Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology 

Research Article 

Protective and curative effects of Protective and curative effects of Protective and curative effects of 
Cestrum nocturnum Cestrum nocturnum Cestrum nocturnum on rabbit kid-on rabbit kid-on rabbit kid-
neyneyney   

BJP 



 

 

Introduction 

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that has 
broad spectrum activity and is extensively used in the 
treatment of infections caused by Gram negative 
bacteria (Ali, 1995). However, its use is restricted due to 
severe adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity and 
ototoxicity (Mathew, 1992). The potential of amino-
glycosides nephrotoxicity has been graded as strepto-
mycin<netilmicin<tobramycin<kanamycin <sisomi-
cin<gentamicin<neomycin (Parker et al., 1982). Nephro-
toxicity induced by aminoglycoside is accompanied by 
enhanced formation of free radicals. Moreover, this 
toxicity is inhibited with free radical scavengers or anti-
oxidants like dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylthiourea, 
deferoxamine or sodium benzoate (Walker and Shah, 
1988).  

Various investigations show that anti-oxidant like 
vitamin E does not defend against aminoglycoside-
induced damage (Ramsammy et al., 1988). The inten-
tion for this inconsistency is not known and the exact 

part of the lipid peroxidation in nephrotoxicity induced 
by gentamicin remains unclear.       

Cestrum nocturnum commonly called Night Cestrum, 
Queen of Night, Night Blooming Jasmine and Lady of 
Night (Perez-Saad and Buznego, 2008), belongs to the 
family “Solanaceae”. It’s analgesic, anti-inflammatory
(Mazumder et al., 2010), antimicrobial (Khan et al., 
2011), antiepileptic, anticonvulsant (Perez-Saad and 
Buznego, 2008), pisticidal (Punctatus, 2012), anti-
oxidant (Rashed, 2013), wound healing (Nagar et al., 
2016), CNS depressant (Zeng et al., 2003), anti-
hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic (Sahane et al., 
2014), anti-arrhythmic (Zou et al., 2009), anti-tumor 
(Zhao et al., 2013), larvicidal and insecticidal (Jawale 
and Dama, 2010).  

Various studies were organized to achieve agents that 
can ameliorate the nephrotoxicity of aminoglycoside  
such as Nigella sativa (Saleem et al., 2012), Orthosiphon 
stamineus (Ramesh et al., 2014), Mentha arvensis (Gautam 
et al., 2014), Bauhinia variegate (Prusty et al., 2012), 

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   ISSN: 1991-0088 

Abstract 
The objective of current study was to evaluate the nephroprotective and 
nephrocurative effects of methanolic extract of Cestrum nocturnum leaves in 
rabbits. Gentamicin (80 mg/kg/day) was administered intramuscularly to 
induce nephrotoxicity. The induction was assessed by biochemical and 
histopathological analysis. Methanolic extract (100, 300 or 500 mg/kg) was 
given orally with gentamicin for 25 days in nephroprotective study whereas 
in nephrocurative study, gentamicin was administered intramuscularly  for 
first 10 days and for next 15 days only methanolic extract (100, 300 or 500 mg/
kg, orally) was administered. A significant decrease was found in total 
oxidant status, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and uric acid levels 
whereas albumin level increased significantly. Histopathological studies also 
revealed nephroprotective and nephrocurative effects. In conclusion, the 
methanolic extract of C. nocturnum leaves exhibited significant nephro-
protective and nephrocurative effects in experimental animal.  

Article Info 

Received:  1 May 2017 
Accepted:  2 July 2017 
Available Online:   10 August 2017  

 

DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v12i3.32410 
 
 
 
 

 
 

Cite this article: 
Saleem U, Ali N, Ahmad B. Protective 
and curative effect of Cestrum noctur-
num on rabbit kidney. Bangladesh J 
Pharmacol. 2017; 12: 284-91. 

Protective and curative effects of Cestrum nocturnum on rabbit kidney 

Uzma Saleem1, Nauman Ali1 and Bashir Ahmad2 

1Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Govt. College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 2Riphah Institute of 
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan. 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. You are free to copy, distribute and perform the work. You must attribute 
the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor.  



 

 

Samanea saman (Patel et al., 2013), Foeniculum vulgare 
(Shaheen et al., 2014), Moringa pterygosperma 
(Lakshmana et al., 2013), Carica papaya (Olagunju et al., 
2009) and Withania somnifera (Kushwaha et al., 2016). 

Nephrotoxicity is the 9th leading cause of mortality all 
over world. Many metabolic and physiological 
complications are the major causes of nephrotoxicity. 
Various medical literatures has described about 
enhance incidence of acute renal failure and the major 
cause is the prolonged use of antibiotics especially 
aminoglycoside are common. Increase levels of serum 
creatinine and urea were considered as the important 
parameters of nephrotoxicity. Therefore, in this study, 
blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, serum creatinine, total 
oxidant status, and albumin were planned to be 
assessed to examine the nephroprotective and curative 
effects of methanolic leaf extract of C. nocturnum in 
rabbits against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. 
Gentamicin has been revealed to increase the 
production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion 
by the renal cortical mitochondria.  

 

Materials and Methods 

Gentamicin sulfate (Gentacin® 80 mg/2 mL), silymarin 
(Silliver® 200 mg, Abbott Laboratories Ltd., Pakistan) 
and Randox kits (Randox Laboratories, UK) were 
purchased locally. 

Plant collection 

C. nocturnum leaves were collected from the suburb of 
Faisalabad, Pakistan. The plant leaves were identified 
and authenticated by a Taxonomist of the Department 
of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-
Pakistan. Leaves were cleaned with tap water and 
permitted for the shade drying. Dried leaves were then 
ground into powder using a mechanical grinder. 

Preparation of the extract 

The 2,000 g powder was accurately weighed and then 
macerated with 70% methanol  (1: 4) for seven days 
with random shaking in the air tight vessels at room 
temperature. The macerates were filtered by a muslin 
cloth and the further filtration was done by the filter 
paper. Extract that obtained after the filtration, was 
concentrated into semi-solid thick mass through rotary 
evaporator at 40°C. The extract was soluble in water. It 
was stored in air-tight container at room temperature.  

Experimental animals 

Sixty healthy rabbits, weighing between 1-1.8 kg, were 
purchased from the local market. These animals were 
placed in the animal house at the Department of 
Pharmacology, G.C.U Faisalabad, Pakistan, under 
controlled room temperature. Green fresh fodder was 
given thrice daily to the animals with water ad libitum. 

Study design 

Nephroprotective and nephrocurative studies were 
performed as per under given study design. 

Nephroprotective study 

Thirty healthy rabbits were divided into six groups, 
each with five animals. First group served as the normal 
control and second group (disease control) was injected 
gentamicin 80 mg/kg I/M once daily for 25 days. Third 
group received gentamicin (80 mg/kg I/M) and after 3 
hours, this group was treated with silymarin 200 mg/
kg, orally daily for 25 days. Remaining three groups 
were injected gentamicin (80 mg/kg I/M) and after 3 
hours given methanolic leaf extract of C. nocturnum at 
doses of 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg, orally respectively 
daily for 25 days. 

Nephrocurative study 

Thirty healthy rabbits were divided into six groups, 
each with five animals. First group served as the normal 
control and second group (disease control) received 
gentamicin 80 mg/kg I/M for once daily 10 days. Third 
group was administered gentamicin (80 mg/kg I/M) 
for first 10 days and for the next 15 days administered 
silymarin 200 mg/kg, orally. Remaining three groups 
were given gentamicin (80 mg/kg I/M) for the first 10 
days and for the next 15 days was  given methanolic 
leaf extract of C. nocturnum at doses of 100, 300 and 500 
mg/kg, orally respectively. 

Collection of blood samples 

The blood samples were collected from the marginal 
vein of the rabbit’s ear at day 0, 10, 20 and 26 of the 
study period in the non-heparinized collecting tubes. 
These tubes were tending to undisturbed for 25-30 min 
to permit the blood clot. Then these tubes were 
centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 20 min to isolate the serum 
that was moved to the serum tubes for biochemical 
analysis. 

Biochemical analysis 

Blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, serum creatinine, total 
oxidant status and albumin were measured by using 
standard procedures. Blood urea nitrogen and serum 
creatinine were measured by using Randox kits. Total 
oxidant status was measured using previously 
described method (Erel, 2005). Serum uric acid was 
measured by using Uric Acid Assay Kit (Abnova) Cat # 
KA1651. Albumin was measured by using Diasys 
Diagnostic Systems. The samples were measured at day 
0, day 10 and day 26 of the study period. The values on 
day 0 were counted as the normal. 

Histopathological analysis 

On day 26, all the animals were sacrificed and kidneys 
were isolated, washed and then preserved in 10% 
neutral buffered formalin for the histopathological 

 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2017; 12: 284-291                                                               285 



 

 

study. Sections were stained and prepared with eosin 
and hematoxylin for the examination under light 
microscope.  

Statistical analysis 

The results were represented as mean ± SD (standard 
deviation) for the blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, serum 
creatinine, total oxidant status, and albumin of the 
animals. The data were evaluated by two-way ANOVA 
by using GraphPad Prism version 5. The statistical 
implication was measured at p value ≤0.001.   
 

Results 

Total oxidant status decreased on day 26 of the study in 
both nephroprotective and nephrocurative groups 
which was expressing the anti-oxidant power of the C. 
nocturnum. In disease state i.e. day 10 reading of 
nephrocurative groups, total oxidant status increased 
which indicated oxidative stress in the body (Table I). 

A significant increase (p<0.001) was found in body 
weight and albumin levels of all the treated groups as 
compared to disease control group on day 26 of the 
study. There was dose-dependent decrease in blood 
urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and uric acid levels in 
extract-treated groups and the maximum reduction 
(36.6, 32.2 and 35.7% respectively) was at 500 mg/kg 
concentration but this decrease was less than the 
standard group values (Table II). These results 
suggested the nephroprotective effect of C. nocturnum. 

In nephrocurative study, there was decrease in body 
weight and albumin levels and increase in blood urea 
nitrogen, serum creatinine and uric acid levels on day 
10 reading which confirmed the induction of nephro-
toxicity. Body weight and albumin levels increased on 
day 26 whereas blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine 

and uric acid levels decreased with the treatment and 
the highest decline was obtained at 500 mg/kg 
concentration that was indicative of nephrocurative 
effect of C. nocturnum (Table III). 

Histopathological analysis 

The renal parenchyma was normal in appearance. The 
nuclei of the tubular epithelial cells were normal indica-
ted by nucleolus and fine chromatin material. The 
epithelium of the tubules and glomeruli was intact. 
Urinary space was clear and dilated (Figure 1A). 

The renal parenchyma in disease control was indicating 
the moderate to severe degree of nuclear changes 
indicated by condensed and pyknotic nuclei of the 
tubular epithelium cells. Mild degree of congestion was 
also present throughout the renal parenchyma. This 
was an indication of acute tubular necrosis (Figure 1B). 

The renal parenchyma in standard group was normal in 
appearance at few places while at other places it was 
indicating the mild degree of necrotic changes indicated 
by condensed nuclei of the tubular epithelium cells. The 
urinary space was clear. It indicated ameliorative effect 
of silymarin (Figure 1C). 

In nephroprotective study, the renal parenchyma in 
methanolic extract (500 mg/kg) was indicating the mild 
degree of nuclear changes shown by the condensed 
nuclei of the tubular epithelial cells. This was an 
indication of ameliorative effect of plant extract and it 
was almost normal renal parenchyma (Figure 1D). 

In nephrocurative study, the renal parenchyma in 
methanolic extract (500 mg/kg) was showing almost 
normal appearance. Nuclei of tubular epithelium cells 
have nucleolus and chromatin material. However, at 
few places condensed nuclei were also present that is 
an indication of mild degree of nuclear changes. The 
urinary spaces were clear. Mild degree of congestion 

Table I 

Total oxidant status levels in nephroprotective and nephrocurative evaluations  

Days  Treatment Groups  

Normal 
control 

Gentamicin  
(80 mg/kg) 

Silymarin  
(200 mg/kg) 

Extract       
(100 mg/kg) 

Extract     
(300 mg/kg) 

Extract        
(500 mg/kg) 

Nephroprotective evaluation 

Pre-treatment values (0) 2.5 ± 0.1 2.5 ± 0.2 2.5 ± 0.1 2.4 ± 0.2 2.4 ± 0.2 2.7 ± 0.1 

10 2.4 ± 0.3b 3.4 ± 0.3 2.3 ± 0.2b 2.9 ± 0.1ns  2.7 ± 0.2a 2.5 ± 0.1a 

26 2.4 ± 0.2b 4.5 ± 0.1 1.8 ± 0.1b 3.3 ± 0.2b 2.8 ± 0.1b 2.4 ± 0.3b 

Nephrocurative evaluation  

Pre-treatment values (0) 2.2 ± 0.0 2.4 ± 0.1 2.2 ± 0.1 2.3 ± 0.1 2.3 ± 0.1 2.3 ± 0.1 

10 2.5 ± 0.1b 3.5 ± 0.1 3.6 ± 0.2ns 3.6 ± 0.1ns 3.6 ± 0.1ns 3.6 ± 0.1ns 

26 2.4 ± 0.2b 4.3 ± 0.0 2.4 ± 0.1b 3.1 ± 0.1b 2.9 ± 0.1b 2.7 ± 0.1b 

Values were presented as mean ± SEM; ap<0.01, bp<0.001 with respect to disease control group, ns = non-significant with respect to disease control 
group 

286 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2017; 12: 284-291                                                                



 

 

was also present (Figure 1E).   

 

Discussion 

Total oxidant status declined in methanolic extract-
treated groups at the end of study in both 
nephroprotective and curative experiments indicating 
antioxidant potential of C. nocturnum. Blood urea 
nitrogen, serum creatinine, and uric acid levels 
decreased dose-dependently, the maximum decline was 
seen at 500 mg/kg dose. Albumin levels were raised 
with extract treatment indicating protective and 
curative effect on kidney.  
The findings of this study are showing the trend which 
is revealed in results of Bag and Mumtaz (2013). Due to 
species difference, the values for blood urea nitrogen 
and creatinine are different in present study but the 

trend of effect in preventing and improving gentamicin 
caused toxicity by C. nocturnum is almost identical. A 
similar study had been carried out by Ullah et al., (2013) 
who investigated the nephroprotective activity of 
Cinnamomum zeylanicum. The data of present study is in 
agreement with the findings of Ullah et al., (2013) in 
respect of two parameters i.e. blood urea nitrogen and 
serum creatinine, though the actual values of these 
parameters differ from our data. This difference can be 
attributed to the strains of animals being different in 
two studies.  
Gentamicin causes nephrotoxicity by generating 
oxidative stress due to production of free radicals in 
renal cortical mitochondria (Balakumar et al., 2010; 
Walker et al., 1999). Gentamicin triggers platelet 
activation factor causing local vasoconstriction and as a 
result, impedes renal blood flow that leads to fall in 
glomerular filtration rate. Many studies support this 

Table II 

Nephroprotective effect  of methanol extract of C. nocturnum  

Days  Treatment 
Groups 

Treatment 
Groups 

Treatment 
Groups 

Treatment 
Groups 

Treatment 
Groups 

Treatment 
Groups 

Normal 
control 

Gentamicin  
(80 mg/kg) 

Silymarin 
(200 mg/kg) 

Extract 
(100 mg/kg) 

Extract      
(300 mg/kg) 

Extract        
(500 mg/kg) 

Body weight (kg)  

Pre-treatment values (0) 1.8 ± 0.0 2.0 ± 0.0 1.9 ± 0.0 1.9 ± 0.0 1.9 ± 0.0 1.8 ± 0.0 

10 1.9 ± 0.0c 1.6 ± 0.0 2.0 ± 0.0c 1.8 ± 0.0c 1.9 ± 0.0c 1.9 ± 0.0c 

26 1.8 ± 0.0c 1.5 ± 0.0 2.1 ± 0.0c 1.8 ± 0.0c 1.9 ± 0.0c 2.0 ± 0.0c 

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN, mg/dL) levels  

Pre-treatment values (0) 14.5 ± 0.1 15.4 ± 0.2 14.4 ± 0.2 16.5 ± 0.2 16.4 ± 0.2 15.5 ± 0.2 

10 15.2 ± 0.1c 21.3 ± 0.2 16.5 ± 0.2c 19.4 ± 0.1c 18.2 ± 0.1c 16.9 ± 0.1c 

20 14.3 ± 0.2c 25.3 ± 0.2 16.5 ± 0.1c 20.3 ± 0.1c 19.5 ± 0.3c 18.3 ± 0.2c 

26 15.2 ± 0.1c 30.4 ± 0.0 17.3 ± 0.2c 22.3 ± 0.2c 20.3 ± 0.2c 19.3 ± 0.2c 

Serum creatinine (mg/dL) levels  

Pre-treatment values (0) 0.7 ± 0.0 0.8 ± 0.0 0.9 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.0 0.8 ± 0.02 0.9 ± 0.01 

10 0.7 ± 0.0c 1.0 ± 0.0 0.8 ± 0.0c 0.9 ± 0.0c 0.9 ± 0.0c 0.9 ± 0.0c 

20 0.7 ± 0.0c 1.1 ± 0.0 0.8 ± 0.0c 0.9 ± 0.0c 0.8 ± 0.0c 0.8 ± 0.0c 

26 0.8 ± 0.0c 1.1 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.0c 0.9 ± 0.0c 0.8 ± 0.0c 0.8 ± 0.0c 

Albumin (g/dL) levels  

Pre-treatment values (0) 4.5 ± 0.2 3.6 ± 0.2 3.5 ± 0.1 4.4 ± 0.2 4.5 ± 0.1 4.4 ± 0.1 

10 4.4 ± 0.2c 3.5 ± 0.2 4.3 ± 0.0c 3.1 ± 0.1ns 4.0 ± 0.2a 4.1 ± 0.1b 

20 4.2 ± 0.1c 3.3 ± 0.2 4.5 ± 0.0c 3.8 ± 0.3a 4.1 ± 0.2c 4.2 ± 0.2c 

26 4.4 ± 0.3c 2.4 ± 0.2 4.6 ± 0.2c 3.9 ± 0.2c 4.0 ± 0.3c 4.2 ± 0.2c 

Uric acid (mg/dL) levels  

Pre-treatment values (0) 2.4 ± 0.0 2.4 ± 0.0 2.5 ± 0.0 2.4 ± 0.0 2.5 ± 0.0 2.4 ± 0.0 

10 2.5 ± 0.0c 4.2 ± 0.0 2.9 ± 0.0c 3.3 ± 0.0c 3.2 ± 0.0c 3.2 ± 0.0c 

20 2.4 ± 0.0c 4.5 ± 0.0 2.8 ± 0.0c 3.4 ± 0.0c 3.3 ± 0.0c 3.1 ± 0.0c 

26 2.5 ± 0.0c 4.6 ± 0.0 2.8 ± 0.0c 3.3 ± 0.0c 3.2 ± 0.0c 3.0 ± 0.0c 

Values were presented as mean ± SEM; ap<0.05; bp<0.01; cp<0.001 with respect to disease control group, ns = non-significant with respect to disease 
control group 

 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2017; 12: 284-291                                                               287 



 

 

view that the oxidative stress is main contributor in 
nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin (Palmer, 2002; 
Schoolwerth et al., 2001). Urea is nitrogen containing 
final product of the protein catabolism. The levels of 
urea are increased when glomerular filtration rate is 
reduced. Furthermore, the serum urea levels start to 
rise after the damage of parenchymal tissues (Safa et al., 
2010). Creatinine originates from the endogenous 
sources by tissue breakdown. In the initial phases of 
renal disease, the level of plasma creatinine is important 
parameter than that of level of urea (Redddy et al., 
2012). In the present study, both BUN and creatinine 
levels increased with gentamicin treatment showing the 
damage to renal cortical mitochondria, consequently 
decreased renal blood flow and reduce GFR. The 
treatment with methanolic extract of C. nocturnum 
brought the levels of these two parameters to normal 
values suggesting nephro-protective and –curative 

activity of plant extract.  Albumin is synthesized in liver 
and is major parameter for plasma osmotic pressure.   
Level of albumin reduces in malnutrition, renal 
diseases, reduced absorption in GIT diseases and 
enhanced loss of fluid in burns (Young and Friedman, 
2001). Similar to above observations, albumin levels 
were improved with the extract treatment indicating 
reversal of renal damage caused by gentamicin. Uric 
acid is water insoluble and end product of purine 
nucleotide metabolism. The increased amount of uric 
acid associated with renal calculi. Enhanced tubular 
pressure and intra renal pressure due to crystal 
deposition causes reduce in renal blood flow and 
enhance in renal vascular resistance. Reduced renal 
blood flow and enhanced tubular pressure cause 
decline in GFR and can result in acute renal failure 
(Conger, 1990). The reduced levels of uric acid with 
methanol extract treatment in gentamicin-induced 

Table III 

Nephrocurative effect  of methanol extract of C. nocturnum  

Days Treatment groups 

Normal 
control 

Gentamicin  
(80 mg/kg) 

Silymarin 
(200 mg/kg) 

Extract 
(100 mg/kg) 

Extract      
(300 mg/kg) 

Extract        
(500 mg/kg) 

Body weight (kg) 

Pre-treatment values (0) 1.5 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.0 

10 1.5 ± 0.0c 1.3 ± 0.0 1.3 ± 0.0ns 1.3 ± 0.0ns 1.3 ± 0.0ns 1.3 ± 0.0ns 

26 1.5 ± 0.0c 1.2 ± 0.0 1.6 ± 0.0c 1.4 ± 0.0c 1.5 ± 0.0c 1.6 ± 0.1c 

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN, mg/dL) levels 

Pre-treatment values (0) 13.4 ± 0.2 16.2 ± 0.1 17.2 ± 0.1 19.3 ± 0.2 16.4 ± 0.1 14.4 ± 0.3 

10 13.3 ± 0.2c 29.3 ± 0.2 28.4 ± 0.2ns 29.8 ± 0.3ns 28.3 ± 0.2ns 29.7 ± 0.2ns 

20 15.4 ± 0.2c 31.5 ± 0.1 21.3 ± 0.2c 25.4 ± 0.2c 24.4 ± 0.1c 22.3 ± 0.2c 

26 14.4 ± 0.2c 33.5 ± 0.3 18.2 ± 0.1c 22.3 ± 0.1c 21.2 ± 0.1c 20.2 ± 0.1c 

Serum creatinine (mg/dL) levels 

Pre-treatment values (0) 0.8 ± 0.0 0.6 ± 0.0 0.9 ± 0.0 0.8 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.0 

10 0.8 ± 0.0c 1.1 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 0.0ns 1.1 ± 0.1ns 1.1 ± 0.0ns 1.1 ± 0.0ns 

20 0.7 ± 0.0c 1.1 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.0c 0.9 ± 0.0c 0.9± 0.0c 0.8 ± 0.0c 

26 0.8 ± 0.0c 1.1 ± 0.0 0.6 ± 0.0c 0.9 ± 0.0c 0.8 ± 0.0c 0.7 ± 0.0c 

Albumin (g/dL) levels 

Pre-treatment values (0) 4.6 ± 0.1 4.4 ± 0.1 4.4 ± 0.1 4.4 ± 0.1 4.4 ± 0.1 4.5 ± 0.1 

10 4.4 ± 0.1c 2.5 ± 0.1 2.5 ± 0.2ns 2.5 ± 0.2ns 2.5 ± 0.1ns 2.5 ± 0.1ns 

20 4.6 ± 0.2c 2.9 ± 0.0 3.9 ± 0.1c 3.3 ± 0.1ns 3.5 ± 0.1b 3.7 ± 0.1c 

26 4.4 ± 0.2c 2.6 ± 0.1 4.1 ± 0.1c 3.3 ± 0.1c 3.4 ± 0.1c 3.8 ± 0.1c 

Uric acid (mg/dL) levels 

Pre-treatment values (0) 2.4 ± 0.0 2.5 ± 0.0 2.4 ± 0.0 2.4 ± 0.0 2.4 ± 0.0 2.5 ± 0.0 

10 2.5 ± 0.0c 4.6 ± 0.0 4.6 ± 0.0ns 4.6 ± 0.1ns 4.5 ± 0.0ns 4.7 ± 0.2ns 

20 2.5 ± 0.0c 4.6 ± 0.0 2.9 ± 0.0c 3.9 ± 0.0c 3.6 ± 0.0c 3.3 ± 0.0c 

26 2.5 ± 0.0c 4.5 ± 0.1 2.5 ± 0.0c 3.4 ± 0.0c 3.2 ± 0.0c 2.8 ± 0.0c 

Values were presented as mean ± SEM; ap<0.05; bp<0.01; cp<0.001 with respect to disease control group, ns = non-significant with respect to disease 
control group 

288 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2017; 12: 284-291                                                                



 

 

toxicity in the present study also supports the other 
parameters in the study which are indicative of nephro-
protective and curative effect of methanolic extract of C. 
nocturnum.  
 

Conclusion 

Biochemical, histopathological analyses supported 

nephroprotective and nephrocurative effects of metha-

nolic extract of C. nocturnum leaves. 

 

Ethical Issue 

Care and handling of animals followed internationally 
accepted procedures according to the Institute for Laboratory 

Animal Research´s Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory 
Animals. 

 

Conflict of Interest 

All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure 
form and declare no support from any organization for the 
submitted work. 

 

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mg/kg (nephroprotective study); E) Methanol extract, 500 mg/kg (nephrocurative study) 

A B 

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 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2017; 12: 284-291                                                               289 



 

 

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Author Info 
Uzma Saleem (Principal contact) 
e-mail: uzma95@gmail.com 

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