Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 30(1): 89–97, 2023 (June) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v30i1.67046 © 2023 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists THREE NEW RECORDS OF LAURACEAE FOR BANGLADESH MOHAMMAD SAYEDUR RAHMAN*, SALEH AHAMMAD KHAN1, GAZI MOSHAROF HOSSAIN1, KHANDAKAR KAMRUL ISLAM AND MOHAMMAD AMDADUL HOQUE Bangladesh National Herbarium, Chiriakhana Road, Mirpur-1, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh Keywords: Angiosperms; Lauraceae; Litsea; New record; Bangladesh. Abstract During the floristic explorations conducted in 2022–2023 in different forest areas of the northeast region of Bangladesh, some specimens of the family Lauraceae were collected. The critical examinations of these specimens have revealed that they belong to the species Litsea kurzii, Litsea stocksii, and Litsea variabilis of the family Lauraceae. These species are new to the flora of Bangladesh. A detailed taxonomic description, including data on ecology, distribution, and use, a list of representative specimens examined, and photographs of each of these species have been provided. Introduction Taxonomists are relentlessly describing new extant species every year. In Bangladesh, the endeavour of exploring new plant species is continuing, and as a consequence, the taxonomists of this country have published a notable number of new records in the last few decades, though sporadically. Likewise, after the publication of the Encyclopedia of the Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh (EFFB) (Ahmed et al. 2008–2009, 2009; Siddiqui et al. 2007), around 281 new records of Angiosperms have been published, mostly with information on the specific distribution of the recorded taxa (Rahman and Hassan, 2017; Islam and Rahman, 2017; Sourav et al., 2017; Ara and Hassan, 2018; Rahman and Uddin, 2018; Uddin, 2018; Alfasane et al., 2019, 2020; Hossain et al., 2020; Sultana and Rahman, 2021; Hossain et al., 2022; Rahman et al., 2022; Sultana et al., 2022; Uddin and Uddin, 2022). It means that in the last 13 years, around 7.78% of the EFFB’s record of 3611 species and 5.6% of Khan (1977)’s estimate of 5000 species of Angiosperms to exist within the territory of Bangladesh have been newly added to the flora of this country. As a result, the total number of Angiosperm species in Bangladesh has increased to 3892 through the addition of these additional records to the 3611 species listed in the EFFB. Now, if Khan's (1977) estimation of 5000 species to occur in Bangladesh is considered, the existence of around 1108 (22.16%) species and their status in this country is yet to be confirmed through intensive and extensive field explorations, and the plant taxonomists of this country are working towards this goal. Recently, in 2022–2023, floristic surveys were conducted in the northeast region of Bangladesh. During these surveys, some specimens of angiosperms collected by the authors from the Lithitila forest area of Juri, Moulvibazar district, and Nijpat of the Jaintiapur hill areas of Sylhet district appeared to be different. These specimens were preliminarily identified as belonging to Lauraceae, but they did not match with any specimens of this family collected previously from this country or with the taxonomic description or key characters of any species of this family known or reported previously from Bangladesh. Following the rigorous examinations of these specimens, matching their characters with the relevant published descriptions, key * Corresponding author, Email: sayedur27bcs@gmail.com 1Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v30i1.67046 mailto:sayedur27bcs@gmail.com 90 RAHMAN et al. characters, and specimens available at the local herbaria and the Herbarium of the Botanical Survey of India (CAL), and images of Lauraceae voucher specimens available on the websites of a few international herbaria (e.g., Kew Herbarium, K and Missouri Botanical Garden's Herbarium, MO), these unknown specimens were found to belong to three species of the genus Litsea Lam. of the Lauraceae. These species have never been mentioned or reported previously in any publication on the flora covering the present territory of Bangladesh. Hence, these three species have been confirmed as new to the flora of Bangladesh. The specimens are presently deposited at the Bangladesh National Herbarium (DACB) and the Jahangirnagar University Herbarium (JUH). Materials and methods Field surveys were conducted from December 2022 to May 2023 in the evergreen, semi- evergreen, and deciduous forests in the northeast region of Bangladesh that belong to the administrative boundaries of the Habiganj, Moulvibazar, and Sylhet districts of Sylhet division. These field surveys were carried out in all three major seasons of the year, mostly in the forests and scrub jungles of the hilly regions and foothills of Habiganj, Moulvibazar, and Sylhet districts. The freshly collected plant specimens were processed, dried, and preserved following standard herbarium techniques (Hyland, 1972; Jain and Raw, 1977). The taxonomic identification of these specimens was confirmed by matching their characters with the relevant taxonomic literature (e.g., Devis and Cullen, 1965; Geesink et al., 1981; Hooker, 1890; Prain, 1903; Mia, 2009; Li et al., 2008; Ngernsaengsaruay et al., 2011), voucher specimens housed at DACB and JUH, and clear images available on the websites of a few international herbaria (e.g., K, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle P, and MO). A taxonomic description of each species was prepared through careful observation and examination of the morphological characters of the representative specimens. Nomenclatural information was verified following recent taxonomic publications (Li et al., 2008) and the nomenclatural databases of POWO (2023), WFO (2023), GBIF Secretariat (2023), and Tropicos (2023). The voucher specimens have been deposited at DACB and JUH. Results and Discussion The taxonomic identification of the specimens of Litsea collected from different forest areas of the Sylhet division of Bangladesh has been confirmed as L. kurzii King ex Hook.f., L. stocksii (Meisn.) Hook.f., and L. variabilis Hemsl. The following taxonomic descriptions of these species, including the key for their identification, have been produced based on the collected specimens and field notes recorded during field visits. Litsea Lam. Encycl. 3: 574 (1792) Litsea Lam., with over 300 species, is one of the largest genera in the Lauraceae family, which makes up a significant portion of tropical forests. This genus is native to tropical Asia, Australia, Mesoamerica, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia in North America, and a few in the Pacific Islands. It is introduced into Comoros, KwaZulu-Natal, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Réunion, Seychelles, and Trinidad and Tobago (POWO, 2023; Ngernsaengsaruay et al., 2011). In Bangladesh, the genus Litsea is known to be represented by 19 species (Heinig, 1925; Khan and Banu, 1969; Mia and Huq, 1986; Alam, 1988; Das and Alam, 2001; Ara et al., 2007; Mia, 2009; Arefin et al., 2011; Ara and Khan, 2015; Basak and Alam, 2015; Rahman and Hassan, 2017; Rahman and Uddin, 2018; Uddin and Hassan, 2018; Uddin, 2018; Rahim, 2019). THREE NEW RECORDS OF LAURACEAE 91 KEY TO THE SPECIES 1. Leaves glabrous beneath; peduncles 1–2 cm long; perianth tube cylindrical, glabrous, inserted to the half portion of fruit at maturity……………………. L. stocksii - Leaves pubescent beneath, peduncles 0.3–0.8 cm long, perianth tube shallow cup-shaped, pubescent, attached only at the base of the fruit………. 2 2. Leaf blade obovate, sometimes elliptic-oblong, margins ciliate, secondary veins ≥ 12 pairs……………………………………………………………… L. kurzii - Leave blade oblong or oblong-lanceolate, margins aciliate, secondary veins ≤10 pairs……………………………………………………………………... L. variabilis Litsea kurzii King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 164 (1886), Type: India: South Andaman, 23.9.64. S. Kurz s.n. (IT: K, image!); Brandis, Ind. Trees: 537 (1906); Parkinson, Forest Fl. Andaman Islands: 226 (1923); Kosterm., Bibliogr. Laur. 836 (1964); Ngernsaengsaruay et al., Thai For. Bull. (Bot.) 39: 40–119 (2011). Malapoenna kurzii Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 572 (1891). (Fig. 1) Small tree, up to 7 m tall; bark smooth, lenticellate, brown; young branchlets densely hairy. Leaves spiral, blade obovate, sometimes elliptic-oblong, 15–25 by 5.0–9.5 cm, apex acuminate, sometimes cuspidate or obtuse, base cuneate or slightly oblique, margins ciliate or partly ciliate, glabrous above, glaucous, pubescent beneath; petioles 1.5–3.5 cm long, densely reddish-brown pubescent; midrib shallowly sunken above, raised beneath, secondary veins 12–15 pairs, shallowly sunken adaxially, raised abaxially. Inflorescence umbel, towards the branchlets or in leaf axils, the cluster of umbels 0.5–1.0 cm in diam.; peduncles 0.3–0.8 cm long, pubescent; bracts 4–5, decussate or imbricate, suborbicular or broadly ovate, concave, 3–5 by 3–4 mm, outer ones coriaceous, pale green to yellowish and pubescent outside, inner ones membranaceous, hairy, marginally fimbriate. Male flowers 6–7 in each umbel; pedicels up to 3 mm long, densely Fig. 1. Litsea kurzii King ex Hook.f. a) A fruiting branchlet. 92 RAHMAN et al. pubescent; tepals 6, ovate, subequal, 2.5–4.0 by 1.5–2.0 mm, membranaceous, pubescent; stamens 9, unequal; anthers 0.5–1.0 mm long; filaments slender, 2–4 mm long, villose. Female flowers 4–6 in each umbel; pedicels 1.5–2.5 mm long, densely pubescent; tepals 6, ovate, pubescent; ovaries ovoid, 1–1.5 by 0.8–1.0 mm, glabrous; styles 2–3 mm long; stigma peltate; staminodes 9, villose. Fruits ovoid, 1.0–1.1 by 0.8–0.9 cm, green with white dots, slightly pointed towards the apex, turning dark purple and black when ripe, glabrous, glaucous; perianth tubes shallow cup-shaped, spreading up to 0.4 cm in diam., pubescent; fruiting pedicels thickened, 0.3–0.5 cm long, pubescent; infructescence stalks 0.5–0.6 cm long, pubescent; fruit clusters 4.0 by 2.5 cm with 10– 16 fruit in each cluster. Flowering and fruiting period: April-September. Ecology: Often by streams in the rain forest, dry evergreen forests. Specimens examined: Moulvibazar: Lathitila beat, Goalbari, Juri, 17.8.2015. K.K. Islam 302 (DACB); 23.5.2023, M.S. Rahman 4915 (DACB). Distribution: Native to Bangladesh, India (Andaman Is. and Nicobar Is.), Myanmar, and Thailand. Use: The trunks of the plant are used for making house pillars by the local people. L. kurzii King ex Hook.f. seems similar to L. grandis (Nees) Hook.f., from which it can be easily distinguished by its tomentose chartaceous leaves, densely reddish-brown pubescent petioles, pale-green to yellowish and pubescence bracts, perianth tubes of ca. 0.4 cm in diam, 0.3– 0.5 cm long fruiting pedicel, and 0.5–0.6 cm long infructescence stalks, in contrast to the sparsely pubescent coriaceous leaf, puberulous petioles, reddish-brown and puberulous bracts, perianth tubes of ca. 1.1 cm in diam., 0.5–1 cm long fruiting pedicel, and 0.8–1.4 cm long infructescence stalk of L. grandis. Litsea stocksii (Meisn.) Hook.f., Flora of British India 5:176 (1886). Flora of Bombay 2:539 (1906); Srinivas and Krishnamurthy, J. Indian bot. Soc. 95 (3 & 4): 169–182 (2016). Tetranthera oblonga var. stocksii Meisn., Prodr.15(1): 205 (1864). Cryptocarya neilgherrensis Meisn. (1864), L. josephi S.M.Almeida (1990), L. vartakii M.R.Almeida (1989). (Fig. 2) Tree, up to 18 m tall, petioles 2.0–2.5 cm long, leaves alternate, leaf blades oblong to lanceolate, apically acute, 8–20 by 3–6 cm, white glaucous beneath, glabrous, lateral nerves 8–13 pairs. Inflorescence umbel, monoecious, 2.5 cm long, greyish tomentose, male inflorescence 4–8 flowered and female inflorescence 4–5 flowered, arranged in 1 whorl; pedicels 1 cm long in male flower, 0.5 cm long female flower; In male flower stamens 8–10, introrse, unequal, 6 larger, different in length, 4 smaller, largest one c. 0.34 cm long, filament c. 0.24 cm long, sparsely hairy, anther c. 0.12 cm long. Ovary in female flower straight, 1.0–1.3 mm by 0.6–0.8 mm half inferior, covered with the hairy perianth; styles 0.2–0.3 mm long; stigma dilated, 0.2–0.3 mm by 0.2 mm. Fruiting peduncles 1–2 cm long at the young stage; pedicels up to 0.5 cm long; perianth tube 0.5– 0.7 cm long, up to 0.2 cm in diam. at the distal part of the fruit. Berry oblong, 1.0–1.5 cm long, seated on cup-like perianth tube; young fruit almost completely inserted into perianth tube; half portion of fruit inserted into perianth tube at maturity. Flowering and fruiting period: May to January. Ecology: In evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. Specimens examined: Moulvibazar: Lathitila beat, Goalbari, Juri, 14.11.2022, K.K. Islam and M.A. Hoque 5132 (DACB). Sylhet: Nijpat, Jaintiapur, 29.12.2022, S.A. Khan, G.M. Hossain and M.S. Rahman 15 (JUH); 24.05.2023, M.S. Rahman 4931 (DACB). Distribution: Native to Bangladesh and India. THREE NEW RECORDS OF LAURACEAE 93 Uses: The leaf is used to cure irritation of the urinary bladder and urethra; the root is used for the treatment of bruises; and the fruit and seed are used to cure sprains and itches (Bhuinya et al., 2010). Fig. 2. Litsea stocksii (Meisn.) Hook. a) A branchlet showing habit, b) Male inflorescence c) Female inflorescence, d) Young infructescence and e) Mature infructescence. L. stocksii (Meisn.) Hook.f. appears to be close to L. laeta (Wall. ex Nees) Hook.f., from which it differs by having 2.1–2.4 cm long petioles, an oblong berry inserted almost fully into the perianth tube or at least half porting of fruit, a fruiting pedicel c. 0.5 cm long with 1.8–2.0 cm long infructescence stalks, in contrast to the 0.6–1.6 cm long petioles, ovoid or ellipsoid berries inserted 94 RAHMAN et al. into less than half of the perianth tube, 0.5–1.2 cm long fruiting pedicels, and less than 1.6 cm long infructescence stalks of L. laeta. Litsea variabilis Hemsl., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 386 (1891); Liou Ho, Laurac. Chine & Indochine. 188 (1932); Allen, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 25: 393 (1938); Kosterm., Bibliogr. Laur. 891 (1964); Ngernsaengsaruay et al., Thai For. Bull. (Bot.) 39: 40–119 (2011). (Fig. 3) Small tree, up to 6 m tall; bark smooth, lenticellate, dark brown; branchlets sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Leaves spiral; leaf blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 8–14 cm by 2.5–4.5 cm, apically acute or acuminate, basally cuneate, marginally entire, chartaceous, dark green, glabrous adaxially, glaucous, sparsely pubescent, or glabrous abaxially; petioles 0.8–1.0 cm long, sparsely pubescent; midrib sunken above, raised beneath; secondary veins 6–10 pairs, shallowly sunken or flattened above, raised beneath, curving near margins; tertiary veins reticulate, distinct beneath. Inflorescences umbel, on reduced branchlets, umbels in the short cluster, in axils of leaves or along branchlets, clusters of umbels 0.7–1.0 cm long, 0.3–0.6 cm in diam.; peduncles 0.4–0.5 cm long, pubescent; bracts 4, decussate, suborbicular, or broadly ovate, concave, 2–5 by 2–3 mm, pubescent outside. Male flowers 3–4 in each umbel; pedicels 1–2 mm long, pubescent; tepals 6, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, subequal, 2.5–3.0 mm by 1.0–1.5 mm, membranaceous, hairy; stamens 8–12, unequal; anthers 0.5–1.2 mm long; filaments 1–2 mm long, villose, 2 glands at base or without glands; pistillode 1.5 mm long. Fruits globose, 0.7–1.1 cm in diam., green with white dots, turning black when ripe, glabrous, glossy; enlarged perianth tube, a shallow cup, 0.4–0.5 cm in diam., sparsely pubescent; fruiting pedicels 0.2–0.5 cm long, sparsely pubescent; shallow perianth tubes up to 0.2 cm in diam.; infructescence stalks 0.4–0.5 cm long, sparsely pubescent. Flowering and fruiting period: March-November. Ecology: In the moist evergreen forest beside the canal. Fig. 3. Litsea variabilis Hemsl. a) A branchlet with mature infructescence. THREE NEW RECORDS OF LAURACEAE 95 Specimens examined: Moulvibazar: Lathitila beat, Goalbari, Juri, 15.11.2022 K.K. Islam 5297 (DACB); 23.05.2023, M.S. Rahman 4897 (DACB). Distribution: Native to Bangladesh, China, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. Uses: The wood is heavy, slightly hard, and resistant to water and borer insects. It is used for furniture-making and house construction. L. variabilis Hemsl. seems closer to L. khasyana Meisn, from which it can be clearly distinguished by its pubescent petioles and globose fruits, in contrast to L. khasyana’s glabrous petiole and ellipsoid or cylindrical fruit. The images of all three species presented have been collected from mature plants naturally growing in the study area. The finding of these three species will make little contribution to the efforts to confirm the existence of more species in Bangladesh in addition to the current record of 3892 angiosperm species for this country. Acknowledgement The first author gratefully acknowledges the Bangladesh National Herbarium and Forest Department for providing financial and accommodation support, respectively. 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