




































BANGLADESH JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 6(1) (2022), 8-14 

 

8 

 

 

     MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 

 
        BJMSR VOL 6 NO 1 (2022)  P-ISSN 2687-850X  E-ISSN 2687-8518 

 
        Available online at https://www.cribfb.com 

    Journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/BJMSR 

                                                                                                                                                                                                  Published by CRIBFB, USA 

                                                                                                                                            

STUDENTS’ ATTITUDE TOWARDS ONLINE SHOPPING & THE 

POSSIBILITY TO FACILITATE ITS GROWTH: A STUDY IN 

RAJSHAHI CITY, BANGLADESH       
                

 S.M. Ashraf Hossain (a)1     Md. Shamsul Alam (b) 
 

(a) Lecturer, Department of Economics, Varendra University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; E-mail: ashrafhossain29@gmail.com 
(b) Department of Economics, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh; E-mail: anik2106eco@gmail.com 

 

 
A R T I C L E I N F O 

 
 

Article History: 
 

Received: 21st November 2022  

Accepted: 24th December 2022 
Online Publication: 27th December 2022 

 
Keywords: 

 

Online Shopping, Students, Rajshahi 

 
JEL Classification Codes: 

 

M20, M31, M37, M50 
 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 
A B S T R A C T 

 
Many studies have been conducted on Bangladeshis' online shopping habits, but only some on students' 

attitudes. With the recent growth of online shopping worldwide and the unexplored potentiality in the 

country's northern region, this topic is worthy of deeper understanding. The main objective of this study 
is to have an in-depth knowledge of students' attitudes toward online shopping in Rajshahi city, 

Bangladesh. This study collected data from 87 randomly selected students from March 2022 to May 

2022 from different educational institutions in the city. Various statistical tools, including mean, 

standard deviation, pie charts, column charts and Likert Scale, have been employed to examine the 

students' attitudes. The results of this study show that most students are proficient internet users, 

although they mostly use it for recreational purposes. However, 92% of them have shopped online at 

least once. Moreover, this study also revealed that the most frequently purchased products by the 

students are clothing (35%), books (30%) and electronic products (22%). The results from the Likert 
Scale analysis found that 36 students agree and 24 strongly agree that they are overall satisfied with 

their online shopping experience despite facing problems like late delivery and receiving damaged 

products. Therefore, the study's findings suggest that online retailers must focus on improving the 

marketing aspect of their business, ensuring the quality of their products and maintaining time flexibility 

throughout the delivery period. 

 
 

© 2022 by the authors. Licensee CRIBFB, USA. This article is an open-access article distributed 
under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license 
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).  

            

 

INTRODUCTION 

Online shopping is a type of e-commerce. It is buying and selling over the internet and electronic media. On the internet, it 

refers to a vendor's website that sells products or services directly to the customer utilizing a digital shopping cart or digital 

shopping basket system and allows credit card, debit card, or mobile banking payment (Wambui, 2010). The convenience 

of purchasing online is beneficial not only to consumers but also to retailers. Moreover, buyers have an obvious advantage 

when the internet allows them access to both the global and the national market. This enables buyers to compare costs across 

areas, discover whether prices vary by different companies, and obtain information about alternative items. In this manner, 

people conduct an in-depth study on the internet before even engaging in conversation with a salesperson. As a result, how 

they arrive at decisions has undergone significant evaluation (Delafrooz et al., 2010). 

Consequently, retailers ensure that their websites and other online portals present an accurate image of their 

businesses in the online world. They expand their customer base by selling directly online. Because of their having shops 

on the internet, their revenues would be unrestricted by the number of clients who could visit their brick-and-mortar location. 

Because of the World Wide Web, they may sell their products in other cities, states, and even countries, eliminating 

geographical restrictions. Therefore, the sellers also benefit from improved and more efficient access to the worldwide 

market thanks to the availability of the internet. 

                            The widespread availability of internet access among consumers and the adoption of e-commerce practices 

among business owners, as well as the speed with which and the ease with which goods and services can be traded on a 

                                                      
1Corresponding author: ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2894-0398 

© 2022 by the authors. Hosting by CRIBFB. Peer review under responsibility of CRIBFB, USA.  

https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1875 
 

To cite this article: Hossain, S. A., & Alam, M. S. (2022). STUDENTS’ ATTITUDE TOWARDS ONLINE SHOPPING & THE POSSIBILITY TO 

FACILITATE ITS GROWTH: A STUDY IN RAJSHAHI CITY, BANGLADESH. Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research, 6(1), 8-
14. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1875 

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1875
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2894-0398
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5174-776X


Hossain & Alam, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 6(1) (2022), 8-14 

 

9 

 

local, national, and international scale, have all contributed to the meteoric rise in popularity of online shopping over the 

past few decades. Because of this, online shopping has developed into one of the defining aspects of the modern era of the 

internet. According to research by the Center for Communication Policy at the University of California, online shopping 

has become the third most common kind of internet activity, coming in directly after web browsing and instant messaging 

(Desai, 2003). 

                    Online shopping has become the easiest and most suitable mode of shopping because most people are busy and 

loaded with hectic schedules. As a result, online shopping has obtained a vital position in the 21st century by establishing a 

new pattern of shopping, becoming an essential lifestyle component, and expanding into a global perspective. Shopping for 

goods and services such as clothes, gadgets, and even animals on the internet are gaining ground rapidly and becoming 

increasingly common. This phenomenal rise of online shopping has probably been spurred by some factors, including the 

introduction of numerous online retailers and traders, a growing number of manufacturers coming to consumers directly, 

consumers seeking more excellent value in their purchases, expansion of product and service size, greater variety and choice 

of goods to consumers, sustained strength of the economy, the proliferation of group buying sites, increasing level of 

sophistication and comfort, and so on. So, whether at home, in the office, or abroad, consumers may and do make all their 

purchases online. This is particularly the case in recent times when the pandemic spread worldwide. Customers can spread 

the word quickly and readily about sales, coupons, and other enticements like cash on delivery and other price breaks for 

online purchases. Online shopping is becoming increasingly popular in the Asian region. This is especially true in India and 

Bangladesh. Compared to Bangladesh, India was quicker to embrace fashion (Hassan et al., 2010). In addition to well-

known companies like Amazon and eBay, they operate other websites devoted to products like apparel, home furnishings, 

and cuisine. 

As a result, Bangladesh still needs to be further along in developing this sector. There are a variety of factors at 

play here, and the objective of this research is to ascertain the attitudes of consumers toward online shopping, with a 

particular focus on the attitude of students because students are usually heavy internet users. This may allow for identifying 

potential solutions to problems related to the expansion of online shopping in Bangladesh. Presently, many individuals in 

Bangladesh, especially younger generations, like to shop online and buy things from various brands and firms that they either 

need help locating locally or are not sold in their neighbourhoods. Therefore, internet shopping is now playing an essential 

role in everyone's life, particularly for students and people with a hectic living schedule who reside in megacities like Dhaka 

and Chittagong. This is because online buying allows for greater convenience. In addition, many specialized items, such as 

books, electrical goods, and other things, may be purchased in Dhaka but are not available in other cities. People typically 

prefer to travel a short distance to get what they want. When the cost in terms of money, time, and well-being associated with 

going to Dhaka is considered, it is possible that they would choose to exercise the option to visit the shop online rather than 

going there in person. The perceptions of people who shop online will be analyzed in this study in the hopes of gaining a 

better understanding of how beneficial online shopping is. The main objective of this research is to analyze the students' 

perspective towards online shopping to determine how far the growth of online shopping has taken place in the economy of 

Rajshahi city.  

LITERATURE REVIEW 

Many studies have been devoted to analyzing the factors that form the general attitude of online shoppers, and it is noticeable 

that significant research has been conducted in Bangladesh, too. Hossain et al. (2013) noted that E-commerce in Bangladesh 

has recently evolved into a highly effective business tool. It stipulated that Bangladesh must address network connectivity 

and electronic payment difficulties. This research paper identifies security difficulties, a complex checkout process, the 

inability of customers to locate things, and the inability to touch and feel a product. Desai (2003) determined that e-marketing 

is a condensed version of "electronic commerce" that creates business-to-consumer transactions. Even though the concept 

of e-tailing is no longer in its infancy, it will continue to evolve as progressive e-commerce requirements serve as a powerful 

driver for the growth of e-marketing. The concept of e-marketing differs from the direct shopping experience of various 

products and services. 

Similarly, Hassan et al. (2010) provide an inside look at the web marketing efforts of various Bangladeshi business 

marketers. This is a quantitative study that utilizes both secondary and primary data. He discovered that many companies in 

Bangladesh still need a website. This article argues that access to high-speed internet is required to boost online marketing 

practices nationwide. 

                     Bhatt (2014) claimed that online purchasing is increasing in popularity among people, particularly the younger 

generation, but in the current environment, for e-marketing to become equally popular among all age groups, it will need to 

travel further. Additionally, the study found that consumers' attitudes are evolving with time. Numerous variables, such as 

cash-on-delivery, customization of orders or websites, home delivery, etc., make online buying highly convenient. In 

addition, Delafrooz et al. (2010) discovered that consumers' attitudes regarding online purchasing were influenced by 

utilitarian orientation, convenience, price, and a more extensive selection. Therefore, e-retailers should stress a more user-

friendly function to provide utilitarian clients with an efficient means of locating what they require. 

Moreover, Jarvenpaa et al. (2000) investigated how customers' perceptions of a store's size and status influence 

their trust, risk perception, attitudes, and propensity to shop there. They recognize a correlation between online business 

customer trust and the stores' presumptive reputation and breadth. Kiyici (2012) attempted to determine the impact of online 

purchasing familiarity, income, and credit card ownership. According to his findings, the teacher of male students is better 

familiar with them and has a more positive attitude than the instructor of female students. Similarly, Li et al. (1999) 

discovered that consumers who purchase more regularly from online businesses are more concerned with suitability and 



Hossain & Alam, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 6(1) (2022), 8-14 

 

10 

 

less concerned with practice. Since they are time-constrained and are okay with purchasing things without touching or 

sensitivity, these buyers consider appropriateness to be the most important determinant of their purchasing decisions.  

                          According to Varadarajan (2010), consumer behaviour studies individuals, groups, processes, and 

organizations. He attempted to understand consumers' decision-making processes, both individually and collectively. It 

emphasizes individual consumers and their features, including demographic and behavioural characteristics, to comprehend 

what customers desire. In addition, Wambui (2010) uncovered the features of online shopping adopters among college 

students and the reasons for non-adoption and adoption of online shopping. The study outcomes demonstrated a high degree 

of awareness of online shopping but a very low rate of its utilization. Concerns about financial security and reluctance to 

provide personal information online were identified as causes for the underutilization of online buying. Among the reasons 

mentioned for the rise of online shopping were the convenience of purchasing things from anywhere in the world and the 

availability of a vast selection of products. Rajshahi is the most important city in Northern Bangladesh, while Dhaka, the 

nation's capital, is located far away. In addition, things such as literature, gadgets, etc., are exclusive to Dhaka and cannot 

be found in other cities. Considering the cost of money, time, and health associated with a visit to Dhaka and that individuals 

prefer to avoid going far to get what they want, they may visit the shop online. As a result, online shopping is growing in 

popularity in this city. This critical topic concerning the northern region of Bangladesh has been the subject of several 

studies in Bangladesh, but only some have focused exclusively on Rajshahi city. In light of this fact and that students are 

the most frequent internet users, the purpose of this study is to investigate how students in the city of Rajshahi perceive 

online shopping. 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 
Research Design 

The cross-sectional, exploratory and descriptive research design is used for this study because it allows for assessing the 

selected topic when there are time and budget constraints. Primary data have been used to develop, specify and achieve the 

objectives.  

 

Data Collection Method 

Two types of data were collected. Structured questionnaires were used to run a survey for collecting primary data. The study 

was conducted through a personal interview with respondents to collect research-related information, and the information 

they gave was directly recorded on the questionnaire. The primary data were collected from March 2022 to May 2022. 

Secondary data were collected from previous research studies on the subject matter, related articles on online portals, various 

journals, and various educative websites.  

 

Sample Size and Sampling Method 

The sample size of 87 students was selected randomly from major educational institutions in Rajshahi City, including 

Bangladesh Computer Council, Rajshahi College and the University of Rajshahi. The sampling procedure used is a non-

probability sampling method, that is, convenience sampling. 

 

Questionnaire 

The questionnaire designed contains two sectors. In addition to the personal details that ask for the respondents' name, 

gender, age, education and marital status, these two sections are designed to collect general relevant information and specific 

research-related information.  

 

Tools and Techniques 

Various tools such as percentage analysis, scaling technique, tabulation, graphical and average mean have been used to 

conduct the study properly. This can be summarized in Table 1: 

 

Table 1. Tools & Techniques Used in the Study 
 

Statistical tools Purposes Software used 

Descriptive statistics, including mean, standard 

deviation, standard error, sample variance 

The analysis of the impact of variables 

reflecting students' aspects on online 

shopping. 

Excel 16 

Likert Scaling  The analysis of student's perception of online 

shopping 

Excel 16 

Column chart The frequency of online shopping by the 

students 

Excel 16 

Pie Chart The general state of growth of online 

shopping 

Excel 16 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 

Due to the extensive targeting options available on the internet, online commerce has enormous potential. As a result, many 

businesses and entrepreneurs use the internet to reach their consumers. Accordingly, a more profound comprehension of 

online shopping and the consumers' attitude toward it is crucial for effectively using this consumer engagement channel. It 

is essential to comprehend how customers perceive online shopping, the obstacles they experience, the benefits they obtain, 

and the factors that attract them to online shopping. 



Hossain & Alam, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 6(1) (2022), 8-14 

 

11 

 

The Impact of Various Aspects of Students on Online Shopping 

A survey with a structured questionnaire was conducted to analyze the impact of the various aspects on students, such as 

education, internet literacy, online activity, website usability, connection suitability, choice, reasoning and available 

payment method in online shopping. The survey found that more male students are shopping online than female students in 

general. This is probably because women still like to feel, see and touch the product before purchasing. However, an increase 

in the spending power of women might change that scenario.  

                  The data collected from the survey to analyze the aspects of consumers is analyzed in Table 2, which shows the 

responses given by the students measured through mean, standard deviation, standard error and sample variance. 

 

Table 2. Sample Statistics of the Impact of Specific Aspects of Students on Online Shopping 
 

 N Mean Std. Deviation Std. 

Error 

Sample 

Variance 

How would you describe your proficiency on the 

internet? 

87 5.011 

 

2.43 0.487 1.74 

Where do you mostly use the internet? 87 2.088 2.022 0.41 1.42 

What type of internet connection do you use? 87 2.50 

 

1.87 0.375 1.009 

Is your connection suitable? 87 0.696 

 

1.42 0.27 0.577 

What is your main purpose for using the internet? 87 6.54 

 

3.06 0.612 2.70 

Have you ever shopped online? 87 0.278 

 

0.939 

 

0.191 0.264 

Which do you prefer? 87 1.25 

 

1.67 0.31 0.83 

Why are you choosing to shop online? 87 4.87 

 

3.75 0.73 4.06 

Which payment method do you typically use? 87 4.45 

 

4.41 0.87 5.56 

 

As found by the survey, 56% of respondents are advanced internet users, while 32% are intermediate and 12% are 

a novice. The respondents use the internet at both places, such as home and work. Most of them have a suitable connection, 

and surprisingly they prefer using Wi-Fi over mobile internet despite the latter's availability and low costs. All of these have 

a positive impact on the growth of online shopping. As those with advanced and intermediate proficiency on the internet 

and suitable internet connection, all of them have preferred online shopping over physical shopping and have shopped online 

at least once. However, 48% of the respondents still use the internet mainly for recreation, while only 28% use the internet 

mainly for shopping. Of the respondents who have shopped online, almost 50% use the cash delivery method as a means of 

payment. This is primarily because of reliability issues and a lack of credit/debit card availability. This also negatively 

impacts online shopping as cash on delivery as a payment method is slow compared to faster methods such as Bkash and 

credit/debit card systems. 

 

The Frequency of Online Shopping by the Students 

The survey found that though students mainly use the internet for recreation and education, 92% of the respondents have 

shopped online at least once. This is mainly because of changing lifestyles and taste patterns. As life is increasingly fast-

paced, more people are moving to online shopping for the advantages such as time-saving, low price, product variety, etc. 

However, there is a possibility that only a few particular goods are brought online. Therefore, this may reflect something 

other than the actual growth of online shopping. Figure 1 shows in what frequencies students have shopped online. As the 

figure shows, 40% of students frequently shop online, while 8% never shop online. For a more specified view, the shopping 

frequency of respondents in the last six months is shown in Figure 2: This figure will help to understand the purchasing 

behaviour of online shoppers as the frequency shows the acceptance of the internet as a shopping medium. It was found that 

32% of the students have shopped every two or three weeks, 24% shopped monthly, 20% shopped once every two weeks, 

and only 16% shopped online weekly, while 8% have never shopped online. Though there is a possibility that the 

respondents who shop online at various time intervals might shop only for a particular product, still this figure is a positive 

indicator of the growth of online shopping. 

Figure 1. Shopping Frequency of Students     Figure 2. Shopping Frequency of the Students in the Last Six Months 

 

 

0
5

10
15
20
25
30
35

Weekly Once

every two

weeks

Monthly Every two

or three

weeks

Never

S
tu

d
en

ts

Shopping Frequency

0

10

20

30

40

50

Frequently Moderately Slightly Never

S
tu

d
en

ts

Shopping frequency



Hossain & Alam, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 6(1) (2022), 8-14 

 

12 

 

The Perception of Students on Online Shopping in Rajshahi City 

Bangladesh is the most densely populated country in the world, so online shopping might be a relief for many consumers. 

Many people use the internet regularly, and all of them can become online shoppers if they want to. The country can also 

reduce its unemployment in various ways through the online shopping industry. Despite all these facts, the perception of 

online shoppers on online shopping in terms of various views is mixed. A survey was conducted to understand the perception 

of students, which can be shown in Table 3 below:   

 

Table 3. Sample Statics for Students' Perception of Online Shopping 
 

 Strongly 

Disagree 

Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly 

Agree 

1. Online shopping is mostly Dhaka based 11 22 3 28 23 

2. Online shopping is inconvenient in Rajshahi 13 20 13 35 6 

3. Online shopping websites need more 

advertisement. 

 25 7 43 12 

4. Information provided on the sites is easily 

readable, accurate and sufficient. 

 17 14 46 10 

5. Online shopping sites provide suitable price 

comparisons. 

 21 11 46 9 

6. The service quality of sellers is satisfactory  7 43 25 12 

7. Ordered goods not arriving on time or at all 13 31 9 24 10 

8. Ordered goods getting damaged during 

transport 

12 33 12 30  

9. Online shopping delivers the ordered goods 
at home without the need to travel 

7 11 7 38 24 

10. Your expectations and quality of genuine 

products frequently match. 

 7 12 31 37 

11. You are overall satisfied with your 
experience of shopping online. 

 6 21 36 24 

 

               As shown in Table 3, 28 students agree, and 23 strongly agree that online shopping is mostly Dhaka based. This 

is probably because Dhaka, the capital and the country's most densely populated city, has the most potential for online 

shopping. Consequently, online shopping has been found inconvenient in Rajshahi City. It can be stated that it might also 

be inconvenient in other major cities like Rangpur, Khulna, etc. Despite having internet proficiency and a suitable internet 

connection, this odd is occurring primarily because of the need for more good advertisements in online shopping. 

Moreover, as the table shows, ordered goods often arrive on time and sometimes late. Furthermore, these ordered goods 

sometimes get damaged during transport. Despite all these drawbacks, the students' expectations and quality of genuine 

products often match. That is probably because of the facilities provided by the online shopping shops, such as sufficient 

and accurate information on the website, decent service quality and straight home delivery. Therefore, most of the students 

are satisfied with their overall experience of shopping online. 

 

The General State of Growth of Online Shopping 

One of the ways to assess the growth of online shopping in Rajshahi city is to examine the categories of goods bought by 

online consumers and their visits to online shops. Figure 3 shows students' frequent visits to different online shops in 

Bangladesh. It is noted here that only five shops have been considered for simplicity despite a lot more being available. 

However, these five shops are relatively more familiar; therefore, the analysis might reflect the nature of visits to online 

shops by the students. 

 

Figure 3. The General Usage of Online Shopping Sites by the Students            Figure 4. The Usual Products Brought by the Students on Online Shop  
 

Daraz FoodPanda

Rokomari PriyoShop

Books Food

Groceries Electronic Product



Hossain & Alam, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 6(1) (2022), 8-14 

 

13 

 

As the figure shows, consumers mostly visit Daraz (28%), Food Panda (25%) and Rokomari (24%). This is 

probably because of these sites' availability, familiarity, access, and services. More importantly, these sites are heavily 

promoted by advertisement through online sites like social media and print media. In terms of goods, it is noted that online 

travel tickets have been overlooked in the survey. Due to the availability and easy access to travel websites, products like 

train and air tickets are readily available and traded nationwide. However, the survey's focus was on the other necessary 

goods bought by the consumers online, shown in Figure 4. As shown in the figure, the most common products brought by 

students are clothing (35%), books (30%) and electronic products (22%). The reason behind buying these three kinds of 

products is that they can be quickly returned in case the students' expectation is different from the product quality or there 

is a defect in the product, provided that the shopping sites have a return and refund facility. Trading products like groceries, 

food and services are limited but significant. The miniature trading of these goods is taking place online because related 

online shopping sites are available only to limited access or need to be sufficiently promoted and therefore are unknown to 

some consumers. So, the growth of online shopping still has a long way to go before it can be considered a significant 

industry in the economy. 
 

CONCLUSIONS  

Different perspectives on the attitudes of students toward online buying were shown in this study. Because gaining a grasp 

of customer attitudes toward online shopping and enhancing the elements that inspire consumers to purchase online is an 

essential step in fostering the expansion of online shopping. This study has focused mainly on the elements that drive 

students to purchase online in order to determine which factors are the most appealing to them. This study found that most 

students consider themselves proficient internet users, most consumers use the internet at home and at work, and 

surprisingly, they prefer Wi-Fi over mobile internet despite the latter's advantages. Despite the fact that most students use 

the internet for recreation, a vast majority have at least made an online purchase. In addition, it is revealed that a sizeable 

proportion of students prefer online shopping over physical shopping, and as a result, they frequently visit online shopping 

sites. Clothing, electronic products, and books are the most frequently purchased items online, and consumers' need for 

knowledge about online shopping is cited as the primary barrier to the process. Depending on the above findings, various 

recommendations may be made. A large, multi-media advertising effort should be launched to promote online shopping as 

a viable alternative to conventional shopping. It is vital for commercial organizations to cultivate favourable customer 

perceptions of their activities and services, as well as to improve the security and privacy of online transactions, in order to 

increase the number of target consumers and their attitudes. In addition, online merchants should adopt a complete privacy 

policy for their clients on the sharing of personal information in order to alleviate their security concerns, and both consumers 

and merchants should be educated on online buying. The government has a significant role in promoting online shopping 

on a national scale by bringing together online shopping experts to organize meetings, conferences, seminars, etc. 

                             The findings and recommendations will provide online merchants and the government with a clear and 

comprehensive picture of the precise variables that drive individuals to shop online. In addition, based on the preceding 

debate, the future of online shopping in the city of Rajshahi is quite promising. Customers can save money and time by 

purchasing items online. However, the success of online shopping will be contingent upon its popularity, brand image, and 

specific promotional policies. 

  

 
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, S.M.A.H.; Methodology, S.M.A.H.; Software, S.M.A.H. and M.S.A.; Validation, S.M.A.H. and M.S.A.; 

Formal Analysis, S.MA.H. and M.S.A.; Investigation, S.M.A.H. and M.S.A.; Resources, S.M.A.H. and M.S.A.; Data Curation, S.M.A.H. and M.S.A.; 

Writing – Original Draft Preparation, S.M.A.H. and M.S.A.; Writing – Review & Editing, S.M.A.H.; Visualization, S.M.A.H.; Supervision, S.M.A.H. 
Authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 

Institutional Review Board Statement: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups 
or sensitive issues. 

Funding: The authors received no direct funding for this research. 

Acknowledgements: The authors want to thank all the respondents for the study. 

Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. 

Data Availability Statement: The data are not publicly available due to restrictions. 

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

 

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https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019104520776
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1999.tb00336.x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-009-0176-7
http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/handle/123456789/5810
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

