values. table 5. indicators of cognitive flexibility group average value standard deviation number of participants p-value bilinguals 84.5 6.3 20 0.03 monolinguals 78.2 7.1 20 0.03 source: authors' own development according to pearson's coefficient, bilinguals demonstrated a higher average level of cognitive flexibility compared to monolinguals. the alteration between the groups is statistically significant (p = 0.03). this designates the possible influence of bilingualism on the growth of cognitive flexibility. results to ensure maximum precision when comparing the experimental groups of bilingual and monolingual students, the participants were divided into two groups (individual approximation) of 20 participants each. the initial sample of the experimental population was 109 people. among them, 40 participants were selected who were the most suitable in terms of age, sex, and educational level. as can be seen, there was no statistically significant alteration in the average age of the participants. it was (m = 37.05; sd = 10.67) between bilinguals and (m = 36.57; sd = 10.20) between monolinguals, p = 0.87. accordingly, these groups are comparable in terms of age (table 6): table 6. hypothesis testing results: cognitive flexibility in bilingual and monolingual participants research question hypothesis test type group comparison / variable m (sd) test statistic p-value interpretation rq1: is there a statistically significant difference in the level of cognitive flexibility between bilingual and monolingual students? h₀₁: no difference h₁₁: significant difference independent samples t-test bilinguals vs monolinguals (n=20 each) bilinguals: m = [x]; sd = [x] monolinguals: m = [x]; sd = [x] t = [x.xx] [x.xxx] [significant/not significant] pre-analysis: are the groups comparable by age? h₀: no difference in age independent samples t-test age in bilinguals vs monolinguals bilinguals: m = 37.05; sd = 10.67 monolinguals: m = 36.57; sd = 10.20 t = 0.17 0.87 not significant (groups comparable) sakharova et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 25-35 30 rq3: is there a relationship between age and cognitive flexibility? h₀₃: no correlation h₁₃: significant correlation pearson’s r age vs cognitive flexibility (entire sample, n = 40) — r = [x.xx] [x.xxx] [significant/not significant] source: authors' own development there was a statistically significant difference in terms of education level and the average number of years of study. bilinguals had studied for an average of 16.48 years (sd = 1.56), while monolinguals had studied for 14.95 years (sd = 1.28), p = 0.00. most participants in both groups had a bac+2 or higher level of education. thus, the groups can be comparable in terms of their overall educational level. to ensure gender balance in the experiment, the gender composition was adjusted through individual selection, resulting in equal numbers of men and women in each group (six men and fourteen women in each). the following results were obtained for neuro and social cognition (table 7): table 7. identification of bilinguals and monolinguals by neuro and social cognition scope test advantage neurocognition rl/ri-16 bilinguals show better long-term memory d2 bilinguals showed better attention and inhibition. they showed better cognitive flexibility. social cognition emotional fluency bilinguals have a higher emotional vocabulary faces test monolinguals better at recognising emotions in structured tasks leas "i" bilinguals better identify their own emotions leas "other" bilinguals they tend to have better empathy (on the verge of statistical significance) emotional state stai-y (state) bilinguals there are more alarming ones in the testing situation stai-y (rice) monolinguals overall, they are more worried bdi ii bilinguals have a higher tendency to depression source: authors' own development in light of the proposed working hypothesis (h01), congenital bilinguals validate an advanced level of intellectual suppleness compared to monolinguals. the results partially confirm this hypothesis. bilinguals performed significantly better on the d2 test. they found more items than monolinguals. at the same time, they maintained the same level of accuracy. these results indicate better selective and sustained attention, as well as more effective inhibition and cognitive flexibility (table 8): table 8. results of the study of participants' cognitive flexibility variable m bilinguals sd bilinguals m monolinguals sd monolinguals p-value age 38.24 8.85 36.65 9.27 0.351 education 17.53 1.68 15.25 0.92 0.0 rl/ri-16 14.68 1.91 13.3 1.57 0.027 d2 (finishing) 1049.76 193.67 865.21 73.93 0.001 d2 (errors) 7.01 3.44 2.01 10.96 0.148 emotional fluency 19.0 4.78 14.87 3.98 0.011 faces (selection) 16.58 2.55 17.74 1.22 0.218 faces (free) 9.7 2.97 9.57 1.86 0.968 leas i 57.9 6.46 56.06 6.09 0.273 leas other 52.5 4.39 49.68 6.69 0.164 stai state 55.45 14.16 27.98 8.54 0.0 stai trait 32.59 6.94 38.43 9.79 0.039 bdi ii 4.72 2.91 6.12 4.63 0.229 source: authors' own development therefore, it is necessary to comment here on how the level of second language proficiency affects the indicators of cognitive flexibility. it is worth noting that this study did not differentiate by level of second language proficiency. nevertheless, the results demonstrated a significant advantage for natural bilinguals in performing tasks that require flexible attention and rapid information processing. thus, long-term and stable bilingual practice from a very early age is a crucial factor in the development of mental plasticity. therefore, in answering research question 1, we can assume that the degree and duration of second language proficiency are likely to influence these cognitive indicators. the following conclusion is that age does not affect an individual's cognitive flexibility. the demonstrated age limits in the sample did not present a statistically significant difference between the sets. thus, it is the factor of bilingualism, not age differences, that is determinative of cognitive advantages, and this is represented in tables 9, 10, 11: sakharova et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 25-35 31 table 9. independent sample t-test: level of cognitive flexibility in bilinguals and monolinguals gr. average value standard deviation number of participants (n) p-value bilinguals 84.5 6.3 20 0.03 monolinguals 78.2 7.1 20 0.03 source: authors' own development table 10. descriptive statistics: the effect of second language proficiency on cognitive flexibility cr. average cognitive flexibility score standard deviation bilinguals (early proficiency) 84.5 6.3 monolinguals 78.2 7.1 source: authors' own development table 11. correlation between age and cognitive flexibility (ppmc) a pair of variables pearson's coefficient (r) p-value age & cognitive flexibility 0.051 0.351 source: authors' own development to conclude, the explanations for the table are as follows: the final sample consisted of n = 40 participants (20 bilinguals and 20 monolinguals), who were matched for age, gender, and educational level. the initial pool consisted of 109 individuals; 40 were selected based on similarity in demographic variables. each group contained 6 men and 14 women. in terms of demographic comparisons, there was no statistically significant difference in age between bilinguals (m = 37.05; sd = 10.67) and monolinguals (m = 36.57; sd = 10.20), t(38) = 0.17, p = 0.87. years of education differed significantly between bilinguals (m = 16.48; sd = 1.56) and monolinguals (m = 14.95; sd = 1.28), t(38) = 3.48, p < 0.001. neurocognitive and social-cognitive measures according to the d2 test – the attention and cognitive flexibility in bilinguals (m = 1049.76; sd = 193.67, n = 20) scored higher than monolinguals (m = 865.21; sd = 73.93, n = 20), t(38) = 4.16, p = 0.001. errors in the d2 test were not significantly different: bilinguals (m = 7.01; sd = 3.44) vs monolinguals (m = 2.01; sd = 10.96), t(38) = 1.47, p = 0.148. rl/ri-16 – long-term memory bilinguals (m = 14.68; sd = 1.91, n = 20) scored higher than monolinguals (m = 13.30; sd = 1.57, n = 20), t(38) = 2.30, p = 0.027. verbal fluency – emotional vocabulary bilinguals (m = 19.00; sd = 4.78, n = 20) scored higher than monolinguals (m = 14.87; sd = 3.98, n = 20), t(38) = 2.69, p = 0.011. leas – emotional awareness leas-i: bilinguals (m = 57.90; sd = 6.46, n = 20) vs monolinguals (m = 56.06; sd = 6.09, n = 20), t(38) = 1.11, p = 0.273. leas-other: bilinguals (m = 52.50; sd = 4.39) vs monolinguals (m = 49.68; sd = 6.69), t(38) = 1.41, p = 0.164. stai – anxiety state anxiety: bilinguals (m = 55.45; sd = 14.16, n = 20) vs monolinguals (m = 27.98; sd = 8.54, n = 20), t(38) = 6.96, p < 0.001. trait anxiety: bilinguals (m = 32.59; sd = 6.94) vs monolinguals (m = 38.43; sd = 9.79), t(38) = –2.14, p = 0.039. faces test structured selection: bilinguals (m = 16.58; sd = 2.55) vs monolinguals (m = 17.74; sd = 1.22), t(38) = –1.25, p = 0.218. free recall: bilinguals (m = 9.70; sd = 2.97) vs monolinguals (m = 9.57; sd = 1.86), t(38) = 0.04, p = 0.968. bdi-ii – depression bilinguals (m = 4.72; sd = 2.91) vs monolinguals (m = 6.12; sd = 4.63), t(38) = –1.23, p = 0.229. hypothesis testing summary (rq1–rq3) table 9 (independent samples t-test) shows that the mean cognitive flexibility score was higher in bilinguals (m = 84.5; sd = 6.3) than in monolinguals (m = 78.2; sd = 7.1), t(38) = 2.25, p = 0.03. table 10 according to the descriptive statistics) confirms these averages. table 11 according to pearson’s correlation) indicates that age and cognitive flexibility were not significantly correlated (r = 0.051, p = 0.351). sakharova et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 25-35 32 thus, the results of the proposed study confirmed the working hypothesis h01, which posits that bilinguals have advantages in cognitive flexibility, encompassing components such as attention, thinking flexibility, inhibitory control, and memory. during the tests, they demonstrated higher scores in the tests of attention (d2) and long-term memory (rl/ri-16). this indicates more efficient cognitive information processing compared to monolinguals. discussions the alternative hypothesis (h₁₁), saying that bilinguals had superior cognitive flexibility than monolinguals, was partially supported. bilinguals meaningfully outdid monolinguals on the d2 test (p = 0.001), representing better attention control, inhibition, and flexibility. they also exhibited benefits in long-term memory (rl/ri-16, p = 0.027) and emotional fluency (p = 0.011), supporting the idea that bilingualism enhanced certain executive functions. though other cognitive and emotional indicators, such as leas scores and emotion recognition (faces test), did not demonstrate substantial group differences, bilinguals showed a predisposition toward higher emotional self-awareness and empathy. these mixed results suggest that the cognitive benefits of bilingualism may be domain-specific. the alternative hypothesis (h₁₃), which proposed a correlation between age and cognitive flexibility, was not supported (r = 0.051; p = 0.351). this confirms that age differences did not influence performance and that the cognitive benefits observed are more likely related to bilingualism itself. even though second language ability was not distinguished in the sample, the bilingual participants were early and active bilinguals. their stout performance suggests that long-term bilingual experience may be a key factor in emerging mental flexibility. an unanticipated result was the substantial alteration in years of education (p = 0.00), with bilinguals having more academic experience. while both groups had similar educational levels (bac+2 or higher), this contributed partially to cognitive task performance. the study supports the notion that bilingualism has a positive influence on cognitive flexibility. particularly, it is evident in attention and memory. the paper aimed to explore whether bilingualism has an impact on cognitive flexibility, emotional awareness, and aspects of executive functioning and social cognition. this was evaluated in line with three essential research questions: whether there was a statistically significant difference in the level of cognitive flexibility among bilingual and monolingual students; how the level of proficiency in a second language influenced cognitive flexibility; and whether there was any relationship between age and cognitive flexibility in students. to answer rq1, an independent samples t-test was conducted. the study was conducted to compare cognitive flexibility scores between bilinguals and monolinguals. the results specified a statistically significant difference in favour of bilingual students. consequently, the null hypothesis (h₀₁) (that there was no significant difference in cognitive flexibility between bilingual and monolingual individuals) was disallowed, and the alternative hypothesis (h₁₁) was supported. based on the reviewed literature (moate & ruohotie-lyhty, 2020; dekeyser et al., 2024; treviño & gerstein, 2022) and existing research gaps (danylkiv & krafnick, 2020), a working hypothesis was formulated that innate bilinguals exhibit a higher level of mental plasticity than monolinguals. the study's hypothesis was confirmed mainly. significantly higher test scores were achieved by bilinguals; however, according to the stai state results, bilinguals reported higher anxiety levels during the tests. this may indicate anxiety-related performance rather than a general high level of anxiety. the stai-trait and bdi-ii scores were still lower than those of monolinguals. the results of a related study by vidal noguera and mavrou (2024) also partially confirm better emotional awareness among bilinguals on the leas (self) scale (p = 0.273) and a tendency to score higher on the leas (others) scale. according to the researchers, this reflects a better ability to recognise and verbalise emotions. in a similar study by dilyanova kiskimska (2024), bilinguals significantly outperformed monolinguals in the quantity of words in the emotional fluency task. this means that they have deeper access to the emotional lexicon. however, dilyanova kiskimska (2024) argues that the ability to understand and verbalise emotions does not entirely depend on the general vocabulary, as there was no difference in verbal fluency among monolinguals and bilinguals in her study. at the same time, the study by ortiz and cehelyk (2023) found that bilinguals achieved lower results on the faces test. according to the author, this is due to their sensitivity to the semantic connotations of emotional terms. in this context, there is also a possibility that the richness of bilingual experience may increase the demand for accuracy of emotional categories among bilinguals (vovchenko et al., 2022). in this paper, the results of the intention attribution and faux pas tasks revealed no substantial differences between the groups. these results correlate with the study by diaz (2023). the author explains this by the ceiling effect. it is caused by the high level of education of bilinguals and monolinguals, as well as the insufficient sensitivity of the tests themselves to cognitive differences in healthy adults. in the context of the proposed study, there are also alternative elucidations of the influence of bilingualism on cognitive flexibility. according to erkoreka et al. (2020), the instruments used in the study were developed for clinical diagnosis (e.g., schizophrenia) and may not reflect subtle between-group variations in the normal population. in this context, the results of the study by feng et al. (2023) demonstrate that bilinguals perform better in free verbalisation tasks (emotional fluency, leas). liu (2025) also discusses the advantages of spontaneous access to emotional concepts. in their opinion, bilinguals still exhibit lower results in cognitive flexibility tasks with limited choice. in this context, parker (2021) emphasises the development of a dual emotional system, flexibility in context, and better encoding and decoding of socio-affective situations in individuals growing up in a bilingual environment. despite the positive correlation of the results, the proposed study has certain limitations. the first limitation is the sample size, which was determined based on the initial statistical parameters (m, sd). the sample size itself can lead to the risk of a second type of error (β-risk). the second limitation was the instruments chosen for the study. some of them are sakharova et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 25-35 33 related to medicine, psychology, and psychiatry, and can be sufficiently differentiated for high-functioning adults. thus, the results of this work suggest the advantages of bilinguals in the field of executive functions (lehtonen et al., 2023). they also partially support the field of emotional theory of mind, as it is less sensitive to the influence of bilingualism (alshewiter et al., 2024). accordingly, given these findings, there is a need to develop more adapted tests to measure cognitive flexibility in typically developing adults, particularly in bilingual contexts. thus, bilingualism can be interpreted as a factor that contributes to the development of cognitive flexibility and deep emotional processing, associated with an expanded lexical repertoire and enhanced social experience. it is essential to note that in these controversial issues, bilingualism affects not only cognitive flexibility and emotional awareness. in bilingualism, metacognitive strategies are more complex, since bilinguals often engage in processes of constant monitoring and self-regulation. these cognitive processes are designed to effectively manage both language systems (friedman & robbins, 2022). to address rq3, a pearson product-moment correlation was used. it was used in order to explore the relationship between age and cognitive flexibility. the results revealed no statistically significant connection, supporting the null hypothesis (h₀₃) and being important to the rejection of the alternative hypothesis (h₁₃). this result suggests that within the tested age range, age did not significantly influence cognitive flexibility. it is conceivable that the relatively narrow age distribution or the compensatory effect of bilingual experience masked age-related alterations. therefore, this consistent practice of attentional control leads to the development of the capacity to switch attention, suppress irrelevant information, and plan strategically in different cognitive domains (farida et al., 2025; bialystok & craik, 2022). understanding different worldviews and emotional expressions is crucial for successful communication and interaction. delving deeper into neurocognitive theory, neuroimaging studies have revealed structural and functional adaptations in the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal areas in bilingual individuals. these are related to executive control and conflict resolution. thus, the scientists' findings support working hypothesis (h01). bilingualism acts as a catalyst for the development of complex cognitive and emotional skills. accordingly, the results of this article highlight the cognitive advantages associated with bilingualism. furthermore, they indicate the need for a more integrative approach to assessing the cognitive profiles of bilinguals. thus, to better reflect the multifaceted effects of bilingual experience, future studies are needed that include tasks that simultaneously engage executive control, emotional regulation, and social cognition. conclusions the study was based on previous psycholinguistic empirical results, which indicated that bilinguals demonstrated an advantage in certain aspects of executive functions, as measured by neurocognitive testing. these functions were manifested in tasks related to cognitive flexibility and the ability to inhibit and update working memory. as demonstrated in the discussion, the results of the proposed study correlate with modern scientific approaches. they point to the relationship between bilingualism and enhanced attention control. to summarize, this investigation confirmed that bilingualism is associated with a statistically significant advantage in cognitive flexibility. it led to the support of the working hypothesis. these results also showed no significant relationship between age and cognitive flexibility within the sample. these findings align with growing evidence that bilingual experience enhances executive functioning and emotional awareness. future research should mix tasks that equally evaluate executive control, emotional regulation, and social cognition to capture the full spectrum of bilingual cognitive profiles. however, additional analysis within the framework of the cognitive theory of emotionality did not show a significant advantage of bilinguals over monolinguals. this is due to the absence of significant intergroup differences. it is also due to the limitations of the assessment tools and the ceiling effect. however, in the remaining tests, bilinguals performed better than monolinguals. this indicates a direct relation to the development of cognitive flexibility in bilingualism. this is particularly pronounced when considering the multidimensional nature of the emotional lexicon, which is shaped in the context of dual linguistic and cultural experiences. the multilingual environment fosters linguistic and socio-emotional plasticity, which in turn affects cognitive flexibility in communicative contexts. special attention should be given to the heightened anxiety experienced by bilinguals in testing situations. it may be assumed that achievementrelated anxiety functions as a moderating factor, emerging specifically in evaluative contexts. in contrast, monolinguals demonstrated higher levels of general test anxiety. in this context, future research prospects may focus on rethinking speech therapy (orthopaedic) support for bilinguals. subtractive bilingualism (the phenomenon of gradually replacing one language with another) deserves special attention for research. such a study of the multicultural element can have a profound psychoeducational impact on psycholinguistics. thus, the results of the proposed study confirmed the thesis that bilingualism has a positive impact on cognitive flexibility. as the purpose of this study was to investigate whether bilingualism improves cognitive flexibility compared to monolingualism, this study contributes to the growing body of research linking bilingualism to enhanced executive functioning and emotional awareness. an exclusive contribution of this work lies in its multidimensional testing model. it combined cognitive and emotional measures while controlling for age, sex, and education level. theoretically, the findings support cognitive models of bilingual advantage, particularly in terms of selective attention and flexibility. the results can inform educational and clinical approaches. the study also has some limitations. they are the relatively small sample size, the lack of differentiation by second language proficiency, and potential ceiling effects in emotional cognition tests. that is why future research should include broader participant samples and integrate dynamic measures of bilingual experience. author contributions: conceptualization, o.s., t.n., s.k., t. n., and s.r.; methodology, o.s.; software, o.s.; validation, o.s.; formal analysis, o.s., t.n., s.k., t. n., and s.r.; investigation, o.s., t.n., s.k., t. n., and s.r.; resources, o.s., t.n., s.k., t. n., and s.r.; data curation, o.s.; writing – original draft preparation, o.s., t.n., s.k., t. n., and s.r.; writing – review & editing, o.s., t.n., s.k., t. n., and s.r.; visualization, o.s.; sakharova et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 25-35 34 supervision, o.s.; project administration, o.s.; funding acquisition, o.s., t.n., s.k., t. n., and s.r. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, as the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references acar, s., balayar, b., ozcelik, h. n., & kharkhurin, a. v. 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(2022). bilingualism and creativity: benefits from cognitive inhibition and cognitive flexibility. frontiers in psychology, 13, 1016777. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1016777 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.1075/pl.21016.lor https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2022.2034830 https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2017.1348464 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2022.06.002 https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12010003 https://doi.org/10.23856/5709 https://www.proquest.com/openview/64839718025df80de93242c21735ee6a/1?cbl=18750&diss=y&pq-origsite=gscholar https://www.proquest.com/openview/64839718025df80de93242c21735ee6a/1?cbl=18750&diss=y&pq-origsite=gscholar https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728920000760 https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728921000912 https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001005 https://doi.org/10.2861/1831 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1016777 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 1-12 1 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 11 no 1 (2026) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa legal regulation of cyberattacks and cybercrime: analysis of judicial practice and counteraction strategies volodymyr warawa (a) vladyslav honcharuk (b)1 oleksandra kozlovska (c) dina dryzhakova (d) valentyn vyshnevskyi (e) (a)associate professor, chamber of operative and searching activity, faculty of preparing specialists for divisions of criminal police, national police of ukraine, dnipro state university of internal affairs, dnipro, ukraine; e-mail: warawa@ukr.net (b)associate professor, chamber of information and financial security, institute of security pjsc “interregional academy of personnel management” (iapm) kyiv, ukraine; e-mail: xrixos@gmail.com (c)lecturer, department of intellectual power and private law, national technical university of ukraine “igor sikorsky kyiv polytechnic institute”, kyiv, ukraine; e-mail: dasha7770@ukr.net (d)graduate student, department of criminal legal policy and criminal law, taras shevchenko national university of kyiv, kyiv, ukraine; e-mail: d.dryzhakova@gmail.com (e)candidate of science of law, head of the maritime law department, educational and scientific institute of maritime law and management, national university “odessa maritime academy”, odesa, ukraine; e-mail: bespeka.ua@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 20th june 2025 reviewed & revised: 20th june 2025 to 28th september 2025 accepted: 30th september 2025 published: 4th october 2025 keywords: court practice, cybercrime, digital money, digital security, fraud, innovative technologies jel classification codes: k24, l86 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t rapid digitalization processes in public life have led to a sharp increase in the scale of cybercrime, posing a threat to economic stability, data privacy, and national security. the problem is becoming particularly relevant in ukraine in the context of hybrid threats associated with russian aggression and the intensification of cyberattacks. the purpose of this study was to analyze the legal regulation of cyberattacks and cybercrimes based on ukraine's judicial practice, identifying characteristic features and trends in the development of law enforcement. to achieve the goal, a systematic review of scientific sources, national and international regulatory acts, and an analysis of selected court decisions were used. the selection of materials was carried out using the prisma methodology. the methods of content analysis, comparison, and synthesis were used to process the sources. scientific publications and court cases related to cybercrimes from 2019 to 2023, as well as international conventions, were considered. the results show that after the russian invasion, the number of registered cybercrime cases increased. phishing has become especially popular, accounting for over half of all cases. most of the crimes were of a cross-border nature. as judicial practice has shown, cybercrime in ukraine has characteristic features: it is international, and almost all cases involve financial fraud. the main findings indicate that the judicial practice of ukraine demonstrates the predominance of fraudulent cybercrimes, a significant share of which is phishing, as well as systemic difficulties with the procedural provision of electronic evidence. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction the active development of innovative information technologies has resulted from the general, global digitalization of social life. at the same time, improvements in document management, finance, and the robotization of production and services are closely linked to cybersecurity, which is becoming increasingly crucial in the context of total digitalization. cyberattacks and cybercrime have become serious challenges for government agencies, private companies, and individuals (erikha & saptomo, 2024). the use of cyberattacks has become a powerful weapon that can cause significant damage not only to economic life but also to national security agencies, information privacy rules, and public life in general. in today's environment, countering such phenomena has become one of the key challenges for the functioning of national legal systems in any state and the operation of international law in the globalized context. hence, the use of cyberattacks is increasingly becoming a tool that can cause paralysis of critical infrastructure, result in significant economic losses, and pose a threat to 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-9627-9530 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2651 to cite this article: warawa, v., honcharuk, v., kozlovska, o., dryzhakova, d., & vyshnevskyi, v. (2025). legal regulation of cyberattacks and cybercrime: analysis of judicial practice and counteraction strategies. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 11(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2651 mailto:warawa@ukr.net mailto:dasha7770@ukr.net mailto:d.dryzhakova@gmail.com http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2651 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7811-5452 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9627-9530 https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2245-0139 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7585-5860 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4547-2127 warawa et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 1-12 2 national security. legal regulation in cybersecurity encompasses a wide range of measures, from introducing specific legal provisions on liability for cyberattacks and cybercrime to developing relevant strategies to prevent such actions and mitigate their devastating consequences (kethineni, 2020; artemchuk et al., 2024). in general practice, both criminal law aspects and administrative or civil law approaches are used. first, the key challenges in ensuring effective investigations of existing cybercrimes and establishing jurisdiction in international violations are harmonizing national legal systems and legislation with international standards. in this context, an essential element is to consider the existing analysis of judicial practices, which will allow us to assess the effectiveness of current regulations, identify specific gaps in the legal system, and propose possible solutions to improve the current situation (hummelholm, 2022). in ukraine, studying case law also provides opportunities to track the evolution of approaches to qualifying cyberattacks, identify areas for understanding responsibility, and implement specific preventive measures (batrachenko et al., 2024). however, the key problems remain the harmonization of national legislation with international standards and determining jurisdiction in cases with a cross-border element. at the same time, in the context of the war against ukraine, this problem has become particularly relevant, since the number of registered cybercrimes has increased significantly, and judicial practice reveals special difficulties in their qualification and proof. this approach is essential for analyzing successful practices of preventing digital crimes in the context of russian aggression (including hybrid challenges of digital attacks). this includes the application of legal expertise from various countries, the coordination of interactions with international law enforcement institutions (khalymon et al., 2019), and the implementation of specific standards developed as part of the budapest convention on cybercrime, among other initiatives. the scientific problem arises in clarifying the effectiveness of legal mechanisms for countering cyberattacks and cybercrimes at the national and international levels. the purpose of the study is to analyze the judicial practice of ukraine in the field of cybercrime and the application of a characteristic feature of law enforcement. the realization of this goal involves the following tasks: 1. determination of the general state of countering cybercrime in ukraine, study of current regulations in this area (national and international). 2. analysing the most common types of fraud and existing judicial practice on the punishment of criminals. the work uses the prisma methodology for selecting sources and methods of content analysis, comparison, and synthesis to generalize the results. the central research hypothesis is that a comprehensive approach that combines legislative, technical, and organizational measures has the potential to ensure an adequate level of cyber protection in the modern world. the article is structured as follows: the first section provides an overview of modern scientific and legal approaches to cybercrime; the second section presents the results of an analysis of ukrainian judicial practice; the third section discusses the findings; and the final section presents the conclusions. literature review the legal regulation of cybercrime is formed at the intersection of national and international legal systems and is a subject of active scientific discussion. at the same time, a significant portion of modern research emphasizes the need to combine international and national instruments to ensure effective countermeasures against digital threats. pettoello-mantovani (2024) pointed out that such issues require in-depth judicial review, suggesting the possibility of using the international criminal court for violations in digital space. however, not all researchers support the thesis that international justice is essential. for example, spassova (2023) believes that it is sufficient to use the national competence of courts to bring criminals to justice. in contrast to global justice systems, she emphasizes the importance of deep cooperation between courts and law enforcement agencies of different countries, which will be the basis for further investigative and judicial actions. this view is supported by wessel and heim (2023), who emphasize the problematic aspects of using an international judicial organization due to the challenges of establishing a unified legal framework for such an institution's work. alexandrou (2021) carried out a separate systematic analysis of international laws and standards. national legal systems are more flexible and have extensive networks of courts that effectively regulate legal issues throughout the country. dragojlović (2023) also actualized the problem of extending judicial jurisdiction in cases related to digital offenses. he proposed a compromise option, considering the norms of national legal systems while utilizing international standards to regulate the issue of cybercrime in the international arena. against the backdrop of such discussions, ukrainian cases are somewhat overshadowed, which can also be attributed to the issue of the effectiveness of the legal framework in ukraine for punishing cybercriminals. separately, the researchers aimed to summarize existing experiences regarding the possibility of forming certain generalizations. we refer to the study by kagita et al. (2021), which conducted an in-depth analysis of cybercrime in the internet of things, characterized the specific legal concepts used in such a system, and highlighted existing legal protection mechanisms based on examples from asian court decisions. similarly, asian legal practice was analysed by li and liu (2021), who conducted a thorough review of the scientific literature on combating digital crimes at the national and international levels (with an emphasis on chinese legal proceedings). noor uddin milon et al. (2024) highlighted the methodological capabilities of the prisma scientific method for classifying cybercrime, identified some challenges in applying this approach, and outlined prospects for further scientific investigation. the final study by verma and shri (2022) provides an overview of the possibilities of controlling and counteracting digital offenses. they identified some of the challenges law enforcement faces in protecting against cyberattacks. the researchers also characterized the active growth of cyber challenges in the post-covid-19 pandemic era, which is attributed to the introduction of remote services, digital documentation, and other factors. at the same time, mezei and szentgály-tóth (2023) highlighted the threat of cyberattacks on online platforms, as this area is largely unregulated by law, primarily due to the rapid development of online platforms warawa et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 1-12 3 outpacing legislative regulation. in a legal vacuum, court decisions can serve as specific markers to guide future legislative initiatives. some crucial conclusions are contained in the summarizing papers on the legal experience of countering cyber threats in individual countries. the original systems of south africa and indonesia, whose governments closely monitor the current digital challenges, offer separate legal solutions to define individual and collective criminal acts (snail ka mtuze & musoni, 2023). although the studies presented here are generalizable, their results are critical for considering international experience in regulating digital crimes. instead, these studies focus on the asian experience of countering such cases, whereas the ukrainian context requires improved assessments. the study by baranovska (2024), which examines the current challenges to ukraine's cybersecurity and highlights the potential solutions to counter the latest threats (including the hybrid threat posed by the aggressive kremlin regime), is crucial for understanding the ukrainian law enforcement system. instead, other studies have identified the crisis of modern culture through the lens of philosophical vision, which is also related to relationships in the digital space (borysenko et al., 2024). the researchers determined that, in some cases, the inability to behave appropriately in the digital world can lead to falling prey to criminals. at the same time, authors emphasized the need to develop digital security through the lens of the widespread adoption of digital currency in ukraine and its increasing use in payment transactions (tumalavičius, 2022). the results obtained by the researchers can be compared with the european experience, as summarized in danidou's (2020) work, which identified the importance of a harmonized legal framework as a key factor in building a strong financial market in the international space. similar conclusions were drawn by other authors, who highlighted the importance of legal protection for agricultural operations and related economic sectors (lavrov et al., 2022). in a globalized digital society, such problems are becoming global and beyond the ukrainian legal framework. however, this issue will require further study, as the discussion points proposed by the authors have not yet been adequately evaluated in the scientific literature. in ukrainian realities, however, the importance of using digital attacks as a side effect of russian military aggression has been emphasized (kozlovskyi et al., 2023). similarly, scholars emphasize certain court decisions that have theoretical value in countering cyberattacks in the short term (cherniavskyi et al., 2021). this issue remains relevant, as digital offenses are evolving in tandem with innovative technologies, necessitating the continuous development of theoretical knowledge to combat existing challenges. moreover, modern research has shown that the problem of legal regulation of cybercrime goes far beyond criminal law and concerns the functioning of the judicial system as a whole. one of the key topics is the issue of conflict of interest in the activities of judges, which directly affects the quality of consideration of cases related to digital offenses. a comparative analysis of ukrainian and european practice has shown that the lack of precise mechanisms for preventing conflicts reduces trust in judicial decisions in the field of digital security and requires greater transparency in law enforcement (shevchuk et al., 2023a; shevchuk et al., 2023b). a separate layer of research focuses on hybrid wars, in which cyberattacks have become an important tool. an analysis of international experience has shown that the combination of military and cyber operations creates legal dilemmas for states and international organizations, particularly regarding the jurisdiction and qualification of the actions of attackers (simons, danyk, & maliarchuk, 2020). research in african countries has shown that developing specialized laws in the field of cybersecurity can be effective even with limited resources. the legal system of south africa has demonstrated an example of an active legislative response to the growth of cybercrime, laying the groundwork for a comprehensive counteraction to digital threats (snail ka mtuze & musoni, 2023). the legal regulation of attacks on satellite communications has also become an important aspect. researchers have emphasized the blurring of the boundaries between cybercrime and interference with technology. this fact presents new challenges for lawyers to develop a unified approach to qualifying such actions (spassova, 2023). the institutional approach to countering digital threats is also evident within administrative law. ukraine's experience has demonstrated the need to establish separate mechanisms that effectively combat corruption in the field of territorial defense, which also has a cyber dimension in terms of ensuring digital infrastructure (sysoiev et al., 2024). research on digital currencies deserves special attention. the challenges associated with blockchain projects and cryptocurrencies underscore the lack of a unified international legal framework, which complicates the protection of user rights and creates conditions for digital crimes in the realm of financial relations (tumalavičius, 2022). generalizing studies at the international level have indicated a wide range of digital threats. in particular, reviews of modern crimes in the field of cybersecurity have indicated uneven legal responses, the lack of unified protection measures, and the constant evolution of attack methods (verma & shri, 2022). the theoretical basis for studying cybercrime is also provided by a fundamental monograph, which reveals the peculiarities of the interaction between cybercrime and cybersecurity on a global scale. the author emphasizes that the dynamism of digital threats significantly exceeds the pace of legal regulation (watters, 2023). a separate area of research concerns the inconsistency in international regulation of cyber threats. the lack of consistency between different legal systems leads to the problem of fragmented approaches, which in turn complicates effective investigation and the pursuit of justice for perpetrators (wessel & heim, 2023). summarizing the above sources, modern research highlights various international and national aspects of the legal regulation of cybercrime. they have employed a variety of approaches, ranging from global institutional decisions to local judicial practices. at the same time, a common feature is the recognition of the law's lack of adaptability to the rapid development of digital technologies, which forms the basis for further research. moreover, the lack of consensus on cybercrime law enforcement and regulation creates a basis for further research. additionally, there is a lack of analysis of judicial practice in cybercrime, despite some studies on cybercrime case law. therefore, this study aims to help close these gaps, analyze judicial practice through the lens of law enforcement effectiveness in cybersecurity, and formulate recommendations for enhancing mechanisms for bringing cybercriminals to justice. warawa et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 1-12 4 materials and methods research design the type of research is mixed, combining a systematic review of scientific sources with a review of legal cases. the case study approach was chosen as it is the most suitable method for examining the realities of judicial practice in a specific country. additionally, this approach was chosen because it enables us to examine specific cases of cybercrime litigation, thereby helping to determine the effectiveness of current legislation, court decisions, and law enforcement practices (ahmad et al., 2024). this is especially important in the constant evolution of digital threats. the analysis incorporates court case materials, legislative acts, and scholarly literature. this study aims to provide new insights into the most common judicial cases related to cybercrime and characterize the typical features of cybercriminal activities. materials various sources were selected for inclusion, including accessible court cases, legislative acts, and scholarly literature. the sampling of materials was purposive and based on pre-established inclusion criteria. these criteria addressed aspects such as the type of case, time frame, availability of materials, relevance, validity, alignment with the research topic, and language of publication. specific considerations included jurisdiction, type of case, duration of proceedings, and the availability of court cases for inclusion. different criteria were developed for including legislative acts, focusing on their relevance, validity, and the hierarchical level of the normative legal act. these criteria were formulated to ensure the inclusion of the most relevant and up-to-date laws for studying the specific features of cybercrime regulation. table 1 provides an overview of the key inclusion criteria for the materials. table 1. criteria for inclusion of court cases no. criterion description the type of materials 1 jurisdiction court cases that were considered in the courts of ukraine court cases 2 case type court cases related to cybercrime or international legal assistance in the field of cybercrime court cases 3 the term of consideration cases reviewed for 2023-2024. scientific literature from 2019 to 2024 court cases 4 accessibility publicly available court decisions or materials that allow for a thorough analysis were included. publicly available scientific literature court cases nonfiction 5 accessibility works or legislative acts describing the specifics of the regulation of the issue of cybersecurity or the protection of personal data nonfiction legislative acts 6 accessibility documents that are valid at the time of the research legislative acts 7 regulatory and legal level national laws and government regulations are included legislative acts 8 subject materials devoted to issues of cyber security, cyberspace protection, legal regulation, or the study of judicial practice the materials highlight the peculiarities of judicial practice implementation in ukraine. court cases, legislative acts nonfiction 9 source type monographs, scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals, reviews, and conferences general theoretical works, in which it is difficult to identify the type, were not eligible for inclusion. nonfiction 10 language of writing ukrainian, english for scientific literature, the presence of an english-language annotation is mandatory. court cases nonfiction 11 authority studies written by leading researchers works published in peer-reviewed journals nonfiction source: authors’ elaboration thus, using these criteria, court cases, legislative acts, and scholarly literature were selected for analysis, with a focus on issues related to cybersecurity, cyberspace protection, legal regulation, and judicial practice studies. procedure and tools the prisma approach was employed for processing and screening scientific materials (figure 1). this approach is widely used in academic research to select and analyse the most relevant scholarly literature and other sources. initially, scopus and google scholar were chosen as the scientometric databases. search queries included keywords such as cybersecurity, digital data protection, judicial practice, courts, penalties, ukraine, eu, and challenges. a total of 3,367 results were obtained. first, all duplicates were removed (-1,156), leaving 2,211 items of scholarly literature for screening. the next step involved screening all sources based on their abstracts and keywords, excluding 789 items. an additional 510 items were excluded because they were deemed irrelevant to the research topic. subsequently, the main inclusion criteria were applied. several legislative acts, relevant websites, and platforms containing court cases (30 items) were identified through the search engines. court cases were located on the opendatabot platform using the keyword "cybersecurity." after screening, nine court cases and several laws were selected from the platform. the principal collected cases focused on the following areas. cases related to cyberattacks or cybercrimes. 2. cases demonstrating typical challenges in law enforcement. 3. decisions that established significant precedents in the field of cybercrime. additionally, information from one website providing general statistical data was included. warawa et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 1-12 5 figure 1. the step-by-step screening and selection of materials data analysis a systematic organization and classification by specific thematic categories was conducted using the prisma methodological approach to analyze the collected materials. qualitative analysis was performed using google sheets software. specifically, three spreadsheets were created within the program. the first spreadsheet focused on scholarly literature and included the following components: author, year of publication, cybersecurity features, definitions of cybercrime, and descriptions of judicial practice. the second spreadsheet addressed key legislative acts, consisting of the law number, adoption date, adaptation date, definitions of cybercrime, and other primary legislative regulations. the third spreadsheet pertained to court cases, including the case number, the name of the court where the case was heard, and the essence of the case, including its main aspects and conclusions. following the classification of the data, a qualitative analysis was conducted for each category. to present the findings clearly, graphs and tables were used to illustrate the distribution of cybercrimes by category, the distribution of court cases by topic, and the proportion of international versus national decisions in cybercrime cases. additionally, a comparative method was employed to align court case data and legislative acts with insights from scholarly literature. this combination of visual representation and comparative analysis enabled a more precise comparison and synthesis of the collected data. results analyzing current legislation, cybercrime is defined as an unlawful act committed through information and communication technologies, aimed at compromising the security of computer systems, networks, data, or information resources. consequently, such crimes can cause harm to individuals, organisations, governments, or society (mezzetti et al., 2024). without specialised knowledge, detecting, recording, and seizing forensically relevant information about a cybercrime is difficult (gajjar & taherdoost, 2024). cybercrime is characterised by an exceptionally high level of latency and rapid growth in the number of crimes (watters, 2023). this is primarily due to the rapid spread of the internet in various fields. the key records identified from: databases (n = 3367) records removed before screening: duplicate records removed (n = 1156) records screened (n = 2211) records excluded by analysis of keywords, abstracts (n = 789 ) reports sought for retrieval (n = 1422) reports not retrieved (n = 510) reports assessed for eligibility (n = 912) reports excluded: с.4 (n = 143 ) с. 5 (n =101 ) с. 8 (n = 289 ) с.9 (n = 15) с. 10 (n = 182 ) с.11. (n = 142) records identified from: websites (n = 7) organisations (n = 5) laws (5) сourt cases (13) assessed for eligibility (n = 22) excluded с.1 (n = 3) с.2 (n = 1) с. 3 (n = 2) с. 4 (n = 1) с. 6 (n = 0) с. 7 (n = 1) с. 8. (n = 3) с.10. (n = 1) materials included (n = 56) identification of studies via databases and registers identification of other materials materials sought for retrieval (n = 30) materials not retrieved (n = 3) id e n ti fi c a ti o n s c re e n in g in c lu d e d warawa et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 1-12 6 features of cybercrime are its transnational nature, technical complexity, speed of crime, and harm to large groups of people. the figure illustrates the primary characteristics of cybercrime (see figure 2). figure 2. main features of cybercrime as of 2017-2018, more than half of the reported cyber frauds (42%) were related to the absence of payment or delivery (buçaj & idrizaj, 2024). this category primarily included purchases made from fraudulent online stores that the victim had never used before. alternatively, it was concerned with promised payments that were never received. approximately 28% of cybercrime involved the leakage of personal data and phishing. at the same time, identity theft, credit card fraud, and other cyberattacks were relatively rare (despotović et al., 2023). since 2022, phishing has become particularly popular, accounting for over half of online criminal activity. since the emergence of email phishing, hackers have improved the system, so that researchers now distinguish several types of this cybercrime: smishing (using messages), phishing (using calls), and imitation of resources popular with users, such as websites of public organisations, charity websites, email sites, or payment services (see table 2). table 2. types of cybercrimes type of cybercrime 2017 2022 non-payment or lack of delivery 41.6% 9.2% personal data leakage 15.3% 10.4% non-payment or lack of delivery 41.6% 9.2% investment fraud 1.5% 5.4% technical support desk 5.4% 5.8% extortion 7.4% 7% card fraud 7.5% 4.1% personal information theft 8.7% 5% phishing 12.5% 53.2% source: authors’ own elaboration since the beginning of the full-scale invasion, the activity of cyber fraudsters in ukraine has increased significantly (kuzior et al., 2024). 11% of people have become victims of fraud since the start of the full-scale invasion. women fell into the hacker trap more often than men. according to statistics, young people predominate among the victims of fraud, with 18-24 year olds (14%) and those aged 65 and above (11.5%) being the most affected. in 2022, the total amount of losses incurred by banks, merchants, and customers due to illegal actions involving payment cards increased by 47%. more than half of the losses were caused by social engineering. thus, in ukraine, since 2022, people have become victims of fraudsters because they have provided their card details, one-time passwords to confirm transactions, or basic data for logging into online banking. in general, most fraudulent incidents occur during transactions, such as the purchase or sale of goods online, accounting for more than 52%. fraudulent phishing links were also popular, accounting for almost 19%. the list of common fraudulent manipulations includes hacking of social media accounts (12%) and telephone solicitation (10.2%) (see figure 3). figure 3. types of cybercrimes in ukraine source: fintech insider (2023) extortion of information over the phone (10.2%) hacking of social networks (12%) using fraudulent links (18.6%) when buying or selling goods online (52.7%) other (6.5%) transnational activities criminals operate from anywhere in the world. this makes it difficult to detect and prosecute them. use of innovative technologies cybercrimes require specialized skills and the use of innovative technologies. speed of crime crimes can be committed in a matter of seconds. large-scale harm a single crime can affect thousands of people simultaneously warawa et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 1-12 7 ten cases related to cybersecurity regulation were selected for analysis. the analysis of court practice in responding to cybercrime in ukraine reveals that cases related to cybercrime exhibit several characteristic features. cybercrime is a transnational phenomenon, as evidenced by the fact that criminals can often operate online from different parts of the world, and victims or affected individuals may be located in another country. accordingly, this requires developing unique cooperation between states to respond effectively to such offences. in this case, based on the analysis of the court case documents, no. 1 of the solomianskyi district court of kyiv or no. 2 of the odesa court of appeal, ukraine, provided international legal assistance to slovenia in investigating a cybercrime that caused damage to a slovenian citizen. in ukraine, access to documents and things in such cases is granted based on article 159 of the criminal procedure code of ukraine. this, in turn, requires temporary access to things and documents in the possession of a person or organisation that is part of an international criminal investigation (kravtsov et al., 2024). the analysis of case no. 3 (malynovskyi district court of odesa) outlines the detention of a person at the border on suspicion of committing a cybercrime. the legal basis for this was used: §1343 of title 18 of the us code (fraud, financial fraud), and the international wanted list was also confirmed by interpol's blanks. based on the analysis of case no. 4 (odesa court of appeal), a decision was made to extradite an uzbek citizen to the united states for prosecution for cybercrime. table 3 provides a detailed analysis of these cases. table 3. analysis of court cases no., institution the case main aspects other information no. 1: solomianskyi district court of kyiv a citizen of slovenia was a victim of cryptocurrency-related fraud. the cybercrime was committed through a platform that operated without the permission of the financial regulator, the fca. international component crime: fraud: misrepresentation to gain access to cryptocurrencies notification of the victim by a representative of the platform forming links between messages, the platform, and cryptocurrency transactions. involvement of international cooperation mechanisms. no. 2: odesa court of appeal extradition of a citizen of uzbekistan the us authorities want the person for fraud and cybercrime related to the theft of cryptocurrencies. risk of avoiding responsibility. the crimes correspond to art. 190 of the criminal code of ukraine (fraud) nature of the crime: large-scale and international level. the focus is on compliance with international standards for extradition. ensuring the observance of human rights during the extradition process. no. 3: malynovskyi district court of odesa detention at the border on suspicion of committing a cybercrime crime: fraud: the legal basis is section 1343 of title 18 of the usa code (fraud, financial fraud). international search: confirmation by interpol records. amount of loss: usd 11.8 million (theft of cryptocurrencies). prepare a professional extradition check in accordance with international standards and regulations. ensure transparency of the process. no. 4: odesa court of appeal the prosecutor general of ukraine has decided to extradite a citizen of uzbekistan to the united states for prosecution on criminal charges related to cybercrime. crime: fraud: main corpus delicti: financial fraud (analogous to part 5 of article 190 of the criminal code of ukraine). evidence: confirmation of the request by the us department of justice. extradition: justified by a crime punishable by more than 1 year in prison. it is essential to follow all procedures when transferring someone to the united states. the risks associated with appealing the extradition decision are also taken into account. no. 5: prymorskyi district court of odesa temporary arrest of a person wanted by the competent authorities of the united states of america for cybercrime crime: fraud the person is on the international wanted list the crimes the suspect is suspected of include fraud and cybercrime related to financial fraud. temporary arrest to ensure extradition. source: unified register of court decisions (2024) on the other hand, an essential part of investigating cybercrime is collecting evidence from electronic systems (ghimire, 2023). cybercrime usually leaves electronic traces. therefore, it is essential to consider data such as emails, correspondence, ip addresses, and transactions in electronic payment systems, among other relevant information. accordingly, modern judicial authorities should have access to this information to collect evidence confirming the fact of the crime (kelly & montasari, 2023). in the case of case no. 6, to collect evidence, the prosecutor applied to the court for temporary access to items and documents, including making copies of information from mobile terminals and computer systems used during the commission of the crime. table 4 identifies the key aspects and additional information gathered from the analysis of other cases. table 4. key aspects and additional information gathered from the analysis of other cases no., institution case key aspects other information no. 6: kherson city court an investigator's application for temporary access to bank documents related to a cybercrime resulted in the unlawful withdrawal of uah 46,200 from the victim's account. the victim fell victim to a fraudulent scheme on the telegram channel. corpus delicti: part 3 article 190 of the criminal code of ukraine (fraud) technical aspect of the fraud: phishing attack to gain access to bank data. reasoning for the request: access to bank documents to verify transactions. paying attention to key technical evidence (phishing, changing the phone's 3dsecure) and ensuring that the investigation is supported by digital expertise. warawa et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 1-12 8 no. 7: commercial court of cassation of the supreme court the plaintiff in the case is an agricultural enterprise that filed a lawsuit against the bank for unauthorized debiting of funds from its account. the case discusses cybersecurity and the bank's responsibility for protecting client funds. technical and financial capabilities. the bank has significantly greater cybersecurity capabilities than the claimant. the client has the right to protect their funds on the account, as provided for by the constitution of ukraine. the supreme court recommends that the bank be obliged to ensure adequate security to prevent unauthorised financial transactions. no. 8: zmiivskyi district court of kharkiv region this case concerns criminal proceedings based on a crime under article 185(4) of the criminal code of ukraine (theft). extract from the unified register of pre-trial investigations confirming the fact of criminal proceedings. report of the officer on duty about the cybercrime. a statement about the criminal offence. protocol of interrogation of the victim. images of a bank card that may be part of the evidence. in this case, pursuant to article 159 of the criminal procedure code of ukraine, temporary access to items and documents is granted for inspection, copying, or seizure. no. 9: shevchenkivskyi district court of kyiv the case concerns unauthorised access to citizens' personal data by an employee of the bank's it support department. the person accessed confidential information of the bank's clients and used it to commit financial crimes. temporary access to the bank's electronic systems was granted to verify log files and evidence of unauthorised transactions. the court agreed to the temporary access to the bank's data, as the electronic systems contained information about specific transactions and abuses. the court granted the prosecutor's request and allowed temporary access to the bank's relevant electronic systems to facilitate the collection of evidence. court practice shows the importance of controlling the collection of electronic evidence in cybercrime. this enables the effective investigation of such cases without compromising the rights of citizens. source: unified register of court decisions (2024) therefore, in counteracting, documenting, and investigating certain cybercrime-related offences, using electronic images as evidence in criminal proceedings is becoming a crucial area. in particular, the study of electronic images and information in the service options of operating systems enables a clear description of the main facts of criminal offenses, identification of individuals, description of methods and ways of committing a crime, and assessment of the damage caused (greiman, 2022). this can also be particularly important for confirming and refuting other versions of events. however, it should also be noted that collecting electronic evidence is essential and a complex process that may encounter several challenges. this may include regulating specialist participation, providing appropriate technical support for investigators, ensuring the reliability of the information received, and verifying the accuracy of data obtained from the internet. discussions the main research problem, namely a detailed study of the judicial practice of responding to cybercrimes in ukraine, determined that cybercrime is one of the key problems in the law enforcement field, which worries modern developed countries, including ukraine. such increased interest in cybercrime is not accidental, but instead caused by the prevalence of criminal offenses of this type. in particular, the results showed that the number of cybercrime cases registered in ukraine increased during the full-scale invasion of ukraine. in the period from 2022, phishing became especially popular, with more than half of all cases of this type of crime being recorded. this finding aligns with other studies that indicate phishing is a common trend in cybercrime, necessitating serious legal action (sarkar & shukla, 2024). therefore, the increasing trends in the number of cybercrime cases detected have led to an increased interest in the international scientific community in studying the problems of cybercrime and its main directions of combating. the proposed results also indicate that the activities of cyber fraudsters have undergone significant changes since the beginning of the full-scale invasion by russian troops. if, in 2017, prominent cases involved the extortion of funds through online delivery and order tools, then, in 2022, phishing would have become the primary type of digital crime. such results are also confirmed by the findings of other researchers, who have shown that criminals have shifted from direct interaction with a potential victim to acquiring her data using digital tools (chaika et al., 2024). scientists believe this process is also connected to a financial component, as many ukrainian citizens receive payments from european humanitarian aid funds, higher salaries during martial law conditions, and so on. along with a generally poor digital culture, this makes them vulnerable to cyber manipulation (reva & demchenko, 2024). at the same time, the legal regulatory mechanisms for cybercrime prevention are extremely weak: it is almost impossible for phishing victims to prove their innocence in court, as they cannot confirm that the actions taken with their accounts and registries did not occur against their will. the analysis of the judicial practice of responding to cybercrimes in ukraine shows that cases related to cybercrimes have several characteristic features, in particular: they are of a transnational type, because, as practice shows, criminals can often operate on the internet from different parts of the world, and victims or affected persons may be in another country. in ukrainian reality, access to documents and the belongings of suspects is carried out in accordance with article 159 of the criminal procedure code of ukraine (law of ukraine no. 912-ix, 2020). another feature of the criminal cases in ukraine is that almost all are related to financial fraud. such results are confirmed by the conclusions of other scientists, which generally indicate the spread of financial fraud in the digital age. the suspects' guilt was proven in local and national courts, after which a warrant was issued. researchers recognise such a mechanism as quite effective and efficient, such that it does not require the introduction of supranational judicial bodies with new powers (gallant, 2022). at the same time, it is also worth considering the views of researchers who suggest that digital crimes of the future may be even more complex than financial fraud (simons et al., 2020). the ukrainian experience has shown that hacker attacks warawa et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 1-12 9 organised at the state level by the kremlin regime are a real threat requiring an international legal assessment. implementing this process only within the limits of national legislation is impossible. it is also noted in the proposed results that collecting evidence from electronic systems is a highly relevant aspect of investigating cybercrimes. cybercrimes are not traceless and leave specific electronic traces. modern judicial authorities in ukraine require access to e-mail, correspondence, ip addresses, transactions in electronic payment systems, and other relevant information. the analysed court cases demonstrated that law enforcement officers focused on these details while collecting the necessary evidence. thus, case law shows the importance of controlling the collection of electronic evidence in cybercrimes. this allows us to effectively investigate such cases without violating the rights of citizens. such results confirm the researchers' conclusions that the collection of evidence in the field of cybercrimes requires excellent care and professional involvement of specialists (muliarevych, 2024; vitvitskiy et al., 2021). at the same time, technologies are constantly improving, so the researchers' view is correct that the legal framework that regulates access to obtaining appropriate evidence should also be updated periodically (pasupuleti, 2024). as scientists point out, such experiences are already being actively implemented in other countries (sysoiev et al., 2024). therefore, in ukrainian realities, it is also worthwhile to review separate approaches to the legal framework and the mechanisms for its implementation. this makes it possible to confirm the hypothesis that only an integrated approach (legislative, technical, and organisational measures) can ensure an adequate level of cyber protection in the modern world. in the ukrainian reality, it is necessary to implement numerous measures to achieve lasting positive dynamics. at the same time, it is necessary to consider certain limitations of the methodology used in the study, which may affect the further interpretation of the obtained results and their scientific significance. first, the selection of necessary scientific literature had certain limits. emphasis on english-language scientific texts published in professional, peerreviewed publications has advantages, as such articles have undergone the necessary peer review and preliminary discussion. however, there is a possibility that some relevant opinions published in non-english-language articles were not considered in the obtained results. this aspect must be considered when applying the results found in the article. conclusions the purpose of this study is to analyze the legal regulation of cyberattacks and cybercrimes in ukraine, drawing on judicial practice and international experience. summarizing the results, in the context of active digitalization and the war in ukraine, the number of cybercrimes has increased significantly, with more than half of them being phishing attacks, and the majority being of a financial and fraudulent nature. the analysis of judicial practice showed difficulties in qualifying cybercrimes, collecting and evaluating electronic evidence, and also identified the need for more precise procedural regulation. the data obtained showed that modern legal mechanisms are not yet fully adapted to the dynamics of digital threats. it was determined that collecting evidence from electronic systems is a crucial part of investigating cybercrimes. judicial authorities will need access to email, correspondence, ip addresses, transactions in electronic payment systems, and other relevant information. the court cases studied suggest a need to regulate the collection of electronic evidence in cybercrime cases. as innovative technologies continue to improve, it is essential to consider this development when refining the legal framework and creating new bylaws and guidelines that will shape the principles of countering cybercrimes in the future. therefore, applying complex legislative, technical, and organisational solutions will make it possible to ensure the appropriate level of cyber protection. the unique contribution of this work lies in the combination of ukrainian judicial practice analysis with international approaches, which enabled us to identify both the general features of cybercrime and the specific problems inherent in ukraine. additionally, a quantitative analysis of the main types of cybercrimes was conducted, enabling us to identify trends in their development more accurately. the theoretical significance of the study lies in the development of a systemic vision of the problems of legal regulation of cybercrime in both global and national contexts. the practical significance lies in the possibility of using the results obtained to enhance law enforcement activities, improve the organization of the judicial process, and strengthen digital security in ukraine. a limitation of the study is its focus on the ukrainian legal field and the analysis of selected court decisions, which do not cover the full range of cybercrimes. moreover, the selection of necessary scientific literature had certain limits. emphasis on english-language scientific texts published in professional, peer-reviewed publications has advantages, as such articles have undergone the necessary peer review and preliminary discussion. the prospects for future research lie in expanding the analysis to other countries, comparing the features of national legal systems, as well as in a more detailed study of the effectiveness of international cooperation mechanisms in the field of cybersecurity. author contributions: conceptualization, v.w., v.h., o.k., d.d. and v.v.; methodology, v.w., v.h., o.k., d.d. and v.v.; software, v.w.; validation, v.w., v.h., o.k., d.d. and v.v.; formal analysis, v.w., v.h., o.k., d.d. and v.v.; investigation, v.w., v.h., o.k., d.d. and v.v.; resources, v.w., v.h., o.k., d.d. and v.v.; data curation, v.w., v.h., o.k., d.d. and v.v.; writing – original draft preparation, v.w., v.h., o.k, d.d. and v.v.; writing – review & editing, v.w., v.h.,, o.k., d.d. and v.v.; visualization, v.w.; supervision, v.w.; project administration, v.w.; funding acquisition, v.w., v.h., o.k., d.d. and v.v. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: the authors have no acknowledgments to declare. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. warawa et al., 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(2023). the various dimensions of cyberthreats: (in)consistencies in the global regulation of cybersecurity. anales de derecho, 40, 40–65. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesderecho.546921 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(1).2021.30 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 80-92 80 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 11 no 1 (2026) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa the role of community-based tourism in enhancing sustainable tourism development in kazakhstan zhassulan sadykov (a)1 nina petrichsheva (b) assylkhan yessilov (c) zubaira temiraliyeva (d) inna rey (e) (a)associate professor, esil university, department of social work and tourism, astana, republic of kazakhstan; e-mail: zhass83@mail.ru (b)senior lecturer, kenzhegali sagadiyev university of international business, department of tourism and hospitality, almaty, republic of kazakhstan; e-mail: nina_petrisheva@mail.ru (c)associate professor, kazakh university of technology and business named after k. kulazhanov, department of tourism and service, astana, republic of kazakhstan; e-mail: esilov@gmail.com (d) senior lecturer, l. n. gumilyov eurasian national university, department of tourism, astana, republic of kazakhstan; e-mail: temiralievaz.2020@gmail.com (e)associate professor, kazakh university of technology and business named after k. kulazhanov, department of tourism and service, astana, republic of kazakhstan; e-mail: sayat01@mail.ru a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 20th august 2025 reviewed & revised: 20th august 2025 to 8th december 2025 accepted: 8th december 2025 published: 12th december 2025 keywords: sustainable development, community-based tourism, environmental impact, cultural preservation, tourism management jel classification codes: z32, q56, o13, r11, o18 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t community-based tourism (cbt) plays a crucial role in sustainable tourism development in kazakhstan, contributing to economic growth, cultural preservation, and environmental sustainability. in a study, the barriers to cbt implementation, which play a key role in advancing united nations sustainable development goals (sdgs), notably sdg 8 (decent work and economic growth), sdg 11 (sustainable cities and communities), and sdg 12 (responsible consumption and production), were analyzed. this study aims to fill gaps by examining how managers of kazakhstan-based travel companies understand cbt's economic, environmental, and cultural aspects. this study employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating qualitative interviews with travel company managers, participant observations, and quantitative surveys. thematic analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. the data samples included all managers, experienced managers, and novice managers. the regression analysis was performed using two models: baseline, which included awareness only, and expanded, which included engagement and infrastructure challenge as control variables. for statistical significance, the standard errors (0.5-0.8) and mean values (3.5-4.5) were calculated, with a significant coefficient at p < 0.05. the findings of this study highlighted the importance of training programs and mentorship opportunities in helping less experienced professionals acquire new skills and bridge the knowledge gap. the findings of this study indicated that cbt aligns with sdg 8, sdg 11, and sdg 12, while also highlighting challenges, including infrastructure deficits and community engagement issues that hinder its implementation. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction sustainable tourism, which balances economic growth with environmental conservation and cultural preservation, is critical for ensuring the long-term viability of the tourism sector. in this context, community-based tourism (cbt) is a promising approach that empowers local communities, encourages active participation, and ensures they benefit economically from tourism. unlike traditional tourism models, cbt integrates environmental care, cultural preservation (trach et al., 2020), and economic development to create a balanced and inclusive tourism framework, aligning closely with the united nations sustainable development goals (sdgs), notably sdg 8 (decent work and economic growth), sdg 11 (sustainable cities and communities), and sdg 12 (responsible consumption and production). according to talukder et al. (2024), cbt supports sdg 8 by promoting long-term and inclusive economic growth, creating jobs, and supporting community-led business projects. cbt helps advance sdg 11 by engaging local groups and encouraging eco-friendly approaches to urban development (dolezal & novelli, 2022). another way cbt supports sdg 12 is by encouraging eco-friendly actions, protecting resources, and mitigating the environmental impact of tourist activities (rahman et al., 2024). although cbt has been studied elsewhere (liang et al., 2024; zielinski et al., 2021), little is known about the specific factors that affect its use and the outcomes it produces in kazakhstan. for example, cbt has been shown 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0002-7133-9162 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2765 to cite this article: sadykov, z., petrichsheva, n., yessilov, a., temiraliyeva, z., & rey, i. (2025). the role of community-based tourism in enhancing sustainable tourism development in kazakhstan. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 11(1), 80-92. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2765 mailto:zhass83@mail.ru mailto:nina_petrisheva@mail.ru mailto:esilov@gmail.com mailto:temiralievaz.2020@gmail.com mailto:sayat01@mail.ru http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2765 https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7133-9162 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1455-6195 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4477-3780 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-6197 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7967-1541 sadykov et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 80-92 81 to help protect the environment and preserve cultural heritage. however, few studies have examined infrastructure problems and changing stakeholder relationships, making it challenging to work in kazakhstan (aktymbayeva et al., 2023). the cbt program is valued for its ability to give local groups economic power, but its specific impact on poverty reduction has not been thoroughly studied. additionally, there is a lack of information on how cbt methods in kazakhstan balance tourism growth with environmental protection. barriers to cbt implementation, such as poor infrastructure, limited funding, and low community awareness, have not been thoroughly studied, even though they play a key role in advancing sdgs 8 and 11. this study aims to fill these gaps by looking at how managers of kazakhstan travel companies understand cbt's economic, environmental, and cultural aspects. in addition, it identifies key challenges and proposes strategies to increase cbt adoption, thereby directly contributing to achieving the sdgs 8, 11, and 12. the objective of the study is to assess the economic benefits of cbt for local communities (sdg 8), evaluate the environmental sustainability of cbt practices (sdg 12), find the primary challenges hindering the success of cbt and propose strategies for overcoming them, focusing on promoting resilience and inclusivity (sdg 11). also, the study's objective can be further extended to explore how cbt initiatives contribute to cultural preservation, including safeguarding local traditions and heritage (sdgs 11 and 12). this study seeks to answer several key research questions: how does community-based tourism (cbt) contribute to improving local livelihoods and reducing poverty in kazakhstan in alignment with sdg 8? what practices are used in cbt to minimize environmental harm and promote conservation in kazakhstan, in line with sdg 12? how effective are cbt initiatives in showcasing and protecting kazakhstan's cultural heritage and in contributing to sdgs 11 and 12? finally, what barriers, such as infrastructure or funding limitations, affect cbt implementation? how do government, ngos, and private stakeholders contribute to supporting cbt in accordance with sdgs 8 and 11? this research provides critical insights into the use of cbt to achieve sustainable tourism goals in kazakhstan, aligning with key global priorities outlined in the sdgs. by focusing on the economic (sdg 8), environmental (sdg 12), and cultural (sdg 11) dimensions, the study offers a comprehensive framework for enhancing cbt practices. the paper is organized as follows. in section 2, we presented a literature review and a comprehensive analysis of existing research on cbt and sustainable tourism in kazakhstan. section 3 provides descriptions of the materials and methods, the case study design, and data collection and analysis. the results section includes descriptive statistics for key metrics and the regression analysis. the following section 5 provides a discussion of the received research results, including comparisons with recent studies. the paper ends with the conclusions, limitations, and recommendations. literature review the purpose of this study is to conduct a literature review and to comprehensively analyze existing research on cbt and sustainable tourism, particularly its application in kazakhstan. this review examines recent scientific studies to identify research gaps, support the problem statement, and inform the goals of this study. put the community first with cbt. both fair growth and reduced economic inequality are helped by this (zielinski et al., 2021). cbt not only generates revenue but also helps preserve native culture and the environment. cbt helps reach goal 8 (good jobs and economic growth) by enabling residents to establish their own businesses and secure quality employment (mia et al., 2024). also, it helps reach sdg 11 (sustainable cities and communities) by promoting inclusive growth that benefits everyone, both in cities and rural areas. people who engage in cbt are more likely to use resources wisely, which supports sdg 12 (responsible production and consumption) (hatammimi & gunawan, 2024). kazakhstan could be a suitable destination for tourists due to its rich cultural history, diverse landscapes, and beautiful natural scenery (chlachula, 2020). kazakhstan can leverage this potential through cbt, primarily to address some of the most significant issues in the tourism industry. because these issues keep recurring, fresh approaches, such as cbt, need to be lasting and inclusive of everyone (aktymbayeva et al., 2023). kazakhstan faces numerous challenges with cbt despite its potential for success. a significant problem is that many rural and remote areas lack essential services, including safe travel, places to stay, and ways to connect with others. another significant issue is that the community does not take sufficient action. this is because local partners must work hard and participate in cbt. many cbt projects lack the funds to initiate or sustain their operations (mamirkulova et al., 2020). multiple times, cbt has been shown to help businesses grow worldwide. cbt creates jobs and helps small and medium-sized companies (smes) grow by directly involving locals in tourism activities. many businesses in this area offer accommodations, guided trips, cultural shows, and handcrafted goods. they help community member’s secure long-term, well-paying jobs (junaid et al., 2021; sharma et al., 2024). liang et al. (2024) and mia et al. (2024) argue that this success is primarily due to locally driven business efforts that provide women and indigenous people with the tools they need to work in and benefit from the tourism industry. na thongkaew et al. (2024) also note that cbt often collaborates with external groups, such as ngos, private businesses, and government offices, to assist with marketing, training, and the development of new systems. researchers argue that these rules may prevent communities from fully benefiting from tourism (gohori & van der merwe, 2020). bayuningsih et al. (2024) and samora-arvela et al. (2023) argue that cbt encourages people to engage in ecofriendly actions, such as protecting wildlife, reducing waste, and using innovative resources. people in the community taking charge of conservation is one of the best long-term ways for cbt to help natural health. examples include cbt projects in southeast asia and south america, which establish community-run nature parks and ecotourism zones. these have helped protect wildlife and prevent deforestation. cbt has a strong chance of helping protect the environment in kazakhstan, as it has many wild areas and unique sadykov et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 80-92 82 ecosystems. it is best to use eco-friendly tourism methods in places like katon-karagay national park, which is essentially wild and home to many plant and animal species. this type of cbt can help demonstrate how to strike a balance between tourism demand and environmental protection. a significant issue in kazakhstan is that ecotourism lacks the necessary infrastructure to operate effectively. for example, there are not enough good ways to get around, deal with trash, or use green energy. it is more likely for things to get worse without these tools, which goes against the main goals of cbt. cbt aligns with sdg 12 (producing and consuming in a moral way), which can be utilized to demonstrate how to extend the sustainability of travel. cbt promotes the effective use of resources to protect natural resources, reduce waste, and encourage guests and service providers to act in environmentally friendly ways. cbt aims to preserve and promote local traditions. it also helps people from different cultures understand each other better and provides communities with the tools to remember their past. for example, fan et al. (2023) and svitlichna et al. (2024) claim that cbt enables community members to showcase their traditional music, dance, food, and events. cbt, conversely, ensures that the people who live in the area stay in charge of how their past is shown. kovshun et al. (2023a) argue that these classes teach people about culture and ensure that customs are passed on to the next generation. people in cbt programs are also often asked to write down and reflect on their daily lives and past events. there are many ways that cbt could help protect unique traditions and history. kazakh music, dance, stories, and the problematic craft of felt-making are all great examples of cultural assets that can be used in cbt settings. cultural heritage sites, such as mausoleums, unesco world heritage sites, and ancient petroglyphs, can also help preserve history and attract more tourists (aldybayev et al., 2021). cbt can ensure that the activities and events that bring people to the area respect these cultural gems and help keep them in good shape. they can achieve this by allowing the community to manage the park and reinvest the revenue generated from tourists. some potential problems include cultural commodification and the risk of losing sincerity. alamineh et al. (2023) assert that culture can lose its original meaning and importance when it is altered to appeal to tourists or the mass market. it is known as "cultural commodification", a phenomenon that occurs frequently in places people visit for entertainment. in kazakhstan, there is significant pressure to commercialize traditional arts, performances, and ceremonies for profit. it is challenging to protect cultural heritage while meeting tourists' needs if the community does not participate sufficiently. several significant problems must be addressed before cbt can be effective. this is particularly true in forgotten, faraway parts of the country. the roads are in poor condition, there are limited places to stay, and it is challenging to contact people using technology (ivankova et al., 2021; mamirkulova et al., 2020). these issues hinder tourism growth and make it harder for visitors to enjoy rural areas. places that could be cbt sites struggle to stay open and attract tourists when they lack regular transportation or essential amenities. most cbt groups lack sufficient resources or tools to build new buildings, teach new skills, or get the word out about this service. some places struggle to initiate and sustain community-based treatment programs due to limited access to necessary funds, microloans, or public-private partnerships. many people must work together and use their resources to solve these problems. businesses, governments, and non-governmental organizations (ngos) provide cbt funds, guidelines, and professional support to ensure it works long-term and gives communities more power (putra et al., 2024). kazakhstan needs to plan for the area, considering its unique social, economic, and natural features. addressing these issues through laws that promote infrastructure development, community training programs, and cash rewards is feasible. kazakhstan can reach its long-term growth goals with the help of cbt. a new study by musavengane and kloppers (2020) suggests that these issues can only be fixed by pulling together and allocating funds where they are needed. cbt is recognized worldwide as a model of eco-friendly travel. developing cbt policies that align with the country's sdgs is a more complex process. for example, sdg 8 focuses on responsible work and economic growth, sdg 11 on sustainable cities and communities, and sdg 12 on responsible production and consumption. closing this gap can help industry leaders learn how to support community-driven tourist projects while ensuring their operations align with sustainability goals. the connection between infrastructure problems and community involvement in cbt adoption has also not been thoroughly studied. in kazakhstan, many rural areas lack the proper infrastructure for tourism, including safe transportation networks, places to stay, and internet access. insufficient knowledge, training, and tools can make community involvement challenging. the link between these two things is critical because inadequate infrastructure can discourage people from participating in their community. filling these study gaps is essential to understanding how cbt can help kazakhstan achieve its sustainable tourism goals. this study examines the impact of cbt on the economy, the environment, and culture, as well as the roles of key stakeholders and the changes in infrastructure and community involvement. it does this by considering the complete picture of improving cbt methods. materials and methods case studies are used in this study to examine how cbt can help the tourism industry in kazakhstan grow sustainably. this study works best with the case study method because it allows us to examine cbt in its real-world setting, showing how complex and interconnected economic, environmental, and cultural factors are. this method helps us understand the details of cbt in kazakhstan by focusing on individual cbt projects. it shows how community involvement, partner engagement, and sustainable practices work together. sadykov et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 80-92 83 case study design also facilitates the identification of best practices, obstacles, and opportunities unique to cbt in kazakhstan. this paper covers several sdgs, including sdg 8 (decent work and economic growth), sdg 11 (sustainable cities and communities), and sdg 12 (responsible consumption and production). by examining the local situation, this study identifies the unique factors that affect the success or failure of cbt programs. these factors include cultural patterns, environmental conditions, and infrastructure issues. people living near the aksu-zhabagly nature reserve are given extra attention in this study because it focuses on cbt programs in that area. this area was chosen because it is one of the busiest destinations in kazakhstan for eco-friendly, community-led tourism. aksu-zhabagly nature reserve is regarded as part of the unesco world network of biosphere reserves. it is famous worldwide for its plants and animals, found nowhere else. the area boasts numerous natural and cultural gems, including traditional crafts, music, and stories. this makes it a great spot to see how cbt protects the environment and manages cultural property. the area of almaty and the aksu-zhabagly nature reserve were chosen because the study aims to investigate how cbt classes affect the social and economic conditions in the area. semi-structured interviews were the primary method for extracting qualitative data, as they allowed us to delve into the thoughts and experiences of key individuals working in cbt. a total of 30 interviews were conducted, with 10 participants from each group. specifically, 10 community leaders aged 35-60, actively involved in decision-making and advocacy for local development, provided insights into the benefits and challenges of cbt in their areas. their perspectives helped contextualize cbt within broader community goals and policy frameworks. ten tourism company owners with more than five years of experience also shared their thoughts on how cbt works, how to market it, and how it fits into the larger tourism industry. their comments highlighted real-world problems, including poor infrastructure, limited funds, and difficulties in getting residents to collaborate. lastly, 10 residents from diverse educational and income backgrounds were interviewed to assess the impact of cbt on employment, cultural identity, and overall quality of life. their firsthand experiences were crucial for understanding cbt's role in job creation, cultural preservation, and environmental awareness. the semi-structured format allowed interviewers to maintain focus while giving participants the flexibility to elaborate on topics of personal significance. all interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded using thematic analysis to identify key patterns and insights systematically. people in the area with different educational and income levels were also asked how cbt has changed their work, cultural identities, and quality of life. the method was partly designed to keep interviewers on track while encouraging participants to discuss the essential points. because of this method, stakeholders could provide complete answers that showed how difficult each person's cbt experience was. interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded for thematic analysis. in addition to information gathered through conversations, participant observation was used to provide a real-time picture of how cbt is used and its effects. researchers attended various cbt events, including cultural shows, guided nature tours, and handicraft workshops, to observe how these programs were organized and conducted. this method allows people to observe how locals, tourists, and tourism companies interact, providing a comprehensive picture of the dynamics at play. national performances, such as traditional music and dance, were also observed to understand their role in fostering national pride and transmitting heritage across generations (table 1). table 1. managers' perspectives on cbt in kazakhstan n section focus key aspects evaluated response scale 1 perceived benefits of cbt in kazakhstan managers' perceptions of economic, environmental, and cultural benefits of cbt economic benefits, environmental sustainability, cultural preservation likert scale: 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) 2 challenges faced in implementing cbt the main obstacles to cbt implementation in kazakhstan are particularly infrastructure and community engagement. infrastructure limitations, community involvement, and support likert scale: 1 (minimal challenge) to 5 (significant challenge) 3 role of cbt in cultural preservation and environmental impact mitigation effectiveness of cbt in preserving cultural heritage and reducing environmental impacts resource conservation, protection of cultural practices, and alignment with sustainable development principles likert scale: 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) 4 future potential of cbt as a sustainable tourism model managers' views on the long-term viability of cbt as a sustainable tourism option in kazakhstan potential for cbt to become central in kazakhstan's tourism strategy, alignment with sustainable tourism goals likert scale: 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) surveys were used to assess how tourists and people affected by or involved in cbt projects felt about and were satisfied with the projects, as part of the plan to collect quantitative data. three main questions were used to determine how people felt about cbt: how it would help the business, protect the earth, and keep culture alive. community members were asked to complete a survey about how cbt programs affected their work, finances, and efforts to protect natural resources and local customs. people were asked to rate their happiness with the environmental and societal aspects of cbt. they inquired about the quality of guided tours and cultural shows, as well as the number of environmentally conscious places. by investigating these answers, it was possible to tell how well cbt projects meet the needs of tourists and the environment. structured surveys for the polls used five-point likert scales. one answer meant "strongly disagree", and five meant "strongly agree". this style provides more detailed information, such as the level of agreement or satisfaction among respondents. additionally, it enables us to compare how people from different groups responded to the questions. using structured questions ensured consistent data collection, making it easier to compare and analyze responses across demographics and sadykov et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 80-92 84 stakeholder groups (table 2). table 2. structured dataset variables for analysis of cbt in kazakhstan variable category variable description response scale demographics age the manager's age is used to assess the potential influence of age on perceptions and experiences in the tourism sector. numeric years of experience in tourism number of years the manager has worked in tourism, reflecting the depth of experience and knowledge numeric location geographic location (e.g., almaty, astana, shymkent) to identify regional differences in perceptions or challenges categorical (region) awareness of cbt awareness of cbt assesses managers' familiarity with and understanding of cbt practices likert scale: 1 (low awareness) to 5 (high awareness) perceived benefits economic benefit perceived economic impact of cbt, such as income generation and employment opportunities likert scale: 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) environmental impact rating of cbt's contribution to sustainable environmental management and reduction of tourism-related degradation likert scale: 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) cultural preservation managers' perception of cbt's role in preserving local culture and heritage likert scale: 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) challenges infrastructure challenge rating of infrastructural challenges hindering cbt implementation (e.g., roads, accommodations) likert scale: 1 (no challenge) to 5 (significant challenge) community engagement challenge perceived difficulty in engaging local communities in cbt impacts the sustainability of initiatives. likert scale: 1 (no challenge) to 5 (significant challenge) future potential of cbt future potential of cbt rating of cbt's potential as a sustainable tourism model and its anticipated role in kazakhstan's tourism development likert scale: 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) the survey used a likert scale to capture respondents' attitudes, perceptions, and opinions, a widely accepted approach in social and behavioral research. participants rated each variable on a scale of 1 to 5, where each number represents a different level of agreement or perception. a score of 1 meant "strongly disagree," and a score of 2 meant "disagree." there were five possible scores: 3 meant "neutral", four meant "agree", and five meant "strongly agree". this scaling method enabled a more nuanced understanding of respondents' thoughts, revealing the extent of agreement or disagreement across the surveyed topics. this scale enabled the quantification of subjective responses, facilitating easier comparison and analysis of people's feelings about various aspects of cbt, as reflected in responses from 30 travel company managers. reports on tourism and sustainability in kazakhstan from the government and ngos were used as secondary sources. these papers provided helpful background on the broader context of tourism, highlighting trends, challenges, and opportunities in the field. these papers also described what the government and ngos were doing to support eco-friendly travel, which can serve as a standard for judging the effectiveness of cbt programs. policy papers, such as strategic plans and development frameworks, were examined in greater detail better to understand cbt's institutional support and regulatory environment. these papers outlined the government's objectives, funding strategies, and long-term sustainability goals. they demonstrated how cbt aligns with the country's tourism and development objectives. policies in the almaty region, where cbt programs are being implemented, received extra care. the results of this study facilitated a clearer understanding of how policies impact cbt's growth and their relationship to the sdgs. thematic analysis was employed to interpret the qualitative data collected from interviews and user reports. it was easy to identify recurring themes and patterns. these themes and patterns show cbt. three overarching themes emerged from the data: economic impacts, environmental protection actions, and societal impacts. the information showed that cbt programs encouraged locals to participate in tourism-related activities, which created more jobs, income, and power for those who lived there. the environmental practices theme focused on community-led conservation efforts, including waste management and wildlife protection plans. these were crucial for ensuring that cbt methods were environmentally friendly. finally, the theme of cultural contributions highlighted how cbt programs used tourism to preserve and promote local crafts, practices, and history (sabadash et al., 2020). the nvivo tool was used to code and organize the qualitative data. it enabled the analysis to proceed more quickly and accurately. researchers used the software to organize the results and incorporate diverse perspectives. these themes are connected, as shown by the fact that community leaders' answers about infrastructure problems were coded under economic effects and environmental practices. results a survey of 30 tourism company managers in kazakhstan was conducted to assess perceptions of cbt. it included their knowledge of the subject, their thoughts on its pros and cons, and their predictions for its growth. descriptive statistics were used to add all the data for each critical measure (table 3). for managers, the spread of scores on the awareness of cbt question was 0.6 points, with a mean score of 4.2 out of 5. the people in charge of tourists know that cbt is integral to their plans. table 3. descriptive statistics for key metrics metric average score standard deviation awareness of cbt 4.2 0.6 economic benefit 4.5 0.5 sadykov et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 80-92 85 environmental impact 3.8 0.7 cultural preservation 4.0 0.6 infrastructure challenge 3.5 0.8 engagement challenge 4.0 0.7 future potential 4.3 0.5 this is likely due to its alignment with kazakhstan's environmentally friendly tourism plans. people in the tourism industry are familiar with cbt, as 65% of test-takers scored four or higher. the item that got the highest average score was "perceived benefits of cbt" (4.5; sd = 0.5). this means managers believe cbt has a significant impact on the local economy's growth rate. based on the managers' mean score of 4.0 (sd = 0.6) for cultural preservation, they believe cbt is integral to preserving kazakhstan's unique cultural heritage. a score of 3.8 (sd = 0.7) on the environmental impact of the cbt was the mean. the average score for the infrastructure challenge was 3.5 (sd = 0.8), indicating that managers were concerned about potential technical issues that could hinder effective cbt use. also, the engagement challenge received an average score of 4.0 (sd = 0.7), indicating that managers must invest considerable effort to sustain community involvement. transportation and lodging issues are two infrastructure concerns that could make it harder for tourists to get there and make their stay less pleasant. it is hard to involve local communities, which are essential to cbt success, but doing so can take a lot of time, effort, and resources. a score of 4.3 (sd = 0.5) for the future potential of cbt as a sustainable tourism model indicates that managers are optimistic about cbt's future role in kazakhstan's tourism industry. the people in charge of tourism in kazakhstan believe that it is a good long-term plan because it fits with their goals for cultural, environmental, and economic sustainability. with an average score of 4.2 out of 5, the poll shows that travel company managers are well aware of cbt (sd = 0.6). about 65% of those who answered said they were more than level 4 informed. this shows that cbt is an essential component of kazakhstan's green tourism plans. the managers interviewed said they were familiar with cbt concepts and their application in sustainable tourism. managers also gave cbt high marks for its benefits. the economic benefits got the best score (4.5 on a scale of 5) from managers. cbt can contribute to local economies by generating employment and revenue, aligning with sdg 8 (decent work and economic growth). many have said cbt is a great way to preserve native culture. their average score for cultural preservation was 4.0 (sd = 0.6), indicating they understood cbt's role in promoting local crafts, events, and traditions. it was clear from the observations that these results were supported by initiatives such as guided culture trips and handicraft workshops involving community people. these acts help achieve sdg 11 (sustainable cities and communities) by fostering national pride and openness to new ideas. a mean score of 3.8 (sd = 0.7) was given to the effect of cbt on the setting. this means that managers were cautiously hopeful. people were concerned that eco-friendly methods were being applied uniformly across all cbt schools during interviews. however, participant observations at ecotourism hotspots, such as the aksu-zhabagly nature reserve, showed that waste management systems and conservation education programs worked effectively. these efforts contribute to achieving sdg 12 (responsible consumption and production) by promoting environmentally friendly travel. however, problems persist, such as a lack of funds for building better infrastructure. the cbt's future potential got a positive average score of 4.3 (sd = 0.5). according to managers, cbt aligns well with kazakhstan's sustainable tourism goals, which include enhancing local economies, preserving cultural heritage, and mitigating environmental impact. this positive outlook is supported by regression analysis, which shows that more experienced managers view cbt as more valuable because they have used it longer. based on these results, increased awareness and tailored support could make cbt's contributions to sdgs 8, 11, and 12 even more substantial. this regression analysis examines the relationship between the independent variable, "knowing about cbt", and the dependent variable, "perceived benefits of cbt", focusing on how cbt contributes to preserving culture, the economy, and the environment. as a control, this study also examines how engagement and the infrastructure challenge might affect managers' views of cbt's benefits. it was used to assess model goodness-of-fit, and f-statistics were used to assess the models' importance. multiple correlations were checked using the variance inflation factor (vif) tests. table 4 shows that awareness of cbt has a positive and statistically significant effect on perceived benefits across all samples and models. this supports the idea that people who know more about cbt are more likely to believe it is good for them in terms of economic, environmental, and cultural benefits. this positive relationship suggests that managers with a deeper understanding of cbt are more likely to recognize its numerous benefits. table 4. regression analysis of awareness of perceived benefits of cbt, including control variables metric all managers experienced managers novice managers model (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) instrument for awareness baseline model expanded model baseline model expanded model baseline model expanded model dependent variable awareness awareness awareness awareness awareness awareness economic benefit 0.42 0.38 0.44 0.40 0.37 0.35 environmental impact 0.35 0.30 0.36 0.32 0.29 0.28 cultural preservation 0.28 0.25 0.30 0.27 0.23 0.22 r² 0.42 0.38 0.44 0.40 0.36 0.32 adjusted r² 0.38 0.34 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.28 f-statistic 12.5 10.2 13.8 11.5 9.6 8.2 vif 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 sadykov et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 80-92 86 note. models: (1) baseline includes awareness only; (2) expanded includes engagement challenge and infrastructure challenge as control variables. samples: all managers, experienced managers (10+ years of experience), and novice managers (less than 5 years of experience). statistical significance: standard errors in parentheses. coefficients significant at p < 0.05. vif: variance inflation factor values indicate low multicollinearity. baseline model (1) only has an awareness variable, so the coefficients for perceived benefits are slightly higher across all samples. this differs from the expanded model (2), which has engagement and infrastructure challenges as control variables. the slight coefficient drop in model (2) means that adding control variables makes awareness less powerful. this means that managers' views on cbt are influenced by issues with engagement and infrastructure, as well as their awareness of its benefits. specifically, the control variables may reveal some additional differences in how people perceive things that awareness alone cannot explain. this indicates that issues with engagement and infrastructure can lead managers to reconsider the benefits of cbt. there are differences among managers with varying levels of experience, but those with 10 or more years consistently exhibit higher coefficients for awareness of perceived benefits in both models. when managers understand how cbt works, they are more likely to find it helpful. managers with less than five years of experience, on the other hand, have the lowest awareness coefficients. there might be a difference here, since younger managers have not yet had as much experience with cbt's potential to aid the tourism industry's long-term development. low vif scores indicate that the control variables (engagement challenge and infrastructure challenge) are valuable additions to the models. the fact that the f-statistics are significant indicates that the models are correct and that people are aware of issues with engagement and infrastructure, which are significant parts of how they perceive the benefits of cbt. this satisfactory model fit demonstrates that managers' views on cbt are highly dependent on their level of cbt knowledge and the issues identified. managers with more experience will likely get the most out of cbt. lawmakers and practitioners must fix the issues with facilities and participation so that managers and communities can get the most out of cbt. the study examines the perceptions of kazakhstani travel company managers regarding cbt and its potential to foster tourism growth over time. much research has shown that teaching people about eco-friendly travel is essential to get them to support these practices (ahmad et al., 2020; darvishmotevali & altinay, 2022; ibnou-laaroussi et al., 2020). if they learn more about it, they are more likely to see how cbt can help the economy grow, preserve cultural heritage, and lessen environmental damage. prokopenko et al. (2019, 2020) emphasize the importance of digital marketing tools for advertising tourist spots worldwide. the study indicates a need to employ multiple digital tactics. websites and email ads are two traditional forms of advertising. some new ones are chatbots, voice search optimization, and celebrity marketing. marketers for destinations can enhance their websites, stand out, and attract more tourists in a crowded market with custom digital tools (shah, 2024). cbt can help the economy, but only if people are aware of its benefits. it means that managers who are aware of it recognize its potential to benefit local economies. the economic effects of cbt have been studied before and mainly focus on how it helps local communities make money, create jobs, and stop money from leaving the area by making sure that tourism money stays there (junaid et al., 2021; lo & janta, 2020; mia et al., 2024; shah & shah, 2024). managers who were more aware of cbt thought it significantly impacted the bottom line, as shown by the high coefficient of 0.42 for economic benefits. this result suggests that managers understand how cbt empowers communities by enabling them to retain a greater share of tourism revenue. discussions cbt plays a significant role in economic growth, particularly in rural and underdeveloped areas, by generating employment opportunities and motivating individuals to start their own businesses. travel company managers always say this helps keep tourism dollars in the community. cbt not only provides people with a direct means to generate profits but also prevents cash from leaving the community, ensuring profits remain within it. it fits with another study: cbt helps local economies grow by creating stable sources of income and lowering reliance on tourists from other countries (junaid et al., 2021; lo & janta, 2020). the economic benefits of cbt are particularly evident in remote areas with limited traditional business options. for example, people in communities that used cbt reported increased household incomes, enabling them to afford better healthcare and schooling. these results demonstrate that cbt aligns with sdg 8 (decent work and economic growth), emphasizing the need for sustainable economic growth that benefits all. those in charge stated that the benefits are not distributed fairly when participation is low, and only a few individuals or groups profit from tourist activities. that finding aligns with what gohori and van der merwe (2020) argue is important for the community to participate in cbt to support economic growth. outside groups or a few people can take over tourism events when communities are inactive. another critical thing affecting cbt's economic success is the need for cash rewards and support systems. community-based tourism (cbt) is an effective way to protect the environment, as it promotes eco-friendly activities and incorporates environmental protection measures into tours. based on the study, cbt results indicate that managers were hopeful it would help reduce the environmental impact of tourism activities. cbt projects have taught people how to deal with trash, protect wildlife, and use resources without harming the environment in places like the aksu-zhabagly nature reserve. people in the community have made significant efforts to preserve the reserve's natural beauty and ecological health, including running programs to plant trees and observe wildlife. these efforts align with sdg 12 (responsible production and consumption), which calls for people to use environmentally friendly methods to protect natural resources and reduce waste (shah & shah, 2023; shah & asghar, 2024). sadykov et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 80-92 87 lodges made from eco-friendly materials are one type of eco-friendly place to stay, demonstrating how cbt can incorporate sustainable tourist infrastructure with minimal environmental impact. a study by bayuningsih et al. (2024) and a survey by samora-arvela et al. (2023) also found that cbt can help promote sustainability by adopting environmentally friendly practices. the moderate effect size of the regression analysis indicates that infrastructure and participation issues significantly affect cbt effectiveness in this setting. people are more aware of the environment when they better understand cbt, but these structural hurdles keep it from reaching its full potential (tamir, 2015). knowledge and tools are needed to meet long-term environmental goals. addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach, including skill-building programs for individuals, funding for environmentally friendly infrastructure, and fostering stronger relationships between local communities, ngos, and governments. community-based travel is a critical way to learn about and preserve cultural history because it uses traditional methods and local knowledge to enhance the travel experience. cbt must help transmit information from one generation to the next in rural areas, where modernization often threatens to end traditional practices. teenagers and young adults can learn about their cultural history through cbt programs that teach them how to engage in tourism-related activities. this aligns with sdg 11 (sustainable cities and communities), which emphasizes sustainable urban and rural development that benefits all and preserves natural and cultural assets (fan et al., 2023; svitlichna et al., 2024). they demonstrate that cbt empowers communities to control their cultural assets, enabling them to protect and enjoy these assets in ways that benefit both locals and tourists. however, the study found cultural commodification issues, such as when customs are altered or accelerated to cater to tourists. another study by alamineh et al. (2023) also discussed this issue. it highlights the difficulty of representing culture authentically without reducing it to a product. some community members were concerned about the modifications made to traditional arts and dances to appeal to tourists. this could make them less culturally important. these steps might be reasonable for business in the short term, but they could hurt the accuracy and integrity of cultural history in the long term. this study found that poor infrastructure is one of the main factors that make cbt difficult to use. problems like these make it harder for people to get to tourist spots in rural and remote areas. this keeps tourists from both inside and outside of the country. managers and community members often mentioned that attracting tourists was challenging due to the poor road conditions and limited transportation options, such as buses and trains. this supports ivankova et al. (2021), who emphasized the importance of good infrastructure for tourism growth, as it enables tourists to move around and access the services they need. another reason cbt sites are less appealing is that they often lack reliable transportation, suitable accommodations, and internet access. online marketing is also less successful when internet connectivity is poor, and tourists find it harder to share their experiences. it makes cbt destinations less visible and less competitive. a significant issue was that people were unable to participate in the community. people were concerned about the level of community engagement in cbt projects. people in the area need to feel a sense of ownership and commitment to tourism activities for cbt to be successful in the long run. still, the research showed that many groups either do not know about cbt projects, do not want to, or cannot participate. this means that tourism projects do not always align with the community's wants or needs, which is contrary to cbt. also, if participation is insufficient, benefits might not be distributed equitably among all individuals or groups. one more way public-private partnerships can help community-driven tourism projects is by providing them with the tools and guidance they need. putra et al. (2024) emphasize that collaboration is essential for improving facilities and enhancing community involvement. these thoughts agree with that. if infrastructure problems are solved and more people participate, cbt could be a more effective and sustainable way for kazakhstan to attract more tourists. researchers found that people's perceptions of cbt benefits are strongly linked to their familiarity with it. given its benefits to the economy, environment, and culture, managers with over 10 years of experience tend to give cbt higher ratings than those with fewer years of experience. these people noted that long-time tourism workers generally have a better understanding of the long-term benefits of sustainable tourism practices, having witnessed and utilized cbt programs over an extended period. concentrating on training programs and chances to learn from more experienced managers is essential to close the gap between managers with and without much experience. in cbt, pairing workers with different experience levels in classes, seminars, and group projects can help them share their knowledge and work together more effectively. the main topics of the training classes should be sustainable tourism principles, strategies for involving people in tourism, and best practices in cbt management. this study's results align with new research, supporting its conclusions. one crucial area where everyone agrees is that infrastructure and participation problems significantly hinder cbt's success. the problems with transportation, housing, and community involvement identified in this study are similar to those reported by sushchenko et al. (2023). through their research, they discovered that effective logistics and active community engagement are crucial for sustainable tourism development, particularly in rural and underserved areas. it is clear from both studies that infrastructure and participation are linked and that neither can function without the other. several groups, such as governments, ngos, and business organizations, must work together to solve these problems. the focus on preserving culture as a primary goal of cbt is another area where the two share similarities. the results of this study show that cbt helps protect traditions through guided tours, handicraft workshops, and cultural performances, which aligns with fan et al. (2023) 's view on the importance of communities taking charge of heritage protection. both studies demonstrate that cbt empowers local communities to own their cultural assets. it ensures they are protected and honored in ways that benefit both the economy and society. sadykov et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 80-92 88 the study's focus on protecting the environment aligns with the findings of bayuningsih et al. (2024) and samoraarvela et al. (2023), suggesting that cbt can make tourism events eco-friendlier. this study's focus on the value of managerial experience aligns with raftopoulos' (2020) observation that tourism professionals with more experience are better positioned to recognize the long-term benefits of sustainable practices. both studies demonstrate that the information and experience people acquire over time play a critical role in shaping their thoughts and decisions in tourism management. putra et al. (2024) stated that investments in infrastructure and strong government-private sector relationships are essential for long-term tourism. literature supports this conclusion, highlighting that cbt programs can help expand local economies and establish stable livelihoods, particularly in remote or underserved areas where tourism growth can contribute to poverty reduction (giampiccoli et al., 2021; islam et al., 2024; sharma et al., 2024). however, our research also showed that engagement challenges led people to believe cbt was better for the economy than it actually was. when community involvement is insufficient, managers may perceive tourism's economic potential as limited. havadi nagy and espinosa segui (2020) also found that active community involvement is necessary to realize the financial benefits of cbt and to ensure that communities own and run tourism projects, both of which are beneficial. reducing tourism's environmental impact is another essential part of sustainable tourism. there is a link between managers' knowledge of cbt and their perceptions of its environmental impact. this means managers with a deeper understanding of cbt are more likely to believe it benefits the environment. that opinion might change if cbt focuses on low-impact tourism practices, such as limiting the number of tourists, adhering to strict environmental rules, and promoting eco-friendly lodging (quang et al., 2023; samora-arvela et al., 2023). sustainable tourism ensures that tourist activities have as little environmental effect as possible. saienko et al. (2021) evaluate the efficiency of tour operators and travel agents in ukraine's tourism market. they track key metrics, including visitor numbers, voucher prices, and sales volume, to gauge success. the study indicates that the market requires greater efficiency and competitiveness, which can be achieved through strategic changes across all regions. the moderate effect size suggests that managers may still be concerned about the sustainability of cbt for the environment, despite awareness altering people's environmental perceptions. this might be because it is challenging to ensure that all cbt projects adhere to the same guidelines for sustainable practices. the supporting literature indicates that even when cbt is delivered effectively, environmental sustainability can be achieved only if community members have the tools and knowledge to implement conservation measures correctly (tamir, 2015). also, our results show that engagement challenges make people less likely to think cbt is good for the environment. this shows the influence of strong community involvement in reaching environmental goals. according to the research, involving people in the area is essential for adopting sustainable methods because it makes them feel responsible for protecting natural resources (balsalobre-lorente et al., 2023; litvinenko et al., 2022). belgibayeva et al. (2024) explore the economic and environmental effects of eliminating organic waste in kazakhstan. they focus on how food waste affects municipal solid waste. the study emphasizes the need for advanced methods to reduce waste, such as biogas production and composting, to improve waste management. community-based tourism helps preserve and promote local culture, aligning well with sustainable tourism goals. our study found a link between knowledge of cbt and thoughtful cultural preservation. this link was less intense than the ones for economic and environmental benefits. managers familiar with cbt likely appreciate its ability to facilitate cross-cultural interactions, foster respect for local traditions, and support cultural heritage initiatives. the results of this study align with those of fan et al. (2023), who found that cbt helps communities showcase their cultural assets by offering tourists authentic experiences that help keep cultures alive and strengthen identities. one issue that frequently arises in cbt projects is the risk of cultural commodification (dykha et al., 2023) and the difficulty of maintaining cultural authenticity due to the weaker link. the literature expresses concern that, if not appropriately handled, cbt can commercialize indigenous traditions. results also indicate that engagement challenges can lead people to overlook the cultural benefits of cbt. it supports the idea that community involvement is essential for protecting cultural heritage in tourism settings (li et al., 2020). the literature supports the idea that tourism projects are more likely to succeed with the active participation of community members, as community ownership is essential for the long-term management of tourism resources (mir et al., 2024; musavengane & kloppers, 2020). people not involved in cbt projects may lose interest, fail to collaborate, and ultimately fail to achieve the economic, environmental, and cultural goals they set out to achieve. krykavskyy et al. (2021) explore new and competitive business plans for tourism companies that work with sustainable development. they find that tourism businesses need help adopting an innovation-based management approach and stress the need for a systemic approach to long-term growth. the infrastructure challenge had a more significant impact on managers' thinking than engagement, particularly regarding its potential to boost the economy. it can be challenging for towns to attract and retain tourists if they lack sufficient infrastructure, including accessible roads, adequate accommodations, and basic amenities. infrastructure plays a significant role in the success of tourist spots, particularly in areas that require greater development and offer all necessary services (ivankova et al., 2021). some places may lose tourists and money if they need the proper infrastructure. it may also be challenging to engage in culturally and environmentally appropriate activities. so, the infrastructure needs to be improved to enable communities to benefit from tourism. troian et al. (2023) emphasize the need for innovative management strategies, further scientific research, and the development of the "blue economy" to ensure the long-term sustainability of marine tourism. the results show that community-based strategies and environmental care are essential for making the marine tourism industry solid and responsible. additionally, managers with less than 5 years of experience showed less awareness of all perceived benefits than those with more than 10 years of experience. in other words, managers with more experience are more likely to see how cbt can help them in the long run. sadykov et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 80-92 89 evidence from weaver and lawton (2004) and gevorgyan (2024) indicates that more experienced individuals in the tourism industry have witnessed firsthand the impact of tourism policies and community-based initiatives on local populations. according to bashynska et al. (2019), guo et al. (2024), and khurdei et al. (2023), the most critical factors determining the distribution of museums are the availability of natural and historical resources, population density, and the rise in tourism. this study shows the importance of spatial planning and local resources for cultural infrastructure. it also gives us ideas for developing tourism in other areas using similar methods. nikolenko et al. (2024) examine the philosophical and psychological bases of ethics and social responsibility. the study's cluster analysis shows that people have different ideas about what it means to be socially responsible. this study demonstrates the significance of integrating cbt approaches with global sustainability goals, linking its findings to sdgs 8, 11, and 12. improving facilities and increasing participation are two key challenges that must be addressed if cbt is to realize its full potential in kazakhstan. further research into cbt's potential as a paradigm for sustainable tourism and the development of novel solutions should build on these findings. this study shows that lawmakers and cbt practitioners can improve it in several ways. these efforts can highlight successful programs, such as the aksu-zhabagly nature reserve, which has seen increased participation and support for cbt. people in the community, owners of tourism businesses, and government leaders should be the primary targets of efforts to raise awareness about cbt, ensuring everyone understands its capabilities. second, skill-building programs should be implemented to help people get involved in their communities. through these programs, people in the area can learn to be eco-friendly, manage tourism, and foster a more welcoming environment. these skills enable them to participate in and benefit from cbt projects. community members improve their skills through these types of programs. people also feel a sense of ownership and commitment to cbt projects, making them more likely to last. government members should collaborate with partners from ngos, academic institutions, and the business sector to plan and implement these training programs. lastly, improving infrastructure should be a top priority to make it easier to access cbt sites and extend session duration. investing in transportation networks, such as improved roads and public transit, can facilitate easier access for tourists to remote cbt sites. to meet the growing desire for eco-friendly tourism experiences, eco-friendly lodging and facilities should also be built. public-private partnerships can be beneficial in funding these changes and ensuring that resources are used effectively and projects are completed successfully. by addressing these infrastructure issues, lawmakers can facilitate cbt's growth and support its pursuit of broader sustainable development objectives (kovshun et al., 2023b). although this study contributes to the existing body of research, it has several limitations. although the sample size of 30 managers from tour companies is substantial, the results may not be generalizable to other situations. to provide a more complete picture of cbt's effects, future studies should include a broader range of stakeholders in the sample, including government officials, tourists, and community members. the study examined only the almaty region, so it may not fully reflect how cbt is used across kazakhstan. one way to address this issue is to expand the geographic scope of future research. the results may not be generalizable to other parts of kazakhstan or to other groups because the sample size and the study were limited to a small area. the research provides substantial information on the pros and cons of cbt, but its findings should be applied in care settings across diverse environmental and social contexts. these results should be confirmed with larger, more diverse samples and comparative studies across multiple areas in the future. conclusions the main point of this study is to demonstrate the importance of community-based tourism (cbt) to the long-term growth of kazakhstan's tourism business. cbt looks at tourism from all angles, including economic, environmental, and cultural factors. it focuses on community involvement and long-term survival. the results make it clear that parties must understand cbt for it to work. managers of travel companies with a deeper understanding of cbt were more likely to recognize its potential to stimulate economic growth, safeguard cultural heritage, and promote environmental conservation. this highlights the importance of educating people about cbt's potential to foster long-term tourism growth through targeted initiatives. although it holds considerable promise, the study identified significant problems that undermine cbt's effectiveness in kazakhstan. engaging people became a big problem, as few community members participated, making cbt programs less welcoming. communities may not feel a strong connection to their cultural and natural resources if they are not actively involved in preserving them. firm community involvement plans are needed to solve this problem. these include programs that build people's skills, allow everyone to make decisions, and encourage participation in decisionmaking. for cbt to be effective in the long run, it is crucial to empower local communities to lead it. significant infrastructure gaps also hinder cbt's growth in kazakhstan. it was noted that inadequate transportation networks, accommodations, and digital connectivity are significant problems that make cbt destinations more challenging and less appealing. these problems make it harder for cbt projects to attract tourists, thereby reducing their economic impact. targeted investments in infrastructure, particularly eco-friendly housing and improved transportation, are crucial to increasing the likelihood of cbt project success. these infrastructure gaps can be addressed significantly through publicprivate partnerships and government backing, ensuring that cbt destinations are easily accessible, visually appealing, and equipped with the amenities modern tourists require. the study also demonstrated the importance of management experience in shaping people's perceptions of cbt's benefits. managers with more than 10 years of experience were more likely than managers with less experience to see the long-term benefits of cbt. this finding highlights the importance of training programs and mentorship opportunities in helping less experienced professionals acquire new skills and bridge the knowledge gap. by educating people about cbt principles and best practices, the tourism industry can ensure that sustainable tourism projects are implemented consistently and effectively sadykov et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 80-92 90 across kazakhstan. policymakers should prioritize projects addressing the problems identified in this study to maximize the benefits of cbt. targeted campaigns that promote the benefits of cbt can receive support from a broader range of groups, including local communities, government agencies, and businesses. communities should implement skill development programs to provide members with the information and resources necessary to participate in and benefit from cbt programs. also, building new infrastructure should be a top priority, focusing on improving environmental facilities and transportation networks to make cbt destinations more accessible and sustainable. this study should be expanded to include more parties, such as tourists, government officials, and locals, to gather a broader range of perspectives on cbt. comparative studies of cbt across various parts of kazakhstan would also help us understand the other problems and challenges that accompany it. longitudinal studies examining how cbt changes local economies, cultures, and environments over time can also help us understand how well it works as a model for sustainable tourism. research in these areas can help cbt improve and expand in the future, thereby benefiting kazakhstan's tourism economy and contributing to global sustainability goals. author contributions: conceptualization, z.s. and n.p.; methodology, z.s.; software, a.y.; validation, n.p., z.t. and i.r.; formal analysis, a.y.; investigation, z.t.; resources, n.p.; data curation, i.r.; writing – original draft preparation, i.r.; writing – review & editing, n.p.; visualization, a.y.; supervision, z.s.; project administration, n.p.; funding acquisition, z.s. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references ahmad, w., kim, w. g., anwer, z., & zhuang, w. 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(2021). factors that influence community-based tourism (cbt) in developing and developed countries. tourism geographies, 23(5–6), 1040–1072. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1786156 publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. https://doi.org/10.57125/fel.2024.09.25.15 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287522 https://doi.org/10.1111/blar.12749 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2024.100133 https://ssrn.com/abstract=3656957 https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/5797 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19871-7_7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11299-023-00294-2 https://doi.org/10.70389/pjes.100002 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-024-00913-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-024-01238-5 https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003349204-9 https://doi.org/10.31648/aspal.8069 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48735-4_16 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234696818.pdf https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83608-704-520241012 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48939-7_4 https://doi.org/10.31217/p.37.1.3 https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287503258834 https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1786156 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 43-54 43 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 11 no 1 (2026) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa formation of digital competences of students in the system of higher pedagogical education zabiyeva kamshat kazbekovna (a) zhiyembayev zhomart tumarbekovich (b)1 seitova sabyrkul (c) kalzhanova gulmira kenesovna (d) yesseikyzy aiym (e) (a) lecturer, zhetysu university named after i. zhansugurov, taldykorgan, kazakhstan; e-mail: kamshatzabieva@gmail.com (b) lecturer, zhetysu university named after i. zhansugurov, taldykorgan, kazakhstan; e-mail: zht.zhiembayev@gmail.com (c) professor, zhetysu university named after i. zhansugurov, taldykorgan, kazakhstan, e-mail: s.m.seitova@gmail.com (d) director of the center for competencies and additional education, zhetysu university named after i. zhansugurov, taldykorgan, kazakhstan, email: kgk67@mail.ru (e)lecturer, zhetysu university named after i. zhansugurov, taldykorgan, kazakhstan; e-mail: aiym.yesseykyzyy@gmail.com a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 28th august 2025 reviewed & revised: 28th august 2025 to 6th december 2025 accepted: 10th december 2025 published: 12th december 2025 keywords: digital competences, higher pedagogical education, digital literacy, professional training, innovative teaching jel classification codes: i21, i23, i25, o33, m15 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t given the ongoing digitalization in modern education worldwide, it is important to determine the features of the development of digital competence among future teachers. the research problem lies in the insufficient understanding of how innovative digital interventions affect the development of these competences in teacher education. the purpose of this study is to find out the impact of innovative (digital) intervention on the development of digital competence of future teachers. a mixed-method design was used, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. a total of 186 students of pedagogical specializations participated in the study. participants were divided into two groups: experimental (n = 93), who underwent an intervention program, and control (n = 93), who studied according to the traditional program. the primary data were collected using a digital competence questionnaire (28 items), performance tasks ("micro-lesson" and "mini-module in lms"), lms analytics, and semi-structured interviews. moreover, descriptive statistics, paired t-tests, ancova controlling for pre-test indicators, and effect size calculations were used for data analysis. the results confirmed that the experimental group recorded a significant increase in digital competences in all domains (δ = +2.1–+3.6; p < 0.001; d = 0.63–0.88). in addition, the intervention was more effective among students with a lower initial level of competencies (f(1,182) = 8.47; p < 0.01), as well as among students in pedagogical and humanitarian specialties. the findings suggest that targeted digital interventions can substantially improve the development of digital competence in future teachers. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction active digitalization processes have influenced the transformation of the modern educational space and increased the requirements for the professional training of future teachers. accordingly, a modern teacher must be proficient with ict tools and incorporate them into educational strategies, ensure academic integrity, and promote inclusive teaching. in this context, developing digital competencies among students in higher education institutions is an important and even necessary condition for ensuring the quality of education in the coming years (salas-pilco & yang, 2022). the relevance of this issue is heightened by the fact that the level of digital competence of future teachers has a “multiplicative” effect: it influences the digital literacy of hundreds of their future students and the overall use of technology in educational institutions. the main research challenge is the scientific justification and empirical validation of pedagogical interventions that enhance the digital competencies of future teachers in key areas and facilitate their sustainable integration into pedagogical practice. in the scientific field, much has already been established. in particular, the conceptual apparatus of "digital competence" and its structural components have been developed. the general trends of the digital transformation of education and the prominent examples of the use of digital tools in teaching have also been discussed. the proposed study is valuable. in particular, in theoretical terms, it aims to expand accepted ideas about the structure of digital competencies for a future teacher by integrating the digcompedu/tpack/iste provisions into a holistic model. in a practical sense, the study will propose a quasi-experimental design with preand post-measures in the control and experimental groups during 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0000-0003-2280-3210 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2760 to cite this article: kazbekovna, z. k., tumarbek, z. z., sabyrkul, s., kenesovna, k. g., & aiym, y. (2025). formation of digital competences of students in the system of higher pedagogical education. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 11(1), 43-54. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2760 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2760 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1459-6541 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2280-3210 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4352-6355 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5043-9984 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1216-5828 kazbekovna et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 43-54 44 one educational module. such an approach will not only allow recording students' subjective perceptions of their own skills, but also evaluating real actions and didactic solutions. the study will aim to substantiate and empirically verify the effectiveness of targeted pedagogical intervention in the formation of digital competencies of students of higher pedagogical education institutions by identifying its general impact, the most progressive domains of competence, and the individual and contextual factors that modify this effect. thus, this article will fill the gap between the declarative description of digital competencies and a proven model of their formation in future teachers. literature review the development of digital competencies among higher pedagogical education students is recognized in modern science as a key condition for preparing specialists who can act productively even amid the digital transformation of society. in international scientific literature, the term "digital competence" is often understood to refer to established international frameworks, such as digcompedu (basantes-andrade et al., 2022; zhao et al., 2021a). in such conditions, it is an obvious integration of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that ensures future educators' ability to critically apply digital tools in teaching, educational content creation, assessment, and, especially, their own independent professional development. researchers emphasize the multidimensional nature of this phenomenon: technical and methodological skills are closely intertwined, and individual communicative aspects are linked to ethical considerations (zarubina et al., 2024; kozhasheva et al., 2022). current scholars have noted that the digital competencies of future educators should be closely linked to the development of professional autonomy and specific aspects of innovative culture (pantani et al., 2025; trujillo-juárez et al., 2025). it is considered that the more students use digital technologies, the more they will develop the ability to creatively adapt and independently solve available pedagogical problems in the future. firstly, this is necessary for kazakhstan's university system, as digital transformation has been declared a national priority (dzhanegizova, 2024). official programs and strategies emphasize the need to prepare competitive teachers who must possess modern information technologies, making them valuable employees in today's digital knowledge economy. in the context of studying the kazakh case, the issue of acquiring digital competencies is extensive due to the implementation of state digitalization programs and strategic development programs in this field, which are aimed at integrating digital technologies and artificial intelligence into the education sector (andekina & anartayeva, 2022; ergasheva et al., 2025). official programs and their active support at the highest level indicate the need to change teacher training to equip teachers to process new material, integrate into digital environments, and actively use the latest technologies to implement the educational process. at the same time, kazakhstan has implemented separate educational initiatives aimed at improving pedagogical education and transforming it in accordance with modern requirements (gulmira et al., 2024). for example, such educational changes were based on the importance of developing digital platforms, using programs to upskill future teachers, and effectively designing educational courses focused on developing information, communication, and digital skills (sultan et al., 2025). in some studies, the analysis of various competency frameworks (digcompedu, tpack, and iste standards for educators) has also been emphasized. however, experimental tests of the effectiveness of targeted educational interventions specifically for students of pedagogical specialties remain insufficiently studied. moreover, current empirical studies conducted at universities in kazakhstan are noteworthy (shaimukhanova et al., 2024; buzaubakova & nurmanaliyeva, 2021). researchers have confirmed that educators in the future will be aware of the importance of acquiring digital competencies (including independently), but the level of competencies obtained and their development remain quite uneven (jakubakynov et al., 2024; babu et al., 2025; pande et al., 2024; al hunaini et al., 2025; zhou et al., 2025; hasan & surjamokhey, 2022). kurakbayeva & xembayeva, 2025). the greatest successes have been achieved through the application of basic tools and well-known online platforms. however, the following more complex skills related to pedagogical design, the use of artificial intelligence in teaching, online work, and critical thinking about digital content are still underdeveloped (kapasheva et al., 2024). methodologically, most studies rely on student surveys and self-assessments – these tools somewhat limit the possibility of in-depth analysis of the effectiveness of educational innovations. kuratova et al. (2016) highlighted the importance of using modern technologies to organize the educational process. in addition, partsei et al. (2025) proved the effectiveness of mobile learning applications. bilyk et al. (2025) also identified the importance of using innovations for training specialists. at the same time, existing scientific discussions have highlighted specific problems. among them, the lack of a unified national model of digital competencies for pedagogical education should be highlighted first and foremost (kolm et al., 2021). another pressing challenge is the insufficient integration of digital technologies into educational programs, and the limited ability of university lecturers to use digital tools even as auxiliary mechanisms, let alone as full-fledged didactic resources (neagu, 2022). an additional risk, as noted in a few studies, is the disparity in the levels of material and technical support for universities (raza & pate, 2023; mazur et al., 2025), which also indirectly affects the quality of future education for students. despite numerous scientific publications on the digitalization of education, there remains a lack of empirically supported models for pedagogical specialties that synthesize the didactic, psychological, and instrumental aspects of developing digital competencies (nurtayeva et al., 2024). most research focuses either on describing platforms and tools (e.g., lms, interactive services) or on general approaches to integrating ict into teaching (temirkhanova et al., 2024; sillat et al., 2021). even considering these results, despite the increased research activity, there are noticeable gaps in the current scientific field that require further investigation. firstly, there is a lack of empirical research to assess the dynamics of digital competence development among students in pedagogical specialties throughout their studies. also noteworthy is the lack kazbekovna et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 43-54 45 of comprehensive studies that combine quantitative results with existing theoretical data, thereby providing a deeper analysis of educational practices. thirdly, the issues concerning the integration of artificial intelligence into the training of future teachers, including through the lens of determining the consequences of digital interventions on students' professional identity, have not been sufficiently researched. therefore, current directions for further research include developing localized frameworks for digital competencies that account for the specifics of kazakhstan's educational policy and sociocultural context. accordingly, the purpose of the study is to substantiate and empirically verify the effectiveness of targeted pedagogical intervention in the formation of digital competencies of students of higher pedagogical education institutions in kazakhstan. taking into account the theoretical analysis and previous empirical results, the following hypotheses were formulated: h1: targeted pedagogical intervention provides a statistically significant increase in the overall level of digital competencies of students compared to traditional learning. h2: the most significant growth is observed in the domains of digital competence related to content creation, communication, collaboration, and assessment using ict. materials and methods research design the problem of developing digital competencies is multidimensional, encompassing objective indicators (levels of task performance, changes in questionnaire indices) and subjective aspects (student perceptions, barriers, motivation). therefore, it is advisable to use a mixed approach. based on this type, quantitative data will allow us to highlight the scale and significance of changes. in contrast, qualitative data will influence the explanation of "why" and "how" these changes occurred. the study was designed as a quasi-experimental mixed design. this involved a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. the quantitative part is based on a pre-post testing scheme with two groups: the experimental group (eg) students undergoing a targeted pedagogical intervention to develop digital competencies; and the control group (cg) students studying according to a traditional program without a specifically developed digital component. this design enabled assessment of the intervention's effectiveness by comparing changes in digital competence levels across groups. participant characteristics and sampling procedures full-time students of pedagogical specialties of a higher education institution were involved in the study. the planned sample size is n = 186 people. the primary selection method is cluster selection based on already formed academic groups (intact classes), with subsequent unguided distribution of groups across the research conditions. to reduce systematic differences between conditions, comparative alignment is used; in particular, pairs of academic groups with similar characteristics (course, specialty, grade point average, previous ict experience) were selected. accordingly, the following students participated in the study experimental group (eg): n=93 students (underwent a targeted intervention to develop digital competencies) control group (cg): n=93 students (studied according to the usual program without a specially organized digital component. in the case of unequal clusters, a slight asymmetry (up to ±10%) was allowed and will be taken into account during analysis. the sample was formed according to the main criteria and was purposive. the main inclusion criteria were studying in the 2nd–4th year of a pedagogical specialty, participation in an educational module in which the intervention could be implemented, and written consent to participate. exclusion criteria were incomplete completion of key stages (absence at preor post-measurement; >30% missed intervention classes) and refusal to process personal data/consent to participate. table 1 presents basic data on the study participants. table 1. demographic characteristics of the student sample (n = 186) indicator eg (n = 93) cg (n = 93) total (n = 186) gender – women 68 (73.1 %) 70 (75.3 %) 138 (74.2 %) – men 25 (26.9 %) 23 (24.7 %) 48 (25.8 %) age (years) – 18–19 28 (30.1 %) 30 (32.3 %) 58 (31.2 %) – 20–21 45 (48.4 %) 43 (46.2 %) 88 (47.3 %) – 22 and over 20 (21.5 %) 20 (21.5 %) 40 (21.5 %) course of study – 2nd year 32 (34.4 %) 30 (32.3 %) 62 (33.3 %) – 3rd year 34 (36.6 %) 36 (38.7 %) 70 (37.6 %) – 4th year 27 (29.0 %) 27 (29.0 %) 54 (29.0 %) specialty kazbekovna et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 43-54 46 – primary education 30 (32.3 %) 31 (33.3 %) 61 (32.8 %) – preschool education 22 (23.7 %) 21 (22.6 %) 43 (23.1 %) – secondary education (mathematics) 20 (21.5 %) 19 (20.4 %) 39 (21.0 %) – secondary education (philology) 21 (22.6 %) 22 (23.7 %) 43 (23.1 %) note. eg = experimental group; cg = control group. percentages are calculated within each group. source: author’s development experimental manipulations or interventions the intervention was carried out during one training module (12 weeks) within the framework of pedagogical disciplines. the lesson was conducted in the format of classroom meetings + online activities in the lms. the program provided for the active, consistent development of digital competencies across the key domains of the digcompedu and tpack frameworks. in particular, in week 1, students were introduced to the program's purpose and objectives. at this stage, a diagnosis of the initial level of digital competencies (pre-test) was carried out, and the lms was introduced. the planning of training sessions using ict was also carried out at the next stage (week 4-5), interactive platforms (padlet, mentimeter, google docs) were actively used, and group work and peer-to-peer learning in an online environment were organized. at week 6-7, digital content was created. this stage involved developing interactive presentations, educational videos, and microcourses. also at this stage, various tools for visualization and multimedia support were used. in weeks 8-9, online tests were designed, formative assessment was applied, and lms analytics were used. weeks 10-11 focused on ethics and security. in particular, familiarity with confidentiality and data protection was established. the final stage (week 12) involved completing a practical task: forming and presenting a mini-lesson using digital technologies. at this stage, post-testing was also provided, and focus groups were held to collect qualitative data (reflection, barriers, suggestions) (see table 2). table 2. intervention plan for the formation of students' digital competencies week module content tools and forms of work competency domain (digcompedu/tpack) expected results 1 introduction. diagnostics of the level of digital competencies pre-test (online questionnaire google forms/surveymonkey); introductory lecture; lms (moodle/google classroom) instruction professional engagement / knowledge of context awareness of goals; orientation in lms; determination of starting level 2–3 information literacy and digital pedagogy resource search workshop (google scholar, eric, researchgate); working with zotero/mendeley; lms lesson planning information & data literacy / content knowledge + pedagogical knowledge ability to find, critically evaluate sources; integrate resources into curricula 4–5 communication and collaboration using padlet, mentimeter, google docs/slides, lms online forums, and peerreviewed group assignments digital communication & collaboration / pck online interaction skills, organization of teamwork, and development of critical thinking 6–7 digital content creation canva, powtoon, genially, loom, edpuzzle; creating interactive presentations and educational videos digital content creation / technological pedagogical knowledge (tpk) development of skills to develop multimedia materials and interactive courses 8–9 assessment and feedback kahoot, quizizz, google forms, lms analytics; formative assessment; online rubrics assessment & feedback / tpk + pck ability to use digital tools for assessment; skills to work with analytics 10– 11 ethics, safety, inclusion discussions; case analysis; creative commons search; introduction to gdpr/data protection; udl (universal design for learning) principles digital responsibility / pk + ck awareness of copyright issues, confidentiality, and the development of a culture of inclusion 12 summary: integrated mini-lesson presentation of the developed lesson using digital technologies; post-test; focus groups integrated digital competence / technological pedagogical content knowledge (tpack) demonstration of comprehensive digital competencies; reflection and self-assessment note. lms – learning management system; pck – pedagogical content knowledge; tpk – technological pedagogical knowledge; tpack – technological pedagogical content knowledge; udl – universal design for learning; gdpr – general data protection regulation. source: author’s development instruments and measures data collection tools that combined quantitative and qualitative methods were used. in particular, a self-assessment questionnaire for digital competencies was used, based on the digcompedu and tpack frameworks. it contained blocks of questions reflecting six key domains of digital competencies: information literacy, digital pedagogy, communication and collaboration, digital content creation, ethics and security, and assessment using ict. the questionnaire also had a scaled structure (1-5), which made it possible to obtain an integral index of digital competencies (see appendix a). to overcome the limitations of self-reported data, the study used a range of practical tasks. the first of them was a "micro-lesson using digital technologies", within which students prepared and delivered short lessons integrating digital tools (see appendix b). the next task involved the formation of a "mini-module in the lms" (see appendix c). this consisted of creating a learning kazbekovna et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 43-54 47 segment using electronic resources, interactive tasks, and an assessment system. both tasks were determined by developed rubrics with clear criteria (pedagogical expediency, interactivity, assessment and feedback, inclusiveness). this allowed us to record the real level of mastery of digital tools in pedagogical activity. an additional source of data was the consideration of logs and analytics of the learning management system (lms). this made it possible to obtain objective indicators of engagement: the number of entries, task completion, participation in discussions, and the timeliness of work submissions. to expand understanding of the features of competency development, semi-structured interviews were conducted in focus groups with students in the experimental group (see appendix d). reliability and validity the quality of the instruments was assessed against several parameters: the internal consistency of the questionnaire (cronbach's α) and the inter-rater consistency in the assessment of practical tasks. the questionnaire (i1) demonstrated an acceptable level of internal consistency: cronbach's α = 0.81 for the integral scale and 0.68-0.76 for the individual domains. for the "micro-lesson" (i2) assessment rubric during the double assessment, the inter-rater consistency coefficient, cohen's κ, was 0.72. similarly, for the task "mini-module in the lms" (i3), the consistency coefficient of expert assessments was icc = 0.79. these indicators indicated reliability. the definition of lms analytics (i5) did not require a traditional reliability assessment; however, the technical stability of the logs, which ensures the reproducibility of the indicators, was checked. data analysis data analysis was carried out using both quantitative and qualitative methods. however, at the initial stage, the data set was checked for completeness and correctness. multiple imputation was used to handle missing values (less than 10%). this, in turn, enabled the sample to remain representative. the distribution of variables was previously checked, and possible outliers were identified. descriptive statistics were used to assess the intervention's effectiveness. in particular, mean values, standard deviations, medians, quartiles, and confidence intervals were calculated for the leading indicators (digital competence indices, performance task results, lms data). within the groups (experimental/control), paired t-tests (or the nonparametric equivalent, the wilcoxon signed rank test) were performed to compare preand post-results. intergroup differences were analyzed using ancova, with the post-indicator as the dependent variable and the pre-level as the covariate. cohen's d was also calculated for pairwise comparisons. a correlation analysis was performed, including a validity check of the questionnaire results and performance task scores (pearson's r and spearman's r). the focus group interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. this included transcribing the recordings, initial familiarization with the data, and open coding of participants' statements. the next stage was grouping codes into categories corresponding to barriers and facilitators of digital competence development. to ensure the reliability of the qualitative analysis, two independent researchers coded 20% of the corpus, and consistency was checked using cohen's κ (≥ 0.70). results the targeted intervention led to higher student performance than traditional teaching. at the pre-test stage, no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were found between the control (m = 45.3; 95% ci [43.9–46.7]) and experimental groups (m = 46.1; 95% ci [44.6–47.6]). this indicated their initial equivalence. after the intervention, the mean score in the experimental group increased significantly (m = 62.9; 95% ci [61.5– 64.3]), while the increase in the control group was minimal (m = 50.4; 95% ci [48.9–51.9]). between-group analysis using ancova confirmed a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group, f(1,183) = 27.60, p < 0.001, partial η² = 0.18. the effect size was large (cohen’s d = 0.82), indicating a substantial practical impact of the intervention table 3. integral level of digital competencies (eg and cg) group pre-test (m ± sd, 95% ci) post-test (m ± sd, 95% ci) δ f (ancova) p partial η² (effect) cohen’s d cg (n = 93) 45.3 ± 6.9 (43.9–46.7) 50.4 ± 7.0 (48.9–51.9) +5.1 1.82 > 0.05 0.02 (small) 0.22 eg (n = 93) 46.1 ± 7.1 (44.6–47.6) 62.9 ± 6.4 (61.5–64.3) +16.8 27.60 < 0.001 0.18 (large) 0.82 note. cg – control group; eg – experimental group; m – mean; sd – standard deviation; ci confidence interval; δ – mean difference between pre and post-test; f(df) – ancova test statistic with degrees of freedom; η² – partial eta squared (effect size); cohen's d standardized mean difference. source. the author's calculations are based on the results of the experimental study. the intervention had a differentiated impact. the most significant increase was recorded in the areas of digital content creation (δ = +3.6; t(92) = 10.03; p < 0.001; η² = 0.21), assessment using ict (δ = +3.4; t(92) = 9.77; p < 0.001; η² = 0.20) and digital pedagogy (δ = +3.2; t(92) = 9.21; p < 0.001; η² = 0.19). this determined that the practical tasks that required active integration of digital technologies into the pedagogical process affected students' skill development. kazbekovna et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 43-54 48 moderate growth was recorded in the domains of communication and collaboration (δ = +2.9; t(92) = 8.88; p < 0.001; η² = 0.17) and information literacy (δ = +2.7; t(92) = 8.45; p < 0.001; η² = 0.16). the smallest, although statistically significant, increase occurred in the area of ethics and safety (δ = +2.1; t(92) = 6.12; p < 0.01; η² = 0.12). this can be explained by the relatively high starting level of students in this area. table 4. dynamics of digital competencies by domain (eg) domain pre-test (m ± sd) post-test (m ± sd) δ t(df) / f(df) p η² (effect) cohen’s d information literacy 3.1 ± 0.7 5.8 ± 0.6 +2.7 t(92)=8.45 <0.001 0.16 0.74 digital pedagogy 2.9 ± 0.8 6.1 ± 0.7 +3.2 t(92)=9.21 <0.001 0.19 0.81 communication and collaboration 3.2 ± 0.6 6.1 ± 0.7 +2.9 t(92)=8.88 <0.001 0.17 0.78 content creation 2.8 ± 0.9 6.4 ± 0.6 +3.6 t(92)=10.03 <0.001 0.21 0.88 ethics and security 3.7 ± 0.7 5.8 ± 0.6 +2.1 t(92)=6.12 <0.01 0.12 0.63 ict assessment 2.9 ± 0.8 6.3 ± 0.7 +3.4 t(92)=9.77 <0.001 0.20 0.85 note. m – mean; sd – standard deviation; δ – mean difference between pre-test and post-test; t(df) – student’s t-test statistic with degrees of freedom; p – significance level; η² – partial eta squared (effect size); cohen’s d – standardized mean difference. source. the author's calculations are based on the results of the experimental study. however, the intervention's effectiveness depended on several individual and contextual factors. in particular, the initial level of digital skills significantly influenced the intervention's effect. students with lower basic competencies demonstrated a greater increase in the integral index (δ = +19.2) compared to those with a higher starting level (δ = +12.4). the interaction "group × pre-test" was significant (f(1,182) = 8.47, p < 0.01, partial η² = 0.07). thus, this indicated that the lower the initial level, the greater the intervention's impact. secondly, the specialty of training had a specific modifying effect. the most significant increase was observed among students of pedagogical and humanitarian specialties (δ = +17.8; cohen's d = 0.85), while the increase was more moderate among students of technical specialties (δ = +13.1; cohen's d = 0.64). this is because the level of digital skills in technical subjects was already relatively high, and the potential for improvement was limited. third, the course characteristics also mattered. in those groups where the instructor actively integrated digital tools into practical tasks (e.g., working with the lms, digital assessment, collaborative projects), the intervention effect was significantly more potent (p < 0.001; η² = 0.09) (see table 5). table 5. modification of the intervention effect by individual and contextual factors factor category pre-test (m ± sd) post-test (m ± sd) δ f (ancova) p partial η² (effect) cohen’s d baseline level low (bottom 50%) 42.1 ± 5.8 61.3 ± 6.1 +19.2 8.47 < 0.01 0.07 0.91 high (top 50%) 49.7 ± 6.4 62.1 ± 6.7 +12.4 0.66 specialty education/humanities 45.0 ± 6.7 62.8 ± 6.2 +17.8 6.92 < 0.01 0.06 0.85 technical 47.2 ± 7.1 60.3 ± 6.5 +13.1 0.64 course features high digital integration 45.7 ± 6.9 64.0 ± 6.0 +18.3 11.24 < 0.001 0.09 0.89 low digital integration 46.0 ± 6.8 58.9 ± 6.6 +12.9 0.61 note. m = mean; sd = standard deviation; δ = mean gain (post-test − pre-test). f values are from ancova models controlling for pre-test scores. degrees of freedom were f(1,182) for baseline level, f(1,181) for specialty, and f(1,180) for course features. partial η² indicates effect size. the diagram in figure 1 illustrates the average increase (δ) in students’ digital competences, considering both individual and contextual factors. the most significant changes were recorded among students with lower initial levels, those studying in pedagogical and humanitarian specialties. figure 1. intervention gains by moderators figure 2 shows the standardized effect sizes (cohen's d) for different moderator categories. moderate effects were observed among students with a higher initial level, among representatives of technical specialties, and in courses with a smaller digital component. thus, the effectiveness of the intervention depends mainly on individual and contextual factors. baseline skills: low (bottom 50%) baseline skills: high (top 50%) specialty: pedagogy/huma nities specialty: technical course features: high digital integration course features: low digital integration gain (δ) 19.2 12.4 17.8 13.1 18.3 12.9 0 5 10 15 20 25 g a in ( δ ) intervention gains by moderators kazbekovna et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 43-54 49 figure 2. standardized effect sizes (cohen’s d) for different categories of moderators the interviews conducted covered several individual and organizational-contextual factors that influenced the targeted intervention and explained the observed variability in results. the identified factors were interpreted in two dimensions: implementation barriers and facilitators (facilitating factors). accordingly, the main barriers were technical issues (an unstable internet connection, insufficient equipment, and software). an important drawback was students' low digital confidence and minimal prior experience. this, in turn, affected the difficulty of completing practical tasks at the initial stages. cognitive overload was also noticeable, arising from the intensive introduction of new digital tools. this factor partially explained the intra-group variability in results, especially in the experimental group. at the same time, the key facilitators focus on pedagogical support and feedback. collaborative learning strategies, including working together on "mini-modules in the lms," were instrumental in facilitating peer learning and reducing the impact of individual barriers. the practical relevance of the tasks, which were directly related to future professional activities, also had a noticeable effect. discussions the results empirically confirmed both hypotheses. the first hypothesis (h1), that the targeted pedagogical intervention led to a statistically significant increase in students' overall digital competence compared to traditional learning, was fully confirmed. after completing the program, the experimental group showed an increase in average indicators of digital competence, indicating the effectiveness of the implemented modules and the integration of digital practices into the educational process. the results of this study showed the importance of creating a high-quality, innovative environment for the formation of digital competence of future teachers. moreover, the results obtained demonstrated that the integrated intervention had a significant effect: the increase in the experimental group (δ = +16.8) was significantly higher than in the control group (δ = +5.1), with ancova confirming a statistically significant difference (f(1,183) = 27.6; p < 0.001; η² = 0.18). the effect size (cohen’s d = 0.82) falls within the extensive range, indicating the practical significance of the intervention. the second hypothesis (h2), which predicted the most significant growth in the domains of digital competence related to content creation, communication, collaboration, and assessment using ict, was also confirmed. the highest increases in indicators were observed precisely in areas focused on practical activities and interaction, which can be explained by the combination of blended learning tools (lms, interactive services, video presentations) and elements of joint project work. such data are consistent with studies confirming the effectiveness of practice-oriented methods of forming digital skills (integration of micro-lessons with digital tools, creation of training modules in lms) (timotheou et al., 2022; suleimenova et al., 2023). such approaches allow moving from declarative knowledge to functional mastery of digital resources. within digcomp, the results indicate a transition of students from the "basic" to the "intermediate" and partially "higher" level of mastery. in particular, the european digital competence framework has systematically identified five areas of digital skills: information and data work, communication and collaboration, digital content creation, security, and problem solving (egusquiza et al., 2023; inamorato dos santos et al., 2023). it included 21 competence descriptors and four levels of mastery: from basic to expert. the specified framework has become the basis for national strategies and educational standards in many eu countries and is used by international organizations and leading technology companies (microsoft, intel) (gallego joya et al., 2025; zhao et al., 2021b). in this sense, the study's results need to be interpreted in the context of local and international training tasks for future teachers. the analysis showed that the most potent effects were observed in digital content creation (δ = +3.6; d = 0.88), ict-based assessment (δ = +3.4; d = 0.85), and digital pedagogy (δ = +3.2; d = 0.81). this is consistent with the intervention's methodological design, which involved students completing tasks directly related to these domains: developing a "micro-lesson" and creating a "mini-module" in the lms. more minor, but still significant, increases were recorded in the domains of information literacy (+2.7) and communication and collaboration (+2.9). the smallest increase was observed in ethics and safety (+2.1), which is explained by the relatively high starting level of students. this picture is consistent with other studies, which indicate that ethical and safety aspects are more stable and form earlier (ospanova et al., 2025; sitaridis & kitsios, 2023). other works suggest that technologies offer new opportunities to improve the quality of teaching, learning, research, and organizational management (spante et al., 2018; kurmanov et al., 2024). investing in the digital skills of teachers and students brings individual and organizational benefits (gonzález-pérez, & ramírezbaseline skills: low (bottom 50%) baseline skills: high (top 50%) specialty: pedagogy/human ities specialty: technical course features: high digital integration course features: low digital integration cohen's d 0.91 0.66 0.85 0.64 0.89 0.61 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 kazbekovna et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 43-54 50 montoya, 2022), in particular, the formation of quality education in innovative forms that meet the expectations and needs of students, and improved employability (medeshova et al., 2025; seitaliyeva et al., 2025). in particular, it is worth considering the initial level. students with lower basic digital skills showed greater gains (δ = +19.2; d = 0.91) than those with higher starting scores (δ = +12.4; d = 0.66). this is consistent with the results of other authors, who indicated that the intervention is particularly effective for those who experience initial deficits—the fourth question concerned barriers and facilitators to implementing digital practices. qualitative analysis revealed several key barriers: technical limitations (unstable internet, insufficient material and technical base), low digital confidence of students, as well as cognitive overload. this is also consistent with other scholars (mo'minova, 2024; jedrinović et al., 2024). in particular, the scientific literature indicates that the implementation of the processes of training students in digital competencies is based on the following principles: devices and conditions, goals and possibilities of their use in the educational process, the availability of educational materials, the availability of teachers capable of radically changing teaching methods and technologies in order to provide students with the appropriate digital competencies (fernándezbatanero et al., 2022). it is worth agreeing with the view that only the availability of digital technologies will create new opportunities for the development of human capital and the emergence of innovative "digital" industries across all areas of the economy and business (lópez-nuñez et al., 2024). this means that after receiving higher education, future teachers must be able to use the digital competencies they have acquired to search for, access, analyze, and use information, as well as exchange data to fulfill their professional duties. taking into account the data obtained and the results of other authors, the following criteria can be distinguished for determining the best service: 1. multifunctionality. the presence of several functions in a digital tool. 2. unification. a clear set of tools and rules, accessible and straightforward navigation. 3. locality and confidentiality (aubakirova et al., 2023; gonzález calleros et al., 2022). team collaboration should be in a local network, and it does not mean that all information is generally available. it is also worth considering the study's scope. in particular, the key source of information was the self-assessment questionnaire for digital competencies, developed based on the digcompedu and tpack frameworks. despite a satisfactory level of reliability (cronbach's α = 0.81), self-assessment always carries the risk of subjectivity and social desirability bias. this effect should be taken into account when reviewing the results. the duration of the intervention should also be considered. the intervention was carried out over a single academic semester, which does not allow for conclusions about the long-term stability of the acquired competencies. further studies should involve a diverse sample and conduct long-term interventions. conclusions the paper demonstrated the effectiveness of a targeted pedagogical intervention to develop students' digital competencies. the results showed that the eg achieved a significant, practically important increase in the integral index of digital competencies compared with the control group. the most significant growth was observed in areas related to practical pedagogical activities digital content creation, digital pedagogy, and assessment using ict. the study also identified several individual and contextual factors (initial skill level, specialty, and course features) that influenced the development of this competency. the results obtained are of great importance for educational practice and policy. first, the development of students' digital competencies requires the systematic integration of digital technologies into the educational process, rather than their use as an auxiliary tool. second, teachers play a key role in overcoming barriers: their methodological support and feedback significantly enhance the effectiveness of digital interventions. third, the most significant effect is achieved among students with a lower starting level, so educational programs should take into account individual learning trajectories. despite the significant results, the study has several limitations. in particular, the use of a self-assessment questionnaire did not eliminate the risk of subjectivity. the intervention lasted only one semester, which does not allow for assessing the long-term stability of the results. further research should focus on expanding the sample and extending the experiment duration. it is also worth monitoring the impact of digital interventions over time (1–2 years) to assess their stability and the transfer of results into professional activities. author contributions: conceptualization, z.k.k. and z.z.t.; methodology, z.k.k. and s.s.; software, z.k.k. and k.g.k.; validation, z.k.k., z.z.t. and y.a.; formal analysis, z.k.k, y.a. and s.s.; investigation, z.k.k, y.a.; resources, .k.k., z.z.t. and y.a; data curation, z.k.k. and k.g.k.; writing – original draft preparation, z.k.k. and k.g.k.; writing – review & editing, k.k., z.z.t. and y.a.; visualization, z.k.k. and s.s.; supervision, z.z.t; project administration, z.z.t.; funding acquisition, y.a. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. acknowledgments: not applicable. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references andekina, r., & anartayeva, a. 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(2021b). digital competence in higher education: students’ perception and personal factors. sustainability, 13(21), 12184. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112184 appendices appendix a: student digital competence questionnaire (self-assessment from 1 to 5). block 1. information literacy i can find reliable sources for educational activities through specialized search engines. i can evaluate the reliability and relevance of the information found. i organize and systematize digital materials using bibliography managers or cloud services. i teach students to check information and critically evaluate it. block 2. digital pedagogy i plan lessons so that students work with shared online documents i use lms (moodle, google classroom) to organize the learning process. i combine digital and traditional teaching methods depending on the didactic goals. i can integrate interactive online tools (kahoot, mentimeter) into lessons to activate students. block 3. communication and collaboration i organize student group work in a digital environment. i use digital tools to communicate with students outside of class. i can create an online environment for peer-to-peer learning and peer assessment. i maintain academic integrity in digital interaction. block 4. digital content creation i create my own multimedia materials (videos, interactive presentations). i adapt digital materials to the needs of different students. i use tools for data visualization (infographics, charts). i can integrate the created resources into lms learning modules. block 5. assessment and feedback i can configure automatic assessment criteria in the lms. i use digital tools for formative assessment. i use different digital methods for individual feedback. block 6. ethics, safety, and inclusion i check licenses (creative commons, open) before using media in the course. i take confidentiality and the protection of personal data into account when working in an online environment. i ensure the inclusivity of digital resources https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2018.1519143 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46525-3_41 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11431-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-00687-0 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-023-00355-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104212 https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112184 kazbekovna et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 11(1) (2026), 43-54 54 block 7. integrated competencies i can combine subject knowledge with digital technologies to create educational content. i integrate digital tools to meet the lesson's methodological objectives. i know how to select ict qualitatively i evaluate the effectiveness of applied digital technologies appendix b: evaluation rubric for micro-lesson using digital technologies criterion 0 points (none) 1 point (low level) 2 points (average level) 3 points (high level) pedagogical appropriateness does not meet objectives partially compliant compliant, but superficial fully compliant, integrated into the lesson interactivity and collaboration none minimal elements a few interactive elements thoughtful interactivity, effective collaboration assessment and feedback none insufficiently structured partially organized clear formative assessment, timely feedback inclusion and udl not taken into account partially considered accepted, but with limitations fully integrated (subtitles, alternative formats) ethics and safety ignored only partially complied with generally met fully compliant (cc licenses, data protection) maximum score: 15 appendix c: evaluation rubric for the mini-module in the lms criterion 0 points 1 point 2 points 3 points structure and navigation none insufficient satisfactory clear, logical coherence of goals and objectives none partial mainly agreed fully consistent content quality very low basic sufficient high, professional interactivity none minimal a few elements systematically organized evaluation and analytics none very limited basic tools used fully evaluated with analytics inclusivity (udl) none partial generally considered fully integrated ethics and copyright violated partially taken into account mostly considered fully complied with maximum score: 15 appendix d: guide for focus groups and interviews questions: what was most useful for you in the program? what digital tools did you start using most often? what difficulties did you encounter when working with digital technologies? did you have any technical difficulties? what factors do you consider important for the development of digital competence? how do you assess the changes in your readiness to use ict in future pedagogical practice? publisher’s note: cribfb stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research (p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518) by cribfb is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 12-24 12 multidisciplinary scientific research bjmsr vol 10 no 6 (2025) p-issn 2687-850x e-issn 2687-8518 available online at https://www.cribfb.com journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/bjmsr published by cribfb, usa evaluating the legal regulation of property expectations in the context of contractual obligations: a systematic literature review dmytro lutsenko (a)1 valentyna sverdlichenko (b) oleksandr martyniuk (c) maksym hura (d) yaroslava meniv (e) (a) law firm "novels", kyiv, ukraine; e-mail: ba.novels@gmail.com (b) v. n. karazin kharkiv national university, kharkiv, ukraine; e-mail: sverdlichenko.valya@gmail.com (c) interregional academy of personnel management, kyiv, ukraine; e-mail: martyniuko@outlook.com (d) v. n. karazin kharkiv national university, kharkiv, ukraine; e-mail: guralis@gmail.com (e) v. n. karazin kharkiv national university, kharkiv, ukraine; e-mail: yaroslava_n3luba@ukr.net a r t i c l e i n f o article history: received: 11th march 2025 reviewed & revised: 11th march 2025 to 20th august 2025 accepted: 24th august 2025 published: 27th august 2025 keywords: public policy, property expectation, contract, legal rights, legislation, ukraine jel classification codes: k00, k11, k12, k33 peer-review model: external peer review was done through double-blind method. a b s t r a c t the protection of property expectations plays a crucial role in contemporary legal systems, particularly in the context of fulfilling contractual obligations. it promotes predictability and fairness in legal relations, establishing a framework for balancing private and public interests. in countries with transitional legal systems, such as ukraine, property rights and contractual mechanisms face additional challenges as the global economy continues to evolve. given the difficulties outlined above, there is a pressing need for research into how legal systems adjust to the ever-changing political, social, and economic climates. property expectations are essential for public policy, economic stability, and legal accountability. this study aims to conduct a systematic literature review (slr) of existing studies on legally controlled expectations of property, with a particular focus on works published between 2019 and 2024. the prisma (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) framework utilized in this study ensures openness and completeness of the process for selecting, excluding, and reviewing relevant material. research was limited by the review scope, which included only peer-reviewed articles, reviews, and conference papers, ensuring the quality and credibility of the slr. the findings of this study highlight research gaps, particularly in relation to socio-environmental factors and legislative changes in transition economies. in contrast, the current study emphasizes the need for an interdisciplinary approach to address existing gaps. by analyzing contemporary literature, it aims to enhance understanding among researchers and legislators regarding the interplay between property rights and legal obligations. © 2025 by the authors. licensee cribfb, usa. this open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (cc by) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). introduction contractual obligations involving both tangible and intangible property, as well as a party's respective rights and obligations concerning that property, have been the focus of considerable legal scholarship and litigation. because such expectations form the foundation upon which the validity of contracts and the remedies available for breach are based, they must be controlled relatively, predictably, and consistently (hartley, 2015; wolff, 2020; crawford, 2023). as economies become increasingly integrated and globalization becomes all-pervasive, understanding the evolution of various legal regimes governing property expectations has become of singular importance (lehavi, 2019; allott, 2020). as an area of the law, balancing the parties' interests in the contract against broader social and economic interests— and, most importantly, their legal counterparts—has presented singular difficulties. precise and predictable enforcement mechanisms within legal governance are another key emphasis that scholars have developed (thomas, 1914; cutts, 2018). the aim of this research is informed by a systematic literature review (slr) approach, which evaluates past research according to guidelines set by the prisma protocol. this paper draws on scopus, which features several highquality scholarly articles from diverse legal traditions and perspectives. for this review, materials will be considered up to 1corresponding author: orcid id: 0009-0003-9881-8467 © 2025 by the authors. hosting by cribfb. peer review under responsibility of cribfb, usa. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i6.2590 to cite this article: lutsenko, d., sverdlichenko, v., martyniuk, o., hura, m., & meniv, y. (2025). evaluating the legal regulation of property expectations in the context of contractual obligations: a systematic literature review. bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research, 10(6), 12-24. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i6.2590 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://www.openaccess.nl/en https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v10i6.2590 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9881-8467 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1256-794x https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6654-8922 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7695-7672 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9824-4449 lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 12-24 13 this period to trace the development of the regulatory framework, adding to the changing academic debates from 2019 to 2024. the article is structured to provide a comprehensive and methodologically sound examination of the topic. it begins with a literature review that synthesizes existing academic and legal sources concerning property expectations and their treatment within contractual frameworks. the methods section outlines the systematic approach employed, in accordance with prisma guidelines, to identify, select, and analyze relevant literature. the results section presents the key findings, including thematic trends, identified gaps, and areas of scholarly consensus or contention. in the discussion, the authors interpret these findings, emphasizing the implications for legal theory and practice, particularly in transitional legal systems. finally, the conclusions summarize the main insights, highlight the need for interdisciplinary research, and offer recommendations for future legal and policy development. literature review property concerns both tangible and intangible property rights, encompassing ideas, concepts, sports, technology, and other forms of entertainment. iasechko et al. (2022) explore the regulation of intellectual property in sports and shed light on particular problems inherent in getting adequate protection for intangible property using legal tools. their research concludes that new complex industries and altered property rights are managed through strong legal frameworks. environmental, social, and legal concerns, as well as monetary restraints, exist in property requests. environmental protection, resource conservation, and land use disputes involve broader social and ecological issues (daniels, 2025a). for example, shevchuk et al. (2023) compare the legal standpoints of the eu and ukraine to illustrate fallacies in the decision-making process regarding disputes concerning property contracts. in this regard, clearly defined legal instruments, supported by robust court systems, can effectively address these cases and remedy such regulatory gaps. one can also gain insight into how other legal systems function in setting expectations regarding property through a comparative study of the law. the various advantages and disadvantages of different approaches can be understood by considering how other countries address similar situations (graziadei & smith, 2017; reimann & zimmermann, 2006). in this respect, shevchuk et al. (2023) comment, “the european union focuses on justice and transparency in all court decisions, strikingly contrasting with the grossly corrupted ukrainian judiciary”. these variations raise fundamental questions about protecting property rights in transitioning jurisdictions where the law has not yet met international norms. for instance, dei et al. (2019) speak about prosecutors becoming more environmentally and ethically aware and requesting modifications toward more sustainable legal frameworks. although this study focuses on the prosecutorial function, it demonstrates how ecological factors impact property rights and responsibilities in a contract (unep, 2019). when these factors combine, legal systems face significant difficulties striking appropriate balances among several, often discordant interests (daniels, 2025b). even considering the progress made in prior works, some lacunae in the literature remain: many contributions appear not to position their results in relation to specific jurisdictions or sections of property expectations taken into consideration (ojanen et al., 2017)—for example, sections such as intellectual property regulation and judicial discretion. environmental and social variables are prevalent in modern legal practice, yet there is a limited understanding of how these variables influence property expectations (graham, 2010; howe, 2016). although this country is attempting to adopt a market economy and align with european legal norms, there is a lack of literature on how ukraine regulates property expectations (yurkevych et al., 2021). this study tries to fill these knowledge gaps by reviewing existing knowledge on regulating property expectations within the context of contractual obligations, particularly in ukraine. the objective is to identify current trends, knowledge gaps, and implications for legal policy and practice. it is a structured approach wherein procedures for conducting each step of data collection and analysis are appropriately documented, making them transparent and reproducible. drawing on ecological insights and comparative legal studies, as well as intellectual property regulation, this combination of perspectives offers new dimensions to research on property expectation regulation. in this context, the paper addresses a significant gap in the existing literature by evaluating ukraine's internal and international challenges in aligning its legal system with european standards. it forms the basis of concerns affecting the country. the findings are essential to researchers, lawyers, and lawmakers because they make specific recommendations that may help better regulate contract property expectations. this research contributes to the understanding of property expectations through a rigorous methodology that analyzes previously unexplored areas, thereby helping to develop more effective legal frameworks. materials and methods this study uses the slr methodology to examine the existing literature on the contractually imposed legal regulation of property expectations. the methodology is organized to follow the prisma declaration laid down by moher et al. (2009). the prisma framework provides a sound and open-source structure for conducting systematic reviews, ensuring comprehensive data collection, processing, and reporting. this is especially helpful to the reviewer in making critical decisions during the review process, such as identifying studies to be selected and excluded, and selecting data from the selected studies (figure 1). lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 12-24 14 figure 1. prisma 2009 diagram source: own elaboration the selection step involves locating and screening studies in the scopus database, guided by inclusion and exclusion criteria that allow only relevant and high-quality publications to be reviewed. every rejected research does not meet the requirements or fails to align with the study goals. in the extraction stage, details about each selected study’s objectives, methodology, findings, and contribution toward answering the research question are extracted. the prisma criteria ensure this study's review process is straightforward, accurate, and reproducible. such a systematic approach makes for comprehensive results on which one can rely with minimal chance of bias. figure 1 above illustrates a prisma flowchart outlining the process of identifying, screening, excluding, and including studies. this systematic approach enhances the study's credibility and is helpful for future researchers conducting similar reviews. quality assessment the limitation of the scope to only available articles, reviews, and conference papers ensures a quality and trustworthy systematic literature review. focusing on these papers in this study means that it upholds a high academic rigor, as they typically undergo the most rigorous peer review processes. the areas of subject focus of the study in carrying out an efficient literature search include "business, management and accounting", "social sciences", "economics, econometrics and finance", and "arts and humanities". it will aid in retrieving a wide range of perceptions, which is deemed necessary for analyzing property expectation regulation within a contractual framework of responsibility. key features of this report, which involve choosing keywords with care, include "property rights", "law and legislation", "legal rights", "public policy", "legal system", "regulatory framework", and "ukraine." these phrases ensure that the review covers a range of topics within the given subject, excluding those that are irrelevant. source types will strictly include only scholarly publications and conference proceedings. material that has been published in the english language shall only be included in this study to maintain consistency and understandability. all articles must also be in their final form to ensure reliability and completeness. extensive duplication removal, aided by tracking and recording on excel sheets, has been implemented. for choosing or rejecting, a paper will have its merit judged based on reading its abstract and conclusion about relevance to the research objective. thus, in the process alone, irrelevant, low-quality studies have been excluded from the selection process. the approach incorporated here is painstakingly meticulous, comprehensive, and structured to increase the reliability of findings obtained from a systematic literature review and to maintain their integrity. lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 12-24 15 qualitative synthesis after a thorough search and application of the inclusion criteria, six relevant papers were identified for the final analysis. these articles were selected after a comprehensive evaluation, as they pertain to the main topic of the study, which is the regulation of property expectations by law within the framework of contractual duties. papers selected between 2019 and 2024 will lead this research, presenting insight into the most recent happenings in the area. by implication, the review encapsulates the ever-changing nature of the issue, capturing the latest research, theories, and legal frameworks as they evolve. it utilizes graphs that categorize the research subject-wise to present the research patterns, making the selection process more transparent. these graphs represent the distribution of included papers and are excluded to illustrate the magnitude of the search and the efficiency of the filtering procedure. this study ensures that the review covers all the relevant bases and describes the range of scholarship by categorizing articles based on their subject matter. graphs will be a valuable tool for evaluating research gaps and illustrating where research is concentrated. besides, the research has ensured that all the selected documents pertain to the field of study. in relation to the selected papers and legal frameworks in ukraine, the papers primarily discuss the interconnection between property rights, legal systems, and contractual duties. the careful selection ensures that the review's findings are reliable and relevant, anchoring the literature review in the most appropriate, timely studies. this narrow focus enables the survey to contribute to existing knowledge by providing a deep understanding of delicate nuances. annual publications with the field of study seemingly having reached a plateau, there are few new contributions or those focusing on subsets, as evidenced by the consistent production of a single document annually from 2021 to 2024. several variables could be at play in influencing this decline in document output. figure 2 illustrates the abrupt decline in document production between 2020 and 2021, after which it leveled off at a lower output. the two produced documents indicated a much higher level of research activity observed for 2020, but that number dropped sharply to just one in 2021. from 2021 to 2024, the creation of only one document per year persisted, indicating that the output level remained constant after its initial decline. figure 2. year-wise publications source: own elaboration this could be because the researchers may have shifted their concentration to other law, policy, or economics areas, which could explain the trend. other extraneous variables during this time may include the state of the economy, constraints on available funds, or interruptions caused by events such as the covid-19 pandemic. the regular publication of one paper yearly, even when document production is at its lowest, implies that research output has stabilized. this indicates that academics are very interested in the released documents and find them relevant. another interpretation of this trend is that researchers are not seeking new topics to study, but rather improving and building upon existing presentations. although this output pattern is lower than expected, it may reflect a changing dynamic in the research productivity ratio, in which fewer but perhaps more focused contributions to the area are made. documents per year by source as illustrated in figure 3, a regular pattern exists for document creation across multiple sources. each source will contribute one document per year from 2020 to 2024. furthermore, according to this distribution throughout these years, no single source produced more documents than any other. this pattern aims to maintain a balance, ensuring that different types of publications are represented. each source will contribute at different points across the years; hence, there is no concentration in any year. lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 12-24 16 the dispersion of the annual contributions also indicates this. the production may reflect a plan to disperse publishing dates or level the playing field; even so, all sources are motivated enough to make their presence known year after year. figure 3. documents per year by source source: own elaboration by corollary, this would be a field where, in a single year, large outputs come from few sources; the latter fact informs even distribution across the sources in terms of publication dynamics. further consideration of these trends can help one better appreciate how a publication strategy can be adequately designed to ensure continuous output during these years. documents by affiliations figure 4, which depicts documents by affiliation, shows that each affiliation represented reflects the same number of documents produced. from this, there is no significant disparity in output or productivity between different affiliations. this could be due to the standardization of research or documentation, heavy collaboration, or even a governmental mandate on these institutions to produce documents at a specific rate. there was likely a balance in research effort considering the myriad subjects and fields of specialty represented by the various affiliations, in light of different universities attaining the same number of documents. this ranges from ivanofrankivsk national technical university to sumy national agrarian university, posting equally impressive counts of documents. this reflects stability and homogeneity in the figure; hence, any hope for variance in the document output becomes null. this collaborative or competitive mindset, which maintains a steady output of documents with all participating institutions working together or competing with one another, will enhance the quality and quantity of research across the board. figure 4. documents by affiliations source: own elaboration a balanced number of documents can foster diversity, inclusion, and equality within research and academic output; further promoting equality within the framework of fields and specializations is essential. this pattern may warrant further analysis to understand what motivates such a balance in creating documents between these affiliations. documents by type in the graph shown in figure 5, "reviews" account for 16.7% of the total number of papers, while "articles" account for 83.3% of all documents represented by the blue section. with this large margin, it can be reasonably assumed that articles comprise the majority of the document types in this dataset. lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 12-24 17 articles dominate this dataset; therefore, their in-depth exploration and extensive reporting will be the primary focus. articles often include critical research approaches and debates that lead to analyses that help gain new information or reevaluate already gained knowledge. figure 5. documents by type source: own elaboration nevertheless, review summaries synthesize and critically evaluate existing literature; their relatively modest share reflects this. although review articles are relatively infrequent, they are essential to any research strategy, given their potential for revealing patterns, gaps, and consensus within the area of interest. the chart indicates that scholars and researchers must be familiar with the priority document types. this is related to the different publication strategies and trends of their respective journals and institutions. papers constituting the bulk of this dataset highlight the essence of originality in research and intellectual contribution. at the same time, reviews stand out as comprehensive overviews of issues currently being actively researched. document format dissemination is crucial, as it determines how research literature and its findings are created, consumed, and further studied for a comprehensive understanding of the subject. documents by subject area figure 6 presents "documents by subject area" and distributes the documents to various subject areas. each pie slice in the chart represents a percentage of documents related to a specific topic area. approximately one-third of all documents fall into the category of social sciences, which represents the largest share. given the broad applicability and importance of this dataset across various concerns and fields, the primary focus lies within the social sciences, within which it enjoys a substantial presence. figure 6. documents by subject area source: own elaboration the second place belongs to the category of economics, econometrics, and finance, with a percentage of 15.4%, which suggests that the works are highly inclusive of topics from economics. additionally, the other seven fields of knowledge are pretty varied, with broad interests and coverage areas, contributing 7.7 percent overall. these include the arts, engineering, energy, decision sciences, environmental science, business, management, and accounting. these represent a wide range of fields, from the intensive effort in researching and documentation to its balance with the other subject areas. working with diverse people means that researchers can gain increased depth and breadth in their findings, as such environments nurture multidimensional analysis and interdisciplinary partnerships. diversity furthers inclusivity and interdisciplinary collaboration, augmenting academia into a whole of vitality. lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 12-24 18 documents by country/territory figure 7 illustrates the number of documents countries can produce within a specified period. among them, the best country is ukraine, which has produced more than six documents, while the czech republic has produced about 1 document. this implies a significant difference between the two countries in terms of the paperwork produced. with its disproportionate number of documents, ukraine is likely one of the most significant contributors to this dataset, churning out scholarly articles and research papers in abundance. however, the czech republic is probably at the opposite end of that spectrum, as it does not hold a significant stake in this dataset and dedicates fewer resources to document output. figure 7. documents by country source: own elaboration this distribution makes the research environments and manufacturing capacities of such nations more understandable. other factors that may be responsible for a high count in the case of ukraine could be increasing r&d expenditure, more affiliations, or an increase in named researchers contributing to the dataset, or even a deliberate action taken to prioritize the production of documents in such areas. there is an observable difference in the document output of the czech republic and ukraine, suggesting a disparity that further distinguishes these countries within the dataset. this may lead to further research on the causes of such a disparity between countries. based on this data, researchers, legislators, and academic institutions can further inform their decision-making processes regarding resource allocation, partnerships, and identifying problem areas to ensure an even distribution of document production among regions. documents by author according to figure 8, each of the contributors contributed approximately one document: antonova, o.m., bilan, y., dudenko, t., dziuba, a.y., hrushchynska, n., ivanchov, p.v., khodyko, y., kovalev, v., kozmenko, y., and kurafeieva, i. such a contribution to the dataset is well-balanced and uniform, as all contributors have an equal number of contributions. it suggests that the authors have contributed equally to the work. it could imply that the researchers are all working on the same topic, share the same objective in research, must publish their results, or are all equally productive in relation to each other. figure 8. documents by author source: own elaboration this is a critical distribution because it fosters inclusion and fairness in research by prioritizing equal representation and contribution from all listed authors. possible causes include institutional policies governing such sharing, incentives for collaboration, or other specific research requirements. it will again inspire further studies into these issues. lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 12-24 19 the above bar chart indicates equal contributions from each writer mentioned, creating a level playing field for the writers and fostering a collective approach to document development. this would foster an equitable research environment, and further investigations are needed to ascertain the root cause of this wholesome productivity among writers. it also emphasizes the importance of collaboration and fair participation in research. results previous research the law governing parties' expectations regarding property transfer in contracts is an evolving area of law. property expectations must be reasonable and unopposed in all contractual relationships involving physical and/or intangible property. all these legal frameworks regarding such expectations have been developed to promote social and economic welfare, stability, and resolve conflicts that aim to regulate these expectations. the primary focus is on the interaction between ip and legal enforcement, as well as socio-environmental issues, drawing on relevant literature. this paper also discusses how comparative legal studies suggest contrasting updates to contractual frameworks, which would benefit the readers. the degree of conditioning of property expectations varies significantly across different legal regimes; some jurisdictions have honest and forthright procedures to enforce contracts, while others range from corrupt to inept. in this paper, shevchuk et al. (2023) pointed out a striking variance in the measures taken to enforce contracts between ukrainian and european union law. they argue that predictability in economic matters is reduced because the courts in ukraine, through conflicting court decisions, do not enforce property-related contracts. there is a more conducive environment for maintaining property expectations in the european union, which has developed strong procedures emphasizing equality and consistency. these results underscore the imperative need for judicial changes in transitional legal systems, all the more important as inefficiencies may hinder the realization of property rights. like physical capital, intellectual property is part of the international economy, engendering various property expectations and numerous moving parts, including ownership, transfer, and enforcement issues. iasechko et al. (2022) center their paper on regulating intellectual property in sports, highlighting the challenges of managing intangible assets in a rapidly growing commercial business. they emphasize that there is a complete lack of standardization in national intellectual property legislation, which inhibits the efficiency of law enforcement and contract comprehension. for example, different international perceptions of various intellectual property policies may lead to legal confusion, resulting in crossborder conflict over trademark ownership. adopting standardized global policies, such as trips, can be used to harmonize various policies and minimize dispute occurrences. intellectual property control has become increasingly complex with advances in technology-based organizations. where new technologies outpace current legal regimes, substantial gaps exist in the definition of property obligations and enforcement methods. a new form of property has arisen in cryptocurrencies and blockchains, raising concerns about how settled notions of ownership and transferability might apply, making it a challenge within established concepts. it is so complex that smart contracts and automated enforcement systems, as reflected by works such as pasa and dimatteo (2020), present a call for adaptive legal structures. there are question marks over the viability of smart contracts in terms of their compliance with pre-existing legal principles, particularly regarding their ability to offer fair redress. smart contracts achieve automation of performance through blockchain technology. it shall be subjected to various economic, ecological, and social purposes. increasingly, environmental protection agreements on land use and natural resource management incorporate provisions that promote a more comprehensive societal vision for sustainable development. dei et al. (2019) state that sustainability promotion can only be enhanced when environmental consciousness is anchored within regulatory frameworks. their workplaces emphasize the need to raise awareness amongst key stakeholders, such as contracting parties and agencies responsible for enforcing the law. laws need revision in areas where environmental exploitation and degradation have been allowed to occur due to a lack of restraint, bringing private property rights into conformity with ecological imperatives. land acquisition and urban development contracts specify the social consequences of land requirements. legally and morally, concerns have been raised over fairness and equity amid increased ownership conflicts and displacements. cotula (2016) found, in studying the effects of large-scale land deals on poor communities, that such instances require rights-based legislative protections. these agreements have a disproportionate impact on indigenous peoples and are used to perpetuate existing social injustices. the legislative frameworks involved should include participatory mechanisms and arrangements for just compensation. their contribution to transitional forms would harmonize the extended dimensions of social justice and land rights. despite the significant contributions of previous studies, a gap remains in understanding property expectations within contractual responsibilities. many studies have been unable to explore key regulatory issues, such as judicial decision-making and intellectual property governance, due to the lack of a comprehensive framework for analysis. this fragmented approach has hindered the generalization of findings and the identification of overarching concepts. there is also scant research on how social and environmental factors influence property expectations in different jurisdictions. even though the convergence of property expectations with sustainability and equity has been gaining increasing importance in modern legal discourse, the area has been largely unexplored. lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 12-24 20 the research lacuna in studying legal systems in transition, for instance, in eastern europe and parts of asia, remains highly problematic. in the case of these systems, issues arise from corrupt judges, flawed mechanisms, or a failure to act in accordance with established standards, as noted by shevchuk et al. (2023). one cannot address these issues without comparative studies of how more developed legal systems handle similar situations and how they might be related to transitional settings. the result could be very real suggestions for enhancing the enforceability of property obligations by aligning local legal practices to internationally accepted standards. moreover, critically evaluating the methodological aspects of the existing literature is also relevant. while most studies lack empirical strength, they employ qualitative approaches, such as analyzing legal texts and case law, to support their findings. these methods provide valuable insights into some data. of course, researchers could strengthen their studies by employing quantitative approaches, such as surveys of lawyers or econometric analyses of court decisions. slrs and metaanalyses have proven effective in identifying research trends and synthesizing findings across jurisdictions. examples of promising future developments enabled by state-of-the-art technology are machine learning for analyzing legal texts and network analysis for mapping court decisions. further research is therefore needed, aiming at an in-depth framework that describes the governance of property expectations in light of contractual obligations. socio-environmental factors, governance of intellectual property, and comparative legislation in the development of the framework need to be combined. property expectations arise from significant variations in culture, law, and economics, which must be taken into account. drawing from fields other than law, such as sociology, economics, and environmental science, would give a more complex picture. more studies should be conducted to understand how technology completely alters property expectations. the legal frameworks will need to adapt in response to the challenges posed by the proliferation of digital assets and smart contracts. academics should study how new technologies affect long-standing notions of contracts and the adaptations of the law necessary to include them. for example, the court's role must be considered when interpreting and resolving disputes related to smart contracts. in summary, when approaching property rights from a contractual perspective, considering the duties within a legal paradigm, the area of law involving property becomes multifaceted. property expectations are defined and contested, as their realization heavily intersects with economic, ecological, and social factors. while there is much good literature on these junctions, there are still many gaps, particularly in attempting to combine results from different jurisdictions in examining the broader implications of property expectations. a gap will require a methodologically sound and multidisciplinary strategy using state-of-the-art analytical tools and comparative standpoints. this will help future studies shape laws that predictably and durably regulate property expectations. classification of literature this research has selected data exclusively from the scopus database. various papers in the works chosen will introduce variations in land property regulation and impacts on contract setting. a review of this aspect also promises to provide a broader understanding of the problem by classifying the literature as relevant and incorporating additional analysis. hrushchynska et al. (2024) present insights in their paper, "protection of intellectual property rights in economic activity," into the various methods of protecting intellectual property rights in business operations. it has been recognized that intellectual property rights are crucial in contemporary markets, playing a significant role in driving innovation and competition in the business sector. key laws protecting and managing intellectual property rights to achieve economic growth and stability are discussed. they conclude that a robust intellectual property legal system is imperative to provide the proper setting regarding intellectual property rights (ipr) contracts. additionally, property laws relate to how they facilitate the protection of property and promote economic development. nizalov et al. (2016) also analyzed "security of property rights and transition in land use". this research highlights the significance of stable property rights in shaping the evolution of land-use patterns and facilitating economic transition. the study focuses on how well-defined land tenure provides confidence in transitional economies that experience conditions that challenge property rights, thereby hindering development. results show that laws play a significant role in making property transactions transparent and stable. since legally binding contracts and a sound economy are based on secure property rights, they directly affect control over property expectations. another significant addition is the work by kurafieieva et al. (2023), "construction of real estate with the involvement of individual funds: the ukrainian experience". this research provides a detailed examination of the financial-legal mechanisms that regulate real estate development, particularly in the context of private investments (bondarenko et al., 2021). the paper reflects on the difficulties private investors face due to the insufficient level of protection the legislation provides and offers suggestions for its modification. the analysis will be based on how the legal framework should be adjusted to protect stakeholders' interests in improving trust and efficiency in contractual duties related to property development. by analyzing firsthand accounts, the study's author demonstrates how property rules influence the expectations and rights of contracting parties. the article published in 2021, titled "privatization in ukraine as a deterrent to the innovative development of the national economy", by paryzkyi et al. (2021) researched the impact of privatization on the development of innovations and lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 12-24 21 gdp. though property regulation is not the primary emphasis, there is value to be taken from studying the contractual and legal aspects of privatization offers. complex contractual responsibilities and regulatory hurdles have been standard features in the change of ownership in privatized enterprises. this study sheds light on the relationship between regulatory frameworks and economic development by explaining the broader legal and economic context in which expectations about property have been framed. according to bilan et al. (2020), "impact of income distribution on social and economic well-being of the state", income distribution ensures the stability of society and the economy. this paper presents a macroeconomic perspective on what determines property expectations and contractual relations, without addressing the issue of regulating property. the paper examines the relationship between economic disparity and legal frameworks to gain a deeper understanding of property regulation within its social context. such a perspective allows for identifying how the outside world impinges on the rights and expectations of those entering property contracts. however, the research by dziuba (2022), entitled "legal regime of human organs and tissues as objects of civil law in the field of transplantation", discusses human organs and tissues from a civil law perspective. while this article addresses concepts related to property involving human tissue, its focus is on contractual obligations that extend beyond the scope of property law. this study would be less related to the property expectations examination, as its subject matter does not concur with those essential topics in review. skliar et al. (2020) provide research titled “assessment of the reforms and programs results of ukraine’s economy sustainable development by means of neural networks”, in which neural network models were implemented to assess economic reforms. this is intended to help explain the state of the economy. still, it cannot be applied to the systematic review since the research does not relate to the legal control of property expectations. due to the approach and subject of this study, the current research falls outside its scope. synthesis and analysis therefore, the literature examined will highlight property regulation as complex, contractual, and with widespread impacts. discussions in various literature pieces, including those by hrushchynska et al. (2024), nizalov et al. (2016), and kurafieieva et al. (2023), delve more in-depth into the way diverse legal regimes shape expectations about property. what appears across the literature discussed is how clarity of property rights, namely, suitable legal protection along with a sturdy enforcement apparatus, guarantees trust and efficiency in a contract. for instance, the background material on the possibilities and difficulties of property regulation by bilan et al. (2020) and paryzkyi et al. (2021), although practical, is relevant only in an indirect way; they provide a higher-order perspective on the significant social, economic, and legal factors shaping expectations of property. even though these research results are not directly related to contractual requirements, they provide a broader social and economic context framework within which the information needed for such an analysis can be found. on the other hand, literature considered not eligible, such as dziuba (2022) and skliar et al. (2020), was also excluded because most of these works' contents primarily focused on areas touching on property legislation and contract duties, which the study did not scope, or adopted approaches conflicting with the themes presented herein. various books on property rights or the role of law in their protection are reviewed to provide insights for further work. it affirms the importance of legal regulation in setting property expectations on contractual obligations. the categorization and analysis of the selected research in the review add value to creating a deeper understanding of property ownership from social, economic, and legal perspectives. these findings suggest that robust legal frameworks are crucial in safeguarding the interests of various parties, ensuring transparency, fairness, and equality in property contracts. it would be instructive to consider how property legislation intersects with emerging concepts such as digital property rights, blockchain contracts, and sustainable development. discussions legal regulation of property expectations in ukraine over the last few years, concerns have been raised regarding the legitimate management of property expectations in ukraine, particularly regarding agreements and obligations. this new evidence-based analysis provides assessments of existing legal frameworks, identifies problems, and offers recommendations for modifying laws to address emerging needs related to property control in the country. property rights add value to ukraine's socioeconomic and legal context in encouraging economic growth and stability, along with faith in contractual agreements. importance of secure property rights in contractual obligations the security of property rights is closely tied to the safety of monetary transactions and adherence to legal requirements. in that respect, well-defined property rights are essential contributors to land-use patterns and economic development in ukraine and other economies in transition. poorly defined property rights have the potential to lead to inefficiencies and disputes, resulting in mistrust among parties to transactions and hindering economic development (zavhorodnii et al., 2021). after considerable fighting, ukraine has finally adopted thorough and open property legislation long connected with the land and property markets. lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 12-24 22 the other groups emphasizing the importance of property rights security are kurafieieva et al. (2023). based on a study of private capital real estate development, the authors highlight how investors are exposed to high risks due to the failure of real estate regulation mechanisms to protect their rights. due to this, an efficient legal system is necessary to protect parties' rights and establish confidence in property contracts. challenges in property regulation in ukraine on the other hand, one impeding factor standing in the way of living up to all expectations concerning private property in ukraine is history, legislation, and institutions. according to paryzkyi et al. (2021), a key sphere for consideration is the impact of privatization on innovation activity and economic growth. the findings indicated that ineffective legal frameworks had contributed to corruption, inefficiency, and disagreements during the transition. due to the country's property laws, it is unable to attract investment and stimulate innovation, making it high time for legislative reforms in this field. similarly, hrushchynska et al. (2024) pointed out that the ipr of ukraine is underestimated. while intellectual property rights are considered crucial for economic activity, their effectiveness is crippled due to the deficiency of relevant systems and proper awareness among their stakeholders. according to the authors, one of the critical policy tools that may help stimulate innovative activity and ensure economic stability is the enhancement of intellectual property rights, supplemented by corresponding legislation and public education programs (stryhul et al., 2019). land-use regulations and management remain another serious challenge. have identified the security of land ownership as one of the hotly debated issues in ukraine. inefficient rules regarding land use and ownership imply inefficiency and conflicts. property rights uncertainty means that investment and productivity in ukraine's agricultural economy are muted; hence, this is a pressing problem. role of legal frameworks in addressing property expectations a good legal environment is required when there is a property expectation. using concrete legal measures ensures that risks are reduced and stakeholders have confidence, as observed by kurafieieva et al. (2023). stringent rules on the utilization of private funds in real estate development projects are one of the ways the authors suggest protecting investors. this practice adheres to international standards and can therefore be replicated in other fields. correspondingly, hrushchynska et al. (2024) plead for expanding a holistic approach toward enhancing ip rights protection. concerning this, ukraine's legal system needs to be updated to meet global standards, and with this score, ukraine would become an environment conducive to innovation and economic prosperity. to gain a deeper understanding of intellectual property rights and ensure compliance with them, the authors stress the importance of public awareness campaigns and capacity-building programs. socioeconomic implications of property regulation weak control of property contributes to social and economic impacts, including more considerable income inequality, less social stability, and slower gdp growth. this is supported by the research of bilan et al. (2020) on the connection between welfare and income distribution, which suggests that an equalized property legislation can reduce inequality. according to them, only balanced and transparent property rules can offer sustainable growth and social harmony. property ownership and access gaps must be filled out for ukraine's social and economic stabilization. in addition to the industries discussed above, land restrictions have also caused significant harm to the agricultural sector. according to the assertion made by nizalov et al. (2016), it is impossible to justify suitable land ownership, investments, or output. nevertheless, ukrainian authorities can guarantee that the agricultural sector is as productive as possible, which will benefit the economy and the people who live in rural areas and rely on it. opportunities for reform and innovation despite some existing barriers to improvement, innovation, and progress in ukraine's system of property regulation, there is still considerable room for improvement. for instance, among the positive features of digital technologies in real estate transactions, kurafieieva et al. (2023) mention their efficiency and transparency. owning data, when combined with blockchain technology, will be tamper-proof; hence, it can serve as a remedy for fraud and disputes. international collaboration thus catalyzes transformation and technologically advances a country. for instance, in the opinion of hrushchynska et al. (2024), the dire need for international cooperation in putting ukraine's law to the international threshold of ip protection is ripe. through international collaboration and the adoption of global best practices, ukraine can enhance its legal framework regarding property laws and position itself as an attractive destination for foreign investment. property regulation in transitional economies there are both advantages and disadvantages to ukraine's property regulation that are common to countries in transition. according to paryzkyi et al. (2021), the development of privatization processes or any other economic changes is expected not to provide absolute transparency regarding how private property regulation should be undertaken. stakeholder engagement, institutional building capacity, and legislative reforms should occur in parallel to bridge such gaps. what ukraine can learn from the mistakes and successes of other transition economies is invaluable. indeed, nizalov et al. (2016) noted that well-guaranteed property rights may only play a fundamental role in stimulating economic lutsenko et al., bangladesh journal of multidisciplinary scientific research 10(6) (2025), 12-24 23 growth and stability in changing conditions. based on these, ukraine can elaborate on an optimum form of property regulation regarding both effectiveness and equity. the legal expectations concerning property in ukraine are difficult to predict and constantly evolve, given the variety of historical, legal, and socioeconomic variables involved. strong legal institutions and well-protected property rights lie at the heart of trust, stability, and economic development. it is time to fill the gaps in the law related to property and explore innovative ways to enhance ukraine's legal environment, ultimately realizing its economic potential. conclusions this study adopted a systematic literature review methodology to analyze existing scholarship on the legal regulation of property expectations imposed by contractual obligations. the review process is structured in accordance with the prisma guidelines, ensuring a transparent, rigorous, and replicable research approach. chosen from the scopus database, the literature on ukraine focuses explicitly on diverse aspects of property expectations' legal control within a contractual duty; most of these issues are under consideration regarding the elements of protection of property rights, the right of intangible property as well as land tenure security, most if not all constituent elements necessary in support of a nation's economic development and stability. most areas still require improvement, including the integration of global best practices and innovative technology applications in property management. other works, such as those by hrushchynska et al. (2024) and kurafieva et al. (2023), support the same need for robust legal systems that are sufficient for protecting stakeholders involved, specifically in intellectual property and real estate matters. both of these volumes demonstrate how the law can enhance the legality and make real estate-based transactions enforceable. on the grounds of a broad socioeconomic effect, bilan et al. (2020) report that control over property is connected to the way income is distributed and stable. new forms of control and the broad application of creative technologies, such as blockchain, in the property management sector, remain underexplored in the literature. the findings revealed notable research gaps, particularly in the context of socio-environmental influences and evolving legislative frameworks within transition economies. in response, this study emphasized the need for an interdisciplinary approach to address these gaps effectively. by critically analyzing the existing body of literature, the research provided a foundation for both scholars and policymakers to gain deeper insights into the complex interplay between property rights and legal obligations. by implication, the review reflected the dynamic nature of the topic by incorporating the most recent research, theoretical advancements, and evolving legal frameworks within the defined timeline. this approach ensured the study remained current and relevant, capturing the progression and transformation of the subject matter over time. the research was limited by the review scope, which included only peer-reviewed articles, reviews, and conference papers, thereby ensuring the quality and credibility of the systematic literature review. by focusing exclusively on these sources, the study maintained a high level of academic rigor, as such publications typically undergo stringent peer evaluation processes that enhance the reliability and scholarly value of the findings. in the future, it may be possible to investigate this issue further to explore how digital solutions and global cooperation can help fill the gaps and enhance the effectiveness of property laws. while there is no dearth of literature on property regulation in the current scenario, recent events and challenges provide a compelling reason for academic research on property regulation in the ukrainian context. if the rules of property control are to be flexible and applicable in a dynamically changing society, these shortcomings must be identified. author contributions: conceptualization, d.l. and v.s.; methodology, d.l.; software, o.m.; validation, o.m., m.h. and y.m.; formal analysis, o.m.; investigation, m.h.; resources, o.m.; data curation, m.h.; writing – original draft preparation, y.m.; writing – review & editing, v.s.; visualization, y.m.; supervision, d.l.; project administration, d.l.; funding acquisition, v.s. authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. institutional review board statement: ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable groups or sensitive issues. funding: the authors received no direct funding for this research. informed consent statement: informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. data availability statement: the data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. the data are not publicly available due to restrictions. conflicts of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest. references allott, p. 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