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31 

        MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 
          BJMSR VOL 9 NO 6 (2024) P-ISSN 2687-850X E-ISSN 2687-8518 

         Available online at https://www.cribfb.com 

     Journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/BJMSR 

                                                                                                                                                                                                    Published by CRIBFB, USA 
                                                                                                                                     

GREEN BANKING EVOLUTION: MAPPING THE STATE-OF-THE-ART 

OF LITERATURE            
 

 Liyana Ab Rahman (a)    Siti Marlia Shamsudin (b)    Maslinawati Mohamad (c)1    Hairul Suhaimi Nahar (d)   
 

(a)Lecturer, Faculty of Accountancy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perak Branch, Tapah Campus, Perak, Malaysia; E-mail: 

liyana748@uitm.edu.my 
(b) Lecturer, Faculty of Accountancy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perak Branch, Tapah Campus, Perak, Malaysia; E-mail: sitim008@uitm.edu.my 
(c) Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Accountancy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia; E-mail: 

masli856@uitm.edu.my 
(d) Assistant Professor, Faculty of Business Administration, Tabuk University, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; E-mail: hbinnahar@ut.edu.sa 
                     

 
A R T I C L E I N F O 

 
 

Article History: 

 

Received: 26th July 2024 

Reviewed & Revised: 26th July 

to 10th December 2024  

Accepted: 11th December 2024  

Published: 16th December 2024  

 
Keywords: 

 

Bibliometric Analysis, Citation Network, 

Green Banking, Scopus, Systematic  
Literature Review. 

 
JEL Classification Codes: 

 
G21, Q56, Q58 

 

       

      Peer-Review Model:  

 

      External peer review was done through  

      double-blind method. 

        

 
A B S T R A C T      
 
The urgency to address environmental degradation and climate change has placed significant pressure 

on financial institutions to adopt sustainable practices. As a primary facilitator of economic activity, the 

banking sector can mitigate its environmental impact through green banking initiatives. However, 

despite the increasing importance of sustainable finance, research on the trends, key contributors, and 

development of green banking still needs to be completed and expanded. This study addresses such issues 

by investigating the evolution of the green banking literature over an extended period from 1996 to 2021 

to map the field's intellectual structure. Adopting an established bibliometric approach, this study uses 

a bibliometric analysis to identify research trends, publication patterns, key authors, and gaps in green 

banking. A dataset of 115 documents was sourced from the Scopus database, covering areas such as 

economics, finance, and environmental science. Using tools such as Harzing's Publish or Perish and 

VOSviewer, citation and co-authorship networks were examined along with keyword co-occurrences. 

The results show that green banking research has grown exponentially, with most contributions from 

Asia, particularly Malaysia. The analysis identified nine research clusters, highlighting key themes such 

as sustainable development and corporate social responsibility. Furthermore, the findings reveal limited 

collaboration between researchers and suggest that more cross-country studies are needed to enhance 

global understanding of green banking practices. Overall, this study provides the first comprehensive 

bibliometric review of green banking, offering insights for researchers and policymakers into this 

growing field's current state and future directions. 

 
 

© 2024 by the authors. Licensee CRIBFB, USA. This open-access article is distributed under the 
terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license 
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0).  

            

 

INTRODUCTION 

The urgency of tackling the repercussions of global warming and climate change, such as ecological degradation and sea 

level rise, has increased significantly in recent decades. One of the key drivers of climate change is the constant increase 

in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) content, mainly caused by human activity. This challenge becomes particularly 

difficult in developing nations, where economic revenue relies heavily on a few large corporations, many of which are 

significant polluters (Li, 2023). Given its role in meeting clients' credit and investment needs, the bank has taken steps to 

become a more ecologically responsible institution by implementing green banking (GB) practices. Chowdhury and Dey 

(2016) described GB as a banking activity highlighting social, ecological, and environmental concerns to conserve nature 

and natural resources. Triodos Bank first introduced GB through its initiatives and launched the “Green Fund” to fund 

environmentally friendly projects in 1990 (Yadav & Pathak, 2013). Following their footsteps, banks worldwide have begun 

taking green initiatives in their banking activities. In 2008, the global financial crisis that struck the world compelled the 

bank to improve its reputation and restore credibility by encouraging banks to engage in sustainable activities such as 

incorporating environmental protection, social responsibility, and financial gain into their banking operations (Torre Olmo 

et al., 2021). Thus, the concept of GB has increased in popularity and has become a reality with the opening of the first 

Green Bank on Mt. Dora, Florida, USA, in 2009 (Deepa & Karpagam, 2018). GB received significant attention in 2012, 

with the International Finance Corporation (IFC) establishing the Sustainable Banking Network (SBN) governed by 

                                                      
1Corresponding author: ORCID ID: 0000-0001-8050-1515 

© 2024 by the authors. Hosting by CRIBFB. Peer review is the responsibility of CRIBFB, USA.  

https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i6.2261 
 

To cite this article: Rahman, L. A., Shamsudin, S. M., Mohamad, M., & Nahar, H. S. (2024). GREEN BANKING EVOLUTION: MAPPING THE STATE-

OF-THE-ART OF LITERATURE. Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research, 9(6), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i6.2261 

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
https://www.openaccess.nl/en
https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v9i6.2261
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0033-1068
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5218-6156
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8050-1515
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7153-1835


Rahman et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 9(6) (2024), 31-46

 

32 

banking authorities and organisations from developing nations. This regulatory body promotes the adoption and 

development of GB among developing countries following international best practices (Bukhari et al., 2019). 

Prior research on GB shows that the bank plays a vital role in reducing the environment's harmful effects by 

reducing carbon footprint in their internal banking operation and through financing activities in environmentally friendly 

and green initiatives projects (Bukhari et al., 2019; Uddin & Ahmmed, 2018; Deepa & Karpagam, 2018). Currently, most 

banking transactions can be performed electronically, including e-statements, emails, Internet banking, SMS banking, 

mobile banking, and Automated Teller Machines (ATM), to reduce paper usage, solid waste, and energy consumption 

(Julia & Kassim, 2020). In addition to preserving the environment, these practices improve banks' financial performance 

by increasing operating efficiency, reducing the likelihood of manual errors and operational risks, and cutting costs. In 

terms of financing activities, the bank should be selective by evaluating the client's project's economic and environmental 

risk, providing credit facilities to those who meet the environmental protection criteria, and fostering the client's green 

project by granting comparatively lower interest rates and more extended payback period (Khairunnessa et al., 2021; Julia 

& Kassim, 2020). The United Nations (UN) introduced the Principles for Responsible Banking (UNEP Finance Initiative) 

in September 2019. This voluntary framework allows banks to commit to increasing their financial support for 

economically viable activities that are both socially and environmentally sustainable (Torre Olmo et al., 2021). 

However, might have negative implications. Its transition to a low-carbon economy and information technology 

(IT) to replace manual operations requires continuous innovation owing to the advancement of current technology. The 

successful implementation of the system also depends on the gadget used, Internet connection, and willingness to adopt 

environmentally friendly banking services. Additionally, security concerns and cyber risks undermine the benefits of green 

practices for banks. Banks are also subject to financing-related risks, such as transition, physical, and liability risks, if the 

client's project pollutes the environment and threatens sustainable living (Khairunnessa et al., 2021). Consequently, the 

bank will face legal and reputation risks and a loss of public trust as the bank triggers the client's environmentally harmful 

activities through loans. Thus, by the notion of GB, banks must include a specific section on environmental preservation 

in credit agreements (Nasution et al., 2021). For instance, Brazil, Bangladesh, China, India, and Indonesia have issued 

mandatory regulatory guidelines on green activities and disclosure (Bose et al., 2018). 

Recent research by Najera-Sánchez (2020) has limited its scope to descriptive bibliometric analysis and covered 

a shorter analysis period between 2008 and 2019. This study is unique in that it comprehensively examines GB's intellectual 

structure by employing bibliometric analysis, social network analysis, systematic literature review, and content analysis to 

assess the state of past GB studies and respond to the established RQs. The coverage period from 1996 to early 2021 chosen 

in this study allows this study to depict GB's research evolution and trends. This period also included the global financial 

crisis 2018 and the Covid-19 pandemic. The empirical results highlight the scope and quality of current GB knowledge, 

systematically unveiling the omissions, shortcomings, and hurdles to knowledge growth in the field. The findings primarily 

add to the existing body of knowledge by offering a detailed grasp of the field's current state and showcasing prospective 

research routes and areas for future research. The results provide a valuable and up-to-date reference for policymakers, 

regulators, central banks, and practitioners planning and funding GB projects. 

The need to preserve nature and scarce resources for current and future generations has led scholars worldwide to 

explore GB. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis using data from 115 documents in the Scopus database. The 

analysis employed tools like Harzing’s Publish or Perish and VOSviewer to examine citation networks and co-authorship 

trends. Thus, this study outlines the core area and current GB dynamics and suggests avenues for future research by 

identifying the domain's intellectual structure and publication patterns using bibliometric analysis. This is the first study to 

combine a systematic literature review, bibliometric analysis, social network analysis, and content analysis on GB. 

Accordingly, this study addresses the following research questions (RQs).  

RQ1: What is the current status of GB publications?  

RQ2: What are the present publication trends in the GB literature?  

RQ3: Who is the most productive contributor to GB research?  

RQ4: What are the most influential articles on GB?  

RQ5: What are the authorship patterns of publications on GB?  

RQ6: What is the current status of collaboration in the GB literature?  

RQ7: Which GB themes are most popular among researchers?  

RQ8: How can we characterise the present-day conceptual structure of GB studies? 

RQ9: What types of issues limit GB research?  

RQ10: Which areas of the GB require further investigation? 

The remainder of this paper is organised as follows. The following section provides a brief description of GB, followed by 

a Materials and Methodologies section that outlines the strategy used to find GB-related data in published literature, 

including the suitable analytical methodologies used. The empirical results, including the functional analysis results, are 

presented next. The report continues with a discussion of the findings' ramifications. 
 

LITERATURE REVIEW 

GB is related to ethical, sustainable, or environmentally friendly banking (Kurowski et al., 2022; Nenavath, 2022). This 

notion has been implemented in many nations and has evolved into a new way of conducting banking operations while 

addressing environmental issues without creating any harm (Arumugam & Chirute, 2018). Green has been adopted to 

preserve clean and healthier environments to sustain natural resources and future generations (Masukujjaman et al., 2016). 

Omar and Amran (2017) asserted that companies must be more responsible and transparent toward sustainability and 

environmental issues. GB is an eco-socially reliable banking framework that leads to riskless banking and supports activities 



Rahman et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 9(6) (2024), 31-46

 

33 

that can save the environment (Abuseif et al., 2023; Arumugam & Chirute, 2018). As the government commonly controls 

the banking system, the government is responsible for formulating legal policies to address environmental issues by 

providing clear guidelines and sufficient motivation for financial institutions to contribute to a greener world and increase 

environmental awareness (Nenavath, 2022; Miah et al., 2021). When financial institutions' contributions to protecting the 

environment are well recognised and appreciated, they feel encouraged and continue to participate in the future.  

Over the years, the adoption of GB has been extensively discussed in the literature (Najera-Sanchez, 2020; Islam 

& Das, 2013). The banking industry is vital to economic growth (Ruan et al., 2023; Zhou & Zhang, 2023; Rachman & 

Saudi, 2021). Therefore, minimising the negative environmental impact of economic growth is critical. Najera-Sanchez 

(2020) asserted that the banking industry is vital in channeling funds and making investment and lending decisions. Miah 

et al. (2021) argued the significant role played by the banking industry in preserving and maintaining the green environment. 

Therefore, GB is critical for risk reduction and long-term sustainability.   

Society has also been increasingly concerned about safe products and services for the environment and expects 

businesses to show their environmental responsibilities by implementing green policies (Rodrigues et al., 2023; Miah et al., 

2021). They will choose a brand with a good sustainability record, causing going to green practice to become no longer an 

option but necessary. Consistent with the green concept, many companies have created energy-efficient products and 

services that can help sustain and slow the consumption of natural resources. To obtain a competitive edge, banks can 

demonstrate their dedication to their corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives and educate consumers about their 

sustainability credentials. Adopting a proper green framework and strategy facilitates this practice. Companies will remain 

competitive and sustainable in the global market if they become eco-friendly, as consumers are increasingly attracted to 

businesses with solid green credentials.  

Prior research suggests that consumers perceive eco-friendly banks as high in value and are most likely to choose 

the GB approach over non-green banks. Ibe-Enwo et al. (2019) and Rodrigues et al. (2023) found that when consumers 

choose which bank to keep their money in, the concern is whether the services offered could improve their well-being and 

preserve the environment. Thus, in response to banking customers' need for banks to provide better economic, social, and 

environmental services, the banking industry has evolved towards GB in its operations and financial services to demonstrate 

its dedication to sustainable banking. Practising GB creates a competitive advantage, creating a green image for the bank's 

brand, thus retaining customer loyalty. Banks would also gain a positive image through marketing strategies that show 

customers how to protect their environment. This effort indicates that banks are committed to protecting the environment 

through operations, services, and socially responsible activities. This indirectly helps strengthen relationships with 

stakeholders, and most importantly, customers feel confident buying their products or services 

eGB approach primarily adopts operational techniques that do not harm the environment compared with the 

conventional banking approach (Islam & Das, 2013). Arumugam and Chirute (2018) provided seven activities that should 

be maintained in the banking system to reflect GB. These are online banking, green accounts, green financing, power-saving 

equipment, green debits, credit cards, paperless transactions, and mobile banking. Most banks have transformed their day-

to-day banking operations to decrease paper usage and depend more on electronic transactions than paperwork. Reduced 

paper usage indirectly prevents more trees from being chopped down. Miah et al. (2021) found that some banks adopted 

green policies like black-and-white printing instead of color printing. Islam and Das (2013) and Al Mulla and Nobanee 

(2020) highlighted green activities that are possible for internal operations that include a paperless banking system, sharing 

files electronically instead of paper memos, using online communication, using paper on both sides for internal consumption, 

using energy-saving bulbs and video conferencing instead of physical travel. 

Most banks have also moved toward digital systems, such as mobile banking and online systems, instead of manual 

transactions to save energy and paper (Mirza et al., 2023). Curcio et al. (2023) and Al Mulla and Nobanee (2020) find that 

the online banking system positively affects environmental sustainability. Through online banking, customers can enjoy 

online payments, money transfers, and bank accounts anytime, anywhere. Customers can use credit cards instead of cash 

when shopping. Masukujjaman et al. (2016) suggest that banks must engage in energy-saving innovation and technology 

involving installing renewable energy technology like solar panels to reduce carbon footprint. Green technology investment 

requires significant initial investment and often becomes a major complexity. However, even though the initial costs of 

adoption are substantial, they are worthwhile in terms of environmental protection, long-term cost savings, and boosting 

operating profit and productivity in bank operations.  

Banks have a social responsibility to limit their influence on the environment through their decisions due to their 

significant role in offering loans, investments, and various financial services. Some banks offer green loans that provide 

financial assistance with lower interest rates for environmental benefits such as renewable energy, sustainable housing, and 

recycling projects. In contrast, some banks have implemented a green lending policy that limits approval to environmentally 

friendly projects. Accordingly, a project that could harm the environment would be rejected or charged with a higher interest 

rate (Omar & Amran, 2017). According to Miah et al. (2021), certain banks in Oman decline to approve vehicle financing 

for vehicles exceeding three years of age because the newer models come with environmentally friendly technologies that 

could help save the environment.  

Additionally, banks could demand that developers build eco-friendly residences or energy-efficient homes and 

ensure compliance with environmental regulations to approve their loan applications. Prior literature suggests that banks 

should be more lenient in approving projects that adopt green technology (Zhou & Zhang, 2023; Xiang et al., 2023; Miah 

et al., 2021). In short, when a bank supports a green project that protects the environment, it also encourages the development 

of green financing and boosts the economy. GB practices also have a positive impact on investors' perceptions. Investors 

become eco-conscious, and investment decisions are not only based on high returns and low risk but also on whether the 

company is socially ethical. Arumugam and Chirute (2018) suggested that GB encourages environmentally responsible 



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34 

investments by conveying a thought that promotes more ethical and proactive behaviour on the part of banks. Al Mulla and 

Nobanee (2020) found that preferences for environmental commitment highly influence investment decisions. Green 

investing is becoming increasingly popular as companies discover multiple benefits from efficiently addressing issues 

associated with sustainability. Some stakeholders are willing to abandon some investment returns in exchange for 

environmental benefits. Companies are keen on investing in green innovation because of the prolonged impact of eco-

efficiency standards. Reducing the ecological impact maximises the return on investment, minimises risk, and enhances 

firm value. The bank contributes to CSR initiatives by participating in GB, leading to a better social life, improving the 

environment, and achieving its objective. 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Research within a scientific field plays a pivotal role in shaping its structural characteristics. Bibliometric analysis helps 

assess the research structure of a particular field (Castriotta et al., 2019). Bibliometric analysis is a forward-thinking and 

meticulous approach to research and analyse scientific evidence. The combination of bibliometric and social network 

analyses enables the identification of the research area and critical topics (Tunger & Eulerich, 2018). Bibliometric analysis 

effectively helps discover current trends and potential research areas (Li et al., 2017). This study combines bibliometric 

analysis with a thorough review of the GB literature. Other relevant analyses include citations, co-citations, keyword co-

occurrences, PageRank, and co-authorship. These findings align with those from earlier research (e.g., Persson et al., 2009), 

where widely-used software tools like Harzing's Publish or Perish, VOSviewer, and Excel were employed to conduct the 

analyses. 

First, this study searched and obtained past publications on GB from Scopus on 8 October 2021. As shown in 

Figure 1, the search for data relied on the article's title related to GB. The data were chosen subject to the areas of economics, 

econometrics, and finance ("ECON"); social sciences ("SOCI"); business, management, and accounting ("BUSI"); 

environmental science ("ENVI"); and arts and humanities ("ARTS"). The query retrieved 115 documents related to GB, 

which was the basis for performing bibliometric analysis, citation analysis, and frequency computations. Figure 1 shows the 

process flow involved in searching for data from Scopus. VOSViewer software was used to conduct bibliometric analysis, 

while Harzing Publish or Perish software was used to generate the citation metrics. Microsoft Excel was used to compute 

the frequencies, design charts, and graphs. 

 

 
Figure 1. Flowchart of processes involved. Modified from PRISMA (Moher et al., 2009)  

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 

Documents Profiles 

This section answers RQ1 (What is the current status of GB publication?) The results are shown in Tables 1–4. Table 1 

shows the frequency of total publications according to the document type. This indicates that more than two-thirds 

(83,72.17%) of the 115 documents were articles, 14 (32.92%) were conference papers, and 9 (8.38%) were book chapters. 

Five (4.35%) documents were review articles, three (2.61%) were books, and one (0.87%) was a note. As presented in Table 

2, these documents were sourced from journals (94,81.74%), books (9,7.83%), conference proceedings (8,6.96%), and book 

series (4,3.48%).  



Rahman et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 9(6) (2024), 31-46

 

35 

Table 1. Document Type 

 
Document Type Total publication Percentage (N=115) 

Article 83 72.17% 

Conference Paper 14 12.17% 

Book Chapter 9 7.83% 

Review 5 4.35% 

Book 3 2.61% 

Note 1 0.87% 

 

Table 2. Source Type 

 
Source type Total publication Percentage (N=115) 

Journal 94 81.74% 

Book 9 7.83% 

Conference Proceeding 8 6.96% 

Book Series 4 3.48% 

  

Table 3 shows the languages used in the documents related to GB, with almost all documents written in English 

(113:98.26%) and the remaining documents (2:1.74%) written in Russian. 

 

Table 3. Languages 

 
Language Total publication Percentage (N=115) 

English 113 98.26% 

Russian 2 1.74% 

 

In terms of subject area, Table 4 reports the distribution of 115 documents into several areas, with documents listed 

in more than one subject area. The majority of documents appeared under Economics, Econometrics, and Finance 

(58:50.53%), followed by Social Sciences (54:46.96%), Business, Management, and Accounting (45:39.13%), 

Environmental Science (42:36.525%), and Arts and Humanities (5:4.35%). 

 

Table 4. Subject Area 

 
Subject  Total publication Percentage 

Arts and Humanities 5 4.35% 

Business, Management, and Accounting 45 39.13% 

Economics, Econometrics and Finance 58 50.43% 

Environmental Science 42 36.52% 

Social Sciences 54 46.96% 

 

The answers to RQ2 (What are the present publication trends in GB literature?) are reported in Figure 2 and Table 

5, illustrating the publication trends by utilising the total publications by year, country, journal, contributing author, and 

organisation.  

 

Publications by Year 

Figure 2 illustrates the relevant data on research trends related to GB. The first GB publication was published in 1996, 

entitled "Sustainable Banking with the Poor," written by L. Bennett and C.E. Cuevas. This article has garnered references 

from 25 publications over 25 years. A publication pause occurred when another GB document was published in 2008. Before 

2014, the publication rate ranged from one to three publications annually. However, in 2014, the number of publications 

increased to four (4) and increased exponentially to fourteen in 2018. Despite the modest number of GB papers recorded 

each year, the total citations from 2016 were impressive, especially in 2018, when the total citations stood at 168. The 

comprehensive findings regarding the publications and their cumulative citations over the 25 years are presented in Table 

5. 

 
Figure 2. Total Publications and Citations by Year 

1996 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

TC 25 0 7 0 18 0 8 6 61 48 168 62 114 45

TP 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 4 8 9 14 11 24 32

Growth 0% 0% 100% -50% 200% -67% 300% 0% 100% 13% 56% -21% 118% 33%

-100%

0%

100%

200%

300%

400%

0

50

100

150

200



Rahman et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 9(6) (2024), 31-46

 

36 

Table 5. Year of Publication 

 
Year TP % NCP TC C/P C/CP h g 

1996 1 0.87% 1 25 25.00 25.00 1 1 

2008 1 0.87% 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 

2009 2 1.74% 2 7 3.50 3.50 1 2 

2011 1 0.87% 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 

2012 3 2.61% 3 18 6.00 6.00 2 3 

2013 1 0.87% 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 

2014 4 3.48% 4 8 2.00 2.00 2 2 

2015 4 3.48% 4 6 1.50 1.50 2 2 

2016 8 6.96% 8 61 7.63 7.63 5 7 

2017 9 7.83% 9 48 5.33 5.33 4 6 

2018 14 12.17% 14 168 12.00 12.00 6 12 

2019 11 9.57% 11 62 5.64 5.64 4 7 

2020 24 20.87% 24 114 4.75 4.75 7 10 

2021 32 27.83% 32 45 1.41 1.41 4 5 

Notes. TP, total number of publications; NCP, number of cited publications; TC, total citations; C/P, average citations per publication; C/CP, average 

citations per cited publication; h, h-index; g, g-index. 

 

Publishing Activity by Country 

This portion addresses RQ3 (Which contributors are the most prolific in GB research?) by examining the findings from 

observations in nations that have published GB-related research. As shown in Table 6, which lists the top 10 countries 

contributing to GB publications, Malaysia has the highest contribution (21:18.26%), while Bangladesh and India share the 

second position (14:12.17%). A global map in Figure 3 illustrates each country's aggregate number of publications. 

 

Table 6. Top 10 Countries Contributed to the Publications 

 
Country Total publication Percentage 

Malaysia 21 18.26% 

Bangladesh 14 12.17% 

India 14 12.17% 

United Kingdom 10 8.70% 

China 8 6.96% 

Pakistan 8 6.96% 

Spain 7 6.09% 

Australia 5 4.35% 

Indonesia 5 4.35% 

United States 5 4.35% 

 

 
Figure 3. Publications by Countries 

 

Publishing Activity by Journal 

RQ3 is further answered by analysing the journal's publishing activity, in which the documents can be traced to 84 different 

journals. The top 10 most active source titles in GB publications are tabulated in Table 7, including information on SCImago 

Journal Rank (SJR), which effectively measures weighted citations received by the series. The results suggest that 

Sustainability Switzerland is the most active journal publishing GB articles (11:9.57%), followed by the International 

Journal of Green Economics (7:6.09%) and Environment Development and Sustainability (6:5.22%). 

 



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37 

Table 7. Most Active Source Title 

 
Source Title TP Percentage (N= 115) BQ  

2020 

SJR 

2020 

Sustainability Switzerland 11 9.57% Q2 0.33 

International Journal of Green Economics 7 6.09% Q3 0.22 

Environment Development and Sustainability 6 5.22% Q2 0.6 

International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management 3 2.61% Q2 0.18 

E3s Web of Conferences 2 1.74% - 0.2 

Finance Research Letters 2 1.74% Q1 1.34 

Finance Theory and Practice 2 1.74% N/A N/A 

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science 2 1.74% - 0.18 

Journal of Islamic Marketing 2 1.74% Q2 0.52 

Journal of Sustainable Finance and Investment 2 1.74% Q2 0.45 

Notes. TP=total number of publications; BQ=Best Quartile; SJR=SCImago Journal Rank 

 

Publishing Activity by Author and Organization 

Regarding authors and organisations, 308 authors from 160 different organisations were identified in GB’s publication 

activities. A list of the top ten authors and institutions that significantly influenced GB publications is presented in Table 8. 

It shows that N. Nisha from the North-South University, Bangladesh, is the most productive author in the GB literature (6: 

5.22%), followed by M. Iqbal, who is also from the same institution (5: 4.35%). It is also apparent that North–South 

University in Bangladesh is the most influential institution, with six (5.22%) publications, followed by Universiti Sains 

Malaysia in Malaysia, ESIC Business and Marketing School, Madrid in Spain, and Graduate School of Business, Universiti 

Sains Malaysia, all with five (4.35%) publications. 

 

Table 8. Most Active Authors and Institutions 

 
Author name TP Percentage (N=115) Affiliation Country 

Nisha, N. 6 5.22% North-South University Bangladesh 

Iqbal, M. 5 4.35% North-South University Bangladesh 

Amran, A. 4 3.48% Universiti Sains Malaysia Malaysia 

Bukhari, S.A.A. 4 3.48% Universiti Sains Malaysia Malaysia 

Hashim, F. 4 3.48% Universiti Sains Malaysia Malaysia 

Julia, T. 4 3.48% International Islamic University Malaysia Malaysia 

Kassim, S. 4 3.48% International Islamic University Malaysia, Institute of 
Islamic Banking and Finance 

Malaysia 

Rifat, A. 4 3.48% North-South University Bangladesh 

Bose, S. 3 2.61% University of Newcastle Australia 

, H.Z. 3 2.61% Canberra Business School Australia 

 

Citation Network Analysis 

The answer to RQ4 (Which articles are the most influential on GB?) was obtained by examining the citation networks of 

all 115 documents. Such citation analysis aims to assess the impact of each GB document based on the number of citations 

(Baker et al., 2020). Harzing’s Publish or Perish software was used to perform citation analysis; the results are presented in 

Table 9. This shows 562 citations over 25 years (1996–2021). The average number of citations per year was 22 and the 

average number per document was 5. 

 

Table 9. Citation Metrics 

 
Metrics Data 

Papers 115 

Citations 562 

Years 25 

Cites/Year 22.48 

Cites/Paper 4.89 

Authors/Paper 2.68 

h-index 13 

g-index 18 

 

The results further identified that the most cited article, 'From sustainability accounting to a green financing 

system: Institutional legitimacy and market heterogeneity in a global financial center' by A.W. Ng, published in 2018, 

received 40 citations. The average number of citations per year was 13 and the average number per author was 40. Table 10 

showcases the most frequently cited publications concerning GB. 

Utilising VOSViewer software, a network map was generated to illustrate the connections among the cited 

documents. Figure 4 presents the network map of citations by document, where the citation count for the documents was 

set to one. Among the 115 documents, 76 surpassed the threshold and generated eight clusters on the network map. The 

largest circle, Bose et al. (2018), with 38 citations, had five links to other GB-related publications. The second-largest circle 

is H. Sun et al. (2020), boasting 20 citations and establishing four links to other publications in the network. 

 



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38 

Table 10. Highly Cited Articles 

 
Authors Title Year Source Cites Cites/ 

Year 

Cites/ 

Author 

A.W. Ng From sustainability 

accounting to a green 
financing system: 

Institutional legitimacy and 

market heterogeneity in a 
global financial center 

2018 Journal of Cleaner 

Production 

40 13.33 40 

S. Bose, H.Z. , 

A. Rashid, S. 
Islam 

What drives green banking 

disclosure? An institutional 
and corporate governance 

perspective 

2018 Asia Pacific Journal of 

Management 

38 12.67 10 

O. Weber, B. 

Feltmate 

Sustainable banking: 

Managing the social and 
environmental impact of 

financial institutions 

2016 Sustainable Banking: 

Managing the Social and 
Environmental Impact of 

Financial Institutions 

26 5.2 13 

L. Bennett, C.E. 
Cuevas 

Sustainable Banking with 
the poor 

1996 Journal of International 
Development 

25 1 13 

F.J. Forcadell, E. 

Aracil 

Sustainable banking in 

Latin American developing 

countries: Leading to 
(mutual) prosperity 

2017 Business Ethics 22 5.5 11 

D. Carlucci, 

F.A.F. Ferreira, 
G. Schiuma, 

M.S. Jalali, 

N.J.S. AntÃ³nio 

A holistic conception of 

sustainable banking: 
Adding value with fuzzy 

cognitive mapping 

2018 Technological and 

Economic Development of 
the Economy 

21 7 4 

H. Sun, M.R. 

Rabbani, N. 

Ahmad, M.S. 
Sial, C. Guping, 

M. Zia-Ud-din, 

Q. Fu 

CSR, co-creation and green 

consumer loyalty: Are 

green banking initiatives 
important? A moderated 

mediation approach from 

an emerging economy 

2020 Sustainability (Switzerland) 20 20 3 

C. Zhixia, M.M. 
Hossen, S.S. 

Muzafary, M. 

Begum 

Green banking for 
environmental 

sustainability-present status 

and future agenda: 
Experience from 

Bangladesh 

2018 Asian Economic and 
Financial Review 

20 6.67 5 

K. Kumar, A. 
Prakash 

Developing a framework 
for assessing the 

sustainable banking 

performance of the Indian 
banking sector 

2019 Social Responsibility 
Journal 

17 8.5 9 

S. DÃrry, C. 

Schulz 

Green financing 

interrupted. Potential 

directions for sustainable 

finance in Luxembourg 

2018 Local Environment 16 5.33 8 

 

  
 

Figure 4. Network Visualization Map of Citation by Documents 



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39 

 
Figure 5. Network Visualization Map of the Citation Based on Countries 

 

Extending further analysis, Figure 5 presents a network visualisation map of citations in the 13% base countries. 

The analysis sought to investigate references made in publications linked to a specific country. A minimum requirement of 

at least one document from a country and at least one citation from that country was established to build this network map. 

This resulted in 39 countries (out of 50) meeting the threshold, generating nine clusters with 98 links. A highly cited country 

is measured based on each country's link strength with publications from other countries. Based on the map, Malaysia (21 

publications) has the most published GB literature cited by others, with 15 links. India had 14 documents cited by other 

publications and 18 links, followed by Bangladesh, with 14 cited documents and 15 links. 

 

Co-Authorship Analysis 

To address RQ5 (What are the authorship patterns of the publication in GB?), an analysis was conducted using MS Excel 

and Harzing's Publish Perish software. This involved calculating the number of authors per document and identifying the 

most prolific author in GB publications. Table 11 lists the authors for each of the 115 documents in GB, generating 308 

authors with a maximum of seven authors in a single document. According to the frequency calculation, 22 publications 

(19.13 %) were published by a single author. There were 31 (33.33%) publications with two authors and 36 (31.30%) with 

three authors. 

 

Table 11. Number of Author(s) Per Document 

 
Authors count Total publication Percentage  (N=115) 

1 22 19.13% 

2 31 26.96% 

3 36 31.30% 

4 20 17.39% 

5 2 1.74% 

6 2 1.74% 

7 2 1.74% 

 

 The RQ6 (What is the current status of collaboration in GB literature?) was determined by generating a network 

utilization map of co-authorship among the authors, as shown in Figure 6. A complete counting method and a minimal 

number of papers and citations of an author (set at 1 for both) were selected for this analysis. These generated 180 authors 

(out of 268 authors) who met the threshold, with only two clusters reported with 14 links. Each cluster represents the 

authors' collaboration in their respective GB fields. Bukhari, Hashim, and Amran from Malaysia are prominent authors 

in terms of collaborators, as shown in Figure 6. The visualisation map further indicates that collaborative efforts across 

countries are limited. 

 
Figure 6. Network Visualization Map of the Co-Authorship of Authors 



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40 

Keyword and Co-Occurrence Analysis 

The answer to RQ7 (Which themes of GB are most popular among researchers?) was generated using VOSViewer software, 

which determined the frequent themes used in GB publications. Based on 115 data points obtained from Scopus, co-

occurrence based on the authors' keywords, co-occurrence of title and abstract fields, and co-occurrence of title fields was 

examined. The co-occurrence of the author keywords network map was generated using the full counting method, and the 

minimum number of occurrences of a keyword was set to 1. This resulted in 288 keywords that met the threshold ( 331 

keywords). Based on the network visualisation map shown in Figure 7, ‘green banking’ is a frequently used keyword in 

addition to sustainable banking, green financing, climate change, and sustainable development. 

 

 
Figure 7: Network Visualization Map of the Co-Occurrence of Author Keywords 

 

The keyword occurrences were further detailed to investigate the number of publications that used the keywords, 

and the frequency computation was conducted using Microsoft Excel. According to the results presented in Table 12, ‘green 

banking’ (32:27.83%) is the most used keyword in GB publications. Other keywords appeared on the network map, such as 

‘sustainability (26:22.61%), ‘banking’ 21:18.26%), and ‘sustainable development’ (18:15.65%). 

 

Table 12. Top Keywords 

 
Keywords Total publication Percentage 

Green Banking 32 27.83% 

Sustainability 26 22.61% 

Banking 21 18.26% 

Sustainable Development 18 15.65% 

Sustainable Banking 17 14.78% 

Corporate Social Responsibility 13 11.30% 

Bangladesh 10 8.70% 

Green Financing 10 8.70% 

Climate Change 9 7.83% 

Green Economy 8 6.96% 

Green Finance 7 6.09% 

 

 
Figure 8. Network Visualization Map of the Co-Occurrence Network Based on Title and Abstract Fields 



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41 

Figure 8 shows the network visualisation map of a term co-occurrence network based on the title and abstract fields 

used in the GB publications. Based on the text data, binary counting was chosen, with the minimum number of occurrences 

of a term set to two occurrences. This resulted in 553 terms meeting the threshold (out of 2,757 terms). From the 328 terms, 

60% (the default setting) were identified as pertinent, forming nine thematic clusters. These themes were derived from 

analysing the title and abstract fields. Cluster 1 shows the agriculture sector, community, financial crisis, financial market, 

and features. Cluster 2 shows the environmental impact, advancement, financial benefit, indirect impact, and lending. 

Acceptance, behavioural intention, borrower, carbon emissions, environmental friendliness, and customer intention are 

listed in Cluster 3, whereas Cluster 4 shows the best practices, competitive advantage, economic benefits, green banking 

guidelines, and regulations. Cluster 5 consists of ability, availability, green banking products, a green economy, and energy 

efficiency: Cluster 6 lists bank loyalty, customer perception, environmental aspects, green behaviour, and seriousness. 

Cluster 7 contains banking operations, friendly lending policies, competitors, and a comprehensive understanding. Cluster 

8 compares conventional banks, green banking performance, green banking policies, green performance, transparency, and 

Islamic banks. Cluster 9 consists of advantages, bank profitability, green banking disclosure, regulatory setting, and 

significant impacts. 

 
Figure 9. Network visualisation map of a term co-occurrence network based on title fields (Binary Counting). 

 

 
Figure 10. Density Visualization Map of a Term Co-Occurrence Network Based On Title Fields (Binary Counting) 



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42 

Figure 10 shows the focus of GB publications, marked in yellow. The higher the yellow colour density, the higher 

the concentration. Based on the 115 papers gathered from Scopus, the framework, performance, development, and case 

study are the main topics of publications associated with GB. The terms with a lower density, such as effectiveness, 

sustainable banks, digitalisation, and assessing bank performance, suggest that fewer studies have been conducted and 

explored in the context of GB. 

 

Literature Classification 

The RQ8 (What is the current intellectual framework for GB research?) examined the scholarly framework of GB research 

by applying content analysis techniques. The findings previously discussed show that 78 out of 115 GB documents were 

referenced together by other publications within the network, resulting in the formation of nine distinct groupings. These 

are elaborated on below. 

 

Cluster 1: Agriculture Sector, Community, Financial Crisis, Financial Market, and Feature. 

Cluster 1 focuses on the most impactful GB-related sectors: agriculture, renewable energy sources, and other 

environmentally friendly sectors. Client-created pollution hurts climate change, jeopardizes community health, and affects 

the image and reputation of the banks. The banking industry's image, profitability, and risk of failure were severely affected 

by the 2008 financial crisis. As a result, numerous financial institutions turned to a GB strategy to restore public confidence. 

Previous studies documented consistent results of rapid development in GB, suggesting its significant acceptance in the 

financial market. Miroshnichenko and Mostovaya (2019) document green loans' rapid development and expansion due to 

their flexible provision and availability conditions. A separate investigation by Najera-Sanchez (2020) highlighted the swift 

progression of research examining how banks' sustainability initiatives impact their competitive edge. This results from 

setting up a statistical description of the principal features of sustainable banking research. The articles in this cluster share 

a common focus on GB development. 

 

Cluster 2: Environmental Impact, Advancement, Financial Benefit, Indirect Impact, and Lending. 

The documents under this cluster discuss how banks implement GB practices to reduce the negative environmental impact. 

As for internal operations, the advancement of technology has replaced the traditional banking system. Most banking 

transactions can be done online, thus benefiting the bank in cost savings. Initial studies sought to ascertain how financial 

institutions manage their banking operations' direct and indirect effects on society and the environment (Weber & Feltmate, 

2016). This grouping centres on the idea that financial institutions should reassess their credit policies to avoid 

disadvantaging those involved in environmental pollution. 

 

Cluster 3: Acceptance, Behavioral Intention, Borrower, Carbon Emission, Environmentally Friendly, and Customer 

Intention. 

The documents in this cluster share a common focus on the customer's behavioural intentions and willingness to embrace 

GB strategies and regulations. According to research by Miroshnichenko and Mostovaya (2019), several key factors 

influence borrowers' decision-making regarding green loans. These factors include reputational considerations, societal and 

equity pressures, regulatory requirements, the availability of alternative funding sources, credit profiles, accessibility, and 

capital prerequisites. Thus, to reduce carbon emissions and be an environmentally friendly institution, banks must 

investigate factors affecting the customers' intention to use GB products (Manolas et al., 2017). 

 

Cluster 4: Best Practices, Competitive Advantage, Economic Benefit, Green Banking Guidelines, and Regulations. 

Cluster 4 focuses on GB's best practices that provide a competitive advantage over their non-sustainable bank counterparts. 

In order to ensure that GB practices give advantages in terms of economic and environmental benefits, regulatory authorities 

play a vital role in forming GB guidelines or policies for adoption (Ng, 2018; Bukhari et al., 2019) and enforcing GB 

disclosure (Bose et al., 2018). 

 

Cluster 5: Ability, Availability, Green Banking Product, Green Economy, and Energy Efficiency. 

This cluster demonstrates the banks' ability to provide GB products to customers. Support for a green economy also depends 

on the availability of energy-efficient equipment, improvement of online financing, integration of ecological hazards with 

primary risks, and alternative perspectives on strategy development (Islam et al., 2014). A supportive regulatory 

environment, stakeholders, a knowledgeable workforce, and green capabilities are necessary to adopt GB practices 

successfully. 

 

Cluster 6: Bank Loyalty, Customer Perception, Environmental Aspect, Green Behavior, and Seriousness. 

This cluster emphasises the banks' green image, significantly increasing bank loyalty. In addition to its environmental 

aspects, banks need to focus on customer perception while receiving GB services. The articles in this cluster share a common 

theme: they examine the commitment of bank staff to environmentally friendly practices and their dedication to 

implementing green behaviour in the workplace. These areas are fundamental to creating awareness among the bank's 

employees and clients to ensure financial, social, and environmental benefits. 

 

 

 

 



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43 

Cluster 7: Banking Operation, Friendly Lending Policy, Competitor, and Comprehensive Understanding. 

In this cluster, the literature provides a comprehensive understanding of what influences banks’ adoption of GB practices in 

their banking operations. The pressure received by banks from internal and external parties, including competitors, has 

triggered them to implement more socially and environmentally friendly lending policies (Tan et al., 2017). 

 

Cluster 8: Comparison, Conventional Bank, Green Banking Performance, Green Banking Policy, Green 

Performance, Transparency, and Islamic Bank. 

Most of the literature in this cluster compares the green performance of Islamic banks to that of conventional banks. This 

cluster relies on the idea that Shariah-compliant GB policies improve GB performance in terms of reputation (Bose et al., 

2018) while preserving faith, intelligence, and wealth circulation (Julia & Kassim, 2020). 

 

Cluster 9: Advantages, Bank Profitability, Green Banking Disclosure, Regulatory Setting, and Significant Impact. 

This cluster focuses on the advantages of GB in terms of bank profitability. Initially, researchers attempted to identify factors 

contributing to bank profitability, such as sustainable banking practices (Torre Olmo et al., 2021), GB policy, capital 

adequacy, non-performing loans (NPL), bank efficiency, and bank liquidity. GB disclosures also increase towards (Torre 

Olmo et al., 2021). Thus, regulatory guidance is vital for enhancing GB disclosures (Bose et al., 2018). 

 

Impediments to Current Research 

The answers to RQ9 (What kinds of issues obstruct GB research?) were obtained using a systematic review and content 

analysis to identify several factors that impede the growth of GB literature. As GB is a new phenomenon and is still evolving, 

research needs to be improved by the scarcity of available data, particularly when assessing the effective implementation of 

GB practices. Most banks are in the initial stages of GB adoption, and regulatory authorities are still working on proper 

policy guidelines. The results presented earlier also revealed a need for more academic collaboration among scholars locally 

and globally in the GB area. Therefore, more international academic cooperation is necessary to contribute to the creation 

of a widely acknowledged GB framework.  

Acceptance of the bank's clients is critical for successfully implementing GB practices. The analysis results 

presented earlier also reveal a need for more research on client demographics that needs to be improved. Most research has 

focused on client perception and factors influencing clients' behavioural intentions toward GB, such as reliability, privacy, 

responsiveness, empathy, and information quality (Rifat et al., 2016). Therefore, future research must focus on client 

demographics, such as education and professional backgrounds. Highly educated clients are usually aware of how climate 

change affects society and the environment. This demographic information will help banks tackle clients by using GB 

products.  

Another area for improvement in GB research is the need for more theoretical and practical frameworks for GB 

adoption that can be used globally to ensure uniformity and consistency. This framework is essential for banks to identify 

the factors that can positively influence and facilitate the adoption of GB (Bukhari et al., 2019). Finally, the need for a proper 

framework for assessing any risks associated with GB hinders the growth of its literature despite continuing progress. 

Though the impact of GB practices may differ across countries due to geographical factors, research is needed to measure 

the green financing risks so that banks can take precautions such as restricting financing policies. 

 

Avenues for Future Research 

Finally, this section answers RQ10 (What areas of GB require further investigation?). Below are some research gaps that 

future scholars can address: There is a need for future studies on a proper framework or model for GB adoption, performance, 

and risk. Existing conceptual studies are more on the preliminary stage of implementation, such as examining the bankers' 

attitude towards the adoption of GB initiatives (Rifat et al., 2016), client views and perception towards GB products (Rifat 

et al., 2016; Manolas et al., 2017), motivating banks to move toward a sustainable banking operating system (Tan et al., 

2017; Laskowska, 2018) and exploring the phenomenon of the adoption of sustainability financing (Ng, 2018). Although a 

recent study proposed GB best practices for adoption (Bukhari et al., 2019) and designed a policy framework to address the 

relevant Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) objectives (Sinha et al., 2021), comprehensive studies addressing GB 

adoption and implementation are still needed. Future research is expected to urge regulatory authorities to develop 

regulations and enhance GB disclosure as a part of annual reporting. 

Previous findings also revealed that most current GB studies focus on a single country setting. Consequently, there 

is a demand for studies spanning multiple nations to gain a deeper insight into the characteristics of GB practices 

implemented by various countries in order to achieve alignment in policies. Future studies on other corporate governance 

mechanisms that influence GB are also needed to monitor the functions of the monitoring body to ensure content 

enforcement of GB practices. Moreover, additional studies should examine how GB practices affect other performance 

metrics, given that Torre Olmo et al. (2021) assert that conventional factors influencing bank profitability fail to account for 

the enhanced earnings of sustainable banks. They propose considering non-tangible competitive advantages, including brand 

perception, client retention, diminished reputational hazards, and ethical considerations. 

 

CONCLUSIONS 

This study offers an inclusive scientific mapping analysis of global literature on GB from 1996 to early 2021. This is a 

crucial resource for academics, government officials, financial backers, and regulatory bodies as it offers a vital 

understanding of GB studies' character and progression. This research utilised various analytical approaches, encompassing 



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44 

the examination of publication trends, mapping of citation and collaborative networks, analysis of co-occurrence and co-

citation patterns, bibliometric evaluation, comprehensive literature review, and in-depth content assessment. 

Research indicates eco-friendly banking practices contribute to a green reputation, customer trust, and client 

retention (Ibe-Enwo et al., 2019), leading to higher profitability (Torre Olmo et al., 2021). Although various authors 

contribute to the literature globally, the present study must identify collaboration among authors from different countries. 

This study identifies several impediments to advancing knowledge in this area and provides future research directions for 

further investigation. Even with the contributions outlined above, this study has limitations related to the inclusion of 

publications up to early 2021 only and the possibility of exploring additional forms of analytics, such as page rank analysis.  

 

 
Author Contributions: Conceptualization,  L.A.R., S.M.S., M. M. and H.S.N.; Methodology, M. M.; Software, L.A.R.; Validation, L.A.R., S.M.S., M. 

M. and H.S.N.; Formal Analysis, L.A.R., S.M.S., M. M. and H.S.N.; Investigation, L.A.R.; Resources, L.A.R.; Data Curation, L.A.R.; Writing –Original 
Draft Preparation, L.A.R., S.M.S., M. M. and H.S.N.; Writing –Review & Editing, L.A.R., S.M.S., M. M. and H.S.N.; Visualization, L.A.R., Supervision, 

M. M.; Project Administration, M. M.; Funding Acquisition, L.A.R., S.M.S., and M. M. Authors have read and agreed to the published version of the 

manuscript.  

Institutional Review Board Statement: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups 

or sensitive issues. 

Funding: DUCS-Faculty Grant Scheme (600-UiTMSEL PI. 5/4 (098/2022); Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. 
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Faculty of Accountancy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 

Selangor, Malaysia, through the DUCS Grant Scheme. 

Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. 
Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available 

due to restrictions.  

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.      

 
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