




































BANGLADESH JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 6(1) (2022), 24-29 

 

24 

 

 

     MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 

 
        BJMSR VOL 6 NO 1 (2022)  P-ISSN 2687-850X  E-ISSN 2687-8518 

 
        Available online at https://www.cribfb.com 

    Journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/BJMSR 

                                                                                                                                                                                                  Published by CRIBFB, USA 

                                                                                                                                            

STUDENTS’ DROPOUT AT THE SECONDARY LEVEL OF 

EDUCATION IN BANGLADESH: A CASE STUDY OF NAWABGANJ 

GOVT. PILOT HIGH SCHOOL & COLLEGE AT KALAKOPA 

UNION OF NAWABGANJ UPAZILA          
                

 Mohammad Mehedi Hasan (a)1     Sabina Yasmin Surjamokhey (b) 
 

(a) Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Dhaka International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh; E-mail: mehedihasanemil@gmail.com 
(b) MSS (Thesis) Student, Department of Political Science, Jagannath University (JnU), Dhaka, Bangladesh; E-mail: sabinasurjo@gmail.com 

 

 
A R T I C L E I N F O 

 
 

Article History: 
 

Received: 22nd November 2022  

Accepted: 25th December 2022 

Online Publication: 30th December 2022 

 
Keywords: 

 

Education, Secondary Education,  

Dropout, Students’ Dropout, Poverty,  

Eve-Teasing, School 

 
JEL Classification Codes: 

 

G32, F65, L66, L25, M41 

 

 

  

 
A B S T R A C T 
 
Education is a staircase that moves us from the darkness to light and leads us to a new height. Education 

removes our inner ignorance and broadens our minds and outlook. Bangladesh has made outstanding 

progress in the education sector. The Government of Bangladesh has been able to restrain the dropout 

rate at the primary level of education but needs to check the dropout rate at the secondary level. It is 

still alarming. So, it is necessary to study the issue to know the real picture of the students' dropouts. The 
study examines the causes behind students' dropout and to understand the current status of students' 

dropout at Nawabganj Govt. Pilot High School & College. The study employs a simple random sampling 

process through interviews to collect the primary data based on qualitative research. The result of the 

study reveals mainly the ignorance of parents, parents' unconsciousness, poverty, child labor, migration, 

lack of adequate facilities, lack of quality education, early marriage, eve-teasing, disobedience to 

parents, addiction to mobile phone and internet as well as addiction to drugs are the leading causes of 

students' dropout. The study's finding suggests that to mitigate or eradicate the dropout of students, there 
should be some necessary steps like- increasing parental awareness and activity, confirming adequate 

sports arrangements at the school, ensuring a beautiful environment for education, and enhancing 

stipends facilities for the poor and meritorious students. 

 
 

© 2022 by the authors. Licensee CRIBFB, USA. This article is an open-access article distributed 
under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license 
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).  

            

 

INTRODUCTION 

English philosopher Francis Bacon said, 'Education is the root of all power .'Another is saying that education is the backbone 

of the nation. Like the backbone of a person, education is one of the most crucial parts of a country. Just as curry has no 

flavor without salt, a nation can never imagine progress without education. If a nation is to advance on the upward path of 

improvement or to reach the highest pinnacle, there is no alternative but education. Education is the very thing that provides 

us with wisdom. Article 17 of the Constitution of Bangladesh has ensured free and compulsory education for all children. 

The process of education in Bangladesh starts from the primary level. Then, the next level is secondary education which is 

very significant to every citizen as primary education (Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics, 2010). 

The period of education between primary education level and higher secondary education level is called secondary 

education. So, this education acts as a bridge between primary and higher education. Secondary-level education in 

Bangladesh implies education from six to ten grades in Bangladesh. The importance of secondary education is immense to 

educate the nation. Through secondary education, students know national consciousness, context, constitutional 

responsibility, and a sense of duty. 

 Moreover, human values, democratic consciousness, and values towards society are developed among the 

students from this level. That is why; this education level is the foundation stage for the students. Bangladesh has shown 

much success in the education sector. Since Bangladesh is a densely populated country (Ahmad et al., 2022), it cannot be 

                                                      
1Corresponding author: ORCID ID: 0000-0002-6357-7742 

© 2022 by the authors. Hosting by CRIBFB. Peer review under responsibility of CRIBFB, USA.  

https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1884 
 

To cite this article: Hasan, M. M., & Surjamokhey, S. Y. (2022). STUDENTS’ DROPOUT AT THE SECONDARY LEVEL OF EDUCATION IN 

BANGLADESH: A CASE STUDY OF NAWABGANJ GOVT. PILOT HIGH SCHOOL & COLLEGE AT KALAKOPA UNION OF NAWABGANJ 
UPAZILA. Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research, 6(1), 24-29. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1884 

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v6i1.1884
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6357-7742
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8612-5928


Hasan & Surjamokhey, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 6(1) (2022), 24-29 

 

25 

 

possible to transform this large population into a productive asset without quality education. The Bangladesh Government 

has successfully improved the quality of education but cannot stop school dropouts. The dropout rate in primary education 

has been reduced through various Government programs. Besides, several NGOs in Bangladesh have also provided support 

to the government in attaining this goal; for example, BRAC has made an outstanding contribution (Banu et al., 2021), but 

the dropout problem remains in the secondary level of education due to poverty, child marriage, child labor, unawareness, 

low quality of education, poor management of schools, etc. A large number of students drop out every year from a second 

level which is not suitable for the country and the nation because when a student drops out from a crucial stage of education, 

it is an irreparable loss to the country and the nation. At the same time, the high dropout rate indicates a shortage of quality 

education. The dropout rate of secondary levels in Bangladesh is alarming. The BANBEIS annual education survey shows 

that the dropout rate for girls' students is 8.90% higher than for boys, while the total dropout rate is 37.80%. According to 

the report, there are 20,467 secondary educational institutions with 10330695 students, 54.20% girls (Nowrin, 2021). Apart 

from this, vast numbers of boys students are dropping out of the secondary education level in Bangladesh. According to a 

draft report prepared by the government in 2011, around 47 percent of boys dropped out before completing secondary 

education, but the rate fell to 34.9% in 2012. 

 The report also shows that the national dropout rate among boys in 2018 was 36.01%; in 2017, it was 

33.43%; in 2016, it was 33.88%; in 2015, it was 33.72%; in 2014, it was 34.52%; in 2013 it was 34.18%, in 2012 it was 

34.90%, and in 2011 it was 46.73% (The Daily Star, 2019). The Government of Bangladesh is providing all-out efforts to 

augment access to secondary education through various initiatives and measures. Still, in Bangladesh, the dropout rate at 

the secondary level is vast. The study aims to investigate the causes behind the students' dropout at the secondary level of 

education at the Nawabganj Govt. Pilot High School & College. Moreover, to explore the current status of students' dropouts 

and suggest some policy recommendations to negotiate the students' dropout at Nawabganj Govt. Pilot High School & 

College. 

 

LITERATURE REVIEW 

Sarker et al. (2019) in the article focused on the economic impacts of school dropout in the scenario of Bangladesh. The 

study showed that school dropout is badly associated with economic progress in Bangladesh. The study found the main 

reasons behind school dropout like poverty, parent's unwillingness, financial problems, school's poor infrastructure, lack of 

quality education, unequal access to education, and security problems for girls as well; as the study suggested some policy 

solicitations like ensuring free education program, raising awareness of parents by teacher-parents relationship, improving 

school's infrastructure, confirming equal access to education, providing quality training for teachers, provision of all related 

facilities should be assured at the policy level by the government. 

 Hasnat (2017) pointed out the causes behind the dropout of students at school in Bangladesh and showed 

the information on a percentage basis of the comparison between enrollment and dropouts. The study indicated the 

government statistics from BANBEIS showing that in 2015, the national dropout rate in the secondary level was 40.29%, 

out of which 45.92% were girls and 33.72% were boys. Besides, the paper focused on the national dropout rate of 

Bangladesh. 

 In the article, Latif et al. (2015) stated the causes of students' dropout. The paper pointed out the causes of 

students' dropout, such as financial problems, parent's unwillingness, distances from the school and lack of basic facilities, 

lousy quality of education, inadequate school environment and building, overcrowded classrooms, foul languages of 

teaching, carelessness of teachers and security problems of girls. Moreover, the authors presented the impact of students' 

dropouts on the economy- showing the negative impact on the student's dropouts on the economy because education is the 

crucial component of economic growth because it has a direct influence on entrepreneurship, productivity growth, and it 

increases employment opportunities and women empowerment. Besides, the authors suggested some remedial measures to 

reduce student dropout. 

 In the article, Doll et al. (2013) indicated the specific causes of dropout students. The article has shown 

various factors behind the students' dropout, including school & family-related, peer-related as well as health-related factors 

like- disfavoring school students, early marriage of the girls, poor health condition of students, and financial crisis also. The 

authors concentrated on the dropout of students from several states and provided a lengthy discussion on the issue. 

 In the article, Sabates et al. (2013) pointed out the different factors associated with school dropout using 

data collected between 2007 and 2009 in Bangladesh. The study found significant factors of school dropout, like financial 

constraints, including lack of income, school expenditure, parental support for children's school work, and school 

absenteeism. The study suggested some policy recommendations to diminish school dropout, including the curtailment of 

the expense of schooling and augmentation of educational support. 

 Ahmed et al. (2010) in the book revealed the students' dropout rate in Bangladesh. The study used direct 

primary data sources for the survey methodology and focused on the main reasons behind student dropout in Bangladesh. 

The paper demonstrated the causes of students' dropout, including poverty, child marriage of girls, etc. In addition, the 

authors recapitulated the solution to the dropout of students at the secondary level in Bangladesh. 

 Sabates et al. (2010) in the book addressed the main reasons for school dropout in Bangladesh, mentioning 

poor health conditions of the students, shortage of nutrition, lack of motivation to learn, child labor, migration, poverty, 

teacher absenteeism, school location and the poor quality of education. 

 

 



Hasan & Surjamokhey, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 6(1) (2022), 24-29 

 

26 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 
This present study used data collected from Nawabganj Govt. Pilot High School & College at Kalakopa Union of Nawabganj 

Upazila. This study adopted a qualitative research design to collect data. The data were collected using a simple random 

sampling process from 120 respondents, including teachers, guardians, and students. This research was based on primary 

data and secondary data. The questionnaire, including open and close-ended, was prepared and filled up with a face-to-face 

interview to collect primary data. This study used secondary data from books, journals, articles, published works, 

newspapers, websites, and documents. To analyze the collected data, descriptive statistical tools were used. 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 

The following table mainly presents the enrollment and dropout data of the students of Nawabganj Govt. Pilot High School 

& College in three different years from class six to ten, including the students' enrollment per year, the number of the 

students' dropouts among the boys and girls students per year, as well as the percentages of students' dropout among the 

boys and girls students separately. 

 

 Table 1. Students’ enrollment & dropout information at Nawabganj Govt. Pilot High School & College 

 
 

 
 

 

 
 

 
 

 

 
 

 

 
 

 

 
 

 

 
Source: Field survey from Nawabganj Govt. Pilot High School & College 

 

The study finds the data for 2018 firstly, which shows the information relating to the student's enrollment and drop 

out of the year. The total enrollment of classes six and seven was 349, including boys 268 & girls 81 and 263, including 

boys 200 & girls 63. Analyzing the data, 26 students, including 16 boys & girls, and 10 dropped out of class seven. 7.44% 

of students dropped out, including boys 5.97% and girls 12.34%. In classes eight, nine & ten, the total enrollments were 

268, including boys 195 & girls 73, 232 including boys 171 & girls 61, and 218, including boys 181 & girls 37. Exploring 

the data, it is found that many students dropped out respectively, 15, including boys 6 & girls 9, 27 including boys 15 & 

girls 12 and 8 including boys 3 & girls 5 at classes eight, nine & ten. A total of 5.70% of students dropped out, including 

boys 3% & girls, 14.28% in class eight; 10.07% of students dropped out in class nine, including boys 7.69% & girls 16.43%. 

Moreover, about 3.44% of students dropped out of class ten, including boys, 1.75% & girls, 8.19%. Apart from this, the 

above table shows the students' enrollment, dropout, and dropout rate, including boys and girls students of 2019 Nawabganj 

Govt. Pilot High School & College. The table points out that the total enrollments of classes six and seven of the year 2019 

were 376, including boys 309 & girls 67, and 295, including boys 216 and 79, respectively. Considering the data, it is noticed 

that a total of 25 students, including 17 boys and 8 girls, dropped out of class seven. The total dropout rate of the class was 

6.64%, including boys at 5.50% and girls at 11.94%. In class eight, the total enrollment was 256, including boys 195 and 

girls 61. About 12 students, including boys 1 and girls 11, dropped out of class eight. The total dropout rate was 4.06% of 

the class, including boys at 0.46% and girls at 13.92%. In classes nine & ten, the total enrollments were 369, including boys 

285 and girls 84 and 217, including boys 162 & girls 55. The total numbers of dropout of the classes were 35, including 

boys, 21 & girls, 14, and 36, including boys, 19 & girls, 17. The total dropout rates of the classes were 13.67%, including 

boys at 13.67% & girls at 22.95%, as well as 9.75%, including boys at 6.66% & girls at 20.23%, respectively. In addition, 

the above table presents the students' enrollment, dropout, and dropout rate, including boys and girls students of 2020 

Nawabganj Govt. Pilot High School & College. The table indicates the total enrollments of classes six and seven of the year 

2020 was 206, including boys 167 & girls 39 and 275, including boys, 199 and 76, respectively. The data shows that 20 

students, including boys 17 and 3 dropped out of class seven. The total dropout rate of the class was 9.70%, including boys 

at 10.17% and girls at 7.69%. In class eight, the total enrollments were 228, including 162 boys and 66 girls. About 30 

students, including 21 boys and girls 9, were dropped out of class eight. The total dropout rate was 10.90% of the class, 

including boys at 10.55% and girls at 11.84%. In classes nine & ten, the total enrollments were 270, including boys 199 and 

girls 71, and 253, including boys 211 & girls 42. The total numbers of dropout of the classes were 39, including boys, 26 & 

girls, 13, and 23, including boys, 9 & girls, 14. The total dropout rates of the classes were 17.10%, including boys at 16.04% 

& girls at 19.69%, and 8.51%, including boys at 4.52% & girls at 19.71%, respectively. 

Year Grade Enrollment Students dropout Rate of dropout 

Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total % Boys % Girls  % 

 

 

 

2018 

6 349 268 81 - - - - - - 

7 263 200 63 26 16 10 7.44% 5.97% 12.34% 

8 268 195 73 15 6 9 5.70% 3% 14.28% 

9 232 171 61 27 15 12 10.07% 7.69% 16.43% 

10 218 181 37 8 3 5 3.44% 1.75% 8.19% 

 

 

2019 

6 376 309 67 - - - - - - 

7 295 216 79 25 17 8 6.64% 5.50% 11.94% 

8 256 195 61 12 1 11 4.06% 0.46% 13.92% 

9 369 285 84 35 21 14 13.67% 13.67% 22.95% 

10 217 162 55 36 19 17 9.75% 6.66% 20.23% 

2020 6 206 167 39 - - - - - - 

7 275 199 76 20 17 3 9.70% 10.17% 7.69% 

8 228 162 66 30 21 9 10.90% 10.55% 11.84% 

9 270 199 71 39 26 13 17.10% 16.04% 19.69% 

10 253 211 42 23 9 14 8.51% 4.52% 19.71% 



Hasan & Surjamokhey, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 6(1) (2022), 24-29 

 

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Causes of students’ dropout at Nawabganj Govt. Pilot High School & College 

According to the respondents from the study area including teachers, guardians, and students, the study identified some 

specific causes of students' dropout at Nawabganj Govt. Pilot High School & College. Firstly, the ignorance of parents, the 

apathy of the parents towards education, not understanding the significance of education, and the need to be able to motivate 

the children in the right way. The parents of illiterate and less educated refuse to invest in education for their children. Their 

ignorance guide and stimulate child labor. Besides, poverty is one of the factors most responsible for students' dropout. 

Bangladesh's education system is still stuck in the vicious cycle of poverty. Impoverished people spend a large part of their 

income on affording food. Education is nothing special to those deprived of food, housing, and treatment. Low-income 

families cannot afford the expense of their children's schooling. For those who need help to eat correctly, education is fancy. 

They need more money to afford the cost of their child's education. When parents fail to provide expenses for a child's 

education due to poverty, they employ children to earn money. Child labor is one of the most important reasons for the 

closure of secondary education. In the middle of secondary education, students drop out of school because of child labor. 

Parents send them to work, believing it costs money to study, but it gives them cash to work. Migration is one of the 

significant causes of student dropout at the secondary level. In order to earn a living, parents usually change their workplace 

at any time. As a result, the study of the student needs to be improved. Either they change their school, or they take part in 

classes from a long distance. 

As a result, the students become irregular in school, leading to dropouts. The disobedience to the parents is one 

reason for students dropping out. Many students are disobedient to their parents. Even though their parents are very cordial 

in educating them, they want to avoid going to school. Because many students get addicted to drugs, and at the same time, 

they do not like going to school due to mobile and internet addiction. Some students are indifferent to their studies and going 

to school. They deliberately skip school. As a result, they get very low marks and ultimately drop out in the middle of their 

secondary education. One of the biggest reasons for the dropout of girl students is child marriage. Girls are married off at 

an early age. As a result, their study needs to be improved. The Parents give their daughters an early marriage showing an 

excuse for security. The majority of cases of early marriage come at the secondary level. 

Eve-teasing, sexual abuse, and harassment are the significant reasons for girls' dropout to the secondary level. 

Parents think of the security of their children. Eve-teasing is one of the biggest causes of student dropout, especially for 

girls. When the parents feel unsafe sending their daughters out for schooling, their study is hampered. By the side or at the 

corner of the road, the bad boys stand for teasing the girls. Many girls do not want to go to school for this fear. The reasons 

mentioned above led to the students' dropout at Nawabganj Govt. Pilot High School & College. 

 

CONCLUSIONS 

Education implies light. It works as a light that illuminates and brings darkness to light. There goes a proverb that the more 

educated the nation is, the more advanced the nation is. Education is a process it includes opportunity, knowledge, skills, 

values, beliefs, habits, and so on. Education is a social process in which one can learn principles, values, and behavior. 

Secondary education is also essential to every student's life because it offers basic education that students must learn before 

going to higher studies. It is called the preparation level for the students. The necessity of secondary education is obvious. 

Students are prepared for higher education at this stage. Because secondary education basically strengthens the overall 

education base of the country. Every year, many students are dropped out of the secondary level of education in Bangladesh. 

If we behold the education sector of Bangladesh, we can visualize that the literacy rate has been exacerbated over the past 

decade. Although the dropout rate at the primary level has lessened over the past decade, the school dropout at the secondary 

level still exists in Bangladesh and is still alarming. There are many reasons for student dropout at the secondary level in 

Bangladesh, such as poverty, lack of awareness, child marriage, bad physical condition, the effect of relationships, 

insecurity, eve-teasing and sexual violence, lack of adequate facilities, lack of quality education, and so on. Nawabganj 

Govt. Pilot High School & College at Kalakopa Union is not beyond this problem. Like other educational institutions of 

Bangladesh, many students are dropped out at the secondary level of education at Nawabganj Govt. Pilot High School & 

College. According to the respondents, due to having many reasons the students are dropped out at the secondary level the 

ignorance of parents, parents' unconsciousness, poverty, child labor, migration, early marriage, eve-teasing, disobedience to 

parents, addiction to mobile phones and the internet, addiction to drugs. Several necessary steps can be taken to solve 

students' dropout at the secondary level at Nawabganj Govt. Pilot High School & College at Kalakupa Union. Students at 

risk of dropout must be provided tremendous aid in school and outside to motivate them to continue. This can boost them 

as provoking to attend school regularly. The students who practice regularly staying away from school, those who make 

low results, and those who are repeated in the same class should remain under monitoring. To stop the students' dropout, 

parents must be more cautious and aware of their children. Parents have to play a major role in restraining students' dropouts. 

The first step to removing students' dropouts would be making every family aware of the significance of education. If parents 

were sentient to their child's schooling, it would be possible to stop dropping out at the secondary level. Education expense 

is not a waste; it is an investment for the future. They must understand that the most valuable investment in life is education. 

All types of facilities in the school should be increased by which the students will be inspired to go to school. Besides, the 

government should increase the education budget, which will ultimately facilitate the students. There should be increased 

sports arrangements at the school. Students are encouraged to study when they have access to sports. They do not want to 

miss school for sports. Besides, sports keep the mind and body sound. Moreover, there should be created a beautiful 

environment for education at school. Many students do not want to go to school because of having a below-standard 

teaching-learning environment. There is no alternative to creating a good environment to direct the students to school. There 



Hasan & Surjamokhey, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 6(1) (2022), 24-29 

 

28 

 

should be increased stipend facilities for the poor, needy, and meritorious students. The present government is granting 

stipends for poor and meritorious students. However, these are not enough, and at the same time, it should be checked by 

the authority whether those who are supposed to get they are having them or not. There should be increased monitoring for 

the students. Parents and teachers should monitor why students are not attending school, what they are doing, and why they 

are not attentive to their studies. Socio-economic development can be a solution to this problem. It can be a remedy to solve 

students' dropout at the secondary level. Many families are left behind socio-economically. As poverty is one of the main 

factors of students dropping out at the secondary level, the easy dropout problem would be stopped if poverty could be 

abolished. There should be taken the special care for inattentive and absentminded at school. A little care can change their 

life. Even many talented students drop out because of inattentiveness. So, if they can be guided properly, it will be much 

better for them and will help them increase their interest in education. School authorities should take special initiatives 

against eve-teasing and always keep a watchful eye so that no girl student is subjected to physical and mental abuse. If this 

social disease can be treated properly, girls will feel free to go to school. It will help to increase their attendance at school. 

Child marriage has to be stopped. Due to child marriage, many girls students are dropped out in the middle of their secondary 

level of education. So, at any cost, child marriage has to be stopped, which will surely stop the girls' dropout. The efficient 

administrator and teacher should be appointed at the secondary level of the education board and the school. To enhance the 

quality of education, it is very required to have the expertise and adept teachers and administrators. Qualified teachers can 

provide better service to students and play a vital role in preventing dropouts at the secondary level of education. To solve 

student dropout, there should be given proper training for the teachers, which will enhance the capacity of the teachers as 

well as will ensure the quality of education certainly. Teachers can play a significant role in stopping the dropout problem. 

Besides, there should be provided proper counseling for the students. If the students are addicted to mobile phones, the 

internet, or addicted to drugs, then parents and teachers, or school authorities should counsel them to return to their normal 

life. The students should inform about the bad effects of mobile phones, smoking, drug addiction, and internet addiction. 

As a result, they will understand those bad impacts and focus on studying and being school-oriented. Apart from this, to 

check the students' dropout, schools should have enhanced facilities, including a common room, library, computer, club, 

etc. If these are available in the school, the students will be highly interested in going to school, which will surely restrain 

the students' dropout to the secondary level of education. 

 

 
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.M.H.; Methodology, M.M.H.; Software, N/A.; Validation, N/A.; Formal Analysis, M.M.H. and S.Y.S.; 
Investigation, M.M.H.; Resources, M.M.H. and S.Y.S.; Data Curation, N/A. and S.Y.S.; Writing – Original Draft Preparation, M.M.H.; Writing – Review 

& Editing, M.M.H.; Visualization, M.M.H.; Supervision, M.M.H.; Project Administration, M.M.H.; Funding Acquisition, M.M.H. and S.Y.S. Authors 

have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 

Institutional Review Board Statement: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not deal with vulnerable groups 

or sensitive issues. 

Funding: The authors received no direct funding for this research. 

Acknowledgments: The authors want to thank all the respondents for the study. 

Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. 

Data Availability Statement: The data are not publicly available due to restrictions. 

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

 

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