Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology Research Article Solanum incanum extract enhances wound healing and tissue regeneration in burn mice model BJP Introduction Burn is known as one of the most destructive forms of injury with a vast spectrum of consequences. Despite the discovery of various antibacterial and antiseptic agents, burn wound healing is still a challenging health issue in modern medicine. Because of economic cons- traints and limited resources for the import of appropriate treatments, the health authorities are oblig- ed to rely on traditional herbal remedies. The care of wound be delineated to the ancient civilization that was based upon herbs. It has been reported that about 1/3rd of all herbal medicines in use are for the treatment of skin disorders and wounds (Mantle et al., 2001). Various plants such as Allium sativum (Farahpour et al., 2017), Aloe vera (Maenthai- song et al., 2007), Carica papaya (Gurung and Skalko- Basnet et al., 2009), Centaurea pterocaula (Ötün and Yücel, 2019), Iris forentina (Mirmalek et al., 2015), Otostegia persica (Ganjali et al., 2013), Pistacia lentiscus (Djerrou et al., 2010) have been investigated for the treatment of burn. Solanum incanum (family: Solanaceae), with a common name of bitter apple and thorn apple, is a herb belongs to the family Solanaceae. Different parts of it have various ethnopharmacological uses such as decoction of root and leaf possess analgesic properties while root infusions, leaf paste and pounded fruits are used for scarifications. Leaf sap have uses in washing of painful areas. Root infusion is used as mouth wash for relief of toothache (Amadi et al., 2010). Various parts of the plant are also broadly used in the treatment of skin problems, including skin infections, whitlow, burns, sores, ringworm, warts, rashes, wounds, carbuncles, ulcers and benign tumors. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Northern areas of Pakistan are bestowed with unique biodiversity and are rich in medicinal herbs which have wound healing properties, but no scientific research has been carried out on majority of these plants. It has been found that S. incanum have well reported wound healing properties in folk medicine but have never been scientifically evaluated (Ali and Qaiser, 2009). Therefore, the current study was carried out to investigate the healing and tissue regeneration potential Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the topical efficacy of Solanum incanum for the treatment of partial-thickness burn in mice model. Mice were treated with topical ointment of S. incanum three times daily for 14 days. The wound healing was observed through wound contraction and histological para- meters. The group treated with S. incanum ointment showed 81% reduction in wound area as compared to negative control where wound area reduced to 22%. The histological analysis further confirmed that ointment favors the tissue regeneration and reepithelization thus heal wound rapidly as com- pared to other groups. In conclusion, S. incanum extract enhances wound healing and tissue regeneration. Article Info Received: 1 February 2019 Accepted: 28 April 2019 Available Online: 21 May 2019 DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v14i2.40098 Cite this article: Qureshi Z, Khan T, Shah AJ, Wahid F. Solanum incanum extract enhances wound healing and tissue regenera- tion in burn mice model. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2019; 14: 101-106. Solanum incanum extract enhances wound healing and tissue regeneration in burn mice model Zainab Qureshi1, Taous Khan1, Abdul Jabbar Shah1 and Fazli Wahid2 1Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus 22060, Pakistan; 2Biotechnology Program, Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus 22060, Pakistan. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. You are free to copy, distribute and perform the work. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor. A Journal of the Bangladesh Pharmacological Society (BDPS) Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2019; 14: 101-106 Journal homepage: www.banglajol.info Abstracted/indexed in Academic Search Complete, Agroforestry Abstracts, Asia Journals Online, Bangladesh Journals Online, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Current Abstracts, Directory of Open Access Journals, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, Global Health, Google Scholar, HINARI (WHO), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Open J-gate, Science Citation Index Expanded, SCOPUS and Social Sciences Citation Index ISSN: 1991-0088 of S. incanum for deep partial-thickness burn wounds. Materials and Methods Collection and identification of S. incanum The fresh leaves of S. incanum were collected from the District Abbottabad. Dr. Abdul Nazir, Department of Environmental Sciences CUI, Abbottabad Campus authenticated the plant material. The voucher specimen of plant (DB-GC (SIS)-0028) was deposited at the Department of Botany, Government Postgraduate College Abbottabad. Processing and extraction Leaves of the plant were shed-dried for 14 days at room temperature (20-25°C). The dried leaves were coarsely powdered in a grinder and was subjected for extraction by macerating 250 g of dried powder in 1.5 L of 70% methanol. A stainless steel stirrer was used to mix the extract. After 14 days, the extract was filtered initially through porcelain cloth and then with Whatman filter paper No. 42 (125 mm) and was concentrated using vacuum rotary evaporator (Yamato Rotary Evaporator, Model RE 801, Korea). The final percentage yield was 15% w/w. Preparation of ointment Ointment 1% (w/w) was prepared using petroleum jelly as a base (vaseline) obtained from the Shaheen Chemist, Abbottabad. Petroleum jelly was melted on hot plate at 37°C and mixed with methanolic extract of S. incanum under continuous stirring. Animals and burn model Balb/c male mice (30-35 g) were used as an animal model. The mice were purchased from the National Institute of Health, Islamabad. They were kept in stan- dard conditions (25 ± 2°C, 12 hours light and dark cycle) with free access to food and water at animal house of COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus. All animals were kept for acclimatization, one week prior to the experiment. Treatment The mice were divided into four groups according to the treatment protocol with a minimum of five animals in each group. The treatment was started after 12 hours of wound induction. The first group received topical treatment of S. incanum (1%) ointment. Second group was kept as vehicle control and treated with petroleum jelly. Third group was positive control given topical treatment of silver sulfadiazine with a brand name Quench (silver sulfadiazine) cream made by the Ferozsons Laboratories Ltd, Pakistan. The fourth group was kept as negative control and given no treatment. All the treatments including S. incanum (1%) ointment, petroleum jelly and ointments were performed topi- cally three times a day at 8 hours interval for consecu- tive 14 days. Assessment of burn wounds The wound healing was monitored through physical parameter by measuring the wound area with a ruler scale on day 0, 4, 8, 12 and 14. The contraction of wound was measured by estimating the decrease in wound area as compared to initial wound by using below formula: Percent healing = 1 - Wound area on particular day/ Wound area on day 0 × 100 Moreover, digital photography was used as a quanti- tative method for estimating the changes and closure of wound. For this purpose, digital camera (DSC-W70, 102 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2019; 14: 101-106 Box 1: Induction of deep partial-thickness burn Principle The deep partial-thickness burn (damage of deep dermis; burn appears pale than red) was induced using a specially designed metal rod. It is evaluated by macroscopic and microscopic changes. Requirements Electric clippers; ethanol (70%), ketamine, metal rod (1.7 cm diameter), mouse, syringe, xylazine, xylocaine Procedure Step 1: Each mouse was acclimatized to laboratory condition for one week prior to the experiment Step 2: Each mouse was weight and anesthetized using the combination of ketamine (75 mg/kg) and xylazine (1.5 mg/ kg) via intraperitoneal injection Step 3: The hair from the dorsal side of the anesthetized mouse was shaved using electric clippers Step 4: The area was sterile with 70% ethanol prior to wound infliction Step 5: In order to induce deep partial-thickness burn, the rod was heated on open flame for 5 min and placed on the selected area for 9 sec Step 6: Xylocaine gel was used as local anesthetic and pain killer and applied immediately after wound induction Step 7: Each animal was housed in separate cage Notes Mouse was used as animal model. Other animals like rat, rabbit or pig may be used. Temperature, duration and contact pressure are the factors that are important to achieve uniform burn. References Guo et al., 2017 Sony, Japan) was used along with a lamp as additional light source. Photographs were taken on regular inter- vals at day 0, 4, 8, 12 and 14. Histopathology On the last day of experiment (day 14 of treatment), mice were sacrificed with cervical dislocation. The wound area of each animal was excised and fixed with 10% formalin. The paraffin embedded tissues were cut with microtome and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) dye. The slides were observed under light microscopy and photographs were also taken under low and high magnifications. Statistical analysis Wherever applicable, the statistical analysis was perfor- med using Student’s t-test by GraphPad prism version 5 software. The data given are expressed as ± standard error means (SEM). p≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Wound healing and photographic analysis The data for wound contraction has been given in Table I. It was observed that at first day the wound size was similar in all groups. The wound size started reducing in S. incanum-treated group from day 4 and continued till day 14. No significant reduction in wound size was shown by vehicle and negative control group. The positive group showed similar trend as of S. incanum but, the wound contraction was slightly better in positive group. On the last day of experiment, S. incanum-treated group showed 81% percent healing in comparison with 23, 22 and 84% for vehicle, negative control and positive control, respectively. The above- mentioned results were further supported by photo- graphs taken at different days (Figure 1). It can also be seen in these photographs that contraction started on 4th day and maximum wound closure was observed on the last day of experiment in S. incanum-treated and positive control group. Tissue regeneration analysis Histopathology was performed in order to access the reepithelization, tissue regeneration and signs of infla- mmation after burn damage. It was observed under low power resolution that in S. incanum treated group the wounded area was covered by new epithelium with a healthy granulation tissue below (Figure 2). In compari- son, the vehicle group was still in inflammatory phase and necrotic tissue can prominently be seen in negative control group with no obvious sign of healing (Figure 2). The positive group showed similar results to that of S. incanum treated group and smooth healing pattern can be observed. Discussion Present study focuses on the scientific evaluation of wound healing potential of S. incanum for burn wounds. S. incanum is well known medicinal plant for its antimicrobial activities as several scientific studies have demonstrated its efficacy against different micro- bial strains, however, wound healing activity of this plant is not documented so far (Kipngeno et al., 2014). The use of various medicinal plants for treating skin disorders and cutaneous wounds is scientifically proven from different studies (Rashed et al., 2003). The complex process of wound healing and tissue repair involves a cascade of events starts from the moment of injury and continue for varying periods of time depen- ding on the type of wound and extent of damage (Varga et al., 1987). The adequate burn wound manage- ment is required for timely progression of healing pro- cess so that damaged tissue can be repaired (Quaglino et al., 1990) and its anatomical and physiological functions could be restored. The wound healing potency of various herbal extracts is attributed to free radical-scavenging action. The quicker process of wound healing could be a function of either the individual or the synergistic effects of these bioactive molecules (Okoli et al., 2007). The results of the wound healing activity of this study reveals that the pattern of wound contraction among S. incanum treated group was quite prominent and faster as compared to vehicle and negative control group. The wound contraction efficacy of S. incanum was found to be very close to the positive control group. The percent wound Table I Average wound diameter and percentage contraction on different days of treatment with S. incanum, negative control, vehicle and positive control Treatment groups Day 0 Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 14 Percent healing (Day 14) Wound diameter (mm2) Vehicle 255.0 ± 0.0 245.8 ± 8.1 229.6 ± 23.9 214.0 ± 34.2 196.6 ± 32.7 23 Negative control 255.0 ± 0.0 250.0 ± 4.6 233.6 ± 21.8 210.6 ± 25.3 200.2 ± 31.4 22 S. incanum 255.0 ± 0.0 181.0 ± 10.4 143.6 ± 7.7 77.6 ± 13.9 49.2 ± 11.1 81 Positive control 255.0 ± 0.0 173.8 ± 6.7 129.8 ± 5.3 79.4 ± 8.6 42.2 ± 6.1 84 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2019; 14: 101-106 103 healing of S. incanum (81%) was also far better in com- parison to vehicle treated group (23%). These results can be supported by the fact that faster closure of wound indicated the better efficacy of medication (Demilew et al., 2018). Previous studies reveals that the active agents in herbal extracts such as triterpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, anthraqui- nones, and secondary metabolites have role in promo- ting the healing process (Chaudhari and Mengi, 2006). These agents usually influence one or more phases of the healing process (Karodi et al., 2009). Especially, tannins and flavonoids have the wound healing capa- bility as it have free radical scavenging and anti-oxidant property which ultimately reduce lipid peroxidation, thereby decreasing cell necrosis and improving vascu- larity (Baravkar et al., 2008). S. incanum contains both tannins and flavonoids so it may have the wound healing activity through above mentioned process, however further studies are needed to confirm S. incanum wound healing mechanism. Histological analysis is a powerful method to monitor healing and regeneration at tissue level. In Figure 2, microphotographs clearly showed that wound bed in S. incanum treated group is covered by new epithelial layer and tissue regeneration can also be observed. Epidermis being the outermost layer of the skin act as a physical barrier. Burn damages the epidermis which is restored by the process of re-epithelialization in which keratinocytes migrate from the lower skin layers and differentiate into mature cells covering the wound bed (Panchatcharam et al., 2006). Moreover, healthy granu- lation tissue, sebaceous glands and new blood vessels are the signs of proper wound healing. The histological analysis showed re-ephithilization, healthy granulated tissue, regenerated sebaceous glands and new blood vessels in S. incanum treated group. This shows that S. incanum treatment promotes migration and differen- tiation of keratinocytes, formation of new connective tissue and microscopic blood vessels which are charac- teristics of healthy granulated tissues. S. incanum show- ed best healing pattern among all the groups closer to positive control. Whereas, vehicle and negative control group had clear signs of inflammation with no tissue regeneration. Figure 1: Photographic analysis of wound healing on different days of treatment in negative control, S. incanum, vehicle and posi- tive control group Day 0 Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 14 Negative control S. incanum Vehicle control Positive control 104 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2019; 14: 101-106 Conclusion The photographic and histopathological analysis clearly demonstrated that S. incanum ointment stimulated wound healing at cell and tissue level. Ethical Issue All the experimental procedures and protocols involving animals were approved by the CUI Ethical Committee and were in accordance with the guidelines of institute of laboratory animal Resources, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council (NRC, 1996). Conflict of Interest There is no conflict of interests. References Ali H, Qaiser M. 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