Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 26(2): 299–313, 2019 (December) © 2019 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists MINOR EDIBLE FRUITS OF BANGLADESH MOSTAFA KAMAL PASHA AND SHAIKH BOKHTEAR UDDIN* Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh Keywords: Minor edible fruits, Bangladesh Abstract Minor edible fruits are the genetic resource of a country, playing a vital role as food, nutrition and medicine. Bangladesh having both tropical and sub-tropical climatic condition possesses a large number of species that produce minor edible fruits. The present study represents 255 species of minor edible fruit yielding plants of Bangladesh. Of them, 242 species belong to 58 families of Magnoliopsida and 13 species to three families of Liliopsida. The large minor fruit yielding families are Euphorbiaceae (20 spp.), Myrtaceae (18 spp.), Moraceae (15 spp.), Arecaceae (11 spp.), Sapindaceae (11 spp.), Anacardiaceae (10 spp.), Annonacae (10 spp.), Rutaceae (8 spp.), Verbenaceae (8 spp.) and Vitaceae (8 spp.). Three species are aquatic in nature and about 50 species are herbs, including 31 species of climbers or lianas, and 49 are shrubs and the remaining 156 species are trees. About 48 species are cultivated for fruits and the 35 species are both cultivated and wild. The remaining species are exclusively wild. A total of 53 exotic species are included in the cultivation. In most of the species, pericarp with mesocarp or the whole part of fruit is edible. In few cases either seed or kernel is edible, or in others the non-carpel part of flower. Summer is found as the most and winter as the least suitable fruit yielding seasons in a year. Introduction Fruits are eaten raw and their nutritive value lies in the presence of good amount of organic acids, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals. Fruits are an integral part of food needed to meet the mineral requirements of human body and to strengthen body defense mechanisms against various biotic and abiotic stresses and for proper health per capita requirement of fruits is 115 g. On an average, fruits have been contributing to about 4% to human nutrition (APCAEM, 2007). Utmost rural houses possess a home garden with fruit and timber plants that act as a source of income for many families and became the safety net during in hardship and natural disaster. The planting intensity has increased at least four folds in 65% of households during the last few years (Rahman and Rahman, 2014). Botanically fruit is the matured or ripe ovary. Sometimes thalamus, calyx and epicalyx, inflorescence or seeds are also developed as the major part of a fruit. Out of about 2,50,000 species in Magnoliophyta, about 30,000 species have been identified as edible fruit yielding, of which about 7,000 species have found cultivated in the World (Wilson, 1992). Minor fruits are those that are consumable to the human beings but are relatively less palatable than other mainstream fruits, which have lesser demand in the market and are grown to a limited extent only (Srivastava et al., 2017). Many of the minor or under-utilized fruits are important in social, economic, biodiversity and conservation aspects on a regional and local basis. They also provide the source of nutrition of wild animals and birds. Many floristic works in this region mentioned about the edible fruits of Bangladesh (Humphrey et al., 1921; Heinig, 1925; Siddiqui et al., 2007 and Ahmed et al., 2008-2009) and its surrounding areas (Grierson and Long, 1983-1991; Guha-Bakshi, 1984; Naskar, 1993, and Noltie, 1994). *Corresponding author. Email: bokhtear@cu.ac.bd mailto:bokhtear@cu.ac.bd 300 PASHA AND UDDIN The first comprehensive record about the edible fruits of Bangladesh was published by Khan (1974), who reported 43 species of fruits that are cultivated. Das (1982) recorded 60 species of fruits which are growing only in wild state. Later on, Rashid et al. (1987) recorded 40 cultivated fruits of Bangladesh. Subsequently Begum (2004) reported 55 species, which are only in cultivation. Finally, Roy (2007) made an extensive record of fruits, which are both cultivated and wild, numbering a total of 120 species. Rahim et al. (2011) reported 67 minor fruit yielding plants of Bangladesh that are growing in the Germplasm Centre at Bangladesh Agriculture University. The minor fruits contributed about 8.38% production of the total fruit yield of Bangladesh (BBS, 2011). There are 250 edible fruits in the Philippines (Hill, 1951). In Malaysia, there are about 500 species of fruit plants of which 100 species are cultivated (Zakri and Mohammad, 1997). On the other hand, Joshi (1998) reported 162 species and Suresh et al. (2014) reported only 21 species of minor fruit yielding plants from India. New scope and possibility about utilization of wild fruits is increasing. At least 30 species are already known in Bangladesh for their therapeutic values apart from their nutrition values (Rahman and Rahman, 2014). Some are antidiabetic and antioxidant. Quite a few of these have excellent flavors and attractive colour. Many natural food colours, mostly anthocyanins, are now demanding. Furthermore, many minor fruits may be valuable for food processing like jam, jelly, sauce, pickles, juice and food additives. A preliminary botanical survey has been done by us and the study indicated that many more species are yet to be recorded or compiled for full listing of the minor fruit yielding plant resource of Bangladesh. Therefore, this study aims at providing and updating available taxonomic information of the minor edible fruit yielding plants of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods An extensive field survey has been conducted in different localities of 14 districts of Bangladesh namely, Chittagong, Rangamati, Bandarban, Khagrachari, Kumilla, Brahmanbaria, Mymensingh, Khulna, Jeshore, Satkhira, Sylhet, Moulavibazar, Rajshahi and Bogura districts (Fig. 1) from 2006 to 2018 following group discussion, household survey and market survey techniques. In addition, primary information on minor and wild fruit was collected from different secondary resources (scientific papers, books, internet etc.). The collected samples were identified by consulting the available relevant literatures. Furthermore, the specimens located at the herbaria CUH, BFRIH and DACB were also studied. In order to accommodate vast array of information, a small representative list of wild and minor fruits has been prepared with their up-to-date nomenclature (Pasha and Uddin 2013 and www.theplantlist.org). Information on the availability, habit condition and status of the plants was also collected. Results and Discussion A total of 255 minor edible fruit yielding species belonging to 149 genera under 61 families have been presented alphabetically (Table 1). 15 of these species under three families belong to the Liliopsida and the remaining species under 58 families belong to Mangnoliopsida. The Euphorbiaceae is recorded as the largest minor fruit yielding family (20 spp.), which is followed by Myrtaceae (18 spp.), Moraceae (15 spp.), Arecaceae (11 spp.), Sapindaceae (11 spp.), Anacardiaceae (11 spp.), Annonacae (10 spp.), Rutaceae (8 spp.), Verbenaceae (8 spp.) and Vitaceae (8 spp.) families. These ten large families constitute about 47% of the total species found as minor fruit yielding (Fig. 2). http://www.theplantlist.org). MINOR EDIBLE FRUITS OF BANGLADESH 301 Fig. 1. Map of Bangladesh showing the study areas (Source: www.mapsofworld.com). Euphorbiaceae Moraceae Myrtaceae Rutaceae Sapindaceae Verbenaceae Vitaceae N am e of F am ily Fig. 2. The ten large minor fruit yielding families of Bangladesh. http://www.mapsofworld.com 302 PASHA AND UDDIN Table 1. The list of minor fruit yielding plant species of Bangladesh. Sl. No. Botanical Name Family name Local Names Habit Cultivated (C)/ Wild (W) Indigenous (In)/ Exotic (E) 1. Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq. Rutaceae Bon jamir Small tree W In 2. Aglaia perviridis Hiern Meliaceae Sabuj amoor Medium tree W In 3. Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin Alangiaceae Ankora, Akarkanta Medium tree W In 4. Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. Euphorbiaceae Akhrot Medium tree W Ex. 5. Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeuschel var. villosa (Roxb.) Prain Sapindaceae Chita, Rakhal chita, Aita chita Shrub or small tree W In 6. Alphonsea lutea (Roxb.) Hook.f. & Thomson Annonaceae Fonseti Small tree W In 7. A. ventricosa (Roxb.) Hook.f. & Thomson Annonaceae Fonsetricosa Small tree W In 8. Ampelocissus barbata (Wall.) Planch. Vitaceae Jarila lahari Herbaceous climber W In 9. A. latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Vitaceae Gowalia lata, Govila, Peribel Herbaceous climber W In 10. Ampelygonum chinense (L.) Lindley Polygonaceae Mohicharan sak, Kaker bantabhat Herbaceous climber W In 11. Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae Kaju badam Small tree C Ex 12. Annona muricata L. Annonaceae Muri at Small tree C Ex 13. A. reticulata L. Annonaceae Nona ata Small tree C Ex 14. A. squamosa L. Annonaceae Sharifa Small tree C Ex 15. Anthocephalus cadamba Miq Rubiaceae Kadam Large tree C & W In 16. Antidesma acidum Retz. Euphorbiaceae Amrul, Chutki Small tree W In 17. A. acuminatum Wall. Euphorbiaceae Shial buka Small tree W In. 18. A. bunius (L.) Spreng. Euphorbiaceae Banshial buka Small tree W In 19. A. khasianum Hook.f. Euphorbiaceae Khasia jam Small tree W In 20. A. montanum Blume var. montanum Euphorbiaceae Shial buka Small tree W In 21. Aporosa octandra( Buch.- Ham ex D.Don) Vickery Euphorbiaceae Pat kharolla Small tree W In 22. A. aurea Hook.f. Euphorbiaceae Kechuan Small tree W In 23. Artocarpus chama Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. Moraceae Chaplash, Chambal Large tree W In 24. A. lacucha Buch.-Ham. Moraceae Deophal Large tree W & C In 25. Averrhoa bilimbi L. Oxalidaceae Bilimbi Small tree C Ex 26. A. carambola L. Oxalidaceae Kamranga Small tree C Ex 27. Avicennia alba Blume Verbenaceae Sada baen, Maricha baen Large tree W In 28. Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Euphorbiaceae Latkan, Bhubi Medium tree W& C In 29. Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arn. Caesalpiniaceae Lata-kanchan Climbing shrub W & C In 30. Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Meissner Anacardiaceae Bhallam, Uriaam Medium tree W In 31. Bridelia retusa (L.) A.Juss. Euphorbiaceae Kata kushui, Akdana Small tree W In 32. B. stipularis (L.) Blume Euphorbiaceae Pat khowi, Harinhara Climbing shurb W In MINOR EDIBLE FRUITS OF BANGLADESH 303 Table 1 Contd. Sl. No. Botanical Name Family name Local Names Habit Cultivated (C)/ Wild (W) Indigenous (In)/ Exotic (E) 33. Buchanania lancifolia Roxb. Anacardiaceae Cheerojee oil plant Small tree W In 34. B. lanzan Spreng. Anacardiaceae Piyal Small tree W In 35. Caesalpinia digyna Rottler Caesalpiniaceae Kochoi, Teri pods Shrubby climber W In 36. Calamus latifolius Roxb. Arecaceae Kerak bet, Budum bet Extensive climber W & C In 37. C. longisetus Griff. Arecaceae Uddum bet Robust shrub W & C In 38. C. tenuis Roxb. Arecaceae Jali bet, Sanchi bet Climbing shrub W & C In 39. C. viminalis Willd. Arecaceae Bara bet, Khor khoijja bet Climbing shrub W & C In 40. Callicarpa arborea Roxb. Verbenaceae Bormala, Khoja, Makanchi Small tree W In 41. Calophyllum polyanthum Wall. ex Choisy Clusiaceae Kamdob Medium tree W In 42. Canarium bengalense Roxb. Burseraceae Dhuna rata Buttressed tree W In 43. Capparis zeylanica L. Capparaceae Kalookra Large shrub W In 44. Carallia brachiata Roxb. Rhizophoraceae Roskao, Lotkao, Matan Small tree W In 45. Careya arborea Roxb. Lecythidaceae Kumba bidipata, Medium tree W In 46. Carissa carandas L. Apocynaceae Karamcha Bushy shrub or small tree C Ex 47. C. spinarum L. Apocynaceae Misti karamcha Shrub W In 48. Cassytha filiformis L. Lauraceae Akasbel Annual herb W In 49. Castanopsis indica (Roxb. ex Lindl.) A.DC. Fagaceae Batna, Shil batna, Khiri badam Medium tree W In 50. C. purpurella (Miq.) N.P. Balakr. Fagaceae Kata shingu, Batna Medium tree W In 51. C. tribuloides (Sm.) A.DC. Fagaceae Sili batna, Bara hinguri Medium tree W In 52. Chrysophyllum cainito L. Sapotaceae Taroka phol Medium tree C Ex 53. Chylocalyx perfoliatus (L.) Hassk. ex. Miq. Polygonaceae Kanta tokpata Annual herb C& W In 54. Citrus assamensis S.Datta &S.C.Bhattacharya Rutaceae Ada jamir Large shrub C In 55. C. aurantium L. Rutaceae Satkora, Kaffir lime Medium tree C In 56. Cordia dicotoma G.Forst. Boraginaceae Bohal, Kalahuza Medium Tree W In 57. Daemonorops jenkinsiana (Griff.) Mart. Arecaceae Golla bet, Maj jenkins Climbing shrub W & C In 58. Dillenia indica L. Dilleniacae Chalta Medium tree W & C In 59. D. pentagyna Roxb. Dilleniacae Banchalta Medium tree W In. 60. Dimocarpus longan Lour. Sapindaceae Ashphal, Kathlichu, Medium tree C & W In 61. Diospyros blancoi A.DC. Ebenaceae Beelati gab Medium tree C Ex 62. D. malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. Ebenaceae Deshi gab Medium tree W & C In 63. D. melanoxylon Roxb. Ebenaceae Bidipata, Tendupata Medium tree W In 304 PASHA AND UDDIN Table 1 Contd. Sl. No. Botanical Name Family name Local Names Habit Cultivated (C)/ Wild (W) Indigenous (In)/ Exotic (E) 64. D. toposia Buch.-Ham. Ebenaceae Katgula, Toposi, Gab gulal Medium tree W In 65. Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Sapindaceae Paniaphul Small tree C Ex 66. Drypetes assamica (Hook.f.) Pax & K.Hoffm. Euphorbiaceae Ban bokul Medium tree W In 67. D. subsessilis (Kurz) Pax & K. Hoffm. Euphorbiaceae Chato drypet Small tree W In 68. Duchesnea indica Andt. Rosaceae Jongli strawberry Perennial herb W In 69. Ehretia serrata Roxb. Boraginaceae Kala huja Medium tree W In 70. Elaeagnus latifolia L. Elaeagnaceae Bonjara Scandent shrub W In 71. Elaeocarpus angustifolius Blume Elaeocarpaceae Rudraksha Medium tree W In 72. E. tectorius (Lour.) Poir. Elaeocarpaceae Tekopai olive Medium tree W In 73. Embelia ribes Burm.f. Myrsinacreae Biranga Scandent shrub W In 74. Eriglossum rubiginosum Blume Sapindaceae Baraharina, Pitha, Ritha Medium tree W In 75. Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. Rosaceae Loquat Small tree C Ex 76. Eugenia roxburghii DC. Myrtaceae Hijli jam, Menadi Small tree W In 77. Euryale ferox Salisb. Nymphaeaceae Makhna, Makana, Floating herb W In 78. Ficus auriculata Lour. Moraceae Baradumur Medium tree W In 79. F. benjamina L. Moraceae Pakur Medium tree W In 80. F. hispida L. Moraceae Dumur, Khoksa Small tree W In 81. F. lanceolata Buch.-Ham. Moraceae Buti dumur, Erigachh Medium tree W In 82. F. oligodon Miq. Moraceae Oligo dumur Medium tree W In 83. F. pumila L. Moraceae Lata dumur A climbing Shrub W In 84. F. racemosa L. Moraceae Jagya dumur Medium tree W In 85. F. rumphii Blume Moraceae Gai aswathwa Medium sized tree W In 86. Firmiana colorata (Roxb.) R.Br. Sterculiaceae Ujal Medium tree W In 87. F. obovata Wall. Sterculiaceae Dima huri Medium tree W In 88. Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Flacourtiaceae Boicifol, Paniala Large shrub W In 89. F. inermis Roxb. Flacourtiaceae Loai Small tree W In 90. F. jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. Flacourtiaceae Painna gola, Paniala Small tree C & W In 91. Fragaria vesca L. Rosaceae Strawberry Annual herb C Ex 92. F. indica Andr. Rosaceae Indian strawberry Annual herb W In 93. Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex DC. Clusiaceae Kau, Kao-gola Medium tree W & C In 94. G. lanceaefolia Roxb. Clusiaceae Thisuru Large Shrub W In MINOR EDIBLE FRUITS OF BANGLADESH 305 Table 1 Contd. Sl. No. Botanical Name Family name Local Names Habit Cultivated (C)/ Wild (W) Indigenous (In)/ Exotic (E) 95. G. pedunculata Roxb. ex. Buch.-Ham. Clusiaceae Tikul, Tikur, Bor thekera Medium tree W In 96. G. xanthochymus Hook. f. ex T.Anderson Clusiaceae Tamal, Dem-gola Medium tree W In 97. Garuga floribunda Decne. var. gambei (King ex W.W.Sm.) Kilkman Burseraceae Jongli jiga, Garuga Medium tree W In 98. Glochdion khasicum (Muell.Arg.) Hook.f. Euphorbiaceae Khasia kachua Small tree W In 99. G. zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A.Juss. Euphorbiaceae Siloni kachua Shrub or small tree W In 100. Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) A.DC. Rutaceae Ash-sheora, Datmajani Bushy shrub W In 101. Gmelina arborea Roxb. Verbenaceae Gamar Medium tree W & C In 102. G. asiatica L. Verbenaceae Bhadhra Medium tree C In 103. Grewia abutilifolia Vent. Tiliaceae Kowri, Notk Small tree W In 104 G. asiatica L. Tiliaceae Phalsa, Sakri, Pisla, Phalsa Small tree C In 105. G. hirsuta Vahl Tiliaceae Kukurbicha Large shrub W In 106. G. sapida Roxb. ex DC. Tiliaceae Chuhura Herb W In 107. G. sclerophylla Roxb. ex G.Don Tiliaceae Phalsa Large Shrub W In 108. G. tiliifolia Vahl Tiliaceae Dhomoni, Pholsa Small tree W In 109. Haematocarpus thomsonii Miers Menispermaceae Agniphol Woody climber W In 110. H. validus (Miers) Bakh.f. ex Forman Menispermaceae Agni foli Woody climber W In. 111. Helicia erratica Hook.f. Proteaceae Kharo pakan Small tree W In 112. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Malvaceae Lal mesta Large herb C & W Ex 113. Hovenia dulcis Thumb. Rhamnaceae Raisil gaas Medium tree W In 114. Hylocereus undatus (Howorth) Britton & Rose Cactaceae Dragon fruit Spiny shrub C Ex 115. Ixora pavetta Andr. Rubiaceae Sweet rangan, Gandha irangan Bushy shrub W In 116. Lantana trifolia L. Verbenaceae Tinpata Lantana Perennial herb W In 117. Leea crispa L. Leeaceae Kukura Large shrub W In 118. L. indica Merr. Leeaceae Kukur gibba Large shrub W In 119. L. macrophylla Roxb. Ex Hornem. Leeaceae Hostikorno Large shrub W In 120. Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh. Sapindaceae Rubiharina Small tree W In 121. L. senegalensis (Poir.) Leenh. Sapindaceae Gotaharina, Amjam Small tree W In 122. Limonia acidissima L. Rutaceae Koethbel Medium tree C In 123. Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. Lauraceae Kubahoria Large shrub W In 124. L. glutinosa (Lour.) L.B. Rob. Lauraceae Kukur chita, Menda Medium tree W In 306 PASHA AND UDDIN Table 1 Contd. Sl. No. Botanical Name Family name Local Names Habit Cultivated (C)/ Wild (W) Indigenous (In)/ Exotic (E) 125. Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner Moraceae China maclur Large shrub W In 126. Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig ex L.) J.F.Machr. Sapotaceae Mohua, Mohwa maul Medium tree W & C In 127. Maesa chisia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Myrsinaceae Bilouni, Gangu loda Large shrub W In 128. M. ramentacea (Roxb.)A.DC. Myrsinaceae Moricha, Noa moricha Small tree W In 129. Malpighia coccigera L. Malpighiaceae Kanta malpighia Dwarf shrub C Ex 130. M. glabra L. Malpighiaceae - Bushy shrub C Ex 131. Mangifera sylvatica Roxb. Anacardiaceae Uriaam, Jangli Large tree W In 132. Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard Sapotaceae Khirni, Khir khejur, Khiluni Large tree W In 133. M. zapota (L.) P.Royen Sapotaceae Sofeda, Sapodilla Small tree C Ex 134. Melastoma malabathricum L. Melastomataceae Ban-tejpata, Datranga Large shrub W Ex 135. Meliosma pinnata (Roxb.) Walp. Sabiaceae Bativa, Adalia Small tree W In 136. Meyna spinosa Roxb. ex Link Rubiaceae Maina, Mainakata Small tree W In 137. Microcos paniculata L. Tiliaceae Asar, Tarah, Pesondi, Pichunti Small tree W In 138. Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) J.Sinclair Annonaceae Lom tasbi Erect shrub W In 139. M. velutina (Dunal) Hook.f. &. Thomson Annonaceae Gandhi gajari, Bul gajari Small tree W In 140. Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Bokul, Elengi Medium tree C In 141. Mischocarpus pentapetalous (Roxb.) Radlk. Sapindaceae Miskaphal Medium tree W In 142. Monstera deliciosa Liebm. Araceae Makhna Epiphytic climber W In 143. Morinda citrifilia L. Rubiaceae Naniphal Large shrub C & W In 144. Morus alba L. Moraceae Tunt, Tuti Small tree C Ex 145. M. indica L. Moraceae Deshi tut Large shrub C Ex 146. M. macroura Miq. Moraceae Himalyan tut Large shrub C Ex 147. M. nigra L. Moraceae Kalo tut Large shrub C Ex 148. Muntingia calabura L. Tiliaceae Suji phal Small tree C 149. Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Rutaceae Kari pata Bushy shrub W & C In 150. M. paniculata (L.) Jack Rutaceae Kamini, Tall shrub C In 151. Myrciaria cauliflora (DC.) Berg Myrtaceae Jaboticaba Small tree C Ex 152. Myrica nagi Thumb. Myricaceae Kayphol Small tree W In 153. Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. Rubiaceae Nukli Erect shrub W In 154. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nelumbonaceae Padma, Lotus Perennial aquatic herb W & C In 155. Nephelium rambutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh. Sapindaceae Rambutan Medium tree C Ex MINOR EDIBLE FRUITS OF BANGLADESH 307 Table 1 Contd. Sl. No. Botanical Name Family name Local Names Habit Cultivated (C)/ Wild (W) Indigenous (In)/ Exotic (E) 156. Nypa fruticans Wurmb. Arecaceae Golpata, Gulga, Gabna Erect shrub W In 157. Nyssa javanica (Blume) Wangerin Nyssaceae Malatilata Tree W In 158. Olax scandens Roxb. Olacaceae Koko aru Climbing shrub W In 159. Opuntia dellenii Haw. Cactaceae Phanimanasa Under shrub C & W Ex 160. Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. Hydrocharitaceae Panicola Perennial aquatic herb W In 161. Oxystelma secamone H. Karst. Asclepiadaceae Dudhia lata, Dudh lata Woody climber W In 162. Parkia roxburghii G.Don. Mimosaceae Kuki tetoi, Sapota Small tree W In 163. Passiflora edulis Sims. Passifloraceae Tang, Passion fruit, Granadilla Tendril climber C Ex 164. P. foetida L. Passifloraceae Jhumka lata Climbing herb W Ex 165. P. quadrangularis L. Passifloraceae Misriphal Large climber C Ex 166. Persea americana P. Mill. Lauraceae Avocado Medium tree C Ex 167. Phoebe attenuata (Nees) Nees Lauraceae Bonsum Large tree C Ex 168. Phoenix acaulis Roxb. Arecaceae Khudi khejur Erect shrub W In 169. P. dactylifera L. Arecaceae Arabi khejur Thorny tree C Ex 170. P. paludosa Roxb. Arecaceae Hatal, Hintal Erect shrub W In 171. P. rupicola T.Anderson Arecaceae Kola khejur Small tree C Ex 172. P. sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Arecaceae Deshi khejur Small tree C & W In 173. Photinia arguta Wall.exLindl. Rosaceae Fotini Small tree W In 174. Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Euphorbiaceae Amla, Orbori Small tree C. Ex 175. P. emblica L. Euphorbiaceae Amloki Small tree W & C In 176. P. urinaria L. Euphorbiaceae Hazarmani Annual herb W In 177. Physalis minima L. Solanaceae Fotka Annual herb W In 178. P. peruviana L. Solanaceae Tepari Annual herb C Ex 179. Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Mimosaceae Khai babla, Jilapi phul Medium tree W & C Ex 180. Polyalthea cerasoides (Roxb.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Bedd. Annonaceae Marmi Small tree W In 181. Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.)Thwaites Annonaceae Murmuri, Kukuriam Small tree W Ex 182. Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni Sapotaceae Jaman phol Small tree C Ex 183. Premna bengalensis C.B.Clarke Verbenaceae Banglalatana, Koya jarul Large shrub W In 184. P. herbacea Roxb. Verbenaceae Bhuijam, Mati jam Undershrub W In 185. Protium serratum (Wall. ex Coelbr.) Engl. Burseraceae Chitrica, Gutgutya, Hajna Medium tree W In 186. Psidium araca Raddi Myrtaceae Tock piyara Large shrub W Ex / In 187. P. chinense Lodd. ex Loud. Myrtaceae Chinese piyara Large shrub C Ex 308 PASHA AND UDDIN Table 1 Contd. Sl. No. Botanical Name Family name Local Names Habit Cultivated (C)/ Wild (W) Indigenous (In)/ Exotic (E) 188. Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R.Br. Sterculiaceae Buddha narical Large tree W & C In 189. Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Dalim, Bedana, Large shrub C Ex 190. Randia angustissima Wall. Rubiaceae Belong, Moncata, Piralo Tree or large shrub W In 191. R. dumatorium (Retz.) Lam. Rubiaceae Moncata, Mainphal Small tree W In 192. Rhaphidophora pertusa (Roxb.) Schott Araceae Tusafido Epiphytic climber W In 193. Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Rhizophoraceae Khamo Small tree W In 194. Salacia chinensis L. Hippocrateaceae Madhu phal, Chota boroi Woody climber W In 195. S. salacioides (Roxb.) Rolla Rao & Hemadri Hippocrateaceae Sala madhu phal Woody climber W In 196. Sambucus canadensis L. Caprifoliaceae American elder Erect shrub W Ex 197. S. javanica Reinw. ex Blume Caprifoliaceae Hoklati Small tree W Ex 198. S. nigra L. Caprifoliaceae Sambucas Small tree C Ex 199. Sandoricum indicum Cav. Meliaceae Santol Medium tree C Ex 200. Sarcolobus globosus Wall. Asclepiadaceae Baoli-lata, Baoli- phal Large shrub W In 201. Saurauia roxburghii Wall. Theaceae Dalup Large shrub W In 202. Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. Euphorbiaceae Mithapotro Large shrub W In 203. Schleichera oleasa (Lour.) Merr. Sapindaceae Kusum, Joyna Medium tree C In 204. Semecarpus anacardium L.f. Anacardiaceae Bhela, Beda Medium tree W In 205. S. nigroviridis Thwaites Anacardiaceae Kattula Medium tree E In 206. Shorea robusta Gaertn.f. Dipterocarpaceae Shal, Gazari Medium tree W & C In 207. Solanum americanum Mill. Solanaceae Tit begun Annual herb W In 208. S. lasiocarpum Dunal Solanaceae Kantha sola Herb or Undershrub W In 209. S. trilobatum L. Solanaceae Trikun pata Herb or Undershrub W In 210. Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi Cucurbitaceae Kundri, Rakhal gota Climbing herb W In 211. Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl. Sonneratiaceae Ora, Orali, Orcha, Shoila Large tree W In 212. Spodius dulcis Parkinson Anacardiaceae Bilati amra Small tree C Ex 213. S. purpurea L. Anacardiaceae Beelati amra Medium tree C Ex 214. Sterculia foetida L. Sterculiaceae Jangli-the Medium tree W In 215. Stixis suaveolens (Roxb.) Pierre Capparaceae Madhumalati Woody climber W In 216. Suregada multiflora (A. Juss.) Baill Euphorbiaceae Ban naranga Medium tree W In 217. Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.) Alston Myrtaceae Jamboo, Pani jam Medium tree W In 218. S. balsameum (Wight) Wall. ex Walp. Myrtaceae Buti jam Large Shrub W In MINOR EDIBLE FRUITS OF BANGLADESH 309 Table 1 Contd. Sl. No. Botanical Name Family name Local Names Habit Cultivated (C)/ Wild (W) Indigenous (In)/ Exotic (E) 219. S. claviflorum (Roxb.) Wall. ex A.M.Cowan & Cowan Myrtaceae Lamba nali jam, Small tree W In 220. S. cymosum (Lam.) DC. Myrtaceae Khudi jam, Khurijam Small tree W In 221. S. formosum (Wall.) Masam. Myrtaceae Paniya jam, Phuljam, Natla Medium tree W In 222. S. fruticosum (Roxb.) DC. Myrtaceae Ban jam, Kak jam, Puti jam Small tree W In 223. S. jambos (L.) Alston Myrtaceae Gulap jam Small tree C Ex 224. S. macrocarpa Roxb. Myrtaceae Chalita jam, Bon jam Medium tree W In 225. S. malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry. Myrtaceae Jamrul Medium tree C Ex 226. S. nervosum (DC.) A. Cunnex DC. Myrtaceae Boti jam, Dapha jam, Goda jam Small tree W & C In 227. S. oblatum (Roxb.) A.M. Cowan & Cowan Myrtaceae Gola jam Medium tree W In 228. S. praecox (Roxb.) Rathakr & N.C.Nair Myrtaceae Poora jam Medium tree W In 229. S. samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry Myrtaceae -- Medium tree C Ex 230. S. tetragonum (Wight) Wall. ex. Kurz Myrtaceae Gonojam, Charjam Medium tree W In 231. Tamarindus indica L. Caesalpiniaceae Tentul, Tentuli Large tree C & W Ex 232. Tapiria hirsuta Hook.f. Anacardiaceae Lomam Scandent shrub W In 233. Termilania bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Combretaceae Bohera, Boyra Medium tree W & C In 234. T. catappa L. Combretaceae Kathbadam Small tree C & W Ex 235. T. chebula (Gaertn.) Retz. Combretaceae Haritoki Medium tree W & C In 236. T. citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. ex Fleming Combretaceae Hatiyal, Haritaki, Harra Medium tree W In 237. Tetrastigma angustifolim (Roxb.) Planch. Vitaceae Nekung riubi, Sarupatilata Herbaceous climber W In 238. T. bracteolatum (Wall.) Planch. Vitaceae Golgoli lata Herbaceous climber W In 239. T. dubium (Lawson) Planch. Vitaceae Kuannia, Riam lata Climbing herb W 240. T. leucostaphyllum (Den.) Alston. Vitaceae Horina lata Climbing herb W In 241. T. serrulatum (Roxb.) Planch. Vitaceae Koratilata Climbing shrub W In 242. Trapa bispinosa Roxb. Trapaceae Paniphal Floating aquatic herb W & C In 243. T. maximowiczii Korshinsky Trapaceae Paniphal, Kata singhara Floating aquatic herb W In 244. Triphasia trifolia (Burm.f.) P. Wilson Rutaceae Cheeninarangi Small tree W In 245 Uvaria ferruginea Buch.-Ham. Annonaceae Bon khajur Large shrub W In. 246. Vitex glabrata R.Br. Verbenaceae Ashal Medium tree W In 247. Vitis lanata Roxb. Vitaceae Sonalata, Rangobhuttu Climbing shrub W In 310 PASHA AND UDDIN Table 1 Contd. Sl. No. Botanical Name Family name Local Names Habit Cultivated (C)/ Wild (W) Indigenous (In)/ Exotic (E) 248. Willoughbeia edulis Roxb. Apocynaceae Lata aam, Lati aam Climbing shrub W In 249. Xerospermum laevigatum Radlk. Sapindaceae Bonlichu Small tree W In 250. X. noronhianum (Blume) Blume Sapindaceae Bonlichu, Noronlichu Medium tree W In 251. Ziziphus funiculosa Buch.- Ham. ex Wall. Rhamnaceae Bon-boguri Large shrub W In 252. Z. galabrata Heyne ex Roth Rhamnaceae Rata boroi, Jangli kul Small tree W In 253. Z. oenoplia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae Sial kul, Jangal kul, Bon boroi Straggling shrub W In 254. Z. rugosa Lam. Rhamnaceae Jangli boroi, Rug boroi Straggling shrub or small tree W In 255. Z. xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd. Rhamnaceae Jhangli boroi Large shrub W In Table 2. Some promising wild minor fruit yielding plant species of Bangladesh. Name of the species Edible part Name of the species Edible part 1 Alangium savifolium Pulp 23 Hovenia dulcis Pulp 2 Antidesma acidum Fruit 24 Morinda citrifolia Thalamus 3 A. ghaesembilla Pulp 25 Morus macroura Ripe fruit 4 Arocarpus chama Pulp 26 Murrya koenigii Pulp 5 Bauea barmanica Pulp 27 Paramigyna citrifolia Pulp 6 Bauhinia vahlii Immature seed 28 Parkia roxburghii Pulp 7 Buchanania lanzan Fruit & Nut 29 Passiflora foetida Ripe fruit 8 Caesalpinia digyna Immature seed 30 Phoebe attenuta Pulp 9 Carissa spinarum Pulp 31 Photina arguta Ripe fruit 10 Castanopsis indica Matured seed 32 Physalis minima Ripe fruit 11 C. purpurella Matured seed 33 Randia dumetorium Matured fruit 12 Cirus assamensis Juice 34 R. spinosa Matured fruit 13 Cleistocalyx operculata Seed kernel 35 R. uliginosa Matured fruit 14 Cordia dichotoma Pulp 36 Salacia salacioides Matured fruit 15 Diospyros peregrina Pulp 37 Sambucus canadensis Matured fruit 16 Duchesnia indica Matured thalamus 38 S. javanica Matured fruit 17 Erioglossum rubignossum Pulp 39 S. nigra Matured fruit 18 Eryobotrya javanica Pulp 40 Schleichera oleosa Arillous pulp 19 Euryale ferox Immature seed 41 Sterculea foetida Kernel 20 Firmiana colorata Matured seed 42 Sysyzium formosum Pulp 21 Garcinia xanthochymus Pulp 43 S. aqueum Pulp 22 Haematocarpus validus Pulp 44 Willoubeia edulis Pulp MINOR EDIBLE FRUITS OF BANGLADESH 311 Among the species recorded, a total of 50 species are herbs, including 31 species of climbers or lianas, and 49 species are shrubby in nature. The remaining 156 species are trees. About 48 species are cultivated for fruits and the 35 species are both cultivated and wild. The remaining species are exclusively wild. A total of 53 exotic species are included in the cultivation state. Only 3 species are found growing in aquatic condition. Almost all the species produce true fruits and only five species produce false fruits. Few species are considered as nut or kernel producing tree. Only 15 species produce fruits that are completely edible and 13 species produce such fruits only the kernel or nut of which are edible. In other cases, all the structural portions except the seed(s) are edible. Almost all the exotic species are cultivated and considered as promising fruit yielding plants. Some native wild and minor cultivated plants are also found promising fruit yielding in their taste and colour also. In this study, 44 species have been recognized as promising minor fruit yielding species because they are comparatively widely used and popular in consumption (Table 2). The flowering and fruiting time of the edible fruit yielding plant species was found as remarkably variable (Table 1). The fruits were more or less available throughout the year (Fig. 3). The majority of minor fruit yielding plants were found with fruiting in the months between March and September. The richest fruit yielding month was June (11.51%) and the poorest was January (5.50%). Fig. 3. Availability percentage of the edible minor fruits per month in a year in Bangladesh. The edible fruits occur in a vast number of families in the World. Hill (1951) recognized the families Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Myrtaceae, Rutaceae, Sapotaceae and Sapindaceae as particularly important in yielding the fruits. This study has also found some similar important families. In few reports some minor fruits are evaluated as promising in many aspects (Bose, 1985; Rahim et al., 2011; Frncesca et al., 2012). Many of the minor edible fruits are with little pulp and larger seed size with less palatable. However, the edibility and nutritional value and economic value of different minor edible fruits can be improved. On the other hand, most of the major fruits are available in the month of May to July, but minor fruits are available throughout the year. The minor fruits can play a great role in improving the social and economic status of the local people. They also can significantly contribute in the conservation of biodiversity. Minor fruit production 312 PASHA AND UDDIN may support the livelihood of the producers and side by side can increase the demand of the consumers. 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(Manuscript received on 2 April, 2019 revised on 10 December, 2019) http://www.theplantlist.org/