Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 25(2): 273-288, 2018 (December) © 2018 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists FLORISTIC DIVERSITY (MAGNOLIIDS AND EUDICOTS) OF BARAIYADHALA NATIONAL PARK, CHITTAGONG, BANGLADESH MOHAMMAD HARUN-UR-RASHID1, SAIFUL ISLAM AND SADIA BINTE KASHEM Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh Keywords: Plant diversity; Baraiyadhala National Park; Conservation management. Abstract An intensive floristic investigation provides the first systematic and comprehensive account of the floral diversity of Baraiyadhala National Park of Bangladesh, and recognizes 528 wild taxa belonging to 337 genera and 73 families (Magnoliids and Eudicots) in the park. Habit analysis reveals that trees (179 species) and herbs (174 species) constitute the major categories of the plant community followed by shrubs (95 species), climbers (78 species), and two epiphytes. Status of occurrence has been assessed for proper conservation management and sustainable utilization of the taxa resulting in 165 (31.25%) to be rare, 23 (4.36%) as endangered, 12 (2.27%) as critically endangered and 4 species (0.76%) are found as vulnerable in the forest. Fabaceae is the dominant family represented by 75 taxa, followed by Rubiaceae (47 taxa), Malvaceae (28 species), Asteraceae (27 species) and Euphorbiaceae (24 species). Twenty-three families represent single species each in the area. Introduction Baraiyadhala National Park as one of the important Protected Areas (PAs) of Bangladesh that lies between 22040.489´-22048´N latitude and 90040´-91055.979´E longitude and located in Sitakundu and Mirsharai Upazilas of Chittagong district. The forest is under the jurisdiction of Baraiyadhala Forest Range of Chittagong North Forest Division. The park encompasses 2,933.61 hectare (7,249 acres) area and is classified under Category II of the International IUCN classification of protected areas (Hossain, 2015). Formerly, it was a part of the Reserved Forest of Chittagong North Forest Division, and was declared as Baraiyadhala National Park on 6th April, 2010 by the Ministry of Environment and Forest through a Gazzette notification no. MoEF/For- Sec-02/02 National Park/10/2010/210 dated 06/04/2010 under the Provisions of Article 23(1) of the Bangladesh Wildlife (Preservation) (Amendment) Act, 1974; which has now been altered by Wildlife (Conservation and Security) Act, 2012 (Hossain, 2015). The park comprises three blocks: Baraiyadhala and Wahidpur Blocks under Baraiyadhala Forest Beat, and Kunderhat Block under Bartakia Forest Beat. The landscape of the forest is characterized by hills, valleys, gullies and numerous water streams and covered mainly by secondary degraded forests and plantations. Floristically Baraiyadhala National Park is rich and diverse. Hence, it is very important to take proper steps to conserve this natural forest; and to explore, document and analyze the species diversity occurring in the Baraiyadhala National Park before disappearing from nature. However, the forest has not been botanized to determine the plant species diversity, their status of occurrence and conservation measures. Therefore, the present investigation aims to explore, collect, and document the Angiospermic (Magnoliids and Eudicots) plant resources in the forest, their conservation management and sustainable utilization. 1Corresponding author. Email: haruncu@gmail.com mailto:haruncu@gmail.com 274 RASHID et al. Material and Methods The survey of the flora has been made through repeated field visits during February 2016 to July 2017 in Baraiyadhala National Park. Random sampling and collections of fertile specimens have been made for identification and voucher specimens have been preserved at Herbarium of Chittagong University (HCU). Collected specimens have been critically examined, studied and identified. Identifications have been confirmed by consulting standard literature and specimens and taxonomists of HCU and Bangladesh National Herbarium (DACB). Nomenclature has been updated following recent literature (Ahmed et al., 2008, 2009a,b,c,d; Rashid and Rahman, 2011, 2012), and confirmed with consulting The Plant List (2013) (http://www.theplantlist.org). Families are arranged according to the classification of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG IV, 2016). The taxa are listed alphabetically under each family along with their habit, Bangla name, and status of occurrence (Table 1). Local names of many plants have been noted from local people during field trips and/or consulting Prain (1903), Heinig (1926), Huq (1986), Das and Alam (2001), and Dey et al. (1999). Results and Discussion The present inventory provides the first systematic and comprehensive account of the floral diversity of the forest and recognizes 528 wild taxa belonging to 337 genera and 73 families (Magnoliids and Eudicots) in the park (Table 1). Baraiyadhala National Park presents diverse habitat including hills, valleys, gullies and numerous water streams and covered mainly by secondary degraded forests. Some patches of the forest are planted with Acacia auriculiformis (Akashmoni), Artocarpus chama (Chapalish), Chukrasia tabularis (Chikrassi), Eucalyptus sp. (Eucalyptus), Gmelina arborea (Gamar), Dipterocarpus turbinatus (Garjan), Swietenia mahagoni (Mehogini), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Aphanamixis polystachya (Pitraj), Tectona grandis (Segun), Hopea odorata (Telsur), Toona ciliata (Toon) etc. The palms, rattans and bamboos mostly occupy the valleys. Common shrubs, herbs, grasses and babanas are fragmented to degraded habitats. A few individuals of Boilam (Anisoptera scaphula), Civit (Swintonia floribunda) and Lohakat (Xylia xylocarpa var. kerrii) are still available as characteristic elements of the forest. Some epiphytic species of Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Drynaria, Raphidophra, and Phothos are distributed in the forest area, while luxuriant growth of Aroids, Begonias, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes is observed in the natural moist habitats of the park. One of the most characteristic features of this forest is the occurrence of three indigenous gymnospermic species, Cycas pectinata Buch.-Ham., Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don and Gnetum montanum Markgr. In Bangladesh, Baraiyadhala National Park is the only home of C. pectinata. The biodiversity of the area is highly imperiled due to anthropogenic activities, including habitat destruction, over-exploitation, unsustainable hunting and all of these three species are critically endangered and are on the verge of extinction in the forest. However, Nguyen (2010) categorizes C. pectinata as Vulnerable (VU). The park is dominated by trees and herbs consisting of 179 (33.90%) and 174 (32.95%) species respectively, followed by 18% shrub (95 spp.), 14.77% climbers (78 spp.), and two epiphytes. Fabaceae appears as the largest family with 75 taxa, followed by Rubiaceae (47 taxa), Malvaceae (28 spp.), Asteraceae (27 spp.) and Euphorbiaceae (24 spp.). Twenty-three families are represented by single species each in the study area. Ten dominant families (Fig. 2) constitute 320 species amounting 60.60% of the total species reported from the park, while remaining 63 families comprise only 39.40% of total species. Status of occurrence has been assessed for proper conservation management and sustainable utilization of the natural resources of the forest. A total of 165 species (31.25%) are found to be rarely distributed in the forest, while 23 (4.36%) are assessed as endangered, 12 (2.27%) as http://www.theplantlist.org). FLORISTIC DIVERSITY OF BARAIYADHALA NATIONAL PARK 275 Table 1. Plant diversity in Baraiyadhala National Park. Family Taxa Bangla name Habit Status of occurrence Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth Luchi pata H Common Piper longum L. Pipul H Rare P. rhytidocarpum Hook. f. Ban pipul CS Common Piperaceae P. sylvaticum Roxb. Ban Pan Cr Common Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia indica L. Ishwarmul Cl Rare A. saccata Wall. Ishwarmul Cl Rare A. tagala Cham. Ishwarmul WT Rare Myristicaceae Knema erratica (Hook. f. & Thom.) Sinclair - T Critically endangered Magnoliaceae Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre Champa T Common Annonaceae Artabotrys caudatus Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson - WC Endangered Desmos chinensis Lour. Sotoyalang S Common D. dumosus (Roxb.) Saff. - WC Endangered Fissistigma rubiginosum (A. DC.) Merr. - WC Endangered F. wallichii (Hook.f. & Thom.) Merr. - WC Endangered Uvaria dioeca Roxb. Tasbi T Vulnerable U. hamiltonii Hook. f. & Thom. Latkan WC Endangered U. littoralis (Blume) Blume Bagh-runga WC Vulnerable Lauraceae Actinodaphne gullavara (Buch.-Ham. ex Nees) Almeida Tejmatan T Common Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Menda T Common L. monopetala (Roxb.) Pers. Menda T Rare Machilus gamblei King ex Hook. f. Nala-amsi T Rare Menispermaceae Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Theob. Jaljamani Rare Parabaena sagittata Miers. Jaljamani Cl Common Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers Musahanilata WC Rare S. japonica (Thunb.) Miers Nimukha WC Common S. reticulata Forman - Cl Common Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thom. Gulancha WC Endangered Sabiaceae Meliosma pinnata (Roxb.) Maxim. Attalia T Rare Proteaceae Helicia excelsa (Roxb.) Blume - T Rare Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Banchalta T Critically Endangered Dilleniaceae D. scabrella (D. Don) Roxb. ex Wall. Ajuli T Common Vitaceae Ampelocissus barbata (Wall.) Planch. Jarila-lahari CS Common Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. - Cl Common C. trifolia (L.) Domin Amal lata Cl Common Cissus assamica (M.A. Lawson) Craib Amasha-lata WC Common C. elongata Roxb. Dhemna Cl Common C. javana DC. Bichitra-lata Cl Common C. pentagona Roxb. Sona-lota Cl Rare Leea aequata L. Kakjangha S Rare L. asiatica (L.) Ridsdale Mach S Rare 276 RASHID et al. Table 1 Contd. Family Taxa Bangla name Habit Status of occurrence Vitaceae L. guineensis G. Don Phupharia S Rare L. indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Kurkurji T Common L. macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem. - T Rare Tetrastigma angustifolia (Roxb.) Deb Nekung riubi Cl Rare T. bracteolatum (Wall.) Planch. Golgoli lata Cl Rare T. hookeri (M.A. Lawson) Planch. Horina-lata WC Common T. leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston Nekung WC Rare Fabaceae Abrus precatorius L. Kunch WC Common A. pulchellus Wall. ex Thwaites Kaichagula TS Rare Adenanthera pavonina L. Raktachandan T Common Albizia odoratissima (L. f.) Benth. Tetuya Koroi T Common A. richardiana (Voigt) King & Prain Gagan Siris T Common A. saman (Jacq.) Merr. Rendi koroi T Common Bauhinia acuminata L. Sada kancon S Common B. purpurea L. Devakanchan T Common B. scandens L. Gendi lata WC Common B. variegata L. Raktakancan T Common Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Palash T Common Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Natakaranga SS Rare C. digyna Rottler Umulkuchi S Rare Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars - Tw Rare Calliandra umbrosa (Wall.) Benth. Chotobetmara Tree Common Cassia fistula L. Sonalu Tree Common C. javanica subsp. nodosa (Roxb.) K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen Bon-sonalu Tree Rare C. obtusifolia L. Chakunda U Common Codariocalyx gyroides (Link) Hassk. - S Rare C. motorius (Houtt.) H.Ohashi Gorachand S Rare Crotalaria acicularis Buch.-Ham. ex Benth. - H Common C. albida Roth - H Common C. bracteata DC - S Common C. calycina Schrank - H Common C. dubia Graham - H Common C. ferruginea Benth. - H Common C. incana L. Chotojhunjhuna H Rare C. pallida Aiton Jhun-jhuni H Common C. tetragona Roxb. ex Andrews - H Rare C. verrucosa L. Bansan U Common Dalbergia sericea G. Don Sristi T Rare D. lanceolaria L. f. Chakemdia T Rare D. malabarica Prain - T Rare D. spinosa Roxb. Ananta kantha LS Common D. stipulacea Roxb. Dadbari T Rare D. volubilis Roxb. Ankilata WC Rare Dendrolobium triangulare (Retz.) Schindl. Bir Jarwar S Rare Derris robusta (DC.) Benth. Jangaria T Rare FLORISTIC DIVERSITY OF BARAIYADHALA NATIONAL PARK 277 Table 1 Contd. Family Taxa Bangla name Habit Status of occurrence Fabaceae D. scandens (Roxb.) Benth. Amkurchi WC Common Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Salpani S Common D. heterocarpon (L.) DC. - S Common D. heterophyllum (Willd.) DC. Bonmotorshuty H Common D. laxiflorum DC. - S Common D. triflorum (L.) DC. Kulalia H Common Entada gigas (L.) Fawc. & Rendle Gila Cl Rare E. rheedii Spreng. Gilalata WC Rare Erythrina variegata L. Mandar T Rare Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Merr. Bara salphan LS Common F. strobilifera (L.) W.T.Aiton Sim busak S Common Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Bashantamanju ri MT Rare Mimosa diplotricha Sauvalle Bara lajjabati CS Common M. himalayana Gamble Jharua CS Rare M. pudica L. Lajja bati H Common Mucuna monosperma Wight Soash guri WC Rare M. pruriens (L.) DC. Al-kushi Cl Common Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv. Jatsalpani S Common Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) Merr. Kuramara Gach S Common Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC. Shimia H Common P. phaseoloides var. subspicata (Benth.) Maesen - H Common Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. Ashok T Rare S. indica L. Ashok T Common Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Dad mardon S Common S. occidentalis (L.) Link Boro kalkasunda H Rare S. siamea (Lam.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby Minjiri T Common S. sophera (L.) Roxb. Kalkashunda S Common S. tora (L.) Roxb. Chakunda H Common Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) Wight. Dhaincha H Common Spatholobus parviflorus (DC.) Kuntze Goalia lata Cl Rare Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H. Ohashi - U Common Tephrosia candida (Roxb.) DC. Bilokhoni S Common T. purpurea (L.) Pers. Bon neel H Common Uraria crinita (L.) DC. Dieng-kha-riu S Common U. rufescens (DC.) Schindl. Belai leza S Common Vicia sativa L. Ankari H Common Xylia xylocarpa var. kerrii (Craib & Hutch.) I.C. Nielsen Lohakat T Rare Salomonia ciliata (L.) DC. - H Common Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum flavescens Roxb. Ajensak T Common Rhamnaceae Gouania napalensis Wall. - CS Common G. tiliifolia Lam. - SS Rare Ziziphus glabrata Heyne ex Roth. Pahari boroi S Rare 278 RASHID et al. Table 1 Contd. Family Taxa Bangla name Habit Status of occurrence Rhamnaceae Z. oenopolia (L.) Mill. Banboroi S Common Ulmaceae Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Jiban T Common Moraceae Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. Deua T Common Ficus benjamina L. Pakur T Common F. benghalensis L. Bot T Common F. fistulosa Reinwdt. ex Blume - ST Common F. tinctoria subsp. gibbosa (Blume) Corner Bot T Common F. heterophylla L. f. Bhui dumur CS Common F. hispida L. f. Kakdumur ST Common F. punctata Thunb. - Cl Common F. semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Jagadumur ST Common Streblus asper Lour. Sheora T Common Urticaceae Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq. Borthurthuri S Common Dendrocnide sinuata (Blume) Chew - S Common Oreocnide integrifolia (Gaudich.) Miq. Horhuta ST Common Pilea microphylla Liebm. Mariccha lata H Common Pouzolzia sanguinea (Blume) Merr. - S Common P. zeylanica (L.) Benn. Kullaruki H Common Sarcochlamys pulcherrima Gaudich Maricha LS Common Fagaceae Castanopsis indica (Roxb. ex Lindl.) DC. Batna T Endangered Betulaceae Alnus nepalensis G. Don - T Endangered Cucurbitaceae Actinostemma tenerum Griff. Golapata H Common Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Indrayan Cl Endangered Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Telakucha H Common Hodgsonia macrocarpa (Bl.) Cogn. Pathligular Cl Critically Endangered Thladiantha cordifolia (Bl.) Cogn. - Cl Rare Trichosanthes cordata Roxb. Bhuikakra Cl Rare T. tricuspidata Lour. Makal H Rare Datiscaceae Tetrameles nodiflora R. Br. Chundul TT Rare Begoniaceae Begonia roxburghii (Miq.) A. DC. - H Endangered Euonymus attenuatus Wall. ex Laws. - S Rare Celastraceae E. glaber Roxb. - ST Rare Connaraceae Connarus paniculatus Roxb. Katgular WC Rare Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. Jhalali H Rare Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L. Amrul H Common Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus tectorius (Lour.) Poir. Jalpai T Rare Clusiaceae Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex Choisy Kao-gola MT Rare Hypericaceae Cratoxylum sumatranum subsp. neriifolium (Kurz) Gogelein Nerikath LS Common Achariaceae Hydnocarpus kurzii (King) Warb. Chaulmoogra T Rare Adenia trilobata (Roxb.) Engl. Akandaphal Cl Common Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida L. Jhumka-lata H Rare Salicaceae Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Racusch. Paniamala MT Endangered Euphorbiaceae Acalypha indica L. Muktajhuri H Common Astraea lobata (L.) Klotzsch - H Common Balakata baccata (Roxb.) Esser Katagola T Rare FLORISTIC DIVERSITY OF BARAIYADHALA NATIONAL PARK 279 Table 1 Contd. Family Taxa Bangla name Habit Status of occurrence Euphorbiaceae Chaetocarpus castanocarpus (Roxb.) Thwaites Bul kakra MT Common Chrozophora rottleri (Geisel.) A. Juss. ex Spreng. Khudi okra H Common Cnesmone javanica Blume Paharibichuti WC Common Croton bonplandianus Baill. Bondhone H Common C. caudatus Geisel. Nanbhanti S Common Euphorbia hirta L. Dudhiya H Common E. thymifolia L. Swetkan H Rare Falconeria insignis Royle Belua T Rare Jatropha gossypifolia L. Lal Bherendha S Common Macaranga denticulata (Bl.) Müll.Arg. Bura, Jagra T Common M. peltata (Roxb.) Müll.Arg. - T Common Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) Kulju & Welzen Pitali T Rare M. philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg. Kamela ST Rare M. repandus (Willd.) Müll.Arg. Gunti ST Rare M. roxburghianus Müll.Arg. Nim puteli S Rare M. tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz Kumari-bura MT Rare Manihot esculenta Crantz Kasava S Rare Ricinus communis L. Verenda H Common Shirakiopsis indica (Willd.) Esser Hura ST Rare Suregada multiflora (A. Juss.) Baill. Maricha ST Rare Tragia involucrata L. Bichuti H Rare Phyllanthaceae Actephila excelsa (Dalzell) Müll.Arg. - ST Common Antidesma acidum Retz. Chutki T Common A. bunius (L.) Spreng. Banshial buka MT Rare A. ghaesembilla Gaertn. Khudijam MT Rare A. velutinosum Bl. - ST Rare Aporosa aurea Hook. f. Kechuan T Common A. octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery Pat khorulla ST Common A. wallichii Hook.f. Karullah T Rare Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Latkon MT Rare Bischofia javanica Bl. Kanjalbhadi T Common Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston Silpati S Rare Bridelia stipularis (L.) Bl. Pat khowi ST Common B. tomentosa Bl. Khoi ST Rare B. verrucosa Haines - ST Common Glochidion assamicum (Müll.Arg.) Hook.f. - ST Rare G. lanceolarium (Roxb.) Voigt Bhauri ST Common G. multiloculare (Rottler ex Willd.) Voigt Keotomi ST Common G. sphaerogynum (Müll.Arg.) Kurz - T Rare Phyllanthus attenuatus Miq. Panjuli S Rare P. niruri L. Bhuimala H Common P. reticulatus Poir. Chitka S Common P. sikkimensis Müll.Arg. Sikim-amla LS Common 280 RASHID et al. Table 1 Contd. Family Taxa Bangla name Habit Status of occurrence Combretaceae Combretum album Pers. Kali gumuchi SS Rare C. apetalum Wall. ex Kurz Dolhara S Rare Getonia floribunda Roxb. Guicha lata SS Rare Terminalia alata Heyne ex Roth. Asal TT Rare T. bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Bohera T Rare Lythraceae Ammannia multiflora Roxb. - H Common Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. Baturi MT Rare Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz Dhatriphul S Common Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp. Bandarhulla T Rare Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H. Hara Kesardam CH Common Onagraceae L. hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell - H Common Syzygium nervosum A. Cunn. ex DC. Bhutijam T Rare Myrtaceae S. fruticosum DC. Khudijam ST Rare Melastoma malabathricum L. Bantejpzta S Common Melastomataceae Osbeckia aspericaulis Hook. f. ex Tri. - S Common Crypteroniaceae Crypteronia paniculata Blume Goru-mara T Rare Burseraceae Protium serratum (Wall. ex Colebr.) Engl. Gutgutya T Rare Anacardiaceae Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Adelb. Uri Aam T Rare Buchanania lancifolia Roxb. Chikki T Rare Drimycarpus racemosus (Roxb.) Hook.f. ex Marchand. Nala-amshi T Critically Endangered Holigarna caustica (Dennst.) Oken Barola T Critically Endangered Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Jiga T Rare Mangifera laurina Bl. Jangali aam T Vulnrerable M. sylvatica Roxb. ex Wall. Uri Aam T Critically Endangered Semecarpus subpanduriformis Wall. Beula T Rare Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz Amra T Rare Swintonia floribunda Griff. Chundul T Critically Endangered Sapindaceae Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. Chita S Common A. villosa (Roxb.) Blume - ST Common Sapindaceae Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Phutka H Common Lepisanthes rubiginosum (Roxb.) Leenh. Baraharina ST Rare L. senegalensis (Poir.) Leenh. Gotaharina S Common Xerospermum laevigatum Radlk. Muraillah lichu T Rare Rutaceae Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Bel T Rare Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq. Bon jamir ST Rare Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Sw. Lebu S Common Clausena heptaphylla (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Karanphul S Common Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. Sheora S Common Micromelum minutum Wight & Arn. Koroiphula ST Common Paramignya scandens (Griff.) Craib. Bannebu ST Rare FLORISTIC DIVERSITY OF BARAIYADHALA NATIONAL PARK 281 Table 1 contd. Family Taxa Bangla name Habit Status of occurrence Meliaceae Aglaia edulis (Roxb.) Wall. T Critically endangered Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R. Parker Pitraj T Common Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Neem T Common Chisocheton paniculatus Hiern Rata T Rare Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. Chikrassi T Common Melia azedarach L. Bokhain T Rare Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. Mehogini T Common Toona ciliata M. Roem Toon T Common Malvaceae Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. Mushakdana H Common Abroma augusta (L.) L. f. Ulatkambal ST Common Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Petari H Common Bombax ceiba L. Shimul T Common B. insigne Wall. Ban-simul T Rare Brownlowia elata Roxb. Masjot T Critically endangered Byttneria pilosa Roxb. Harjora-lata WC Common Ceiba pantandra (L.) Gaertn. Pahari tula T Rare Corchorus aestuans L. Titapat H Rare Firmiana colorata (Roxb.) R. Br. Patagota T Critically endangered Grewia asiatica L. Pholsa ST Common G. laevigata Vahl Panisara ST Common G. nervosa (Lour.) Panigrahi Asar ST Common G. serrulata DC. Panisara T Rare Hibiscus vitifolius L. Bon-karpas H Common Malachra capitata L. Bon vindi H Rare Pterospermum acerifolium (L.)Willd. Musigondha T Endangered P. semisagittatum Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. Bara assar T Endangered Sida acuta Burm. f. Kureta H Common S. cordata (Burm. f.) Borss. Waalk. Jhumka H Common S. cordifolia L. Berela H Common S. mysorensis Wight & Arn. Chatehata H Common Sterculia foetida L. Udal MT Endangered S. hamiltonii (Kuntze) Adelb. - ST Endangered S. villosa Roxb. ex Smith Udal MT Endangered Triumfetta pilosa Roth - H Common T. rhomboidea Jacq. Ban okra H Common Urena lobata L. Banokra H Common Bixaceae Bixa orellana L. Latkon ST Rare Dipterocarpaceae Anisoptera scaphula (Roxb.) Pierre. Boilsur T Critically endangered Dipterocarpus costatus Garjan T Rare D. turbinatus Gaertn. Teli garjan T Common Hopea odorata Roxb. Telsur T Common Capparaceae Capparis spinosa L. Kabra S Rare Cleome rutidosperma DC. Begunehurhury H Common C. viscosa L. Holdehurhury H Common 282 RASHID et al. Table 1 Contd. Family Taxa Bangla name Habit Status of occurrence Capparaceae Crateva religiosa G. Forst. Barun ST Common Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Capsala H Common Brassicaceae Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern Ban-saruisha H Common R. palustris (L.) Besser Panisarisha H Common Loranthaceae Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. - S Rare Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) Van Tiegh. Chota banda S Rare Scurrula gracilifolia (Schult.) Danser Pargacha S Rare S. parasitica L. Parula S Rare Polygonaceae Persicaria chinensis (L.) H.Gross Mohicharan sak H Common P. hydropiper (L.) Delarbre Bishkatali H Common P. orientalis (L.) Spach Panimarich H Common Polygonum viscosum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Athalo bishkatali H Rare Rumex vesicarius L. Tokpalong H Rare Achyranthes aspera L. Apang H Common Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Sachishak H Common A. sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC. Chanchi H Common Amaranthus spinosus L. Kantanotey H Common A. viridis L. Notey shak H Common Celosia argentea L. Shet morogha H Common Chenopodium album L. Batua Shak S Common Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume Shyontula H Common Amaranthaceae Gomphrena celosioides Mart. - H Common Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia repens L. Punarnava H Common Glinus oppositifolius (L.) A. DC. Gimashakh H Common Molluginaceae Mollugo stricta L. Khetpapra H Rare Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. Nune shak H Common Lecythidaceae Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. Hijal T Common Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostl. Deshi gab T Rare Ebenaceae D. racemosa Roxb. Gab MT Endangered Primulaceae Ardisia humilis Vahl Chauldhoa S Common A. paniculata Roxb. - ST Rare A. sanguinolenta Blume - ST Endangered Primulaceae A. solanacea (Poir.) Roxb. Bon -jam S Common Maesa indica (Roxb.) A. DC. Sirkhi S Common M. ramentacea (Roxb.) A. DC. Naricha ST Common Actinidiaceae Saurauia roxburghii Wall. Bhola kadam S Rare Rubiaceae Canthium angustifolium Roxb. Katamalli S Common Ceriscoides campanulata (Roxb.) Tirveng. Tirveng T Endangered Chassalia curviflora var. ophioxyloides (Wall.) Deb & B.Krishna - S Rare Dentella repens (L.) J.R. Forst. & G. Frost. Bhuipat H Common Gardenia coronaria Buch.-Ham. Torgular MT Rare Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsd. Kalakadam T Rare Hedyotis scandens Roxb. Bish lata H Common Hyptianthera stricta (Roxb. ex Schult.) Wight & Arn. - S Common FLORISTIC DIVERSITY OF BARAIYADHALA NATIONAL PARK 283 Table 1 Contd. Family Taxa Bangla name Habit Status of occurrence Rubiaceae Ixora athrorantha Bremek. - ST Common I. balakrishnanii Deb & Rout Bhantjhara ST Common I. cuneifolia Roxb. Beophul S Common I. nigricans R.Br. ex Wight & Arn. Nikranga ST Common I. pavetta Andr. Swetrangan ST Common I. pubirama Bremek. Keamosi S Common I. spectabilis Wall. ex G. Don - ST Common I. subsessilis Wall. ex G. Don Rengchan S Common Knoxia sumatrensis (Retz.) DC. - H Common Lasianthus hirsutus (Roxb.) Merr. Kala long S Common Meyna spinosa Roxb. ex Link Mainakata ST Rare Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. - H Common Mitragyna diversifolia (Wall. ex G. Don) Havil. Phul-kadam T Common M. parvifolia var. microphylla (Kurz) Ridsdale Putikadam T Near threatened Morinda angustifolia Roxb. Banamali ST Common M. citrifolia L. Ronch ST Common M. persicifolia Buch.-Ham. - S Common Mussaenda roxburghii Hook. f. Sildaura S Common Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Boss. Kadom T Common Neonauclea sessilifolia (Roxb.) Merr. Kom T Near threatened Oldenlandia auricularia (L.) K. Sch. Mutia lata H Common O. corymbosa L. Ketpapra H Common O. diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. - H Common Ophiorrhiza mungos L. Kalashana H Common O. rugosa var. prostrata (D. Don) Deb & Mondal Jari H Common Oxyceros kunstleri (King & Gamble) Tirveng. Maish kata CS Rare Paederia foetida L. Gandha-badali Cl Common Pavetta indica L. Banamali ST Common Prismatomeris tetrandra (Roxb.) K. Schum. Chinatita ST Common Psychotria adenophylla Wall. Baro sudma ST Common P. calocarpa Kurz Ranga bhutta U Common P. monticola Kurz Hatichotra S Common P. symplocifolia Kurz - ST Common Spermacoce articularis L.f. Ahtharogia H Common S. hispida L. Ahtharogia H Common Tarenna companiflora (Hook. f.) N.P. Balakr. Kakra ST Common Tarennoidea wallichii Tirveng. & Sast. - T Common Uncaria scandens (Smith) Hutch. Vailful lata Cl Rare Wendlandia tinctoria subsp. orientalis Cowan Tulaload ST Common Exacum tetragonum Roxb. Kuchuri H Rare Gentianaceae Fagraea ceilanica Thunb. - ST Rare 284 RASHID et al. Table 1 Contd. Family Taxa Bangla name Habit Status of occurrence Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Chaitan T Common Anodendron paniculatum A.DC. Dul WC Rare Asclepias curassavica L. Moricha H Rare Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. Akanda S Common Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston Gar badero WC Endangered Gymnema acuminatum Wall. Khara lata WT Rare Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. ex Schult. Anantamul H Rare Holarrhena pubescens (Roth) Wall. ex A. DC. Kurchi, Kuruj ST Rare Hoya globulosa Hook. f. Pargacha Ep Rare H. parasitica (Roxb.) Wall. ex Wight Pargacha E Common Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W. T. Aiton Syamalota CS Rare Melodinus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. - WT Vulnerable Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Sarpagandha H Endangered Strophanthus wallichii A. DC. - WC Endangered Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Togor S Common Tylophora hirsuta Wight Anantamul Tw Rare Vallaris solanacea (Roth) Kuntze Hadpur SS Critically endangered Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb. Dudhkurush T Endangered Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. Buha T Rare Boraginaceae Heliotropium indicum L. Hatisur H Common Convolvulaceae Argyreia argentea (Roxb.) Choisy. Bara rupatola Cl Common A. capitiformis (Poir.) Ooststr. Vogalata Cl Rare A. splendens (Hornem.) Sweet Borogandobaduli Cl Rare Calystegia hederacea Wall. - Tw Common Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Swornalata P Rare Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. Bhui-akra H Common Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh - Cl Common Ipomoea alba L. Dudhikalmi Tw Rare I. aculeata var. mollissima (Zoll.) Hallier f. ex Oostr. - Cl Rare I. aquatica Forssk. Kalmishak AH Common I. carnea Jacq. Dholkolmi H Common I. fistulosa Mart. ex Choisy Dhol Kolmi S Common I. hederifolia L. Neela-kalmi Tw Rare I. mauritiana Jacq. Bhui-Kumra Tw Rare I. pes-tigridis L. Languli lata Cl Common I. pileata Roxb. - Cl Common Jacquemontia paniculata (Burm. f.) Hallier f. Montilata Tw Rare Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier Sadakamni Cl Common M. vitifolia (Burm. f.) Hallier f. - Tw Common Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso Dudh kalmi Tw Rare FLORISTIC DIVERSITY OF BARAIYADHALA NATIONAL PARK 285 Table 1 Contd. Family Taxa Bangla name Habit Status of occurrence Solanaceae Datura metel L. Kala datura H Common Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. Bon tamak H Common Physalis angulata L. Fotka H Common P. micrantha Link. Bantipariya H Common P. minima L. Phutka H Common Solanum ilicifolium Dunal Tepari H Common S. indicum L. Bon Begun S Common S. nigrum L. Kakmachi H Common S. sisymbrifolium Lam. Kanta begun H Common S. torvum Sw. Tit begun S Common S. virginianum L. Kantakari H Common Oleaceae Jasminum scandens Vahl - WC Rare Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) Blume - LS Rare Myxopyrum smilacifolium (Wall.) Bl. - SS Rare Scrophulariaceae Adenosma indianum (Lour.) Merr. Barakesuti H Common Buddleja asiatica Lour. Neemda S Rare Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston - H Common Picria fel-terrae Lour. - H Rare Scoparia dulcis L. Bandhane H Common Torenia asiatica L. - H Common T. diffusa D. Don - H Common T. flava Buch.-Ham. ex Benth. - H Common Acanthaceae Andrographis laxiflora (Bl.) Lindau Algatita H Rare A. paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees Kalmegh H Rare Barleria strigosa Willd. Katapol H Rare Dicliptera chinensis (L.) Juss. - H Rare Ecbolium ligustrinum (Vahl) Voll. - S Rare Eranthemum pulchellum Andrew - S Common E. strictum Colebr. ex Roxb. Khara murali H Rare Justicia adhatoda L. Basak S Common J. gendarussa Burm. f. Jugmadan U Common Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.) T. Anders - H Common H. ringens (L.) R. Br. ex Spreng. Kakmasha H Common Lepidagathis incurva Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Karoggthis H Common Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng. Paramul H Common Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet Kantasi H Common Ruellia acuminata L. - H Common R. tuberosa L. Chotpoty H Common Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees Pindi H Common Staurogyne argentea Wall. - H Rare Strobilanthes auriculatus Nees Kurinji S Rare S. scaber Nees - H Rare Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims Ghontolata Cl Rare T. grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Roxb. Nallata Cl Common Bignoniaceae Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Thona T Rare Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) DC. Kam sonalu T Rare S. tetragonum DC. Dharmara T Rare 286 RASHID et al. Table 1 Contd. Family Taxa Bangla name Habit Status of occurrence Verbenaceae Duranta erecta L. Kantamehedi SS Common Lantana camara L. Lantana S Common Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson Motmotia S Common Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Bhuiokra H Common Lamiaceae Anisomeles indica (L.) O. Kuntze Gobura H Common Callicarpa arborea Roxb. Bormala T Rare C. macrophylla Vahl Bormala T Rare Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze Bamunhatti H Common C. infortunatum L. Ghetu S Common C. laevifolium Bl. - S Common Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gamar H Common Hyptis brevipes Poit. - H Common H. capitata Jacq. - H Common H. suaveolens (L.) Poit. Tokma H Common Leonurus sibiricus L. Roktodron H Rare Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Shetodron H Common L. zeylanica (L.) Aiton Dondokolosh H Common Ocimum americanum L. Bon Tulsi H Common O. basilicum L. Babuitulshi H Common Pogostemon auricularius (L.) Hassk. - H Common Premna esculenta Roxb. Lalana S Common Vitex altissima L.f. Awalya T Rare V. glabrata R. Br. Ashal T Rare V. negundo L. Nishinda ST Common V. peduncularis Wall. ex Schauer Awal ST Rare Campanulaceae Cyclocodon lancifolius (Roxb.) Kurz - H Rare Asteraceae Acmella paniculata (Wall. ex DC.) R.K. Jansen Kannaghas H Common Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntze Baro-kesuti H Common A. viscosum J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. Boro kesuti H Rare Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Fulkuri H Common Blumea fistulosa (Roxb.) Kurz - H Common B. lacera (Burm. f.) DC. Kuksung H Common B. lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce - H Common B. virens DC. Nilsabus H Common Blumeopsis flava (DC.) Gagnep - H Common Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob. Assam-lata H Common Crassocephalum crepidioides S. Moore - H Common Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. Sahadebi H Common Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Kesraj H Common Elephantopus scaber L. Gejiashak H Common Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex DC. Mechitra H Common Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. Namuti H Rare Laphangium luteoalbum (L.) Tzvelev Dudh ghas H Common Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. Tufanilata H Common Pseudelephantopus spicatus (B.Juss. ex Aubl.) Rohr ex Baker Kukurgihba H Rare FLORISTIC DIVERSITY OF BARAIYADHALA NATIONAL PARK 287 Table 1 Contd. Family Taxa Bangla name Habit Status of occurrence Asteraceae Sonchus wightianus DC. - H Common Sphaeranthus africanus L. Gongasag H Rare S. indicus L. Murmuri H Rare S. senegalensis DC. Senigalsag H Rare Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. Nag phul H Common Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Relanodi H Common Tridax procumbens L. Tridhara H Common Xanthium strumarium L. Ghagra H Common Brassaiopsis glomerulata (Bl.) Regel Kurila ST Common Araliaceae Trevesia palmata (Roxb. ex Lindl.)Vis. Vombal LS Common Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Thankuni H Common Apiaceae Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. - H Common H= Herb, CS= Climbing shrub, Cr= Creeper, WT= Woody twinner, T= Tree, S= Shrub, Cl= Cimber, WC= Woody climber, TS= Twining shrub, SS= Scandent shrub, Tw= Twiner, U= undershrub, LS= Large shrub, MT= Medium-sized tree, ST= Small tree, CH= Creeping herb, E= Epiphyte, P= Parasite, AH= Aquatic herb. Fig. 2. Radar diagram shows ten dominat plant families in the Baraiyadhala National Park. critically endangered and 4 species (0.76%) as vulnerable. All species belonging to the families Anacardiaceae (10 spp.), Bignoniaceae (3 spp.), Dipterocarpaceae (4 spp.), and Meliaceae (8 spp.) are trees and under threat in the forest. Rahman (2013) reported Artabotrys caudatus of the family Annonaceae as possibly extinct in Bangladesh. Recently this species has been reported from Hazarikhil Wildlife Sanctuary by Rahman (2017) and current investigation also reports its distribution in the Baraiyadhala National Park. The present study reveals that communities around the area depend more or less on forest resources and some organized encroachers are also noticed. Furthermore, forest fire, livestock and other unsustainable resource utilization practices degrade the habitat in and around the forest. Climate change is an additional threat which may directly affect habitat and biodiversity, as well as indirectly by further increasing human pressure due to migration of peoples from coastal parts of Sitakunda and Mirsharai to the forest area. Development of tourism may enhance a future threat to the park. To address these challenges sustainable management plan for the protected area should be undertaken in the light of National Conservation Strategy, and proper implementation of the action plan is urgently required with collaboration and cooperation of stakeholders and local administrations. More particularly, the rare and threatened species along with their degraded habitats to be protected by taking proper conservation management programmes. 288 RASHID et al. Acknowledgements This study was supported by Research Allocation Fund under Revenue Budget, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. We are thankful to Prof. Dr. M. Atiqur Rahman, Department of Botany, University of Chittagong for his generous help and cooperation during the course of this study. References Ahmed, Z.U., Begum, Z.N.T., Hassan, M.A., Khondker, M., Kabir, S.M.H., Ahmad, M., Ahmed, A.T.A., Rahman, A.K.A. and Haque, E.U. (Eds) 2008. Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh, Vol. 6. Angiosperms: Dicotyledons (Acanthaceae - Asteraceae). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, pp. 1– 408. Ahmed, Z.U., Hassan, M.A., Begum, Z.N.T., Khondker, M., Kabir, S.M.H., Ahmad, M., Ahmed, A.T.A., Rahman, A.K.A. and Haque, E.U. (Eds) 2009a. Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh, Vol. 7. 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