




































BANGLADESH JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 10(5) (2025), 20-33 

20 

        MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 
          BJMSR VOL 10 NO 5 (2025) P-ISSN 2687-850X E-ISSN 2687-8518 

         Available online at https://www.cribfb.com 

     Journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/BJMSR 

                                                                                                                                                                                                    Published by CRIBFB, USA 
                                                                                                                                     

ARTISTIC INNOVATION AMONG CHINESE FIGURATIVE 

EXPRESSIONISTS: THE ROLE OF MOTIVATION, CULTURE, AND 

EMOTION                                                                       
 

 ShiFeng He  (a)1       Adzrool Idzwan Bin Ismail  (b)  
 

(a) PHD Candidate, School of Creative Industry Management & Performing Arts, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia; E-mail: 

he_shifeng@ahsgs.uum.edu.my 
(b) Associate Prof, School of Creative Industry Management & Performing Arts, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia; E-mail: 

adzrool@uum.edu.my 

 

 
A R T I C L E I N F O 

 
 

Article History: 

 
Received: 7th March 2025 

Reviewed & Revised: 7th March 2025 

to 12th August 2025 

Accepted: 20th August 2025 

Published: 24th August 2025 

 

 
Keywords: 

 

Artistic Innovation, Figurative Expressionism, 

Cultural Art, Creative Climate, Emotional 

Engagement 

 
JEL Classification Codes: 

 

      C12, C20, C31 

 
      Peer-Review Model:  

 

      External peer review was done through  

      double-blind method. 

        

 
A B S T R A C T      

 

Despite the global prominence of Chinese figurative expressionism, the psychological and cultural 

factors underlying artistic innovation in this genre remain underexplored. This study investigates how 

intrinsic Motivation, creative Climate, cultural Identity, and openness to Experience influence artistic 

innovation among Chinese figurative expressionist painters, with emotional Engagement and artistic 

Flow as mediators. Using a cross-sectional survey, data from 312 Chinese artists were analyzed with 

Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling. Results show that intrinsic Motivation 

significantly predicts emotional Engagement (p < 0.001), artistic Flow (p = 0.007), and innovation (p 

= 0.002). Creative Climate significantly influences emotional Engagement (p = 0.005) and artistic Flow 

(p < 0.001) but shows a marginal direct effect on innovation (p = 0.054). Cultural Identity significantly 

predicts emotional Engagement (p = 0.037) and innovation (p = 0.003) but not Flow (p = 0.324). 

Openness to Experience significantly predicts emotional Engagement (p = 0.028), Flow (p < 0.001), 

and innovation (p = 0.017). Emotional Engagement (p = 0.002) and artistic Flow (p = 0.001) directly 

enhance innovation. Mediation analyses reveal that emotional Engagement mediates the effects of 

intrinsic Motivation (p = 0.014), creative Climate (p = 0.046), and cultural Identity (p = 0.047) on 

innovation. Artistic Flow mediates the effects of creative Climate (p = 0.010) and openness to Experience 

(p = 0.013) on innovation. These findings highlight the roles of psychological traits, socio-cultural 

context, and affective states in fostering innovation among Chinese painters and provide a framework 

for enhancing creativity through intrinsic and contextual factors. 

 
 

© 2025 by the authors. Licensee CRIBFB, USA. This open-access article is distributed under the 
terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license 
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0).  

            

       

INTRODUCTION 

The intersection of psychology, culture, and creative expression has attracted sustained academic interest in the fields of art, 

aesthetics, and creativity studies (Betzler et al., 2021). Among the diverse genres of visual art, figurative expressionism 

holds a distinctive place for its ability to combine recognizable forms with intense emotional and symbolic content. Within 

the Chinese artistic tradition, figurative expressionism has evolved as a rich site of cultural storytelling and aesthetic 

experimentation, blending traditional motifs with contemporary visual languages (Betzler & Camina, 2020). However, while 

the global study of artistic creativity has made significant advances, scholarly attention to the psychological and cultural 

factors driving innovation in Chinese figurative expressionism remains limited (Brand et al., 2021). As contemporary 

Chinese artists navigate the dual imperatives of cultural preservation and artistic experimentation (Breuer, 2024), there is 

an urgent need to understand better the personal motivations, environmental conditions, and cultural influences that shape 

their creative processes. This study responds to that need by exploring how intrinsic Motivation, creative Climate, cultural 

Identity, and openness to experience contribute to artistic innovation, while examining the roles of emotional Engagement 

and artistic Flow in this relationship. 

Recent theoretical developments have highlighted that creativity in the arts is not merely the outcome of technical 

proficiency or cognitive skill but emerges through complex interactions between individual psychological traits and socio-

cultural environments (Cai et al., 2024). Intrinsic Motivation, defined as the internal drive to engage in activities for personal 

                                                      
1Corresponding author: ORCID ID: 0009-0005-8369-6350 
© 2025 by the authors. Hosting by CRIBFB. Peer review is the responsibility of CRIBFB, USA.  

https://doi.org/10.46281/wxvdrh39 

 
To cite this article: He, S., & Ismail, A. I. B. (2025). ARTISTIC INNOVATION AMONG CHINESE FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONISTS: THE ROLE 

OF MOTIVATION, CULTURE, AND EMOTION. Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research, 10(5), 20-33. 

https://doi.org/10.46281/wxvdrh39 

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
https://www.openaccess.nl/en
https://doi.org/10.46281/wxvdrh39
https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8369-6350
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0584-7118


He & Ismail, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 10(5) (2025), 20-33

 

21 

satisfaction rather than external rewards, has consistently been recognized as a central predictor of creative achievement 

(Centillas et al., 2024). In visual arts practice, intrinsic Motivation sustains the artist's commitment to experimentation and 

fosters deeper emotional connections to the creative process (Dolese & Kacinik, 2021). Likewise, openness to Experience, 

a personality trait characterized by curiosity, aesthetic sensitivity, and receptivity to novel ideas, has been linked to artistic 

exploration and risk-taking behaviors (Fernández, 2025). These individual traits interact with contextual factors such as the 

creative Climate, the degree to which an environment encourages, supports, and rewards innovative expression and cultural 

Identity, which informs an artist's values, symbolic choices, and thematic interests (An & Nie, 2023). Despite extensive 

literature on these factors in Western art contexts, limited empirical research examines how they intersect to influence the 

psychological and emotional processes underpinning artistic innovation within Chinese figurative expressionism (Gaojie, 

2022). 

Two key psychological states have been identified as crucial mediators in the creative process: emotional 

Engagement and artistic Flow. Emotional Engagement reflects the depth of affective involvement and individual 

experiences during creative activity (Darda et al., 2023). In artistic contexts, this refers to the powerful emotional bond 

between the artist and their work, often resulting in artworks that are more expressive, authentic, and personally meaningful 

(Garcia-Lazo et al., 2024). Studies have shown that artists with high emotional Engagement are more likely to pursue 

unconventional forms of expression and push aesthetic boundaries (Ho et al., 2022). Similarly, artistic Flow, a state of 

optimal Experience characterized by intense concentration, absorption, and intrinsic enjoyment in an activity, is widely 

recognized as a condition that fosters creativity (Hung et al., 2021). Flow enables artists to lose awareness of external 

distractions and fully immerse themselves in the creative process, promoting greater cognitive flexibility and originality 

(Goodwin, 2020). Although existing research acknowledges the importance of these psychological states in facilitating 

artistic creativity, there remains a gap in understanding how individual traits and environmental factors jointly activate 

emotional Engagement and artistic Flow in culturally specific artistic practices like Chinese figurative expressionism.  

Addressing this gap, the present study aims to investigate the psychological and cultural determinants of artistic 

innovation among Chinese figurative expressionist painters. Specifically, it examines how intrinsic Motivation, creative 

Climate, cultural Identity, and openness to Experience influence artistic innovation both directly and indirectly through 

emotional Engagement and artistic Flow. Drawing on a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 312 Chinese artists 

using validated Likert-scale instruments and analyzed through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling. By 

integrating these factors within a unified framework, this research offers a comprehensive perspective on the interplay of 

personal drives, cultural influences, and psychological states in shaping artistic creativity. It contributes to ongoing 

discussions in creativity and cultural psychology literature, which increasingly call for context-sensitive models that move 

beyond Western-centric assumptions and consider the distinctive cultural histories and aesthetic traditions of non-Western 

societies. Additionally, this study has practical relevance for artists, art educators, cultural policymakers, and creative 

industries by identifying the psychological conditions and cultural dynamics that foster artistic innovation. The next section 

of the study provides a review of the literature, the framework of the study, and the hypotheses. Furthermore, the material 

and methods section explains the instruments and data collection. The results section interprets the findings of the study, 

while the discussion highlights the findings in the context of previous studies. The conclusion section highlights the 

theoretical and practical contributions of the research. 

 

LITERATURE REVIEW 

Intrinsic Motivation is a key factor in creative performance in artistic contexts (Abdullah & Abdillah, 2021). It is described 

as an activity that the artist pursues for its own sake rather than for externally driven rewards, and it has long been assumed 

to denote an artist's enhanced creative potential. Specifically in the visual arts, especially in painting, intrinsically motivated 

artists become more embedded in the creative process and produce works that are original and meaningful to them as artists 

(Ashley et al., 2023). Prior research has indicated that intrinsic Motivation (Sindhuja & Dunstan Rajkumar, 2025) is related 

to emotional Engagement, particularly for artists who produce work for internal satisfaction, as it is likely that emotional 

connections will flourish (Huang et al., 2021). Emotional Engagement will influence not only the entirety of the artist's 

(creative) Experience, but also the expressive or interpretive quality of the outcome. 

Creative Climate has been generally regarded as a component facilitating artistic creativity and innovation 

(Yokochi & Okada, 2021). Creative Climate, as a level of environmental and social conditions supporting, encouraging, and 

fostering creative behavior, explains that within the visual arts, a creative climate and supportive environment will not only 

promote the freedom of expression or experimenting with ideas but also can foster emotional involvement of artists (Zhang 

et al., 2021). These earlier studies have suggested that when artists arrive at their jobs (i.e., studio, community workshop) 

and perceive the work environment as supportive and open to new ideas, it enhances the emotional involvement the artist 

can experience while engaged in the creative activity (Fernández, 2025). 

Emotional involvement enhances the expressive qualities or depth of artworks, while also enhancing the 

relationship between the artist and the product of their efforts (Gong, 2021). The creative Climate has also been associated 

with the phenomenon of Flow, as is typically attributed to the literature on creativity. As scholars describe, environmental 

variables such as encouragement, autonomy, and access to creative resources significantly contribute to achieving Flow 

(Brinkmann et al., 2023). In an environmental context, support or encouragement fostered a climate that, when appropriately 

used, encouraged painters to occupy a stage of 'absorbed', favoring their entire capacity to engage in a visual artwork, while 

removing distractions (Dolese & Kacinik, 2021). Any experience of Flow that enhances the state or condition leads to 

increased exploration or experimentation in their creative process, which subsequently fosters exploration, creativity, and 

innovation. 

Cultural Identity has surfaced as an important consideration when examining creative expression, particularly in 



He & Ismail, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 10(5) (2025), 20-33

 

22 

the case of visual arts traditions that share a fitting lineage, such as figurative expressionism (Zhang-Yu et al., 2021). Cultural 

Identity, which we will define as a sense of belonging and endorsing values, symbols, and history of a particular culture, 

has a potent influence on both the emotional and cognitive aspects of artistic creation (Yuan et al., 2021). Prior research has 

confirmed that artists who have a strong cultural identity are more effectively attached to their creative practice because the 

act of painting is a form of cultural pride, concerning cultural memories, personal history, and Identity (Hacmun et al., 

2021). This affects the degree of expressivity or the authenticity of the expressivity of their artworks and impacts the 

affective bond to the creative practice itself. 

Openness to Experience is almost always identified as one of the most important personality factors linked to 

artistic creativity and innovation (Huang et al., 2021). Openness is summarized as an individual's inclination towards seeking 

new experiences, new ideas, and an appreciation of new aesthetic forms. The role of openness as an impact of emotional 

Engagement or creative Engagement in artistic practice has emerged as an important conceptual factor linking artistic media 

(Jiawei & Mokmin, 2023). Accordingly, in the visual arts, more open individuals tend to process emotional experiences 

more sensitively and consequently more deeply when engaged with their artwork (Chiu et al., 2024). An individual's 

sensitivity to emotional Engagement enriches their artistic Engagement as well as personal ownership of an artwork that is 

expressive in a meaningful way. 

Openness to Experience is also strongly linked to flow states while performing an artistic task (Liu, 2022). Scholars 

indicated that individuals who are open to Experience are more likely to reach deep absorption in their task, as their curiosity 

and openness to uncertainty will prompt them to be more immersed in complex and challenging creative processes (Millet 

et al., 2023). About painting, artists who are high in openness will usually engage and experiment with more unconventional 

painting techniques that involve a complex range of visual elements and, therefore, are more likely to be triggered towards 

a flow experience. The flow experience is important for ongoing creative performance and the creation of original artwork. 

Emotional Engagement has traditionally been perceived as an integral part of the creative process, especially in the 

arts, where the act of expressing emotion is part of the core practice (Chiu et al., 2024). Emotional Engagement means the 

degree to which someone is emotionally invested and the feelings they have while engaging in their creative process. Visual 

artists who emotionally engage with their work generally also form a more personal connection to their artwork and can 

reflect depth of feeling and genuineness in their creations (Oksanen et al., 2023). Research has previously indicated that 

emotional immersion in work may also result in an expanded sense of artistic innovation, with painters revealing their 

emotional state in new ways of expression, represented in innovative visual narratives (Liu, 2022). Emotional Engagement 

not only serves to add expressive worth to artworks but may also facilitate emotional triggers as a source of artistic risk-

taking or inventiveness. 

Intrinsic Motivation, the desire to engage in creative activities for their own sake and personal interest, has long 

been established as a key antecedent of creativity (deMatos et al., 2021). However, a large body of research now suggests 

that its influence on creative performance, in particular, is often mediated by several affective factors (Betzler & Camina, 

2020). When people are intrinsically motivated, their emotional Engagement becomes heightened, which includes being 

absorbed in the creative task, feeling passionate about the work they do, and experiencing enjoyment (Brinkmann et al., 

2023). Enhanced emotional Engagement enhances cognitive flexibility and perseverance and improves artistic innovation 

outcomes.  

Also, a supportive creative climate improves emotional Engagement through an affective experience that creators 

find rewarding or positive (Cai et al., 2024). In a psychologically safe and stimulating climate, people experience positive 

affect, which makes them more invested in all aspects of their role. They feel valued and energized, which increases 

Engagement on the emotional level when creating (Garcia-Lazo et al., 2024). This emotional Engagement invites more 

Engagement in developing and exploring new ideas that can eventually lead to higher levels of artistic innovation. 

The creative Climate in a working environment is another important factor affecting Flow and is permissive of 

unavoidable psychological impacts. Environments that foster autonomy, risk-taking, and sharing of ideas lead to thematic 

experiences about the working conditions that allow one to move to flow (Park et al., 2023). Artists' report feeling safer 

emotionally and cognitively when they view their creative environment as supportive and non-controlling, thus allowing 

for deeper Engagement and optimal functioning as they immerse themselves in their artistic practice (An & Nie, 2023). 

Flow enhances the likelihood of engaging in innovative artistic outputs. The following are the hypotheses proposed by this 

research. 

H1(a): There is a relationship between intrinsic Motivation and emotional Engagement. 

H1(b): There is a relationship between intrinsic Motivation and artistic Flow. 

H1(c): There is a relationship between intrinsic Motivation and artistic innovation. 

H2(a): There is a relationship between creative Climate and emotional Engagement. 

H2(b): There is a relationship between creative Climate and artistic Flow. 

H2(c): There is a relationship between creative Climate and artistic innovation. 

H3(a): There is a relationship between cultural Identity and emotional Engagement. 

H3(b): There is a relationship between cultural Identity and artistic Flow. 

H3(c): There is a relationship between cultural Identity and artistic innovation. 

H4(a): There is a relationship between openness to Experience and emotional Engagement. 

H4(b): There is a relationship between openness to Experience and artistic Flow. 

H4(c): There is a relationship between openness to Experience and artistic innovation. 

H5: There is a relationship between emotional Engagement and artistic innovation. 

H6: There is a relationship between artistic Flow and artistic innovation. 

H7(a): There is a mediating role of emotional Engagement in the relationship between intrinsic Motivation and 



He & Ismail, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 10(5) (2025), 20-33

 

23 

artistic innovation. 

H7(b): There is a mediating role of emotional Engagement in the relationship between creative Climate and artistic 

innovation. 

H7(c): There is a mediating role of emotional Engagement in the relationship between cultural Identity and artistic 

innovation. 

H7(d): There is a mediating role of emotional Engagement in the relationship between openness to Experience and 

artistic innovation. 

H8(a): There is a mediating role of artistic Flow in the relationship between intrinsic Motivation and creative 

innovation. 

H8(b): There is a mediating role of artistic Flow in the relationship between creative Climate and artistic innovation. 

H8(c): There is a mediating role of artistic Flow in the relationship between cultural Identity and artistic innovation. 

H8(d): There is a mediating role of artistic Flow in the relationship between openness to Experience and artistic 

innovation. 

 

In this study, there are four independent variables and two mediating variables. However, the study has one dependent 

variable. The model of this research, highlighting the relationship between studies, is reported in Figure 1. 

 

 
 

Figure 1. Research Model 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 
This study adopted a quantitative, cross-sectional research method to examine the relationship between psychological and 

cultural influences on artistic innovation in Chinese figurative expressionist painters. A cross-sectional study was considered 

appropriate for this research inquiry, since it enabled the researcher to gather data from a wide variety and number of 

respondents, with all the data being collected from a single point in time. A quantitative research method was chosen as it 

offered an objective way to measure constructs using standard Likert scale instruments, and it allowed for statistical analysis 

of the proposed relationships. The instruments of the study are reported in Appendix A. The population for this research 

consisted of figurative expressionist painters from China.  

Data were collected in this study using a structured questionnaire with two main parts. The first section gathered 

basic demographic information such as gender, age, educational background, number of years of artistic Experience, 

occupation, Engagement with figurative expressionism, number of exhibitions participated in, and level of familiarity with 

international art trends. The second section included validated Likert scale instruments for measuring six constructs: intrinsic 

Motivation, creative Climate, cultural Identity, openness to Experience, emotional Engagement, artistic Flow, and artistic 

innovation.  

Purposive sampling was used to identify respondents who met the inclusion criteria and were currently engaged in 

figurative expressionism. Furthermore, the sampling method was non-probability and appropriate for the study due to the 

scope of the selected artistic community. Overall, based on the previous literature and a minimum sample size of 200, and 

recommendations for Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) of 312 cases were sought to ensure 

enough statistical power and stability. Data collection was completed through a combination of online and in-person 

distribution of the questionnaire. 

 

RESULTS 

The demographic characteristics of the participants in this study captured a detailed picture of the sample population, 

consisting of 312 participants (see Table 1). There were more women in the sample than men, with 63% (n = 195) female 

and 38% (n = 117) male. This presence indicates that women are a predominant representation in the target population in 

the arts area being investigated. The highest proportion of participants reported being young adults, 38% were in the 26-35 

years old age group, and 34% were in the 36-45 years old age group. In contrast, the 18-25 years old accounted for the next 

most significant sample proportion at 23% of all cases, followed by the 46 years old and over group, which only accounted 

for 6% of the sample. Further information about the participants is reported in Table 1. 



He & Ismail, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 10(5) (2025), 20-33

 

24 

Table 1. Demographics 

 
Demographic Question Response Option Count Total Proportion 

Gender Male 117 312 38%  
Female 195 312 63% 

Age (Years) 18–25 71 312 23%  
26–35 117 312 38%  
36–45 106 312 34%  
46 and above 18 312 6% 

Highest Educational Qualification High School 18 312 6%  
Diploma 90 312 29%  
Bachelor's Degree 109 312 35%  
Master's Degree 92 312 30%  
Doctorate (PhD) 3 312 1% 

Years of Artistic Experience Less than 2 years 94 312 30%  
2–5 years 104 312 33%  
6–10 years 100 312 32%  
More than 10 years 14 312 5% 

Primary Occupation Full-time Artist 99 312 32%  
Fine Arts Student 78 312 25%  
Art Educator 101 312 32%  
Other 34 312 11% 

Engagement in Figurative Expressionism Professional Artist 101 312 32%  
Semi-Professional Artist 137 312 44%  
Art Student 74 312 24% 

Number of Exhibitions/Competitions Participated In 1–2 121 312 39%  
3–5 100 312 32%  
More than 5 91 312 29% 

Familiarity with International Art Trends Slightly familiar 101 312 32%  
Moderately familiar 109 312 35% 

  Very familiar 102 312 33% 

 
Factor loadings are used to assess the strength of the association between each item and its latent construct; 

commonly, values greater than 0.7 indicate a strong association (Hair et al., 2011). Cronbach's alpha indicates internal 

consistency reliability, where the accepted level of reliability is approximately 0.7 or greater (Hair et al., 2011). Composite 

reliability (CR) serves a similar role as does Cronbach's alpha; however, CR typically provides an arguably more accurate 

estimate, especially in structural equation modeling. Average Variance Extracted (AVE) indicates how much of the Variance 

of the construct represents the amount of measurement error. Commonly, an AVE of above 0.5 indicates adequate 

convergent validity (Hair et al., 2011). 

Based on the findings, all constructs show robust convergent validity (see Table 2 and Figure 2). All items had 

factor loadings above the 0.7 threshold, indicating that the items reliably measure their intended meaning. The Cronbach's 

alpha and composite reliability for all constructs are well above the recommended threshold of 0.9, indicating high internal 

consistency across the items. Specifically, creative Climate (CR = 0.965; AVE = 0.845) and cultural identity (CR = 0.967; 

AVE = 0.807) had powerful psychometric properties. Furthermore, the AVE across all constructs ranges from 0.719 to 

0.845, suggesting that the items converge well on their intended constructs. 

 

 

Figure 2. Measurement Model  



He & Ismail, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 10(5) (2025), 20-33

 

25 

Table 2. Convergent Validity 

 
Variables Items Factor 

Loadings 

Cronbach's alpha Composite reliability Average Variance extracted 

Artistic Flow AF1 0.878 0.925 0.943 0.769  
AF2 0.883 

   

 
AF3 0.909 

   

 
AF4 0.853 

   

 
AF5 0.863 

   

Artistic Innovation AI1 0.789 0.934 0.947 0.719  
AI2 0.910 

   

 
AI3 0.919 

   

 
AI4 0.900 

   

 
AI5 0.789 

   

 
AI6 0.794 

   

 
AI7 0.823 

   

Creative Climate CC1 0.926 0.954 0.965 0.845  
CC2 0.890 

   

 
CC3 0.930 

   

 
CC4 0.914 

   

 
CC5 0.936 

   

Cultural Identity CI1 0.892 0.960 0.967 0.807  
CI2 0.893 

   

 
CI3 0.907 

   

 
CI4 0.879 

   

 
CI5 0.885 

   

 
CI6 0.916 

   

 
CI7 0.918 

   

Emotional Engagement EE1 0.791 0.902 0.928 0.720  
EE2 0.803 

   

 
EE3 0.885 

   

 
EE4 0.881 

   

 
EE5 0.876 

   

Intrinsic Motivation IM1 0.827 0.939 0.951 0.734  
IM2 0.845 

   

 
IM3 0.886 

   

 
IM4 0.812 

   

 
IM5 0.850 

   

 
IM6 0.879 

   

 
IM7 0.896 

   

Openness to Experience OE1 0.855 0.945 0.955 0.752  
OE2 0.891 

   

 
OE3 0.828 

   

 
OE4 0.867 

   

 
OE5 0.851 

   

 
OE6 0.896 

   

  OE7 0.881       

 
In addition, the assessment of discriminant validity was conducted. The Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratios of 

correlations are presented in Table 3. The HTMT is a measure of discriminant validity between latent constructs. HTMT 

values below 0.85 or 0.90 when more lenient demonstrate that the constructs are empirically distinct (Henseler et al., 2015). 

The HTMT values provided in Table 3 range from HTMT = 0.218 on cultural Identity and openness to experience to HTMT 

= 0.672 on artistic innovation and emotional Engagement, and all were below the conservative HTMT = 0.85. 

 

Table 3. Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio 

 
Variables Artistic 

Flow 

Artistic 

Innovation 

Creative 

Climate 

Cultural 

Identity 

Emotional 

Engagement 

Intrinsic 

Motivation 

Openness to 

Experience 

Artistic Flow 
      

Artistic Innovation 0.638 
      

Creative Climate 0.594 0.639 
     

Cultural Identity 0.312 0.449 0.444 
    

Emotional Engagement 0.602 0.672 0.613 0.409 
   

Intrinsic Motivation 0.506 0.613 0.621 0.304 0.645 
  

Openness to Experience 0.533 0.497 0.493 0.218 0.425 0.354   

 
Additionally, Table 4 presents the values for the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) for variables included in predicting 

artistic Flow, artistic innovation, and emotional Engagement, and examines multicollinearity between predictors. VIF values 

are all far below the often acceptable level of 5 (Hair et al., 2011), indicating multicollinearity is not a serious issue in this 

study. The highest VIF value of 2.123 under the creative climate variable predicting artistic innovation indicates an 

acceptable amount of shared Variance amongst the predictors. 

 



He & Ismail, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 10(5) (2025), 20-33

 

26 

Table 4. Variance Inflation Factor 

 
Variables Artistic Flow Artistic Innovation Emotional Engagement 

Artistic Flow 1.810 
 

Creative Climate 1.938 2.123 1.938 

Cultural Identity 1.228 1.27 1.228 

Emotional Engagement 1.965 
 

Intrinsic Motivation 1.546 1.823 1.546 

Openness to Experience 1.291 1.445 1.291 

 
Furthermore, the structural model assessment was performed to analyze the relationship between variables (see 

Figure 3 and Table 5). The first set of hypotheses (H1) examines the influence of Intrinsic Motivation. H1(a), which predicts 

Intrinsic Motivation positively affects Emotional Engagement, is strongly supported (β = 0.375, p < 0.001), indicating a 

robust relationship. H1(b) and H1(c), predicting effects on Artistic Flow (β = 0.191, p = 0.007) and Artistic Innovation (β = 

0.189, p = 0.002) respectively, are also significant, though with smaller coefficients, suggesting that while intrinsic 

Motivation contributes to artistic outcomes, its most substantial impact is on emotional Engagement. 

The second hypothesis cluster (H2) investigates the role of Creative Climate. H2(a) and H2(b), which test its effects 

on Emotional Engagement and Artistic Flow, are both statistically significant (β = 0.221, p = 0.005; β = 0.285, p < 0.001), 

implying that a supportive creative environment fosters both emotional and experiential dimensions of artistic activity. 

However, H2(c), the effect on Artistic Innovation, yields a marginal result (β = 0.141, p = 0.054), which suggests a weak or 

borderline-significant influence.  

Hypothesis H3 assesses the impact of Cultural Identity. H3(a) and H3(c), which test its influence on Emotional 

Engagement (β = 0.149, p = 0.037) and Artistic Innovation (β = 0.145, p = 0.003), are statistically significant, indicating 

that a strong sense of cultural Identity contributes meaningfully to both emotional and creative outcomes. However, H3(b), 

the effect on Artistic Flow (β = 0.057, p = 0.324), is not significant. 

The final group of hypotheses (H4–H6) further underscores essential relationships. H4 confirms that Openness to 

Experience significantly predicts all three dependent variables: Emotional Engagement (β = 0.135, p = 0.028), Artistic Flow 

(β = 0.292, p < 0.001), and Artistic Innovation (β = 0.127, p = 0.017), indicating that this personality trait is a consistent 

driver of creative and affective responses. H5 and H6 reveal that both Emotional Engagement (β = 0.211, p = 0.002) and 

Artistic Flow (β = 0.208, p = 0.001) significantly enhance Artistic Innovation, highlighting their mediating or 

complementary roles in the innovation process. 

 

 

Figure 3. Structural Model 



He & Ismail, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 10(5) (2025), 20-33

 

27 

Table 5. Direct Hypotheses Findings 

 
Hypotheses Paths Original sample Standard deviation T statistics P values 

H1 (a) Intrinsic Motivation -> Emotional Engagement 0.375 0.068 5.485 0.000 

H1 (b) Intrinsic Motivation -> Artistic Flow 0.191 0.071 2.701 0.007 

H1 (c) Intrinsic Motivation -> Artistic Innovation 0.189 0.061 3.108 0.002 

H2 (a) Creative Climate -> Emotional Engagement 0.221 0.079 2.794 0.005 

H2 (b) Creative Climate -> Artistic Flow 0.285 0.073 3.889 0.000 

H2 (c) Creative Climate -> Artistic Innovation 0.141 0.073 1.926 0.054 

H3 (a) Cultural Identity -> Emotional Engagement 0.149 0.072 2.085 0.037 

H3 (b) Cultural Identity -> Artistic Flow 0.057 0.057 0.987 0.324 

H3 (c) Cultural Identity -> Artistic Innovation 0.145 0.049 2.988 0.003 

H4 (a) Openness to Experience -> Emotional Engagement 0.135 0.062 2.197 0.028 

H4 (b) Openness to Experience -> Artistic Flow 0.292 0.064 4.583 0.000 

H4 (c) Openness to Experience -> Artistic Innovation 0.127 0.053 2.377 0.017 

H5 Emotional Engagement -> Artistic Innovation 0.211 0.068 3.106 0.002 

H6 Artistic Flow -> Artistic Innovation 0.208 0.063 3.327 0.001 

 
Furthermore, the mediation analysis was performed in this study, and the findings are presented in Table 6. The 

results for emotional engagement H7 (a), H7 (b), H7 (c) and H7 (d) show significant mediation effects for intrinsic 

Motivation (β = 0.079, p = 0.014), creative Climate (β = 0.046, p = 0.046), and cultural identity (β = 0.031, p = 0.047). 

These findings suggest that emotional Engagement serves as a psychological mechanism through which these variables 

positively influence artistic innovation. However, the mediation effect for openness to Experience (β = 0.028, p = 0.091) is 

not statistically significant, indicating that while openness may directly influence innovation, it does not do so through 

emotional Engagement. 

In the artistic flow mediation model H8 (a), H8 (b), H8 (c) and H8 (d), both creative Climate (β = 0.059, p = 0.010) 

and openness to Experience (β = 0.061, p = 0.013) demonstrate significant indirect effects on artistic innovation, suggesting 

that a supportive environment and a disposition toward openness enhance innovation by promoting deeper Engagement in 

the creative process. The mediation effect of intrinsic Motivation (β = 0.040, p = 0.054) is marginally non-significant, 

implying a weak or partial mediating role. Cultural Identity, however, shows no significant mediation through artistic Flow 

(β = 0.012, p = 0.374), reinforcing the idea that its influence on innovation is more likely channeled through emotional 

Engagement rather than immersive creative states.  

 

Table 6. Mediation Hypotheses Findings 

 
Hypotheses Paths Original 

sample 

Standard 

deviation 

T 

statistics 

P 

values 

H7 (a) Intrinsic Motivation -> Emotional Engagement -> Artistic Innovation 0.079 0.032 2.452 0.014 

H7 (b) Creative Climate -> Emotional Engagement -> Artistic Innovation 0.046 0.023 2.000 0.046 

H7 (c) Cultural Identity -> Emotional Engagement -> Artistic Innovation 0.031 0.016 1.986 0.047 

H7 (d) Openness to Experience -> Emotional Engagement -> Artistic Innovation 0.028 0.017 1.689 0.091 

H8 (a) Intrinsic Motivation -> Artistic Flow -> Artistic Innovation 0.040 0.021 1.927 0.054 

H8 (b) Creative Climate -> Artistic Flow -> Artistic Innovation 0.059 0.023 2.577 0.010 

H8 (c) Cultural Identity -> Artistic Flow -> Artistic Innovation 0.012 0.013 0.890 0.374 

H8 (d) Openness to Experience -> Artistic Flow -> Artistic Innovation 0.061 0.024 2.492 0.013 

 
In addition, the effect size was examined in this study. In Table 7, the study presents the effect sizes (f²) of the 

predictors on artistic Flow, artistic innovation, and emotional Engagement. According to Cohen et al. (2009), effects of 

0.02, 0.15, and 0.35 were interpreted as small, medium, and large effects, respectively. The only predictor variable with any 

sizable effect appears to be intrinsic Motivation on emotional Engagement (f² = 0.168), which represents a medium effect. 

Openness to Experience was the next best predictor, exerting an effect on artistic Flow (f² = 0.112). Following this was the 

Creative Climate with a small effect (f² = 0.072) on both artistic flows. Cultural Identity and emotional Engagement on 

artistic innovation (f² = 0.039 and 0.053, respectively) reflect some degree of meaningfulness concerning effect size 

interpretation; however, they would be considered small. 

 

Table 7. Effect Size 

 
Variables Artistic Flow Artistic Innovation Emotional Engagement 

Artistic Flow 0.056 
 

Creative Climate 0.072 0.022 0.047 

Cultural Identity 0.004 0.039 0.034 

Emotional Engagement 0.053 
 

Intrinsic Motivation 0.04 0.046 0.168 

Openness to Experience 0.112 0.026 0.026 

 
Finally, the findings of predictive relevance were assessed. Figure 4 and Table 8 highlight the value of Q2. 

According to Hair et al. (2011), predictive relevance values above zero are considered significant. The findings reported in 

Table 8 highlight that 40% predictive relevance was found for artistic innovation. 



He & Ismail, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 10(5) (2025), 20-33

 

28 

 

Figure 4. Predictive Relevance 

 

Table 8. Predictive Relevance 

 
Variables SSO SSE Q² (=1-SSE/SSO) 

Artistic Flow 1560.000 1072.846 0.312 

Artistic Innovation 2184.000 1303.459 0.403 

Creative Climate 1560.000 1560.000 0.000 

Cultural Identity 2184.000 2184.000 0.000 

Emotional Engagement 1560.000 1058.495 0.321 

Intrinsic Motivation 2184.000 2184.000 0.000 

Openness to Experience 2184.000 2184.000 0.000 

 

DISCUSSIONS 

The findings provide convincing evidence for the hypothesized effect of intrinsic Motivation. Intrinsic Motivation was a 

strong and significant predictor of emotional Engagement (H1a), artistic Flow (H1b), and artistic innovation (H1c). These 

findings are consistent with previous literature that draws attention to the deeper affective involvement and more extended 

periods of cognitive immersion in an artistic practice by artists who engage for intrinsic satisfaction (Adeyemi, 2024). 

Inarguably, intrinsic Motivation had the most decisive influence on emotional Engagement, suggesting that an internally 

motivated desire to create art is compelling on the emotional connection between artist and artwork (Adejumo, 2022). 

The hypothesis that a favorable creative climate supports emotional Engagement (H2a) and artistic Flow (H2b) 

was corroborated, highlighting that the situational context of an innovative environment is responsible for shaping creative 

psychological states. A studio or art environment is, when perceived to be open and supportive, capable of offering both 

emotional safety and artistic autonomy needed for both emotional Engagement and experiential Engagement (Centillas et 

al., 2024). However, the weak significance of Creative Climate's direct effects on artistic innovation (H2c) implies its effect 

is likely to occur indirectly. While the open and supportive Climate does not directly propel innovation potential, it 

establishes a necessary condition for emotional and experiential Engagement, which, eventually and indirectly, may lead to 

the innovative outcome (Chang & Mahadevan, 2022). 



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29 

Cultural Identity had a significant effect on emotional Engagement (H3a) and artistic innovation (H3c), but not on 

artistic Flow (H3b). This suggests a duality of possible meanings: cultural identification is an affective and symbolic 

resource in artistic creation, but it does not always serve as a means of immersing oneself in a sustained contemplation of 

meaning. Artists telling or unpacking their cultural narrative can draw emotional meaning from it and feel purposeful and 

expressive in the presence of the associated emotional meanings (Coletti, 2024). Still, their lack of influence on Flow 

suggests that cultural themes alone do not enable a state of Flow characterized by total concentration and absorption (Darda 

et al., 2023).  

The personality characteristic of openness to Experience was identified as a reliable predictor of all three outcome 

variables. It significantly contributed to emotional Engagement (H4a), artistic flow (H4b), and artistic innovation (H4c), by 

long-held psychological theories connecting openness to creativity. The most substantial effect was on creative Flow, 

suggesting that open individuals are especially likely to reach immersive states due to a combination of curiosity, tolerance 

for ambiguity, and attunement to aesthetics (Bakka et al., 2024). Furthermore, the openness was also a direct predictor of 

innovation, indicating that openness functions both through psychological states and through a direct disposition to push 

against norms and to seek new techniques, characteristics that are exceptionally valued in figurative expressionist work 

(Brand et al., 2021). 

Emotional Engagement (H5) and artistic Flow (H6) both explained significant Variance in artistic innovation, 

providing further evidence that both serve as proximal psychological states mediating the effect of the 

dispositional/environmental predictors as well as leading to a creative output variability. Emotional Engagement connects 

a practitioner more fully to their subject matter through the connection to physical medium and creates a sense of authenticity 

and engages expressive risk (Ashley et al., 2023). Flow, on the other hand, promotes sustained attention and cognitive 

flexibility, enabling technical experimentation while selectively allowing original ideas to emerge (Betzler et al., 2021).  

Mediation analysis revealed that emotional Engagement significantly mediates the relationships between intrinsic 

Motivation (H7a), creative climate (H7b), and cultural Identity (H7c) with artistic innovation. These findings reaffirm the 

central role of affective involvement in artistic creativity. Emotional Engagement appears to serve as the psychological 

mechanism that translates internal drives, cultural resonance, and supportive contexts into innovative expression (Adamou 

et al., 2023). Interestingly, the mediation effect of emotional Engagement between openness to Experience and innovation 

(H7d) was not significant, suggesting that for open individuals, innovation arises more directly or via other pathways, such 

as Flow. 

Artistic Flow significantly mediated the relationship between creative Climate (H8b) and openness to Experience 

(H8d) with artistic innovation. These results indicate that both environmental support and personality disposition can 

encourage Flow, which in turn facilitates innovation. The mediation from intrinsic Motivation to innovation via Flow (H8a) 

approached significance. Still, it did not reach conventional thresholds, while cultural Identity did not mediate through Flow 

(H8c), further emphasizing that cultural identification may elicit affective but not immersive states. These findings 

differentiate the types of inputs, personal, artistic, or contextual, that foster either affective or immersive psychological 

conditions for creativity (Abdullah & Abdillah, 2021). 

 

CONCLUSIONS  

The study aimed to shed light on the psychological and cultural antecedents of artistic innovation in the form of Chinese 

figurative expressionism. By combining key psychological factors of intrinsic Motivation and openness to experience with 

contextual and cultural aspects of creative Climate and cultural Identity, this research provides a coherent model for 

understanding how emotional Engagement and artistic Flow mediate the process of artistic intention to innovative output. 

The results indicate that intrinsic Motivation is a key factor driving both emotional and experiential Engagement in the 

artistic process. Artists who are motivated by their practice to achieve internal satisfaction developed greater emotional ties 

to their works and were more likely to attain intense flow experiences, both of which positively impacted creative, innovative 

art production. Similarly, openness to Experience was an essential predictor across emotional, experiential, and creative 

outcomes of the study, confirming the importance of individual attributes to support aesthetic risk-taking and stylistic 

experimentation. 

The effect of environmental factors, especially the creative Climate, was further confirmed. A constructive, 

autonomous, and resourced creative landscape is conducive to both emotional Engagement and Flow, while it might not 

have a similar direct implication to innovation. Similarly, while cultural Identity did not emerge as a strong variable for 

Flow, it is relevant to understand how emotional Engagement was intensified and culturally inspired forms of innovation 

were motivated in part, stressing the value of culture-based narratives and symbolism to the direction of contemporary 

Chinese artists. The main finding is that both emotional Engagement and artistic Flow were affirmed as proximal 

mechanisms. In contrast, the more distal factors, such as personal psychological and environmental conditions, are 

channeled to creative innovation. These mediatory states demonstrate that doing creativity in visual arts is not only a result 

of a complex amalgam of dispositional tendencies or situational stimuli but also of emotional and absorbed experiences 

during and as a part of the creative process. 

The study is a valuable addition to the growing body of literature in creativity and cultural psychology, as it presents 

an integrated model of creativity that includes both psychological characteristics and socio-cultural contexts. By providing 

empirical evidence for the mediating roles of emotional Engagement and artistic Flow, this study supports the understanding 

of creative outcomes not as the result of strictly dispositional considerations, but as the outcome of multiple psychological 

states that connect individuals' internal motivations to external contexts. Additionally, the study gives culturally specific 

perspectives beyond traditional Western-centric notions of creativity. Importantly, the different roles of cultural Identity and 



He & Ismail, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 10(5) (2025), 20-33

 

30 

creative Climate in the Chinese art context suggest a need for multiple theories that are nuanced to culture and forms of art. 

For practicing artists and especially artists that engage in figurative expressionism, this study generates empirical 

support for the importance of intrinsic Motivation and openness to Experience, both psychologically defined characteristics. 

The study extends this effect, suggesting that they influence not only how the artist feels about the work they create, but 

also how they are engaged in the creative process and the originality of their resulting output. Further, artists who are 

emotionally engaged in their work or more regularly experience an artistic flow state may be more likely to produce new, 

meaningful work. This insight encourages artists to prioritize emotionally resonant and immersive creative practices, rather 

than focusing solely on technical skill or external validation. 

In this regard, arts organizations and cultural institutions can also use this research at the policy level by 

understanding the psyche and environment in which artists work. The development of funding bodies and cultural policy 

can benefit by not only funding the creation and exhibition of artworks, but also by funding measures that support intrinsic 

Motivation and creative Flow, such as residencies for artists, funding for studio space, and funding for collaborative 

programming. Cultural Identity has been highlighted as a great motivator of emotional connection and innovation. It should 

be supported through initiatives that develop heritage-based or Indigenous artistic inquiry, especially when developing 

emerging artists who can navigate the ongoing tension between traditional and modern practices in the creative process. 

While this investigation proffered crucial insights into the psychological and cultural foundations of artistic 

innovation in Chinese figurative expressionism, limitations do exist. All limitations provided proper avenues for future 

research that could deepen and widen the current understanding of creative processes in visual art. First, cross-sectional 

research designs have limits in establishing causal relationships among variables. Although structural equation modeling 

permits the testing of more intricate associations, it does not represent the dynamic, developing processes of an artist's 

Engagement and innovation. Therefore, longitudinal approaches in future research may be needed to capture how 

psychological states and creative outcomes change over time, but more importantly, how constructs like intrinsic Motivation 

or emotional Engagement evolve and influence stakeholder innovation across stages in an artist's career. 

Second, the research relied exclusively on self-report data that, while using validated instruments, is prone to social 

desirability and personal interpretation biases. Constructs like emotional Engagement and artistic Flow, in particular, are 

intensely personal constructs in the person's expression, whereby their survey responses may not capture or idealize what 

they experience. Future research may build upon this research by turning to a mixed methods approach, like using in-depth 

interviews, behavioral observation, or analyzing the actual artwork, providing more objective or narrative-based insights 

rather than relying solely on self-report data. 

Third, the sample was constricted to Chinese figurative expressionist painters, providing culturally rich, genre-

specific data, but limited in its applicability to other cultural situations or contexts. Further research could apply the model 

to different artistic genres, such as abstract, installation, and digital art, or consider cross-cultural contrasts, to see if similar 

psychological and cultural mechanisms exist and operate in other socio-artistic traditions, such as Western modernism and 

South Asian folk art. 

 

 
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, SF.H. and A.I.B.S.; Methodology, SF.H.; Software, SF.H.; Validation, SF.H. and A.I.B.S.; Formal Analysis, 
SF.H.; Investigation, SF.H.; Resources, SF.H.; Data Curation, SF.H.; Writing – Original Draft Preparation, SF.H.; Writing – Review & Editing, SF.H.; 

Visualization, SF.H.; Supervision, A.I.B.S.; Project Administration, A.I.B.S.; Funding Acquisition, A.I.B.S. Authors have read and agreed to the published 

version of the manuscript. 

Institutional Review Board Statement: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable 

groups or sensitive issues. 

Funding: The authors received no direct funding for this research. 

Acknowledgments: Our sincere appreciation goes out to all the participants who took part in this study. School of Creative Industry Management & 
Performing Arts, Universiti Utara Malaysia, is highly acknowledged. 

Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. 

Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available 
due to restrictions. 

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

 

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APPENDICES 

Appendix A: Measurement Questionnaire 

 
Variables Instruments 

Intrinsic Motivation I create art because it gives me personal satisfaction. 

  I enjoy the process of painting regardless of the outcome. 

  I feel a strong inner desire to express myself through painting. 

  My Motivation for creating art comes from within. 

  I paint because it is meaningful to me personally. 

  I find painting to be a rewarding activity on its own. 

  I create artworks to satisfy my creative urges. 

Creative Climate My working environment encourages creative ideas. 

  I feel supported by others when trying new artistic techniques. 

  My surroundings inspire artistic creativity. 

  The people around me value artistic innovation. 

  I have access to resources that foster artistic creativity. 

Cultural Identity My cultural background influences my painting style. 

  I feel proud to express my culture through my artwork. 

  Traditional Chinese elements are important in my art. 

  I see my art as a reflection of my cultural Identity. 

  I consciously incorporate cultural symbols into my paintings. 

  Chinese heritage shapes my creative ideas. 

  My cultural values affect how I approach artistic expression. 

Openness to Experience I enjoy trying out new painting styles and techniques. 

  I am curious about new artistic ideas. 

  I often explore unconventional artistic concepts. 

  I seek opportunities to experiment with different materials. 

  I am open to diverse cultural influences in my artwork. 

  I value artistic works that challenge traditional boundaries. 

  I find inspiration in unexpected sources. 

https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000535
https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11120801
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11845-y
https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1155/2022/1366418
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107707
https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.chbah.2023.100004
https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-11-2022-0945
https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1002/jocb.472
https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2020.1869387
https://doi.org/10.1080/10749039.2020.1760300
https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1952148


He & Ismail, Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 10(5) (2025), 20-33

 

33 

Emotional Engagement I feel deeply connected to my emotions while painting. 

  My artworks reflect my emotional states. 

  I lose track of time when emotionally involved in painting. 

  Painting helps me process my emotions. 

  I feel emotionally fulfilled after completing a painting. 

Artistic Flow I feel completely immersed while creating art. 

  Time passes quickly when I am painting. 

  I am entirely focused when working on a painting. 

  I feel energized and motivated during the painting process. 

  My creativity feels natural and effortless while painting. 

Artistic Innovation My paintings are original compared to others. 

  I often introduce new ideas in my artwork. 

  I create artworks that reflect unique perspectives. 

  I strive to produce innovative artistic expressions. 

  My artworks differ from conventional figurative styles. 

  I experiment with new forms in my art. 

  I often blend traditional and modern elements creatively. 

 
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© 2025 by the authors. Licensee CRIBFB, USA. This open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons 

Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). 

Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (P-ISSN 2687-850X   E-ISSN 2687-8518) by CRIBFB is licensed under a Creative 

Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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