Introduction Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that affects a wide range of people throughout the world. It is a disorder of brain characterize by unpredictable and periodic occurrence of a transient alteration of behavior due to the disordered, synchronous and rhythmic firing of populations of brain neurons (McNamara, 2001). Incidence of epilepsy in developed countries is approxi- mately 50 per 100,000 while that of developing country is 100 per 100,000 (WHO, 2006). It has been observed that the presently available antiepileptic drugs are unable to control seizures effectively in as many as 25% of the patients (Mattson, 1992). The conventional anti- epileptic agents like phenytoin, carbamazeipine and sodium valporate carry with them several serious side effects notably neurotoxicity (Gupta and Malhotra, 1997). As majority of antiepileptic drugs are consumed life long, concomitant administration of other drugs predisposes to the risk of drug interaction. However, newer antiepileptics like gabapentin, vigabatrin, lamo- trigine, etc are used supplemental to the conventional agents (McNamara, 2001). Thus, it is necessary to inves- tigate for an antiepileptic agent that is highly effica- cious as well as safe in items of drug related toxicity. The aim of treating an epileptic is not only to abolish the occurrence of seizures but also to lead a self sustained life. Gossypin is a bioflavanoid (gossypin-8-0 glucoside; 3,5,7,3,4-pentahydroxy-8-0-glucosylflavone), which is naturally occurring in various plants belonging to the family of Malvaceae (Vidyasagar et al., 2008). Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that occur ubiquitously in foods of plant origin. Over 4000 different naturally occurring flavonoids have been described. The flavonoids show various biological acti- vities including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory acti- vity, activity on coronary heart diseases and cytotoxic- antitumor activity (Babu et al., 2003). However, the anxiolytic properties of these flavonoids have been rarely investigated. Previously, the anxiolytic-like effects of simple flavone, chrysin (5,7-dihydroyflovone) have been reported, which behaves as a competitive ligand of the benzodiazepine receptors (Wolfman et al., 1994). Apigenin has been reported to show similar activity in mice with only slight sedative effect (Viola et al., 1995). A Journal of the Bangladesh Pharmacological Society (BDPS) Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2009; 4: 51-54 Journal homepage: www.banglajol.info Abstracted/indexed in Academic Search Complete, Agroforestry Abstracts, Asia Journals Online, Bangladesh Journals Online, Biological Abstracts, BIO- SIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Current Abstracts, Directory of Open Access Journals, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, Google Scholar, HINARI (WHO), Interna- tional Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Open J-gate, Science Citation Index Expanded, SCOPUS and Social Sciences Citation Index ISSN: 1991-0088 Anticonvulsant activity of bioflavonoid gossypin Duraisami Rasilingam1, Srinivasan Duraisamy2 and Ramaswamy Subramanian3 1Department of Pharmacognosy, Nandha College of Pharmacy, Koorapalayam Pirivu, Perundurai Main Road, Erode 638 052, Tamil Nadu, India; 2Department of Pharmacology, Raja Muthiah Dental Collge, Annamalai Uni- versituy, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram 608 002. Tamil Nadu, India; 3Department of Pharmacology, Arupadai Article Info Received: 1 September 2008 Accepted: 10 September 2008 Available Online: 17 September 2008 DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v4i1.1081 Cite this article: Rasilingam D, Duraisamy S, Subra- manian R. Anticonvulsant activity of bioflavonoid gossypin. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2009; 4: 51-54. Abstract The anticonvulsant activity of gossypin was investigated by studying the effects on seizures induced by pentelentetrazole, strychnine and maximal electroshock convulsive methods in mice. Gossypin (10 and 20 mg/kg) significantly reduced the duration of convulsion in tonic seizure induced by pentelenetetrazole (95 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Gossypin (20 mg/kg p.o) significantly reduced the tonic extensor convulsion induced by strychnine and maximum electroshock-induced convulsions. The data obtained suggest that gossypin have anticonvulsant property and may probably be affecting This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. You are free to copy, distribute and perform the work. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor Materials and Methods Drugs and chemicals Gossypin was purchased from Sigma Chemical Com- pany (USA). All other chemicals used were in analytical grade. Animals Albino mice weighing between 18-22 g were used. The animals were obtained from animal house, IRT Medical College, Perundurai, Erode. They were placed at ran- dom and allocated to treatment groups in polypropy- lene cages with paddy husk as bedding. Animals were housed at a temperature of 24 ± 2°C and relative humidity of 30-70%. A 12:12 light:day cycle was follow- ed. All animals were allowed to free access to water and fed with standard commercial pelleted rat/mice chaw (M/S. Hindustan Lever Ltd, Mumbai). All the experi- mental procedures and protocols used in this study were reviewed by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) and were in accordance with the guidelines of the IAEC. Pentelenetetrazole- or strychnine-induced seizure model In each type of seizure model, the mice were divided into five groups with six animals. Group I served as solvent control, received 0.9% w/v of saline (1 mL/kg), Group II received diazepam (1 mg/kg), treated as positive control and Group III, IV and V received gossypin 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg respectively. All the drugs were administered by orally 30 min prior to the administration of pentelenetetrazole (6 mg/kg) by subcutaneous route or strychnine (2 mg/kg) by intramuscular injection. The animals were observed for 1 hour by placing in a separate cage. The duration of seizures (tonic-clonic convulsions) were recorded (Yemitan and Salahdeen, 2005; Salahdeen and Yemiten, 2006). Maximum electroshock-induced seizure model The mice were divided into five groups with six ani- mals in each. Group I served as solvent control, recei- ved 0.9% w/v of saline (1 mL/kg), Group II received diazepam (1 mg/kg), treated as positive control and Group III, IV and V received gossypin 5, 10 and 20 mg/ kg respectively. All the drugs were administered orally 60 min prior to the electroshock. The electroshock induced in animal by passing a current of 45 mA for 0.2 sec duration through electroconvulsiometer (Techno, India) using corneal electrodes. The incidence and duration of extensor tonus were noted. The duration of seizures (tonic-clonic convulsions) was recorded (Achliya et al., 2005). Statistical analysis The values were expressed as mean ± SEM. The statistical analysis was carried out by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet’s ‘t’ test. P values <0.05 were considered significant. Results and Discussion In pentelenetetrazole-induced seizure model, gossypin 10 and 20 mg/kg produced significant (p<0.01) reduc- tion in duration of convulsion and was comparable to that produced by diazepam (Figure 1). In strychnine- induced seizures model, gossypin 20 mg/kg and diazepam showed significant (p<0.01) reduction in duration of convulsion, but gossypin 5 and 10 mg/kg did not exhibit anticonvulsant effect. In the maximum electroshock induced seizure model, gossypin 20 mg/ kg and diazepam showed significant (p<0.01) reduction in duration of convulsion, but gossypin 5 and 10 mg/ kg did not exhibit anticonvulsant effect. The anticonvulsant activity of gossypin at various dose levels viz, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg p.o. were studied by the pentelenetetrazole-, strychnine- and maximum electro- shock-induced seizure models. The most popular and widely used animal seizure models are the traditional maximum electroshock-induced seizure and pentalene- tetrazole tests. Prevention of seizures induced by pentelenetetrazole in laboratory animals is the most commonly used preliminary screening test for charac- terizing potential anticonvulsant drugs. The maximum electroshock-induced seizure test is considered to be a predictor of likely therapeutic efficacy against genera- lized tonic-clonic seizures. By contrast, the pentalene- tetrazole test represents a valid model for human generalized myoclonic and also absence seizures. Other chemoconvulsant models for primary generalized seizures include by bicuculine (GABAA receptor antagonized), strychnine (glycine receptor antagonist) and aminophylline (adenosine-receptor antagonist). The pentelenetetrazole assay has been used primarily to evaluate antiepileptic drugs. However, it has been shown that, most anxiolytic agents are also able to prevent or antagonize metrazole-induced convulsion. Generally, compounds with anticonvulsant activity in the petitmal epilepsy are effective in pentelenetetrazole -induced seizure model (Loscher and Schmidt, 1988). Data from the study showed that the tonic convulsion produced by pentelenetetrazole was significantly delayed by gossypin. The data also show that diazepam antagonize the pentelenetetrazole-induced convulsion. According to be Sarro et al. pentelenetetrazole may be exerting its convulsive effect by inhibiting the activity of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) at GABAA receptors (De Sarro et al., 1999) the major inhibitory neurotransmitter which is implicated in epilepsy. The enhancement and inhibition of the neurotransmission of GABA will attenuate and enhance convulsion 52 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2009; 4: 51-54 respectively (Meldrum, 1981; Gale, 1992; Westmorland et al., 1994). Phenobarbitone and diazepam have been shown to exert their antiepileptic effects by enhancing the GABA-mediated inhibition in the brain (Porter and Meldrum, 2001). It is possible that diazepam and gossypin antagonize pentelenetetrazole convulsion in this study by enhancing GABA neurotransmission. Since the gossypin delayed the occurrence of pentalene- tetrazole-induced convulsion, it is probable that it may be interfering with GABA aminergic mechanism(s) to exert its anticonvulsant effect. On the other hand, in the strychnine-induced seizure model the gossypin 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg administrated. p.o. The effects were observed that significant reduc- tion in the duration of convulsion effect only when used in the higher dose of gossypin which it is compared with diazepam 1 mg/kg. In the strychnine-induced seizure model, it is known that strychnine directly antagonize the inhibitory spinal reflexes of glycine (Sayin et al., 1993). The suppression of seizure by gossypin 20 mg/kg, may be due to, the glycine inhibitory mechanisms. The maximal electroshock test is the most widely used animal model in antiepileptic drug discovery, because seizure induction is simple and the predictive value for detecting clinically effective antiepileptic is high (White, 1995; Loscher, 1999). The maximal electroshock test identifies agents with activity against generalized tonic clonic seizures (White, 1995) using clinically established antiepileptic drugs. The pharmacology of acute maximal electroshock dose not differs from the pharmacology of generalized tonic-clonic seizures in genetic models with choronic epilepsy, eg. audiogenic- seizure susceptible mice and rats or epileptic gerbils (Loscher, 1999). In addition to identifying drug activity against generalized tonic-clonic seizures, it has often been proposed that the maximal electroshock test pre- dicts anticonvulsant drug effects against partial sei- zures. The anticonvulsant activity of gossypin 20 mg/ kg, in maximal electroshock model indicates that gossy- pin might precipitate the tonic and clonic seizures. From the above study, it was concluded that, the gossypin a bio-flavonoid exhibits anticonvulsant acti- vity and the probable mode of action may be due to GABAaminergic mediation, glycine inhibitory mecha- nism and inhibit the electrical kindling effect. References Achliya GS, Wadodkar SG, Darle AK. Evaluation of CNS Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2009; 4: 51-54 53 D ur at io n of c on vu ls io n (s ec ) PTZ Strychnine MES 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Solvent control Diazepam (1 mg/kg) Gossypin (5 mg/kg) Gossypin (10 mg/kg) Gossypin (20 mg/kg) Figure 1: Anticonvulsant activity of gossypin on pentelenetetrazole- (PTZ), strychnine- and maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizure in mice. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6); ap<0.01 vs solvent control a a a a a a a activity of Bramhi Ghrita. Indian J Pharmacol. 2005; 37: 33- 36. 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Fitoterpia 2005; 76: 187-93. Author Info Duraisami Rasilingam (Principal contact) e-mail: sanjaiduraisami@yahoo.co.in 54 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2009; 4: 51-54 DatePrinted: This article was downloaded by you on: Mar 15, 2018