




































BANGLADESH JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 11(1) (2026), 35-42 

35 

        MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 
          BJMSR VOL 11 NO 1 (2026) P-ISSN 2687-850X E-ISSN 2687-8518 

         Available online at https://www.cribfb.com 

     Journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/BJMSR 

                                                                                                                                                                                                    Published by CRIBFB, USA 
                                                                                                                              

OMANI STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE IMPACT OF PRIVATE 

TUTORING ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE         

             
 Hamood Ahmed Al Hunaini (a)1   Rashid Mohammed Al Hajri (b)  Kodhandaraman Chinnathambi (c)    
 

(a)Assistant Professor, Educational Technology, A’ Sharqiyah University, Oman; E-mail: hamood.alhunaini@asu.edu.om 
(b)Associate Professor, Educational Foundation, A’ Sharqiyah University, Oman; E-mail: rashid.alhajri@asu.edu.om 
(c)Lecturer, Preparatory Studies Center, University of Technology and Applied Sciences-Ibra, Oman; E-mail: kodhandaraman.c@utas.edu.om 

 

 
A R T I C L E I N F O 

 
 

Article History: 

 

Received: 25th August 2025 

Reviewed & Revised: 25th August 2025 

to 7th December 2025 

Accepted: 9th December 2025 
Published: 11th December 2025 

 
Keywords: 

 
Private Tutoring, Academic  

Performance, Omani Students,  

Quantitative Study, Regression  

Analysis 

 
JEL Classification Codes: 

 

      I21, D12, O15 

 

      Peer-Review Model:  

 

      External peer review was done through  

      double-blind method.        

 
A B S T R A C T      
 

Private tutoring is becoming increasingly common worldwide as a way to supplement formal education, 

especially in developing countries. This growing trend has attracted significant attention from 

researchers who are using various methods to understand the reasons behind the demand for private 

tutoring and its Impact on students, focusing on key variables such as gender, grade level, and the 
relationship between tutoring participation and test scores. However, few research studies examine how 

Omani students perceive the Impact of private tutoring on their academic performance. Therefore, this 

study aims to investigate Omani students' perceptions of private tutoring and its Impact on their 

academic performance. The study employed a quantitative research method and collected data from 

1,111 Omani students studying in grades 9 to 12 (high and higher secondary schools) by distributing a 

self-prepared questionnaire. The data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive and regression analysis 

to determine the factors influencing the test scores. The multiple regression analyses indicate a positive 
correlation between private tutoring and Omani students' academic achievement (F = 5.210, p = 0.006). 

However, receiving private tutoring (p = 0.543) is not statistically significant, whereas the number of 

days attended is statistically significant (p = 0.001). Overall, the study's findings reveal that mere 

participation in private tutoring does not have a positive effect on test scores, but regularly attending 

private tutoring is positively associated with test scores. The study recommends consistent engagement 

with private tutoring to improve students' academic performance. The study also provides significant 

implications for teachers, parents, and policymakers. 

 
 

© 2025 by the authors. Licensee CRIBFB, USA. This open-access article is distributed under the 
terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license 
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0).  

            

       

INTRODUCTION 

Education systems have evolved over the years, and assessments and exams have become essential for measuring students' 

achievement. Our current educational systems are deeply rooted in colonial origins. So, many education systems rely heavily 

on exams to ensure fairness, mainly when many students compete for limited higher education seats and scholarships. Thus, 

students and their families have been looking for ways to help learners maximize their scores on school exams. Therefore, 

many parents hire private tutors to help their children in various subjects to ensure their academic success. 

At first, private tutoring was a sole practice for wealthy families. However, this idea became a global issue (Bray 

& Kwo, 2014), and the demand for private tutors increased. In many countries, private tutoring has become a parallel 

education system alongside school systems, and many families perceive it as an obligation (Zhang, 2021). 

Research also suggests that private tutoring has become an inevitable feature of formal educational systems, as 

students use it to improve their academic performance. A study conducted by Guerrero (2020) demonstrated that private 

tutoring could help students become high achievers. Likewise,  Zheng, Wang, Shen, and Fang (2020) found that private 

tutoring had a positive influence on students' test scores. A recent study by Zhang and Liu (2022) also showed a positive 

correlation between private tutoring and academic performance. Earlier studies by Buchmann, Condron, and Roscigno 

(2010) and Marshall and Fukao (2019) also found a positive relationship between private tutoring and academic 

performance. These results reinforce the global view that private tutoring is essential for academic achievement. Hence, 

parents and students opt for private tutoring. This rise in demand reflects broader global trends in which private tutoring is 

added to formal education systems.  

                                                      
1Corresponding author: ORCID ID: 0009-0001-3783-8929 

© 2025 by the authors. Hosting by CRIBFB. Peer review under responsibility of CRIBFB, USA.  

https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2752 

 
To cite this article: Al Hunaini, H. A., Al Hajri, R. M., & Chinnathambi, K. (2025). OMANI STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE IMPACT OF 

PRIVATE TUTORING ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE. Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research, 11(1), 35-42. 

https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2752 

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
https://www.openaccess.nl/en
https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2752
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3783-8929
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0428-4891
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1289-9290


Al Huneini et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 11(1) (2026), 35-42

 

 
36 

In Oman, private tutoring is no longer a luxury but a standard part of educational support. This is due to educational 

pressure, perceived necessity, and parental investment. Private tutoring in Oman has gained popularity over the last two 

decades and is available in various forms, including personalized, group, and online sessions. Tutors are generally selected 

based on their qualifications, experience, recommendations, reputation, and location. Therefore, studying this phenomenon 

has become necessary to uncover its various aspects and its Impact on Omani students and the school system in general. 

The lack of self-motivated reading habits also plays a role in the decision to choose private tutoring. In this context, many 

questions related to private tutoring, such as the percentage of prevalence of private lessons among Omani school students, 

the most common forms of private lessons, the subjects for which students take private tutoring, the criteria used for selecting 

a private teacher, the place for private tutoring, time allotted for tuition, money spent on tuition, remain unanswered.  

Omani students and parents invest significant time and money in private tutoring, yet few studies have been 

conducted in this regard. As a consequence, details on the prevalence and practices of private tutoring, academic outcomes, 

equity, and accessibility are unavailable. So, the stakeholders are still determining whether private tutoring positively 

impacts Omani students' self-confidence, study skills, and academic performance. Therefore, this empirical study primarily 

focuses on Omani students' perceptions of private tutoring, examines the demographic variables gender and grade level, and 

investigates the relationship between private tutoring and its Impact on academic success, gender, and grade level.  

The lack of detailed, context-specific knowledge about private tutoring and its potential Impact on academic 

performance is the primary problem in the Omani educational context. Detailed and contextualized knowledge is vital for 

informing educational practices and policies.   Therefore, this empirical study aims to investigate (a) whether there are 

differences in the perceptions of male and female students regarding private tutoring, (b) whether students in grades 9, 10, 

11, and 12 hold varying opinions on private tutoring, and (c) whether there is a relationship between students' test scores 

and their participation in private tutoring. 

Overall, this study aims to investigate Omani students' perceptions of private tutoring and its Impact on their 

academic performance. To achieve the aim of this study, a quantitative method is adopted. Data were collected from 1,111 

Omani students in Grades 9-12. To collect data, a self-prepared questionnaire was used. The data were analyzed in SPSS 

using descriptive analysis and multiple regression analysis. By addressing these gaps, this study attempts to provide valuable 

insights for students, parents, teachers, and policymakers. The study is unique because it not only fills a research gap but 

also enables students, parents, teachers, and policymakers to make informed decisions about private tutoring in Oman's 

educational landscape. The remaining paper structure includes section 2, which reviews the literature on the study variable, 

private tutoring, and its Impact on academic performance, and students' perceptions of private tutoring. Section 3 elaborates 

on the study's methodology. Results and discussion are presented in section 4, and the study's conclusion is presented in 

section 5. 

 

LITERATURE REVIEW 

The growing popularity of private tutoring among students has become a significant topic in education. Many students feel 

that private tutoring improves their academic performance. They mention factors such as increased motivation, parental 

expectations, perceived inadequacies in school teaching quality, and the personalized attention provided through tutoring. 

These elements suggest that private tutoring is an effective way to address specific learning needs and complement formal 

education. Empirical research across many countries has shed light on the potential benefits of private tutoring. In Japan, 

private lessons are more inclusive and better organized, as in 2017 they accounted for $969 billion in the market (Zhang, 

2021). In China, private lessons expanded during the 1990s and developed the world's most extensive system of private 

tutoring (Zhang & Bray, 2017). In 2020, official statistics estimated that over half a million companies with more than 11 

million employees were engaged in private tutoring in China. The situation is no better in South Korea, as national statistics 

show that 74.5% of Korean students in K-12 received private tutoring in 2019. Davies and Aurini (2006) have found that 

24% of parents in Canada hire private teachers to provide academic support to their children. The percentage appears to be 

higher in the Arab world. For example, a 2009 study by the Information Centre of the Egyptian Cabinet found that 61%-

77% of students receive private tutoring across all school levels. On the other hand, official Egyptian statistics show that 

private lessons prohibited by Egyptian laws cost families around 15 billion Egyptian Pounds.  

However, in the Arab Gulf countries, official statistics are unavailable on this issue, creating an ambiguous picture 

of its extent. Neither teachers nor students publicly discuss private tutoring, as all Gulf states consider it illegal for teachers 

to provide it. However, studies show that the phenomenon is spreading in the Gulf countries. For example, a study in Kuwait 

found that 67.8% of secondary students go for private tutoring. Also, found that 19.3% of respondents took private lessons. 

In Saudi Arabia, 45.9% of male and 56.6% of secondary students receive private lessons. A Ministry of Education in Oman 

study found that 47.7% of students use private tutoring. Students go for private lessons for socio-economic reasons (Bray, 

2014). Also, the school environment can contribute to the spread of private tutoring; crowded classrooms, low-quality 

teaching, and complex curricula may lead students to seek extra lessons (Bray & Lykins, 2012). The main reason for the 

spread of private lessons is the challenging math topics students encounter in schools that do not align with their abilities. 

Such activities reduce teacher-student classroom interaction and students' interest in these topics. Isawi (2018) argues that 

students' absences and lack of autonomy force parents to opt for private tutoring to secure high grades. Students' views 

indicate they seek private tutoring to achieve the high grades required for university enrolment in specific programs, 

especially for complex topics in some school subjects.  

  However, Bray and Kwo (2014) see that private tutoring spreads among students who need remedial work and 

extra support when dealing with their peers or school learning procedures. This becomes obvious with other challenges, 



Al Huneini et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 11(1) (2026), 35-42

 

 
37 

such as crowded classrooms, and there are several reasons; students' weakness in some school subjects comes at the top of 

this list. He also says that schools need to make greater efforts to raise students' awareness of the dangers these private 

lessons may pose to learners and the school system, as they encourage students to neglect classes and promote carelessness. 

Others believe that teachers who promote private tutoring do so for financial gain. These benefits encourage teachers facing 

economic constraints, especially in developing countries, to seek private tutoring outside school hours (Isawi, 2018). 

Teachers' low income is one of the main reasons for the spread of private teaching, through which they seek to lift their 

living standards. Teachers' lack of incentives contributes to their working extra hours as private tutors.  

There are also reasons related to family, such as the over-pampering of children that parents practice when 

providing education, which leads learners to become overly dependent on studying. In addition, many families tend to 

imitate other families in providing extra support to children without considering their needs. This practice might be due to 

helping learners score high grades. Zhang (2014) notes that high-achieving students are more willing to take private lessons 

than challenged students, and that families consider this part of their investment in children's education. Private lessons 

differ in nature as community orientation and policies around them vary. The first type is official. Educational institutions 

offer private lessons, and governments offer additional incentives to encourage teachers to provide extra student support. 

So, they can score high in national and international exams (Bray & Kwo, 2014). The second type is unofficial, as it does 

not come through an educational organization. It is usually understood as an unofficial individual agreement between parents 

and individual teachers. This type is spreading more as lessons are provided outside school premises in various houses, 

public places, and libraries. The third type is organized by private institutions registered to provide extra complementary 

support for learners. These organizations offer multiple services, and parents have to choose what they think is better for 

their child and their budgets. Lessons can be provided for groups or individual students, face-to-face or online. Such 

organizations have official licenses in Turkey and Japan (Bray & Kwo, 2014).   

To optimize private tutoring, it is essential to understand students' perceptions. However, differences in male and 

female students' perceptions may vary and can significantly contribute to optimizing private tutoring. This view is supported 

by theoretical frameworks, such as social role theory and achievement motivation theory, which suggest that gender can 

influence attitudes towards private tutoring. According to social role theory, boys and girls have differing attitudes towards 

life and academic support because they are socialized differently (Eagly & Wood, 1999). Similarly, achievement motivation 

theory points out that an individual's drive to achieve is shaped by their self-concept and perceived abilities. Gender 

differences in achievement motivation can influence how students view and engage with academic support (McClelland, 

1965). Based on these theoretical frameworks, it can be assumed that male and female students perceive private tutoring 

differently. It is essential to determine whether male and female students differ in their perceptions of private tutoring. Such 

findings have important implications for educational practice, suggesting that interventions should be designed with an 

understanding of individual needs rather than gender-based assumptions. Hence, the variable gender (G) is tested.   

Understanding how students in different grades (9, 10, 11, and 12) perceive private tutoring is essential. This could 

reveal the distinct developmental and academic challenges they may face. Theoretical frameworks such as Developmental 

theory and cognitive development theory suggest that (a) individuals go through distinct stages of psychosocial development 

throughout their lives (Erikson, 1968) and (b) differences in grade levels may reflect variations in cognitive maturity and 

the ability to handle complex concepts and strategies (Piaget & Inhelder, 2008). Based on these theoretical frameworks, it 

can be inferred that students across grades perceive private tutoring differently. These differences may even affect their 

perceived value of private tutoring. Since students' perceptions may vary by grade level, it is essential to include the grade-

level variable (GL). By addressing this variable, the study can help improve tutoring practices. This will ensure academic 

growth and development for students across different grades. When it comes to the Impact of private tutoring on academic 

performance, Guerrero (2020) found that private education investment tends to have a positive effect on students' chances 

of becoming high achievers. However, there are substantial differences by social origins. Similarly, the study by Zheng, 

Wang, Shen, and Fang (2020) shows that private tutoring is significantly and positively associated with student test scores, 

especially in English and mathematics. Furthermore, tutored students tend to report higher levels of self-confidence and 

parent-child relationships. Zhang and Liu (2022) highlight that most research supports a positive correlation between private 

tutoring and test scores, a view echoed by several studies (Buchmann, Condron, & Roscigno, 2010; Candia, Mukoki, 

Ashaba, Jehopio, & Kyasiimire, 2018; Marshall & Fukao, 2019).   

However, there are few studies on how attitudes towards private tutoring differ by gender and grade level. Since 

this study involves students in grades 9-12, it is essential to determine whether they have varied perceptions of private 

tutoring. Furthermore, demographic factors such as gender and grade have not been investigated thoroughly in relation to 

private tutoring and academic achievement. By focusing on these demographic factors, the study will examine the 

differences and their implications to address the existing research gap. Based on theoretical frameworks and empirical 

studies, this study seeks answers to the following questions: (a) Are there differences in the perceptions of private tutoring 

between male and female students? (b) Do students in grades 9, 10, 11, and 12 have varying opinions on private tutoring? 

Moreover, (c) Is there a link between students' test scores and their participation in private tutoring? To answer these research 

questions, three null hypotheses were formulated. The following are the hypotheses of the study: 

 

H1: There is no significant difference between male and female students’ perceptions of private tutoring. 

H2: There is no significant difference in opinions among grades 9, 10, 11, and 12. 

H3: There is no relationship between test scores and private tutoring. 

 



Al Huneini et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 11(1) (2026), 35-42

 

 
38 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

About 1111 students studying in grades nine, ten, eleven, and twelve participated in the survey. These students represented 

various high and higher secondary schools in different regions of Oman. This diverse sample size ensured a comprehensive 

representation of students who actively engage in private tutoring to improve their academic performance. Demographic 

details, including gender, grade, and frequency of private tutoring, were collected from them to conduct an in-depth analysis.   

A self-developed questionnaire was administered to participants to collect data on students' perceptions of private 

tutoring and its Impact on academic achievement. The questionnaire included the following questions: Students' attitude 

towards private tutoring, perceived effectiveness of private tutoring, frequency of attending private tutoring, Impact of 

private tutoring on academic achievement, and self-reported test scores. The study employed five Likert scales in the 

questionnaire to measure responses, with 5 indicating "strongly agree" and 1 indicating "strongly disagree," to provide 

precise measurement. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences).  

The data were collected from students currently attending private tutoring, from various regions, electronically via 

Email questionnaires. Participants were informed about the study's purpose and provided consent to participate. Parents 

were also informed about the study. Additionally, to contextualize the study and develop a research framework, secondary 

data were collected from journals indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, and other reputable databases.  

The study employed a quantitative research method. Descriptive analysis was carried out to determine the 

frequencies of gender, grade, and governorate, as well as the overall percentages. Next, an Independent Samples t-test was 

conducted to compare the means of two independent groups and determine whether there is a statistically significant 

difference between male and female students. After that, a One-Way ANOVA was performed to compare the means of the 

four groups (grades 9, 10, 11, and 12) and assess whether there were significant differences among them. Finally, Multiple 

Linear Regression Analysis was carried out to examine how well several independent variables predict the dependent 

variable and provides information on the strength and nature of these relationships.  

While the theoretical frameworks are informed by Social Role Theory (Eagly & Wood, 1999), Achievement 

Motivation Theory (McClelland, 1965), Developmental Theory (Erikson, 1968), Cognitive Development Theory (Piaget & 

Inhelder, 2008), the empirical frameworks are derived from Guerrero (2020), Zheng, Wang, Shen, and Fang (2020), Zhang 

and Liu (2022). Based on these theoretical and empirical frameworks, this study contributes to understanding whether 

gender, grade level, and private tutoring influence academic performance.  

 

RESULTS 

Descriptive Analysis 

Table 1. Frequency Table for Gender  

 
               Gender Frequency Percent 

Male 550 49.5 

Female 561 50.5 

Total 1111 100.0 

 
The gender frequency table indicates that of 1,111 respondents, 550 (49.5%) are male and 561 (50.5%) are female. 

This shows that the gender distribution among participants is nearly balanced, with only a slight difference of 0.5% between 

the two groups. Such an even distribution suggests that both male and female perspectives are almost equally represented 

in the study, reducing the risk of gender bias in the findings. Therefore, the sample can be considered gender-balanced, 

enhancing the credibility and generalizability of the research results. 

 

Table 2. Frequency Table for Grade Level  

 
                   Grade Level Frequency Percent 

9 180 16.2 

10 247 22.2 

11 306 27.5 

12 378 34.0 

Total 1111 100.0 

 

From the above table, the highest number of students who utilize private tutoring is 12th-grade students (34%), and 

11th-grade students (27.5%), followed by 10th-grade students (22.2%), and the least is 9th-grade students (16.2%). This 

shows that the higher the grade, the higher the percentage of students taking private tutoring. So, students who want to score 

higher marks prefer private tutoring. The higher the marks, the more students have a chance to choose and enroll in an 

institution of their liking. 

 

Table 3. Frequency Table for the Governorate of Students who Attended Private Tutoring 

 
        Governorate Frequency Percent 

Sharqiya north 131 11.8 

Sharqiya south 159 14.3 

Batinah north 285 25.7 



Al Huneini et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 11(1) (2026), 35-42

 

 
39 

Batinah south 146 13.1 

Dakhliya 54 4.9 

Wosta 3 .3 

Musandam 17 1.5 

Buraimi 3 .3 

Dahira 71 6.4 

Dofar 38 3.4 

Muscat 204 18.4 

Total 1111 100.0 

 
The table above shows that the North Batinah (285%), Muscat (204%), and South Batinah (146%) governorates 

have higher rates of students taking private tutoring than other governorates. This indicates that students from these regions 

show more interest in private tutoring. As mentioned in the previous paragraph, these students would have pursued private 

tutoring to get a good score in the higher secondary school exam. Also, these regions are developed, so there may be intense 

competition among students to get admitted to the college, university, or institution they prefer or need to attend. 

 

Table 4. Frequency Table for the Overall Percentage of Students who attended private tutoring 

 
Percentage Frequency Percent 

More than 90% 311 28.0 

80% - 90% 415 37.4 

70% - 79% 247 22.2 

Less than 70% 138 12.4 

Total 1111 100.0 

 
The table shows the final exam percentage for students who took private tutoring the previous year. The result 

shows that 65.4% of students scored above 80%. 22.2% scored between 70% and 79%. 12.4% of students scored less than 

70%. Looking at the data, the majority of students performed well in the exam. This shows that attending private tutoring 

helped students to secure a decent score to pursue their higher studies. 

 

Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between male and female students' perceptions of private tutoring. 

Table 5. Perceptions of male and female students on private tutoring 

 
Perception of Students Gender t value 

 

P value 

Male Female 

Mean SD Mean SD 

Students’ opinions on private 

tutoring 

19.873 3.80 20.08 3.90 -1.532 0.126 

Students' Opinion on the 
Effectiveness of Private Tutoring  

16.71 2.78 16.76 2.86       -285 0.786 

 
Contrary to the theoretical frameworks informed by Social Role Theory (Eagly & Wood, 1999) and Achievement 

Motivation Theory (McClelland, 1965), Table 5 shows no significant differences in perceptions between male and female 

students. They share a similar opinion. This is confirmed statistically. The p-value is greater than 0.05%, so it is statistically 

insignificant. Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted.  

 

Hypothesis: There is no significant difference in opinions among grades 9, 10, 11, and 12 

Table 6. Significant difference in opinions among grades 9, 10, 11, and 12 

Perception of Students Grade F Value P Value 

9 10 11 12 

Students' opinions on private 

tutoring 

19.40 

(4.12) 

19.90 

(3.63)        

19.80 

(3.93) 

20.24 

(3.79) 

2.048 0.105 

Students' opinions on the 
effectiveness of private 

tutoring  

16.85 
(2.68) 

 

16.92 
(2.61) 

16.52 
(3.00) 

16.74 
(2.86) 

1.029 
 

0.379 
 

 

Contrary to the theoretical frameworks informed by Developmental Theory (Erikson, 1968) and Cognitive 

Development Theory (Piaget & Inhelder, 2008), Table 6 (the One-Way ANOVA results)  shows no significant difference 

among the different grades. The p-value is above 0.05%, so the difference is statistically insignificant. According to the 

data, students in grades 9, 10, 11, and 12 have similar perceptions of the Impact of private tutoring on their academic 

performance. Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted. 

Hypothesis: There is no relationship between test scores and private tutoring 

 



Al Huneini et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 11(1) (2026), 35-42

 

 
40 

Dependent variable: Test Score 

Independent variables:  1. Receiving private tutoring 

          2. Number of days students attended private tutoring                             

 

Table 7. Model Summary 

 
R Square Adjusted R Square F Value P- Value 

.009 .008           5.210 .006 

 
Empirical evidence from the studies of Guerrero (2020), Zheng, Wang, Shen, and Fang (2020), and Zhang and Liu 

(2022) demonstrates that private tutoring has a positive impact on academic performance. These study findings also confirm 

the positive correlation between test scores and private tutoring, as shown in Table 7. The linear regression analysis shows 

that the overall model is statistically significant (F (1, 9) = 5.210, p = 0.006). 

 
Table 8. Variables in the Multiple Linear Regression Analysis 

Variables Unstandardized 

co-efficient 

(B) 

SE of B Standardized 

co-efficient 

(Beta) 

t value P value 

Constant 1.956 0.136 - 14.43 <0.001** 

1 0.029 0.047 0.018 0.609 0.543 

2 0.086 0.027 0.096 3.193 <0.001** 

Note: ** Denotes significant at 1% level 

 

According to Table 8, the individual predictor "receiving private tutoring" is not statistically significant (p-value = 

0.543). The value exceeds the conventional significance level of 0.005. This suggests that this predictor does not 

significantly influence the test scores. However, the individual predictor "number of days students attended private tutoring” 

is statistically significant (p-value = 0.001). This indicates that this predictor has a significant effect on the test scores. It 

implies that the more days a student attends private tutoring, the higher their test scores. To conclude, receiving private 

tutoring, regardless of the number of days attended, does not affect test scores, but the number of days a student attends 

private tutoring shows a substantial, positive impact on test scores. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. 

 

DISCUSSIONS 

This study examined Omani students' perceptions of the Impact of private tutoring on academic performance. Three null 

hypotheses were proposed in this study, and the discussion is organized around these hypotheses; H1: There is no significant 

difference between male and female students’ perceptions of private tutoring,.H2: There is no significant difference of 

opinions among grade 9, 10, 11, and 12, and  H3: There is no relationship between test scores and private tutoring. 

The findings did not support H1 and H2, indicating no significant differences in perceptions between male and 

female students or across grade levels. This suggests that various demographic groups have a similar or unvarying influence 

of private tutoring. Since demographic characteristics do not influence students' attitudes toward private tutoring, these 

findings are inconsistent with Social Role Theory (Eagly & Wood, 1999), Achievement Motivation Theory (McClelland, 

1965), Developmental Theory (Erikson, 1968), and Cognitive Development Theory (Piaget & Inhelder, 2008). There is a 

discrepancy between theoretical expectations and empirical findings.  

In contrast, H3 was supported. The linear regression analysis results reveal the possible link between academic 

achievement and private coaching. This implies a significant correlation between exam scores and private tutoring. 

Nevertheless, it is not that all students who take tuition show such correlations, but rather that students who regularly attend 

private tutoring do. Hence, the predictor, the number of days attended private tutoring, reveals such correlations.   This 

research proves that regular attendance has a positive impact on test scores. These findings support the assumption that the 

success of private tutoring is determined not just by whether a student participates but also by how consistently they engage 

in these sessions. Hence, it is evident that without continuous attendance in private tutoring, students will not be able to 

improve their academic performance. This validates the study findings of Zheng et al. (2020), Guerrero (2020), and Zhang 

and Liu (2022) that private tutoring has a significant effect on students’ test scores. The current study findings also confirm 

that the more the students regularly attend private tutoring, the higher their test scores are. 

To summarize, while gender and grade level did not affect students' impressions of private tutoring, attendance 

frequency is critical for improving academic achievement. This suggests that for private tutoring to be effective, students 

must attend sessions regularly. These insights can help educators and politicians structure private tutoring programs to 

maximize their benefits by encouraging consistent attendance and focusing on quality. 

 

CONCLUSIONS 

The purpose of the study was to examine Omani students' perceptions of the Impact of private tutoring on their academic 

performance. The study's findings indicate that Omani students hold similar views on private tutoring, regardless of gender 

or grade level, suggesting no significant differences in their perceptions. The study findings indicate that the mere presence 

of private tutoring does not have a substantial impact on academic performance. However, regular attendance at tutoring 

sessions has a notably positive effect on test scores. This implies that while having access to private tutoring may not 



Al Huneini et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 11(1) (2026), 35-42

 

 
41 

automatically improve academic performance, regular attendance is critical to achieve that. To maximize the effectiveness 

of private tutoring, it is essential to promote consistent participation and active engagement. The findings have implications 

for educators and policymakers seeking to optimize tutoring programs and support students' academic achievement. 

The current study's nuanced examination of private tutoring offers unique contributions. First, the study showed 

no influence of gender or grade level on students' perceptions of private tutoring, which indeed challenges the theoretical 

expectations of Social Role Theory and Achievement Motivation Theory that demographic factors will influence students' 

perceptions of private tutoring. Hence, private tutoring should be examined independently of gender and grade level. 

Another important contribution of this study is that regular attendance has a positive impact on academic performance, 

rather than mere participation. This finding not only validates prior empirical findings but also offers a new perspective on 

them. It also has implications for educators and policymakers, who must make informed decisions about strategies to 

encourage students to participate regularly in private tutoring.    

This study has its limitations despite valuable findings. The study used only a quantitative research method; 

qualitative or mixed-methods approaches might be adopted in future research. Also, the study examined only the tutees' 

perspectives and did not include those of parents or tutors. Similarly, instructional quality, the tutor's educational 

background, and the tuition context should have been explored. Since these factors can significantly affect the study's results, 

further research in these areas can inform a valid decision regarding private tuition.  
 

 

Author Contribution: Conceptualization, H.A.A.H., R.M.A.H. and K.C.; Methodology, H.A.A.H.; Software, H.A.A.H.; Validation,  H.A.A.H.; Formal 

Analysis, H.A.A.H.; Investigation, H.A.A.H.; Resources, H.A.A.H.; Data curation, H.A.A.H.; Writing Original Draft Preparation, H.A.A.H.; Writing 

Review & Editing Preparation, H.A.A.H.; Visualization, H.A.A.H.; Supervision, R.M.A.H. and K.C.; Project Administration, H.A.A.H.; Funding 
acquisition, H.A.A.H., R.M.A.H. AND K.C. The authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  

Institutional Review Board Statement: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable 
groups or sensitive issues. 

Funding: The authors received funding for this research from MoHERI. 

Acknowledgments: The research leading to these results has received funding from the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (MoHERI) 
of the Sultanate of Oman under the Block Funding Program. TRC Block Funding Agreement No [MoHERI/BFP/ASU/01/2021] 

Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. 

Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available 
due to restrictions. 

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

 

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