Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology Research Article Antimicrobial properties of extracts and compounds isolated from Ber- beris jaeschkeana BJP Introduction Medicinal plants are very important for the healthy lives of most of the people across the world. The medicinal importance of these plants is due to the physiological actions of several classes of biologically active compounds. These classes of compounds include alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds. (Hill, 1952). Berberis is an ever green shrub with yellow stem and simple leaves. The genus Berberis have about 400-450 species found in Asia, Mediterranean region and America. In Pakistan Berberis is represented by 20 species which are mostly found in the mountainous parts (Jafri, 1975). The most important chemical constituents of Berberis are isoquinoline alkaloids. Ber- beris species have established cardiovascular, gastro- intestinal and wound healing activities (Mohsen and Hossein, 2008). The most important Berberis alkaloid is berberine which has shown many pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti- tumor, anti-diabetic, anti-hepatitis and antidiarrhea (Rashmi et al., 2008). Material and Methods Plant collection Berberis jaeschkeana Schneid var. jaeschkeana was collec- ted from Azad Kashmir Pakistan during July 2009 and was identified by Prof. Tanveer Akhtar (Chairperson, Botany Department, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir). A voucher specimen number 9615-B was deposited in the herbarium of Botany Department University of Peshawar. Extraction and fractionation B. jaeschkeana Schneid var. jaeschkeana root along with bark (6 Kg) was grinded to powder with a grinder. The powdered plant material was soaked in commercial grade ethanol for ten days. The dilute extract was concentrated with rotary evaporator to yield a gummy residue. (412 g) The crude residue was fractionated following acidification and basification method for alkaloids. The acidic fraction, obtained by treating crude extract with 5% HCl, was termed as fraction A (127 g). After the removal of fraction A, the filtrate was extracted with dichloro-methane to yield fraction B (28 A Journal of the Bangladesh Pharmacological Society (BDPS) Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2013; 8: 107-109 Journal homepage: www.banglajol.info Abstracted/indexed in Academic Search Complete, Agroforestry Abstracts, Asia Journals Online, Bangladesh Journals Online, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Current Abstracts, Directory of Open Access Journals, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, Google Scholar, HINARI (WHO), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Open J-gate, Science Citation Index Expanded, SCOPUS and Social Sciences Citation Index ISSN: 1991-0088 Antimicrobial properties of extracts and compounds isolated from Berberis jaeschkeana Muhammad Alamzeb1, M. Rafiullah Khan1, Saqib Ali1, Syed Qaiser Shah2 and Mamoon-Ur-Rashid1 1Phytopharmaceutical and Neutraceutical Research Laboratories, Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan; 2Centre for Nuclear and Molecular Studies, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan. Abstract The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti microbial properties of Berberis jaeschkeana Schneid Var. jaeschkeana for the first time. The screening of B. jaeschkeana for its phytochemical constituents showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, saponins reducing sugars and terpenoids. Crude ethanolic extract and different fractions showed good anti- microbial properties. Five compounds isolated for the first time from this plant also showed good anti-microbial properties. Columbamine was found to have excellent anti-microbial properties among all the compounds. Article Info Received: 8 February 2013 Accepted: 17 February 2013 Available Online: 28 February 2013 DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v8i2.13551 Cite this article: Alamzeb M, Khan MR, Ali S, Shah SQ, Mamoon-Ur-Rashid. Antimicro- bial properties of extracts and com- pounds isolated from Berberis jaesch- keana. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2013; 8: 107-09. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. You are free to copy, distribute and perform the work. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor. g) and basic fraction was obtained with EtOAc after basification with ammonia and it was termed as fraction C (93 g). While the left over aqueous fraction after the separation of fractions A, B and C was termed as fraction D. Phytochemical screening Phytochemical tests were carried out for crude ethanolic extract, fraction A, B and C to identify the chemical constituents (Edeoga et al., 2005; Uddin et al., 2012). Alkaloids 0.2 g of crude ethanolic extract and each fraction were warmed with 2% H2SO4 for 2 min. After filtration of the reaction mixture a few drops of Dragendroff’s reagent were added to each filtrated fraction. Orange red preci- pitate indicates the presence of alkaloids. Glycosides Ethanolic extract and each fraction was first acidified with dilute HCl and then neutralized with NaOH solution. Now a few drops of Fehling’s solution A and B were added to each mixture. Formation of red preci- pitate indicates the presence of glycosides. Flavonoids Five milliliters of dilute ammonia solution was added to the aqueous filtered solution of each fraction followed by the addition of conc. H 2SO4. The appearance of yellow color indicated the presence of flavonoids. The yellow color dis - appeared after some time. Steroids Two mL of acetic anhydride was added to 0.5 g etha- nolic extract of each fraction followed by adding 2 mL H2S04. The color changed from violet to blue or green indicated the presence of steroids. Saponins About 2 g of the powdered sample was boiled in 20 mL of distilled water in a water bath and filtered. 10 mL of the filtrate was mixed with 5 mL of distilled water and shaken vigorously. The appearance of frothing indica- ted the presence of saponins. Reducing sugars Each sample was shaken with distilled water first and then filtered. To each filtrate a few drops of Fehling’s solution A and B were added and boiled for few minu- tes. The appearance of an orange red precipitate confirmed the presence of reducing sugars. Terpenoids About 0.2 g of the each sample was mixed with 2 mL of chloroform first and then 3 mL of concentrated H2SO4 was added to each mixture. The formation of a reddish brown coloration at the interface indicated the presence of terpenoids. Microbial culture preparation Five strains of bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis were used for the anti- microbial activity. The bacterial strains were collected from stock culture of Phytopharmaceutical and Neutra- ceutical research laboratories (PNRL), Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar Pakistan. These organisms were placed in Muller-Hinton agar in the refrigerator at 4°C prior to subculture. Anti-microbial activity of the various extracts and pure compounds against selected bacterial species Modified agar-well diffusion method was used to test the anti-bacterial properties of the crude extract, fractions and pure compounds. Muller-Hinton agar was used as medium. The cultures were taken in triplicates at incubation temperature of 37°C for 24 to 72 hours. The broth culture (0.6 mL) of the test organism was placed in a sterile Petri-dish and 20 mL of the sterile molten MHA was added. Holes were bored in the medium using 0.2 mL of the extract, fractions and pure compounds. Streptomycin was used as standard anti- microbial agent at a concentration of 2 mg/mL. Inocula- tion was done for 1 hour. Incubation was done at 37°C for 24 hours and the diameters of the zone of inhibition of microbial growth were measured in mm. Results and Discussion The crude ethanolic extract of B. jaeschkeana was eva- luated for its antimicrobial potential. Upon positive results the crude extract was fractionated into acidic and basic fractions according to the fractionation scheme for alkaloids. Then each fraction was evaluated for its antibacterial properties which also showed posi- tive results (Table I; Table II). Five known compounds namely berberine (Lenka et al., 2007), columbamine (Tian et al., 2004), syringic acid (Sheng-Ming et al., 2006), berberine chloroform (Radek et al., 2003) and jatrorrhizine (Trinh, et al., 2006) were isolated from different fractions of B. jaeschkeana (Table III). The structures were confirmed by com-paring 1D and 2D NMR data of all the five compounds with the literature. Acknowledgment We are sincerely grateful to the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for supporting and funding our research work and studies. References Edeoga HO, Okwu DE, Mbaebie BO. Phytochemical consti- 108 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2013; 8: 107-109 tuents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr J Biotechnol. 2005; 4: 685-88. Hill AF. Economic botany: A textbook of useful plants and plant products. 2nd ed. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc, 1952. Jafri SMH. Flora of West Pakistan. Nasir E, Ali SI (eds). Vol. 87. Berberidaceae, 1975, pp 1-36. Lenka G, Jiri D, Radek M. 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Biological screening of ethyl acetate extract of Hedera nepalensis stem. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2012; 6: 2934-37. Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2013; 8: 107-109 109 Author Info M. Rafiullah Khan (Principal contact) e-mail: rafikhan43@hotmail.com Table I Results of preliminary screening Class of compound Crude extract (ethanol) B. jaeschkeana-A B. jaeschkeana-B B. jaeschkeana-C Alkaloids Present Present – Present Glycosides Present – Present Present Flavonoids Present – Present Present Steriods Present – Present – Saponins Present – – Present Reducing sugars Present – Present – Terpenoids Present – Present – Table II Antimicrobial results for crude and fractions Sample Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Staphylococcus epidermidis Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacillus subtilis Streptomy- cin Crude ethanol extract 14 12 16 14 16 30 RBJ- A 16 18 18 16 18 28 RBJ- B 14 14 16 14 16 30 RBJ- C 16 18 16 14 18 28 RBJ-A = Acidic fraction; RBJ-B = Dichloromethane fraction; RBJ-C = Basic fraction of B. jaeschkeana Table III Antimicrobial results for pure compounds Sample Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Staphylococcus epidermidis Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacillus subtilis Strepto- mycin Berberine 14 16 18 18 20 26 Columbamine 20 18 14 22 20 28 Syringic acid 20 18 16 20 18 28 Berbreine chloroform 16 20 18 14 18 28 Jatrorrhizine 16 20 18 12 20 26 DatePrinted: This article was downloaded by you on: Jul 03, 2018