Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology Research Article Effects of Gymnema lactiferum leaf on glycemic and lipidemic status in type 2 diabetic subjects BJP Introduction Gymnema lactiferum var. lactiferum is a woody branched climber which belongs to the family Asclapiadaceae. It is known as “Kurincha” in Sinhala and “Kshirakakoli” in Sanskrit. The plant is distributed in Assam, Malay Pen- insula, Malaysia and Sri Lanka (Dassanayake and Fos- berg, 1983). The leaves of G. lactiferum are used as a green leafy veg- etable in salads, curries and in herbal gruels. Further it has been reported that G. lactiferum leaves possess cool- ing, anabolic, rehydrating, spermiogenic (Ayurveda Pharmacopia, 1961) and wormicide properties (forlk- loric). G. lactiferum leaves have been used as a support- ive treatment for diabetes by people in Jaffna, Sri Lanka for several decades. The present report describes the effects of this plant material on glycemic and lipidemic status of type 2 diabetic patients. No scientific studies on this plant have been found in the literature. Materials and Methods Identification, collection and preparation of the leaf powder The plant was identified at the National Herbarium, Sri Lanka. Plants were grown in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. They were grown with organic composts avoiding the use of synthetic fertilizers, insecticides and fungicides. After washing, mature leaves were dried hygienically in sun- light for 4-5 days within an enclosure covered with a glass roof. After grinding and sieving, the leaf powder was packed into 100 g packets. Selection of patients Patients were selected from the Out-Patient Wing of the Bangladesh Institute for Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Dhaka. Ethical clearance was obtained from the ethical review committee, BIRDEM, Bangladesh Diabetes was diagnosed according to WHO (1999) crite- A journal of the Bangladesh Pharmacological Society (BDPS) Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2009; 4: 92-95 Journal homepage: www.banglajol.info Abstracted/indexed in Academic Search Complete, Agroforestry Abstracts, Asia Journals Online, Bangladesh Journals Online, Biological Abstracts, BIO- SIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Current Abstracts, Directory of Open Access Journals, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, Google Scholar, HINARI (WHO), Interna- tional Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Open J-gate, Science Citation Index Expanded, SCOPUS and Social Sciences Citation Index ISSN: 1991-0088 Effects of Gymnema lactiferum leaf on glycemic and lipidemic sta- tus in type 2 diabetic subjects Thushari Bandara1, Begum Rokeya2, Sakina Khan2, Liaquat Ali2, Sagarika Ekanayake1, Er- rol R. Jansz1 and Kandiah Balasubramanium3 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka; 2Biomedi- cal Research Group, BIRDEM, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 3Biotech (Pvt) Ltd, Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Article Info Received: 30 September 2008 Accepted: 3 October 2008 Available online: 4 October 2008 DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v4i2.1195 Cite this article: Bandara T, Rokeya B, Khan S, Ali L, Ekanayake S, Jansz ER, Balasubrama- nium K. Effects of Gymnema lactiferum leaf on glycemic and lipidemic status in type 2 diabetic subjects. Bangla- desh J Pharmacol. 2009; 4: 92-95. Abstract Gymnema lactiferum var. lactiferum is a climber distributed in many South Asian countries. It is reported that the diabetic patients in Sri Lanka use G. lactiferum leaves as a treatment for diabetes. However, scientific data is not available on this plant. A clinical trial was conducted including 26, type 2 diabetic patients with hypercholesterolemia. The treatment group received a suspension of G. lactiferum leaf powder twice daily for four weeks. Blood parameters of both groups (treated and control) were determined at the be- ginning and the end of the study period. Study indicates significant effects on fasting blood sugar (p=0.002), cholesterol (p=0.004), and LDL lowering (p= 0.023) and a significant postprandial glucose lowering effect (p=0.026 for 60 min and p=0.022 for 120 min, after four weeks). In spite of the short study period, a significant reduction (p=0.012) in HbA1C levels was also observed. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. You are free to copy, distribute and perform the work. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor ria. Hypercholesterolemia was detected according to the lipid profile levels of the patients. Type 2 diabetic patients (n = 12, age 30-60 years) with hypercholesterol- emia were included in the test group. Patients of more than 60 years of age, suffering from serious recurrent illnesses, hypertension or any other endocrinological diseases were excluded from the study. Patients with a serum creatinine level of more than 1.7 mg/dL and the patients on any dislipidemic drug were also excluded. Another group of type 2 diabetics (n = 14) with hyper- cholesterolemia served as the control group. Informed consent of each patient was obtained after explaining the purpose and the procedure of the study. Patients had to fulfill four visits (one visit/ week) during the study period. Body weights were recorded on the day zero and on the 29th day. Patients complaints (if any) on gastric discomfort, generalized weakness, headache, vertigo, twingling sensation of the limbs, nausea, drowzyness, dryness of mouth, anorexia and flatulence etc. were recorded during each visit. Sample collection Fasting blood samples of 10 mL were drawn from the antecubital vein (0 hour). The test group patients re- ceived a suspension of G. lactiferum leaf powder (3.5 g dissolved in 30 mL of water) before their breakfast which was supplied according to their diet charts. Blood samples were drawn at 1 and 2 hours time inter- vals. Patients were provided with individual leaf pow- der doses (wrapped in a paper pack and sealed in a polythene bag) for the rest of the week. They were re- quested to take the preparation just before breakfast and just before dinner each day for one month. Fasting blood (1 mL) was transferred in an EDTA con- taining tube to be used in the determination of HbA1C. The rest of the blood was centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 10 min and serum was transferred to new Eppendorff tubes and re-centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 5 min and the supernatant was separated. Serum samples were ana- lyzed for fasting glucose, serum total cholesterol, tri- glyceride, HDL- cholesterol, SGPT and creatinine. The same procedure was followed on the last day where the above biochemical parameters were tested. Estimation of blood parameters Serum glucose levels were estimated using GOD POD Enzymatic kit (Randox Laboratories Ltd, UK) using Auto analyzer Auto Lab (Kunst et al., 1984). Serum total cholesterol levels were estimated using CHOD- PAP (Randox Laboratories Ltd, UK) reagent kit (Allain et al., 1974). High-density lipoproteins were separated from chylomicrons, VLDL and LDL by the addition of precipitating reagent (phosphotungstic-magnesium chloride) to serum (Hainline et al., 1980). After centrifu- gation, the cholesterol content of HDL fraction which remains in the supernatant was determined by the en- zymatic colorimetric method using the total cholesterol, CHOD-PAP kit. Serum TG was estimated by enzymatic GPO-PAP (Randox Laboratories Ltd, UK) kit (Tietz, 1990) and Serum LDL- cholesterol was calculated by using the Friedewald formula (Friedewald et al., 1972). The serum alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) levels were estimated by using ALT (GPT) Opt. (Randox Laborato- ries Ltd, UK) kit (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, 1980) using the Auto analyzer, Auto Lab. Serum creatinine levels were measured by the alkaline picric acid colorimetric method (Toro and Ackermann, 1975). The level of HbA1C (in whole blood) was ana- lyzed by using VARIANT Hemoglobin A1C program (Mayer and Freedman, 1983). Statistical analysis Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Groups of data were compared using student t- test. Differences were considered significant at p<0.05. Results All 26 patients enrolled in the study had similar base- line characteristics (Table I). All patients were on oral hypoglycemic agents but any dose adjustments were not made during the study. Since it was not possible to conduct a double blind experiment, the patients were aware of who were the tests and who were the controls. The patients were expected to continue their normal dietary habits. However, control patients were reported to follow dietary controls. Despite this, G. lactiferum therapy indicated many beneficial effects on the glyce- mic and lipidimic status of the patients. Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2009; 4: 92-95 93 Table I Baseline characteristic of the patients included in the study Demographics Gymnema lactiferum (n = 12) Control (n = 14) p value Age in years 47 ± 10 45 ± 11 0.505 No. of males 7 5 Mean Body Mass Index (kg/m2 ± SD) 26.8 ± 6.3 25.4 ± 2.9 0.464 Mean HbA1C (% ± SD) 7.9 ± 1.7 7.6 ± 1.7 0.626 Mean fasting blood sugar (mmol/L) 8.1 ± 1.8 7.5 ± 1.8 0.426 Mean total choles- terol (mg/dL) 235.8 ± 26.4 235.7 ± 32.9 0.992 Mean creatinine (mg/dL) 1.1 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.1 0.396 Mean SGPT (IU/L) 28.9 ± 12.2 25.6 ± 13.4 0.523 The body weight of the Gymnema treated group had reduced by 0.7% in comparison to their day zero values (66.9 ± 12.1 Vs 67.4 ± 12.6, p= 0.089) and 0.4% reduction of the same parameter was observed in the control group (62.6 ± 10.8 Vs 62.9 ± 11.3, p= 0.204). However, those changes were insignificant. The effect of G. lactiferum leaf powder on fasting se- rum glucose levels has been shown in Table II. A grad- ual reduction was observed in the Gymnema treated group. There was a 10.7% reduction on day 15. The reduction became significant (p= 0.002) on day 29 (with an 18.2% reduction). As shown in Table III there were significant reductions (p= 0.026 for 60 min and p= 0.022 for 120 min) in post- prandial serum glucose levels in the Gymnema treated group on day 29 in comparison to day zero. Though the study period was four weeks, there was a significant (p= 0.012) reduction (11.6%) in HbA1C levels in comparison to the day zero values in the Gymnema treated group (7.0 ± 0.9 Vs 7.9 ± 1.7). However, such a reduction was not observed in the control group (7.4 ± 1.2 Vs 7.6 ± 1.7, p= 0.316). The serum total cholesterol levels of the Gymnema treat- ed group reduced significantly (p= 0.004) by the 29th day (Table IV). There was a 12.3% reduction in compar- ison to the day zero value. However, the serum HDL levels remained steady (p= 0.417) throughout the study period. As shown in Table IV, there was a significant reduction (p= 0.023) in the serum LDL levels in the Gymnema treated group on day 29 in comparison to day zero. The reduction was 15.5%. However, this therapy did not produce any significant reduction (p= 0.380) in serum triglyceride levels (Table IV). Serum ALT (p= 0.261) and creatinine (p= 0.797) levels remained steady in both groups throughout the study period (data not shown). On the day zero the serum mean ALT level (U/I) in the treated group was 28.9 ± 12.2 and on the day 29 it was 31.7 ± 15.0. In the control group the relevant values of this parameter was 25.6 ± 13.4 Vs 28.6 ± 15.3. The mean serum creatinine level (mg/dL) of the treated group was 1.1 ± 0.2 Vs 1.1 ± 0.2, whereas in the control group this was 1.0 ± 0.1 Vs 1.1 ± 0.1. Discussion Although G. lactiferum leaf powder did not produce any acute blood glucose lowering effect, its chronic con- sumption led to a gradual reduction in FBS and after four weeks of treatment the reduction was significant (p= 0.002). The patients of both groups were on their conventional oral hypoglycemic drugs. Therefore this indicates the added advantage of G. lactiferum therapy on the patient’s glycemic status. Though the postpran- dial blood glucose (PPG) levels did not show any sig- nificant reduction in the acute experiments, after treat- 94 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2009; 4: 92-95 Table II Effect of G. lactiferum leaf powder on fasting se- rum glucose levels of type 2 diabetes patients Group Fasting serum glucose levels (mmol/L) Day 0 Day 15 Day 29 Control (n = 14) 7.5 ± 1.8 7.1 ± 1.6 6.8 ± 2.2 Gymnema treated group (n = 12) 8.1 ± 1.8 7.2 ± 1.6 6.6 ± 1.3a Data are Mean ± SD; ap= 0.002 in comparison to day zero Table III Effect of G. lactiferum leaf powder on postprandial blood glucose levels of type 2 diabetes patients Group Serum glucose levels (mmol/L) After 60 min After 120 min Day 0 Day 29 Day 0 Day 29 Control (n = 14) 12.4 ± 3.0 11.8 ± 3.3 12.5 ± 3.6 11.2 ± 3.9 Gymnema treated group (n = 12) 13.8 ± 2.7 11.8 ± 1.7a 14.9 ± 3.0 12.4 ± 2.9b Data are Mean ± SD ; ap= 0.026, bp= 0.022 in comparison to day zero Table IV Effect of G. lactiferum leaf powder on serum total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglyceride levels of type 2 diabetes patients Group Serum levels (mg/dL) Total cholesterol LDL Triglyceride HDL Day 0 Day 29 Day 0 Day 29 Day 0 Day 29 Day 0 Day 29 Control (n = 14) 235.7 ± 32.9 218.3 ± 38.4 37.5 ± 7.4 35.2 ± 8.2 155 ± 36 140 ± 44 218.1 ± 104.2 213.9 ± 99.9 Gymnema treated group (n = 12) 235.8 ± 26.4 206.8 ± 35.7a 36.8 ± 7.4 34.7 ± 6.2 155 ± 20 131 ± 33b 222.8 ± 81.1 207.2 ±105.4 Data are mean ± SD; ap= 0.004, bp= 0.023 (in comparison to day zero) Author Info Begum Rokeya (Principal contact) e-mail: b_rokeya@yahoo.com Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2009; 4: 92-95 95 ing the patients with leaf powder for four weeks their PPG levels went down significantly in comparison to day zero levels. This suggests that the leaf powder could overcome postprandial hyperglycemia which is one of the major causes for the initiation and progres- sion of many diabetic complications. Further the chron- ic consumption of leaf powder produced a significant decline (p=0.004) in serum total cholesterol levels and serum LDL levels (p=0.023). However, there was no significant changes in serum HDL (p=0.417) and TG (p=0.380). The insignificant serum ALT (p=0.261) and creatinine (p=0.797) levels indicated that there was no detrimental effects on the liver and kidneys of the pa- tients. The body weights of patients’ did not show significant changes (p=0.089) throughout the study period. No complaints were made by the patients while consum- ing the leaf powder. Some patients had a history of generalized weakness, gastric discomfort and consti- pation prior to the treatment. All the above complaints were alleviated and gradually subsided while being fed on the leaf powder. From the data obtained it could be concluded that G. lactiferum leaf powder possesses pronounced hypogly- cemic effects and favorable effects on the lipid profiles on type 2 diabetic patients and it would therefore make a good functional food. The hypoglycemic effect may be due to stimulation of insulin secretion, en- hancement of the activity of insulin or inhibition of glucose absorption. Conclusion The hypocholesterolemic effect may probably be due to the indirect effect of lowering of blood glucose or due to any other active principle which can inhibit cholesterol synthesis or increase cholesterol or bile salt excretion. Acknowledgement The financial support given by IPICS (International Pro- gramme in Chemical Sciences, Sweden) and ANRAP (Asian Network of Research on Antidiabetic Plants) is gratefully acknowledged. 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