Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacolo- Research Article Antiproliferative and apoptotic ef- fects of pinocembrin in human pros- tate cancer cells BJP Introduction Plants provide many promising sources of potential anticancer agents and several lead structures in the past decades such as paclitaxel, camptothecin, vinca alka- loids, and etoposide have potential application in cancer chemotherapy, therefore, plants are considered as one of the most vital sources for the development of novel anti-cancer drugs (Amin et al., 2009; Cragg and Newman, 2005). Extensive researches have been carried out on the phytochemicals, which belong to one vital class of nutraceuticals found in plants, for their health- promoting potential. Pinocembrin is one of the most important phytochemicals among flavonoids, with anti- inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-oxidants proper- ties (Estevinho et al., 2008; Feng et al., 2012; Kumar et al., 2007). Mainly pinocembrin was isolated from aerial parts of Flourensia oolepis S.F. Blake (Asteraceae) (Diaz Napal et al., 2009) and honey (Jaganathan and Mandal, 2009). Further, pinocembrin being a flavonoid natural compound have been found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, spices, stems, flowers, teas, and red wines (Jiang and Morgan, 2004; Miyahisa et al., 2006). Further- more, pinocembrin has antiproliferative effect and induced apoptosis in cancer cells such as colon cancer (Kumar et al., 2007; Pan et al., 2011; Zizic et al., 2013) and leukemia (Hsu et al., 2010; Salahdeen and Murtala, 2012). However, the cytotoxic effects of pinocembrin on prostate cancer and its mechanism were still unknown. Prostate cancer is an increasingly common and potentially lethal malignancy. It is the second leading A Journal of the Bangladesh Pharmacological Society (BDPS) Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2013; 8: 255-262 Journal homepage: www.banglajol.info Abstracted/indexed in Academic Search Complete, Agroforestry Abstracts, Asia Journals Online, Bangladesh Journals Online, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Current Abstracts, Directory of Open Access Journals, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, Google Scholar, HINARI (WHO), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Open J-gate, Science Citation Index Expanded, SCOPUS and Social Sciences Citation Index ISSN: 1991-0088 Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of pinocembrin in human prostate cancer cells Zhenyu Chen1, Azhar Rasul1, 2, Chaoyue Zhao1, Faya Martin Millimouno2, Ichiro Tsuji3, Takaki Yamamura4, Rehana Iqbal5, Mahadev Malhi2, Xiaomeng Li2 and Jiang Li1 1Dental Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041; 2The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; 3Department of Public Health, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan; 4Food and Nutrition, Morioka College, Iwate, Japan; 5Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan. Abstract Pinocembrin, (5, 7-dihydroxyflavanone), has been shown to possess anti- cancer activity against various cancer cells. However, its effect against prostate cancer cells remained enigmatic. In this study, for the first time, we investigated whether pinocembrin could inhibit growth of human prostate cancer cells. MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis were performed to examine the effects of pinocembrin on cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. The results revealed that pinocembrin attenuated the cell viability of both androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) as well as androgen-independent (PC3 and DU-145) prostate cancer cell lines, with different p53 status. Further characterization showed that pinocembrin markedly induced apoptosis of LNCaP cells and arrested cell cycle at S and G2/M phase and involved in the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential before culminating in apoptosis in pinocembrin-treated LNCaP cells. These in vitro results suggested that pinocembrin should be further examined for in vivo activity in human prostate cancer. Article Info Received: 30 April 2013 Accepted: 9 May 2013 Available Online: 20 May 2013 DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v8i3.14795 Cite this article: Chen Z, Rasul A, Zhao C, Millimouno FM, Tsuji I, Yamamura T, Iqbal R, Malhi M, Li X, Li J. Anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of pinocembrin in human prostate cancer cells. Bang- ladesh J Pharmacol. 2013; 8: 255-62. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. You are free to copy, distribute and perform the work. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor. cause of cancer-related deaths among men in the United States, with similar trends in many western countries (Jemal et al., 2010). Prevailing treatment op- tions have limited therapeutic success in human prostate cancer, therefore, there is considerable empha- sis on identifying novel natural products that selec- tively induce apoptosis and growth arrest in prostate cancer cells without cytotoxic effects in normal cells (Tsao et al., 2004). In the last few decades, several natural compounds have shown a great promise in treatment of cancer and prevention of metastasis; most of the researchers are interested in and are focusing on finding a cure for cancer and several published reports have identified numerous dietary and botanical natural compounds that have chemopreventive potential (Rasul et al., 2013; Rasul et al., 2012a; Rasul et al., 2012c). Therefore, novel therapeutic agents and treatment approaches are desired to improve the clinical outcome. For this purpose, Therefore, we investigated whether pinocembrin could inhibit growth of both androgen- sensitive (LNCaP) as well as androgen-independent (PC3 and DU-145) human prostate cancer cell lines, with different p53 status. Pinocembrin showed potent anti-proliferative effect against prostate cancer cells. Further characterization showed that pinocembrin effectively inhibited the proliferation of LNCaP cells through arresting cell cycle at S and G2/M phases and induction of apoptosis. Material and Methods Chemical and reagents Pinocembrin (Figure 1) was purchased from National Institute of Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). Fetal bovine serum was purchased from Hangzhou Sijiqing Biological Engineering Materials Co., Ltd. DMEM, MTT [3′-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyl tetrazolium bromide], propidium iodide (PI) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, USA). Annexin V- FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit was purchased from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Rho-123 was purchased from Eugene Co. (Oregon, U.S.A.). Cell culture Human prostate cancer LNCaP cells were propagated in DMEM and T-medium (1:1) nutrients mixture supplemented with 10% FBS and antibiotics at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 and 95% air. Cells were seeded in 10 cm culture dish and allowed to grow to a pp rox im a tel y 70 % con fl ue nce be for e experimentation. Cell proliferation assay The cytotoxic effects of the pinocembrin on the cells were determined by MTT assay as described previously (Rasul et al., 2011a; Rasul et al., 2011b). Briefly, LNCaP cells were seeded at a density of 1 × 104 cells per well in 96-well plates and were allowed to grow overnight. Cells were incubated with 100 µL of complete culture medium containing 0, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 µM of pinocembrin. After incubation for 24 hours, growth of cells was determined by adding 10 µL MTT (5 mg/mL in phosphate buffered saline) to each well and incubated for 4 hours. After removal of the medium, 150 µL DMSO was added to each well and shaken carefully. The absorbance was read at a wavelength of 570 nm in a plate reader (ELX 800, BIO-TEK Instru- ments Inc.). The growth curve was plotted against mean values which were calculated using the following equation: I% = [A570 (control) - A570 (treated)] /A570 (control)× 100 Flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle For cell analysis, LNCaP cells were seeded in 12-well plates and then treated with 100 and 150 µM of pinocembrin for 24 hours. After treatments, the percentages of cells in the different phases of cell cycle were evaluated by determining the DNA content after propidium iodide (PI) staining (Rasul et al., 2012b). Briefly, cells were washed with PBS, trypsinized and centrifuged at 1,000 rpm at 4°C for 5 min. Pellets were fixed overnight in 70% cold ethanol. After fixation, cells were washed twice with PBS and incubated in PBS containing RNase (1 mg/mL) for 10 min at room tem- perature. Finally, samples were stained with propidium iodide (1 mg/mL) for 30 min at 4°C. Data acquisition was done by flow cytometry (EPICSXL-MCL, Beckman Coulter, US) using Cell Quest software. Flow cytometric determination of apoptosis The apoptotic rate of LNCaP cells was examined by flow cytometry using annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Briefly, LNCaP cells were cultured in 6-well plates and allowed to attach overnight. Cells were treated with 100 and 150 µM of pinocembrin for 24 hours. Then cells were collected, washed and resuspended in PBS. Apop- totic cell death was measured by double staining annexin V-FITC and PI using the annexin V-FITC apop- tosis detection kit (Beyotime Biotechnology Shanghai, 256 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2013; 8: 255-262 Figure 1: Structure of pinocembrin China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Flow cytometric analysis was performed immediately after staining. Data acquisition and analysis were performed by flow cytometry using Cell Quest software. Flow cytometric determination of mitochondrial mem- brane potential (ΔΨm) To probe the changes in ΔΨm, PC3 cells were stained with rhodamine 123 (1 µM) after treatment of 100 and 150 µM of pinocembrin for 24 hours with control group. The fluorescence of rhodamine 123 was measured by flow cytometry with excitation and emission wavelengths of 488 and 530 nm. Statistical analysis of data For the statistical analysis of data, comparisons between results from different groups were analyzed with SPSS for Window Version 15.0. p<0.05 value was defined as statistically significant. All experiments were repeated at least three times. Results and Discussion The investigation was started with screening of natural compounds against androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) as well as androgen-independent (PC3 and DU-145) human prostate cancer cell lines, with different p53 status. We found that pinocembrin exhibited cytotoxic effects on the growth of both androgen-responsive (LNCaP) as well as androgen-resistant (PC3 and DU- 145) human prostate cancer. Pinocembrin is a natural compound that belongs to a flavonoid family. We examined the effects of pinocembrin on the growth of LNCaP human prostate cancer cells by quantifying the viable cells using MTT assay. Pinocembrin attenuated the growth of LNCaP human prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 2). Morphological changes were observed under phase contrast micros- copy after treating cells with 100 and 150 µM of pinocembrin. There was a significant decrease in the number of LNCaP cells treated with pinocembrin as compared to the control group. Furthermore, the cells become round-shaped and poorly adhered to the cultured plates while the control group cells showed a typical polygonal and cobblestone monolayer appear- ance and remained firmly attached to cultured plates (Figure 3). The results revealed that pinocembrin indu- ced growth inhibition of LNCaP cells, in addition to other type of cancer cells previously reported including colon cancer (Kumar et al., 2007; Pan et al., 2011; Zizic et al., 2013) and leukemia (Hsu et al., 2010; Salahdeen and Murtala, 2012). There are several mechanisms which control the cell cycle to ensure the correct cell division. It is well known that progression of cell cycle is maintained by different check points in normal cells and the transition from one cell cycle phase to another occurs in an orderly fashion. In cancerous cells, some basic modifications occurred in the genetic control of cell division, resulting in an Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2013; 8: 255-262 257 C el l v ia bi lit y (% o f c on tr ol ) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 25 50 100 150 200 Concentration (µM) PC3 DU-145 LNCaP Figure 2: Pinocembrin inhibited the cell growth and induced cell death in prostate cancer cells. LNCaP, PC-3 and DU-145 cells were treated with indicated doses of pinocembrin for 24 hours and cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Data are expressed as Mean ± SD (n = 3) 258 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2013; 8: 255-262 Figure 3: Morphological changes in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells were observed under phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy after treatment with 0, 100 and 150 µM of pinocembrin for 24 hours Control 100 150 (µM) P ha se c on tr as t m ic ro sc op y Fl uo re sc en ce m ic ro sc op y Figure 4: Flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle phase distribution in LNCaP cells treated with 100 and 150 µM pinocembrin for 24 hours. The data shown are representative of two independent experiments with the similar results. ap<0.05 and bp<0.01 compared with the control Control 100 150 (µM) G1/G0 = 62.9% S = 26.4% G2/M = 10.7% G1/G0 = 33.6% S = 52.9% G2/M = 14.1% G1/G0 = 15.8% S = 49.8% G2/M = 34.58% 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 G0/G1 S G2/M Cell cycle R el at iv e ce ll po pu la tio n (% ) Control 100 µM 150 µM uncontrolled cell proliferation. As the deregulation of cell cycle progression is the hallmark of cancer; thereby cell cycle regulation could be a potential and effective strategy for the treatment of cancer (Grana and Reddy, 1995; Vermeulen et al., 2003). Therefore, we analyzed effect of pinocembrin on cell cycle progression of LNCaP cells. It was found that pinocembrin arrested cell cycle at S and G2/M phases. The percentage of accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase was increased from 10.7% in control group to 14.1%, and 34.5% in the cells treated with 100 and 150 µM of pinocembrin respectively while S phase was increased from 26.4% in control group to 52.6 and 49.8% respectively for 24 hours (Figure 4). These findings revealed that S and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest was one of the mechanisms through which pinocembrin induces cytotoxicity in LNCaP cells. A number of recent studies have shown that by arresting the cell division at certain checkpoints in the cell cycle, several chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agents have demonstrated potential anti-proliferative effects (Rasul et al., 2013; Rasul et al., 2012b). There are various modes of cell death such as apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis (Leist and Jaattela, 2001). Apoptosis is most organized, well fashioned, and sys- tematic mode of cell death, in which cells themselves play an active role in their own death (Elmore, 2007; Hengartner, 2000). The normal cellular signals for regulation of their growth are lost in the cancerous cells due to various mutations, preventing the cells from apoptosis and cell growth to uncontrolled status (Hanahan and Weinberg, 2000). The regulation of apoptosis is, therefore, most important in the treatment of cancer (Fulda, 2010; Lawen, 2003; Reed, 2002). The chemopreventive agents, which can treat the cancer effectively, have potential to restore the natural signal- ing apoptotic pathway (Reed, 1999). It is well known that various chemopreventive agents cause cell death through induction of apoptosis in different cancer cells (Srivastava and Gupta, 2006; Xu et al., 2009). We studied whether pinocembrin inhibits cell growth in LNCaP cells through the induction of apoptosis. Pino- cembrin-induced apoptosis was determined by flow cytometric analysis. Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2013; 8: 255-262 259 Control 100 150 (µM) B1 B2 B3 B4 103 102 101 100 100 101 102 103 B1 B2 B3 B4 B1 B2 B3 B4 100 101 102 103 100 101 102 103 0 Concentration (µM) A po pt os is % 40 30 20 10 0 Figure 5: Apoptosis induced by pinocembrin in LNCaP cells. LNCaP cells were treated with 100 and 150 µM of pinocembrin for 24 hours. Then cells were stained with FITC-conjugated Annexin V and PI for flow cytometric analysis. The flow cytometry profile represents Annexin V-FITC staining in x axis and PI in y axis. The data shown are representative of three independent experi- ments with the similar results. ap<0.05 and bp<0.01 compared with the control a b For flow cytometric analysis, cells were seeded in the 12 well plates. After incubation of cells without (control) or with pinocembrin for 24 hours, cells were collected in centrifuged tubes and stained with annexin V-FITC and PI double staining as described in material and methods part. The results of flow cytometric analysis showed that rates of apoptosis were 19.2 ± 2.0% and 35.4 ± 2.3% in the cells treated with 100 and 150 µM of pinocembrin respectively for 24 hours as compared to 4.0 ± 0.5% in the control cells (Figure 5). Pinocembrin- induced apoptosis in LNCaP cells was consistent with previously reported studies in colon cancer (Kumar et al., 2007). Mitochondria play a fundamental role in the regulation of apoptotic cell death and consist of various pro- apoptotic proteins and cytochrome c. As highlighted earlier, apoptosis involves a dysfunction of mitochondrial membrane integrity, which leads to cell death (Jeong and Seol, 2008). Previously it has been documented that disintegration of the mitochondrial membrane potential and the redistribution of cytochrome c are crucial actions in the apoptotic cascade (Kluck et al., 1997; Wang, 2001). Cytochrome c plays central role in mitochondrial mediated apoptosis. Upon the attenuation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, Cytochrome c releases from the mitochondria into the cytosol (Kluck et al., 1997). Once released into the cytosol, cytochrome c binds to form an “apoptosome” of Apaf-1, cytochrome c, and caspase-9, which subsequently cleaves the effecter caspase-3 (Ricci and Zong, 2006). The effects of pinocembrin on the mitochondrial membrane potential of LnCaP cells were determined by flow cytometry using rhodamine 123 staining. The rates of depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential were 84.0 ± 1.3 and 71.2 ± 1.7% in the cells treated with 100 and 150 µM of pinocembrin, respectively, for 24 hours as compared to 96.1 ± 0.4% in the control group (Figure 6). These results are similar with previously reported studies in colon cancer (Kumar et al., 2007). 260 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2013; 8: 255-262 Control 100 150 (µM) 100 101 102 103 100 101 102 103 100 101 102 103 Concentration (µM) (Δ Ψ m )% 100 80 60 40 20 0 Figure 6: The effects of pinocembrin on mitochondrial transmembrane potential of LNCaP cells were determined by flow cytome- try. The values indicate the percentages of rhodamine 123 fluorescence in the LNCaP cells treated without and with 100 and 150 µM of pinocembrin for 24 hours. 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