




































BANGLADESH JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 11(1) (2026), 80-92 

 

80 

        MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 
          BJMSR VOL 11 NO 1 (2026) P-ISSN 2687-850X E-ISSN 2687-8518 

         Available online at https://www.cribfb.com 

     Journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/BJMSR 

                                                                                                                                                                                                    Published by CRIBFB, USA 

                                                                                                                              

THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM IN ENHANCING   

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN      

                   
 Zhassulan Sadykov (a)1   Nina Petrichsheva (b)  Assylkhan Yessilov (c)  Zubaira Temiraliyeva (d)  

Inna Rey (e) 
 

(a)Associate Professor, Esil University, Department of Social Work and Tourism, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan; E-mail: zhass83@mail.ru  
(b)Senior Lecturer, Kenzhegali Sagadiyev University of International Business, Department of Tourism and Hospitality, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan; 
E-mail: nina_petrisheva@mail.ru  
(c)Associate Professor, Kazakh University of Technology and Business named after K. Kulazhanov, Department of Tourism and Service, Astana, Republic 

of Kazakhstan; E-mail: esilov@gmail.com  
 (d) Senior Lecturer, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Department of Tourism, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan; E-mail: temiralievaz.2020@gmail.com  
(e)Associate Professor, Kazakh University of Technology and Business named after K. Kulazhanov, Department of Tourism and Service, Astana, Republic 

of Kazakhstan; E-mail: Sayat01@mail.ru  

 

 
A R T I C L E I N F O 

 
 

Article History: 

 
Received: 20th August 2025 

Reviewed & Revised: 20th August 2025 

to 8th December 2025 

Accepted: 8th December 2025 

Published: 12th December 2025 

 
Keywords: 

 

Sustainable Development, Community-Based 

Tourism, Environmental Impact, Cultural 

Preservation, Tourism Management 

 
JEL Classification Codes: 

 

      Z32, Q56, O13, R11, O18 

 

      Peer-Review Model:  
 

      External peer review was done through  

      double-blind method.        

 
A B S T R A C T      
 

Community-based tourism (CBT) plays a crucial role in sustainable tourism development in Kazakhstan, 

contributing to economic growth, cultural preservation, and environmental sustainability. In a study, the 

barriers to CBT implementation, which play a key role in advancing United Nations Sustainable 

Development Goals (SDGs), notably SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 11 (Sustainable 

Cities and Communities), and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), were analyzed. This 
study aims to fill gaps by examining how managers of Kazakhstan-based travel companies understand 

CBT's economic, environmental, and cultural aspects. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, 

integrating qualitative interviews with travel company managers, participant observations, and 

quantitative surveys. Thematic analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The data 

samples included All Managers, Experienced Managers, and Novice Managers. The regression analysis 

was performed using two models: baseline, which included Awareness only, and expanded, which 

included Engagement and Infrastructure Challenge as control variables. For statistical significance, the 

standard errors (0.5-0.8) and mean values (3.5-4.5) were calculated, with a significant coefficient at p 
< 0.05. The findings of this study highlighted the importance of training programs and mentorship 

opportunities in helping less experienced professionals acquire new skills and bridge the knowledge gap. 

The findings of this study indicated that CBT aligns with SDG 8, SDG 11, and SDG 12, while also 

highlighting challenges, including infrastructure deficits and community engagement issues that hinder 

its implementation. 

 
 

© 2025 by the authors. Licensee CRIBFB, USA. This open-access article is distributed under the 
terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license 
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0).  

            

       

INTRODUCTION 

Sustainable tourism, which balances economic growth with environmental conservation and cultural preservation, is critical 

for ensuring the long-term viability of the tourism sector. In this context, community-based tourism (CBT) is a promising 

approach that empowers local communities, encourages active participation, and ensures they benefit economically from 

tourism. Unlike traditional tourism models, CBT integrates environmental care, cultural preservation (Trach et al., 2020), 

and economic development to create a balanced and inclusive tourism framework, aligning closely with the United Nations 

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), notably SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities 

and Communities), and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). 

According to Talukder et al. (2024), CBT supports SDG 8 by promoting long-term and inclusive economic growth, 

creating jobs, and supporting community-led business projects. CBT helps advance SDG 11 by engaging local groups and 

encouraging eco-friendly approaches to urban development (Dolezal & Novelli, 2022). Another way CBT supports SDG 

12 is by encouraging eco-friendly actions, protecting resources, and mitigating the environmental impact of tourist activities 

(Rahman et al., 2024). Although CBT has been studied elsewhere (Liang et al., 2024; Zielinski et al., 2021), little is known 

about the specific factors that affect its use and the outcomes it produces in Kazakhstan. For example, CBT has been shown 

                                                 
1Corresponding author: ORCID ID: 0000-0002-7133-9162 

© 2025 by the authors. Hosting by CRIBFB. Peer review under responsibility of CRIBFB, USA.  

https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2765 

 
To cite this article: Sadykov, Z., Petrichsheva, N., Yessilov, A., Temiraliyeva, Z., & Rey, I. (2025). THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM 

IN ENHANCING SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN. Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research, 

11(1), 80-92. https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2765 

mailto:zhass83@mail.ru
mailto:nina_petrisheva@mail.ru
mailto:esilov@gmail.com
mailto:temiralievaz.2020@gmail.com
mailto:Sayat01@mail.ru
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
https://doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v11i1.2765
https://www.openaccess.nl/en
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7133-9162
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1455-6195
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4477-3780
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-6197
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7967-1541


Sadykov et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 11(1) (2026), 80-92

 

 
81 

to help protect the environment and preserve cultural heritage. However, few studies have examined infrastructure problems 

and changing stakeholder relationships, making it challenging to work in Kazakhstan (Aktymbayeva et al., 2023). The CBT 

program is valued for its ability to give local groups economic power, but its specific impact on poverty reduction has not 

been thoroughly studied. 

Additionally, there is a lack of information on how CBT methods in Kazakhstan balance tourism growth with 

environmental protection. Barriers to CBT implementation, such as poor infrastructure, limited funding, and low community 

awareness, have not been thoroughly studied, even though they play a key role in advancing SDGs 8 and 11. 

This study aims to fill these gaps by looking at how managers of Kazakhstan travel companies understand CBT's 

economic, environmental, and cultural aspects. In addition, it identifies key challenges and proposes strategies to increase 

CBT adoption, thereby directly contributing to achieving the SDGs 8, 11, and 12. The objective of the study is to assess the 

economic benefits of CBT for local communities (SDG 8), evaluate the environmental sustainability of CBT practices (SDG 

12), find the primary challenges hindering the success of CBT and propose strategies for overcoming them, focusing on 

promoting resilience and inclusivity (SDG 11). Also, the study's objective can be further extended to explore how CBT 

initiatives contribute to cultural preservation, including safeguarding local traditions and heritage (SDGs 11 and 12). 

This study seeks to answer several key research questions: How does Community-Based Tourism (CBT) contribute 

to improving local livelihoods and reducing poverty in Kazakhstan in alignment with SDG 8? What practices are used in 

CBT to minimize environmental harm and promote conservation in Kazakhstan, in line with SDG 12? How effective are 

CBT initiatives in showcasing and protecting Kazakhstan's cultural heritage and in contributing to SDGs 11 and 12? Finally, 

what barriers, such as infrastructure or funding limitations, affect CBT implementation? How do government, NGOs, and 

private stakeholders contribute to supporting CBT in accordance with SDGs 8 and 11? 

This research provides critical insights into the use of CBT to achieve sustainable tourism goals in Kazakhstan, 

aligning with key global priorities outlined in the SDGs. By focusing on the economic (SDG 8), environmental (SDG 12), 

and cultural (SDG 11) dimensions, the study offers a comprehensive framework for enhancing CBT practices. 

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we presented a literature review and a comprehensive analysis of 

existing research on CBT and sustainable tourism in Kazakhstan. Section 3 provides descriptions of the materials and 

methods, the case study design, and data collection and analysis. The Results section includes descriptive statistics for key 

metrics and the regression analysis. The following Section 5 provides a discussion of the received research results, including 

comparisons with recent studies. The paper ends with the conclusions, limitations, and recommendations.  

 

LITERATURE REVIEW 

The purpose of this study is to conduct a literature review and to comprehensively analyze existing research on CBT and 

sustainable tourism, particularly its application in Kazakhstan. This review examines recent scientific studies to identify 

research gaps, support the problem statement, and inform the goals of this study. Put the community first with CBT. Both 

fair growth and reduced economic inequality are helped by this (Zielinski et al., 2021). CBT not only generates revenue but 

also helps preserve native culture and the environment. 

CBT helps reach goal 8 (Good Jobs and Economic Growth) by enabling residents to establish their own businesses 

and secure quality employment (Mia et al., 2024). Also, it helps reach SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) by 

promoting inclusive growth that benefits everyone, both in cities and rural areas. People who engage in CBT are more likely 

to use resources wisely, which supports SDG 12 (Responsible Production and Consumption) (Hatammimi & Gunawan, 

2024). Kazakhstan could be a suitable destination for tourists due to its rich cultural history, diverse landscapes, and beautiful 

natural scenery (Chlachula, 2020). Kazakhstan can leverage this potential through CBT, primarily to address some of the 

most significant issues in the tourism industry. Because these issues keep recurring, fresh approaches, such as CBT, need to 

be lasting and inclusive of everyone (Aktymbayeva et al., 2023). Kazakhstan faces numerous challenges with CBT despite 

its potential for success. A significant problem is that many rural and remote areas lack essential services, including safe 

travel, places to stay, and ways to connect with others. Another significant issue is that the community does not take 

sufficient action. This is because local partners must work hard and participate in CBT. Many CBT projects lack the funds 

to initiate or sustain their operations (Mamirkulova et al., 2020). 

Multiple times, CBT has been shown to help businesses grow worldwide. CBT creates jobs and helps small and 

medium-sized companies (SMEs) grow by directly involving locals in tourism activities. Many businesses in this area offer 

accommodations, guided trips, cultural shows, and handcrafted goods. They help community member’s secure long-term, 

well-paying jobs (Junaid et al., 2021; Sharma et al., 2024). 

Liang et al. (2024) and Mia et al. (2024) argue that this success is primarily due to locally driven business efforts 

that provide women and Indigenous people with the tools they need to work in and benefit from the tourism industry. Na 

Thongkaew et al. (2024) also note that CBT often collaborates with external groups, such as NGOs, private businesses, and 

government offices, to assist with marketing, training, and the development of new systems. Researchers argue that these 

rules may prevent communities from fully benefiting from tourism (Gohori & van der Merwe, 2020). 

Bayuningsih et al. (2024) and Samora-Arvela et al. (2023) argue that CBT encourages people to engage in eco-

friendly actions, such as protecting wildlife, reducing waste, and using innovative resources. People in the community taking 

charge of conservation is one of the best long-term ways for CBT to help natural health. Examples include CBT projects in 

Southeast Asia and South America, which establish community-run nature parks and ecotourism zones. These have helped 

protect wildlife and prevent deforestation. 

CBT has a strong chance of helping protect the environment in Kazakhstan, as it has many wild areas and unique 



Sadykov et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 11(1) (2026), 80-92

 

 
82 

ecosystems. It is best to use eco-friendly tourism methods in places like Katon-Karagay National Park, which is essentially 

wild and home to many plant and animal species. This type of CBT can help demonstrate how to strike a balance between 

tourism demand and environmental protection. 

A significant issue in Kazakhstan is that ecotourism lacks the necessary infrastructure to operate effectively. For 

example, there are not enough good ways to get around, deal with trash, or use green energy. It is more likely for things to 

get worse without these tools, which goes against the main goals of CBT. CBT aligns with SDG 12 (Producing and 

Consuming in a Moral Way), which can be utilized to demonstrate how to extend the sustainability of travel. CBT promotes 

the effective use of resources to protect natural resources, reduce waste, and encourage guests and service providers to act 

in environmentally friendly ways. 

CBT aims to preserve and promote local traditions. It also helps people from different cultures understand each 

other better and provides communities with the tools to remember their past. For example, Fan et al. (2023) and Svitlichna 

et al. (2024) claim that CBT enables community members to showcase their traditional music, dance, food, and events. 

CBT, conversely, ensures that the people who live in the area stay in charge of how their past is shown. Kovshun et al. 

(2023a) argue that these classes teach people about culture and ensure that customs are passed on to the next generation. 

People in CBT programs are also often asked to write down and reflect on their daily lives and past events. 

There are many ways that CBT could help protect unique traditions and history. Kazakh music, dance, stories, and 

the problematic craft of felt-making are all great examples of cultural assets that can be used in CBT settings. Cultural 

heritage sites, such as mausoleums, UNESCO World Heritage sites, and ancient petroglyphs, can also help preserve history 

and attract more tourists (Aldybayev et al., 2021). 

CBT can ensure that the activities and events that bring people to the area respect these cultural gems and help 

keep them in good shape. They can achieve this by allowing the community to manage the park and reinvest the revenue 

generated from tourists. Some potential problems include cultural commodification and the risk of losing sincerity. 

Alamineh et al. (2023) assert that culture can lose its original meaning and importance when it is altered to appeal 

to tourists or the mass market. It is known as "cultural commodification", a phenomenon that occurs frequently in places 

people visit for entertainment. In Kazakhstan, there is significant pressure to commercialize traditional arts, performances, 

and ceremonies for profit. It is challenging to protect cultural heritage while meeting tourists' needs if the community does 

not participate sufficiently. 

Several significant problems must be addressed before CBT can be effective. This is particularly true in forgotten, 

faraway parts of the country. The roads are in poor condition, there are limited places to stay, and it is challenging to contact 

people using technology (Ivankova et al., 2021; Mamirkulova et al., 2020). 

These issues hinder tourism growth and make it harder for visitors to enjoy rural areas. Places that could be CBT 

sites struggle to stay open and attract tourists when they lack regular transportation or essential amenities. Most CBT groups 

lack sufficient resources or tools to build new buildings, teach new skills, or get the word out about this service. Some places 

struggle to initiate and sustain community-based treatment programs due to limited access to necessary funds, microloans, 

or public-private partnerships. Many people must work together and use their resources to solve these problems. Businesses, 

governments, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) provide CBT funds, guidelines, and professional support to 

ensure it works long-term and gives communities more power (Putra et al., 2024). Kazakhstan needs to plan for the area, 

considering its unique social, economic, and natural features. Addressing these issues through laws that promote 

infrastructure development, community training programs, and cash rewards is feasible. Kazakhstan can reach its long-term 

growth goals with the help of CBT. A new study by Musavengane and Kloppers (2020) suggests that these issues can only 

be fixed by pulling together and allocating funds where they are needed. 

CBT is recognized worldwide as a model of eco-friendly travel. Developing CBT policies that align with the 

country's SDGs is a more complex process. For example, SDG 8 focuses on responsible work and economic growth, SDG 

11 on sustainable cities and communities, and SDG 12 on responsible production and consumption. 

Closing this gap can help industry leaders learn how to support community-driven tourist projects while ensuring 

their operations align with sustainability goals. The connection between infrastructure problems and community 

involvement in CBT adoption has also not been thoroughly studied. In Kazakhstan, many rural areas lack the proper 

infrastructure for tourism, including safe transportation networks, places to stay, and internet access. Insufficient knowledge, 

training, and tools can make community involvement challenging. 

The link between these two things is critical because inadequate infrastructure can discourage people from 

participating in their community. Filling these study gaps is essential to understanding how CBT can help Kazakhstan 

achieve its sustainable tourism goals. 

This study examines the impact of CBT on the economy, the environment, and culture, as well as the roles of key 

stakeholders and the changes in infrastructure and community involvement. It does this by considering the complete picture 

of improving CBT methods. 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 
Case studies are used in this study to examine how CBT can help the tourism industry in Kazakhstan grow sustainably. This 

study works best with the case study method because it allows us to examine CBT in its real-world setting, showing how 

complex and interconnected economic, environmental, and cultural factors are. This method helps us understand the details 

of CBT in Kazakhstan by focusing on individual CBT projects. It shows how community involvement, partner engagement, 

and sustainable practices work together. 



Sadykov et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 11(1) (2026), 80-92

 

 
83 

Case study design also facilitates the identification of best practices, obstacles, and opportunities unique to CBT in 

Kazakhstan. This paper covers several SDGs, including SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 11 (Sustainable 

Cities and Communities), and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). By examining the local situation, this 

study identifies the unique factors that affect the success or failure of CBT programs. These factors include cultural patterns, 

environmental conditions, and infrastructure issues. 

People living near the Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve are given extra attention in this study because it focuses on 

CBT programs in that area. This area was chosen because it is one of the busiest destinations in Kazakhstan for eco-friendly, 

community-led tourism. Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve is regarded as part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere 

Reserves. It is famous worldwide for its plants and animals, found nowhere else. The area boasts numerous natural and 

cultural gems, including traditional crafts, music, and stories. This makes it a great spot to see how CBT protects the 

environment and manages cultural property. The area of Almaty and the Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve were chosen 

because the study aims to investigate how CBT classes affect the social and economic conditions in the area. 

Semi-structured interviews were the primary method for extracting qualitative data, as they allowed us to delve 

into the thoughts and experiences of key individuals working in CBT. A total of 30 interviews were conducted, with 10 

participants from each group. Specifically, 10 community leaders aged 35-60, actively involved in decision-making and 

advocacy for local development, provided insights into the benefits and challenges of CBT in their areas. Their perspectives 

helped contextualize CBT within broader community goals and policy frameworks. 

Ten tourism company owners with more than five years of experience also shared their thoughts on how CBT 

works, how to market it, and how it fits into the larger tourism industry. Their comments highlighted real-world problems, 

including poor infrastructure, limited funds, and difficulties in getting residents to collaborate. Lastly, 10 residents from 

diverse educational and income backgrounds were interviewed to assess the impact of CBT on employment, cultural 

identity, and overall quality of life. Their firsthand experiences were crucial for understanding CBT's role in job creation, 

cultural preservation, and environmental Awareness. The semi-structured format allowed interviewers to maintain focus 

while giving participants the flexibility to elaborate on topics of personal significance. All interviews were recorded, 

transcribed, and coded using thematic analysis to identify key patterns and insights systematically. People in the area with 

different educational and income levels were also asked how CBT has changed their work, cultural identities, and quality 

of life. The method was partly designed to keep interviewers on track while encouraging participants to discuss the essential 

points. Because of this method, stakeholders could provide complete answers that showed how difficult each person's CBT 

experience was. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded for thematic analysis. 

In addition to information gathered through conversations, participant observation was used to provide a real-time 

picture of how CBT is used and its effects. Researchers attended various CBT events, including cultural shows, guided 

nature tours, and handicraft workshops, to observe how these programs were organized and conducted. 

This method allows people to observe how locals, tourists, and tourism companies interact, providing a 

comprehensive picture of the dynamics at play. National performances, such as traditional music and dance, were also 

observed to understand their role in fostering national pride and transmitting heritage across generations (Table 1). 

 

Table 1. Managers' perspectives on CBT in Kazakhstan 

 
N Section Focus Key aspects evaluated Response scale 

1 
Perceived Benefits of 

CBT in Kazakhstan 

Managers' perceptions of economic, 

environmental, and cultural benefits of CBT 

Economic benefits, environmental 

sustainability, cultural preservation 

Likert scale: 1 (Strongly 

Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) 

2 
Challenges Faced in 
Implementing CBT 

The main obstacles to CBT implementation 
in Kazakhstan are particularly infrastructure 

and community engagement. 

Infrastructure limitations, 
community involvement, and 

support 

Likert scale: 1 (Minimal 
Challenge) to 5 (Significant 

Challenge) 

3 

Role of CBT in 
Cultural Preservation 

and Environmental 

Impact Mitigation 

Effectiveness of CBT in preserving cultural 

heritage and reducing environmental 
impacts 

Resource conservation, protection 
of cultural practices, and alignment 

with sustainable development 

principles 

Likert scale: 1 (Strongly 

Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) 

4 

Future Potential of 
CBT as a Sustainable 

Tourism Model 

Managers' views on the long-term viability 
of CBT as a sustainable tourism option in 

Kazakhstan 

Potential for CBT to become 

central in Kazakhstan's tourism 

strategy, alignment with sustainable 
tourism goals 

Likert scale: 1 (Strongly 

Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) 

 

Surveys were used to assess how tourists and people affected by or involved in CBT projects felt about and were 

satisfied with the projects, as part of the plan to collect quantitative data. Three main questions were used to determine how 

people felt about CBT: how it would help the business, protect the earth, and keep culture alive. 

Community members were asked to complete a survey about how CBT programs affected their work, finances, 

and efforts to protect natural resources and local customs. People were asked to rate their happiness with the environmental 

and societal aspects of CBT. They inquired about the quality of guided tours and cultural shows, as well as the number of 

environmentally conscious places. By investigating these answers, it was possible to tell how well CBT projects meet the 

needs of tourists and the environment. Structured surveys for the polls used five-point Likert scales. One answer meant 

"Strongly Disagree", and five meant "Strongly Agree". 

This style provides more detailed information, such as the level of agreement or satisfaction among respondents. 

Additionally, it enables us to compare how people from different groups responded to the questions. Using structured 

questions ensured consistent data collection, making it easier to compare and analyze responses across demographics and 



Sadykov et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 11(1) (2026), 80-92

 

 
84 

stakeholder groups (Table 2). 

 

Table 2. Structured dataset variables for analysis of CBT in Kazakhstan 

 
Variable 

Category 
Variable Description Response Scale 

Demographics 

Age 
The manager's age is used to assess the potential influence of 
age on perceptions and experiences in the tourism sector. 

Numeric 

Years of Experience in 

Tourism 

Number of years the manager has worked in tourism, reflecting 

the depth of experience and knowledge 
Numeric 

Location 
Geographic location (e.g., Almaty, Astana, Shymkent) to 
identify regional differences in perceptions or challenges 

Categorical (Region) 

Awareness of 

CBT 
Awareness of CBT 

Assesses managers' familiarity with and understanding of CBT 

practices 

Likert scale: 1 (Low Awareness) to 

5 (High Awareness) 

Perceived 

Benefits 

Economic Benefit 
Perceived economic impact of CBT, such as income generation 
and employment opportunities 

Likert scale: 1 (Strongly Disagree) 
to 5 (Strongly Agree) 

Environmental Impact 
Rating of CBT's contribution to sustainable environmental 

management and reduction of tourism-related degradation 

Likert scale: 1 (Strongly Disagree) 

to 5 (Strongly Agree) 

Cultural Preservation 
Managers' perception of CBT's role in preserving local culture 
and heritage 

Likert scale: 1 (Strongly Disagree) 
to 5 (Strongly Agree) 

Challenges Infrastructure Challenge 
Rating of infrastructural challenges hindering CBT 

implementation (e.g., roads, accommodations) 

Likert scale: 1 (No Challenge) to 5 

(Significant Challenge) 

 
Community 
Engagement Challenge 

Perceived difficulty in engaging local communities in CBT 
impacts the sustainability of initiatives. 

Likert scale: 1 (No Challenge) to 5 
(Significant Challenge) 

Future Potential 

of CBT 
Future Potential of CBT 

Rating of CBT's potential as a sustainable tourism model and 

its anticipated role in Kazakhstan's tourism development 

Likert scale: 1 (Strongly Disagree) 

to 5 (Strongly Agree) 

 

The survey used a Likert scale to capture respondents' attitudes, perceptions, and opinions, a widely accepted 

approach in social and behavioral research. Participants rated each variable on a scale of 1 to 5, where each number 

represents a different level of agreement or perception. A score of 1 meant "Strongly Disagree," and a score of 2 meant 

"Disagree." There were five possible scores: 3 meant "Neutral", four meant "Agree", and five meant "Strongly Agree". This 

scaling method enabled a more nuanced understanding of respondents' thoughts, revealing the extent of agreement or 

disagreement across the surveyed topics. This scale enabled the quantification of subjective responses, facilitating easier 

comparison and analysis of people's feelings about various aspects of CBT, as reflected in responses from 30 travel company 

managers. Reports on tourism and sustainability in Kazakhstan from the government and NGOs were used as secondary 

sources. These papers provided helpful background on the broader context of tourism, highlighting trends, challenges, and 

opportunities in the field. These papers also described what the government and NGOs were doing to support eco-friendly 

travel, which can serve as a standard for judging the effectiveness of CBT programs. 

Policy papers, such as strategic plans and development frameworks, were examined in greater detail better to 

understand CBT's institutional support and regulatory environment. These papers outlined the government's objectives, funding 

strategies, and long-term sustainability goals. They demonstrated how CBT aligns with the country's tourism and development 

objectives. Policies in the Almaty Region, where CBT programs are being implemented, received extra care. The results of this 

study facilitated a clearer understanding of how policies impact CBT's growth and their relationship to the SDGs. 

Thematic analysis was employed to interpret the qualitative data collected from interviews and user reports. It was 

easy to identify recurring themes and patterns. These themes and patterns show CBT. Three overarching themes emerged 

from the data: economic impacts, environmental protection actions, and societal impacts. The information showed that CBT 

programs encouraged locals to participate in tourism-related activities, which created more jobs, income, and power for 

those who lived there. The environmental practices theme focused on community-led conservation efforts, including waste 

management and wildlife protection plans. These were crucial for ensuring that CBT methods were environmentally 

friendly. Finally, the theme of cultural contributions highlighted how CBT programs used tourism to preserve and promote 

local crafts, practices, and history (Sabadash et al., 2020). The NVivo tool was used to code and organize the qualitative 

data. It enabled the analysis to proceed more quickly and accurately. Researchers used the software to organize the results 

and incorporate diverse perspectives. These themes are connected, as shown by the fact that community leaders' answers 

about infrastructure problems were coded under economic effects and environmental practices. 

 

RESULTS 

A survey of 30 tourism company managers in Kazakhstan was conducted to assess perceptions of CBT. It included their 

knowledge of the subject, their thoughts on its pros and cons, and their predictions for its growth. Descriptive statistics were 

used to add all the data for each critical measure (Table 3). For managers, the spread of scores on the Awareness of CBT 

question was 0.6 points, with a mean score of 4.2 out of 5. The people in charge of tourists know that CBT is integral to 

their plans. 

 

Table 3. Descriptive statistics for key metrics 

 
Metric Average Score Standard Deviation 

Awareness of CBT 4.2 0.6 

Economic Benefit 4.5 0.5 



Sadykov et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 11(1) (2026), 80-92

 

 
85 

Environmental Impact 3.8 0.7 

Cultural Preservation 4.0 0.6 

Infrastructure Challenge 3.5 0.8 

Engagement Challenge 4.0 0.7 

Future Potential 4.3 0.5 

 

This is likely due to its alignment with Kazakhstan's environmentally friendly tourism plans. People in the tourism 

industry are familiar with CBT, as 65% of test-takers scored four or higher. The item that got the highest average score was 

"Perceived Benefits of CBT" (4.5; SD = 0.5). This means managers believe CBT has a significant impact on the local 

economy's growth rate. Based on the managers' mean score of 4.0 (SD = 0.6) for Cultural Preservation, they believe CBT 

is integral to preserving Kazakhstan's unique cultural heritage. A score of 3.8 (SD = 0.7) on the Environmental Impact of 

the CBT was the mean. The average score for the infrastructure challenge was 3.5 (SD = 0.8), indicating that managers were 

concerned about potential technical issues that could hinder effective CBT use. Also, the engagement challenge received an 

average score of 4.0 (SD = 0.7), indicating that managers must invest considerable effort to sustain community involvement. 

Transportation and lodging issues are two infrastructure concerns that could make it harder for tourists to get there and make 

their stay less pleasant. It is hard to involve local communities, which are essential to CBT success, but doing so can take a 

lot of time, effort, and resources. A score of 4.3 (SD = 0.5) for The Future Potential of CBT as a Sustainable Tourism Model 

indicates that managers are optimistic about CBT's future role in Kazakhstan's tourism industry. 

The people in charge of tourism in Kazakhstan believe that it is a good long-term plan because it fits with their 

goals for cultural, environmental, and economic sustainability. With an average score of 4.2 out of 5, the poll shows that 

travel company managers are well aware of CBT (SD = 0.6). About 65% of those who answered said they were more than 

level 4 informed. This shows that CBT is an essential component of Kazakhstan's green tourism plans. The managers 

interviewed said they were familiar with CBT concepts and their application in sustainable tourism. Managers also gave 

CBT high marks for its benefits. The economic benefits got the best score (4.5 on a scale of 5) from managers. CBT can 

contribute to local economies by generating employment and revenue, aligning with SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic 

Growth). Many have said CBT is a great way to preserve native culture. 

Their average score for cultural preservation was 4.0 (SD = 0.6), indicating they understood CBT's role in 

promoting local crafts, events, and traditions. It was clear from the observations that these results were supported by 

initiatives such as guided culture trips and handicraft workshops involving community people. These acts help achieve SDG 

11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) by fostering national pride and openness to new ideas. A mean score of 3.8 (SD = 

0.7) was given to the effect of CBT on the setting. This means that managers were cautiously hopeful. People were concerned 

that eco-friendly methods were being applied uniformly across all CBT schools during interviews. 

However, participant observations at ecotourism hotspots, such as the Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve, showed that 

waste management systems and conservation education programs worked effectively. These efforts contribute to achieving 

SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) by promoting environmentally friendly travel. However, problems 

persist, such as a lack of funds for building better infrastructure. The CBT's future potential got a positive average score of 

4.3 (SD = 0.5). According to managers, CBT aligns well with Kazakhstan's sustainable tourism goals, which include 

enhancing local economies, preserving cultural heritage, and mitigating environmental impact. This positive outlook is 

supported by regression analysis, which shows that more experienced managers view CBT as more valuable because they 

have used it longer. Based on these results, increased Awareness and tailored support could make CBT's contributions to 

SDGs 8, 11, and 12 even more substantial. 

This regression analysis examines the relationship between the independent variable, "Knowing About CBT", and the 

dependent variable, "Perceived Benefits of CBT", focusing on how CBT contributes to preserving culture, the economy, and 

the environment. As a control, this study also examines how engagement and the infrastructure Challenge might affect 

managers' views of CBT's benefits. It was used to assess model goodness-of-fit, and F-statistics were used to assess the models' 

importance. Multiple correlations were checked using the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) tests. Table 4 shows that Awareness 

of CBT has a positive and statistically significant effect on perceived benefits across all samples and models. This supports 

the idea that people who know more about CBT are more likely to believe it is good for them in terms of economic, 

environmental, and cultural benefits. This positive relationship suggests that managers with a deeper understanding of CBT 

are more likely to recognize its numerous benefits. 

 

Table 4. Regression analysis of Awareness of perceived benefits of CBT, including control variables 

 
Metric All Managers Experienced Managers Novice Managers 

Model (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) 

Instrument for Awareness Baseline Model 
Expanded 

Model 
Baseline Model 

Expanded 

Model 
Baseline Model Expanded Model 

Dependent Variable Awareness Awareness Awareness Awareness Awareness Awareness 

Economic Benefit 0.42 0.38 0.44 0.40 0.37 0.35 

Environmental Impact 0.35 0.30 0.36 0.32 0.29 0.28 

Cultural Preservation 0.28 0.25 0.30 0.27 0.23 0.22 

R² 0.42 0.38 0.44 0.40 0.36 0.32 

Adjusted R² 0.38 0.34 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.28 

F-Statistic 12.5 10.2 13.8 11.5 9.6 8.2 

VIF 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 



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Note. Models: (1) Baseline includes Awareness only; (2) Expanded includes Engagement Challenge and Infrastructure Challenge as control variables. 

Samples: All Managers, Experienced Managers (10+ years of experience), and Novice Managers (less than 5 years of experience). Statistical Significance: 

Standard errors in parentheses. Coefficients significant at p < 0.05. VIF: Variance Inflation Factor values indicate low multicollinearity.  

Baseline Model (1) only has an Awareness variable, so the coefficients for perceived benefits are slightly higher 

across all samples. This differs from the Expanded Model (2), which has Engagement and Infrastructure challenges as 

control variables. The slight coefficient drop in Model (2) means that adding control variables makes Awareness less 

powerful. This means that managers' views on CBT are influenced by issues with engagement and infrastructure, as well as 

their Awareness of its benefits. Specifically, the control variables may reveal some additional differences in how people 

perceive things that Awareness alone cannot explain. This indicates that issues with engagement and infrastructure can lead 

managers to reconsider the benefits of CBT. 

There are differences among managers with varying levels of experience, but those with 10 or more years 

consistently exhibit higher coefficients for Awareness of perceived benefits in both models. When managers understand 

how CBT works, they are more likely to find it helpful. Managers with less than five years of experience, on the other hand, 

have the lowest awareness coefficients. There might be a difference here, since younger managers have not yet had as much 

experience with CBT's potential to aid the tourism industry's long-term development. Low VIF scores indicate that the 

control variables (Engagement Challenge and Infrastructure Challenge) are valuable additions to the models. The fact that 

the F-statistics are significant indicates that the models are correct and that people are aware of issues with engagement and 

infrastructure, which are significant parts of how they perceive the benefits of CBT. This satisfactory model fit demonstrates 

that managers' views on CBT are highly dependent on their level of CBT knowledge and the issues identified. 

Managers with more experience will likely get the most out of CBT. Lawmakers and practitioners must fix the 

issues with facilities and participation so that managers and communities can get the most out of CBT. The study examines 

the perceptions of Kazakhstani travel company managers regarding CBT and its potential to foster tourism growth over 

time. Much research has shown that teaching people about eco-friendly travel is essential to get them to support these 

practices (Ahmad et al., 2020; Darvishmotevali & Altinay, 2022; Ibnou-Laaroussi et al., 2020). 

If they learn more about it, they are more likely to see how CBT can help the economy grow, preserve cultural 

heritage, and lessen environmental damage. Prokopenko et al. (2019, 2020) emphasize the importance of digital marketing 

tools for advertising tourist spots worldwide. The study indicates a need to employ multiple digital tactics. Websites and 

email ads are two traditional forms of advertising. Some new ones are chatbots, voice search optimization, and celebrity 

marketing. Marketers for destinations can enhance their websites, stand out, and attract more tourists in a crowded market 

with custom digital tools (Shah, 2024). 

CBT can help the economy, but only if people are aware of its benefits. It means that managers who are aware of 

it recognize its potential to benefit local economies. The economic effects of CBT have been studied before and mainly 

focus on how it helps local communities make money, create jobs, and stop money from leaving the area by making sure 

that tourism money stays there (Junaid et al., 2021; Lo & Janta, 2020; Mia et al., 2024; Shah & Shah, 2024). Managers who 

were more aware of CBT thought it significantly impacted the bottom line, as shown by the high coefficient of 0.42 for 

economic benefits. This result suggests that managers understand how CBT empowers communities by enabling them to 

retain a greater share of tourism revenue. 
 

DISCUSSIONS 

CBT plays a significant role in economic growth, particularly in rural and underdeveloped areas, by generating employment 

opportunities and motivating individuals to start their own businesses. Travel company managers always say this helps keep 

tourism dollars in the community. 

CBT not only provides people with a direct means to generate profits but also prevents cash from leaving the 

community, ensuring profits remain within it. It fits with another study: CBT helps local economies grow by creating stable 

sources of income and lowering reliance on tourists from other countries (Junaid et al., 2021; Lo & Janta, 2020). The 

economic benefits of CBT are particularly evident in remote areas with limited traditional business options. For example, 

people in communities that used CBT reported increased household incomes, enabling them to afford better healthcare and 

schooling. 

These results demonstrate that CBT aligns with SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), emphasizing the 

need for sustainable economic growth that benefits all. Those in charge stated that the benefits are not distributed fairly 

when participation is low, and only a few individuals or groups profit from tourist activities. 

That finding aligns with what Gohori and van der Merwe (2020) argue is important for the community to participate 

in CBT to support economic growth. Outside groups or a few people can take over tourism events when communities are 

inactive. Another critical thing affecting CBT's economic success is the need for cash rewards and support systems. 

Community-Based Tourism (CBT) is an effective way to protect the environment, as it promotes eco-friendly 

activities and incorporates environmental protection measures into tours. Based on the study, CBT results indicate that 

managers were hopeful it would help reduce the environmental impact of tourism activities. 

CBT projects have taught people how to deal with trash, protect wildlife, and use resources without harming the 

environment in places like the Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve. 

People in the community have made significant efforts to preserve the reserve's natural beauty and ecological 

health, including running programs to plant trees and observe wildlife. These efforts align with SDG 12 (Responsible 

Production and Consumption), which calls for people to use environmentally friendly methods to protect natural resources 

and reduce waste (Shah & Shah, 2023; Shah & Asghar, 2024). 



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87 

Lodges made from eco-friendly materials are one type of eco-friendly place to stay, demonstrating how CBT can 

incorporate sustainable tourist infrastructure with minimal environmental impact. 

A study by Bayuningsih et al. (2024) and a survey by Samora-Arvela et al. (2023) also found that CBT can help 

promote sustainability by adopting environmentally friendly practices. The moderate effect size of the regression analysis 

indicates that infrastructure and participation issues significantly affect CBT effectiveness in this setting. People are more 

aware of the environment when they better understand CBT, but these structural hurdles keep it from reaching its full 

potential (Tamir, 2015). 

Knowledge and tools are needed to meet long-term environmental goals. Addressing these issues requires a 

multifaceted approach, including skill-building programs for individuals, funding for environmentally friendly 

infrastructure, and fostering stronger relationships between local communities, NGOs, and governments. 

Community-based travel is a critical way to learn about and preserve cultural history because it uses traditional 

methods and local knowledge to enhance the travel experience. CBT must help transmit information from one generation 

to the next in rural areas, where modernization often threatens to end traditional practices. Teenagers and young adults can 

learn about their cultural history through CBT programs that teach them how to engage in tourism-related activities. 

This aligns with SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), which emphasizes sustainable urban and rural 

development that benefits all and preserves natural and cultural assets (Fan et al., 2023; Svitlichna et al., 2024). They 

demonstrate that CBT empowers communities to control their cultural assets, enabling them to protect and enjoy these assets 

in ways that benefit both locals and tourists. However, the study found cultural commodification issues, such as when 

customs are altered or accelerated to cater to tourists. Another study by Alamineh et al. (2023) also discussed this issue. It 

highlights the difficulty of representing culture authentically without reducing it to a product. Some community members 

were concerned about the modifications made to traditional arts and dances to appeal to tourists. This could make them less 

culturally important. These steps might be reasonable for business in the short term, but they could hurt the accuracy and 

integrity of cultural history in the long term. 

This study found that poor infrastructure is one of the main factors that make CBT difficult to use. Problems like 

these make it harder for people to get to tourist spots in rural and remote areas. This keeps tourists from both inside and 

outside of the country. Managers and community members often mentioned that attracting tourists was challenging due to 

the poor road conditions and limited transportation options, such as buses and trains. 

This supports Ivankova et al. (2021), who emphasized the importance of good infrastructure for tourism growth, 

as it enables tourists to move around and access the services they need. Another reason CBT sites are less appealing is that 

they often lack reliable transportation, suitable accommodations, and internet access. Online marketing is also less 

successful when internet connectivity is poor, and tourists find it harder to share their experiences. It makes CBT destinations 

less visible and less competitive. A significant issue was that people were unable to participate in the community. People 

were concerned about the level of community engagement in CBT projects. People in the area need to feel a sense of 

ownership and commitment to tourism activities for CBT to be successful in the long run. Still, the research showed that 

many groups either do not know about CBT projects, do not want to, or cannot participate. 

This means that tourism projects do not always align with the community's wants or needs, which is contrary to 

CBT. Also, if participation is insufficient, benefits might not be distributed equitably among all individuals or groups. One 

more way public-private partnerships can help community-driven tourism projects is by providing them with the tools and 

guidance they need. Putra et al. (2024) emphasize that collaboration is essential for improving facilities and enhancing 

community involvement. These thoughts agree with that. If infrastructure problems are solved and more people participate, 

CBT could be a more effective and sustainable way for Kazakhstan to attract more tourists. 

Researchers found that people's perceptions of CBT benefits are strongly linked to their familiarity with it. Given 

its benefits to the economy, environment, and culture, managers with over 10 years of experience tend to give CBT higher 

ratings than those with fewer years of experience. These people noted that long-time tourism workers generally have a better 

understanding of the long-term benefits of sustainable tourism practices, having witnessed and utilized CBT programs over 

an extended period. 

Concentrating on training programs and chances to learn from more experienced managers is essential to close the 

gap between managers with and without much experience. In CBT, pairing workers with different experience levels in 

classes, seminars, and group projects can help them share their knowledge and work together more effectively. The main 

topics of the training classes should be sustainable tourism principles, strategies for involving people in tourism, and best 

practices in CBT management. 

This study's results align with new research, supporting its conclusions. One crucial area where everyone agrees is 

that infrastructure and participation problems significantly hinder CBT's success. The problems with transportation, housing, 

and community involvement identified in this study are similar to those reported by Sushchenko et al. (2023). Through their 

research, they discovered that effective logistics and active community engagement are crucial for sustainable tourism 

development, particularly in rural and underserved areas. It is clear from both studies that infrastructure and participation 

are linked and that neither can function without the other. Several groups, such as governments, NGOs, and business 

organizations, must work together to solve these problems. The focus on preserving culture as a primary goal of CBT is 

another area where the two share similarities. The results of this study show that CBT helps protect traditions through guided 

tours, handicraft workshops, and cultural performances, which aligns with Fan et al. (2023) 's view on the importance of 

communities taking charge of heritage protection. Both studies demonstrate that CBT empowers local communities to own 

their cultural assets. It ensures they are protected and honored in ways that benefit both the economy and society. 



Sadykov et al., Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 11(1) (2026), 80-92

 

 
88 

The study's focus on protecting the environment aligns with the findings of Bayuningsih et al. (2024) and Samora-

Arvela et al. (2023), suggesting that CBT can make tourism events eco-friendlier. This study's focus on the value of 

managerial experience aligns with Raftopoulos' (2020) observation that tourism professionals with more experience are 

better positioned to recognize the long-term benefits of sustainable practices. Both studies demonstrate that the information 

and experience people acquire over time play a critical role in shaping their thoughts and decisions in tourism management. 

Putra et al. (2024) stated that investments in infrastructure and strong government-private sector relationships are essential 

for long-term tourism. Literature supports this conclusion, highlighting that CBT programs can help expand local economies 

and establish stable livelihoods, particularly in remote or underserved areas where tourism growth can contribute to poverty 

reduction (Giampiccoli et al., 2021; Islam et al., 2024; Sharma et al., 2024). However, our research also showed that 

Engagement Challenges led people to believe CBT was better for the economy than it actually was. When community 

involvement is insufficient, managers may perceive tourism's economic potential as limited. Havadi Nagy and Espinosa 

Segui (2020) also found that active community involvement is necessary to realize the financial benefits of CBT and to 

ensure that communities own and run tourism projects, both of which are beneficial. 

Reducing tourism's environmental impact is another essential part of sustainable tourism. There is a link between 

managers' knowledge of CBT and their perceptions of its environmental impact. This means managers with a deeper 

understanding of CBT are more likely to believe it benefits the environment. That opinion might change if CBT focuses on 

low-impact tourism practices, such as limiting the number of tourists, adhering to strict environmental rules, and promoting 

eco-friendly lodging (Quang et al., 2023; Samora-Arvela et al., 2023). Sustainable tourism ensures that tourist activities 

have as little environmental effect as possible. Saienko et al. (2021) evaluate the efficiency of tour operators and travel 

agents in Ukraine's tourism market. 

They track key metrics, including visitor numbers, voucher prices, and sales volume, to gauge success. The study 

indicates that the market requires greater efficiency and competitiveness, which can be achieved through strategic changes 

across all regions. The moderate effect size suggests that managers may still be concerned about the sustainability of CBT 

for the environment, despite Awareness altering people's environmental perceptions. This might be because it is challenging 

to ensure that all CBT projects adhere to the same guidelines for sustainable practices. The supporting literature indicates 

that even when CBT is delivered effectively, environmental sustainability can be achieved only if community members 

have the tools and knowledge to implement conservation measures correctly (Tamir, 2015). Also, our results show that 

engagement challenges make people less likely to think CBT is good for the environment. This shows the influence of 

strong community involvement in reaching environmental goals. According to the research, involving people in the area is 

essential for adopting sustainable methods because it makes them feel responsible for protecting natural resources 

(Balsalobre-Lorente et al., 2023; Litvinenko et al., 2022). Belgibayeva et al. (2024) explore the economic and environmental 

effects of eliminating organic waste in Kazakhstan. They focus on how food waste affects municipal solid waste. 

The study emphasizes the need for advanced methods to reduce waste, such as biogas production and composting, 

to improve waste management. Community-based tourism helps preserve and promote local culture, aligning well with 

sustainable tourism goals. Our study found a link between knowledge of CBT and thoughtful cultural preservation. This 

link was less intense than the ones for economic and environmental benefits. Managers familiar with CBT likely appreciate 

its ability to facilitate cross-cultural interactions, foster respect for local traditions, and support cultural heritage initiatives. 

The results of this study align with those of Fan et al. (2023), who found that CBT helps communities showcase their cultural 

assets by offering tourists authentic experiences that help keep cultures alive and strengthen identities. One issue that 

frequently arises in CBT projects is the risk of cultural commodification (Dykha et al., 2023) and the difficulty of 

maintaining cultural authenticity due to the weaker link. 

The literature expresses concern that, if not appropriately handled, CBT can commercialize indigenous traditions. 

Results also indicate that engagement challenges can lead people to overlook the cultural benefits of CBT. It supports the idea 

that community involvement is essential for protecting cultural heritage in tourism settings (Li et al., 2020). The literature 

supports the idea that tourism projects are more likely to succeed with the active participation of community members, as 

community ownership is essential for the long-term management of tourism resources (Mir et al., 2024; Musavengane & 

Kloppers, 2020). People not involved in CBT projects may lose interest, fail to collaborate, and ultimately fail to achieve the 

economic, environmental, and cultural goals they set out to achieve. Krykavskyy et al. (2021) explore new and competitive 

business plans for tourism companies that work with sustainable development. They find that tourism businesses need help 

adopting an innovation-based management approach and stress the need for a systemic approach to long-term growth. The 

Infrastructure Challenge had a more significant impact on managers' thinking than engagement, particularly regarding its 

potential to boost the economy. It can be challenging for towns to attract and retain tourists if they lack sufficient infrastructure, 

including accessible roads, adequate accommodations, and basic amenities. Infrastructure plays a significant role in the success 

of tourist spots, particularly in areas that require greater development and offer all necessary services (Ivankova et al., 2021). 

Some places may lose tourists and money if they need the proper infrastructure. It may also be challenging to 

engage in culturally and environmentally appropriate activities. So, the infrastructure needs to be improved to enable 

communities to benefit from tourism. Troian et al. (2023) emphasize the need for innovative management strategies, further 

scientific research, and the development of the "blue economy" to ensure the long-term sustainability of marine tourism. 

The results show that community-based strategies and environmental care are essential for making the marine tourism 

industry solid and responsible. Additionally, managers with less than 5 years of experience showed less Awareness of all 

perceived benefits than those with more than 10 years of experience. In other words, managers with more experience are 

more likely to see how CBT can help them in the long run. 



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89 

Evidence from Weaver and Lawton (2004) and Gevorgyan (2024) indicates that more experienced individuals in the 

tourism industry have witnessed firsthand the impact of tourism policies and community-based initiatives on local populations. 

According to Bashynska et al. (2019), Guo et al. (2024), and Khurdei et al. (2023), the most critical factors determining the 

distribution of museums are the availability of natural and historical resources, population density, and the rise in tourism. This 

study shows the importance of spatial planning and local resources for cultural infrastructure. It also gives us ideas for 

developing tourism in other areas using similar methods. Nikolenko et al. (2024) examine the philosophical and psychological 

bases of ethics and social responsibility. The study's cluster analysis shows that people have different ideas about what it means 

to be socially responsible. This study demonstrates the significance of integrating CBT approaches with global sustainability 

goals, linking its findings to SDGs 8, 11, and 12. Improving facilities and increasing participation are two key challenges that 

must be addressed if CBT is to realize its full potential in Kazakhstan. Further research into CBT's potential as a paradigm for 

sustainable tourism and the development of novel solutions should build on these findings. 

This study shows that lawmakers and CBT practitioners can improve it in several ways. These efforts can highlight 

successful programs, such as the Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve, which has seen increased participation and support for 

CBT. People in the community, owners of tourism businesses, and government leaders should be the primary targets of 

efforts to raise Awareness about CBT, ensuring everyone understands its capabilities. Second, skill-building programs 

should be implemented to help people get involved in their communities. Through these programs, people in the area can 

learn to be eco-friendly, manage tourism, and foster a more welcoming environment. These skills enable them to participate 

in and benefit from CBT projects. 

Community members improve their skills through these types of programs. People also feel a sense of ownership 

and commitment to CBT projects, making them more likely to last. Government members should collaborate with partners 

from NGOs, academic institutions, and the business sector to plan and implement these training programs. Lastly, improving 

infrastructure should be a top priority to make it easier to access CBT sites and extend session duration. Investing in 

transportation networks, such as improved roads and public transit, can facilitate easier access for tourists to remote CBT 

sites. To meet the growing desire for eco-friendly tourism experiences, eco-friendly lodging and facilities should also be 

built. Public-private partnerships can be beneficial in funding these changes and ensuring that resources are used effectively 

and projects are completed successfully. By addressing these infrastructure issues, lawmakers can facilitate CBT's growth 

and support its pursuit of broader sustainable development objectives (Kovshun et al., 2023b). 

Although this study contributes to the existing body of research, it has several limitations. Although the sample 

size of 30 managers from tour companies is substantial, the results may not be generalizable to other situations. To provide 

a more complete picture of CBT's effects, future studies should include a broader range of stakeholders in the sample, 

including government officials, tourists, and community members. The study examined only the Almaty Region, so it may 

not fully reflect how CBT is used across Kazakhstan. One way to address this issue is to expand the geographic scope of 

future research. The results may not be generalizable to other parts of Kazakhstan or to other groups because the sample 

size and the study were limited to a small area. The research provides substantial information on the pros and cons of CBT, 

but its findings should be applied in care settings across diverse environmental and social contexts. These results should be 

confirmed with larger, more diverse samples and comparative studies across multiple areas in the future. 

 

CONCLUSIONS  

The main point of this study is to demonstrate the importance of Community-Based Tourism (CBT) to the long-term growth 

of Kazakhstan's tourism business. CBT looks at tourism from all angles, including economic, environmental, and cultural 

factors. It focuses on community involvement and long-term survival. The results make it clear that parties must understand 

CBT for it to work. Managers of travel companies with a deeper understanding of CBT were more likely to recognize its 

potential to stimulate economic growth, safeguard cultural heritage, and promote environmental conservation. 

This highlights the importance of educating people about CBT's potential to foster long-term tourism growth 

through targeted initiatives. Although it holds considerable promise, the study identified significant problems that undermine 

CBT's effectiveness in Kazakhstan. Engaging people became a big problem, as few community members participated, 

making CBT programs less welcoming. Communities may not feel a strong connection to their cultural and natural resources 

if they are not actively involved in preserving them. Firm community involvement plans are needed to solve this problem. 

These include programs that build people's skills, allow everyone to make decisions, and encourage participation in decision-

making. For CBT to be effective in the long run, it is crucial to empower local communities to lead it. 

Significant infrastructure gaps also hinder CBT's growth in Kazakhstan. It was noted that inadequate transportation 

networks, accommodations, and digital connectivity are significant problems that make CBT destinations more challenging 

and less appealing. These problems make it harder for CBT projects to attract tourists, thereby reducing their economic 

impact. Targeted investments in infrastructure, particularly eco-friendly housing and improved transportation, are crucial to 

increasing the likelihood of CBT project success. These infrastructure gaps can be addressed significantly through public-

private partnerships and government backing, ensuring that CBT destinations are easily accessible, visually appealing, and 

equipped with the amenities modern tourists require. The study also demonstrated the importance of management experience 

in shaping people's perceptions of CBT's benefits. Managers with more than 10 years of experience were more likely than 

managers with less experience to see the long-term benefits of CBT. 

This finding highlights the importance of training programs and mentorship opportunities in helping less 

experienced professionals acquire new skills and bridge the knowledge gap. By educating people about CBT principles and 

best practices, the tourism industry can ensure that sustainable tourism projects are implemented consistently and effectively 



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90 

across Kazakhstan. Policymakers should prioritize projects addressing the problems identified in this study to maximize the 

benefits of CBT. Targeted campaigns that promote the benefits of CBT can receive support from a broader range of groups, 

including local communities, government agencies, and businesses. Communities should implement skill development 

programs to provide members with the information and resources necessary to participate in and benefit from CBT 

programs. Also, building new infrastructure should be a top priority, focusing on improving environmental facilities and 

transportation networks to make CBT destinations more accessible and sustainable. 

This study should be expanded to include more parties, such as tourists, government officials, and locals, to gather 

a broader range of perspectives on CBT. Comparative studies of CBT across various parts of Kazakhstan would also help 

us understand the other problems and challenges that accompany it. Longitudinal studies examining how CBT changes local 

economies, cultures, and environments over time can also help us understand how well it works as a model for sustainable 

tourism. Research in these areas can help CBT improve and expand in the future, thereby benefiting Kazakhstan's tourism 

economy and contributing to global sustainability goals. 

 

 
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, Z.S. and N.P.; Methodology, Z.S.; Software, A.Y.; Validation, N.P., Z.T. and I.R.; Formal Analysis, A.Y.; 

Investigation, Z.T.; Resources, N.P.; Data Curation, I.R.; Writing – Original Draft Preparation, I.R.; Writing – Review & Editing, N.P.; Visualization, 

A.Y.; Supervision, Z.S.; Project Administration, N.P.; Funding Acquisition, Z.S. Authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 
Institutional Review Board Statement: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the research does not involve vulnerable groups 

or sensitive issues. 

Funding: The authors received no direct funding for this research. 
Acknowledgments: Not applicable. 

Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. 

Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available 
due to restrictions. 

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

 

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