Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 27(1): 37‒65, 2020 (June) 
© 2020 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists 

PRELIMINARY TAXONOMIC STUDY ON HOMESTEAD FLORA OF FOUR 
DISTRICTS OF BANGLADESH: MAGNOLIOPSIDA 

 

GOUTAM KUMER ROY* AND SALEH AHAMMAD KHAN 
 

Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh 
 

Keywords: Homestead flora; Magnoliopsida; Threatened Species; Four Districts; Bangladesh. 
 

Abstract 
 This study has documented the contemporary taxonomic information on the species 
of the class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) extant in the homestead areas of Dhaka, 
Gazipur, Manikganj and Tangail districts of Bangladesh. In these areas, the Dicotyledons 
are comprised of total 455 species under 302 genera belonging to 78 families. Fabaceae 
with 41 species is the largest family and Solanum and Lindernia are the largest genera. 
Total 238 species are herbs followed by 129 species of trees and 88 species of shrubs. 
Total 332 species are economically useful. The composition and distribution of the 
species of this plant group are remarkably variable in the homestead areas of the four 
districts. The current status of seven threatened species viz., Abroma augusta, 
Andrographis paniculata, Aniseia martinicensis, Mucuna bracteata, Pterocarpus 
santalinus, Rauvolfia serpentina and Tournefortia roxburghii, included in the Red Data 
Book of Bangladesh and extant in the study area, has been evaluated and described. This 
study has identified some threats to the homestead flora and formulated some 
recommendations for the conservation of threatened and declining native plant species of 
the study area. The data provided by this study will serve as an important baseline to track 
the trend of changes in the floristic composition and diversity and sustainable 
development of plant genetic resources in the homesteads of the study area. 

 

Introduction  
 Dicotyledons are the most successful and dominant plant group (Heywood, 1993). They 
comprise about 62.5% of the total angiosperm species (ca. 400000) recorded from this planet so 
far (Leitch and Leitch, 2008). Dicots are the major biotic component of almost all ecosystems and 
essential for human being as the source of food, cloths, shelter, medicines, fodder and many other 
substances used in different puroses worldwide. Bangladesh is endowed with about 5,000 species 
of flowering plants, of which more than two third are Dicotyledonous (Khan, 1972-1987). Dicot 
plants dominate the forests, village groves and woodlands of Bangladesh (Khan and Afza, 1968; 
Khan and Banu, 1969; Khan, 1972-1987). 
 Homesteads are privately owned dwellings in the rural and semi-urban settings that typically 
consist of a living area, kitchen, backyard, front yard, and sometimes a pond and patio 
(Muhammed et al., 2011). A homestead forest, or “homegarden”, is usually a complex mixture of 
deliberately planted vegetation and designed to produce natural products for the household uses or 
market sale. It is an operational unit, in which a number of crops are grown with livestock, poultry 
and fish production mainly for the purpose of the farmer’s basic needs (Leuschner and Khaleque, 
1987). Bangladesh has 15.4 million homesteads occupying 0.3 million hectares of land that are 
providing major requirement of food, fruit, vegetables, timber and fuel wood (Abedin and Quddus, 
1990). Plants of the homesteads are receiving increasing attention from scientists, practitioners and 
policymakers because of their social, economic, ecological and environmental benefits (Alam, 
2011).  
 
*Author for correspondence, email: roy_kbd@yahoo.com 

mailto:roy_kbd@yahoo.com


38 ROY AND KHAN 

 In Bangladesh, there is no specific management plan for the homestead forests (FAO, 2010) 
and the household owners are traditionally managing these. It is estimated that about 70% of 
timber, 90% of firewood, 48% of sawn and veneer logs, and almost 90% of bamboo requirements 
are met from homestead forests (Uddin et, al., 2002). During the last 40–50 years, the relative 
importance has shifted from the traditional forestry to homestead plantation (Roy et al., 2013).  
 Previousely some detail floristic studies (Hooker, 1872-1897; Prain, 1903; Khan, 1972-1987; 
Ahmed et al., 2008-2009) were carried on covering the political boundary of Bangladesh. Many 
taxonomic inventories (Khan et al., 1977; Khan et al., 1985; Huq, 1986, 1988; Alam et al., 2006; 
Rahman et al., 2012; Rahman, 2013; Rahman et al., 2013; Rahaman et al., 2015; Shetu et al. 
2018; Tabassum, 2015) were also performed in different urban and rural areas of this country. 
However, these studies do not provide specific data on the homestead forests or floras of the study 
area.  
 A good of number  studies (Bashar, 1999; Uddin et al., 2002; Alam et al. 2005; Masum et al., 
2008; Kabir and Webb, 2009; Miah and Hussain, 2010; Alam, 2011; Muhammed et al., 2011; 
Muhammed et al., 2013; Islam et al., 2013; Rahman et al., 2013; Roy et al., 2013; Islam et al., 
2015; Rahaman et al., 2015; Sajib et. al., 2016) were carried out on the homestead forests in 
different regions of Bangladesh. However, the homestead floras of Dhaka, Manikganj, Gazipur 
and Tangail regions are not yet studied. This study was carried out to provide basic and recent 
taxonomic information on the species of the class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) extant in the 
visited homestead areas of Bangladesh.  
 
Materials and Methods 
 The study area lies in Dhaka, Gazipur, Manikganj and Tangail districts, that are located in 
central Bangladesh, in between 23º38'-24º48'N and 89º41'-90º42'E and composed of an area of 
about 8067.97 sq km. This study was conducted during 2013 to 2018 based on a thorough 
taxonomic inventory involving 240 field trips to 1120 representative homestead areas belonging to 
40 villages of 20 upazilas under the four districts in different seasons (Fig. 1).  
 Following a preliminary reconnaissance survey, four categories of homesteads viz., old joint, 
old isolated, and new joint and new isolated, were selected from each district for better 
representation. The selected old homesteads were more than 20 years to 80 years old and the new 
ones were more than five years to less than 20 years old. The homesteads of each district were 
equal in number, more or less homogenous and from plain land areas to promote the reasonable 
comparision. Representative specimens with flowers and fruits were collected during the field 
trips. Routine herbarium methods (Jain and Rao, 1977) have been followed in collecting, 
preparing, pressing, drying, mounting, and storing the plant specimens. 
 All plant specimens were identified through consulting with the experts, taxonomic 
descriptions and keys available in the relevant literature (Hooker, 1872−1897; Wu et al., 
1995−2013), and matching with relevant voucher specimens preserved at Jahangirnagar 
University Herbarium (JUH), and Bangladesh National Herbarium (DACB). Nomenclatural 
information were verified through consulting TROPICOS (2010), The Plant List (2013), 
International Plant Names Index (2015) and the recent floras (Wu et al., 1995−2013; Watson et 
al., 2011). The families have been arranged following Cronquist (1981). The families 
Phyllanthaceae and Putranjivaceae, not included in Cronquist (1981)’s System, are placed besides 
their close family Euphorbiaceae. All genera and species are presented alphabetically. All voucher 
specimens are housed at JUH. The similarities in species composition in the homesteads of four 
districts have been measured following Jaccard coefficient (Jaccard, 1912). The threatened status 
of the species in the homsteads of the study area was recognized based on their existing population 



PRELIMINARY TAXONOMIC STUDY ON HOMESTEAD FLORA 39 

 

size, distribution range, and regeneration in the area, collections, interviews with elderly local 
people, and consulting the relevent IUCN guidelines (IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee, 
2019). 
 

 
 

Fig. 1. Map showing the location of the the study area (Tangail, Gazipur, Manikganj and 
Dhaka districts) and sampling sites.  

 
Results and Discussion 
 This study recorded total 455 species of Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) under 302 genera and 
78 families from the the visited homestead areas of Dhaka, Gazipur, Manikganj and Tangail 
districts (Table 1).  Twenty three of the families were represented by single species each, 39 
families by 2-10 species and only 13 families by 11-20 species.  The  homesteads of four districts 



40 ROY AND KHAN 

Table 1. Taxonomic checklist of the species of Magnoliopsida extant in the homestead areas of Dhaka, Gazipur, 
Manikganj and Tangail districts. 

 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
ANNONACEAE             
Annona reticulata L. Nona D, G, 

M, T 
T Ah, Fp C Fl. May-Jul    

Fr. Sep-Jan 
Fr GKR2262 

A. squamosa L. Ata D, G, 
M, T 

T Ah C Fl. Apr-May 
Fr. Aug-Nov 

Fr GKR0671 

Miliusa velutina (A.DC.) 
Hook.f. & Thomson 

Gandhigajari G, M T Ah, Fp O Fl. Dec-May 
Fr. U 

Fw GKR1679 

Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) 
Thwaites  

Debdaru D, G, 
M, T 

T Fp, Rs C Fl. Mar-May 
Fr. Jul-Sep 

T GKR0697 

P. suberosa (Roxb.) 
Thwaites 

Hamjam; 
Murmuri 

D, G, 
M, T 

S Fp, Rs C Fl. Sep-Mar 
Fr. U 

W GKR1106 

Uvaria littoralis Blume Gagh-ranga G S Fp O Fl. Jul-Aug 
Fr. U 

W GKR1133 

LAURACEAE             
Cinnamomum tamala 
(Buch.-Ham.) T. Nees & 
Eberm. 

Tejpata D, M T Ah O Fl. Feb-Oct 
Fr. U 

S GKR0172 

C. zeylanicum Blume Daruchini M, T ST Ah O Fl. Apr-Jun 
Fr. U 

S GKR1572 

Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) 
C.B.Rob. 

Kukurchita D, T T Ah, Rs O Fl. Apr-May 
Fr. U 

W GKR2895 

L. salicifolia (J. Roxb. ex 
Nees) Hook. f. 

Bara shiyal-
buka, Digloti 

D, M T Rs O Fl. Apr-May 
Fr. U 

W GKR0145 

PIPERACEAE             
Peperomia pellucida (L.) 
Kunth 

Luchipata D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Sep-Dec 
Fr. U 

We GKR0512 

Piper betle L.  Pan M, T H Ah O Fl. Apr-May 
Fr. U 

M GKR1571 

P. longum L. Pipul D, T H Ah, Fp O Fl. Aug-Jan 
Fr. U 

M GKR0045 

P. peepuloides Roxb.  wild pepper M, T H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Nov-Dec 
Fr. U 

W GKR1125 

P. peploides (Kunth) Poir. Pipul D, M T Ah O Fl. Jun-Aug 
Fr. Nov-Dec 

W GKR1272 

P. sylvaticum Roxb.  Pahari pipol D H Rs O Fl. Aug-Sep 
Fr. U 

W GKR1544 

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE             
Aristolochia indica L. Ishwarmul G, M, 

T 
H Ah, Fp, 

Rs 
O Fl. Jul-Mar 

Fr. U 
M GKR0038 

RANUNCULACEAE             
Ranunculus sceleratus L. Palik, Podika M H Fp O Fl. Feb-May 

Fr. U 
M GKR0062 

MENISPERMACEAE             
Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W. 
Theob. 

Doipata, 
Jhaljamani 

G H Fp O Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

M GKR0334 

Stephania japonica (Thunb.) 
Miers 

Nimukha, 
Aknadi 

D, M S Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Mar-Sep 
Fr. U 

M GKR0095 

(Table contd.) 



PRELIMINARY TAXONOMIC STUDY ON HOMESTEAD FLORA 41 

 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
Tiliacora acuminata Miers Baghlata G, M, 

T 
S Ah, Fp, 

Rs 
O Fl. Apr-Dec 

Fr. U 
M GKR0122 

Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. 
f. & Thomson 

Gulancha D S Rs O Fl. Feb-Jun 
Fr. U 

M GKR1344 

T. sinensis (Lour.) Merr.  China 
gulancha  

G, T S Ah, Fp O Fl. Feb-Jun 
Fr. U 

M GKR0304 

ULMACEAE             
Holoptelea integrifolia 
Planch. 

nata karanja G T Ah, Fp O Fl. & Fr.  Dec-
Mar 

Fw GKR0359 

CANNABACEAE             
Cannabis sativa L. Gaza M, T H Fp, Rs O Fl. Aug-Mar 

Fr. U 
M GKR0139 

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Jibon D, G, 
M, T 

T Fp, Rs C Fl. Sep-Dec 
Fr. U 

M, 
Fw 

GKR0570 

MORACEAE             
Artocarpus heterophyllus 
Lam. 

Kanthal D, G, 
M 

T Ah, Rs O Fl. Jan-Jun 
Fr. U 

Fr, 
T 

GKR 0174 

A. lacucha Buch.-Ham. Dewa D, G, 
M, T 

T Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Feb-May 
Fr. U 

Fr, 
Fw 

GKR2082 

Ficus benghalensis L. Bot D, G, 
M, T 

T Fp C Fl. May-Jul 
Fr. U 

M, 
Fw 

GKR0310 

F. carica L. Dumur, Anjir D, G, 
M, T 

T Ah, Fp C Fl. May-Aug 
Fr. U 

M GKR0079 

F. heterophylla L. f. Bhuidumur D, G, 
M, T 

S Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Nov-Jan 
Fr. U 

Fw GKR0033 

F. hispida L. f. Kakdumur D, G, 
M, T 

T Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Sep-May Fr, 
Fw 

GKR0577 

      Fr. U   
F. racemosa L. Jogo dumur D, G, 

M, T 
T Ah, Fp, 

Rs 
C Fl. Feb-May  

Fr. U 
Fr, 
Fw, 
M 

GKR1763 

F. religiosa L. Ashatha D, G T Ah, Fp O Fl. & Fr. Nov-Feb M GKR3132 
F. rumphii Blume Pakur D, M T Ah, Rs O Fl. Mar-Nov 

Fr. U 
Fw GKR1324 

Morus alba L. Tut M ST Rs O Fl. Apr-Aug 
Fr. U 

M GKR1243 

Premna bengalensis 
C.B.Clarke 

Koya-jarul D T Fp O Fl. May-Nov 
Fr. U 

W GKR1607 

Streblus asper Lour. Sheora D, G, 
M 

H Bb, Ep, 
Fp 

O Fl. & Fr.  Feb-Jun M GKR1822 

URTICACEAE             
Gonostegia hirta (Blume ex 
Hassk.)Miq. 

Unknown G, M ST Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Jun-Jul 
Fr. Aug-Sep 

M, 
Fd 

GKR0175 

Laportea interrupta (L.) 
Chew 

bichuti D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Jul-Sep 
Fr. U 

W GKR0861 

Pilea microphylla (L.) 
Liebm. 

Rockweed T H Ah O Fl. Aug-Nov 
Fr. U 

We GKR1065 

Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) 
Benn. 

Bilati 
luchipata 

D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Aug-Dec 
Fr. U 

W GKR1072 

(Table contd.) 
 



42 ROY AND KHAN 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
NYCTAGINACEAE             
Boerhavia diffusa L. Punarnova G, T H Ah, Fp, 

Rs 
O Fl. Nov-Feb 

Fr. U 
M GKR2156 

Mirabilis jalapa L.  Sandhyamaloti G, M, 
T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Jun-Oct 
Fr. U 

Or GKR0046 

CHENOPODIACEAE             
Chenopodium album L. Bathuashak D, G, 

M, T 
H Ah, Fp C Fl. Feb-Mar 

Fr. U 
V GKR0620 

C. ambrosioides L. Chandanbeto D, T H Ah, Fp O Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

V GKR0553 

AMARANTHACEAE            
Achyranthes aspera L. Apang, 

Bilaiachra 
D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Jan-Aug 
Fr. U 

M GKR0297 

Alternanthera 
paronychioides A.St. Hil. 

Jhuli khata D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Jun-Aug 
Fr. U 

W GKR0051 

A. philoxeroides (Mart.) 
Griseb. 

Haicha, 
Malancha 

D, G, 
M 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Jan-Sep 
Fr. U 

V GKR0083 

A. sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. Chanchi D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl.& Fr. Through-
out the year 

V GKR0439 

Amaranthus blitum L. Boutuni D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp C Fl. Mar-Jun 
Fr. U 

V GKR0174 

A. gangeticus L. Data shak D, M H Ah, Fp O Fl. Jun-Sep 
Fr. U 

V GKR0547 

A. spinosus L. Katanotey D, G, 
M, T 

H Fp, Rs C Fl. Jun-Dec 
Fr. U 

V GKR0461 

A. viridis L. Notey shak  D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Jul-Dec 
Fr. U 

V GKR0507 

Atriplex hortensis L. Red mountain 
spinach 

D H Fp O Fl. Jul-Sep 
Fr. U 

M, 
Or 

GKR0656 

Celosia argentea L. Swetmorogph
ul 

D H Ah, Fp O Fl. Apr-May 
Fr. U 

Or GKR0568 

Cyathula prostrata (L.) 
Blume 

Chhoto Apang D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Sep-Apr 
Fr. U 

M GKR0166 

Enhydra fluctuans DC Helencha D H Fp O Fl. & Fr. Dec-Jan V GKR0637 
PORTULACACEAE             
Portulaca oleracea L. Nunia sag G H Rs O Fl.& Fr. Through-

out the year 
V GKR0388 

P. grandiflora Hook. Time flower M H Rs O Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

Or GKR0126 

BASELLACEAE             
Basella alba L.   Pui sak D, G, 

M, T 
H Ah, Fp C Fl. Nov-Feb 

Fr. U 
D, V GKR2614 

MOLLUGINACEAE             
Glinus lotoides L.  Duserasag D, G, 

M, T 
H Ah, Fp, 

Rs 
C Fl. Apr-May 

Fr. U 
V GKR0173 

G. oppositifolius (L.) Aug. 
DC. 

Gima-sak D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Feb-Apr 
Fr. U 

M, 
V 

GKR0024 

Mollugo pentaphylla L. Khetpapra D, M, 
T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

W GKR1110 

(Table contd.) 
 



PRELIMINARY TAXONOMIC STUDY ON HOMESTEAD FLORA 43 

 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
CARYOPHYLLACEAE             
Dianthus caryophyllus L. Jatasalpar G, M H Fp, Rs O Fl.Nov-Jan 

Fr. U 
Or GKR2903 

Polycarpon prostratum 
(Forssk.) Aschers. & 
Scheinf. 

Gima G, M H Fp, Rs O Fl. Mar-Jun 
Fr. Aug-Sep 

W GKR0178 

Stellaria wallichiana Haines  Commom 
chickweed 

G H Ah O Fl. Feb-Aug 
Fr. U 

M GKR2037 

POLYGONACEAE             
Persicaria assamica 
(Meisn.) Soják 

Bishkathali D H Rs O Fl. Jun-Sep 
Fr. U 

M GKR0154 

P. barbata (L.) H.Hara  Bishkathali M, T H Fp, Rs O Fl. Nov-Feb 
Fr. U 

M GKR0169 

P. hydropiper (L.) Delarbre Bishkatali D, M H Fp, Rs O Fl. Mar-Jul 
Fr. U 

M GKR0428 

P. lanata (Roxb.) Tzvelev Bishkatali D H Ah, Rs O Fl. Jun-Sep 
Fr. U 

W GKR1363 

P. minor (Huds.) Opiz. Bishkatali M, T H Rs O Fl. Jan-Mar 
Fr. U 

W GKR0116 

P. orientalis (L.) Spach Bara 
Panimarich 

D, G, T H Fp, Rs O Fl. Jun-Oct 
Fr. U 

W GKR0442 

Polygonum chinense L. Bishkatali D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Nov-Mar 
Fr. U 

M GKR1843 

P. effusum Meissn.  Chemti sag D H Ah, Rs O Fl. Mar-Oct 
Fr. U 

W GKR1029 

P. plebeium R. Br.  Khudi 
bisakamtali 

D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Mar-Apr 
Fr. U 

W GKR0586 

P. flaccidum Meisn. Lalbishkatali D, M H Fp, Rs O Fl. Aug-Oct 
Fr. U 

M GKR2372 

Rumex dentatus L. Banpalong D H Ah, Fp O Fl. May-Jun 
Fr. U 

W GKR0446 

R. maritimus L. Gang palong  D, G H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Feb-May 
Fr. U 

W GKR0515 

PLUMBAGINACEAE             
Plumbago zeylanica L. Chitrak, Chita D S Ah O Fl. Nov-Mar 

Fr. U 
M GKR1266 

DILLENIACEAE             
Dillenia indica L. Chalta D, G, 

M, T 
T Ah, Bb C Fl. Jun-Aug 

Fr. U 
Fr, 
M 

GKR1057 

ELAEOCARPACEAE             
Elaeocarpus floribundus 
Blume  

Jalpai D, G, 
M, T 

T Fp, Hy, 
Rs 

O Fl. Jul-Aug 
Fr. U 

Fr, 
O 

GKR0067 

E. tectorius (Lour.) Poir   T T Fp O Fl. May-Jun, 
Fr. Aug-Oct 

Fr,O GKR1496 

TILIACEAE             
Corchorus aestuans L. Banpat D, G H Fp O Fl. Aug-Feb 

Fr. U 
We GKR0239 

Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori Chhoto Assar D, M S Fp, Rs O Fl. Feb-Aug 
Fr. U 

H GKR1275 

(Table contd.) 



44 ROY AND KHAN 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Banokra D, G, 

M, T 
S Ah, Fp, 

Rs 
C Fl. Sep-Nov 

Fr. U 
Fb, 
M 

GKR0305 

STERCULIACEAE             
Helicteres isora L. Rajot, Atmora G S Fp O Fl. & Fr. Sep-Mar M GKR0332 
MALVACEAE             
Abelmoschus moschatus 
Medik. 

Mushakdana, 
musk okra 

D H Ah, Fp O Fl. Jun-Oct 
Fr. U 

M GKR1390 

Abroma augusta (L.) L.f. Ulat kambal T S Ah, Fp CE Fl. Jun-Oct 
Fr. U 

M GKR2090 

Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Potari D, M, 
T 

S Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Sep-Apr 
Fr. U 

Or GKR0140 

Bombax ceiba L. Shimul D, G, 
M, T 

T Fp, Rs C Fl. Jan-Mar 
Fr. U 

Fb, T GKR1006 

Corchorus capsularis L. Pat D S Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Oct-Dec,  
Fr. Feb-Mar 

Fb GKR0556 

Fioria vitifolia (L.) Mattei  Ban-carpus D S Fp O Fl. Fr. Apr-Dec W GKR1662 
Gossypium arboreum L. Karpas M T Fp O Fl. Jun-Jul 

Fr. U 
Fb GKR2623 

Grewia multiflora Juss. Panisara D, T ST Rs O Fl. Jul-Sep 
Fr. U 

Fw, 
W 

GKR1335 

G. nervosa (Lour.) Panigrahi Assar/ Datoi G ST Rs O Fl. Aug-Apr 
Fr. U 

Fw, 
M 

GKR0744 

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Joba D, G, 
M, T 

S Ah, Fp C Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

Or GKR1526 

H. sabdariffa L. Chukair, 
Chukur 

G S Rs O Fl. Apr-Jul 
Fr. U 

Fb, 
V 

GKR1954 

Malvastrum 
coromandelianum (L.) 
Gracke  

Broom weed M H Rs O Fl. Mar-Sep 
Fr. U 

M GKR1247 

Melochia corchorifolia L. Banpat D, G, 
M, T 

S Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Jul-Apr 
Fr. U 

Fb GKR0059 

Pentapetes phoenicea L.  Morich joba D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs  

C Fl. & Fr. Jun-Jan Fb, 
Or 

GKR0204 

Sida acuta Burm. f. Kureta D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Sep-May 
Fr. U 

M GKR0184 

S. cordifolia L.  Jhunka M H Rs O Fl.& Fr. Through-
out the year 

M GKR1824 

S. mysorensis Wight & Arn.  Berela G H Fp, Rs O Fl. Oct-Feb 
Fr. U 

M GKR0242 

S. rhombifolia L. Berela D, G, 
M, T 

H Fp, Rs C Fl. Jul-Dec 
Fr. U 

M GKR0287 

Urena lobata L. Ghagra D S Fp, Rs O Fl. Jan-Apr 
Fr. U 

W GKR0081 

LECYTHIDACEAE             
Barringtonia acutangula 
(L.) Gaertn. 

Hijal D, G, 
M, T 

T Ep, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Mar-May 
Fr. U 

Bb, 
Cw, 
Rp 

GKR0699 

CARICACEAE             
Carica papaya L. Pepe D, G, 

M 
T Ah O Fl.& Fr. Through-

out the year 
Fr, 
M, V 

GKR0006 

(Table contd.) 



PRELIMINARY TAXONOMIC STUDY ON HOMESTEAD FLORA 45 

 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
CUCURBITACEAE             
Bryonia cochinchinensis 
Lour. 

Boti-jhinga G H Fp, Rs O Fl. May-Jul 
Fr. U 

M GKR1430 

Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Telakucha D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Dec-Mar 
Fr. U 

M GKR1642 

Cucumis callosus (Rottler) 
Cogn. 

Tita Bangi D H Fp, Rs O Fl. Jul-Jan 
Fr. U 

Fr GKR1369 

C. sativus L. Sosha D H Fp O Fl. Sep-Mar 
Fr. U 

Fr,V GKR1316 

Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. 
Roem. 

Dhundul D H Ah O Fl. Feb-Dec 
Fr. U 

V GKR1348 

Momordica charantia L. Ucche D, M, 
T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Jun-Sep 
Fr. U 

M, 
V 

GKR0580 

M. cochinchinensis (Lour.) 
Spreng.  

Kakrol G H Ah O Fl. Jun-Aug 
Fr. U 

V GKR0296 

M. dioica Roxb. ex Willd. Dharkarolla D, G, 
M 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Jul-Dec 
Fr. U 

V GKR0794 

M. subangulata Blume Kakrol D, T H Ah, Fp O Fl. Jun-Aug 
Fr. U 

V GKR0662 

Mukia maderaspatana (L.) 
M. Roem. 

Agmukhi, 
Bilari 

D, M H Fp O Fl. & Fr. 
Throughout the 
year 

M GKR1647 

Trichosanthes cordata Roxb. Chichinga, 
Rekha 

D H Fp O Fl. Jul-Aug 
Fr. U 

V GKR1688 

T. dioica Roxb.  Potol T H Rs O Fl. Feb-Sep 
Fr. U 

V GKR1557 

T. tricuspidata Lour. Makal M H Ah O Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

W GKR1394 

Zehneria japonica (Thunb.) 
H.Y. Liu 

Rakhalshasha M H Rs O Fl. Apr-Jul 
Fr. U 

M GKR0084 

Z. thwaitesii (Schweinf.) 
C.Jeffrey 

Unknown M H Ah, Fp O Fl. Aug-Dec 
Fr. U 

W GKR2503 

SALICACEAE             
Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) 
Merr. 

Beuchi, Katai D, G S Rs O Fl. & Fr. Nov-Mar 
  

W GKR1535 

F. jangomas (Lour.) Raeus.  Lukluki D, G, 
M 

ST Ah, Fp O Fl. Mar-Apr.   
Fr. Aug-Oct 

Fr GKR0342 

Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Boishakhi, 
Panijama 

M T Ah O Fl. Jan-Feb 
Fr. U 

Fw GKR0158 

CAPPARACEAE             
Capparis zeylanica L. Asarilata,  G, T S Ah, Fp, 

Rs 
O Fl. Mar-May 

Fr. U 
M GKR0375 

Cleome rutidosperma DC. Begunihurhure
y 

D, G H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. May-Nov 
Fr. U 

W GKR0491 

Crateva magna (Lour.) DC. Bonna D, G, 
M, T 

T Ep, Rs C Fl. Mar-Apr 
Fr. U 

Fw GKR1528 

BRASSICACEAE             
Brassica napus L. Sorisha G, M H Ah, Fp O Fl. Mar-Aug 

Fr. U 
O GKR0151 

 (Table contd.) 
 



46 ROY AND KHAN 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
B. nigra (L.) K.Koch Kalo Sarisha, 

Rai Sarisha 
D, G, 
M 

H Ah O Fl. Mar-May 
Fr. U 

O GKR0718 

Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern  Bon Sorisa D, G, 
M 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Mar-Apr 
Fr. U 

W GKR0455 

MORINGACEAE             
Moringa oleifera Lamk. Sajna D T Ah, Ep, 

Fp 
O Fl. Jan-Mar 

Fr. U 
M, V GKR0572 

SAPOTACEAE             
Chrysophyllum cainito L. Star apple D, M T Ah, Rs, O Fl. Jul-Aug 

Fr. U 
Fr, 
Fw, 
T 

GKR1331 

Madhuca longifolia 
(J.Koenig ex L.) J.F.Macbr.  

Mohua M T Hy O Fl. Mar-May 
Fr. U 

M GKR1932 

Manilkara zapota (L.) 
P.Royen 

Safeda D, G, 
M, T 

T Ah, Fp C Fl. Aug-Oct 
Fr. U 

Fr GKR0118 

Mimusops elengi L. Bokul D, G, 
M, T 

T Ah C Fl. Mar-Jun 
Fr. U 

Or GKR1702 

EBENACEAE             
Diospyros discolor Willd. Bilati gab D, G, 

M, T 
H Bb, Fp, 

Rs 
C Fl. May-Aug 

Fr. U 
Fr, T GKR0034 

D. montana Roxb. Tomal D, T T Fp, Rs O Fl. Mar-Apr 
Fr. U 

T GKR0658 

D. malabarica (Desr.) 
Kostel. 

Deshi gab D, G, 
M, T 

T Ah, 
Bb, Fp 

C Fl. May-Jun 
Fr. U 

Fr, 
M, T 

GKR0715 

D. peregrina (Gaertn.) 
Gürke 

Gab M T Ah O Fl. Jan-Feb 
Fr. U 

D, M GKR1586 

D. philippinensis A.DC Bilatigab D, T T Fp, Rs O Fl. Apr-Jun 
Fr. U 

Fr GKR1498 

MYRSINACEAE             
Ardisia humilis Vahl Banjam G, M S Fp, Rs O Fl. Mar-Dec 

Fr. U 
M GKR0019 

PRIMULACEAE             
Androsace umbellata (Lour.) 
Merr. 

Unknown D, M H Rs O Fl. Feb-Apr 
Fr. U 

W GKR0125 

CRASSULACEAE             
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) 
Pers.  

 Patharkuchi  D, G, 
M 

H Ah O Fl. Jan-Mar 
Fr. U 

M GKR2490 

ROSACEAE             
Rosa chinensis Jacq.  Golap D S Ah O Fl. Apr-Sep 

Fr. U 
Or GKR1526 

MIMOSACEAE             
Mimosa pudica L. Lajjabati D, G H Fp, Rs O Fl. Nov-Mar 

Fr. U 
M GKR0414 

CAESALPINIACEAE             
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Barakalkasund

a 
D, G S Fp, Rs O Fl. & Fr. Through-

out the year 
M GKR0721 

S. sophera (L.) Roxb. Chhotokalkasu
nda 

D, G H Fp, Rs O Fl. Nov-Feb 
Fr. U 

M GKR0232 

S. tora (L.) Roxb. Kalkasunda D, G, 
M, T 

H Fp, Rs C Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

M GKR1118 

(Table contd.) 



PRELIMINARY TAXONOMIC STUDY ON HOMESTEAD FLORA 47 

 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
FABACEAE             
Acacia auriculiformis Benth. Akashmoni D, G, 

M 
T Fp, Rs O Fl. Dec-Mar 

Fr. U 
T GKR1067 

A. nilotica (L.) Delile Babla G, M T Fp, Rs O Fl. Jul-Dec 
Fr. U 

M GKR2014 

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Sirish, 
Kalokoroi 

D, G, 
M 

T Ah, Rs O Fl. Mar-May,  
Fr.- Aug-Oct 

T GKR0508 

A. lucida Benth. Motor Koroi, 
Potka Siris 

D, G T Rs O Fl. Jun-Jul 
Fr. U 

T, 
Fw 

GKR0336 

A. procera (Roxb.) Benth. Sada 
Siris,Koroi 

D, G, 
M, T 

T Fp, Rs C Fl. Sep-Feb 
Fr. U 

T GKR0641 

A. richardiana (Voigt) King 
& Prain 

Gagansirish, 
Rajkoroi 

D, G, 
M, T 

T Fp, Rs C Fl. Mar-May 
Fr. U 

T GKR1705 

A. saman (Jacq.) Merr. Raintree D, G, 
M, T 

T Fp, Rs C Fl. Mar-Jun 
Fr. U 

T GKR1246 

Alysicarpus ovalifolius 
(Schum.) Leonard 

False 
moneywort 

T H Fp, Rs O Fl. Jun-Sep 
Fr. U 

W GKR1071 

Arachis hypogea L. Cheenabadam D H Fp O Fl. Jul-Aug 
Fr. U 

O GKR1367 

Bauhinia acuminata L. kanchan D, G, 
M, T 

S Fp, Rs C Fl. Apr-May 
Fr. U 

M GKR1525 

Butea monosperma (Lam.) 
Taub. 

Palash G, M, 
T 

T Ah O Fl. Feb-Apr 
Fr. U 

M, 
Re 

GKR2047 

Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Arhar G, M, 
T 

H Ah, Rs O Fl. Dec-Mar 
Fr. U 

C GKR0164 

Canavalia ensiformis (L.) 
DC. 

Jack bean D H Ah O Fl. May-Oct 
Fr. U 

V GKR1630 

Cassia fistula L. Sonalu, Bador 
lathi 

D, G, 
M, T 

H Fp C Fl. Mar-Sep 
Fr. U 

M, 
Or, 
T 

GKR1564 

Clitoria ternatea L. Oporazita M H Rs O Fl. Mar-May 
Fr. U 

M, 
Or 

GKR1839 

Crotalaria juncea L. Jhunjuni D, T H Rs O Fl. Jul-Sep 
Fr. U 

Fb GKR1678 

C. pallida Ait. Jhunjuni D, G, T H Fp, Rs O Fl. Sep-Jan 
Fr. U 

W GKR1675 

Dalbergia sissoo DC. Sissoo D, G, 
M, T 

T Fp, Rs C Fl. Mar-Jul 
Fr. U 

T GKR1673 

Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Krishnachura D, G, 
M, T 

T Bb, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Mar-Oct 
Fr. U 

Or GKR1089 

Desmodium gangeticum (L.) 
DC. 

Salpani D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Oct-Dec 
Fr. U 

M GKR0299 

D. motorium (Houtt.) Merr. Turup Chandal M H Fp O Fl. Oct-Jan 
Fr. U 

M GKR1864 

D. triflorum (L.) DC. Kulaliya D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Jul-Dec 
Fr. U 

W GKR1059 

Erythrina fusca Lour. Palita mandar M, T T Ah, Rs O Fl. Feb-Apr 
Fr. U 

W GKR1840 

E. orientalis Murray  Mandar/Parijat D, G, 
M, T 

T Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Jul-Nov 
Fr. U 

W GKR0953 

 (Table contd.) 



48 ROY AND KHAN 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
E. stricta Roxb. Mandar D, G T Ah, Fp O Fl. Jan-May 

Fr. U 
W GKR1317 

Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet Shim G H Fp O Fl. Jul-Sep 
Fr. U 

V GKR1992 

Lathyrus aphaca L.  Kasari M H Rs O Fl. Feb-Apr 
Fr. U 

C GKR0220 

Leucaena leucocephala 
(Lam.) de Wit 

Ipil-Ipil D, G, 
M, T 

T Fp, Rs C Fl. Apr-Jul 
Fr. U 

Fw GKR1396 

Medicago lupulina L.   T H Ah, Fp O Fl. Apr-Aug 
Fr. U 

W GKR1633 

Mucuna bracteata DC. ex 
Kurz  

Unknown D S Rs E Fl. Jan-Apr 
Fr. U 

W GKR1270 

M. pruriens (L.) DC. Alkushi G H Fp O Fl. Sep-Oct 
Fr. Oct-Nov 

M GKR1997 

Pithecellobium dulce 
(Roxb.) Benth. 

Gilapi fal D, M T Ah, Rs O Fl. Dec-Feb 
Fr. U 

Fd, 
Fw 

GKR1386 

Pterocarpus macrocarpus 
Kurz 

Gumbury D, G T Rs O Fl. Feb-Apr 
Fr. U 

T GKR1703 

P. santalinus L.f. Raktachandan M T Ah CE Fl. Feb-Apr 
Fr. U 

D, 
M, 
O 

GKR2510 

Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin 
& Barneby 

Chakunda, Gol 
Eski 

M, T H Rs O Fl. Jul-Dec 
Fr. U 

M GKR2101 

Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) 
Poir. 

Dhainchi D H Ah O Fl. Jul-Dec 
Fr. U 

W GKR1282 

S. sesban (L.) Merr. Dhancha D S Fp O Fl. & Fr. Sep-Dec 
  

Fo GKR1327 

Tamarindus indica L. Tentul D, G, 
M 

T Bb, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Apr-Jun 
Fr. U 

Fr, 
T 

GKR1610 

Tephrosia purpurea (L.) 
Pers. 

Jangli neel D H Fp O Fl. Oct-Dec 
Fr. U 

W GKR1670 

Uraria lagopus DC.  Chakuley, 
Chakulia 

G H Rs O Fl. Sep-Nov 
Fr. U 

W GKR0260 

Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper  Maskolai D, M H Ah, Fp O Fl. Nov-Dec 
Fr. U 

C GKR1163 

LYTHRACEAE             
Ammannia multiflora Roxb. Many-flower 

ammannia 
T H Fp, Rs O Fl. & Fr. Sep-Dec 

  
W GKR2161 

A. baccifera L. Banmarich M H Rs O Fl. Sep-Dec 
Fr. U 

W GKR0214 

Lagerstroemia indica L. Chhotojarul G, M, 
T 

T Fp, Rs O Fl. Jun-Sep 
Fr. U 

T GKR2288 

L. parviflora Roxb. Tilajarul G, T T Rs O Fl. Feb-May 
Fr. U 

T GKR2869 

L. speciosa (L.) Pers. Pannyajarul G T Rs O Fl. Jun-Aug 
Fr. U 

T GKR0281 

Lawsonia inermis L. Mehedi D, G, 
M, T 

T Ah C Fl. Jan-Apr 
Fr. U 

D GKR0311 

Rotala rotundifolia (Buch.-
Ham. ex Roxb.) Koehne 

Unknown M H Rs O Fl. & Fr. Sep-Mar 
  

W GKR0156 

(Table contd.) 



PRELIMINARY TAXONOMIC STUDY ON HOMESTEAD FLORA 49 

 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
MYRTACEAE             
Eucalyptus camaldulensis 
Dehnhardt 

Eucalyptus D, G, 
M, T 

T Fp, Rs C Fl. Jul-Feb 
Fr. U 

T GKR1167 

Psidium guajava L. Peyara D, G, 
M 

T Ah O Fl. Mar-May 
Fr. U 

Fr, 
M 

GKR0030 

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Jam D, G, 
M, T 

T Ah C Fl. Mar-May 
Fr. U 

Fr, 
T 

GKR3248 

S. fruticosum DC. Putijam D, G, 
M, T 

T Fp, Rs C Fl. Mar-Apr 
Fr. U 

W GKR4668 

S. samarangense (Blume) 
Merr. & L.M.Perry 

Jamrul D, G, 
M, T 

T Fp C Fl. Feb-Mar 
Fr. U 

Fr GKR2108 

S. jambos (L.) Alston Golapjam D, G, 
M 

T Ah, Fp O Fl. Feb-Apr 
Fr. U 

Fr GKR1940 

PUNICACEAE             
Punica granatum L. Anar D, G, 

M, T 
ST Ah, Hy C Fl. May-Jul 

Fr. U 
Fr GKR3094 

ONAGRACEAE             
Ludwigia adscendens (L.) 
Hara 

Keshordam G H Ah, Fp O Fl.& Fr. Through-
out the year 

We GKR0837 

L. hyssopifolia (G. Don) 
Exell 

Panimarich D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Dec-Jan 
Fr. U 

Aq 
we 

GKR0524 

L. perennis L. Banlong M, T H Fp, Rs O Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

We GKR0086 

COMBRETACEAE             
Quisqualis indica (Thunb.) 
Gagnep. 

Madhobilata D, T S Fp, Rs O Fl. Mar-Nov 
Fr. U 

Or GKR1542 

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. Ex 
DC.) Wight & Arn. 

Arjun M T Rs O Fl. Apr-Jul 
Fr. U 

M GKR1861 

T. bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Bohera D, G T Rs O Fl. Apr-May 
Fr. U 

M GKR2006 

T. chebula Retz. Haritaki D, G, 
M, T 

T Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Mar-May 
Fr. U 

M GKR0330 

T. catappa L. Kat badam D, M, 
T 

T Fp, Rs O Fl. Mar-Jun 
Fr. Jul-Sep 

M, 
T 

GKR0664 

CORNACEAE             
Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) 
Wangerin 

Aikha D, G, 
M, T 

T Bb, Fp C Fl. Mar-Aug 
Fr. U 

Fw GKR1153 

OLACACEAE             
Olax acuminata Wall, ex 
Benth.  

Unknown M, T ST Rs O Fl. Mar-Sep 
Fr. U 

M GKR0282 

LORANTHACEAE             
Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f.) 
Etting. 

Maandaa, 
Bandha, 
Pharulla 

T S Rs O Fl. Jan-Feb 
Fr. U 

M GKR2221 

Helixanthera cylindrica 
(Jack ex Roxb.) Danser 

Unknown D H Fp, Rs O Fl. Jun-Aug 
Fr. U 

W GKR1606 

PUTRANJIVACEAE             
Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Putranjiva M T Rs O Fl. Mar-Aug 

Fr. U 
M GKR1238 

(Table contd.) 
 



50 ROY AND KHAN 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
EUPHORBIACEAE             
Acalypha ciliata Forssk. Muktajhuri D, M, 

T 
H Ah, Fp, 

Rs 
O Fl. Nov-Aug 

Fr. U 
M GKR1337 

A. indica L. Muktajhuri D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Mar-Oct 
Fr. U 

M GKR0467 

Baliospermum montanum 
(Willd.) Muell.-Arg. 

Dandi, Danti D S Fp, Rs O Fl. Aug-Mar 
Fr. U 

M GKR0510 

Bridelia tomentosa Blume Khoi, Serai G, T S Rs O Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

W GKR0250 

Chrozophora rottleri 
(Geiseler) A. Juss. ex 
Spreng. 

Khudi Ojra D, G H Rs O Fl. Feb-Aug 
Fr. U 

M GKR0394 

C. plicata (Vahl) A.Juss. ex 
Spreng. 

Karu, Kadu, 
Chireta 

D, M S Fp, Rs O Fl. Feb-Sep 
Fr. U 

M GKR0040 

Codiaeum variegatum (L.) 
Rumph. ex A.Juss. 

Pata bahar D, G, 
M, T 

T Ah, Fp C Fl. Mar-Jun 
Fr. U 

Or GKR0149 

Croton bonplandianum 
Baill. 

Banmarich D, G, 
M, T 

H Fp, Rs C Fl. Nov-May 
Fr. U 

M GKR0478 

C. roxburghii Balakr. Baragachh, 
Mashimud, 
Putla 

G, T H Rs O Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

M GKR0339 

C. caudatus Geiseler Climbing 
Croton 

T S Rs O Fl. Mar-May 
Fr. U 

M GKR0140 

Euphorbia cotinifolia L.  Red Spurge T S Rs O Fl. Mar-Jun 
Fr. Nov-Jan 

Or GKR2190 

E. heterophylla L. milkweed D H Fp O Fl.& Fr. Through-
out the year 

W GKR0493 

E. hirta L. Dudhia D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

M GKR0486 

E. milii Des Moul. Kontok Mukut G S Rs O Fl. Apr-Aug 
Fr. U 

M GKR0509 

E. prostrata Ait. red euphorbia D, G H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Mar-Jun 
Fr. U 

M GKR0416 

E. thymifolia L. Swetkarni, 
Swetkan 

D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Nov-May 
Fr. U 

We GKR0482 

E. tirucalli L. Lankasij G S Rs O Fl. May-Jul 
Fr. U 

M GKR0798 

Excoecaria bicolor (Hassk.) 
Zoll. ex Hassk. 

Laily Majnu M S Rs O Fl. Jan-Apr 
Fr. U 

Or GKR0005 

Flueggea microcarpa Blume Shikori, Sitka, 
Sitki 

M S Rs O Fl. Mar-Sep 
Fr. U 

W GKR0082 

Glochidion assamicum (Müll
. Arg.) Hook. f. 

Poniatori, 
Dostomi 

M S Fp, Rs O Fl. Nov-Feb 
Fr. U 

M GKR0136 

Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex 
A.Juss.) Müll.Arg. 

Rubber D, G, 
M, T 

T Bb, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. May-Aug 
Fr. U 

R GKR1628 

Jatropha curcas L. Baghbherenda D S Rs O Fl. Apr-Jul 
Fr. U 

M, 
O 

GKR1626 

J. gossypifolia  L. Lalbherenda D S Rs O Fl. Jul-Sep 
Fr. U 

M GKR1653 

(Table contd.) 
 



PRELIMINARY TAXONOMIC STUDY ON HOMESTEAD FLORA 51 

 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
J. panduraefolia Andri Joyti M S Fp, Rs O Fl. & Fr. Through-

out the year 
Or GKR2089 

Macaranga denticulata 
(Blume) Müll.Arg. 

Bura, Ratabura M, T T Fp, Rs O Fl. Apr-Jun 
Fr. May-Oct 

Fw, 
W 

GKR1668 

M. indica Wight Chakkulla D, G T Fp O Fl. Oct-Dec 
Fr. U 

Fw, 
W 

GKR0571 

M. peltata (Roxb.) Müll.Arg. Chakkula, 
Burna 

D, G, 
M 

T Fp, Rs O Fl. Jan-Feb 
Fr. U 

Fw, 
T 

GKR0352 

Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) 
Müll.-Arg. 

Sindur, 
Kingul,Kamala 

T T Rs O Fl. Jan-Mar 
Fr. U 

M GKR0295 

M. repandus (Willd.) Muell.-
Arg.  

Bon notoy G, T H Ah, Fp O Fl. Mar-May 
Fr. U 

M GKR0290 

Pedilanthus tithymaloides 
(L.) Poit.  

Rangchita M, T H Fp O Fl. Jun-Aug 
Fr. U 

Or GKR0918 

Phyllanthus niruri L.  Bhui amla D, T S Rs O Fl. Jul-Oct 
Fr. U 

M GKR1015 

Ricinus communis L. Venna, Reri D, G, 
M, T 

ST Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. May-Jun 
Fr. U 

O GKR0475 

Suregada multiflora (A. 
Juss.) Bail. 

Ghotlatkon G T Rs O Fl. Mar-May 
Fr. U 

Fw GKR2026 

Trewia nudiflora L.  Latim D, G, 
M, T 

T Rs C Fl. & Fr. May-
Nov 

W GKR0123 

PHYLLANTHACEAE             
Antidesma ghaesembilla 
Gaertn. 

Black Currant 
Tree 

M S Rs O Fl. Mar-Sep 
Fr. Jun-Dec 

Fr GKR2075 

A. acidum Retz. Mutta,Mathag
ach 

M S Rs O Fl. Mar-Oct 
Fr. Jun-Jan 

W GKR0219 

Baccaurea motleyana 
(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. 

Lotkon,Bhubhi D, G, 
M, T 

T Ah, 
Bb, Fp 

C Fl. Mar-Oct 
Fr. U 

Fr GKR0789 

Emblica officinalis Gaertn. 
  

Amlaki M T Ah O Fl. Feb-May 
Fr. Jun-Sep 

M GKR1918 

Phyllanthus acidus (L.) 
Skeels 

Orboroi D, G, 
M, T 

T Ah, Hy C Fl. Jan-Jun 
Fr. Jun-Aug 

Ch, 
M 

GKR0065 

P. reticulatus Poir. Chitki, 
Panseuli 

D, G, 
M, T 

S Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Jul-Sep 
Fr. U 

W GKR0087 

P. urinaria L. Hazarmani G, M, 
T 

H Fp, Rs C Fl. Jul-Oct 
Fr. U 

M GKR1968 

RHAMNACEAE             
Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk. Kul, Boroi D, T T Rs O Fl. Jul-Nov 

Fr. U 
Fr GKR1611 

Z. rugosa Lam.  Bon boroi T ST Rs O Fl. Jan-Apr 
Fr. U 

W GKR0283 

VITACEAE             
Ampelocissus barbata 
(Wall.) Planch. 

Jarila-lahari M H Rs O Fl. Mar-Sep 
Fr. U 

M GKR0138 

A. latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Gowalia Lata, 
Pani-lata 

G, M H Ah O Fl. May-Jun, 
Fr. Oct 

M GKR0047 

Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) 
Gagnep. 

Bushkiller D, T H Ah, Fp O Fl. Mar-Jun 
Fr. U 

M GKR1540 

(Table contd.) 
 



52 ROY AND KHAN 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
C. trifolia (L.) Domin Amal-lata D, G, 

M, T 
S Ah, Fp, 

Rs 
C Fl. & Fr. Through-

out the year 
M GKR0100 

Cissus adnata Roxb. Alianga lata, 
Bhatia-lota. 

G S Fp O Fl. Jun-Jul.  
Fr. Aug-Sep 

M GKR0889 

Leea acuminata Wallich ex 
Clarke 

Kukur-jihwa D S Fp O Fl. Aug-Oct 
Fr. U 

W GKR1692 

L. macrophylla Roxb. ex 
Hornem.  

Dholsamudra,
Hathikani 

D S Rs O Fl. Jul-Sep 
Fr. U 

M GKR1259 

L. robusta Roxb. Unknown D, T S Ah O Fl. Jul-Dec 
Fr. U 

W GKR1961 

Tetrastigma bracteolatum 
(Wall.) Planch.  

Golgoti lota  D S Fp O Fl. & Fr. Aug-Oct 
  

W GKR1683 

T. leucostaphylum (Dennst.) 
Alston 

Indian 
Chestnut Vine 

D S Fp O Fl. Mar-Aug 
Fr. U 

W GKR1680 

Vitis vinifera L. Angur M H Ah O Fl. May-Jul 
Fr. U 

Fr GKR0121 

LINACEAE             
Linum usitatissimum L. Tisi M H Rs O Fl. Jun-Aug,  

Fr. Jul-Oct 
O GKR0049 

SAPINDACEAE             
Cardiospermum 
halicacabum L. 

Latapatkari, 
Kapalphutki 

D H Rs O Fl. Jul-Feb 
Fr. U 

M GKR1349 

Dimocarpus longan Lour. Kath litchi D, G T Ah O Fl. Apr-Aug 
Fr. U 

Fr GKR0354 

Lepisanthes rubiginosa 
(Roxb.) Leenh. 

Bon lichu, 
KakJam/ 
Horina 

G, T T Rs O Fl. Mar-May 
Fr. U 

M GKR0281 

L. senegalensis (Poir.) 
Leenh.  

Gotahorina D, G T Ah, Rs O Fl. Nov-Jun 
Fr. U 

M GKR0728 

Litchi sinensis Sonner Lichu D, G, 
M 

T Ah, Fp O Fl. Jan-Mar 
Fr. U 

Fr GKR1103 

BURSERACEAE             
Garuga pinnata Roxb. Kapila, Jum D T Rs O Fl. Feb-May 

Fr. U 
W GKR2604 

ANACARDIACEAE             
Lannea coromandelica 
(Houtt.) Merr. 

Jiga, Jika, Jeol D, G T Fp, Rs O Fl. & Fr. Jan-May 
  

Re, 
T 

GKR2997 

Mangifera indica L. Aam D, G, 
M 

T Fp, Rs O Fl. Jan-Mar 
Fr. May-Jun 

Fr, 
T 

GKR0079 

Spondias mombin L. Amra D, G, 
M 

T Ah, Fp O Fl. Jan-May 
Fr. U 

Fr, 
M 

GKR0239 

MELIACEAE             
Aphanamixis polystachya 
(Wall.) R.Parker 

Roina, Pitraj D, G, 
M, T 

T Ah, Rs C Fl. Oct-Feb 
Fr. U 

O, T GKR0328 

Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Neem D, G T Rs O Fl. Feb-Apr 
Fr. U 

M GKR0412 

Cedrela odorata L. Cedar D T Ah, Rs O Fl. Jan-Jun 
Fr. U 

T GKR2339 

Dysoxylum excelsum blume.  Dingori T T Rs O Fl. Dec-Jul,   
Fr. Jun–Jul 

T GKR0958 

(Table contd.) 



PRELIMINARY TAXONOMIC STUDY ON HOMESTEAD FLORA 53 

 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) 
C.DC. 

Lambu D, G, 
M 

T Fp, Rs O Fl. Sep-Dec 
Fr. U 

T GKR1021 

Swietenia mahogani L. Mehagoni D, G, 
M 

T Fp O Fl. Apr-May 
Fr. U 

T GKR0924 

Toona ciliata M.Roem. Tun M T Rs O Fl. & Fr. Feb-May 
  

W GKR0032 

RUTACEAE             
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Bel D, G, 

M, T 
T Ah, Fp, 

Rs 
C Fl. Mar-Jun 

Fr. U 
Fr, 
M 

GKR1372 

Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck. Goralebu, 
Baralebu 

D, G, 
M, T 

ST Ah, Fp C Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

M, 
O 

GKR1572 

C. grandis (L.) Osbeck Jambura D, G, 
M 

T Ah, Hy O Fl. Feb-Apr 
Fr. U 

Fr, 
M 

GKR1743 

C. reticulata Blanco Kamla T ST Fp O Fl. Sep-Nov 
Fr. U 

Fr, 
M 

GKR1342 

Feronia elephantum Corrêa Kodbel D, G, 
M, T 

T Fp, Rs C Fl. Feb-Mar 
Fr. U 

Fr, 
M 

GKR2962 

Glycosmis pentaphylla 
(Retz.) DC. 

Motkila, 
Asheora 

D, G, 
M, T 

S Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Feb-Apr 
Fr. U 

Fw, 
M 

GKR0054 

Murraya koenigii (L.) 
Spreng. 

Curry pata M S Ah, Rs O Fl. Mar-May 
Fr. U 

M GKR1866 

M. paniculata (L.) Jack Kamini M, T ST Ah, Rs O Fl. Mar-May 
Fr. U 

Pi GKR2382 

Zanthoxylum rhetsa DC. Bajna G T Rs O Fl. Mar-Nov 
Fr. U 

O GKR0338 

OXALIDACEAE             
Averrhoa carambola L. Kamranga M, T T Ah O Fl. & Fr. Through-

out the year 
Fr GKR2535 

Oxalis corniculata L. Amrul D, G, T H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Jun-Aug 
Fr. U 

We GKR0445 

APIACEAE             
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Thankuni D, G, 

M, T 
H Ah, Fp, 

Rs 
C Fl. Apr-May 

Fr. U 
M GKR0018 

Coriandrum sativum L. Dhonia M H Rs O Fl. Dec-Apr 
Fr. U 

S GKR0182 

Eryngium foetidum L. Bilatidhania D, M, 
T 

H Fp, Rs O Fl. Apr-May 
Fr. U 

S GKR0729 

Oenanthe crocata L. Water-
hemlock 

D, T H Fp O Fl. Jun-Sep 
Fr. U 

P GKR3404 

APOCYNACEAE             
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Chhatim D, G, 

M, T 
T Ep, Fp, 

Rs 
C Fl. Oct-Feb 

Fr. U 
Fw, 
T 

GKR0754 

Carissa carandas L. Koromcha D, T S Ah O Fl. Jan-Jun 
Fr. U 

Fr GKR0320 

Gymnema inodorum (Lour.) 
Decne. 

Unknown D S Fp O Fl. Jun-Aug 
Fr. U 

M GKR0141 

Holarrhena antidysenterica 
(L.) Wall 

Kurchi D, G S Rs O Fl. Apr-Oct 
Fr. U 

M GKR0353 

Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) 
W.T.Aiton 

Dudhilata D, M S Fp, Rs O Fl. Aug-Dec 
Fr. U 

M GKR0058 

(Table contd.) 



54 ROY AND KHAN 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
Nerium oleander L. Korobi G, T S Hy, Rs O Fl. Apr-Sep 

Fr. U 
M GKR1223 

Plumeria obtusa L.  Kathgolop T ST Rs O Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

Or GKR1078 

Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) 
Benth. ex Kurz 

Sarpagandha D, M H Ah, Rs E Fl. Apr-Oct 
Fr. U 

M GKR1277 

Tabernaemontana coronaria 
(Jacq.) Willd.  

Tagar G, M, 
T 

S Fp, Rs O Fl. Apr-Sep 
Fr. U 

Or GKR1984 

T. dichotoma Roxb. ex Wall. Kath Maloti D, M ST Ah O Fl. Apr-Jul 
Fr. U 

Or GKR2077 

Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) 
K. Schum. 

Kalkephul, 
Halde Korobi 

T ST Rs O Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

Or GKR2223 

ASCLEPIADACEAE             
Calotropis procera (Aiton) 
Dryand. 

Akonda D, G, 
M, T 

S Ah, Rs C Fl. Nov-Feb 
Fr. U 

M GKR0109 

Gongronema nepalense 
(Wall.) Decne.  

Unknown T S Fp, Rs O Fl. Jun-Jul 
Fr. U 

W GKR0278 

Marsdenia tenacissima 
(Roxb.) Moon 

Chitti, Jitti, 
Siti 

G S Rs O Fl. Aug-Dec 
Fr. U 

M GKR1987 

SOLANACEAE             
Capsicum frutescens L.  Morich M, T H Ah, Fp O Fl. & Fr. Through-

out the year 
S GKR1905 

Datura metel L. Kalo Datura D, M, 
T 

S Fp, Rs O Fl. Mar-Dec 
Fr. U 

M GKR0223 

D. stramonium L. Datura D, M, 
T 

S Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Jul-Sep 
Fr. U 

M GKR0490 

Nicotiana plumbaginifolia 
Viv. 

Bantamak D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Mar-Aug 
Fr. U 

We GKR0002 

Physalis angulata L.  Unknown M, T H Fp, Rs O Fl. Jul-Dec 
Fr. U 

M GKR0980 

P. minima L.  Tepari/Kapalp
hutki 

D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Nov-Feb 
Fr. Jul-Oct 

M GKR0458 

Solanum capsicoides All.  Tita Begun G S Ah O Fl. Jun-Aug 
Fr. U 

V GKR0255 

S. melongena L.  Begun D H Rs O Fl. Apr-Dec 
Fr. U 

V GKR1287 

S. nigrum L. Titbegun D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Dec-Mar 
Fr. U 

W GKR0435 

S. sisymbrifolium Lamk. Kanta Begun G H Ah O Fl. May-Aug 
Fr. U 

W GKR0384 

S. surattense Burm. F. Kantikari D H Fp O Fl. Dec-Mar,  
Fr. Jul-Sep 

M GKR0646 

S. torvum Sw. Tit Begun D, M, 
T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Feb-Apr,   
Fr. Aug-Nov 

W GKR1265 

S. indicum L. Phutki Begun D H Fp, Rs O Fl. Feb-Apr,   
Fr. Aug-Nov 

M GKR1663 

S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & 
H. Wendl. 

Kantikari D, G, 
M 

H Ep, Rs O Fl. Jun-Aug 
Fr. U 

M GKR0479 

 (Table contd.) 
 

 



PRELIMINARY TAXONOMIC STUDY ON HOMESTEAD FLORA 55 

 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
CONVOLVULACEAE             
Aniseia martinicensis (Jacq.) 
Choisy 

Shadamati M H Fp CE Fl. Sep-Nov 
Fr. U 

W GKR2578 

Argyreia capitiformis (Poir.) 
Ooststr. 

Unknown G, M S Ah, Fp O Fl. Sep-Dec 
Fr. U 

M GKR0365 

Cuscuta chinensis Lam. China 
swarnalata 

M H Fp, Rs O Fl. Nov-Mar 
Fr. U 

M GKR0198 

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Swarnalata G, M H Fp, Rs O Fl. & Fr. Dec-Feb  M GKR2533 
Evolvulus nummularius (L.) Bhuikamri, 

Bhuiokra 
D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

We GKR0055 

Ipomoea alba L. Moonflower M, T H Rs O Fl. Jul-Oct 
Fr. U 

W GKR0904 

I. aquatica Forssk. Panikalmi D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Rs C Fl. Jun-Aug 
Fr. U 

V GKR0189 

I. batatas (L.) Lamk.  Misti Alu G, M H Fp, Rs O Fl. May-Jul 
Fr. U 

V GKR0211 

I. mauritiana Jacq.  Bhumikumra D, G H Ah O Fl. Aug-Sep 
Fr. U 

M GKR1256 

Operculina turpethum (L.) 
Silva Manso   

Teorimul D, M H Ah, Rs O Fl. Mar-Dec 
Fr. U 

M GKR0576 

Merremia emarginata 
(Burm. f.) Hallier f.  

Indurkani G H Fp, Rs O Fl. & Fr. Dec-Apr 
  

M GKR0791 

M. hederacea (Burm. f.) 
Hallier f. 

Sapussunda D H Fp O Fl. Fr. Oct-Jan 
  

M GKR1635 

MENYANTHACEAE             
Nymphoides indicum (L.) 
Kuntze 

Chandmala M H Rs O Fl. Jul-Sep 
Fr. U 

Aq 
we 

GKR1169 

BORAGINACEAE             
Cordia dichotoma G.Forst. Bowla D, G, 

M, T 
T Ah, Ep, 

Fp 
C Fl. Mar - Apr,   

Fr. Jul - Aug 
Fw, 
M 

GKR0176 

C. fragrantissima Kurz  Kaladuti T T Fp O Fl. Feb-Mar 
Fr. U 

W GKR1966 

Heliotropium indicum L. Hatisur D, G, 
M, T 

H Fp, Rs C Fl. Sep-Mar 
Fr. U 

M GKR0454 

Tournefortia roxburghii C. 
B. Clarke  

Shamshog M S Rs CE Fl. Feb-Nov 
Fr. U 

W GKR1176 

VERBENACEAE             
Duranta repens L. Golden 

dewberry 
G S Ah, Fp O Fl. & Fr. Through-

out the year 
M GKR0345 

Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. 
ex Britton & P.Wilson 

Motmoti, 
Motkhori 

D, G, 
M 

S Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

W GKR0090 

Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene  Bhui Okar D, M, 
T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Nov-Dec 
Fr. U 

M GKR0559 

LAMIACEAE              
Callicarpa arborea Roxb. Bormala, 

Makanchi 
D T Fp O Fl. May-Oct,   

Fr. Oct-Dec 
M GKR1694 

Clerodendrum indicum (L.) 
Kuntze 

Bamunhati D, M S Fp, Rs O Fl. Sep-Dec 
Fr. U 

M GKR0465 

C. infortunatum L. Bhant M, T S Rs O Fl. Dec-Feb 
Fr. U 

M GKR1828 

(Table contd.) 



56 ROY AND KHAN 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gamar D, G, 

M 
T Fp, Rs O Fl. Feb-Apr 

Fr. May-Jun 
T, 
Mi 

GKR2977 

Hyptis capitata Jacq. Bilatitukma M S Fp O Fl.Sep-Jan 
Fr. U 

M GKR0216 

H. suaveolens (L.) Poit. Tukma, Bilatti 
Tulas 

D, M H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Aug-Feb 
Fr. U 

M GKR0488 

Leonurus sibiricus L. Raktodrone D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Jul-Sep 
Fr. U 

M GKR0690 

Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link. Dandakalos D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Nov-Feb 
Fr. U 

M GKR0248 

L. indica (L.) Sm. Swetdron G, T H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Mar-Jul 
Fr. U 

M GKR0407 

L. vestita Benth. Tita dron D H Fp O Fl. Nov-Feb 
Fr. U 

M GKR1370 

Mentha piperita  L.  Pudina, 
Mentha  

D, M, 
T 

H Ah O Fl. Apr-Jan 
Fr. U 

M GKR2393 

Ocimum americanum L. Kalo-tulashi D, G, T H Ah, Fp O Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

M GKR1614 

O. gratissimum L.  Ram tulsi D, M, 
T 

H Ah, Fp O Fl. Aug-Dec 
Fr. U 

M GKR1260 

          
O. sanctum L. Krishnatulsi D, M, 

T 
H Ah, Fp O Fl. Sep-Mar 

Fr. U 
M GKR0613 

Pogostemon crassicaulis 
(Benth.) Press 

Jui-lata T H Fp O Fl. Sep-Dec 
Fr. U 

M GKR2171 

Tectona grandis L.f. Segun D, G, 
M, T 

T Fp, Rs C Fl. Aug-Sep 
Fr. U 

T GKR1281 

Teucrium viscidum Blume  Unknown M, T H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Jun-Nov 
Fr. U 

W GKR1060 

Vitex negundo L. Nishinda D, G, 
M, T 

S Ah C Fl. Feb-Jul 
Fr. U 

M GKR0077 

V. peduncularis Wall. ex 
Schauer 

Boruna, 
Horina 

G ST Ah O Fl. Feb-Apr 
Fr. U 

M GKR0354 

HYDROCHARITACEAE             
Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) 
Vahl 

Kaschera, 
Bishlanguli 

T H Ah, Fp O Fl. Nov-Dec 
Fr. U 

We GKR2203 

Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. Panikola D H Fp, Rs O Fl. Aug-Oct 
Fr. U 

Aq 
we 

GKR1625 

Vallisneria spiralis L. Patajhanji D, M H Fp O Fl. Jun-Oct 
Fr. U 

Aq 
we 

GKR0150 

PLANTAGINACEAE             
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. 
ex DC. 

Sadimodi M H Rs O Fl. Jul-Dec 
Fr. U 

M GKR0209 

Limnophila aromatica (Lam.
) Merr. 

Belem M H Rs O Fl. Jun-Aug 
Fr. U 

Or GKR0249 

Mecardonia procumbens 
(Mill.) Small 

Garurbramhi D, M, 
T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Jun-Sep 
Fr. U 

We GKR0075 

OLEACEAE             
Jasminum officinale L. Jui M S Ah O Fl. May-Sep 

Fr. U 
Or GKR0385 

(Table contd.) 



PRELIMINARY TAXONOMIC STUDY ON HOMESTEAD FLORA 57 

 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
J. scandens (Retz.) Vahl Paharijui G, M S Ah, Fp O Fl. Jun-Aug 

Fr. U 
W GKR0185 

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Shefali, Shiuli D, G, 
M 

T Ah, Fp O Fl. Sep-Oct 
Fr. U 

D GKR0480 

SCROPHULARIACEAE             
Lindenbergia indica Vatke Basanti M H Ah O Fl. Oct-Jan 

Fr. U 
M GKR0179 

Lindernia anagallis 
(Burm.f.) Pennell 

Panighas D, G, T H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Jul-Dec 
Fr. U 

We GKR0426 

L. antipoda (L.) Alston Sada panighas  M H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Aug-Oct 
Fr. U 

We GKR0057 

L. crustacea (L.) F. Muell. Chapraghash G, T H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Jul-Aug 
Fr. U 

We GKR0751 

L. elata (Benth.) Wettst. Unknown M, T H Fp O Fl. Jul-Oct 
Fr. U 

We GKR0148 

L. hyssopioides (L.) Haines Unknown G, T H Ah O Fl. Mar-Sep 
Fr. U 

We GKR0235 

L. parviflora (Roxb.) Haines Unknown D H Fp O Fl. Aug-Dec 
Fr. U 

We GKR0623 

L. rotundifolia (L.) Alston  Unknown T H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Aug-Nov 
Fr. U 

We GKR0978 

L. viscosa (Hornem.) Merr. Unknown M, T H Rs O Fl. Jul-Oct 
Fr. U 

We GKR1766 

Mazus rugosus Lour.  Unknown M, T H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Aug-Dec 
Fr. U 

We GKR1048 

Scoparia dulcis L. Jangli-dhone, 
Misridana 

D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

M GKR0274 

ACANTHACEAE             
Andrographis paniculata 
(Burm.f.) Nees. 

Kalomegh, 
Mohateeta 

D, G, 
M 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

V Fl. Mar-Dec 
Fr. U 

M GKR0074 

Dipteracanthus patulus 
(Jacq.) Nees 

Spreading 
Ruellia 

G H Rs O Fl. & Fr. Oct-Feb 
  

We GKR2038 

D. prostratus (Poir.) Nees Unknown D, G H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. & Fr. Oct-Apr 
  

We GKR0348 

Ecbolium ligustrinum (Vahl) 
Vollesen 

Green Shrimp 
Plant 

M H Fp, Rs O Fl. Jan-May 
Fr. U 

M GKR2138 

Hemigraphis hirta (Vahl.) 
T.Anderson 

Buripana, 
Boratighas 

D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Jan-May 
Fr. U 

W GKR0013 

Hygrophila polysperma 
(Roxb.) T. Anders. 

Murmuri D, G, 
M, T 

H Fp, Rs C Fl. Oct-Mar 
Fr. U 

Or GKR1332 

H. phlomoides Nees Filamo G H Ah O Fl. Apr-Aug 
Fr. U 

We GKR2022 

H. schulli (Buch.-Ham.) M. 
R. & S. N. 

Kulekhara G H Rs O Fl. Sep-Apr 
Fr. U 

M GKR0247 

H. difformis (L.f.) Blume Jaljanti G H Ah O Fl. Aug-Mar 
Fr. U 

We GKR2005 

Justicia adhatoda L. Bashok D, G, 
M 

S Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. & Fr. Dec-Jun  M GKR0737 

J. gendarussa Burm.f. Jagotmadan, 
Nilnishinda 

D, G, 
M, T 

S Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Jan-Apr 
Fr. U 

M GKR 0311 

(Table contd.) 



58 ROY AND KHAN 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) 
Spreng. 

paramul G H Ah, Fp O Fl. Jan-Mar 
Fr. U 

M GKR0236 

Phlogacanthus curviflorus 
(Wall.) Nees 

Tamropuspi 
Basok 

M S Fp O Fl. Oct-Feb 
Fr. Feb-May 

M GKR0053 

Ruellia tuberosa L. Patpati D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

We GKR0466 

Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees Pindi D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Nov-Feb 
Fr. U 

We GKR0035 

PEDALIACEAE             
Sesamum indicum L.  Til D H Ah, Fp, 

Rs 
O Fl. Jun-Jul 

Fr. U 
O GKR1411 

BIGNONIACEAE             
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Sona, 

Kanaidinga 
D, M, 
T 

T Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Jul-Dec 
Fr. U 

Fw, 
M 

GKR1257 

Tecoma gaudichaudii DC. Hoimonti M, T S Rs O Fl. Feb-Apr 
Fr. U 

Or GKR2105 

T. stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth Chandaprabha M S Rs O Fl. Dec-Feb 
Fr. U 

Or GKR2093 

RUBIACEAE             
Dentella repens (L.) J. R. & 
G. Forst.  

Bhuipat D, T H Ah, Fp O Fl. Mar-Apr 
Fr. U 

We GKR0481 

Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis Gandharaj D, G, 
M, T 

S Ah C Fl. Apr-Aug 
Fr. U 

Or GKR1011 

Hedyotis axillaris Gardner 
ex Thwaites 

Unknown D, T H Ah, Fp O Fl. Jul-Oct 
Fr. U 

We GKR0170 

H. racemosa Lam. Unknown M H Ah, Fp O Fl. Jan-Sep 
Fr. U 

We GKR0071 

H. hermanniana R.M.Dutta Unknown M H Ah, Rs O Fl. Jun-Dec We GKR0020 
      Fr. U   
Ixora coccinea L. Rangon G, M, 

T 
S Fp, Rs O Fl. & Fr. Through-

out the year 
M, 
Or 

GKR0464 

Meyna pubescens (Kurz) 
Robyns 

Mainphal M, T S Fp, Rs O Fl. Mar-Apr 
Fr. U 

W GKR2140 

Neolamarckia cadamba 
(Roxb.) Bosser 

Kadam D, G, 
M, T 

T Fp, Rs  C Fl. Apr-Aug 
Fr. U 

O, 
Pi 

GKR1209 

Oldenlandia corymbosa L.  Khet papra  D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Jul-Aug 
Fr. U 

We GKR0471 

O. diffusa (Willd.) Roxb.  Pitpapra D, G, T H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Aug-Nov 
Fr. U 

We GKR0862 

O. biflora L. Damanpapra M, T H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

We GKR0500 

Ophiorrhiza harrisiana var. 
rugosa (Wall.) Hook. f. 

Jari Ful, 
Kalashona 

D, T H Rs O Fl. Jun-Aug 
Fr. U 

M GKR0665 

Paederia foetida L. Gandhyabhadu
li 

M H Rs O Fl. Jun-Aug 
Fr. U 

M GKR0218 

Pavetta indica L. Kukurchura/Ju
i 

M, T S Ah, Rs O Fl. Apr-Jul 
Fr. U 

Or GKR2915 

Psilanthus bengalensis 
(Roxb.) Leroy 

Ban Coffe D, G, T S Rs O Fl. Feb-May 
Fr. U 

M GKR0333 

(Table contd.) 
 



PRELIMINARY TAXONOMIC STUDY ON HOMESTEAD FLORA 59 

 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
Richardia scabra L.  Taraphul D, M H Ah, Fp, 

Rs 
O Fl. Nov-Feb 

Fr. U 
We GKR0056 

Spermacoce articularis L. f. Bhagajongla G H Fp, Rs O Fl. Oct-Dec 
Fr. U 

M GKR0357 

S. exilis (L.O.Williams) 
C.D.Adams ex W.C.Burger 
& C.M.Taylor 

Unknown G H Ah, Fp O Fl. Sep-Oct 
Fr. U 

W GKR0836 

S. latifolia Aubl. Ghuijil D, G H Fp, Rs O Fl. Aug-Oct 
Fr. U 

W GKR0840 

ASTERACEAE             
Acmella radicans (Jacq.) 
R.K.Jansen 

Surjakonnya G, M H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Sep-Jan 
Fr. U 

M GKR1093 

Ageratum conyzoides L.  Phulkuri D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. & Fr. Through-
out the year 

M GKR0165 

Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) 
DC. 

Shealmutra, 
Shealmoti 

D, G, 
M 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl.& Fr. 
Throughout the 
year 

M GKR0063 

Caesulia axillaris Roxb. Fuiltaghas D, M, 
T 

H Fp, Rs O Fl. Sep-Nov 
Fr. U 

We GKR0196 

Chromolaena odorata (L.) 
R.M.King & H.Rob. 

Assamlata D S Fp O Fl. Nov-May 
Fr. U 

M GKR0673 

Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Kalokeshi, 
Kesaraj 

D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Aug-Sep,   
Fr. Oct-Dec 

M GKR0459 

Elephantopus scaber L. Hastipadi D, G H Fp, Rs O Fl. Oct-Jan 
Fr. U 

M GKR0244 

Gnaphalium luteo-album L. Bara Kamra G H Rs O Fl. Jun-Aug 
Fr. U 

We GKR0427 

G. pensylvanicum Willd.  Silvalomi M H Rs O Fl. Dec-Jul 
Fr. U 

We GKR0101 

Grangea maderaspatana 
(L.) Poir. 

Nimuti D, G, 
M 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Jan-Aug 
Fr. U 

We GKR0157 

Gynura procumbens (Lour.) 
Merr. 

 Diabetes plant M H Ah O Fl. Mar-Apr 
Fr. U 

M GKR1957 

Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) 
B.L.Rob. 

Assam lata D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Jun-Aug 
Fr. U 

M GKR0434 

M. scandens (L.) Willd. climbing hemp G, M H Ah O Fl. Jun-Aug 
Fr. U 

Fd, 
Or 

GKR0399 

Parthenium hysterophorus 
L. 

Bish gach  M H Rs O Fl. Jun-Sep 
Fr. U 

P GKR1228 

Pseudelephantopus spicatus 
(B.Juss. ex Aubl.) Rohr ex 
C.F.Baker 

Dog's-tongue G, M, 
T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl. Oct-Dec 
Fr. U 

We GKR2031 

Sonchus arvensis L. Dhudia M H Fp O Fl. Jul-Oct 
Fr. U 

W GKR0103 

Spilanthes calva DC. Marhatitiga D, M, 
T 

H Fp, Rs O Fl. Feb-Apr 
Fr. U 

M GKR1128 

S. acmella (L.) L. Surjakonnya D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl. Jun-Sep 
Fr. U 

M GKR0675 

Synedrella nodiflora (L.) 
Gaertn. 

Nakphul D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl.& Fr. Through-
out the year 

We GKR0474 

(Table contd.) 



60 ROY AND KHAN 

Scientific Name Bangla name District Habit Habitat Occ. Fl./Fr. Time Use RSE 
Tagetes erecta L. Ganda D, M H Fp O Fl. Nov-Mar 

Fr. U 
Or GKR1890 

Tridax procumbens (L.) L. Tridhara D, G, T H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

O Fl.& Fr. Through-
out the year 

We GKR0484 

Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Kukurshunga D, G, 
M, T 

H Ah, Fp, 
Rs 

C Fl.& Fr. Through-
out the year 

We GKR0064 

Wedelia biflora (L.) DC.  Beach 
Sunflower 

D H Fp O Fl.& Fr. Through-
out the year 

Or GKR0666 

W. chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.  Mahavringaraj
. 

D H Fp, Rs O Fl.& Fr. Through-
out the year 

Or GKR0654 

Xanthium indicum Koen. ex 
Roxb.  

Ghagra, 
Banokra 

D, G, 
M 

H Fp, Rs O Fl. Mar-Dec 
Fr. U 

M GKR0517 

Youngia japonica (L.) DC.  Unknown M, T H Fp, Rs O Fl. Feb-Dec 
Fr. U 

Or GKR0195 

 

Legend: District: D = Dhaka, G = Gazipur, M = Manikganj, T = Tangail; Habit: H = Herb, S = Shrub, T = Tree; Habitat: 
Rs = Road side, Ah = Adjoining open area except house yard, Bb =  Bamboo bush, Hy =  House yard, Ep = Edge of the 
pond, Fp = Fallow place; Occ. (= Occurance): C = Common, CE = Critically Endangered, E = Endangered, O = 
Occasional, R = Rare, V = Vulnerable; Fl./Fr. Time: Fl. = Flowering time, Fr. = Fruiting time, U = Unknown; Use: Bb = 
Boatbuilding, C = Cerals, Ch = Chutney, Cw = Cabinet work, D = Dye, Fb = Fiber, Fr. = Fruit, Fw = Fuel wood, R = 
Rubber, Re = Resin, Rp = Rice pounders, T = Timber, W = Wild, We = Weed, M = Medicinal, Mi = Musical instrument, 
Aq we = Aquatic weed, P = Poisonus, Pi = Perfume industry, S = Spice, O = Oil, Or = Ornamental, Fd = Fodder, H = 
Hedge, V = Vegetable, Wo-Wood; RSE = Representative Specimens Examined (All housed in JUH).  
 

were dominated by the herbs (238 species; 52.31%) followed by trees (129 species; 28.35%) and 
shrubs (88 species; 19.34%). Among these species, 47 were climbers, six vines and four parasites. 
These data indicate that the homestead areas of central region of Bangladesh still harbour a large 
number of Dicot species and they can serve as the hotspots of the flora and biodiversity of 
Bangladesh. 
 The taxonomic enumeration of the species of dicotyledons in the homestead areas of the four 
districts reported by this study seems lower than the record (605 species) of Tabassum (2015). 
This is due to the reason that Tabassum (2015) studied this plant group of whole Gazipur district 
consists of homestead and different non-homestead areas, the total land area of this district is 
much higher than that of the 1120 homesteads of four districts under this study, and in these 
homesteads, a good number of the species were overlapping and common. Most of other relevant 
studies conducted in plain land areas of this country mention the taxonomic account of 
Angiosperm species instead of dicot species. The enumeration of Angiosperm species by few of 
these studies (Kabir and Webb, 2009) are relatively higher, whereas, that of few other studies 
(Begum et al., 2013; Islam et al., 2013; Muhammed et al., 2011, 2013; Rahman et al., 2009) are 
relatively lower than that of the dicot species by this study. 
 In the homesteads of the study area, Fabaceae with 41 species of 28 genera was recognized as 
the largest family that was followed by Euphorbiaceae with 34 species under 19 genera and 
Asteraceae with 26 species belonging to 22 genera. Solanum L. and Lindernia All. with eight 
species each was found as the largest genus in the study area, which was followed by Ficus L and 
Euphorbia L. with seven species each, Persicaria Mill. with six species and Albizia Durazz., 
Diospyros L. and Piper L. with five species each.  
 The composition and distribution of dicot species in the homestead areas of the four districts 
were remarkably variable. In the homesteads of Dhaka, Gazipur, Manikganj and Tangail districts, 
the occurance of total 283, 243, 285 and 223 species, respectively, was confirmed. Among these 
species, a total of 52, 35, 53 and 20 species were found to occur exclusively in the homesteads of 



PRELIMINARY TAXONOMIC STUDY ON HOMESTEAD FLORA 61 

 

Dhaka, Gazipur, Manikganj and Tangail, respectively. Whereas, total 231, 208, 231 and 203 
species, respectively of Dhaka, Gazipur, Manikganj and Tangail districts, were recorded as 
overlapping in the remaining three districts. Only 110 species were commonly found in the 
homesteads of four districts.  
 The similarity between and among the four districts in species composition of their 
homesteads measured by Jaccard coefficient shows that (Fig. 2), it is more than 60% in between 
any two of these districts, whereas, it is only 41% if all of the four districts are considered. The 
highest similarity in species composition (72%) was found in between Gazipur and Tangail 
districts, and the lowest (63%) in Dhaka and Manikganj districts. 
 

 
 

Fig. 2. Similarity in species composition in homesteads of the four districts based on 
Jaccard coefficient (Jaccard, 1912).  

 

 The study has recognized a total of 332 species from the homesteads of the study area of 
central Bangladesh as economically useful. The major categories of these economically useful 
species were medicinal (184 species), timber (34 species), fruit (38 species), ornamental (36 
species), vegetable (30 species), fuel wood (26 species), oil (14 species), spice (five species) and 
fiber (eight species). Among the economically useful species of the study area, total 53 species 
were useful in two and seven species in three economic categories.  
 Among these, at least 96 tree species (e.g. Albizia lebbeck, Alstonia scholaris, Aphanamixis 
polystachya, Barringtonia acutangula, Bombax ceiba, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Lannea 
coromandelica, Miliusa velutina, Polyalthia longifolia, Syzyzium cumini, Tamarindus indica, 
Tectona grandis, and Trema orientalis), used as wood or timber, are now native to Bangladesh. 
Moreover, a good number of medicinal (e.g. Abroma augusta, Azadirachta indica, Cinnamomum 
tamala, C. zeylanicum, Ficus racemosa, F. religiosa, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Moringa 
oleifera, Ocimum sanctum, Ricinus communis, Terminalia arjuna, T. belerica, T. chebula, 
Tiliacora acuminata, Tinospora crispa, Vitex negundo, and Zanthoxylum rhetsa) and fruit yielding 
(e.g. Aegle marmelos, Annona reticulata, A. squamosa, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Averrhoa 
carambola, Baccaurea motleyana, Carica papaya, Citrus grandis, C. limon, Dillenia indica, 
Diospyros peregrina, Flacourtia jangomas, Mangifera indica, Manilkara zapota, Elaeocarpus 
floribundus, Phyllanthus acidus, P. reticulatus, Psidium guajava, Punica granatum, Syzygium 
cumini, and Tamarindus indica) species, harboured in the homesteads of the study area, are also 



62 ROY AND KHAN 

native to Bangladesh. The occurrence of a good number of timber and fruit species in the 
homestead areas of the study area is supported by Bashar (1999). But in contrast, the population of 
about 28% of the native tree species (e.g. Holarrhena antidysenterica, Terminalia belerica, T. 
arjuna, Diospyros montana, Pithecellobium dulce, Macaranga indica, Mallotus philippensis, 
Elaeocarpus tectorius, Piper peploides, Tabernaemontana dichotoma, Miliusa velutina, Diospyros 
peregrina) were found to be declining in the homestead areas of the four districts. 
 This study has provided field data on the current status of seven threatened species, included 
in the Red Data Book of Vascular Plants of Bangladesh (Khan et al., 2001; Ara et al., 2013), in 
the study area (Table 2). The existing population size, number of localities, and estimated Extent 
of Occurrence (EOO) and Area of Occupancy (AOO) of these species were very narrow (Table 2). 
Moreover, all of these species were observed with poor regeneration and their localities were 
under the threats of continuous habitat destruction. Based on these facts, Abroma augusta (L.) L.f., 
Aniseia martinicensis (Jacq.) Choisy, Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. and Tournefortia roxburghii 
C.B. Clarke have been estimated as Critically Endangered (CE), Mucuna bracteata DC. ex Kurz 
and Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz as Endangered (E), and Andrographis paniculata 
(Burm.f.) Nees. as Vulnerable (V) in the homeatead areas of Dhaka, Gazipur, Manikganj and 
Tangail districts.  
 
Table 2. Estimated threatened status of seven dicot species included in Red Data Book Bangladesh in 

the homestead areas of Dhaka, Gazipur, Manikganj and Tangail districts.  
 

 

Species name Total no. of 
individuals 

No. of 
locality 

District EOO 
(km2) 

AOO 
(km2) 

Estimated threatened 
category 

Abroma augusta  04 01 Tangail 28 08 Critically endangered 
Andrographis 
paniculata 

450 07 Dhaka, Gazipur 
and Manikganj 

1040 35 Vulnerable 

Aniseia martinicensis  05 01 Manikganj 35 09 Critically endangered 
Mucuna bracteata 45 02 Dhaka 38 20 Endangered 
Pterocarpus 
santalinus 

01 01 Manikganj 24 06 Critically endangered 

Rauvolfia serpentina 144 02 Dhaka and 
Manikganj 

270 10 Endangered 

Tournefortia 
roxburghii 

01 01 Manikganj 24 06 Critically endangered 

 

 This study provides basic taxonomic information on all species of dicotyledones including 
seven threatened species currently occurring in the homesteads area of central region of 
Bangladesh, which might serve as an important baseline to track the trend of changes in the 
floristic composition and biodiversity conservation in the homestead areas in course of time and 
different biogeographical processes. The data provided by this study might be useful in planning, 
management, conservation and sustainable development of homestead plant genetic resources in 
Bangladesh.  
 The increased human population and associated development activities in the last few decades 
has resulted directly in depletion of natural vegetation, which in turn increase the pressure on the 
homestead forest especially in the developing countries to meet various needs of the human beings 
(Alam et. al., 2005). This observation is found to be true in the homestead areas of the four 



PRELIMINARY TAXONOMIC STUDY ON HOMESTEAD FLORA 63 

 

districts studied. Additionally, habitat fragmentation and depletion, intrusion of exotic (e.g. 
Parthenium hysterophorus, Mikania cordata, Chromolaena odorata, Acacia auriculiformis and 
Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and parasitic species (e.g. Cuscuta reflexa, Dendrophthoe falcata, and 
Helixanthera cylindrica), vegetation clearing, unnecessary firing, unplanned agricultural 
extension, over exploitation of natural resources, lack of awareness in the local people including 
the homestead owners, and lack of proper management and protection systems homestead forests 
etc. are also the functional threats to the homestead flora, especially the threatened and declining 
native plant species, of the study area.  
 Therefore, appropriate planning, management strategies and measures, and awareness 
building programs should be effectively launched for the conservation of plant genetic resources 
in the homestead areas of this region. Performing studies on the natural regeneration, 
biogeography, and pollination, breeding and dispersal mechanisms of the threatened species 
threatened and declining native species of the region are very crucial for their sustainable 
conservation. Besides, effective attempts including the provision of incentives for involving the 
local people in conservation programs in the region is highly recommended. 
 
Acknowledgements 
 The authors are grateful to the authorities of the Bangabandhu Fellowship on Science and ICT 
Project for funding this study as a part of first Author’s PhD program, Ministry of Science and 
Technology, Bangladesh Forest Department and Bangladesh National Herbarium (DACB) for 
their cooperation during conducting this study. The authors are thankful to the Chief Editor and 
the Reviewers of the Journal for their critical review of the manuscript. 
 
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