Microsoft Word - 04. Onopordum_myriacanthum_Re-revised_13..doc Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 21(2): 139-145, 2014 (December) © 2014 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists ONOPORDUM MYRIACANTHUM SUBSP. ARACHNOIDEUM COMB. & STAT. NOV. (ASTERACEAE: CARDUEAE) S. MESUT PINAR1 AND LÜTFI BEHÇET2 Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 65080, Van/Turkey Keywords: Nomenclature; Asteraceae; Onopordum bracteatum; O. myriacanthum; Taxonomy. Abstract Turkish endemic taxon Onopordum bracteatum Boiss. & Heldr. var. arachnoideum Erik & Sümbül is transferred to O. myriacanthum Boiss. as O. myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum (Erik & Sümbül) Pınar & Behçet comb. & stat. nov. It is characterized by the phyllaries with densely and persistently arachnoid hairs both inside and outside, and upper stem leaves are 2–8 cm far from capitulum. In addition, the pollen characteristics and achene features are presented. The conservation status of O. myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum has been assessed according to IUCN criteria. A distribution map of O. myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum and its related taxa is also presented. Introduction The genus Onopordum L. (Asteraceae, Cardueae) is distributed in the Western and Central Asia, Europe, Northern Africa and the Canary Islands, comprising c. 60 taxa (Susanna and Garcia- Jacas, 2007). Danin (1975) reported 17 species of Onopordum for the Flora of Turkey. After the publication of this flora, 1 new taxon and 3 new records were added in the subsequent works (Davis et al., 1988; Tuzlacı, 2000; Özhatay et al., 2009; Pınar and Behçet, 2014). Currently, the genus Onopordum is represented by 21 taxa in Turkey, of which 7 are endemic. Within the scope of the PhD study of the first author, O. bracteatum var. bracteatum, O. bracteatum var. arachnoideum and O. myriacanthum specimens have been collected from different localities for revision of Onopordum in Turkey. In this study, we aimed to explore the similarity and variation among these taxa and to accurately determine their taxonomic status. Materials and Methods During an expedition carried out in 2010–2011, the endemic taxon O. bracteatum Boiss. & Heldr. var. arachnoideum Erik & Sümbül was collected from the type locality, Kazancı (Ermenek) district in Central Anatolia. This taxon was first collected by Mecit Vural in 1978 and identified as O. bracteatum. Afterwards, it was collected by Hüseyin Sümbül in 1984 and described as a new variety (Erik and Sümbül, 1986). These collections are compared with the type photo of O. bracteatum and O. myriacanthum, which were obtained from G, K, BM herbaria, and samples deposited in EGE, GAZI, HUB, KNYA, AEF and ANK herbaria. After a careful examination it is concluded that this taxon considerably differs from O. bracteatum s.l. Based on the morphological, palynological and geographical evidences presented in this study, we propose the collected taxon as new combination Onopordum myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum. The examined specimens of O. bracteatum, O. myriacanthum subsp. myriacanthum and O. myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum from different localities are also cited. 1Corresponding author. E-mail: mesutpinar@hotmail.com 2Bingöl University, Science and Art Faculty, Department of Biology, 12000, Bingöl/Turkey. 140 PINAR AND BEHÇET Pollen and achenes of O. bracteatum, O. myriacanthum subsp. myriacanthum and O. myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum were studied with both light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The pollen materials were obtained from either fresh or dried specimens. For LM studies, Wodehouse technique was followed for the preparation of the pollen slides (Wodehouse, 1935). For the SEM investigations, the achenes and pollen were mounted to aluminium stubs, coated with gold in a sputter-coater, and examined under LEO 440 SEM. The descriptive terminology of pollen was adopted from Erdtman (1969), Faegri and Iversen (1975) and Punt et al. (2007), and for the seed terminology Koul et al. (2000), Tantawy et al. (2004) and Hacıoğlu et al. (2012) were followed. Results and Discussion Onopordum myriacanthum Boiss. subsp. arachnoideum (Erik & Sümbül) Pınar & Behçet, comb. & stat. nov. (Figs 1-3). O. bracteatum Boiss. & Heldr. var. arachnoideum Erik & Sümbül in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44: 155 (1986). Type: Turkey. [C4 Konya] Ermenek, around of Kazancı, 650-850 m, 21.6.1984, H. Sümbül 3024 (Holotype: HUB!). Onopordum myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum differs from O. bracteatum s.l. in having phyllaries with densely and persistently arachnoid hair on both sides. In addition, plant is longer, upper stem leaves are 2-8 cm far from capitulum, with smaller and sparse arrangement in upper stem leaves, longer peduncle and presence of glands in corolla lobes. O. myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum differs from the typical subsp. myriacanthum, by having densely arachnoid hairy phyllaries both inside and outside, more intensive inflorescence (not sparse) and larger capitulum and phyllaries. Comparison of morphological characters of the related taxa O. myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum, O. myriacanthum subsp. myriacanthum, and O. bracteatum is shown in Table 1. Onopordum bracteatum belongs to the Irano-Turanian element and is distributed mainly in Central and Southwestern Anatolia, between 150-1500 m. O. myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum belongs to the Irano-Turanian element and is a local endemic to south of Central Anatolia, confined to Karaman province. It grows in rocky slopes and Pinus brutia glades, associated with Picnomon acarna L., Euphorbia aleppica L., Centaurea solstitialis L. subsp. solstitialis, Quercus trojana Webb, between 600-1200 m altitude. O. myriacanthum subsp. myriacanthum in comparison, belongs to the Mediterranean element and is distrubuted mainly in West and Southwestern Anatolia; grows on edge of the field, roadside, glades at 100-1000 m (Fig. 2). Specimens examined: Onopordum myriacanthum Boiss. subsp. arachnoideum (Erik & Sümbül) Pınar & Behçet, comb. & stat. nov.: Turkey. Ermenek, Kazancı, Özlüce village, 1150 m, 11.7.1978, M. Vural 1094 (Paratypes: ANK!, KNYA!, GAZI!); Ermenek, Ermenek-Kazancı, Pinus brutia glade, 1000 m, 12.7.1989, H. Sümbül 3408, J. Venter (HUB!); Ermenek, Kazancı, around of Çavuşköy, slopes, 785 m, 20.7.2011, 36°33'294" N, 32°58'689" E, M. Pınar 3205 (VANF!). O. myriacanthum Boiss., Diagn. ser. 2(6): 114 (1859) subsp. myriacanthum – Syntypes: Greece. In regione media montis Malevo Laconiae, Orphanides 55 (G photo!, BM photo!); in regione media Parnassi inter Rachova et Gourna, Heldreich 3203 (G photo!, K photo!); Turkey. B1 İzmir: Bergama, Kozak paşa, around of çeşme, 21.7.1962, K. Karamanoğlu (AEF!); B1 Manisa: Turgutlu, 2 km west of Turgutlu, roadside, 100 m, 8.8.2011, 38°29'309" N, 27°40'007" ONOPORDUM MYRIACANTHUM SUBSP. ARACHNOIDEUM COMB. & STAT. NOV. 141 E, M. Pınar 3377 (VANF!); C2 Denizli: Çukurköy-Serinhisar (Kisilhisar), 10 km away from Çukurköy, edge of field, 985 m, 22.7.2011, 37°37' 098" N, 29°14'442" E, M. Pınar 3292 (VANF!); Çukurköy-Kızılhisar, 13.7.1947, Davis 13285 (ANK!); Çukurköy, Denizli river, 14.7.1947, Davis 13460 (ANK!) C2 Muğla: Fethiye, south slopes of Babadağ, around of Kozaağaç, glade, 750 m, 10.8.2011, 36°31'288" N, 29°09'284" E, M. Pınar 3420 (VANF!); Baba Dağ, 610 m, Davis 13666 (ANK!). Fig. 1. Habit and capitulum of Onopordum bracteatum (a, b), O. myriacanthum subsp. myriacanthum (c, d) and O. myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum (e, f). Fig. 2. Distribution map of Onopordum bracteatum (■), O. myriacanthum subsp. myriacanthum (□) and O. myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum (∆) in Turkey. 142 PINAR AND BEHÇET ONOPORDUM MYRIACANTHUM SUBSP. ARACHNOIDEUM COMB. & STAT. NOV. 143 O. bracteatum Boiss. & Heldr. in Boiss., Diagn. ser. 1(10) : 91 (1849) – Holotype: Turkey. C3 Burdur: in saxosis prope Aglansoun (Ağlasun) ad radices montis Boudroun Pisidiae, Heldreich 1130 (G photo!); B3 Konya: Southwest of Akşehir lake (Yeniköy), around of lake, roadside, 1050 m, 7.8.1982, M. Küçükodük 170 (KNYA!); B3 Afyon: Sultandağı, west of Sultandağı, steppe, 1340-1370 m, 1.8.1993, A. Dönmez, M. Ekici, Z. Aytaç 6425 (GAZI!); B3 Isparta: Akşehir-Isparta, around of Bağıllı, 5 km before Gelendost, roadside, 980 m, 22.7.2011, 38°08'507" N, 31°03'726" E, M. Pınar 3271(VANF!); C2 Denizli: Acıpayam, Abbas, Davis 13470 (ANK!); C2 Muğla: Marmaris, Kozcakara Dağ, 150 m, 15.7.1960, Khan et al 64 (ANK!); Marmaris, Marmaris-Muğla, Çetibeli pass, edge of field, 550 m, 10.8.2011, 36°56'515" N, 28°15'577" E, M. Pınar 3416 (VANF!); C3 Isparta: Eğirdir, Barda mount, 1150-1250 m, 8.9.1982, Y. Gemici, L. Bekat 607 (EGE!); Ş. Karaağaç, between Kıyakdede and Göztepe mountains, 1200-1300 m, 23.7.1994, B. Mutlu 998 (HUB!); Eğridir, 10 km before Eğridir, edge of lake, 1200 m, 22.7.2011, 37°52'583" N, 30°54'282" E, M. Pınar 3276 (VANF!); C3 Burdur: Ağlasun, East of Ağlasun, steppe, 1130 m, 22.7.2011, 37°38'499" N, 30°31'271" E, M. Pınar 3286 (VANF!); C3 Konya: Seydişehir, north of Koyucak mount, oak gap, 1500 m, 27.7.1983, H. Ocakverdi 1652 (KNYA!); Beyşehir, Hoyran- Kurucaova, steppe, 1160 m, 22.7.2011, 37°35'305" N, 31°33'540" E, M. Pınar 3266 (VANF); Çumra-Bozkır, around of Dinek, slopes, 1100 m, 20.7.2011, 37°20'532" N, 32°36'418" E, M. Pınar 3181 (VANF!). The pollen polar axis average is 57.52 µm and equatorial axis 59.19 µm, P/E ratio 0.97, exine thickness 9.69 µm, colpus length 32.62 µm and colpus width 19.69 µm. Pollen shape is oblate- spheroidal, the ornamentation microreticulate and sculpture is echinate in O. myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum. The achenes are greyish white, average size is 5.58 × 2.96 mm. Usually achenes shape are obovate and transversely rugose. Sculpture ornamentation of achene surface finely and irregularly undulate. A comparative account of palynological and achene properties of O. bracteatum, O. myriacanthum subsp. myriacanthum and O. myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum are shown in Tables 2 and 3. Table 2. Comparison of pollen characters of Onopordum bracteatum, O. myriacanthum subsp. myriacanthum and O. myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum (Max.: maximum, Min.: minimum, M: mean, SD: standard deviation). Onopordum bracteatum O. myriacanthum subsp. myriacanthum O. myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum Characters Min. - Max. (M ±SD) Min. - Max. (M ±SD) Min. - Max. (M ±SD) Polar diameter (P) (µm) 54.87–58.84 (57.14 ±0.99) 53.98–57.85 (56.60 ±1.01) 54.85–60.60 (57.52 ±1.53) Equatorial diameter (E) (µm) 55.36–60.48 (58.27 ±1.06) 55.79–59.41 (57.83 ±0.93) 56.07–62.41 (59.19 ±1.37) P/E ratio 0.96–0.99 (0.98±0.01) 0.95–0.99 (0.97±0.01) 0.94–0.99 (0.97±0.01) Exine thickness (µm) 8.91–9.70 (9.44 ±0.23) 9.15–10.10 (9.67 ±0.24) 9.23–10.09 (9.69 ±0.23) Colpus length (µm) 29.40–31.41 (30.79 ±0.48) 33.67–36.43 (34.79 ±0.80) 32.15–33.22 (32.62 ±0.27) Colpus width (µm) 17.38–19.82 (18.28 ±0.63) 19.68–21.48 (20.63 ±0.37) 18.60–20.44 (19.69 ±0.40) Table 3. Comparison of the achene characters of Onopordum bracteatum, O. myriacanthum subsp. myriacanthum and O. myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum. Characters Onopordum bracteatum O. myriacanthum subsp. myriacanthum O. myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum Length (mm) 5.7–6.2 (5.91 ± 0.10) 5.2–6.0 (5.60 ± 0.24) 5.3 –6.1 (5.58 ± 0.21) Width (mm) 2.8–3.1 (2.96 ± 0.09) 2.5–3.5 (3.04 ± 0.30) 2.5 –3.5 (2.96 ± 0.32) Shape Oblong-obovate Obovate Obovate Surface ornamentation Transversely rugose Transversely rugose Transversely rugose Colour Cream Greyish brown Greyish white 144 PINAR AND BEHÇET Fig. 3. SEM micrographs of pollen grains and achenes of Onopordum bracteatum (1), O. myriacanthum subsp. myriacanthum (2) and O. myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum (3): a. polar view of pollen; b-c. equatorial view of pollen; d. ornamentation of pollen; e. gneral view of achenes; f. surface of achenes. Onopordum myriacanthum subsp. arachnoideum is a local endemic taxon, with an estimated occupancy area of less than 10 km2 [criterion B2ab(i)]. The population is endangered, with less than 100 individuals [criterion C2a(ii)]. Therefore, it should be classified as “Critically Endangered (CR)” based on the criteria of the IUCN Red List Categories (IUCN, 2011). Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Yüzüncü Yıl University (Project no: 2010-FBE-D0131) for its financial support. We are grateful to Dr. Laurent Gautier, head Curator of G (Geneve Herbaria) for the detailed type photographs of O. bracteatum and O. myriacanthum. We also thank the Curators of AEF, ANK, EGE, HUB, ISTE, ISTF, KNYA and GAZI herbaria for allowing us to study their Onopordum specimens. References Danin, A. 1975. Onopordum L. In: Davis, P.H. (Ed.), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 5, Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh, pp. 356-369. Davis, P.H., Mill, R.R., Tan, K. 1988. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Supplement 1). Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh, pp. 317-550. Erdtman, G. 1969. Handbook of Palynology. Hafner Publishing Co., New York, pp. 21-77. Erik, S. and Sümbül, H. 1986. 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