




































Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 

 Vol. 3, No. 2; 2021 

ISSN 2687-850X   E-ISSN 2687-8518  

Published by CRIBFB, USA 

 

11 

RISK PRIORITIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS AND 

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SAFETY IN TEXTILE INDUSTRIES 

OF GAZIPUR INDUSTRIAL AREA, BANGLADESH 

 

 

Md. Iftakharul Muhib  

Assistant Professor 

General Education Department  

City University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 

E-mail: muhibiftakhar@gmail.com 

 

Md. Shawkut Ali Khan 

Professor & Head  

Department of Mechanical Engineering  

City University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 

E-mail: shawkutali8@gmail.com 

 

Rifat Akter 

Post Graduate Student 

Department of Microbiology 

Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 

E-mail: rifatakter5@gmail.com 

 

ABSTRACT 

Though textile industries are the backbone of country's economy; it possesses the environmental and 

occupational health safety risks also. After the Rana Plaza tragedy, the environmental and 

occupational health safety regulations become started to come spotlight. However, still there found 

anomalies that threaten environmental and occupational health safety. So to get an overview of 

present risk levels in different industries, the aim of this study was set to evaluate the risk prioritization 

for both environmental aspects and occupational health safety. A total of 10 textile industries were 

selected and a direct field survey along with an interview from workers to top management was done 

to conduct the study. Risk assessment results for environmental aspects showed that water pollution 

shows a moderate risk rating value while air quality, soil quality, noise, waste generation, hazardous 

material handling, and miscellaneous use showed low risks. Again calculated results for occupational 

health safety showed that necessary action is recommended to avoid future risk in all-hazard 

categories of different types except for electrical hazards. Controlling measures were suggested in 

accordance with the risk priority. Thus it is high time to explore and evaluate the risk level and take 

necessary action on the resultant priority basis. 

 

Keywords: Environmental Aspects, Occupational Health Safety, Risk, RPN, Textile Industry. 

 

INTRODUCTION 

Textile industries play a pivotal role in the rapid economic growth of Bangladesh (World Bank, 2012). 

The contribution of the textile sector to the country's total export revenue is more than 80% that is 28 

billion USD/year and the projected revenue is 50 billion USD by the tear of 2021 (Hossain et al., 

2018). However, this great success comes with environmental deterioration along with occupational 

health safety risks. Different types of environmental aspects like water discharge, air quality, soil 

mailto:muhibiftakhar@gmail.com
mailto:shawkutali8@gmail.com
mailto:rifatakter5@gmail.com


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quality, noise, waste generation, energy consumed, a resource used, hazardous materials storage, and 

miscellaneous issues were considered to be major sources of environmental impacts in the Gazipur 

industrial area. Heavy metals like Cr, Ni, Zn, Hg, Ob, Cu, Cd, As, etc. are released from the textile 

industries that pollute the river, soil, and consequently the food chain when this polluted water is used 

for irrigation purpose to cultivate the seasonal crops (Islam et al., 2013). Several occupational health 

hazards are found in the textile industries of Bangladesh. Some of them were so drastic that 

international textile market trade was likely to fall on its edge. One of the worst examples is the Rana 

plaza accidental disaster in 2013 that killed over 1100 workers and the devastating fire of Tajreen 

garments in 2012 killed over 100 workers (Khan, 2017). So risk leveling of environmental aspects 

and occupational health safety along with their remedial measures is very important to avoid the 

disaster. However, enforcement of these remedial in perspective of risk rating is very much 

challenging. The reasons for enforcement hindrance are insufficient resources (knowledge, human 

resource, and funds), the unwillingness of industry owners, economic corruption, political imbalance, 

and inadequate coordination among the concerned agencies. Since there is no sufficient data for risk 

evaluation of environmental aspects and occupational health safety hazards, this study could act as a 

baseline survey for further rigorous study regarding the environmental and occupational compliance 

sector of Bangladesh.  

 

METHODOLOGY 

This study was conducted to confine the current status of environmental aspects and occupational 

health safety scenarios in the scale of risk evaluation to develop a research hypothesis. A total of 10 

different textile industries in the Gazipur area were selected to conduct the survey. This survey was 

designed to collect information about the environmental aspects and occupational health safety 

practices in the selected industries directly from the field survey as well as interviewed from the 

worker to top management. All the collected data were processed and analyzed chronologically. One 

of the real constraints of the investigation was their privacy maintenance. Taking pictures and 

gathering information inside the factory premises were very much challenging since the authorities 

didn't want to disclose their in site scenario publicly. Therefore none of the names of studied industries 

are disclosed in this manuscript. 

 

Data Responders 

A total of 490 respondents were selected from 10 industries where 100 data responders (10 from each 

industry) from management and 390 respondents (39 from each industry) from the worker level. In 

this analysis, about 98% (38 out of 39 respondents) of management body know very well about 

environmental and occupational compliance while only 15% (59 out of 390 respondents) workers 

know about these compliances in very primary level and rest of 85% (331 out of 390 respondents) 

workers know nothing about this matter. 

 

Risk Evaluation for Environmental Aspects 

The identification of environmental aspects and impacts is important to the selection of environmental 

safeguards and work methods for operational activities. Risk evaluation of environmental aspects 

depicts the magnitude of potential consequence (level of environmental impacts) and the likelihood 

(level of probability of occurrence) (PERSEUS, 2012). 

 

Risk (R) = Likelihood (L) × Consequence (C) 

 

This C×L matrix displays the qualitative or semi-quantitative rating of consequence and 

likelihood that specific data will occur to generate a risk score and risk rating. Risk rating data shows 

the level of risk in absence of a controlled environment and is arrived at after measuring the livelihood 

and the consequence of an event occurring (Endeavour Technical Limited, 2015). 



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13 

Risk Evaluation for Occupational Health Safety 

The Failure Mode and Impact Analysis (FMEA) method are followed for occupational risk safety 

analysis (Yari, 2017; Wang et al., 2018). This method enhances the safety and reliability level by 

providing early detection and elimination of failures (SAE International, 2020). In this way, risk 

prioritization is done by taking into the multiplication of severity, probability, and detectability that 

is known as Risk Priority Number or RPN (Yang & Wang, 2015; Zhang & Chu, 2011). 

 

RPN = Severity × Probability × Detectability 

 

Here, severity is the consequence of the failure; occurrence is the probability or the frequency 

of failure occurring, and detection is the probability of the failure being detected before the impact of 

the effect is realized. If the RPN result crosses 100, necessary action is recommended. The maximum 

value of RPN is 1000 (Kumar et al., 2014).  

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

Risk Rating for Environmental Aspects 

Environmental aspects can be attributed to the activity that interferes with the natural environmental 

condition called the impact that is the resultant of an aspect (Susanto & Mulyono, 2018). 

 

Table 1. Risk Assessment Level of Environmental Aspects 

 
Environmental 

Aspects 

Potential 

Impacts 

Identified 

Risk 

Risk Evaluation Risk Rating Control Measures/Mitigation 

Likelihood Consequence 

   Condition 

 

Score Condition Score Score Level 

of Risk 

 

Water 

Discharge 

Water 

Pollution 

>Disposal 

of 
chemical. 

>Effluent 

from ETP. 
>Disposal 

of used oil 

for 
machine 

maintenan

ces. 
>Sewage 

discharge 

Possible 3 Moderate 2 6 Modera

te Risk 

>Chemical store should be 

maintained properly. 
>Optimization of Effluent 

Treatment Plant (ETP) operation is 

highly recommended. 

Air Quality Air 

Pollution 
and Dust 

Emission 

Dust and 

other 
exhaust 

atmospher
ic 

emission 

i.e. 
emission 

of SO2, 

NOx, CO, 

SPM, etc. 

occur due 

to the 
stack gas 

of 

generator 
and 

vehicular 

movement 
in and 

outside of 

the factory 
area. 

 

 
Possible 

3 Minor 1 3 Low 

Risk 

>Factory chimney should be 

functional 24/7. 
>Water spraying can be done to 

reduce dust pollution on the nearby 
road. 

>Ensuring vehicles, generators, 

compressors are well maintained. 
>Proper ventilation system should 

be designed. 

>Use of PPE like a mask, apron 

should be used mandatorily 

Soil Quality Soil 

Pollution 

>Leakage 

of oil from 

vehicles 

Unlikely 2 Moderate 2 4 Low 

Risk 

>Proper solid waste management 

should be followed 



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and 

Erosion 

and other 

maintenan
ce works 

>Mainten

ance work 
that 

excavates 

soil. 
>Chemica

l spillage 

Noise Noise 

Pollution 

>Noise is 

generated 
from 

vehicle 

movement
, operation 

of the 

generator, 
compress

or, and 

other 
heavy 

vibrating 

types of 
machinery

.  

Possible 3 Minor 1 3 Low 

Risk 

More use of PPE like earplug/ear 

muffs in noisy workplace  

Waste 
Generation 

Surroundi
ng 

Environm

ental 
Pollution 

>Impact 
of 

disposal 

waste 
>Hazardo

us 

chemical/
biomedica

l waste. 

>Non-
persistent 

material 

e.g. paper, 
cardboard, 

etc. 

>Persisten
t material 

e.g. 

plastic, 
scrap, etc. 

>E-waste. 

>Kitchen 
waste. 

Possible 3 Minor 1 3 Low 
Risk 

>Introducing 3R (Reduce, Reuse, 
Recycle) waste management. 

>Medical waste generated by the 

factory should be handed over to the 
local hospital. 

Energy Used Power 

Consumpt
ion 

>Chemica

l/oil 
spillage in 

the 

generator 
room. 

>Pb, Cd, 

Hg 
pollution 

from scrap 

battery 
and solar 

panel 

Unlikely 2 Minor 1 2 No-

Risk 

>Handling of chemicals and oil 

should be done properly. 
>Older battery and solar panel 

should be disposed of properly 

Resources Used Infrastruct
ure 

Developm

ent 

>Land. 
>Building

. 

> types of 
machinery

. 

>Tools. 
>Trees 

etc. 

Unlikely 2 Minor 1 2 No-
Risk 

>Land management and building 
design should be done properly. 

Ecological 

View (Flora & 
Fauna) 

Loss of 

Habitat of 
some 

Flora and 

>Unplann

ed 
constructi

Unlikely 2 Minor 1 2 No-

Risk 

>Maintain maximum vegetation. 

>Implementation of agroforestry 
techniques well adapted to the site. 



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Fauna and 

Biodiversi
ty 

Reduction 

on and 

design 
>Inapprop

riate 

control of 
weeds 

Hazardous 

Materials 

Storage and 
Handling 

Occurrenc

e of 

accidents 

Accidenta

l spillage 

and fire 
occur due 

to 

personal 
error or 

natural 

events. 

Unlikely 2 Moderate 2 4 Low 

Risk 

>Proper inspection of maintenance 

and storage of hazardous goods 

should be monitored regularly. 

Miscellaneous 

Issues 

Others 

Incidents 

>Imbalan

ce of 

political 
condition. 

>Worker 

imbalance
. 

>Producti

on loss. 
>Visual 

appearanc

e. 

Unlikely 2 Moderate 2 4 Low 

Risk 

>Management should be aware of 

workers legal demand 

 

There is a significant amount of water, energy and other resources are consumed by the studied 

industries. Based on an environmental point of view, a list of environmental; aspects, their risk rating 

along controlling measures are organized in Table 1. A moderate risk rating was found for water 

pollution impacts. Though there was ETP in most of the studied industries, there showed some 

anomalies like ETP did not run 24 hours, lack of ETP servicing hindered the ETP efficiency, personal 

error, maintenance, and chemical cost and last but not least is the lack of ETP performance 

optimization. Other environmental aspects like soil quality, air quality, noise, waste generation, 

hazardous material handling, and miscellaneous issues though were found to be possessed low risk, 

they could be upgraded to more negative risk levels in the near future if a proper controlling measure 

is not taken immediately. However environmental aspects like energy used, a resource used, and 

ecological view in the industrial area were found to be relatively at the safe level from risk. All the 

control measures are given accordingly. 

 

Risk Rating for Occupational Health and Safety 

Spinning, weaving, dyeing, printing, and garments sections were studied in the 10 industries. Hazards 

occurred in these industries are classified into 7 different categories- physical hazard, fire hazard, 

electrical hazard, chemical hazard, ergonomic hazard, psychosocial hazard, and biological hazard. 

These categories were subdivided into different hazard types. The consequences of these hazards were 

rated with an RPN number to recommend whether necessary action would be required or not (Table 

2). Remedial measures are also listed in the same table. Risk prioritization is found for most of the 

hazard types. The highest number of RPN (RPN=384) was found for hazard type of dyes from the 

chemical hazard category that causes water pollution in the nearby water bodies though ETP was 

found in almost all the surveyed industries. The cause of this RPN number either the lack of proper 

operational optimization or lack of proper handling of dyes materials. These dyes material are 

hazardous to workers' health. For example, dyes can cause skin and eye irritation, lung inflammation, 

and other respiratory problems (Bansal & Yadhav, 2016).  

 



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Table 2. Risk Leveling of Occupational Health Hazards 
 

Hazard 

Category 

Hazard Type Consequences RPN 

(Probability×Detection×Severity) 

Necessity 

of Action 

Remedial 

Measures 

Physical 

Hazard 

Noise Hearing loss 10×6×6=360 Action 

Required 

>Proper 

servicing of 

the heavy 

types of 

machinery. 

>Use of 

soundproof 

materials 

and earplug 

Dust Respiratory 

Disease 

8×7×6=336 Action 

Required 

>Proper 

housekeepi

ng 

>Use of 

PPE widely 

Light Eye stress 3×3×3=27 Not 

Required 

>Optimized 

light set up 

Temperature High 

temperature 

create 

dehydration 

and blood 

pressure 

anomalies 

8×6×6=288 Action 

Required 

>High 

temperature 

in the 

working 

place should 

be 

controlled 

Improper 

Ventilation 

Lung function 

Change 

4×3×3=36 Not 

Required 

>Proper 

ventilation 

system 

should be 

installed 

Fire Hazard Welding Spark ignition 3×2×3=18 Not 

Required 

>Restrict 

the welding 

area for 

movement 

Smoking Common 

accidental 

source 

5×4×5=100 Action 

Required 

>Smoking 

should be 

banned in 

the working 

place. 

>Safety 

sign should 

be 

maintained 

Electrical 

Hazard 

Improper 

Earthing 

Trip occurs 3×2×3=18 Not 

Required 

>Should 

check 

earthing 

connection 

properly 

Short Circuit A common 

source of the 

fire accident 

5×3×6=90 Not 

Required 

>Air Circuit 

breaker and 

motor 

circuit 

breaker 

should be 

installed. 

Improper 

Isolation 

Electric shock 3×3×4=36 Not 

Required 

All circuits 

should be 



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installed 

properly. 

Motor Rotation 

in High 

Voltage 

Problems 

occur in 

machine 

performance 

3×3×3=27 Not 

Required 

>Individual 

circuit 

breaker 

should be 

installed. 

Old Wiring Anomalies in 

current flow 

6×4×4=96 Not 

Required 

Check for 

old wiring 

to avoid 

accidents. 

Power Input-

Output 

Imbalance 

Power shut 

down 

3×4×2=24 Not 

Required 

>Wiring 

should be 

done 

according to 

the 

standards. 

Chemical 

Hazard 

Dyes Skin and lung 

disease 

8×6×8=384 Action 

Required 

>ETP must 

be installed 

with 

optimizatio

n 

Different 

Types of 

Chemical 

Skin and lung 

disease 

7×6×6=252 Action 

Required 

>Proper 

handling 

and storage 

should be 

followed 

Used oil and 

grease 

Skin and lung 

disease 

6×5×5=150 Action 

Required 

>Proper 

handling 

and storage 

should be 

followed 

Ergonomic 

Hazard 

Uncomfortable 

Work station 

Leg and hand 

pain 

4×4×3=48 Not 

Required 

>Should 

give 

importance 

to 

ergonomics 

Repetitive 

Strain Injuries 

Wrist, neck, 

shoulder, knee 

pain 

6×5×6=180 Action 

Required 

>Proper 

working 

procedure 

should be 

followed. 

Improper 

Handling of 

Material 

Wrist, neck 

pain 

4×4×4=64 Not 

Required 

>Proper 

handling 

and storage 

should be 

followed 

Poorly 

Designed Work 

Practice 

Hand pain, 

back pain 

2×3×4=24 Not 

Required 

>Proper 

working 

procedure 

should be 

followed 

Long Time 

sitting 

Headache, 

dizziness, 

nausea 

5×5×6=150 Action 

Required 

>Should 

take a break 

at least 5 

minutes 

after 1-hour 

documental 

work 



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Heavy Weight 

Lifting 

Back pain 3×3×3=27 Not 

Required 

>Should not 

uplift the 

heavyweigh

t alone. 

Unsafe Work 

Place 

Accidents may 

occur 

3×3×4=36 Not 

Required 

Working 

place should 

be designed 

with safety 

measures. 

Psychosocial 

Hazard 

Not Interested 

to Work 

willingly due to 

lack of 

Motivation 

Physiological 

problem 

7×5×6=210 Action 

Required 

>Working 

department 

should be 

favorable. 

>Holiday, 

bonus, 

salary 

should be 

given 

properly 

Production 

Target 

Stress 6×5×5=150 Action 

Required 

The 

working 

department 

should be 

favorable. 

Increased 

Workload 

Stress, heart 

rate changes 

7×6×6=252 Action 

Required 

The 

workload 

should be 

distributed 

evenly. 

Night Shift Headache, 

dizziness, 

nausea 

5×4×5=100 Action 

Required 

The 

working 

department 

should be 

favorable. 

Over Time Stress, tiered 5×5×5=125 Action 

Required 

The 

working 

department 

should be 

favorable. 

Biological 

Hazard 

Contagious 

Diseases 

Fever, pox, 

TB, Covid-19 

5×5×5=125 Action 

Required 

Always 

should be 

cautious 

about if a 

person feels 

ill or 

affected by 

any other 

disease 

especially 

contagious 

disease. 

 
The least RPN number (RPN=18) was found for improper earthing of electrical hazard. This 

means that earthing was found to be done properly in all the studied industries. According to the RPN 

data, the descending order of listed hazards are leveled in the following order- physical hazard: 

noise>dust>temperature>improper ventilation>light; fire hazard: smoking>welding; an electrical 

hazard: old wiring>short circuit>improper isolation>high voltage motor rotation>power input-output 

imbalance; a chemical hazard: dyes>chemicals>used oil and grease; an ergonomic hazard: repetitive 



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19 

strain injury>long time sitting>Improper material handling>Uncomfortable work station>unsafe 

work place>heavy weight lifting>poorly designed work practice; a psychosocial hazard: increased 

work load>willingness to work>production target>over time>night shift. This type of risk 

prioritization is also done by Kumar et al. (2014); Liu et al. (2012) and Chang (2016). The resultants 

o these RPN values make the risk understandable and recommend taking necessary action whether it 

is necessary or not to minimize it to a tolerable level. Infection of COVID-19 also seems to be 

hazardous (Shuvro & Talukdar, 2020). 

 

CONCLUSION 

Textile industries in the Gazipur area are confronted with a number of significant environmental and 

occupational health safety challenges. However, none of these challenges are unfeasible to overcome. 

The resultant risk leveling data for both environmental and occupational health safety scenarios would 

be of great use to policymakers, urban authorities, planners, researchers, and stalk holders of the 

industries for exploring towards sustainable development of the country. 

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

The authors are grateful to the studied industry's top management for giving permission to conduct 

the survey. The authors have no conflict of interest regarding this study. No funds, grants, or other 

supports were received. Authors Contribution: Md. Itakharul Muhib: Conceptualization, 

methodology, investigation, writing original draft; Md. Shawkut Ali Khan: Validation, supervision; 

Rifat Akter: Writing, review, and editing. 

 

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Copyrights 

Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the 

journal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative 

Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) 
 

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