




































BANGLADESH JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 10(6) (2025), 1-11 

1 

        MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 
          BJMSR VOL 10 NO 6 (2025) P-ISSN 2687-850X E-ISSN 2687-8518 

         Available online at https://www.cribfb.com 

     Journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/BJMSR 

                                                                                                                                                                                                    Published by CRIBFB, USA 
                                                                                                                                     

INFLUENCE OF PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES ON DIGITAL 

ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION: THE ADDED IMPACT OF 

ENTREPRENEURIAL PASSION AND CREATIVITY                      
 

 Nurjahan Akter Monira (a)   Ireen Sultana (b)1    Werner Krings (c)   Fariha Tazin (d)   Sayma Sharmen (e)   
 

(a)Lecturer, Department of Business Studies, State University of Bangladesh, Bangladesh; E-mail: nurjahan@sub.edu.bd 
(b)Ireen Sultana, Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Jagannath University, Bangladesh; E-mail: ireen110@gmail.com 
(c)Professor, Department of Marketing, Framingham State University, United States; E-mail: wkrings@framingham.edu 
(d)Assistant Professor, Department of Business Studies, State University of Bangladesh, Bangladesh; E-mail: farihatazin@gmail.com 
(e)Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Dhaka International University, Bangladesh; E-mail: sayma.bba@diu.ac 

 

 
A R T I C L E I N F O 

 
 

Article History: 

 

Received: 10th March 2025 

Reviewed & Revised: 10th March 2025 

to 20th August 2025 

Accepted: 24th August 2025 
Published: 27th August 2025 

 
Keywords: 

 

Digital Entrepreneurial Intention, Personal 

Attributes, Digital Entrepreneurship, 

Entrepreneurial Passion, Creativity, 

Innovation 

 
JEL Classification Codes: 

 

      L26, M13, O33 

 

 
      Peer-Review Model:  

 

      External peer review was done through  

      double-blind method.        

 
A B S T R A C T      

 

Digital entrepreneurship is gaining global relevance as digital technologies transform the way ventures 

are conceived and launched. However, the individual-level traits influencing digital entrepreneurial 

intention (DEI) remain under-examined. This study extends prior frameworks by integrating two novel 

predictors, entrepreneurial passion and creativity, alongside five established traits: empathy, prior 

Experience, locus of control, self-efficacy, and risk-taking Tendency. Using a structured questionnaire, 

data were collected from 589 Bangladeshi university students, a population well-positioned as future 

digital entrepreneurs. Multiple regression analysis revealed that all seven personal attributes 

significantly and positively influence DEI (p < 0.05). The extended model accounted for 59.4% of the 

variance in DEI (Adjusted R² = 0.594, F(7, 581) = 122.4, p < 0.001). Quantitatively, risk-taking 

Tendency (β = 0.301, p < 0.001) and entrepreneurial passion (β = 0.244, p < 0.001) emerged as the 

strongest predictors. Creativity (β = 0.127, p = 0.002), locus of control (β = 0.119, p = 0.001), and self-

efficacy (β = 0.102, p = 0.004) followed in magnitude. Empathy (β = 0.079, p = 0.024) and prior 

Experience (β = 0.058, p = 0.047) also showed statistically significant but comparatively smaller effects. 

These results highlight that both affective (passion, empathy) and cognitive (creativity, self-efficacy, 

locus of control) traits play a pivotal role in fostering digital entrepreneurship. The findings underscore 

the importance of cultivating emotional motivation and innovative capacity in digital entrepreneurship 

education. Overall, this study presents a robust empirical model that explains DEI, offering practical 

implications for entrepreneurship educators and policymakers in developing contexts. 

 
 

© 2025 by the authors. Licensee CRIBFB, USA. This open-access article is distributed under the 
terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license 
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0).  

            

       

INTRODUCTION 
Advanced digital technologies have transformed the business landscape, creating new opportunities and challenges for 

entrepreneurs. Digital entrepreneurship, a distinct subcategory, centers on leveraging digital technologies and online 

platforms to create, manage, and grow ventures. This digital context differentiates itself from traditional entrepreneurship 

by relying on virtual operations and innovative technological tools. While interest in digital entrepreneurship is increasing, 

research on its key driving factors is still in its formative stages. In particular, there is a need to understand what motivates 

individuals to pursue entrepreneurial endeavors in the digital realm, digital entrepreneurial intention (DEI). DEI extends 

beyond a general inclination to start a business; it reflects a proactive commitment to initiate new ventures using digital 

means. Identifying the determinants of DEI is crucial, as intentions often precede and predict actual entrepreneurial behavior 

(Ajzen, 1991). 

Prior studies on entrepreneurial intentions have highlighted various individual characteristics that can facilitate or 

hinder one's resolve to start a venture. Additionally, optimizing digital media platforms has been identified as a crucial 

component of digital entrepreneurship, enabling ventures to effectively reach their target markets (Krings et al., 2021). 

Building on the theory of planned behavior and trait-based approaches, researchers have examined how personal traits and 

experiences shape entrepreneurial intentions (Kautonen et al., 2015; Schlaegel & Koenig, 2014). In the context of social 

                                                      
1Corresponding author: ORCID ID: 0009-0006-2631-1255 
© 2025 by the authors. Hosting by CRIBFB. Peer review is the responsibility of CRIBFB, USA.  

https://doi.org/10.46281/xxsgv572 

 
To cite this article: Monira, N. A., Sultana, I., Krings, W., Tazin, F., & Sharmen, S. (2025). INFLUENCE OF PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES ON DIGITAL 

ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION: THE ADDED IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL PASSION AND CREATIVITY. Bangladesh Journal of 

Multidisciplinary Scientific Research, 10(6), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.46281/xxsgv572 

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
https://www.openaccess.nl/en
https://doi.org/10.46281/xxsgv572
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4387-2602
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2631-1255
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2071-5703
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2896-301X
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1433-017X


Monira et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 10(6) (2025), 1-11

 

2 

entrepreneurship, for example, Hossain (2021) demonstrated that empathy, prior Experience, internal locus of control, 

self‑efficacy, and risk‑taking propensity positively influence students' intentions to become entrepreneurs. These findings 

suggest that individual-level factors have a significant impact on entrepreneurial career choice processes. It is plausible that 

similar personal attributes also drive intentions in the digital entrepreneurship domain, yet this area remains underexplored. 

Moreover, beyond these five traits, other personal factors could further deepen our understanding of entrepreneurial intention 

formation. In particular, entrepreneurial passion — the intense positive emotion and dedication towards entrepreneurial 

activities — and creativity, the capacity to generate novel and valuable ideas, are two pertinent individual-level variables 

that may directly affect one's intention to found a digital venture. 

Entrepreneurial passion has been theorized as a core motivational force that energizes entrepreneurs to pursue and 

persist in venture creation (Cardon et al., 2009). Passion embodies a strong emotional attraction towards entrepreneurial 

work and has been linked to higher entrepreneurial goals, effort, and perseverance. Recent studies have begun to empirically 

connect entrepreneurial passion with the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. For instance, a study by Biraglia and Kadile 

(2017) found that passion, coupled with creativity, significantly predicted individuals' intent to start new businesses. 

Similarly, contemporary research underscores that passion can inspire nascent entrepreneurs to overcome obstacles and 

commit to launching their ventures (Murnieks et al., 2016). Given that digital entrepreneurship often requires continual 

learning and adaptation to fast-changing technology, passionate engagement may be especially critical in sustaining the 

intention to embark on a digital startup journey. 

Creativity, defined as the ability to produce innovative and valuable ideas, is another individual attribute closely 

associated with entrepreneurship. Creative individuals are better at recognizing opportunities and devising novel solutions, 

highly valuable skills in the digital economy, where innovation is constant. Prior research in traditional settings has 

demonstrated that creativity can stimulate entrepreneurial intentions by enhancing opportunity identification and confidence 

in problem-solving (Hamidi et al., 2008; Rahaman et al., 2022). More recent evidence reinforces the importance of 

creativity: for example, Shahab et al. (2019) found that entrepreneurial creativity (along with education) significantly 

impacts self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions. Creativity might drive individuals to conceive unique digital business 

models or products in a digital context, thereby strengthening their intent to actualize those ideas through venture creation. 

In light of these considerations, this study aims to revise and extend the digital entrepreneurial intention (DEI) 

model by incorporating entrepreneurial passion and creativity as additional predictors alongside the five established 

individual factors (empathy, prior Experience, locus of control, self-efficacy, and risk-taking). By doing so, we aim to gain 

a more comprehensive understanding of how personal attributes collectively influence one's propensity to engage in digital 

entrepreneurship. We integrate entrepreneurship and digital entrepreneurship literature to develop hypotheses for the effect 

of each predictor on DEI. Using a sample of 589 university students (an appropriate population for intention studies, as they 

are prospective entrepreneurs in the near future), we test the proposed model and evaluate the contributions of each factor. 

The findings of this research will enrich the theoretical discourse on digital entrepreneurial intentions and offer insights for 

educational and incubation programs to cultivate essential traits (such as passion and creativity) in aspiring digital 

entrepreneurs. 

The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. First, we review relevant literature and formulate hypotheses 

for the relationships between the seven individual-level factors and digital entrepreneurial intention. Next, we describe the 

methodology, including the sample, measures, and analytic approach. We then present the statistical analysis results, 

followed by a discussion of the findings in light of theory and prior research. Finally, we outline the practical and theoretical 

implications of the study, acknowledge its limitations, and suggest avenues for future research before concluding. 

 

LITERATURE REVIEW 
Empathy refers to the capacity to understand and share others' feelings and experiences. In an entrepreneurial context, 

empathy enables individuals to perceive problems or needs from others' perspectives and respond with innovative solutions 

that are tailored to their needs. Empathic individuals are attuned to the pain points of customers or communities, which can 

inspire the recognition of opportunities and socially conscious venture ideas. In traditional and social entrepreneurship 

research, empathy is a driver for helping behavior and pro-social venture creation (Mair & Noboa, 2006; Hockerts, 2015). 

While digital entrepreneurship is primarily technology-driven, empathy can still play a crucial role: understanding user 

needs deeply can lead to the development of user-centric digital products and services. An aspiring digital entrepreneur with 

higher empathy may be more inclined to identify with users' problems and feel compelled to create a digital solution, thereby 

strengthening their entrepreneurial intention. Empirical support for the influence of empathy on entrepreneurial intentions 

is documented in social entrepreneurship settings (Hockerts, 2017; Hossain, 2021). We expect a similar positive linkage in 

the digital domain.  

Prior Experience encompasses an individual's previous exposure to activities related to entrepreneurship or relevant 

domains. Experience can be gained through activities such as working in a startup, participating in business projects, or 

involvement in digital technology endeavors. Experience often shapes attitudes and self-confidence. Positive experiences 

can reinforce one's desire and perceived feasibility to repeat the behavior (Shook et al., 2003). In entrepreneurship research, 

prior entrepreneurial exposure or involvement in related projects has been identified as a predictor of entrepreneurial 

intention (Kautonen et al., 2015; Chlosta et al., 2012). The rationale is that Experience provides practical knowledge, skills, 

and a realistic preview of venture creation, thereby reducing uncertainty. In the digital entrepreneurship context, prior 

Experience (such as developing a digital product, managing an online business, or volunteering in a technology initiative) 

can build pertinent knowledge and networks. Such expertise may enhance an individual's confidence in launching a digital 

startup and increase their commitment to doing so. Empirical studies in social entrepreneurship have similarly found that 

volunteering or working on social projects increases students' inclination to start a social venture.  



Monira et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 10(6) (2025), 1-11

 

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Locus of control is a personality trait reflecting one's belief about control over life events. Individuals with a strong 

internal locus of control believe that the outcomes in their lives are primarily a result of their own actions and efforts, rather 

than external forces or luck (Rotter, 1954). This trait has long been associated with entrepreneurial propensity; entrepreneurs 

often exhibit a high internal locus of control, believing they can shape their venture's success through personal initiative and 

effort. An internal locus of control can instill greater confidence in managing the uncertainties of entrepreneurship, as 

individuals feel they have agency to influence results. Prior studies have found that an internal locus of control is associated 

with higher entrepreneurial intentions (Göksel & Aydıntan, 2011; Altinay et al., 2012). In a digital entrepreneurship scenario, 

those with an internal locus may be more comfortable leveraging digital tools and strategies to achieve business goals, 

trusting in their own ability to learn and adapt. They will likely view potential challenges in the digital marketplace as 

surmountable through effort and skill, thus bolstering their intention to initiate a digital venture.  

Self-efficacy refers to one's belief in one's capability to perform tasks and achieve goals (Bandura, 1977). 

Entrepreneurial self-efficacy refers to the confidence in one's ability to launch and successfully run a new venture (Chen et 

al., 1998; Mair & Noboa, 2006). High self-efficacy can influence the decision-making process by increasing an individual's 

perceived feasibility of entrepreneurship. If people believe they have the skills to start a business, they are more likely to 

form the intention to do so (Krueger & Brazeal, 1994). Prior research consistently identifies self-efficacy as a strong 

predictor of entrepreneurial intention (Zhao et al., 2005; Schlaegel & Koenig, 2014). In the context of digital 

entrepreneurship, self-efficacy encompasses confidence in one's technical skills (e.g., coding, digital marketing) and the 

business acumen necessary to establish a digital startup. Individuals with greater digital entrepreneurial self-efficacy are 

more likely to perceive themselves as capable of navigating the complexities of the digital market, from developing a digital 

product to acquiring online customers. They are thus more likely to intend to start a digital venture. Empirical evidence from 

related domains supports this link; for example, Shahab et al. (2019) found self-efficacy crucial for translating creativity 

and education into entrepreneurial intention in a multi-country study.  

A risk-taking tendency is the disposition to willingly take on risk and uncertainty in decision-making. 

Entrepreneurship inherently involves risk, as new ventures often face uncertain outcomes and a potential for failure. 

Individuals vary in risk tolerance; those with higher risk-taking propensity are more comfortable with uncertainty and are 

often more attracted to entrepreneurial careers (Stewart & Roth, 2001). Since early studies, risk-taking has been considered 

a hallmark trait of entrepreneurs (Brockhaus, 1980). A person eager to take calculated risks may view the uncertainties of 

starting a business, including a digital business, as challenges to be embraced rather than avoided. Prior research in 

commercial and social entrepreneurship contexts has linked risk propensity to stronger entrepreneurial intentions. In the 

digital arena, while some entry barriers are reduced (for instance, lower startup costs), significant risks remain related to 

technological change, competition, cybersecurity, and other factors. Those with a greater risk-taking tendency might be less 

deterred by these uncertainties and more resolute in their intention to create a digital startup.  

Entrepreneurial passion is characterized by intense positive emotions, deep intrinsic motivation, and enduring 

enthusiasm for entrepreneurial activities such as inventing new products or founding new businesses. Passionate 

entrepreneurs are often described as being "obsessed" in a positive way with their venture ideas, which fuels their 

perseverance and resilience (Cardon et al., 2009). The role of passion in entrepreneurship has received growing scholarly 

attention, with findings suggesting that passion can drive higher levels of initiative and persistence even in the face of 

obstacles. From an intention standpoint, entrepreneurial passion can strengthen one's personal desire and commitment to 

start a business. When individuals feel passionate about an entrepreneurial idea or role, they are more likely to form a 

stronger intention to pursue that path as a career. Recent studies provide evidence of the influence of passion on 

entrepreneurial intention. For example, Newman et al. (2019) reported that entrepreneurs' passion positively predicted their 

intentions to start a business and subsequent actions. Similarly, Biraglia and Kadile (2017) found that entrepreneurial passion 

significantly contributes to developing entrepreneurial intentions among hobbyist entrepreneurs (in their study of 

homebrewers). In the context of digital entrepreneurship, passion can be a critical energizing factor: launching a digital 

enterprise often requires long hours of skill development and iterative product refinement, which are more sustainable when 

driven by genuine passion. A passionate individual is likely to remain committed to the goal of founding a digital startup, 

despite setbacks such as software bugs or market feedback, thereby maintaining a high level of entrepreneurial intention.  

Creativity is the ability to generate original ideas, concepts, or solutions that are valuable and innovative. In 

entrepreneurship, creativity underlies the recognition of opportunities. The process of perceiving new business opportunities 

often comes from creative insight. Creative individuals tend to question the status quo and envision novel products or 

services, making them more inclined to pursue entrepreneurship to implement their ideas. Prior research has linked creativity 

to entrepreneurial intentions; for instance, students with higher creativity have shown greater interest in starting their own 

businesses (Zampetakis et al., 2009). Creativity can also enhance self-efficacy and attitudes towards entrepreneurship by 

giving individuals a sense of originality and a competitive advantage. A recent study by Shahab et al. (2019) explicitly 

examined "entrepreneurial creativity" and found that it plays a significant role in shaping entrepreneurial self-efficacy and 

intentions. In digital entrepreneurship, creativity is even more salient. Digital entrepreneurs operate in fast-paced, 

innovation-driven environments where competitive advantage often comes from unique digital solutions or disruptive 

business models. An individual's creativity can lead to the conception of a new app, platform, or digital service that they 

become eager to bring to life. This creative ideation can spark and reinforce the intention to develop a venture that brings 

the idea to market. Those scoring higher on creativity will be more likely to intend to start a digital enterprise, all else being 

equal.  

 

 



Monira et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 10(6) (2025), 1-11

 

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This study aims to advance the current Digital Entrepreneurial Intention (DEI) model by incorporating 

entrepreneurial passion and creativity as additional predictors alongside the five recognized individual factors: empathy, 

prior Experience, locus of control, self-efficacy, and risk-taking. The goal is to provide a deeper and more holistic 

understanding of the factors influencing DEI. This research proposes the following hypotheses. 

 

H1: Empathy positively influences digital entrepreneurial intention. 

H2: Prior entrepreneurial or relevant Experience positively influences digital entrepreneurial intention. 

H3: An internal locus of control has a positive influence on digital entrepreneurial intention. 

H4: Self-efficacy positively influences digital entrepreneurial intention. 

H5: Risk-taking Tendency positively influences digital entrepreneurial intention. 

H6: Entrepreneurial passion positively influences digital entrepreneurial intention. 

H7: Individual creativity positively influences digital entrepreneurial intention. 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Sample and Data Collection 
This study applied a quantitative survey design to test the above hypotheses. The target population consisted of university 

students in Bangladesh, who represent potential future entrepreneurs. Focusing on students is common in entrepreneurial 

intention research, as they are on the verge of career choices and constitute a relevant sample for studying nascent 

entrepreneurial intentions (Krueger et al., 2000; Tiwari et al., 2017). Data were collected using a structured self-report 

questionnaire. With cooperation from several prominent universities, the researchers distributed the survey to final year 

undergraduate and postgraduate students from business, engineering, and computer science programs. These fields were 

chosen to capture a diverse set of respondents with exposure to business and digital technology, aligning with the context 

of digital entrepreneurship. Participation was voluntary, and respondents were assured anonymity and that the data would 

be used only for research purposes. 

A total of 650 survey forms were distributed in class and via an online link. Of these, 612 responses were returned. 

After screening the data for completeness and attention (e.g., removing forms with excessive missing data or obvious 

inattentive patterns), 589 responses were deemed usable for analysis. This final sample (N = 589) had an average age of 

22.7 years (SD = 2.1). Approximately 55% of respondents were male, and 45% were female. In terms of academic 

background, approximately 60% were business or management majors, 25% were engineering/computer science majors, 

and the rest were from other fields (such as economics or social sciences) with an interest in entrepreneurship. During their 

studies, most respondents (around 72%) reported some exposure to entrepreneurship education or digital innovation courses. 

These demographics indicate a suitable sample for examining digital entrepreneurial intentions. Table 1 summarizes the key 

characteristics of the respondents. 

 

Table 1. Demographic Profile of Respondents (N = 589) 

 
Characteristic Category Frequency Percentage (%) 

Age 20 or younger 68 11.5%  
21–23 410 69.6%  
24 or older 111 18.9% 

Gender Male 323 54.8%  
Female 266 45.2% 

Education Level Undergraduate (Bachelor’s) 482 81.8%  
Postgraduate (Master’s) 107 18.2% 

Field of Study Business/Management 354 60.1%  
Engineering/Comp. Science 147 25.0%  
Other 88 14.9% 

Entrepreneurship Course Taken Yes 423 71.8%  
No 166 28.2% 

 

Table 1 profiles 589 university students, predominantly aged 21–23 years (69.6%), with 11.5% aged 20 or younger 

and 18.9% aged 24 or older. The gender split is pretty balanced (54.8% male, 45.2% female). Most respondents are 

undergraduates (81.8%) rather than postgraduates (18.2%), indicating that results primarily reflect pre-entry labor market 

intentions. Academically, 60.1% study business/management, 25.0% engineering/computer science, and 14.9% other fields, 

an appropriate mix for digital entrepreneurship, combining commercial and technical perspectives. A large majority (71.8%) 

have taken at least one entrepreneurship course, which enhances the sample's relevance for intention research but may 

elevate average intention and self-efficacy compared with less-exposed cohorts. Overall, the sample is well-suited for 

examining digital entrepreneurial intention in a student context; however, generalization to older or non-student populations 

should be made cautiously. 

 

Measures 
All the constructs in this study were measured with established multi-item scales adapted from prior research. The survey 

instrument assessed the seven independent variables (empathy, previous Experience, locus of control, self-efficacy, risk-

taking Tendency, entrepreneurial passion, creativity) and the dependent variable (digital entrepreneurial intention), along 

with demographic questions. Unless otherwise noted, respondents rated each item on a five-point Likert scale (1 = "strongly 

disagree" to 5 = "strongly agree"), indicating their level of agreement with each statement. 



Monira et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 10(6) (2025), 1-11

 

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Digital Entrepreneurial Intention (DEI): We measured DEI using a six-item scale adapted from Abdelwahed et al. (2024), 

which was initially developed to assess individuals' intentions to start a digital business. The items capture one's readiness 

and determination to become a digital entrepreneur. A higher score indicates a stronger intention to found a digital venture. 

In this study, the DEI scale showed good reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.85). 

 

Empathy: Empathy was measured using three items adapted from Hockerts (2015, 2017), which were initially developed 

in a social entrepreneurship context but were framed more generally for this study. These items assess the degree to which 

respondents resonate with others' difficulties and feel compelled to help. Cronbach's alpha for the empathy scale was 0.84. 

 

Prior Experience: We captured prior entrepreneurial or relevant Experience with a three-item scale based on Hockerts 

(2017) and prior intention studies. The items asked whether the respondent had Experience working or volunteering in 

organizations, projects, or activities related to entrepreneurship or digital innovation. A higher score reflects greater pertinent 

Experience. The reliability of this scale was α = 0.78. 

 

Locus of Control: Locus of control was assessed using a seven-item scale adapted from Koh (1996) that measures the 

internal locus of control in an entrepreneurial setting. Higher scores indicate a more internal locus of control. The internal 

consistency of this scale was α = 0.81. 

 

Self-Efficacy: Entrepreneurial self-efficacy was measured with a four-item scale adapted from Chen et al. (1998) and 

Hockerts (2017). We specifically focused on the respondent's confidence in skills relevant to starting a digital business. 

Cronbach's alpha for self-efficacy was 0.83. 

 

Risk-Taking Tendency: We employed a six-item scale developed by Koh (1996) to assess risk-taking propensity. The items 

describe attitudes towards risk and uncertainty. This measure assesses the respondent's comfort with uncertain outcomes 

and their preference for bold decisions, traits relevant to entrepreneurial contexts. The risk-taking scale had an internal 

consistency of α = 0.72 in our sample. 

 

Entrepreneurial Passion: Entrepreneurial passion was measured by adapting five items from prior studies of 

entrepreneurial passion (Cardon et al., 2009; Biraglia & Kadile, 2017). These items capture the intensity of positive feelings 

toward founding and developing a business. The passion scale demonstrated high reliability (α = 0.88). 

 

Creativity: We assessed individual creativity using a four-item creative thinking scale adapted from Tierney and Farmer 

(2002) and measures used in entrepreneurial contexts (Zampetakis et al., 2009). The items gauged the respondent's self-

perception of their creative ability. For this study, creativity refers to entrepreneurial creativity, the ability to generate ideas 

for new products, services, or solutions. Cronbach's alpha on the creativity scale was 0.80. 

 

All scale items were presented in English, the medium of instruction at the participating universities, ensuring that 

language did not pose a barrier to understanding. We conducted a pre-test of the questionnaire with 30 students to check for 

clarity and relevance of the items in the digital entrepreneurship context. Based on the feedback, minor wording adjustments 

were made (for instance, clarifying terms like "digital venture"). 

 

Table 2. Validity Check 

 
Construct Item Code Factor Loading 

Digital Entrepreneurial Intention (DEI) (α = 0.85) DEI1 0.78  
DEI2 0.81  
DEI3 0.84  
DEI4 0.80  
DEI5 0.76  
DEI6 0.82 

Empathy (α = 0.84) EMP1 0.77  
EMP2 0.83  
EMP3 0.79 

Prior Experience (α = 0.78) EXP1 0.73  
EXP2 0.76  
EXP3 0.71 

Locus of Control (α = 0.81) LOC1 0.74  
LOC2 0.78  
LOC3 0.81  
LOC4 0.75  
LOC5 0.72  
LOC6 0.79  
LOC7 0.77 

Self-Efficacy (α = 0.83) SE1 0.81  
SE2 0.79  
SE3 0.76  
SE4 0.83 



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6 

Risk-Taking Tendency (α = 0.72) RISK1 0.72  
RISK2 0.74  
RISK3 0.70  
RISK4 0.73  
RISK5 0.68  
RISK6 0.71 

Entrepreneurial Passion (α = 0.88) PASS1 0.85  
PASS2 0.83  
PASS3 0.82  
PASS4 0.86  
PASS5 0.87 

Creativity (α = 0.80) CREA1 0.77  
CREA2 0.80  
CREA3 0.76  
CREA4 0.81 

 

The factor loading table shows that all items loaded strongly on their respective constructs, with standardized values 

ranging from 0.68 to 0.87. These results indicate that each item is a valid indicator of its underlying construct. The highest 

loading was observed for entrepreneurial passion, reflecting strong coherence among its items, while the lowest loading was 

found for risk-taking Tendency, but still within an acceptable range. 

 

Reliability Check 

We undertook multiple procedures to assess the psychometric soundness of the measures. Cronbach's α exceeded the 

conventional threshold of 0.70 for all multi-item constructs, indicating acceptable to excellent reliability (Hair et al., 2010). 

Risk-taking was adequate for exploratory work (α = 0.72). A summary is provided below. 

 

Table 3. Reliability Check 

 
Construct Items Cronbach’s α 

Digital Entrepreneurial Intention (DEI) 6 0.85 

Empathy 3 0.84 

Prior Experience 3 0.78 

Locus of Control 7 0.81 

Self-Efficacy 4 0.83 

Risk-Taking Tendency 6 0.72 

Entrepreneurial Passion 5 0.88 

Creativity 4 0.80 

 

The reliability evidence is solid: Cronbach’s α values range from 0.72 to 0.88, indicating acceptable to perfect 

internal consistency across constructs. The strongest scales are Entrepreneurial Passion (α = 0.88) and DEI (α = 0.85), 

followed closely by Empathy (α = 0.84), Self-Efficacy (α = 0.83), Locus of Control (α = 0.81), and Creativity (α = 0.80), 

all comfortably above the .80 “good” benchmark. Prior Experience (0.78) is satisfactory, and its three-item length likely 

caps α somewhat (α generally increases with more items). The Risk-Taking Tendency (0.72) meets the conventional 

threshold of 0.70. It is adequate for exploratory work, although it shows the most room for refinement, warranting 

examination of item-total correlations, reverse-coded items, and potential sub-dimensions. Overall, the scale set provides a 

reliable foundation for hypothesis testing. To further strengthen reporting, consider adding composite reliability (CR) from 

the CFA and retaining α in the text/table for transparency. 

 

RESULTS 

Descriptive Statistics and Correlations 
Table 4 presents the descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) for all study variables, along with the Pearson 

correlation matrix. The sample mean for digital entrepreneurial intention was 3.67 on a 5-point scale (SD = 0.81), indicating 

that overall intention levels were above the neutral midpoint, with many students agreeing that they plan to pursue digital 

entrepreneurship. Among the independent variables, entrepreneurial passion had the highest mean (M = 3.89, SD = 0.77), 

indicating that, on average, respondents felt a strong affinity for entrepreneurship. Creativity and self-efficacy were also 

relatively high (M = 3.74 and 3.61, respectively). In contrast, prior Experience had the lowest mean (M = 2.94, SD = 0.93), 

reflecting that many students had limited direct entrepreneurial or work Experience. The correlation matrix indicates that 

all independent variables exhibit a positive and significant correlation with the dependent variable (DEI), providing initial 

support for our hypotheses. Entrepreneurial passion and risk-taking Tendency strongly correlate with DEI (r = 0.59 and r = 

0.57, respectively, p < 0.01). Locus of control and creativity are also substantially correlated with DEI (r = 0.50 and r = 0.46, 

p < 0.01). Empathy and prior Experience show weaker yet significant correlations with DEI (r = 0.33 and r = 0.28, p < 0.01). 

These patterns suggest that students with a higher passion for entrepreneurship, greater risk tolerance, strong internal locus 

of control, and high creativity tend to report higher intentions to start digital ventures. 

Inter-correlations among independent variables are generally moderate. As expected, entrepreneurial passion is 

moderately correlated with creativity (r = 0.44, p < 0.01) and self-efficacy (r = 0.52, p < 0.01), indicating that passionate 

individuals often feel capable and think creatively. Prior Experience is moderately associated with risk-taking (r = 0.37, p < 

0.01) and self-efficacy (r = 0.41, p < 0.01), possibly because hands-on Experience can build confidence and comfort with 



Monira et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 10(6) (2025), 1-11

 

7 

risk. The highest correlation among the predictors is between self-efficacy and locus of control (r = 0.55, p < 0.01), which 

is logical as believing in one's control over outcomes can enhance one's confidence in performing tasks. Importantly, none 

of the predictor intercorrelations approaches excessively high levels (e.g., r > 0.8) that would signal concerns about 

multicollinearity, aligning with the VIF diagnostics. Overall, the correlation analysis provides a favorable initial test of our 

model. Each characteristic is positively linked to digital entrepreneurial intention, supporting the notion that these factors 

may serve as significant determinants. 

 

Table 4. Descriptive Statistics and Correlations among Variables 

 
   Variable Mean 

(M) 

SD 1. DEI 2. 

Empathy 

3. 

Prior 

Exp 

4. 

Locus 

5. 

Self-

Eff 

6. Risk-

Taking 

7. 

Passion 

8. Creativity 

1. Digital Entrepreneurial 

Intention 

3.67 0.81 1 
       

2. Empathy 3.45 0.85 0.33** 1 
      

3. Prior Experience 2.94 0.93 0.28** 0.21** 1 
     

4. Locus of Control 3.58 0.67 0.50** 0.19** 0.26** 1 
    

5. Self-Efficacy 3.61 0.74 0.45** 0.18** 0.41** 0.55** 1 
   

6. Risk-Taking Tendency 3.32 0.80 0.57** 0.30** 0.37** 0.43** 0.39** 1 
  

7. Entrepreneurial Passion 3.89 0.77 0.59** 0.24** 0.29** 0.48** 0.52** 0.46** 1 
 

8. Creativity 3.74 0.69 0.46** 0.15** 0.22** 0.34** 0.40** 0.42** 0.44** 1 

Note: **p < 0.01 (n = 589) 

 

The correlation findings support all bivariate associations proposed (H1 through H7). However, to rigorously test 

the hypotheses, we next turn to multivariate regression analysis, which assesses the unique contribution of each factor to 

DEI while controlling for the others. This approach determines whether each predictor has a significant independent effect 

on digital entrepreneurial intention, thus providing a stronger test of the hypotheses. 

 

Regression Analysis 
We performed a multiple linear regression with digital entrepreneurial intention as the dependent variable and the seven 

individual characteristics as simultaneous predictors. The overall regression model was statistically significant (F(7, 581) = 

122.4, p < 0.001), indicating that the set of predictors reliably explains variance in DEI. The model's R-squared value was 

0.775, and the adjusted R-squared value was 0.594, meaning that these seven factors accounted for approximately 59.4% of 

the variance in digital entrepreneurial intention. This represents a substantial effect size in the context of behavioral 

intentions. It also reflects an improvement over earlier models with fewer predictors (for example, a comparable model with 

only five traits was found to explain about 54% of the variance in social entrepreneurial intentions). Including 

entrepreneurial passion and creativity in the model has thus added meaningful explanatory power, highlighting their 

relevance to DEI. 

Table 5 details the regression coefficients for each predictor. All seven hypotheses (H1–H7) are supported, as each 

independent variable shows a positive and statistically significant coefficient (at least at the 0.05 level). Specifically, 

entrepreneurial passion emerged as a strong predictor of DEI (β = 0.244, p < 0.001), providing evidence for H6. This suggests 

that, when controlling for other factors, students' passionate drive towards entrepreneurship has a unique and significant 

effect on their intention to start a digital venture. Creativity also had a positive and significant impact on DEI (β = 0.127, p 

< 0.01), confirming H7 and demonstrating that creative ability contributes to one's entrepreneurial intention in the digital 

context. 

Among the original five predictors, risk-taking Tendency retained a highly significant influence on DEI (β = 0.301, 

p < 0.001), in line with H5. In fact, risk propensity had the most significant standardized coefficient in the model, indicating 

it is one of the most influential factors (alongside passion) for intending to engage in digital entrepreneurship. The locus of 

control also remained significant (β = 0.119, p < 0.01), supporting H3, which states that individuals who believe they control 

their own outcomes are more likely to intend to create a digital business. Self-efficacy had a positive coefficient (β = 0.102, 

p < 0.01), supporting H4; even with other traits in the model, confidence in one's entrepreneurial abilities remains a 

significant contributor to higher DEI. Empathy's coefficient was smaller but still positive and significant (β = 0.079, p < 

0.05), consistent with H1, suggesting that empathy has a modest but honest effect on motivating digital entrepreneurial 

pursuits. Lastly, prior Experience showed a positive coefficient (β = 0.058, p < 0.05), marginally supporting H2. This 

indicates that having previous exposure to entrepreneurial or relevant activities adds slightly to one's intention to start a 

digital venture (though its effect is relatively weaker compared to other predictors, likely because not all students had 

substantial Experience). 

 

Table 5. Multiple Regression Results Predicting Digital Entrepreneurial Intention. 

 
Predictor Unstandardized B Std. Error B Standardized β t-value p-value 

Empathy 0.072 0.032 0.079 2.256 0.024* 

Prior Experience 0.041 0.021 0.058 1.993 0.047* 

Locus of Control 0.115 0.036 0.119 3.203 0.001** 

Self-Efficacy 0.098 0.034 0.102 2.882 0.004** 

Risk-Taking Tendency 0.308 0.028 0.301 10.998 0.000** 

Entrepreneurial Passion 0.228 0.031 0.244 7.358 0.000** 



Monira et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 10(6) (2025), 1-11

 

8 

Creativity 0.116 0.037 0.127 3.149 0.002** 

Model Summary: R = 0.775; R2 = 0.600; Adjusted R2 = 

0.594; F(7, 581) = 122.4, p < 0.001; Durbin-Watson = 

1.98. 

     

Note: Dependent Variable: Digital Entrepreneurial Intention. Unstandardized B = unstandardized regression coefficient; Std. Error B = standard error of 
B; Standardized β = standardized coefficient. p<0.05*, *p<0.01 (two-tailed). 

 

These results confirm that each hypothesized determinant has a positive effect on digital entrepreneurial intention 

when analyzed jointly. Entrepreneurial passion (H6) and creativity (H7), the newly introduced variables, both have significant 

independent impacts, thus extending the understanding of DEI formation. The strong influence of passion aligns with 

theoretical expectations that emotional drive is key in entrepreneurship. Creativity's effect, while smaller in magnitude, is 

noteworthy; it suggests that, beyond being confident and risk-tolerant, would-be digital entrepreneurs benefit from having 

a creative mindset that generates the ideas they intend to pursue. 

The findings for the original five factors (H1–H5) largely align with prior literature and empirical evidence from 

related contexts, such as social entrepreneurial intention. Risk-taking propensity stands out as a major contributor, 

underscoring the importance of embracing uncertainty, even in digital startups. Internal locus of control and self-efficacy 

remain essential and intuitive: individuals who feel in charge of their own fate and are confident in their skills are more 

likely to intend to start a venture. Empathy, while significant, had the smallest coefficient; this suggests that its role, although 

positive, may be less critical than that of other factors in the digital entrepreneurship setting. One reason could be that 

empathy's effect is more indirect (e.g., through shaping social value motives) or that in a tech-driven domain, empathy is 

not as immediately influential on intention as, say, passion or risk propensity. Prior Experience's marginal significance 

indicates that while helpful, Experience alone (especially among a young sample) is not a strong driver unless coupled with 

other qualities, such as self-efficacy or passion. It is possible that many students without direct startup experience still form 

intentions based on their education and traits, somewhat diluting the difference between those with and without Experience 

in this sample. 

Overall, the regression analysis provides robust support for our extended DEI model. Nearly sixty per cent of the 

variance explained is considerable for an intentions model, suggesting that these seven personal attributes collectively offer 

a powerful lens for understanding who is likely to pursue digital entrepreneurship. Next, we discuss these results in a broader 

context, comparing them with previous findings and drawing out implications. 

 

DISCUSSIONS 
Support for Hypotheses: The findings clearly indicate that the primary hypotheses (H3, H4, H5, H6, H7) were all supported 

by the data, as were the secondary hypotheses (H1, H2). In other words, each proposed predictor demonstrated a significant 

positive relationship with students’ digital entrepreneurial intention. Notably, entrepreneurial passion (H6) and risk-taking 

propensity (H5) emerged as two of the most influential factors, consistent with expectations. Meanwhile, empathy (H1) and 

prior Experience (H2) showed weaker support, with smaller effect sizes and marginal significance in the case of prior 

Experience (p = 0.047). These two traits, although significant, contributed less to the intention model, suggesting their 

impact is modest compared to the other predictors. Such results warrant closer examination to understand why their effects 

were relatively subdued. 

Entrepreneurial Passion (H6): The strong effect of entrepreneurial passion on digital entrepreneurial intention 

confirms the importance of emotional drive in venture creation. Passionate individuals exhibit high intrinsic motivation and 

perseverance, which likely translates into a stronger resolve to start a digital business. Our results align with emerging 

research that identifies passion as a core motivational engine for entrepreneurship. For instance, Cardon et al. (2009) 

theorized that passion fuels entrepreneurial goals, and Murnieks et al. (2016) found passion linked to greater entrepreneurial 

engagement. We extend these insights to the digital domain: even in technology-driven ventures, the “heart” (passion) 

remains crucial. This implies that nurturing students' entrepreneurial passion, for example, by helping them discover venture 

ideas they deeply care about, could bolster their intention to launch digital startups. Our research on H6 highlights that an 

intense positive emotion for entrepreneurship can energize individuals to pursue and persist in the digital entrepreneurial 

process. 

Creativity (H7): Incorporating creativity into the model also proved valuable. A creative mindset was positively 

associated with digital entrepreneurial intention, indicating that students who see themselves as creative thinkers are more 

inclined to envision starting their own digital ventures. This finding aligns with prior studies that have linked creativity to 

entrepreneurial intentions in traditional settings (Hamidi et al., 2008; Zampetakis et al., 2009). In our study, H7 was 

supported, reinforcing that the ability to generate novel ideas can inspire entrepreneurial action. Intuitively, individuals 

brimming with innovative ideas are quicker to spot opportunities and feel compelled to bring those ideas to life through 

startups. This echoes Shahab et al. (2019), who questioned the role of entrepreneurial creativity and found that creativity 

indeed matters for intention. In a digital context, creative ability might also indirectly strengthen intention by boosting self-

efficacy (confidence in devising unique solutions) and making the entrepreneurial journey more personally rewarding. 

Practical implication: training programs for future digital entrepreneurs should not only teach technical skills but also foster 

creative thinking and problem-solving, as doing so can increase participants' motivation to start a venture. 

Risk-Taking Propensity (H5): Among the established traits, risk-taking propensity had one of the most significant 

impacts on digital entrepreneurial intention. This aligns with the classic understanding that entrepreneurship involves 

uncertainty, and individuals who are comfortable with risk are more likely to pursue it. Our data strongly supported H5, 

mirroring findings in both commercial entrepreneurship (where risk tolerance is a hallmark of entrepreneurs, Stewart & 

Roth, 2001) and social entrepreneurship contexts (Hossain, 2021). Even in the digital realm, which can offer flexibility but 



Monira et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 10(6) (2025), 1-11

 

9 

still entails market and technological uncertainties, a higher risk appetite differentiates those who intend to found ventures. 

The implication is that developing individuals' ability to manage and accept risk (through education or guided Experience) 

could encourage more students to consider digital startups. In entrepreneurial development programs, helping nascent 

entrepreneurs learn risk management strategies might increase their comfort with launching a venture. 

Internal Locus of Control (H3) and Self-Efficacy (H4): Both an internal locus of control and entrepreneurial self-

efficacy showed significant positive relationships with digital entrepreneurial intention, supporting H3 and H4. These results 

underscore the importance of self-belief and agency in the entrepreneurial mindset. Students who believe that outcomes 

depend on their own actions (internal locus) and who are confident in their entrepreneurial abilities (high self-efficacy) were 

more likely to intend to start a digital business. This is consistent with social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1977) and prior 

research on entrepreneurial intentions, which emphasizes that feeling in control and feeling capable encourage 

entrepreneurial pursuits. Interestingly, in our data, these two traits were strongly correlated, often going hand-in-hand: those 

who feel in control tend to feel capable as well. Both traits can be enhanced through education and Experience, for example, 

engaging students in hands-on projects, internships, or startup simulations can improve self-efficacy, while teaching 

entrepreneurial skills and problem-solving can strengthen an internal locus of control (Nowiński et al., 2019). Our findings 

suggest that bolstering students' confidence (H4) and sense of agency (H3) may directly increase their digital entrepreneurial 

intentions. In practical terms, educators and mentors should focus on providing mastery experiences and empowerment 

strategies, since believing in one’s abilities and influence is key to turning intention into action in the digital startup context. 

Empathy (H1) and Prior Experience (H2): Empathy and prior entrepreneurial Experience were the two weakest 

predictors in our model, although both effects were still statistically significant. Empathy (H1) had the smallest standardized 

coefficient, indicating that while being compassionate and attuned to others has some positive influence, it is not a primary 

driver of digital entrepreneurial intention. This outcome aligns with the notion that many digital businesses are opportunity-

driven or tech-focused, and not always launched from empathic motives, unlike social enterprises, which often stem directly 

from empathy for a problem or community (Mair & Noboa, 2006; Hockerts, 2017). Nonetheless, the fact that H1 was 

supported (β = 0.08) suggests that empathy adds a layer of purpose to entrepreneurial intentions. Students who care about 

others or society may channel that concern into mission-driven digital ideas, thereby slightly bolstering their drive to start a 

venture. Future research may investigate whether empathy plays a more significant role in intentions to launch certain types 

of digital startups (e.g., health or education platforms with social impact) compared to purely commercial apps. Prior 

Experience (H2) showed a marginal but positive effect on intention (β = 0.06, p =0.047), indicating weak support for H2. 

This tepid influence could be due to our undergraduate sample, as few students had substantial entrepreneurial exposure, so 

Experience did not vary enough to drive intentions strongly. Indeed, literature shows mixed results on the impact of prior 

Experience: some studies find that having an entrepreneurial background or exposure increases intentions. In contrast, others 

find a limited direct impact after accounting for personal traits. Our result leans toward the latter; it implies that other factors, 

such as education or self-efficacy, may partly offset a lack of Experience. Still, the significance of H2 (though weak) suggests 

that even modest exposure, such as internships, running small projects, or involvement in a family business, can slightly 

elevate a student's inclination toward entrepreneurship by reducing the fear of the unknown and building practical 

knowledge. Over time, as individuals gain more real-world Experience, this factor may become more influential, potentially 

through indirect pathways (e.g., Experience boosting self-efficacy or networks that, in turn, facilitate entrepreneurial intent). 

In summary, digital entrepreneurial intention emerges as a multifaceted construct shaped by a constellation of 

personal attributes. Our results demonstrate that affective traits, such as passion, provide emotional impetus, while creativity 

supplies innovative sparks. Risk tolerance and self-belief (internal locus of control and self-efficacy) give individuals the 

courage and confidence to pursue a venture. Empathy adds a sense of purpose, and prior Experience offers practical 

grounding to their intentions. This multifactorial understanding underscores that fostering digital entrepreneurship in 

students requires a holistic approach, one that cultivates not just business knowledge but also the emotional, cognitive, and 

experiential qualities that drive entrepreneurial intentions. 

 

CONCLUSIONS 

This study enhanced the understanding of digital entrepreneurial intention (DEI) by integrating two novel personal 

attributes, entrepreneurial passion and creativity, into an existing framework of five established traits (empathy, prior 

Experience, locus of control, self-efficacy, and risk-taking propensity). Using a sample of 589 university students in 

Bangladesh, we found that all seven attributes significantly and positively influence the intention to launch a digital venture. 

The extended model accounted for approximately 60% of the variance in DEI, indicating high explanatory power. Among 

the predictors, passion and risk-taking emerged as the most influential factors, underscoring the importance of an emotional 

drive and comfort with uncertainty in driving digital entrepreneurship. Creativity was also a meaningful contributor, 

reinforcing that those who can generate novel ideas are more inclined to envision themselves as entrepreneurs. The 

remaining factors, locus of control, self-efficacy, empathy, and prior Experience, all had positive (though comparatively 

minor) effects on entrepreneurial intentions, suggesting that who aspiring entrepreneurs are (their mindset and feelings) 

plays a crucial role alongside what they know or can do. 

These findings carry important theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, our results support broadening 

mainstream entrepreneurial intention models (e.g., the Theory of Planned Behavior) to include affective and creative 

dimensions. We provide empirical evidence that the "heart" (passion) and the creative mindset are as crucial as technical 

skills or knowledge in driving digital entrepreneurial intentions. By demonstrating that passion and creativity significantly 

predict DEI, this study contributes to the emerging scholarship that calls for integrating emotion-based and creativity-based 

constructs into entrepreneurship theories. Practically, educators, trainers, and policymakers should place greater emphasis 

on developing personal attributes in addition to traditional business skills. For entrepreneurship educators and ecosystem 



Monira et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 10(6) (2025), 1-11

 

10 

builders, investing in students' passion, creativity, self-confidence, and risk tolerance is as important as imparting technical 

know-how. Initiatives such as creativity workshops, mentorship programs to build self-efficacy, and experiential exercises 

in risk management could strengthen these traits. By cultivating passionate, creative, and resilient individuals, universities 

and incubators can create a more fertile ground for the next generation of digital startups. In short, cultivating the inner 

qualities of potential entrepreneurs is crucial to translating their intentions into action in the digital economy. 

It is also important to acknowledge the limitations of this research and outline avenues for future research. First, 

the study employed a cross-sectional design, capturing intentions and self-reported traits at a single point in time. This 

design limits causal inference. Future studies should employ longitudinal designs to observe how changes in personal 

attributes (e.g., increasing passion or creativity) might lead to changes in entrepreneurial intention over time, or to examine 

how intentions eventually translate into actual startup behavior. Second, our sample was confined to university students in 

a single country (Bangladesh), which may limit the generalizability of the findings. Cultural and contextual factors could 

influence the role these traits play; thus, replicating this study in other countries (including both emerging and developed 

economies) is recommended to see if the relationships hold universally or differ by context. Third, while we examined seven 

individual predictors, there are other personal factors not included in this model that could be relevant to digital 

entrepreneurial intentions. Future research could incorporate additional variables such as personal values, outcome 

expectations (e.g., desire for autonomy or financial success), and perceived social support. Including such factors may 

provide a more comprehensive understanding of what drives someone to pursue digital entrepreneurship. Additionally, 

qualitative research would be a valuable complement to our quantitative findings. In-depth interviews or case studies could 

explore how and why these personal attributes influence individuals' entrepreneurial narratives and decision-making, for 

example, by uncovering the stories of how a mentor or a particular experience sparked a student's passion and led them 

toward a startup intention. 

In conclusion, this research offers a robust empirical examination of the personal attributes that shape digital 

entrepreneurial intention. By confirming that affective traits (such as passion), cognitive traits (like creativity and self-

efficacy), and classic personality factors (like risk tolerance and locus of control) all contribute to the entrepreneurial 

mindset, we provide a more comprehensive understanding of what drives students to envision new digital ventures. These 

insights bridge theory and practice, suggesting that successful encouragement of digital entrepreneurship must address the 

person behind the idea as much as the idea itself. Ultimately, our study highlights that the heart and the creative mind are 

pivotal in entrepreneurship. Cultivating passionate, creative, confident, and risk-tolerant individuals will help unlock greater 

entrepreneurial potential in the digital era. 

 

 
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, N.A.M., I.S., W.J.K., F.T. and S.S.; Methodology, N.A.M.; Software, N.A.M.; Validation, N.A.M.; Formal 

Analysis, N.A.M., I.S., W.J.K., F.T. and S.S.; Investigation, N.A.M., I.S., W.J.K., F.T. and S.S.; Resources, N.A.M., I.S., W.J.K., F.T. and S.S.; Data 

Curation, N.A.M.; Writing – Original Draft Preparation, N.A.M., I.S., W.J.K., F.T. and S.S.; Writing – Review & Editing, N.A.M., I.S., W.J.K., F.T. and 
S.S.; Visualization, N.A.M.; Supervision, N.A.M; Project Administration, N.A.M.; Funding Acquisition, I.S. Authors have read and agreed to the published 

version of the manuscript. 

Institutional Review Board Statement: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study, as the research does not involve vulnerable groups or 
sensitive issues. 

Funding: Authors received no funding for this research.  

Acknowledgments: Not applicable. 
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. 

Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available 

due to restrictions. 
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
 

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