Introduction Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects follicles. In clinical settings, acne is most frequently observed in adolescents. Acne can significantly affect a patient’s appearance, resulting in loss of self-esteem and even mental illness. Modern medical acne treat- ments primarily consist of antibiotics, estrogens or anti- androgens, and retinoids, which can cause varying degrees of adverse effects. However, in recent years, researchers have begun to investigate the therapeutic effects of herbal medicine in an attempt to develop safer and more effective treatments for acne. Motherwort, which can be dried or fresh, consists of the shoot of the Lamiaceae plant Leonurus heterophyllus (National Pharmacopoeia Committee, 2010). L. hetero- phyllus can be found throughout China and has several distinct properties. Motherwort has been described as tasting spicy, slightly bitter, and slightly cold. Mother- wort affects the body in various ways. It can pass through the pericardium and liver meridian, improve blood flow, regulate menstruation, act as a diuretic, reduce swelling, and promote detoxification. Mother- wort primarily consists of alkaloids, diterpenoids, phenylpropanol glycosides, volatile oils, and annular polypeptides (Tian and Miao, 2014). In clinical settings, motherwort is used to treat irregular menstruation, postpartum pain, cardiovascular disea- ses, blood-borne diseases, and prostitutes (Liu and Wang, 2012), In addition, recent studies have shown that, due to its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, motherwort can be used as a topical treat- ment for pruritus, urticarial (Miao et al., 2013), carbun- cles, and cosmetological purposes (Wang et al., 2009). In this paper, the effects of motherwort alkaloids on acne A Journal of the Bangladesh Pharmacological Society (BDPS) Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2016; 11: S26-S30 Journal homepage: www.banglajol.info Abstracted/indexed in Academic Search Complete, Agroforestry Abstracts, Asia Journals Online, Bangladesh Journals Online, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Current Abstracts, Directory of Open Access Journals, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, Google Scholar, HINARI (WHO), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Open J-gate, Science Citation Index Expanded, SCOPUS and Social Sciences Citation Index; ISSN: 1991-0088 Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the effects of motherwort alkaloids on rat ear acne. The rats that were administered high, medium, and low doses of motherwort alkaloids, tanshinone capsules, a model and a control group. Each group of rats was subjected to gavage once daily for 14 consecutive days. On the first day of testing, the control and model groups were adminis- tered an intradermal auricle injection of sterilized saline solution and the remaining groups were administered an intradermal auricle injection of Staphylococcus epidermidis in addition to the gavage. The thicknesses of the rats’ auricles were measured for five consecutive days following the injec- tions. Anticoagulated blood was used for erythrocyte rheology index measu- rement. In addition, the entire ear of each rat was removed for morphological examination. Compared to the model group, the group administered mother- wort alkaloids exhibited significantly reduced swelling, improved localized auricle proliferation, and reduced blood viscosity. This result suggests motherwort alkaloids are effective in rat ear acne. Article Info Received: 7 November 2015 Accepted: 11 January 2016 Available Online: 20 February 2016 DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v11iS1.25633 Cite this article: Mingsan M, Yan L, Tan W, Ting W, Ming B, Jinxin M, Bao G. Effects of motherwort alkaloids on rat ear acne. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2016; 11: S26 -S30. Effects of motherwort alkaloids on rat ear acne Miao Mingsan, Li Yan, Wang Tan, Wang Ting, Bai Ming, Miao Jinxin and Gong Bao Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China. This paper was presented in the 3rd International Conference on Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics in Zhuhai, China, on December 11-13, 2015. http://www.bioxbio.com/if/html/BANGL-J-PHARMACOL.html http://www.asiajol.info/index.php/record/view/50493 induced by Staphylococcus epidermidis in rats were investigated using a rat ear acne model. Materials and Methods Animals Wistar male rats weighing 180-200 g were supplied by the Experimental Animal Center of Hebei Province (Animal permit No.: 812074). Laboratory Certificate of Conformity was SYXK (Henan) 2010-001. Experimental reagents and drugs The TALH was provided by the chemical room. Content was 52%; danshentong capsule (Hebei Xing- long Force Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Batch No. 20090819). S. epidermidis strain No. 12228 was provided by Zhengzhou University Microbiology Laboratory, experimental passages before backup. IL-6 radiation immunoassay kit, Beijing’s ear cause Biological Techno- logy Co., Ltd., Batch No. 20091226. Experimental instrument Instrument were Bio-optical microscope (Chongqing Optical Instrument Factory, model XSZ-H); Electronic balance (Mettler Toledo Instruments Co. Ltd., model AL204); Automatic blood rheology detector (Chongqing Meiko Instrument Co., Ltd, model XLB201). Experimental methods Sixty healthy rats with weights ranging from 180-200 g were randomly divided into six groups by weight. The six groups consisted of three group of rats that were administered high, medium, and low doses (200, 100 and 50 mg/kg, respectively) of motherwort alkaloids; one group of rats administered Tanshinone capsules (360 mg/kg); a model group; and a control group (Miao et al., 2014). All of the groups were administered their corresponding medications via gavage. The model and control groups received gavage as well as the same volume of distilled water. The rats were subjected to gavage once daily for 14 consecutive days (Liu and Wang, 2010). On the first day of administration, the control and model groups were administered a 50-µL intradermal auricle injection of sterilized saline solution and the remaining groups were administered a 50-µL intradermal auricle injection of a solution containing S. epidermidis (Liu et al., 2014). The thicknesses of the rats’ auricles were measured with a micrometer every 24 hours for five consecutive days following the injections. The auricle swelling rate was defined as: Thickness of the auricle after the injection - the thickness of the auricle before the injection) / thickness of the auricle before the injection × 100% One hour after the last gavage, 3 mL of anticoagulated blood was collected from an eye of each rat for erythrocyte rheology index measurements. In addition, the entire ear of each rat was removed, fixed with 10% formalin, embedded with paraffin, sectioned, and stain- ed with HE for observation under a light microscope. Statistical analysis With regard to data analysis, SPSS 13.0 statistical package was applied for statistical treatment of data information, while as to measuring data, mean value ± standard deviation was applied. Results Impact on auricle swelling rate of rats acne model Table I shows the comparison of the blank group with the model group. Rats auricle swelling rate in the day 2- 5 was significant difference (p<0.01). Injection of S. epidermidis acne model was successfully and longer duration. Compared with model group, in the day 2-5, the high and medium dose of TALH group and Danshentong group could significantly inhibited the Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2016; 11: S26-S30 S27 Table I TALH affect acne Staphylococcus epidermidis-induced ear edema model in rats Group n Auricle swelling rate (%) Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Blank group 10 93.8 ± 19.3 70.2 ± 8.6b 41.6 ± 16.6b 20.1 ± 9.0b 7.8 ± 4.4b Model group 10 99.1 ± 20.7 95.5 ± 14.5 85.2 ± 11.8 76.4 ± 14.2 77.2 ± 10.9 Danshentong group 10 98.7 ± 16.4 78.8 ± 9.5b 65.6 ± 8.3b 31.2 ± 12.5b 6.5 ± 5.3b High dose of TALH group 10 92.4 ± 14.9 76.4 ± 1.1b 61.3 ± 7.6b 35.2 ± 7.5b 7.5 ± 7.6b Medium dose of TALH group 10 94.9 ± 11.6 78.0 ± 11.2b 65.6 ± 8.6b 43.4 ± 11.1b 20.0 ± 7.9b Low dose of TALH group 10 96.1 ± 12.3 80.9 ± 5.9a 65.8 ± 13.7b 44.1 ± 14.7b 22.2 ± 12.3b Data are mean ± SD; n=10; Compared with the model group, ap<0.05; bp<0.01 acne model rats auricle swelling degree (p<0.01). In second day, the low dose of TALH group obviously inhibited the acne model rats auricle swelling degree (p<0.05). In third, fourth, fifth day, the low dose of TALH group obviously inhibited acne model rats auricle swelling degree (p<0.05). Impact on acne model rats auricle organization form Blank group rats auricle local skin squamous epithe- lium, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and subcutaneous tissue were normal (Figure 1A). Model group rats auricle partial skin squamous epithelial hyperplasia of obvious thickening, subcutaneous tissue appeared a lot of inflammatory cells invasion (Figure 1B). Danshen- tong group rats auricle partial skin squamous epithelial cells did not show proliferous thickening, subcutaneous tissue with a small amount of inflammatory cells inva- sion (Figure 1C). High dose of TALH group rats auricle partial skin squamous epithelial cells did not show proliferous thickening. Thickening of the subcutaneous tissue and inflammatory cells decreased significantly (Figure 1D). Medium dose of TALH group rats auricle partial skin squamous epithelial cells did not show proliferous thickening. Thickening of the subcutaneous tissue and inflammatory cells were reduced (Figure 1E). Low dose of TALH group rats auricle partial thickened skin squamous cell hyperplasia, thickening of the subcutaneous tissue and reduction of inflammatory cells (Figure 1F). Table II shows the analysis by Ridit test, compared with the control group. In the model group, local skin acne showed significant pathological lesions (p<0.01), descri- bed as the successful model. Compared with the model Figure 1: Motherwort total base of acne model rats auricle histologic changes of the organization HE ×100） Note: A. Blank group; B. Model group; C. Danshentong group; D. High dose of TALH group; E. Medium dose of TALH group; F Low dose of TALH group A B C D E F S28 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2016; 11: S26-S30 group, high, medium and low dose of TALH group and danshentong group could significantly improve the pathological changes in rats acne topical skin (p<0.01). Effect of hemorheology on rat acne model From the Table III, we can see that compared with the blank group, blood viscosity in model group was significantly increased (p<0.01), indicating a successful model. Compared with the model group, high dose of TALH group, medium dose of TALH group and danshentong group the blood viscosity values were significantly lower (p<0.01). In low dose of TALH group, the blood viscosity value of the total base group was significantly decreased (p<0.05). Discussion The results of the experiment indicated that mother- wort alkaloids could be used to significantly improve the symptoms of rat acne. However, the administration of the tanshinone capsules did not result in any significant changes in acne. The results also indicated that motherwort alkaloids could inhibit the auricle swelling rate, alleviate ear hyperplasia, and significant- ly reduce the blood viscosity. Furthermore, the effects of the motherwort alkaloids were positively correlated with the dosage, indicating that the motherwort alkaloids therapeutically affected the rat ear acne induced by S. epidermidis. Thus, the results of this study, which suggested that motherwort could be used to clinically treat acne, could be used as a foundation for further studies concerning the therapeutic effects of motherwort on acne. Acne primarily results from the excessive secretion of sebaceous glands. This excessive secretion of sebum and keratosis as well as the invasion of pathogens, particularly S. epidermidis, S. aureus, and S. albus, block the lumens of hair follicles. Thus, an ideal acne treatment would inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and sebaceous glands, reduce sebum secretion, and alleviate inflammation (Xu et al., 2009). Previous studies have shown that motherwort alkaloids have anti-inflammatory effects that could effectively treat acne (Miao et al., 2013). Table II Effect of TALH on S. epidermidis-induced rat model of auricular tissue forms of acne Group n – + ++ +++ p Blank group 10 10 0 0 0 <0.01 Model group 10 0 2 3 5 <0.01 Danshentong group 10 1 8 1 0 <0.01 High dose of TALH group 10 1 7 2 0 <0.01 Medium dose of TALH group 10 0 5 4 1 <0.01 Low dose of TALH group 10 0 3 5 2 Note: “-”: auricle squamous epithelial skin, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and subcutaneous tissue were normal; “+”: pinna skin squamous epitheli- al cells mild hyperplasia, thickening of a small amount of subcutaneous tissue inflammatory cells invasion; “++”: pinna thickened skin squamous cell hyperplasia, thickening of the subcutaneous tissue and inflammatory cells invasion; “+++”: pinna skin squamous epithelial hyperplasia of obvious thickening, subcutaneous tissue appeared a lot of inflammatory cells invasion Table III Effect of TALH on hemorheology in rats of acne Group Dose (g/kg/d) High shear viscosity of whole blood (mPa.s) Medium shear viscosity of whole blood (mPa.s) Low shear viscosity of whole blood (mPa.s) Blank group 6.9 ± 0.3b 6.4 ± 0.4b 12.7 ± 0.5b Model group 9.2 ± 0.6 10.0 ± 0.7 19.0 ± 0.7 Danshentong group 0.36 6.0 ± 0.5b 6.0 ± 0.8b 14.1 ± 0.8b High dose of TALH group 0.2 5.5 ± 0.5b .0 ± 0.5b 12.1 ± 0.7b Medium dose of TALH group 0.1 5.6 ± 0.6b 6.4 ± 0.7b 12.5 ± 1.0b Low dose of TALH group 0.05 6.0 ± 0.6b 7.1 ± 0.6a 13.0 ± 0.8a Data are mean ± SD; n=10; Compared with the model group, ap<0.05, bp<0.01 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2016; 11: S26-S30 S29 Author Info Miao Mingsan (Principal contact) Email: miaomingsan@163.com In the experiment, rat auricles, which contain numerous sebaceous glands, were infected with intradermal injections of a solution containing S. epidermidis in order to expand their follicular cavities and induce micro acne. Since the excessive secretion of sebaceous glands contributes significantly to acne formation and the main characteristic of acne is the expansion of follicles, the developed model was consistent with the clinical symp- toms of acne. In addition, the experimental method used in this study could be easily replicated. The primary indicators of acne observed in this study included auricle swelling, local histopathological chan- ges, and hemorheology. The auricle swelling rate was one of the most objective indicators of the degree of acne. In addition, the auricle morphology was the primary indicator of proliferation and infection. Whole blood viscosity, an essential parameter of hemorheo- logical studies, can be used as an indicator of thick, sticky, agglomerate, or condensed blood. The shear rate of blood affects its viscosity. Thus, reductions in whole blood viscosity resulting from changes in the shear rate can be used to evaluate erythrocyte rheology. Reduc- tions in blood viscosity at high shear rates can be evaluated using the erythrocyte rigidity index. High erythrocyte rigidity index values are associated with greater degrees of erythrocyte deformability and, thereby, harder erythrocytes. Reductions in blood visco- sity at intermediate shear rate values are associated with significant erythrocyte deformation but no obvi- ous aggregation. Reductions in blood viscosity at low shear rate values can be evaluated using the erythrocyte aggregation index. High erythrocyte aggregation index values are associated with higher degrees of aggre- gation. Therefore, by calculating reductions in blood viscosity at high, intermediate, and low shear rates, the extent of erythrocyte deformation and aggregation, which is closely related to the occurrence of acne, can be analyzed. Acknowledgement The research work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81173474) and the Collaborative Innovation Center for the Creation of New Traditional Chinese Medicine and Genuine Regional Drug Deep Processing in Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine [2012] 188-2. References Liu SB, Tian GG. Research on extraction and biological activity of Leonurus heterophyllus alkaloid in progress. Neijiang Sci Technol. 2012; 1: 36. Liu WB, Liang Q, Wang H. A acne composite animal model. J Guangdong College Pharm. 2014; 2: 198-201. Liu WB, Wang H. Review on statue quo of acne vulgaris models. J Guangdong Pharmaceut College. 2010; 2: 209-14. Miao MS, Cheng BL, Jiang N. Qumai Total flavonovids induced diabetic mice of streptozotocin. Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Applied Mechanics and Materiais. 2014; 1: 397. Miao MS, Wang Q, Cheng BL. 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