Microsoft Word - 02. Ethnoveternary practices.doc Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 19(1): 7-16, 2012 (June) © 2012 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINAL PRACTICES IN TRIBAL REGIONS OF ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA PRAYAGA MURTY PRAGADA1 AND GEDDADA MOHAN NARASIMHA RAO Department of Botany, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, A.P, India Keywords: Medicinal plants; Veterinary diseases; Uses; Andhra Pradesh. Abstract The present communication deals with the plants used to treat common diseases in cattle and pet animals in the tribal belts of Andhra Pradesh, India. For the purpose of the ethnoveterinary practices, 108 plant species belonging to 99 genera and 51 families were identified. The present study reveals that leafy parts rank first, among the various plant parts used to treat different ailments of the livestock. Introduction Andhra Pradesh is the fourth largest state in India which lies between 12º 37/ and 19º 54/ North latitudes and 76º 46/ and 84º 46/ East longitudes, and occupies the middle portion of the Eastern half the Indian Peninsula with an area of 2,75,068 sq km of which 23.20% is covered by forest lands. The state has land boundaries with Orissa, Madhya Pradesh on the North, Maharashtra and Karnataka on the West, Tamilanadu on the South and Sea boundary with the Bay of Bengal on the East. The tribal population of Andhra Pradesh is 50.24 lakhs divided into 33 tribal groups. Ethnoveterinary medicine, deals with traditional animal health care which encompasses the knowledge, skills, methods, practices and beliefs about animal health care. A broader survey has shown that more than 80% of the tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh still depend on traditional medicines for their animal health practices and more than 95% of the traditional medical preparations are of plant origin. Indian rural economy depends upon agriculture and livestock management and farmer’s livelihood in Andhra Pradesh is partially on dairy. In rural and tribal regions livestock regularly affected by different types of diseases. Due to unavailability of veterinary services rural tribal poor people of Andhra Pradesh depend on ethnoveterinary practices. The present study has been made to collect, identify and document the ethnoveterinary medicinal plants used by tribals of Andhra Pradesh. Material and Methods Fifteen field trips to the study area were made to collect information on ethnoveterinary practices by the aboriginal and others through interviewing local chiefs, priests, vaidyas, herbal practitioners, elderly people and educated youths. The methodology was adopted as described by Jain (1964, 1981, 1987, 1999), Chadwick and Marsh (1994), Hemadri (1994) and Martin (1995). Each medicinal practice was cross checked with 3 or 4 informants. Ethnoveterinary data and the vernacular names were collected for documentation. Plants specimens were collected and identified by referring to standard Flora, viz. Hooker (1872-1897), Gamble and Fischer (1915), Pullaiah (1997) and few other local floras. 1Corresponding author. Email: pragada007@gmail.com 8 PRAGADA AND NARASIMHA RAO Results and Discussion In the present study a total of 108 plant species belonging to 99 genera and 51 families have been identified as potential source for treating 47 types of ailments. The scientific names of the species along with families, vernacular names, part(s) used, veterinary uses, doses and mode of preperation are recorded in Table 1. Among these, leafy parts occupies the highest position (41%), followed by stem bark (18%), aerial part (12%), fruit (7%), whole plant (6%), root (5%), tubers (3%) corn, oil and bulb (2%) each one for latex, stem, milk, young fruit were used to treat the livestock ailment. Table 1. Plant species used by tribal people in the Andhra Pradesh, for treatment of veterinary diseases and the mode of administration. Sl. No. Species name Family name Vernacular name Part(s ) used Veterinary use Doses and mode of preparation 1. Abrus precatorius L. Fabaceae Gurivinda Seed Trypano- somiasis Seed extracts (20 mg) dissolved in drinking water, once daily for 4 days 2. Acacia chundra L. Mimosaceae Sandra Stem bark Ephemeral fever Stem bark decoction (200 ml) is administered once daily for 4-5 days 3. Acacia nilotica L. Mimosaceae Nalla tumma Stem bark Intestinal problem Decoction (100 ml) stem bark is administered twice daily for 4 days 4. Acalypha indica L. Euphorbiaceae Muripindi Root, leaf Worms Roots and leaves are crushed in 1:2 ratio and administered once daily for 5 days 5. Achyranthus aspera L. Amaranthaceae Uttareni Leaf, flower Anthalmin- tic, myiasis Paste of leaves (100 gm) mixed in butter and is applied to wounds to prevent myiasis 6. Adansonia digitata L. Bombacaceae Enugu padam Stem bark, fruit Diarrhoea, poor milk flow Boiled decoction of stem bark, fruit is administered thrice daily for 3 days 7. Agave americana L. Agavaceae Kittanara Leaf Skin wounds Leaf paste applied on effected area 8. Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Simaroubaceae Pedda manu Leaf Malarial fever Decoction of leaves is administered twice daily for 5 days 9. Allium cepa L. Liliaceae Ulli Bulb Gastrointes- tinal problems Ash (100 mg) is prepared from bulb and is administered twice daily for 4 days 10. Allium sativum L. Liliaceae Vellulli Bulb Cough Paste (50 mg) of bulb is administered once daily for 5 days 11. Aloe vera L. Liliaceae Kalabanda Leaf Fowl typhoid Paste of crushed fresh leaves (200 gm) dissolved in 1 liter water and administered once daily for 4 days (Contd.) ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINAL PRACTICES IN ANDHRA PRADESH 9 Table 1. Contd. Sl. No. Species name Family name Vernacular name Part(s) used Veterinary use Doses and mode of preparation 12. Alstonia scholaris L. Apocynaceae Edakulapala Bark Gastric problem Bark (50 mg) is mixed with sufficient salt and administered once daily for 5 days 13. Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Mulla thotakura Whole plant Wounds Paste of whole plant is applied externally for quick healing of wounds 14. Ananas comosus L. Bromeliaceae Nelapanasa Young fruit Anthelmintic Young fruit juice (200 ml) is administered twice daily for 5 days 15. Anisomeles indica Kuntze Lamiaceae Chinna ranabari Leaf Ephemeral fever Leaf decoction (500 ml) is administered once daily for 4 days 16. Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae Ramaphalam Leaf Wounds Paste of leaves is mixed with mustard oil and applied on wounds for quick healing 17. Annona squmosa L. Annonaceae Seetha- phalam Leaf, seed Tick infestation, maggot wound Paste of seeds and leaves is applied on the skin 18. Argemone mexicana L. Papavaraceae Rakka balusa Milk, oil Chronic ulcerous wounds Pale milk of the plant and oil from seeds are applied on chronic ulcerous wounds once daily for 15 days 19. Atlantia malabarica (L.) Correa Rutaceae Konda nimma Stem bark Anthrax Stem bark (250 gm) paste with sufficient quantity of pepper and garlic is administered twice daily for a week 20. Azadirachta indica L. Meliaceae Vepa Whole plant Trypano- somiasis 50 gm of powder of leaf is administered twice daily for 4 days 21. Balanitis aegyptiaca L. Simaroubaceae Gara Seed Anthelmintic Seed powder (20 gm) administered once daily for 8 days 22. Bambusa aundinacea Retz. Poaceae Veduru Leaf Cough Dried leaves (50 mg) is mixed with mustard oil and administered twice daily for 3 days 23. Barleria prionites L. Acanthaceae Mullagorinta Leaf, stem bark Diarrhoea, foot and mouth diseases Decoction of bark (200 ml) is given to animals as an astringent in diarrhoea. Paste of leaves (20gm) is applied to inter digital space in animals suffering from foot and mouth disease until cure 24. Brassica nigra L. Brassicaceae Avalu Seeds Kidney disorder Seed oil (50 ml) is administered orally once for 5 days 25. Bryonia dioica L. Cucurbitaceae Buddakakara Leaf, fruit Worm and fever Decoction (100 ml) of leaf and fruit is administered once daily for 3 days (Contd.) 10 PRAGADA AND NARASIMHA RAO Table 1. Contd. Sl. No. Species name Family name Vernacular name Part(s) used Veterinary use Doses and mode of preparation 26. Butea monosperma L. Fabaceae Moduga Seed Anthelmintic Seed powder (200 mg) alone or in combination with honey is given as an anthelmintic 27. Caesalpinia crista L. Caesalpiniaceae Gaccha Leaf Trypanoso- miasis Leaves along with leaves of Dendrocalamus strictus (20 gm each) crushed and mixed in 100 ml of water is administered thrice a day for 4 days 28. Calotropis procera R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Tella Jilledu Leaf, latex Inflammation, snake-bite Milky latex of plant is applied on inflamed areas to relieve inflammation and on snake bite to neutralize poison 29. Capsicum annuum L. Solanaceae Mirapa Fruit Mouth disease 5 gm of fruit paste is dissolved in 1 liter of water administered thrice daily for 5 days 30. Caralluma adscendens R. Br. Euphorbiaceae Kundatikommulu Leaf Bloat Paste (200 mg) dissolved in 5 liters of water, administered twice daily for 3 days 31. Carica papaya L. Papavaraceae Boppay Latex Anthelmintic Latex (20 ml) mixed with feed and administered twice daily for 6 days 32. Cassia fistula L. Caesalpiniaceae Rela Fruit Cold Paste of green fruit is applied on neck to cure swelling due to cold 33. C. senna L. Caesalpiniaceae Sonamukhi Leaf, pod Rheumatism, skin disease Powder of dried leaves (20 gm) used in rheumatism and skin diseases once daily for 8 days 34. Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Bombacaceae Burugu Leaf, stem bark Trypanoso- miasis Decoction is administered twice daily for 3 days 35. Cipadessa baccifera Miq. Meliaceae Rendabha-ram Stem bark Ephemeral fever Stem bark decoction (500 ml) is administered with a pinch of pepper powder once daily for 4-5 days 36. Cissampelos pareira L. Menispermaceae Chiruboddi Aerial part Swelling of abdomen Boiling the aerial parts properly and preparing decoction, given 4-5 table spoon full thrice daily for 3 days 37. Citrus aurantifolia L. Rutaceae Nimma Fruit Cold, nervous disorder Fruit juice (200 ml) is administered twice daily for 3 days (Contd.) ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINAL PRACTICES IN ANDHRA PRADESH 11 Table 1. Contd. Sl. No. Species name Family name Vernacular name Part(s) used Veterinary use Doses and mode of preparation 38. Clerodendrum phlomoides L. f. Verbenaceae Urni Root Edema Decoction of root (200 ml) is used orally to treat indigestion and generalized edema 39. C. viscosum Vent Verbenaceae Gurrapu katilyaku Leaf Worms Paste of the tender leaves (20 gm) is administered once daily for 3 days 40. Cochlospermum religiosum L. Cochlospermaceae Konda gogu Leaf, stem bark Infertility Decoction of leaf and stem bark is administered once daily for 10 days 41. Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulaceae Pilimiteega Leaf Respiratory ailments Leaf decoction (50 ml) is mixed with feed administered twice daily for 7 days 42. Costus speciosus Koenig Costaceae Chengalva- cost Root Wounds Paste of the root stock is applied externally to cure wounds 43. Cucurbita pepo L. Cucurbitaceae Karkumbuda Leaf Antiparasitics Leaf decoction is applied externally 44. Cuminum cyminum L. Apiaceae Jeelakarra Seed Cough Powder (25 mg) of the seeds is administered once daily for 3 days 45. Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Pasupu Corn Bleeding blood Paste of corn (100 mg) administered twice daily for 5 days 46. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Cuscutaceae Bangaru teega Whole plant Galactogogue About 20 gm of plant is fried in mustard oil and is given twice daily after delivery as galactogogue 47. Cymopsis tetragonoloba L. Fabaceae Goruchik- kudu Seed Nematodiasis The mixture of cluster bean gram and red chilies (50 gm) is administered 48. Datura stramonium L. Solanaceae Ummetha Leaf Antiparasitics, repellents Leaf decoction is applied externally 49. Delonix regia L. Caesalpiniaceae Turai Stem bark Ephemeral fever Stem bark extract with pepper and garlic is administered twice daily for 8 days 50. Dillenia pentaphylla Roxb. Dilleniaceae Kalinga Stem bark Anthrax Stem bark paste is fed to animal daily twice for 3-4 days 51. Diospyros lotus L. Sapotaceae Adavi sapota Stem bark Trypanoso- miasis Stem bark decoction (400 ml) is given every hour 52. Dolichandrone atrovirens Roth Bignoniaceae Neeruddi Stem bark Ephemeral fever Stem bark extract with Anogeissus latifolia (1:1 ratio) is administered 3-4 times daily for 2 days 53. Eucalyptus globulus L. Myrtaceae Neelagiri Oil Skin and wounds Oil is applied on skin problems and wounds (Contd.) 12 PRAGADA AND NARASIMHA RAO Table 1. Contd. Sl. No. Species name Family name Vernacular name Part(s) used Veterinary use Doses and mode of preparation 54. Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Marri Bark Small fox Paste of bark (100 mg) mixed with powder of wheat and prepared pills administered orally once daily for 10 days 55. Fioria vitifolia Mattei. Malvaceae Adavi benda Stem bark Ephemeral fever Stem bark (200 gm) soaked in 2 liters of buttermilk for 3 days with sufficient quantity of pepper and garlic is administered twice daily for 3 days 56. Foenicum vulgare Miller Apiaceae Sompu Seed Reproductive disorder Seed powder (50 mg) is administered once daily for 7 days 57. Gardenia latifolia Ait. Rubiaceae Pedda kalinga Stem bark Ephemeral fever Stem bark (150-200 gm) extract with 15-20 pepper and garlic is given twice daily for 3 days 58. Geodorum densiflorum Schltr. Orchidaceae Donthula dumpa Tuber Ephemeral fever Tuber (200 gm) extract with 15-20 gm of pepper and garlic is administered once daily for 3 days 59. Gnaphalium polycaulon Pers. Asteraceae Bakhlu Whole plant Ephemeral fever Whole plant extract (200-300 gm) with sufficient quantity of pepper and garlic is administered once daily for 3 days 60. Hedyotis corymbosa L. Rubiaceae Tikka chutta Whole plant Trypanoso- miasis Whole plant decoction (1-2 liter) is administered with a pinch of pepper and garlic powder, is also used as nasal drops 61. Helianthus annus L. Asteraceae Poddutiru- gudu Oil Reproductive disorder Seed oil (50 ml) is administered orally once for 5 days 62. Hordeum vulgare L. Poaceae Barley, Yavaka Seed, leaf Gastrointes- tinal complaints Seed powder with combination of jaggery is administered twice daily for 7 days 63. Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Nepalam Leaf, stem bark Pneumoni Boiled decoction is administered once daily for 2 days 64. Lannea coromandelica Murr. Anacardiaceae Gumpena Stem bark Anthrax Stem bark decoction (250 ml) is administered daily twice for 15 days 65. Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae Gorintaku Leaf Bruises wounds Decoction leaf is administered directly on skin until cure 66. Lindernia parviflora Haines. Scrophulariaceae Not known Whole plant Ephemeral fever Whole plant crushed with 10- 15 pepper and sufficient quantity of garlic is administered once daily for 3 days (Contd.) ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINAL PRACTICES IN ANDHRA PRADESH 13 Table 1. Contd. Sl. No. Species name Family name Vernacular name Part(s) used Veterinary use Doses and mode of preparation 67. Lycopersicum esculentum L. Solanaceae Tamata Leaf Eye problem Fruit juice (500 ml) is administered twice daily for 3 days 68. Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Mamidi Seed, stem bark, root Poor milk flow Combination of seed, stem bark and root paste (1:1:1) is administered once daily for 10 days 69. Miliusa tomentosa Roxb. Annonaceae Barra duddi Stem bark Trypanoso- miasis Stem bark decoction (200-250 ml) is given twice daily for 3 days 70. Morinda citrifolia L. Rubiaceae Togara Fruit Anthelmintic Fruit juice (20 ml) is administered once daily for 3 days 71. Moringa oleifera L. Moringaceae Mulaga Seed, stem bark, root Heminthosis Paste of seed (20 gm) or stem bark (50 gm) or root (50 gm) is administered twice daily for 3 days 72. Mollugo nudicaulis Lam. Molluginaceae Not known Leaf Ripen abscesses Paste of fresh leaves (100 gm) is applied to ripen abscesses daily once for 4 days 73. Murraya koenigii L. Rutaceae Karivepaku Leaf Diarrhoea 50 gm of leaves are crushed in water and drenched 74. Musa paradisiaca L. Musaceae Arati Root Worms Paste of crushed fresh roots (200 gm) dissolved in 1 liter water and administered once daily for 4 days 75. Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae Ganneru Tuber Antipara- sitics, repellents, skin and wounds Tuber is crushed into paste and applied over the wounds and skin 76. Nicotiana tabaccum L. Solanaceae Pogaku Leaf Ectoparasites Leaf decoction is applied on skin directly 77. Ocimum gmatissimum L. Lamiaceae Nimmathu- lasi Leaf Constipation Leaf paste is dissolved in drinking water for 3 days 78. Oryza sativa L. Poaceae Vari Seed Gastrointes- tinal problems Combination of boiled grains with jaggery is administered once daily for 15 days 79. Papaver somniferum L. Papavaraceae Nallamandu Seed Nervous system disorder Decoction (20 ml) is administered once daily for 10 days 80. Pedalium murex L. Pedaliaceae Enugu palleru Fruit Diuretic Powder of dried fruits (100 gm) dissolved in 1 liter of water is administered once daily for 5 days 81. Phyllanthus amarus L. Euphorbiaceae Nela usisri Root, leaf Indigestion, wounds Powder of roots (20 gm) is given to animals suffering indigestion, juice of leaves (100 ml) is applied to wounds and inflamed areas (Contd.) 14 PRAGADA AND NARASIMHA RAO Table 1. Contd. Sl. No. Species name Family name Vernacular name Part(s) used Veterinary use Doses and mode of preparation 82. Physalis minima L. Solanaceae Buddabusara Leaf Swelling of abdomen Twig of the plant (200 mg) is mixed with leaves of Clerodendrum viscosum (100 mg) and is administered once daily for 3 days 83. Piper nigrum L. Piperaceae Pippallu Fruit Low milk flow Fruits (20 mg) with grinded black gram paste is administered once daily for 10 days 84. Polyalthia cerasoides Bedd. Annonaceae Chilaka duddi Stem bark Ephemeral fever Stem bark (200 gm) crushed with 10-15 pepper and sufficient quantity of garlic is administered twice daily for 3 days 85. Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Jama Leaf, stem bark Helminthosis, fever, diarrhoea Boiled leaf decoction (500 ml) and stem bark is administered twice daily for 3 days 86. Pterolobium hexapetalum L. Caesalpiniaceae Korintha teega Whole plant Cough Decoction (50 ml) is administered once daily for 4 days 87. Radermachera xylocarpa Roxb. Bignoniaceae Isakarasi Stem bark Ephemeral fever 15-20 pepper and garlic is fed to cattle twice daily for 2 days 88. Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae amudam Seed oil Purgative Oil of seed (20 ml) is used as a purgative once daily for 5 days 89. Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. Agavaceae Chapodishi Leaf Trypano- somiasis Warmed leaf juice is used as nasal drops thrice in a period of two hours and paste is also applied over the body 90. Securinega leucopyros Muell. Euphorbiaceae Sulamunata Leaf Wounds Paste of leaves (50 gm) is applied to wounds once daily for 4 days 91. Semecarpus anacardium L. Annonaceae Nalla jeedi Fruit Haemorr- hagic Dried fruits (50 mg) are administered twice daily for 6 days 92. Senna occidentalis Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Kasintha Leaf Helminthosis Soak in water and drench 93. Sida acuta L. Malvaceae Muttavapu- lagam Leaf Diarrhoea Decoction with Musa paradisiaca flowers, administered 4-5 times daily for 3 days 94. Solanum melongena L. Solanaceae Vanga Leaf Skin wounds Leaf paste is applied on skin wounds 95. S. nigrum L. Solanaceae Kamanchi Leaf Gastrointes- tinal Decoction (100 ml) of leaf is administered once daily for 10 days 96. S. tuberosum L. Solanaceae Bangala- dumpa Tuber Reproductive disorder Tuber paste is administered twice daily for 6 days (Contd.) ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINAL PRACTICES IN ANDHRA PRADESH 15 Table 1. Contd. Sl. No. Species name Family name Vernacular name Part(s) used Veterinary use Doses and mode of preparation 97. Sonchus oleraceus L. Asteraceae Rathrinta Leaf Skin wounds Leaf paste is applied on skin wounds 98. Soymida febrifuga A. Juss. Meliaceae Somidi Stem bark Trypanoso- miasis Stem bark mixed with same of Terminalia alata, Dichrostachys cinerea and Solanum xanthocarpum (100 gm each) is administered twice daily for 2 days 99. Strychnos nuxvomica L. Loganiaceae Musidi Leaf Foot rot Decoction of leaf is applied on foot thrice daily for one week 100. Tamarindus indica L. Caesalpiniaceae Chinta Stem bark Mouth disease Boiled decoction is administered thrice for 4 days 101. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. & Thoms. Menispermaceae Tippateega Stem, leaf Fever, immunity Stem and leaf decoction (50 gm) is administered once daily for 3 days 102. Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllaceae Palleru Leaf Chronic cough Juice of leaf (50 mg) is administered twice daily for 4 days 103. Vitex altissima L. Verbenaceae Nemaladugu Stem bark Ephemeral fever Stem bark and that of Anogeissus latifolia (1:1 ratio) along with 10- 15 pepper and garlic crushed is administered twice daily for 3 days 104. V. negundo L. Verbenaceae Vavila Leaf Rheumatism, arthritis Decoction of leaves (200 ml) is administered twice daily for 3 days 105. Waltheria indica L. Sterculiaceae Nallabenda Leaf Pneumonia Boiled decoction (200 ml) is administered twice daily for 10 days 106. Zea mays L. Poaceae Jonna Corn Reproductive disorder Powder of the corn is administered for the reproductive disorders 107. Ziziphus jujuba L. Rhamnaceae Regu Fruit Skin disease Fruit pulp is administered for 10 days 108. Z. xylopyra L. Rhamnaceae Gotti Root Anthrax Roots crushed with Calotropis gigantea stem barks, Erythroxylum monogynum and Pterocarpus marsupium and 10-12 dry chilies is administered for 2-3 days with one liter of water once daily Among these families Solanaceae ranks the highest position represented by eight species followed by Caesalpiniaceae with seven species. Twenty three families are represented by single species only. To treat a disease more than one species may be used. Ephemeral fever in cattle are treated by 14 plant species; Trypanosomiasis by 9 species; anthelmintic and wounds by 6 species; diarrhoea by 5 species; anthrax, cough reproductive disorders, skin diseases and wounds by 4 species; antiparasitics, helminthosis by 3 species; cold, fever, immunity, mouth disease, pneumonia, rheumatism and swelling of abdomen by 2 species; and remaining diseases such as bleeding, bloat, bruises, wounds, chronic cough, chronic ulcerous wounds, constipation, diuretic, edema, eye problem, footroot, galactogogue, gastrointestinal, haemarragic, indigestion, wounds, infertility, inflammation, snake-bite, kidney disorder, low milk flow, malarial fever, nematodiasis, 16 PRAGADA AND NARASIMHA RAO nervous system disorder, poor milk flow, purgative, respiratory ailments, riben abscesses, smallpox, and tick infestation were treated by one species. 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