Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 29(1): 43-78, 2022 (June) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v29i1.60448 © 2022 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists FLORISTIC SURVEY OF VASCULAR PLANTS IN COASTAL DISTRICT BAGERHAT OF BANGLADESH GAZI MOSHAROF HOSSAIN*, SALEH AHAMMAD KHAN, SHAYLA SHARMIN SHETU, MOHAMMAD SAYEDUR RAHMAN1, FAKHRUDDIN ALI AHMED2 AND MD. HASSAN ALI Plant Systematics and Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh Keywords: Flora; Angiosperms; Bagerhat; Bangladesh. Abstract This survey provides the basic taxonomic data on the vascular flora of the disaster- prone coastal district of Bagerhat. It has explored the occurrence of 964 species of vascular plants under 607 genera and 147 families in this district. About 68.88% of these species are native and 31.12% are exotic to Bangladesh. Pteridophytes are composed of 32 species under 22 genera of 14 families and Gymnosperms of seven species under six genera and five families. Angiosperms are comprised of 693 species of 450 genera and 99 families of Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons) that represent 71.89% of the flora, and 232 species belonging to 129 genera under 29 families of Liliopsida (monocotyledons) that constitute 24.07% of this flora. Fabaceae with 58 species is the largest dicot family, followed by Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae, and Acanthaceae. Poaceae with 68 species is the largest monocot family, followed by Cyperaceae, Orchidaceae, Araceae and Arecaceae. The genus Cyperus is the largest in the study area, which is followed by Fimbristylis, Euphorbia, Ficus, Solanum and Ipomoea. The species Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq. of Meliaceae is rediscovered in Bangladesh. About 63.35% of species of this flora and most of the Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida are herbs, 18.94% shrubs, 15.63% trees, and 1.55% palms. Nearly 70.81% of the species are wild and the rest are planted or cultivated. 17 species are recognized as rare in the study area due to their very restricted occurrence and poor regeneration. Most of the species grow in the fallow lands, roadsides, woodlands, homesteads, marginal lands and scrub jungles. The majority of the species have more than one uses, but most are useful as medicinals (70.39%) and ornamentals (25.57%). Though the study area is under the stress of different threats, its floristic composition is still rich. We strongly recommend adopting adequate effective measures for the conservation and sustainable development of this rich flora of the coastal region. Introduction Floristic surveys are essential in understanding the status, extent, and assessment of plant biodiversity (WCMC, 1992). Such surveys are helpful in sustainable utilization of plant resources, plant resource-based development, exploration of alternative and closely allied species, identification and conservation of threatened plant species, and assessment, monitoring and mitigation of the adverse impacts of climate change on plant species. Due to these implications, floristic studies in various forest and non-forest areas become imperative in different areas and countries throughout the world for over a century (Ostertag et al., 2014). *Corresponding author, E-mail: gazibotju@gmail.com 1Bangladesh National Herbarium, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chiriakhana Road, Mirpur 01, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh. 2Phytochemistry and Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v29i1.60448 44 HOSSAIN et al. Though it is inferred that Bangladesh houses rich biodiversity including approx. 5000 species of Angiosperms (Khan, 1977), a total of 3886 species are reported from this country through various floristic studies conducted sporadically so far (Hooker, 1872-1897; Prain, 1903; Uddin et al., 1998; Khan and Huq, 2001; Rashid and Mia, 2001; Uddin et al., 2003; Siddiqui et al., 2007; Ahmed et al., 2008-2009; Ahmed et al., 2009; Islam et al., 2009; Arefin et al., 2011; Sultana, 2012; Rahman et al., 2015; Tabassum, 2015; Haque et al., 2018; Shetu et al., 2018; Uddin and Hassan, 2018; Hossain et al., 2020; Khanam et al., 2020; Roy and Khan, 2020a, b; Ashrafuzzaman and Sarwar, 2021; Hossain et al., 2021; Khan et al., 2021a, b; Ashrafuzzaman et al., 2022). It indicates that the floristic composition of many areas of this country has been partially explored or unexplored. Besides, Bangladesh is one of the countries that are most vulnerable to climate change and is ranked as one of the world’s most disaster-prone areas (Choudhury, 2002; World Bank, 2005) and a good number of plant species in this country are inferred as threatened or under the risk of extinction (Khan et al., 2001; Ara et al., 2013). Some species with distribution in this country, as reported in old literature (Hooker, 1872-1897) or documented in herbarium collections, may have already been lost. Therefore, conducting adequate floristic surveys in the unexplored or partially explored areas of this country are very crucial to know the composition, structure and status of their plant resources. Today’s one of the biggest conservation challenges is to protect and maintain the biodiversity in the coastal areas. The first key step to achieving this goal is to complete the floristic explorations and compile the updated lists of species extant in these areas (Schaminée et al., 2011; Sharrock, 2012). Bagerhat district is a south-western part of the country lying beside the coast of the Bay of Bengal. This district is one of the most risk-prone coastal areas of Bangladesh and most of its habitats and ecosystems are being degraded through the consequences of different natural disasters and anthropogenic interventions, including the replacement of most of its natural vegetation by settlements, agricultural expansions, shrimp cultures and other human activities. But hitherto, this district is floristically unexplored except for its southern part covered with dense forest of Sundarban Mangrove area, the floristic composition of which is largely reported by Rahman et al. (2015). The floristic study of Rahman et al. (2015) covers the mangrove areas of this district belonging to its Mongla- and Sarankhola upazilas but it does not provide information on plant species composition and distribution in other parts of these administrative areas. The basic taxonomic information on Bagerhat district flora is lacking. In contrast, most of the predominant natural and anthropogenic threats to the flora and plant diversity (Ali, 1999; Choudhury, 2002; Khan, 2008; Kulatunga et al., 2012) are functional throughout this coastal district that can cause a heavy loss of its plant diversity and change in its floristic composition. Therefore, conducting a floristic survey throughout this district is pivotal, especially for knowing the current species composition and diversity, plant resource-based sustainable development, and providing valuable baseline data required for effective conservation of the threatened species and assessment and monitoring of the impacts of anthropogenic climate change on the plants and ecosystems of this area. Therefore, the scope and need for conducting a detailed floristic survey throughout this district are very rationale. This survey was conducted to construct a comprehensive checklist of all vascular plant species extant in the Bagerhat district area and provide basic taxonomic data on these species based on thorough floristic inventories and examination of representative specimens. Materials and Methods Bagerhat district, comprising an area of 3959.06 km² including 600.04 km² of forests, is located between 21°49' and 22°59' north latitudes and 89°32' and 89°98' east longitudes (District Statistics 2011 of Bagerhat, 2013). It is bounded by Gopalganj and Narail districts on the north, the Bay of Bengal on the south, Gopalganj, Pirojpur and Barguna districts on the east, and Khulna district on the west. This district is composed of nine upazilas (Fig. 1) and 75 unions with a total of 156388 FLORISTIC SURVEY OF VASCULAR PLANTS 45 hectares of cultivable lands, 8978 hectares of fallow lands and 9458 hectares of permanently waterlogged areas. The topography of this district is essentially flat, with a maximum elevation change of 36 feet and an average elevation above sea level of 11 feet. It is covered by agricultural lands, fallow lands, grasslands, wetlands and fish ponds (‘gher’), scrub jungles, mangrove forests and homestead gardens etc. Bagerhat has a tropical climate with the average annual temperature varying from a minimum of 12.5°C to a maximum of 33.5°C. The rainy period lasts here from February to November but the most rain falls during July, with an average total of 325 mm. The annual average rainfall is 1710 mm (Population and Housing Consensus-2011, 2015). Fig. 1. Map of the Bagerhat District showing the upazilas and major land-use patterns. This survey was carried out in different seasons from 2017 to 2022 throughout the Bagerhat district including the Sundarbans area. The collection, processing, drying and preservation of plant specimens were done following standard herbarium methods and techniques (Bridson and Forman, 46 HOSSAIN et al. 1989; Singh and Subramaniam, 2008). The representative plant specimens of all taxa were examined at Jahangirnagar University Herbarium (JUH) and Bangladesh National Herbarium (DACB). Taxonomic identification of the specimens and verification of the nomenclatural information has been completed, the families and genera have been arranged, data on the uses of the species have been collected and the status of threatened plant species in the study area has been inferred following Khan et al. (2021b) and Hossain et al. (2021). Most of the voucher specimens are stored at JUH and some at DACB. Data on the uses of the species were collected through interviews with the local people, and consulting the relevant literature (Ghani, 1998; van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, 2001; Siddiqui et al., 2007; Ahmed et al., 2008-2009). The rare status of the plant species was inferred through estimation of their current population size, occurrence, distribution range and regeneration in the area based on field observation. Results and Discussion This survey reveals the occurrence of a total of 964 species of vascular plants under 607 genera and 147 families within the geographical boundary of the Bagerhat district for the first time. These species constitute about 24.81% of the total 3886 plant species identified (Hossain et al., 2020; Ashrafuzzaman and Sarwar, 2021; Ashrafuzzaman et al., 2022) and 19.28% of the total plant species (Approx. 5000 species) estimated for Bangladesh so far (Khan, 1977). During this study, Pteridophytes were found to be composed of 32 species under 22 genera of 14 families and Gymnosperms of seven species under six genera and five families. Among the Angiosperms, Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons) were represented by 693 species, including three subspecies and four varieties, of 450 genera and 99 families that constituted 71.89% of the vascular flora of the Bagerhat district, whereas, Liliopsida (monocotyledons) by 232 species, including one subspecies, belonging to 129 genera under 29 families, which comprised 24.07% of this flora (Table 1). About 68.88% (664 species) of this vascular flora are native, whereas, 31.12 % (300 species) are exotic to Bangladesh. Most of the species (618 species), representing 64.11% of this flora, were found to be distributed in the Sundarbans mangrove forests area of this district. Table 1. List of vascular plant taxa of Bagerhat district, Bangladesh. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE PTERIDOPHYTA Schimp. Psilotaceae J.W. Griff. & Henfr. *Psilotum nudum (L.) P.Beauv. Psilotum Herb, ep; w Op Sa M GMH 0061 Lycopodiaceae P.Beauv. ex Mirb. *Phlegmariurus phlegmaria (L.) Holub Fern Herb, ep; w Op Mo, Sa O GMH 1503 Selaginellaceae Willk *Selaginella vaginata Spring Selaginella Herb, pr; w Ml, Wl All upazilas M GMH 1501 Ophioglossaceae Martinov *Ophioglossum reticulatum L. Sharpa jihba Herb, er; w Gl, Wl Sa M GMH 0237 Salviniaceae Martinov *Azolla pinnata R.Br. Khudipana Herb, fl; w Wtl All upazilas Gm GMH 1513 *Salvinia cucullata Roxb. ex Bory Indur kanipana Herb, fl; w Wtl All upazilas Gm, O GMH 0268 *S. molesta D.Mitch. # Pani dhekia Herb, fl; w Wtl All upazilas Gm, O GMH 1518 *S. natans (L.) All. Pani dhekia Herb, fl; w Wtl All upazilas Gm, O GMH 1502 Marsileaceae Mirb. Marsilea minuta L. Susni shak Herb, cr; w Wtl Bs, Ka, Fa Vg GMH 1714 FLORISTIC SURVEY OF VASCULAR PLANTS 47 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE *M. quadrifolia L. # Susni shak Herb, cr; w Af, Fl, Wtl All upazilas Vg GMH 0225 Lygodiaceae M. Roem. *Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Saralata fern Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl All upazilas M GMH 0223 L. microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br. Lata dhekia Herb, cl; w Sj Fa, Bs M GMH 1798 Pteridaceae E.D.M. Kirchn. *Acrostichum aureum L. Tiger fern Herb, er; w Fm, Wl Ka, Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa M, Tm GMH 0003 Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Hangsapadi Herb, ep; pl Hs Bs, Mo O SSS 3663 A. caudatum L. Khopa fern Herb, ep; w Op, Obw All upazilas O GMH 1790 *A. tenerum Sw. # Biddapata Herb, ep; w Op, Obw Bs, Sa O GMH 1504 Ceratopteris pteridoides (Hook.) Hieron. Pani dhekia Herb, er; w Wtl Bs, Fa, Ka Vg GMH 1514 *C. thalictroides (L.) Brongn. Pani lettuce Herb, er; w Wtl All upazilas Vg GMH 0128 *Pteris vittata L. Dhekia Herb, lp; w Obw All upazilas M GMH 1512 Vittariaceae Ching *Haplopteris elongata (Sw.) E.H. Crane Fitta fern Herb, ep; w Op, Wl Mo, Sa M, O GMH 1505 *Haplopteris sp. Unknown Herb, ep; w Op, Wl Sa M, O GMH 1800 Polypodiaceae J. Presl & C. Presl *Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Pankhiraj Herb, ep; w Op, Wl All upazilas M, O GMH 0034 *Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. Gucha patra Herb, ep; w Op, Wl All upazilas M, O GMH 0106 *Pyrrosia nuda (Giesenh.) Ching Pyrosia Herb, ep; w Op, Wl All upazilas M GMH 0259 P. piloselloides (L.) M.G. Price Paisa dhekia Herb, ep; w Op, Wl Fa M, O GMH 1633 *Pyrrosia sp. Pyrosia Herb, ep; w Op, Wl Sa M GMH 1700 Blechnaceae Newman *Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bed. Dhekia lata Herb, cl; w Rb, Sj, Wl All upazilas M, Vg GMH 0071 Thelypteridaceae Ching ex Pic. Serm. *Ampelopteris prolifera (Retz.) Copel. Dheki shak Herb, cr; w Fl, Fm, Wl All upazilas M GMH 1506 *Christella crinipes (Hook.) Holttum Bish dhekia Herb, er; w Fl, Ml, Rs All upazilas M GMH 1511 *Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) E.P.St.John Datitila Herb, cr; w Fl, Fm, Wl All upazilas O, Vg GMH 1679 Aspleniaceae Newman *Asplenium polyodon G. Forst. # Bon dhekia Herb, ep; w Op Mo, Sa O, M GMH 1510 Athyriaceae Alston *Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Dhekia shak Herb, er; w Fl, Fm, Wl All upazilas Vg GMH 1713 GYMNOSPERMS Prantl Araucariaceae Henkel & W. Hochst. *Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco # X-mas tree Tree, m; pl Gr, Hs All upazilas O GMH 1715 Cupressaceae Gray Juniperus chinensis L. # China juniper Tree, s; pl Gr, Hs Bs O GMH 1720 *Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco # Thuja Shrub; pl Gr, Hs, Rs All upazilas O GMH 1507 Cycadaceae Pers. Cycas circinalis L. # Cycas Tree, s; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Ch, Fa, Ra M, O GMH 1522 C. revoluta Thunb. # Moniraj Tree, s; pl Gr, Hs Bs M, O GMH 1519 Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus caribaea Morelet # Pine gach Tree, l; pl Gr, Hs, Rs Bs, Fa O GMH 1791 Zamiaceae Horan. Zamia furfuracea L.f. ex Aiton # Zamia palm Shrub; pl Gr Bs O SSS 3676 MAGNOLIOPSIDA Brongn. 48 HOSSAIN et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Magnoliaceae Juss. Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre Champa Tree, l; pl Rs Bs, Fa M, O GMH 1602 Annonaceae Juss. *Annona reticulata L. # Atta, nona Tree, s; w Hs, Sj All upazilas Fr GMH 1508 *A. squamosa L. # Shorifa Tree, s; pl Hs All upazilas Fr GMH 1509 Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari # Kathali chapma Shrub, sc; pl Hs Bs, Fa, Mo M, O GMH 1517 *Huberantha pendula (Capuron ex G.E. Schatz & Le Thomas) Chaowasku # Weeping debdaru Tree, m; pl Rs All upazilas O GMH 1525 *Monoon longifolium (Sonn.) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders # Debdaru Tree, l; Pl Rs, Wl All upazilas O, T GMH 1515 Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites Barachali Tree, s; w Fl, Wl All upazilas Fr, Fw GMH 1750 Lauraceae Juss. *Cassytha filiformis L. Akashbel Herb, ps; w Op Sa M GMH 1516 Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T. Nees & Eberm. Tejpata Tree, m; pl Hs All upazilas Sp GMH 1723 C. verum J.Presl # Darchini Tree, m; pl Hs Bs, Fa, Mo, Ra Sp GMH 1734 *Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob. Kukurchita Tree, m; w Sj, Wl Bs, Fa, Ml, Sa M GMH 1521 L. monopetala (Roxb.) Pers. Borokukurchita Tree, m; w Sj, Wl Bs, Fa, Ka M GMH 1527 Piperaceae Giseke *Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth # Luchipata Herb, pr; w Gl, Sj All upazilas M GMH 0242 Piper betle L. # Pan Herb, cl; cv Af Bs, Ch, Fa, Ka M GMH 1520 P. longum L. Pipul Herb, cl; w Fl, Wl Bs, Ch, Fa, Ka M GMH 1526 P. retrofractum Vahl Choi, Choi jhal Herb, cl; pl Hs, Wl Bs, Fa M, Sp GMH 1550 P. sarmentosum Roxb. # Jongli pan Herb, cr; w Gr, Sj Bs M GMH 1797 Aristolochiaceae Juss. *Aristolochia indica L. Ishwarmul Herb, cl; w Sj Sa M GMH 0008 Nelumbonaceae A.Rich. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Paddo Herb, fl; w Wtl Bs M, O GMH 1523 Nymphaeaceae Salisb. *Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f. Nilshapla Herb, fr; w Wtl All upazilas M, O GMH 1600 *N. pubescens Willd. Sadashapla Herb, fr; w Wtl All upazilas O, Vg GMH 1583 *N. rubra Roxb. ex Andrews Lalshapla Herb, fr; w Wtl All upazilas M, O GMH 1524 Ceratophyllaceae Gray *Ceratophyllum demersum L. Kantajhanjhi Herb, sm; w Wtl All upazilas M GMH 1786 Ranunculaceae Juss. Clematis terniflora DC. Tarajhara Herb, cl; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Mo O SSS 3529 C. zeylanica (L.) Poir. Chagolbati Herb, cl; w Fl, Sj, Wl Mr M SSS 3476 *Ranunculus sceleratus L. Jhumka phul Herb, er; w Wtl All upazilas M GMH 1770 Menispermaceae Juss. Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W. Theob. Huyer, daikhai Herb, cl; w Sj Bs M GMH 1777 *Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers Akandi manik Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl All upazilas M GMH 0285 Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson Gulancha Herb, cl; w Wl Bs, Fa M GMH 4073 *T. sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Gulancha Herb, cl; w Wl Bs, Fa, Sa M GMH 0074 Tiliacora acuminata (Lam.) Hook.fil. & Thomson Bagbandha lata Shrub, li; w Sj, Wl Bs, Fa, Ml, Ra M, Tm GMH 4019 Papaveraceae Juss. Argemone mexicana L. # Sheyal kanta Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Ch, Fa M GMH 1635 Cannabaceae Martinov FLORISTIC SURVEY OF VASCULAR PLANTS 49 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE *Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Banjiga, jibon Tree, m; w Sj, Wl All upazilas Fw GMH 0292 Moraceae Gaudich. Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb. Chapalish Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl Bs, Fa, Fr, T GMH 1533 *A. heterophyllus Lam. # Kanthal Tree, m; pl Hs, Wl All upazilas Fr, T GMH 1595 A. lakoocha Roxb. Dewa Tree, m; pl Wl Bs, Ml, Ra Fr, T GMH 1692 *Ficus benghalensis L. Bot Tree, l; w Fl, Rs, Wl All upazilas O, Fw GMH 0180 *F. benjamina L. Bot Tree, m; pl Gr, Ml, Rs Bs, Ch, Fa, M O GMH 1621 *F. elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. Rubber bot Tree, m; pl Fl, Rs Bs, Fa, Sa O GMH 1637 *F. heterophylla L. f. Bhuidumur Shrub; w Sj, Wl All upazilas M GMH 1644 *F. hispida L. f. Kakdumur Tree, s; w Sj, Wl All upazilas M, Vg GMH 0181 *F. microcarpa L.f. Jir, kamrup Tree, m; w Ml, Rb, Wl All upazilas O, M GMH 1630 F. pumila L. # Latabot Herb, cr; w Obw Bs, Fa, Sa O GMH 1698 *F. racemosa L. Jagdumur Tree, l; w Sj, Fl All upazilas M GMH 0182 *F. religiosa L. Ashwath Tree, l; w Wl, Sj Bs, Fa, Mr, Sa M, O GMH 0183 *F. rumphii Blume Khiri bot Tree, l; w Fl, Rs, Wl All upazilas M, O GMH 1680 *F. virens Aiton Shada pakur Tree, l; w Fl, Rs, Wl All upazilas Fw, M GMH 1625 Morus alba L. # Shada tut Tree, s; pl Ml, Rs Fa Fr, Fw SSS 3545 *Streblus asper Lour. Sheora Tree, l; w Sj, Wl All upazilas Fw, M GMH 0286 Urticaceae Juss. *Gonostegia pentandra (Roxb.) Miq. Gonostegia Herb, er; w Sj Sa M GMH 1640 Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew Chotrapatta Herb, cl; w Sj Wl Fa, Ml, Sa M GMH 1718 *Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. # Latamaricha Herb, pr; w Obw All upazilas M GMH 0252 *Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. Kullaruki Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0256 Casuarinaceae R.Br. *Casuarina equisetifolia L. Jhaw Tree, l; pl Ml, Rs All upazilas O GMH 0124 Nyctaginaceae Juss. *Boerhavia diffusa L. Punarnava Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Fa, Ra M GMH 0112 Bougainvillea buttiana Holttum & Standl. Baganbilas Shrub, sc; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Fa, Mo, Ra O GMH 1724 B. glabra Choisy # Lal baganbilas Shrub, sc; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Mo, Ra O GMH 1704 B. peruviana Bonpl. # Shada baganbilas Shrub, sc; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Mo O GMH 1705 *B. spectabilis Willd. # Baganbilash Shrub, sc; pl Gr, Hs All upazilas O GMH 1706 Mirabilis jalapa L. # Sandhyamoni Herb, er; pl Fl, Hs All upazilas M, O SSS 3548 Aizoaceae Martinov *Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. Sagornunia Herb, pr; w Ml Sa M GMH 1747 Trianthema portulacastrum L. Swetpunarnova Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Rs Fa M, Gm GMH 1769 Cactaceae Juss. Acanthocalycium spiniflorum (K.Schum.) Backeb. # Cactus Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs, Bs O SSS 3675 Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC.) Haw. # Night queen Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Mo O GMH 1771 Ferocactus peninsulae (A.A.Weber) Britton & Rose # Ferocactus Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Mo O SSS 3679 Mammillaria compressa DC. # Cactus Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Mo O SSS 3673 Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw. # Fhonimonosha Shrub; w Ml, Rs All upazilas He, M GMH 1740 O. ficus-indica (L.) Mill. # Fhonimonosha Shrub; w Ml, Rs Ch, Mr, Mo, Ra, Sa He, M GMH 1751 O. stricta (Haw.) Haw. # Nagphana Shrub; w Ml, Rs Ch, Mr, Ra, Sa He, M GMH 1768 50 HOSSAIN et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Selenicereus undatus (Haw.) D.R. Hunt # Dragan phal Herb, cl; cv Gr Bs, Mo Fr SSS 3544 Amaranthaceae Juss. *Achyranthes aspera L. Apang Herb, er; w Fl, Rs, Wl All upazilas M GMH 0087 Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. Chaya Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Bs, Ch, Fa M, Vg GMH 1702 A. sanguinolenta (L.) Blume Lal apang Herb, er; pl Fl, Gr, Hs Bs, Ml, Mr, Ra M, O SSS 3672 *Alternanthera paronychioides A. St.- Hil. # Jhuli khata Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Rs Mr, Mo, Ra, Sa M, Vg GMH 0095 *A. philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. # Henchi Herb, fr; w Af, Wtl All upazilas Gm, Vg GMH 0096 *A. sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. # Malancha Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas M, Vg GMH 0097 *Amaranthus blitum L. # Goburanotey Herb, er; w Fl, Rs All upazilas M, Vg SSS 3542 *A. spinosus L. # Kantanotey Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas M, Vg GMH 0098 *A. tricolor L. Lalshak Herb, er; cv Af/Apl All upazilas Vg SSS 3532 *A. viridis L. # Notey shak Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas M, Vg GMH 1773 *Celosia argentea L. # Morogphul Herb, er; pl Hs, Rs All upazilas M, O GMH 0126 *Chenopodium album L. Botua shak Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas M, Vg GMH 0129 Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume Shyontula Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Bs, Fa, Ml M GMH 1601 *Gomphrena celosioides Mart. # Bottam phul Herb, pr; w Gl, Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 1589 G. globosa L. # Bottum phul Herb, er; pl Hs, Rs Bs, Mo, Ra O SSS 3531 *Spinacia oleracea L. # Palong shak Herb, er; cv Af, Hs All upazilas Vg SSS 3657 Portulacaceae Juss. Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. # Anantalata Herb, cl; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Fa, Mr, Ra O SSS 3671 *Portulaca grandiflora Hook. # Time phul Herb, pr; pl Hs, Rs All upazilas O GMH 1531 *P. oleracea L. # Boronunia Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas M, Vg GMH 1619 P. quadrifida L. # Chhoto nunia Herb, pr; cv Hs, Rs Bs, Fa, Mo O GMH 1628 Basellaceae Raf. *Basella alba L. Pui shak Herb, cr; cv Af, Hs All upazilas Vg GMH 1612 Molluginaceae Bartl. Glinus lotoides L. Alu ghash Herb, pr; w Af, Fl Fa, Ra, Mo M GMH 1657 *G. oppositifolius (L.) A. DC. Gima shak Herb, pr; w Af, Fl All upazilas M, Vg GMH 1553 Trigastrotheca pentaphylla (L.) Thulin # Khetpapra Herb, pr; w Af, Fl Bs, Ra, M GMH 1682 Caryophyllaceae Juss. Dianthus chinensis L. # China salpar Herb, er; pl Gr, Rs Bs O SSS 3528 D. pinifolius Sm. # Dianthus Herb, er; pl Gr, Rs Bs O SSS 3534 Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. # Gimi Herb, er; pl Gr, Rs Ml Fo GMH 1774 Polygonaceae Juss. *Persicaria barbata (L.) H.Hara Biskatali Herb, er; w Fl, Wtl Ch, Fa, Ka, Sa M GMH 1726 *P. glabra (Willd.) M.Gómez Biskatali Herb, er; w Af, Fl Fa, Ka, Ml, Sa M GMH 1725 *P. hydropiper (L.) Delarbre Biskatali Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Wtl All upazilas M GMH 0244 *P. lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre Bishkathali Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Wtl Sa M MSR 493 *P. orientalis (L.) Spach Bara panimarich Herb, er; w Fl, Wtl All upazilas M GMH 0255 *P. salicifolia (Brouss. ex Willd.) Assenov Polygonum Herb, er; w Fl, Wtl Sa M MSR 492 *Polygonum plebeium R.Br. Raniphul Herb, er; w Wtl All upazilas M MSR 2249 *Rumex dentatus L. Bon palang Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 1552 *R. maritimus L. Dati palang Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0265 *R. vesicarius L. Tok palong Herb, er; cv Hs Bs, Fa, Mo M GMH 1710 FLORISTIC SURVEY OF VASCULAR PLANTS 51 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Plumbaginaceae Juss. *Aegialitis rotundifolia Roxb. Nunia Shrub; w Fm, Wl Mo, Sa Fw, M GMH 0004 Plumbago zeylanica L. Shada chita Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Bs M GMH 1544 Dilleniaceae Salisb. *Dillenia indica L. Chalta Tree, m; pl Hs, Wl All upazilas Fr, M GMH 1549 Dipterocarpaceae Blume Dipterocarpus turbinatus C.F.Gaertn. Garjan Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl Bs, Fa T GMH 1538 Hopea odorata Roxb. Telshur Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl Bs, Fa T GMH 1540 Elatinaceae Dumort. *Bergia capensis L. Lal keshuriya Herb, er; w Wtl Sa M GMH 1529 Theaceae Mirb. Camellia japonica L. # Camellia Shrub; pl Gr Bs O GMH 1762 Clusiaceae Lindl. *Calophyllum inophyllum L. Punnul, punial Tree, m; w Fm, Rs Fa, Mo, Mr, Sa M, Oy GMH 0017 Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex Choisy Cowphal Tree, m; pl Hs, Wl Fa Fr, M SSS 3523 Mesua ferrea L. Nageshawr Tree, s; pl Rs Fa, Ml, Mo M, O SSS 3527 Elaeocarpaceae Juss. Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume Jalpai Tree, m; pl Hs Bs, Fa, Mr Fr, Oy SSS 3549 Tiliaceae Juss. Grewia asiatica L. Pholsa Tree, s; pl Hs, Wl All upazilas Fr, M SSS 3526 G. glandulosa Vahl Pathaka Tree, s; w Sj Bs, Fa M SSS 3546 Microcos paniculata L. Asar Shrub; w Sj, Wl Fa Fw, M SSS 3539 Sterculiaceae Vent. Abroma augusta (L.) L.f. Ulatkambal Shrub; w Hs, Sj All upazilas Fb, M GMH 1754 Melochia corchorifolia L. Tiki okra Shrub; w Wl All upazilas M GMH 1742 *Sterculia foetida L. Baksho badam Tree, l; pl Hs, Rs Bs, Ch, Fa, Sa Fr, M GMH 1745 S. villosa Roxb. Udal Tree, l; w Wl Fa, Ch M GMH 1736 Bombacaceae Kunth. *Bombax ceiba L. Shimul Tree, l; w Rs, Wl All upazilas Fb, M GMH 0113 Malvaceae Juss. *Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Dherosh Herb, er; cv Af All upazilas Vg SSS 3521 *A. moschatus Medik. Mushak dana Shrub; w Fl, Ml Fa, Sa M GMH 0083 *Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Petari Shrub; w Fl, Rs, Sj All upazilas Fb, M GMH 0085 Alcea rosea L. # Alcer, holyhock Shrub; pl Gr Mo O SSS 3522 *Brownlowia tersa (L.) Kosterm. Lata sundri Shrub; w Rb, Wl Mo, Sa Fw, M GMH 0012 *Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. # Shada shimul Tree, m; pl Hs, Rs Bs, Fa, Sa Fb, T GMH 1776 *Corchorus aestuans L. Jangli pat Shrub; w Fl, Rs, Sj All upazilas Fb, M GMH 1759 C. capsularis L. Bogi pat Herb, er; cv Af, Hs Ch, Fa, Ra Fb, Vg GMH 1755 *C. olitorius L. Tosha pat Herb, er; cv Af, Hs Ch, Fa Fb, Vg SSS 3519 Gossypium arboreum L. # Karpash Shrub; cv Af Bs, Fa Fb, Oy SSS 3527 *Heritiera fomes Buch.-Ham. Sundri Tree, l; w Wl Mo, Sa T GMH 0039 Hibiscus cannabinus L. # Mesta pat Herb, er; cv Af, Hs Ch, Fa Fb, Vg SSS 3518 H. mutabilis L. # Sthol paddo Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Bs O SSS 3524 *H. rosa-sinensis L. # Joba Shrub; pl Hs, Rs All upazilas O SSS 3535 H. sabdariffa L. # Chukar Shrub; pl Hs, Ml All upazilas M SSS 3538 H. schizopetalus (Dyer) Hook.f. # Jhumko jaba Shrub; pl Hs, Rs All upazilas O SSS 3550 52 HOSSAIN et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE *H. tiliaceus L. Bhola Shrub, sc; w Rb, Wl Ch, Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa Fb, Fw GMH 0040 H. vitifolius L. Bonkarpas Shrub; w Sj Fa, Ra M, O SSS 3551 Malachra capitata (L.) L. # Bondheras Herb, er; w Fl, Hs, Rs Mo O SSS 3553 Malvaviscus arboreus Dill. ex Cav. # Morich joba Shrub; pl Hs, Rs All upazilas O SSS 3537 *Pentapetes phoenicea L. Bandhuli phul Shrub; pl Hs Mo, Sa O GMH 1787 Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd. Muchkundo Tree, l; w Ml, Wl Bs, Fa, Ml M, T SSS 3516 *Sida acuta Burm. f. Kureta Herb, er; w Fl, Sj, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0273 *S. cordata (Burm. f.) Bross. Waalk. Pitberela Herb, er; w Fl, Sj, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0274 *S. cordifolia L. Shet berela Herb, er; w Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0275 *S. rhombifolia L. Lal berela Herb, er; w Fl, Rs All upazilas Fb, M GMH 0276 *Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Ban okra Shrub; w Fl, Rs, Sj All upazilas Fb, M GMH 0295 *Urena lobata L. Ban okra Shrub; w Fl, Sj, Rs All upazilas Fb, M GMH 0297 Lecythidaceae A. Rich. Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. Hijal Tree, m; w Ml, Sj, Wtl Bs, Ch, Fa, Ml M, O GMH 1792 *B. racemosa (L.) Spreng. Shamudra hijol Tree, m; w Rb, Wl Mo, Sa M, Fw GMH 0011 Couroupita guianensis Aubl. # Naglingom Tree, l; pl Gr, Ml Bs O SSS 3507 Bixaceae Kunth Bixa orellana L. # Bixa, shindur Tree, s; pl Gr Bs M, O GMH 1784 Tamaricaceae Link *Tamarix indica Willd. Nona jhaw Tree, s; w Fm, Wl Mo, Sa Fw, M GMH 0072 Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel Passiflora edulis Sims # Passion phal Herb, cl; pl Hs Bs Fr GMH 1575 *P. foetida L. # Jhumkalata Herb, cl; w Sj Fa, Ml, Ra Fr, M GMH 0241 P. suberosa L. # Mela jhumka Herb, cl; w Rs Ka M GMH 1616 Turnera ulmifolia L. # Bashanti, turan Herb, er; w Rs Bs, Fa, Ra M GMH 1530 Caricaceae Dumort. *Carica papaya L. # Papya Tree, m; pl Af, Hs, Rs All upazilas Fr, Vg SSS 3505 Cucurbitaceae Juss. Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. # Chalkumra Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs All upazilas Vg GMH 1789 Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai # Tormuj Herb, cl; cv Af Fa, Ra, Mo Fr GMH 1764 *Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Telakucha Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl All upazilas M, Vg GMH 0138 Cucumis maderaspatanus L. Agmukhi Herb, cl; w Af, Fl, Sj Fa, Ra, Sa M SSS 3482 C. melo L. # Bangi Herb, cl; cv Af Fa, Ra Fr, Vg SSS 3488 C. sativus L. Khira, shosha Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs All upazilas Fr, Vg GMH 1794 *Cucurbita maxima Duchesne # Misti kumra Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs All upazilas M, Vg GMH 1775 *Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Lao Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs All upazilas M, Vg SSS 3552 *Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. Jhinga Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs All upazilas M, Vg GMH 1778 *L. cylindrica (L.) M.Roem. Dhundal Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs All upazilas M, Vg SSS 3541 *Momordica charantia L. Korolla Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs All upazilas M, Vg GMH 1779 *M. dioica Roxb. ex Willd. Kakroll Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs All upazilas M, Vg GMH 1772 Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi ex Saldanha & Nicolson Rakhal shosha Herb, cl; w Sj Bs, Fa, Ra M SSS 3484 Trichosanthes costata Blume Banpatol Herb, cl; w Sj Fa, Ml, Mr, Ra M SSS 3543 *T. cucumerina L. Chichinga Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs All upazilas M, Vg SSS 3487 *T. dioica Roxb. Potol Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Ch, Fa, Ml M, Vg SSS 3501 *T. tricuspidata Lour. # Makal Herb, cl; w Fm, Sj Ch, Fa, Sa M GMH 1780 Salicaceae Mirb. FLORISTIC SURVEY OF VASCULAR PLANTS 53 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE *Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Bauchi Shrub; w Sj, Wl Bs, Fa, Sa Fr, M GMH 0185 F. jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. Lukluki Tree, s; w Fm, Wl Bs, Fa Fr, M SSS 3458 Capparaceae Juss. Capparis zeylanica L. Katai, asaria Shrub, sc; w Sj Fa M GMH 1793 *Crateva magna (Lour.) DC. Borun, banny Tree, s; w Fm Bs, Fa, Sa M GMH 0142 Cleomaceae Bercht. & J. Presl Cleome houtteana Schltdl. # Hurhurey Herb, er; pl Gr, Rs Bs, Fa, Ra M SSS 3459 *C. rutidosperma DC. # Nil hurhurey Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 1795 *C. viscosa L. Halud hurhurey Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas M, Vg GMH 0133 Brassicaceae Burnett Brassica cretica Lam. subsp. cretica # Fulkopie Herb, er; cv Af, Hs Bs, Ch, Fa, Ml Vg GMH 1785 *B. napus L. # Sarisha Herb, er; cv Af, Hs All upazilas Lf, Oy SSS 3508 B. nigra (L.) W.D.J.Koch # Rai sarisha Herb, er; cv Af, Hs Ch, Ml, Mr Oy SSS 3481 B. oleracea L. # Badhakopie Herb, er; cv Gr Bs O GMH 1761 *B. rapa L. # Shalgom Herb, er; cv Af, Gr, Hs All upazilas Vg GMH 4022 Cardamine flexuosa With. # Bansarisha Herb, er; w Af, Fl Bs, Fa, Ml M GMH 1783 *Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. Sativus (L.) Domin Mula Herb, er; cv Af All upazilas Vg SSS 3467 Rorippa benghalensis (DC.) H.Hara Bel rai Herb, er; w Fl, Ml Ch, Fa, Mo M SSS 3473 *R. indica (L.) Hiern Bansarisha Herb, er; w Fl, Ml All upazilas M, Vg GMH 0263 Moringaceae Martinov *Moringa oleifera Lamk. # Shajna Tree, m; pl Hs, Ml, Rs All upazilas M, Vg GMH 1796 Sapotaceae Juss. *Madhuca longifolia (J. König ex L.) J.F. Macbr. Mohua Tree, m; w Rs, Wl Bs, Fa, Sa M, Oy SSS 3463 *Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen # Sopheda Tree, m; pl Hs All upazilas Fr, M GMH 1788 *Mimusops elengi L. Bokul Tree, m; pl Rs All upazilas M, O SSS 3472 Ebenaceae Gürke *Diospyros discolor Willd. # Bilati gab Tree, m; pl Hs, Rs All upazilas Fr, M SSS 3556 *D. malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. Deshi gab Tree, m; w Wl All upazilas Fr, M GMH 0163 D. montana Roxb. Tomal Tree, m; w Rs, Wl Bs, Fa, Mo Fw, M GMH 1766 Myrsinaceae R.Br. Ardisia paniculata Roxb. Barochally Tree, s; w Sj, Wl Bs M GMH 1578 *A. solanacea (Poir.) Roxb. Banjam Shrub; w Wl All upazilas M, O GMH 0103 Primulaceae Batsch *Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco Kholshi Shrub; w Wl Mo, Sa Hp, Fw GMH 0005 Crassulaceae J. St.-Hil. *Kalachoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. # Patharkuchi Herb, er; pl Hs All upazilas M, O GMH 1781 Rosaceae Juss. Fragaria × ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier # Stawberry Herb, cr; cv Gr, Hs Bs, Fa, Mo Fr GMH 1760 *Rosa × centifolia L. # Golap Shrub; pl Hs All upazilas M, O SSS 3515 R. chinensis Jacq. # Jangli golap Shrub; pl Hs, Ml Bs, Fa He, M SSS 3540 Mimosaceae R.Br. *Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. ex Benth # Akashmoni Tree, l; pl Fl, Rs, Wl All upazilas T SSS 3457 *A. mangium Willd. # Mangium Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl Bs, Ch, Ml, Mo T SSS 3494 *Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Kalo koroi Tree, l; w Rs, Wl All upazilas T SSS 3511 54 HOSSAIN et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE A. lucidior (Steud.) I.C. Nielsen ex H.Hara Motor koroi Tree, l; w Rs, Wl Bs, Fa T SSS 3536 *A. niopoides var. niopoides (Spruce ex Benth.) Burkart # Raj siris Tree, l; pl Rs All upazilas T SSS 3533 *A. procera (Roxb.) Benth. Shada koroi Tree, l; w Rs, Wl All upazilas T SSS 3517 *Cynometra ramiflora L. Shigra Tree, s; w Fm, Wl Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa Fw, M GMH 0024 *Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. Gila lata Shrub, li; w Fm, Wl Sa M, Wp GMH 0035 *Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit # Ipil-ipil Tree, l; w Fl, Rs, Wl All upazilas T GMH 0213 *Mimosa pudica L. # Lajjaboti Herb, pr; w Gl, Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0218 *Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. # Khoi babla Tree, m; w Hs, Rs Ch, Fa, Ra, Sa Fr, M GMH 0253 *Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. # Shirish Tree, l; pl Ml, Rs, Wl All upazilas T GMH 0269 *Senegalia catechu (L.f.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. Khoir Tree, m; pl Rs Bs, Fa, Sa Fw, M SSS 3496 *Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. Babla Tree, m; w Fl, Rs All upazilas Gu, M GMH 0086 Caesalpiniaceae R.Br. Bauhinia acuminata L. Sada kanchon Tree, s; pl Gr, Hs, Rs Bs, Fa, Mo O SSS 3497 B. purpurea L. Rakto kanchan Tree, s; pl Gr, Hs, Rs Bs, Fa, Mo O SSS 3674 Brownea coccinea Jacq. Pakhi phul Tree, s; pl Gr Bs O SSS 3555 *Caesalpinia crista L. Kutumkanta Shrub, sc; w Fm, Rb Mo, Sa M GMH 0016 C. pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Chotto radhachura Shrub; pl Gr, Rs Bs, Fa, Mo, Ra O SSS 3479 *Cassia fistula L. Badarlathi Tree, m; w Ml, Rs All upazilas M, O GMH 0121 C. javanica L. Burmese shonalu Tree, m; pl Ml, Rs Bs, Fa, Ra O SSS 3504 *Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. # Krishnachura Tree, l; pl Rs All upazilas M, O SSS 3480 *Guilandina bonduc L. # Nata kanta Shrub, sc; w Sj, Fm Fa, Sa M, Oy GMH 0015 *Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze. Bhaila Tree, s; w Rb, Wl Mo, Sa M GMH 0042 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K.Heyne # Radha chura Tree, l; pl Rs Bs, Fa M, O SSS 3525 Saraca asoca (Roxb.) W.J.de Wilde Ashok Tree, m; pl Rs, Wl Bs, Fa M, O SSS 3547 Senna alata (L.) Roxb. # Dadmardan Shrub; w Fl, Hs, Rs All upazilas M SSS 3486 *S. occidentalis (L.) Link # Bara kalkesunda Shrub; w Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0122 *S. siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barn. # Minjuri Tree, l; pl Fl, Wl All upazilas Fw, O GMH 0123 *S. sophera (L.) Roxb. # Kalkeshunda Shrub; w Fl, Sj, Rs Bs, Ch, Fa M SSS 3485 *S. tora (L.) Roxb. # Kalkeshunda Herb, er; w Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0272 *Tamarindus indica L. # Tetul Tree, l; w Hs, Wl All upazilas Fr, T SSS 3530 Fabaceae Lindl. *Abrus precatorius L. Kunch, rati Herb, cl; w Sj All upazilas M SSS 3477 Adenanthera pavonina L. Rakta chandan Tree, m; pl Gr, Rs Bs, Fa, Mo M SSS 3655 *Aeschynomene indica L. Kathshola Shrub; w Fl, Wtl Fa, Ml, Sa Fo GMH 0089 *Aganope heptaphylla (L.) Polhill Panpata, satpata Shrub, li; w Fm, Rb Sa M GMH 0006 Alysicarpus sp. Unknown Herb, er; w Ml, Sj Bs, Fa Gm, M SSS 3520 Arachis hypogaea L. # China badam Herb, pr; cv Af Mo Fr SSS 3493 *Brachypterum scandens (Roxb.) Miq. Mohajonilata Shrub, li; w Wl Mo, Sa M SSS 3450 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze Palash Tree, m; pl Rs, Wl Bs, Ch, Fa M, O SSS 3455 Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth # Arhar Shrub; cv Af, Fl, Hs All upazilas M, Pu SSS 3461 *C. scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars Banurkalki Herb, cl; w Sj All upazilas Gm, M GMH 0115 FLORISTIC SURVEY OF VASCULAR PLANTS 55 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE *Canavalia cathartica Thouars Kalosim Herb, cl; w Fm, Sj Mo, Sa M GMH 1782 *C. rosea (Sw.) DC. Banshim Herb, cl; w Sd, Sj Sa M GMH 0018 Cicer arietinum L. # Chana, Chola Herb, er; cv Af Ch, Fa, Ml Gm, Pu SSS 3469 *Clitoria ternatea L. # Aparajita Herb, cl; w Hs All upazilas M, O SSS 3451 *Crotalaria pallida Aiton Jhunjhuni Shrub; w Fl, Rs All upazilas Fb, M SSS 3465 *C. retusa L. Bil jhonjhoni Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Ml Sa Gm, M SSS 3489 *C. verrucosa L. Boro jhonjhoni Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Ml Sa Gm, M GMH 0146 *Dalbergia candenatensis (Dennst.) Prain Chanda lata Shrub, li; w Rb, Wl Mo, Sa M GMH 1528 *D. sissoo Roxb. ex DC. Sisoo Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl All upazilas T SSS 3554 *D. spinosa Roxb. Kutum kanta Shrub, sc; w Rb, Wl Mo, Sa M SSS 3470 *Derris trifoliata Lour. Kalia lata Herb, cl; w Wl Ch, Ml, Mo, Sa Fb, M SSS 3471 *Erythrina fusca Lour. Kanta mandar Tree, s; pl Ml, Rs All upazilas M, O SSS 3500 E. stricta Roxb. Rakta mandar Tree, s; pl Ml, Rs All upazilas M, O SSS 3498 *E. variegata L. Parijat, mandar Tree, s; pl Fl, Ml, Rs All upazilas M, O SSS 3503 Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Kuntze ex Merr. Barasalpan Shrub; w Sj, Wl Ch, Fa M SSS 3475 *Grona heterophylla (Willd.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Bon motorshuti Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl All upazilas Lf, M SSS 3502 *G. triflora (L.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Kulalia Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Gl All upazilas Gm, M SSS 3452 *Indigofera trifoliata L. Ban nil Shrub; w Fl, Gl, Fm Sa Gm, M Rahman et al. 2015 *Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet # Shim Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs All upazilas Pu, Vg SSS 3506 Lathyrus oleraceus Lam. # Motor kali Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Ch, Fa, Ml, Sa Pu SSS 3474 *L. sativus L. # Khesari Herb, cl; cv Af All upazilas Lf, Pu SSS 3483 *Leptodesmia microphylla (Thunb.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Chotomodi Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Fa, Ml Gm, M Rahman et al. 2015 *Leptospron adenanthum (G.Mey.) A.Delgado Bon borboti Herb, cl; w Fm, Sj Ch, Fa, Mo, Sa Lf, Gm SSS 3464 *Medicago polymorpha L. # Treful Herb, er; w Gl, Fm Sa Gm, M Rahman et al. 2015 *Melilotus albus Medik. Sada methi Herb, er; w Af, Fl Mo M SSS 3460 *Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC. Bara alkushi Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Mo, Sa M GMH 0049 *M. pruriens (L.) DC. Bichuti lata Herb, cl; w Ml, Sj, Wl Bs, Fa, Ml M GMH 0231 Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. # Kesur, shak alu Herb, cl; cv Hs, Rs Bs, Mr, Ra, Sa M, Vg SSS 3490 *Phaseolus coccineus L. # Begunilat shim Herb, cl; w Ml Sa Pu SSS 3462 P. vulgaris L. # French sheem Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Ch, Ml Vg SSS 3466 *Pleurolobus gangeticus (L.) J.St.-Hil. ex H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Salpani Shrub; w Fl, Sj, Wl All upazilas Fb, M SSS 3499 *Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Koroch Tree, m; w Rb All upazilas Fw, M SSS 3453 *Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. Mini bhatraj Herb, cl; w Fm, Gl, Sj Sa M Rahman et al. 2015 *R. rufescens (Willd.) DC. Shim bhatraj Herb, cl; w Fm, Gl, Sj Sa M Rahman et al. 2015 *Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Poir. Dhonchi Shrub; cv Af, Fl, Ml All upazilas Fb, Gm SSS 3510 S. grandiflora (L.) Pers. # Bokphul Tree, s; pl Ml, Rs Bs, Mr, Mo Fw, Vg SSS 3661 Sohmaea laxiflora (DC.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Laximodi Shrub; w Fl, Rs Bs, Fa M SSS 3478 Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H. Ohashi Luri manda Shrub; w Wl, Sj Fa, Ml Gm, M SSS 3454 56 HOSSAIN et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Uraria lagopodioides (L.) DC. Chakulia Shrub; w Sj, Wl Fa M SSS 3514 *Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray Masur chana Herb, pr; w Af All upazilas Lf, Gm SSS 3491 V. lens (L.) Coss. & Germ. # Moshur Herb, pr; cv Af Fa, Ml, Ra Lf, Pu SSS 3509 V. sativa L. Ban mosur Herb, cl; w Af All upazilas Lf, Gm SSS 3512 *Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth. Holdey mug Herb, cl; w Fm, Sj Mo, Sa Lf, Gm SSS 3513 V. mungo (L.) Hepper # Mashkalai Herb, pr; cv Af, Fl, Rs Fa, Ch, Mr, Ra Gm, Pu SSS 3492 *V. radiata (L.) R. Wilczek. Hani mug Herb, cl; cv Af, Fl Sa Gm, Pu Rahman et al. 2015 *V. trilobata (L.) Verdc. Jangli mug Herb, cl; w Fl, Gl Mo Gm, Lf SSS 3456 *V. unguiculata (L.) Walp. # Borboti Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs All upazilas Pu, Vg SSS 3495 *Zornia reticulata Sm. # Unknown Herb, er; w Fl, Gl Sa M MSR 500 Lythraceae J. St.-Hil. *Ammannia baccifera L. Dadmari Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Wtl Fa, Mo, Mr, Sa M GMH 1580 *A. multiflora Roxb. # Acidpatta Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Wtl All upazilas M GMH 0099 Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth # Panica Herb, er; pl Gr Bs, Mo O GMH 1663 *Lagerstroemia indica L. Jarul, furush Tree, s; pl Rs All upazilas M. O SSS 3580 *L. speciosa (L.) Pers. Jarul Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl Bs, Fa, Mo M, O SSS 3581 *Lawsonia inermis L. # Mehedi Tree, s; pl Hs All upazilas Dy, M SSS 3604 *Punica granatum L. # Dalim, bedana Shrub; pl Hs All upazilas Dy, Fr SSS 3609 *Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne Deshi ghurni Herb, er; w Wtl Sa M GMH 1573 R. rotundifolia (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Koehne Dim ghurni Herb, er; w Fl, Wtl Bs M GMH 1586 *Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham. Kewra Tree, l; w Rb, Wl Ch, Ka, Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa Fr, M GMH 0069 *S. caseolaris (L.) Engl. Choila, ora Tree, m; w Rb Ch, Ka, Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa Fr, M GMH 0070 Trapa incisa Siebold & Zucc. # Paniphal Herb, fr; w Wtl Fa Fr, M GMH 1576 T. natans L. Shingra Herb, fr; w Wtl Fa Fr, M GMH 1579 Myrtaceae Juss. *Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels # Bottlebrush Tree, s; pl Hs, Rs All upazilas O GMH 1618 *Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. # Eucalyptus Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl All upazilas M, T GMH 1617 *Psidium guajava L. # Peyara Tree, s; pl Hs All upazilas Fr, M SSS 3557 *Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Kalojam Tree, l; pl Hs, Rs, Wl All upazilas Fr, T GMH 0288 S. jambos (L.) Alston Golapjam Tree, m; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Fa, Mo, Sa Fr, M SSS 3560 S. myrtifolium Walp. Bahari jam Tree, s; pl Gr, Rs Bs, Fa, Ml, Mo, Mr O GMH 4077 *S. samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry Jamrul Tree, m; pl Gr, Hs All upazilas Fr SSS 3558 Onagraceae Juss. *Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H. Hara Keshordam Herb, fr; w Wtl All upazilas M GMH 0221 *L. hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell # Pani palong Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Wtl All upazilas Dy, M GMH 0222 L. octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven Ban labanga Herb, er; w Ml, Wtl Ch, Fa, Ka, Ml M GMH 1536 *L. perennis L. Amorkura Herb, er; w Fl, Gl Fa, Mo, Ra M Rahman et al. 2015 Combretaceae R.Br. Combretum acuminatum Roxb. Patuinia Shrub, li; w Fm Sa M GMH 1763 C. indicum (L.) DeFilipps Madobi lata Shrub, li; pl Hs All upazilas M, O GMH 1765 *Combretum sp. Unknown Shrub, ss; w Fm, Rb Sa M GMH 1535 *Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. Kirpa Tree, s; w Fm, Wl Sa Dy, Fw GMH 0047 FLORISTIC SURVEY OF VASCULAR PLANTS 57 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE *Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. Arjun Tree, l; pl Rs All upazilas M GMH 1532 *T. bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Bohera Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl All upazilas M GMH 1541 *T. catappa L. Kathbadam Tree, l; pl Rs All upazilas M, Nu GMH 0290 T. chebula Retz. Horitoki Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl All upazilas M GMH 1534 T. neotaliala Capuron # Umbrella tree Tree, m; pl Gr Bs O GMH 1537 Rhizophoraceae Pers. *Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. Lal kakra Tree, l; w Wl Mo, Sa Dy, T GMH 0013 *B. sexangula (Lour.) Poir. Shobuj kakra Tree, l; w Wl Mo, Sa Dy, T GMH 0014 Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Roshkao Tree, m; w Wl Ch, Fa Fw, M GMH 1673 *Ceriops decandra (Griff.) W.Theob. Goran Tree, s; w Wl Mo, Sa Dy, Fw GMH 0020 *Kandelia candel (L.) Druce Bhatkathi Tree, s; w Rb, Fm Mo, Sa Dy, Fw GMH 0044 *Rhizophora apiculata Blume Jhana Tree, m; w Rb, Fm Mo, Sa Fw, M GMH 0062 *R. mucronata Lam. Jhana, garjan Tree, l; w Rb, Fm Mo, Sa Dy, Fw GMH 0063 Cornaceae Bercht. ex J. Presl Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms. Marleja gach Tree, m; w Fl, Wl Bs, Fa Fw, M GMH 1678 A. salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin Aikha Tree, m; w Sj, Wl Bs, Fa M, T GMH 1539 Loranthaceae Juss. *Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Blume Bajrangi Shrub, ps; w Op All upazilas M GMH 0028 *Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) Tiegh. Renda Shrub, ps; w Op Ch, Sa M GMH 0048 *Scurrula parasitica L. Porgacha Shrub, ps; w Op All upazilas M GMH 0067 *Viscum monoicum Roxb. ex DC. Bhanda Herb, ps; w Op Mo, Sa M GMH 0078 Celastraceae R.Br. Celastrus paniculatus Willd. Malkagani, kujri Tree, m; w Ml, Wl Bs, Fa Fw, T GMH 1548 *Salacia chinensis L. Choit boroi Shrub, sc; w Fm, Wl Mo, Sa Fr, M GMH 0064 Euphorbiaceae Juss. Acalypha ciliata Forssk. Pasmisur Herb, er; w Fl, Sj Bs, Ml M GMH 1542 *A. indica L. Muktajhuri Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 1613 Astraea lobata (L.) Klotzsch # Khajkata croton Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Mo M GMH 1546 Baliospermum calycinum Müll.Arg. Cup danti Shrub; w Sj, Wl Bs, Fa, Ka M GMH 1658 B. solanifolium (Burm.) Suresh Danti Shrub; w Sj, Wl Bs, Fa M GMH 1596 *Bischofia javanica Blume. Kainjal Tree, m; w Ml, Rb, Wl Bs, Fa, Ka, Sa M, T GMH 0110 Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume Harinhara Shrub; w Ml, Sj Fa, Ka, Sa M GMH 1543 *Chrozophora plicata (Vahl) A. Juss. ex Spreng. Khudi okra Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Sa M GMH 1622 *C. rottleri (Geiseler) A.Juss. ex Spreng. Khudi phora Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0131 *Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. ex A.Juss. # Patabahar Shrub; pl Hs, Ml All upazilas M, O GMH 1545 *Croton bonplandianus Baill. # Bandhone Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0147 *C. caudatus Geiseler. Nan bhantur Shrub; w Ml, Sj Fa, Ml, Ra, Sa M GMH 0148 *C. tiglium L. Jamal gota Herb, er; w Fl, Ml Sa M MSR 509 *Drypetes assamica (Hook. f.) Pax & K. Hoffm. Bon bokul Shrub; w Fm, Wl Sa M GMH 0165 Euphorbia antiquorum L. Cactus Shrub; w Hs, Ml All upazilas M, O GMH 1547 E. cotinifolia L. # Lalpata Shrub; pl Gr, Rs Bs, Mo O GMH 1611 *E. hirta L. # Bara dudhia Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0177 58 HOSSAIN et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE *E. hispida Boiss. Lomahori Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Sa M GMH 1697 E. neriifolia L. Manosha sij Shrub; pl Hs, Ml Bs, Ch, Fa, Mo Mr, Ra M, O GMH 1703 *E. prostrata Aiton # Sijhori Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Bs, Mo, Mr, Ra M GMH 1753 E. pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch # Lalpata Shrub; pl Gr, Rs Bs O GMH 1551 *E. serpens Kunth # Balu madur Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Mo, Sa M GMH 1615 *E. thymifolia L. # Swetkerui Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0178 E. tirucalli L. # Narasaji Shrub; pl Hs, Rs All upazilas M, O GMH 1614 *E. tithymaloides L. Bera chita Herb, er; w Ml, Rs All upazilas He, M GMH 1603 *Excoecaria agallocha L. Gewa Tree, l; w Wl Ch, Ka, Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa M, Pp GMH 0036 Jatropha curcas L. # Bherenda Shrub; pl Rs Bs, Mo,Ra He, M GMH 1701 J. gossypiifolia L. # Lal bherenda Shrub; w Fl, Rs Mo He, M GMH 1712 J. podagrica Hook. # Bag bherenda Shrub; pl Gr Bs, Fa O GMH 1554 Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) Kulju & Welzen Latim, petali Tree, l; w Fl, Ml Ch, Fa, Mr M, T SSS 3559 *M. repandus (Willd.) Müll.-Arg. Gunti, jhanti Shrub, sc; w Sj, Wl Fa, Ml, Mo M SSS 3575 Manihot esculenta Crantz # Kassava Tree, s; pl Ml, Rs Ch, Fa, Rsa M SSS 3568 *Ricinus communis L. # Bherenda Shrub; w Fl, Hs All upazilas M, Oy SSS 3574 *Shirakiopsis indica (Willd.) Esser Hurmui Tree, s; w Fm, Wl Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa M, Fp GMH 0065 *Suregada multiflora (A. Juss.) Baill. Ban naringa Tree, s; w Wl Bs, Fa, Sa Fw, M SSS 3561 Tragia involucrata L. Chotrapatta Herb, cl; w Sj Bs M GMH 0262 Trewia polycarpa Benth. & Hook.f. Pitali Tree, m; w Fl, Ml, Rs All upazilas Fw, M GMH 4027 Phyllanthaceae Martinov *Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. Khudijam Tree, s; w Sj, Wl Sa M SSS 3573 *Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston Silpati Shrub; w Ml, Sj Sa M GMH 1555 *B. vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fisch. Vita salpoti Shrub; w Sj, Wl Sa M GMH 1571 *Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle Khaukra Shrub; w Sj, Wl Fa, Ka, Mo, Sa M GMH 0186 Glochidion multiloculare (Rottler ex Willd.) Voigt Paniatori Shrub; w Sj, Rs Fa, Ml M SSS 3562 Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels # Arboroi Tree, s; pl Hs All upazilas Fr, M SSS 3572 *P. emblica L. Amloki Tree, s; pl Hs, Rs All upazilas Fr, M SSS 3567 *P. niruri L. # Bhui amla Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Gl All upazilas Dy, M GMH 0247 *P. reticulatus Poir. Chitki Shrub; w Fl, Sj All upazilas Dy, M GMH 0248 *P. urinaria L. Kalo chitki Herb, er; w Fl, Gl Fa, Ml, Sa M SSS 3566 *P. virgatus G. Forst. Chitki Shrub; w Fl, Gl Sa M SSS 3570 Putranjivaceae Endl. Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Putronjiva Tree, l; w Rs, Wl All upazilas M, T GMH 1560 Rhamnaceae Juss. *Colubrina javanica Miq. Ban boroi Shrub, sc; w Fm, Sj Sa M GMH 1556 *Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Boroi Tree, m; w Hs, Wl All upazilas Fr, M GMH 0303 *Z. oenoplia (L.) Mill. Ban boroi Shrub, sc; w Sj, Wl Bs, Fa, Ka, Sa He, M GMH 0304 Leeaceae Dumort. Leea aequata L. Kak jangha Shrub; w Sj, Wl Fa, Ra M GMH 1669 *L. indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Kurkur jihwa Shrub; w Sj, Wl All upazilas Gm, M GMH 0211 Vitaceae Juss. Ampelocissus barbata (Wall.) Planch. Jharila Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Ch, Fa, Ra M GMH 1681 *A. latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Gowalia lata Herb, cl; w Wl Fa, Ml, Mo M GMH 1757 *Causonis japonica (Thunb.) Raf. Golgoti lata Herb, cl; w Fl, Ml, Sj Sa M GMH 1741 FLORISTIC SURVEY OF VASCULAR PLANTS 59 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE *C. maritima (Jackes) Jackes Golgoti lata Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Sa M GMH 2104 *C. trifolia (L.) Mabb. & J. Wen Angur lata Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl All upazilas Lf, M GMH 0079 Cissus adnata Roxb. Bhatia lata Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Bs, Fa M SSS 3571 C. assamica (M. A. Lawson) Craib. Angurlata Herb, cl; w Fm, Sj Sa M SSS 3563 C. quadrangularis L. Harjora Herb, cl; w Hs, Rs All upazilas M SSS 3569 *Tetrastigma angustifolium (Roxb.) Planch. Nekungriubi Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Ch, Fa, Ra, Mo, Sa M GMH 0291 T. leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston Horina lata Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Fa, Ml, Ra M GMH 1557 Vitis vinifera L. # Angur Herb, cl; cv Hs Bs, Mr Fr SSS 3666 Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link *Polygala chinensis L. Meradu Herb, pr; w Gr, Ml Sa M GMH 0254 Sapindaceae Juss. *Allophylus cobbe (L.) Forsyth f. Rakhal chita Shrub; w Sj, Wl Sa Fw, M GMH 1574 *Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Lataphutki Herb, cl; w Fl, Sj All upazilas M, Vg GMH 1758 Dimocarpus longan Lour. Ashphal Tree, m; pl Hs Ch, Fa, Mo, Mr Fr GMH 1559 *Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. Paniphul Tree, s; w Fm, Wl Sa Fw, M GMH 0032 *Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh. Ban horina Tree, s; w Fl, Wl All upazilas Fr, Fw GMH 1565 *L. senegalensis (Juss. ex Poir.) Leenh. Gota horina Shrub; w Fl, Sj, Wl All upazilas Fw, M GMH 1677 *Litchi chinensis Sonn. # Litchu Tree, m; pl Hs All upazilas Fr SSS 3599 Anacardiaceae R.Br. Anacardium occidentale L. # Kajubadam Tree, m; pl Hs Fa M, Nu SSS 3610 *Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Jiga, jeol Tree, s; w Ml, Rs All upazilas He, Gu GMH 0209 *Mangifera indica L. # Aam Tree, l; w Hs, Wl All upazilas Fr, T GMH 1620 *Spondias dulcis Parkinson # Amrah Tree, l; pl Hs All upazilas Fr GMH 1756 *S. pinnata (L. f.) Kurz Bon amrah Tree, l; pl Wl Bs, Fa, Sa Fr GMH 1558 Meliaceae Juss. *Aglaia cucullata (Roxb.) Pellegr. Amoor Tree, s; w Rb, Wl Mo, Sa M, T GMH 0007 *Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R.Parker Pithraj, royna Tree, m; w Hs, Wl All upazilas M, Oy GMH 0101 *Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Neem Tree, m; w Rs, Wl All upazilas M, T GMH 0108 Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq. Sibbeki Tree, s; w Rs, Wl Bs M GMH 1610 Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C.DC. # Lombu Tree, l; pl Rs All upazilas T GMH 1597 *Melia azedarach L. Ghora neem Tree, m; pl Ml, Rs All upazilas M, T GMH 1609 Swietenia macrophylla King # Bara mehagani Tree, l; pl Hs, Ml, Rs All upazilas T SSS 3606 *S. mahagoni (L.) Jacq. # Mehagani Tree, l; pl Hs, Rs All upazilas T SSS 3591 *Toona ciliata M.Roem. Toon, rongi rata Tree, l; w Rs, Wl All upazilas Dy, M SSS 3603 *Xylocarpus granatum J.Koenig Dhundal Tree, m; w Rb, Wl Sa M, T GMH 0081 *X. moluccensis (Lam.) M.Roem. Poshur Tree, m; w Wl Mo, Sa M, T GMH 0082 Rutaceae Juss. *Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa Bel Tree, m; w Hs, Ml, Wl All upazilas Fr, M SSS 3600 *Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Lebu Shrub; pl Hs All upazilas Fr SSS 3564 *C. maxima (Burm.) Merr. # Jambura Tree, s; pl Ml, Hs All upazilas Fr SSS 3585 *Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. Datmajoni Shrub; w Fl, Sj, Wl All upazilas M GMH 0188 *Limonia acidissima L. Kadbel Tree, m; pl Ml, Hs All upazilas Fr GMH 1577 *Merope angulata (Willd.) Swingle Bonlebu Shrub; w Fm, Rb Sa M GMH 1561 Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Curry patta Tree, s; w Fl, Wl Bs, Fa, Ka, Ml M, Sp GMH 1666 *M. paniculata (L.) Jack Kamini Tree, s; pl Rs, Wl All upazilas M, O GMH 1670 60 HOSSAIN et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Oxalidaceae R.Br. *Averrhoa bilimbi L. # Bilimbi Tree, s; pl Hs Bs, Ch, Fa, Ka, Mo, Mr Fr, M SSS 3608 *A. carambola L. # Kamranga Tree, s; pl Hs All upazilas Fr, M SSS 3565 *Oxalis corniculata L. # Amrul Herb, pr; w Af, Gl, Rs All upazilas M, Vg GMH 0238 O. debilis Kunth # Golapi amrul Herb, pr; w Gr, Hs Bs, Mo O SSS 3669 Balsaminaceae A. Rich. *Impatiens balsamina L. # Dopati Herb, er; pl Hs, Ml All upazilas M, O GMH 1582 Hydrocera triflora (L.) Wight & Arn. Domuti Herb, er; w Ml Fa M GMH 1662 Araliaceae Juss. *Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms # Tikosaya pata Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Bs O GMH 1675 *P. scutellaria (Burm. f.) Fosberg, # Saya pata Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Mo O GMH 1651 Apiaceae Lindl. *Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Thankuni Herb, cr; w Af, Fl, Ml All upazilas M GMH 0127 *Coriandrum sativum L. # Dhonia Herb, er; cv Af, Fl, Hs, Fa, Ml, Sa M, Sp GMH 1562 *Daucus carota L. # Gajor Herb, er; cv Af Fa, Ml, Mo, Mr Vg GMH 1567 *Eryngium foetidum L. # Bilati dhoneya Herb, er; w Af, Hs Bs, Mr, Ra, Sa M, Sp GMH 1631 *Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. Kuti thankuni Herb, cr; w Fl, Rs Mo M GMH 1676 *Oenanthe benghalensis Benth. & Hook.f. Ban dhonia Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Ml All upazilas M GMH 1707 *O. thomsonii C.B. Clarke # Panturashi Herb, er; w Af, Fl Sa M GMH 1737 *Pimpinella heyneana (DC.) Benth. Pimpin Herb, er; w Fl, Ml Sa M MSR 1314 Gentianaceae Juss. Centaurium centaurioides (Roxb.) Rolla Rao & Hemadri Unknown Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Mo M GMH 1733 *Hoppea dichotoma Willd. Hoppia Herb, er; w Gr Sa M GMH 1568 Apocynaceae Juss. *Allamanda cathartica L. # Ghonta phul Shrub; pl Hs, Rs All upazilas O GMH 1752 *Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Chhatim Tree, l; w Rs, Wl All upazilas M, T GMH 0094 Asclepias curassavica L. Kakturi Herb, er; w Fl, Rs, Sj Bs, Fa, Mo M, O GMH 1664 *Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T.Aiton Akondo Shrub; w Ml, Rs All upazilas Fb, M GMH 0119 *C. procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton Shda akondo Shrub; w Rs Fa, Ra, Mr, Sa Fb, M GMH 0120 Carissa carandas L. Karamcha Shrub; pl Hs, Sj All upazilas Fr SSS 3578 Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold # Kolkey phul Tree, s; pl Hs Bs, Ch, Mo, Mr, Ra M, O SSS 3598 *Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don # Noyantara Herb, er; w Hs, Rs All upazilas M, O GMH 0125 *Cerbera odollam Gaertn. Dahur Tree, s; w Fm, Wl Mo, Sa Fb, M GMH 0019 *Ceropegia lucida Wall. Lucipegia Herb, cl; w Fm Sa M MSR 588 *Dischidia nummularia R.Br. Coin plant Herb, cl; w Op Sa M, O GMH 1749 *Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth. ex Hook.f. Jukti phul Herb, cl; w Wl Fa, Ml, Ra, Sa Fb, M GMH 0164 *Finlaysonia obovata Wall. Mamakola Herb, cl; w Rb, Wl Mo, Sa Fb, M GMH 0037 *Hoya lanceolata Wall. ex D.Don Futki lata Herb, ps; w Op; Wl Sa Fb, M GMH 1744 * H. verticillata (Vahl) G. Don var. verticillata Futki lata Herb, ps; w Op; Wl All upazilas Fb, M GMH 0196 *Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. Anantomul Herb, cl; w Fl, Gl Bs, Fa, Sa Fb, M GMH 0194 Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) Wall. ex A. DC. Kurchi Tree, s; w Ml, Sj, Wl Fa, Mo M SSS 3678 *Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T.Aiton Parallia lata Herb, cl; w Fl, Sj, Wl All upazilas Fb, M GMH 0200 FLORISTIC SURVEY OF VASCULAR PLANTS 61 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE *Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn. Mada Herb, cl; w Fm, Sj Sa M GMH 4049 Nerium oleander L. # Rakta karobi Tree, s; pl Hs, Rs Bs, Fa, Mo, Mr M, O GMH 1748 *Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabb. Pasonsi Herb, cl; w Fm, Rb Mo, Sa Fb, M GMH 0055 *Pentatropis capensis (L. f.) Bullock Panchabrti lata Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Sa M GMH 1563 Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. Chagalbati Herb, cl; w Sj, Rs Sa Fb, M GMH 1746 Plumeria alba L. # Shada kathgolap Tree, m; pl Hs, Rs All upazilas M, O SSS 3576 P. pudica Jacq. Nag dahur Tree, s; pl Gr Bs, Fa, Mo O SSS 3662 P. rubra L. # Lal kathgolap Tree, m; pl Hs, Rs Bs, Mo M, O SSS 3590 *Oxystelma esculentum (L. f.) Sm. Dudhia lata Herb, cl; w Fm, Sj Sa M, O GMH 1581 Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Sarpogondha Herb, er; w Ml, Wl Fa M, O GMH 1588 *Sarcolobus carinatus Wall. Bawali lata Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Sa M GMH 1564 *S. globosus Wall. Bawali lata Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Mo, Sa M, Vg GMH 0066 *Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem & Schult. Tagar Shrub; w Rs, Sj, Wl All upazilas M, O SSS 3601 Telosma cordata (Burm. f.) Merr. Kanja lata Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Fa M SSS 3580 *Vincetoxicum indicum (Burm.f.) Mabb. Antamul Herb, cl; w Fm, Sj Bs, Fa, Ra, Sa Fb, M GMH 0076 *Vincetoxicum sp. Unknown Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Mo, Sa M GMH 1590 Solanaceae Juss. *Capsicum annuum L. # Morich Herb, er; cv Af, Hs All upazilas Sp SSS 3602 Cestrum diurnum L. # Dibahena Shrub; pl Hs Bs, Ka M, O GMH 1572 *C. nocturnum L. # Hasnahena Shrub; pl Hs All upazilas M, O SSS 3597 *Datura metel L. # Sada dhutra Shrub; w Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0158 *Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. # Ban tamak Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0233 Petunia hybrida E. Vilm. Petunia Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Bs O SSS 3593 *Physalis angulata L. # Ban tepari Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0250 P. peruviana L. # Tepari Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Bs, Ch, Fa, Mo M GMH 1584 *Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. # Akuli begun Herb, pr; w Fl, Ml, Rs Mo, Ra, Sa M GMH 1743 *S. americanum Mill. # Tit begun Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 1599 * S. lycopersicum L. # Tomato Herb, pr; cv Af All upazilas Vg SSS 3577 *S. melongena L. # Begun Shrub; w Af, Hs All upazilas Vg GMH 1569 *S. nigrum L. Kakmachi Herb, er; w Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0279 *S. sisymbriifolium Lam. # Kanta begun Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Bs, Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa M GMH 0281 *S. torvum Sw. # Gota begun Shrub; w Fl, Sj, Rs All upazilas M, Vg GMH 0280 S. tuberosum L. # Golalu Herb, pr; cv Af All upazilas Vg GMH 1626 *S. violaceum Ortega Phutki begun Shrub; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0278 *S. virginianum L. Kantikari Herb, pr; w Sd, Fm Fa, Mo, Ra, Sa M, Vg GMH 0068 Convolvulaceae Juss. Aniseia martinicensis (Jacq.) Choisy # Shadamati Herb, cl; w Ml, Rs Fa, Ml, Ka M GMH 1566 Argyreia capitiformis (Poir.) Ooststr. Doitta lata Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Fa, Ml M GMH 1739 A. roxburghii (Wall.) Arn. ex Choisy Argori lata Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Fa M GMH 1711 *Bonamia semidigyna (Roxb.) Hallier f. Gandabhadi Herb, cl; w Fm, Sj Sa M MSR 655 *Camonea umbellata (L.) A.R. Simões & Staples # Goria lata Herb, cl; w Fl, Gl, Rs Bs, Fa, Ra M, O GMH 1722 *Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. # Bhui okra Herb, cr; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M, Sb GMH 0179 *Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh Hiwet Herb, cl; w Fl, Fm, Ml Sa M GMH 1585 62 HOSSAIN et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Ipomoea alba L. # Morning glory Herb, cl; w Fl, Wl BS M, O GMH 1687 *I. aquatica Forssk. Kalmi shak Herb, cr; w Af, Wtl All upazilas Vg GMH 0202 *I. batatas (L.) Lam. # Misti alu Herb, cr; cv Af, Hs All upazilas Vg GMH 1716 I. cairica (L.) Sweet Kolmi lata Herb, cl; w Ml Fa M, O GMH 1699 *I. carnea subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) D.F.Austin # Dhol kalmi Shrub; w Fl, Ml All upazilas He, Sb GMH 0203 *I. littoralis Blume Gang kalmi Herb, cl; w Fm, Sj Sa M, O Rahman et al. 2015 *I. obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. Kura kalmi Herb, cl; w Fl, Ml Bs, Fa, Sa M GMH 1587 *I. pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. Chagalkhuri Herb, cr; w Af, Hs Sa M, Sb GMH 0043 *Operculina turpethum (L.) S. Manso Dudh kalmi Herb, cl; w Fl, Fm, Wl Bs, Ch, Fa, Sa M GMH 1604 *Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier.f. Ban kalmi Herb, cl; w Fl, Fm, Wl Fa, Mo, Sa M GMH 1730 Cuscutaceae Dumort. *Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Sharno lata Herb, cl; w Op All upazilas M SSS 3579 *C. reflexa Roxb. Sharno lata Herb, cl; w Op All upazilas M GMH 0151 Menyanthaceae Dumort. Nymphoides hydrophylla (Lour.) Kuntze Chand mala Herb, fr; w Wtl Bs, Fa, Mr M SSS 3605 *N. indica (L.) Kuntze Panchuli mala Herb, fr; w Wtl All upazilas M, Vg SSS 3607 Hydroleaceae R.Br. ex Edwards *Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl Kasschera Herb, pr; w Wtl Sa M GMH 1636 Boraginaceae Juss. *Cordia dichotoma G.Forst. Bohola, bola Tree, m; w Sj, Wl All upazilas Fw, M GMH 0142 *Heliotropium curassavicum L. # Nona hatisur Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Mo, Ra, Sa M, Vg GMH 1591 *H. indicum L. Hatisur Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0193 Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. *Duranta erecta L. # Duranto Shrub; pl Ml, Rs All upazilas He, M SSS 3589 Lantana camara L. # Kutuskanta Shrub; w Rs, Sj, Wl Mo Fw, M SSS 3595 *Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. ex Britton & P.Wilson # Motmotia Shrub; w Fl, Sj All upazilas M GMH 0219 *Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Vuiokra Herb, cr; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0220 Lamiaceae Martinov *Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze. Gobura Herb, er; w Fl, Wl All upazilas M GMH 1629 Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl Boro bormala Tree, m; w Fl, Sj Bs M GMH 1593 C. tomentosa (L.) L. Bastara Tree, s; w Fl, Sj Bs M GMH 1606 *Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze Bamunhatti Shrub; w Fl, Sj, Wl All upazilas M GMH 0135 *C. infortunatum L. Bhat Shrub; w Fl, Rs, Wl All upazilas M GMH 0136 C. japonicum (Thunb.) Sweet Raktabhat Shrub; pl Ml, Rs Bs O GMH 1738 Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. # Coleus Herb, er; w Gr, Rs, Hs Bs, Mo O SSS 3596 *Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gamari Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl All upazilas M, T SSS 3581 *Hyptis capitata Jacq. # Tata tokma Herb, er; w Fl, Rs, Sj All upazilas M GMH 0198 *Leucas lavandulifolia Sm. Shetodron Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0215 *Leonurus sibiricus L. Roktodron Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Bs, Fa, Mo, Mr, Sa M SSS 3588 Mentha spicata L. # Pudina pata Herb, pr; cv Gr, Hs All upazilas M SSS 3594 *Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze # Tokma Herb, er; w Fl, Rs, Sj Bs, Fa, Mo, Sa M GMH 0199 *Ocimum americanum L. Tulshi Herb, er; w Fl, Hs All upazilas M GMH 0235 *O. tenuiflorum L. Kalo tulshi Herb, er; w Fl, Hs Bs, Fa, Ml M GMH 1608 FLORISTIC SURVEY OF VASCULAR PLANTS 63 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm.f.) Kuntze Jui-lata, bakoha Shrub; w Rs Fa M GMH 1643 *Premna serratifolia L. Gambari Shrub; w Fm, Sj Fa, Ka, Sa M GMH 0257 Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb. Bamanhati Shrub; w Sj, Wl Fa, Mo M GMH 0134 *Salvia plebeia R.Br. Bhuitulsi Herb, er; w Fl, Ml, Rb Bs, Sa M GMH 1592 S. splendens Sellow ex Schult. # Lal sagi, salvia Herb, er; pl Hs, Rs Bs, Mo O SSS 3584 Salvia sp. Unknown Herb, er; w Rs Mo M GMH 1650 Tectona grandis L. f. Shegun Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl All upazilas T SSS 3592 *Vitex negundo L. Nishinda Shrub; w Fl, Sj, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0301 *V. trifolia L. Chotonishinda Shrub; w Ml, Rs Sa M GMH 1594 *Volkameria heterophylla Vent. Shia vat Shrub, sc; w Fm, Rb Sa M, O GMH 3488 *V. inermis L. Shia vat Shrub, li; w Fm, Rb Ka, Mo, Mr, Sa M, O GMH 0021 Plantaginaceae Juss. *Adenosma indianum (Lour.) Mirr. Borokesuti Herb, er; w Gl, Ml Sa M Rahman et al. 2015 *Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Brammi Herb, pr; w Fl, Wtl All upazilas M, Vg GMH 0109 *Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr. Pani karpur Herb, er; w Wtl Sa M GMH 1607 L. heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth. Patakutra Herb, fr; w Wtl All upazilas Ap, M GMH 0216 *Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small # Micardan Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 1605 *Scoparia dulcis L. # Bondhone Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0271 Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andrews Chameli Shrub, sc; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Fa, Ch, Mr M, O SSS 3668 J. sambac (L.) Aiton # Beli, jui Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Mo M, O SSS 3582 J. scandens (Retz.) Vahl Jui Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Mo M SSS 3587 *Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Sheuli, shephali Tree, s; pl Hs, Rs All upazilas M, O GMH 1598 Orobanchaceae Vent. *Centranthera tranquebarica (Spreng.) Merr. Pashmicentra Herb, pr; w Gl Sa Fo, M GMH 4025 Linderniaceae Borsch, Kai Müll. & Eb. Fisch. *Bonnaya antipoda (L.) Druce. Zai ghas Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 1627 *B. ciliata (Colsm.) Spreng. Bhui papri Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0217 *Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Borbás Bakpuspa Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0218 *L. rotundifolia (L.) Alston Tan chapra Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs, Wtl Bs, Fa, Ra, Sa Ap, M GMH 1660 *Torenia anagallis (Burm.fil.) Wannan, W.R.Barker & Y.S.Liang Panighas Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 1652 *T. crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Chapraghas Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Ml Sa M GMH 1708 T. diffusa D. Don Ushatoren Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Bs, Mo, Ra O GMH 1683 *Yamazakia pusilla (Willd.) W.R.Barker, Y.S.Liang & Wannan Pusichapra Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Ml Sa M GMH 1709 Acanthaceae Juss. *Acanthus ilicifolius L. Hargoza Shrub; w Fm, Rb Ka, Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa M GMH 0001 *A. volubilis Wall. Lata hargoza Herb, cl; w Fm, Rb Mo M GMH 0002 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees Kalomegh Herb, er; w Wl Bs, Fa, Ml M GMH 1735 Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson Gangatara Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Mo M GMH 1623 *Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. Moricha baen Tree, m; w Wl Mo, Sa M, T GMH 0009 64 HOSSAIN et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE *A. officinalis L. Shada baen Tree, l; w Wl Mo, Sa M, T GMH 0010 Barleria cristata L. Janti Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Ch, Mo M, O GMH 1634 B. prionitis L. Kantajanti Shrub; pl Gr Mo M GMH 1717 Ecbolium ligustrinum (Vahl) Vollesen Shial leza Herb, er; w Fl, Wl All upazilas M GMH 1688 *Hemigraphis hirta (Vahl) T. Anderson Buripana Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 1719 Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine Kulekhara Herb, er; w Fl All upazilas M GMH 0197 H. difformis (L.f.) Blume Bagua Herb, fr; w Wtl Ch, Fa, Mo, Ra M SSS 3583 *H. erecta (Burm.f.) Hochr Filareck Herb, er; w Wtl Fa, Mo, Ml, Ra M SSS 3586 H. phlomoides Nees Gokul kanta Herb, er; w Fl Ch, Fa M SSS 3611 *H. polysperma (Roxb.) T. Anderson Alai kalai Herb, pr; w Fl, Wtl All upazilas M GMH 1721 H. ringens (L.) R.Br. ex Spreng. var. ringens Soza kulekhara Herb, pr; w Fl, Wtl Bs, Fa M GMH 1624 *Justicia adhatoda L. Basok Shrub; w Ml, Rs All upazilas He, M GMH 0205 *J. diffusa Willd. Pitapapra Herb, pr; w Fl, Sj All upazilas M GMH 0206 *J. gendarussa Burm.f. Jagotmadan Herb, er; w Fl, Ml, Sj All upazilas He, M SSS 3620 Lepidagathis incurva Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Karuggathis Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs, Sj Bs, Fa, Ml, Ra M SSS 3643 *Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng. Paramul Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Wl All upazilas M GMH 0233 Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet Bhuibashak Herb, pr; w Sj, Wl Bs, Fa, Ra M GMH 1655 Pseuderanthemum maculatum (G.Lodd.) I.M.Turner # Unknown Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Ml, Mo O GMH 1671 *Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees Pindi Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas P GMH 0260 *Ruellia prostrata Poir. Posta booti Herb, pr; w Fl, Sj, Wl All upazilas M GMH 0243 *R. tuberosa L. # Chotpotey Herb, er; w Fl, Wl All upazilas M, O GMH 0264 Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T.Anderson Neel ghonti Shrub; pl Gr Mo O GMH 1727 T. grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Roxb. Neel lata Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Bs, Fa M GMH 1632 T. mysorensis (Wight) T.Anderson # Bashar lata Herb, cl; pl Gr Bs, Mo, O SSS 3667 Pedaliaceae R.Br. Sesamum indicum L. Til Herb, er; cv Af, Rs Ch, Fa, Ml, Mr M, Oy GMH 1732 Bignoniaceae Juss. *Dolichandrone spathacea (L.f.) Seem. Gorshinga Tree, m; w Ml Mo, Sa M, T GMH 0033 Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Bhutum Tree, m; w Sj, Wl Bs, Fa, Ka, Ml Dy, M GMH 1649 *Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) K.Schum. Pajanelia Tree, m; w Fm, Wl Sa M GMH 0053 Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth # Tecoma Tree, s; pl Rs Bs, Mo O GMH 1731 Lentibulariaceae Rich. *Utricularia aurea Lour. Patajhajhi Herb, sm; w Wtl Bs M GMH 1639 Sphenocleaceae T. Baskerv. *Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. Jhil morich Herb, er; w Wtl Sa, Mo M MSR 1312 Rubiaceae Juss. Coffea benghalensis B.Heyne ex Schult. Bangla coffee Shrub; w Sj Bs, Fa M, O SSS 3612 *Dentella repens (L.) J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Bhuipat Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Gl All upazilas M SSS 3628 *D. repens var. serpyllifolia (Wall. ex Craib) Verdc. Bhuipat Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Ml Sa M SSS 3649 *Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis Gondhoraj Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Mo M, O SSS 3621 *Hypobathrum racemosum (Roxb.) Kurz Peetunga Tree, s; w Fm, Wl Bs, Fa, Mo, Sa M GMH 0041 *Ixora coccinea L. Rangon Shrub; pl Gr, Rs All upazilas O GMH 1667 I. cuneifolia Roxb. Jangli rangon Shrub; w Sj, Wl Bs, Fa, Ra M, O GMH 1641 FLORISTIC SURVEY OF VASCULAR PLANTS 65 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE *I. pavetta Andr. Banrangon Shrub; w Sj, Wl All upazilas M, O GMH 0204 *Leptopetalum biflorum (L.) Neupane & N.Wikstr. Bhui papra Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa M GMH 1659 Meyna spinosa Roxb. ex Link Katai Shrub; w Sj, Wl Bs, Fa, Ml, Sa M GMH 1654 *Morinda citrifolia L. Noni Shrub; w Rb, Wl All upazilas M GMH 0230 Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn. # Lal mussenda Shrub; pl Hs Bs, Mo O SSS 3635 M. philippica A.Rich. # Mussenda Shrub; pl Hs All upazilas O SSS 3614 *Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Kadom Tree, l; w Rs, Wl All upazilas M, T GMH 0100 *Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Khet papra Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Gl All upazilas Dy, M GMH 0236 O. diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. Fussa papra Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Gl All upazilas M GMH 1646 Pavetta indica L. Shadarangon Shrub; w Sj, Wl Fa Co, M GMH 1642 Paederia foetida L. Gandhabaduli Herb, cl; pl Hs, Sj Bs, Fa, Mo M SSS 3664 *Scleromitrion diffusum (Willd.) R.J.Wang Panki Herb, pr; w Fl, Ml, Rs All upazilas M GMH 1661 S. verticillatum (L.) R.J.Wang Notapapra Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Gl All upazilas M GMH 1668 *Spermacoce articularis L.f. Baghajangla Herb, pr; w Fl, Ml, Wl All upazilas M GMH 0283 *S. exilis (L.O.Williams) C.D.Adams ex W.C.Burger & C.M.Taylor Baghajangla Herb, pr; w Fl, Ml, Wl Bs, Fa, Ml, Mo M GMH 1656 Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl *Acilepis divergens (DC.) H.Rob. & Skvarla # Bichutivernon Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Sa M SSS 3640 *Acmella calva (DC.) R.K. Jansen. Surjakonnya Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0088 *Ageratum conyzoides L. # Fulkuri Herb, er; w Fl, Ml, Wl All upazilas M GMH 0090 *Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. Shialmutra Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0111 B. lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce Barotara Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Bs M SAK 3205 *B. oxyodonta DC. Katapata Herb, er; w Fl, Ml Sa M GMH 4024 Calendula officinalis L. # Calendula Herb, er; pl Gr Bs O SAK 3209 Centratherum punctatum Cass. # Unknown Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Fa, Ra M, O SAK 3245 *Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. # Assam lata Herb, er; w Fl, Fm, Wl All upazilas M GMH 0130 Chrysanthemum indicum L. Chandramallika Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Fa, Mo, Ml O SAK 3220 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop Shial kata Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Bs, Ch, Fa, Mo, Ra M SAK 3232 Conyza semipinnatifida Wall. ex DC. Coniza Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Ch, Fa, Mo, Ra, Sa M SAK 3201 Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. # Cosmos Herb, er; pl Hs, Rs All upazilas O SAK 3211 *Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob. Kukshim Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0299 *C. patulum (Aiton) H.Rob. # Kukshim Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Sa M SSS 3613 Dahlia imperialis Roezl ex Ortgies # Dalia Herb, er; pl Hs, Rs All upazilas O SAK 3228 *Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. # Kalokeshi Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas Dy, M GMH 0168 *Elephantopus scaber L. Hastipadi Herb, er; w Gl, Rs, Wl Bs, Fa, Ml, Mo M GMH 0171 *Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. # Mechitra Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0173 *Enydra fluctuans Lour. Helencha Herb, pr; w Wtl All upazilas M, Vg GMH 0174 Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach # Chandramallika Herb, er; pl Hs, Rs Bs, Mo O SAK 3207 *Gnaphalium polycaulon Pers. Bara kamra Herb, er; w Fl, Gl All upazilas M SAK 3224 *Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. Namuti Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Ml All upazilas M GMH 0190 Helianthus annuus L. # Surjomukhi Herb, er; pl Af, Hs Bs, Mo O, Oy SAK 3222 66 HOSSAIN et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Hemisteptia lyrata (Bunge) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Unknown Herb, er; w Af Ml Fo SAK 3200 *Launaea aspleniifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. Tik chana Herb, er; w Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 1653 *L. sarmentosa (Willd.) Sch.Bip. ex Kuntze Menthosdana Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl Ch, Sa M GMH 0210 *Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob. Assam lata Herb, cl; w Sj, Fm, Wl All upazilas M GMH 0226 Parthenium hysterophorus L. # Parthenum Herb, er; w Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 1729 Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Kokronta Shrub; w Fl, Rs Sa M SAK 32 P. paniculata (Willd.) Karthik. & Moorthy Kukurshinga Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M SAK 3216 *Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum (L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt Barakamra Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0189 Sonchus arvensis L. # Chashar Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Fa, Mo, Ra, Sa M SAK 3240 *S. oleraceus L. # Titlia Herb, er; w Ml, Rs Sa M SAK 3216 *S. wightianus DC. Bon palang Herb, er; w Fl, Ml, Rs Mo, Sa M SAK 3231 *Sphaeranthus africanus L. Gangasag Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Rs Sa M SAK 3219 *S. indicus L. Mundi Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0282 *Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski # Latadeji Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs All upazilas Gm, O GMH 1728 *Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. # Nakphul Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0287 *Tagetes erecta L. # Gada, ganda Herb, er; pl Hs, Rs All upazilas M, O SSS 3630 Tarlmounia elliptica (DC.) H.Rob., S.C.Keeley, Skvarla & R.Chan # Akorkata Herb, cl; pl Gr Bs, Ka, Mr He SSS 3670 *Tridax procumbens (L.) L. # Tridhara Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 0294 *Wollastonia biflora (L.) Dc. Wedelia Herb, pr; w Fm, Ml Sa Fo GMH 0080 *Xanthium strumarium L. # Ghagra Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Ml All upazilas M, Vg GMH 0302 Youngia japonica (L.) DC. Youngaful Herb, er; w Fl, Gl Bs M GMH 1693 Zinnia peruviana (L.) L. # Zinia Herb, er; pl Gr Bs O SSS 3615 LILIOPSIDA Batsch Alismataceae Vent. *Sagittaria sagittifolia L. # Chotokut Herb, er; w Af, Wtl Ch, Ka, Mr, Ra O, Lf GMH 0267 Hydrocharitaceae Juss. *Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle Kureli Herb, sm; w Wtl Bs, Fs, Ml, Sa Ap, M GMH 1665 Najas indica (Willd.) Cham. Deshi jhaji Herb, sm; w Wtl Bs, Fa, Sa Ap, Gm GMH 1689 *N. minor All. Bara jhaji Herb, sm; w Wtl Bs, Fa, Sa Ff, Gm GMH 1672 *Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. Pani kala Herb, sm; w Wtl All upazilas M, Vg GMH 1696 *Vallisneria spiralis L. Patseola Herb, sm; w Wtl Bs, Fs, Ml, Sa Ap, M GMH 1645 Aponogetonaceae Planch. *Aponogeton appendiculatus H.Bruggen Ghechu Herb, sm; w Wtl Bs, Ch, Fa, Sa Ap, M GMH 0102 Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J. Presl *Potamogeton crispus L. Pata zhanchi Herb, sm; w Wtl Bs, Fa, Ka, Sa M, Wp GMH 1648 P. nodosus Poir. Lombu zhanchi Herb, fr; w Wtl Bs, Fa, Ml M, Wp GMH 1695 Iridaceae Bercht. & J. Presl Iris domestica (L.) Goldblatt & Mabb. Basbichandi Herb, er; pl Gr Bs O GMH 1684 Arecaceae Bercht. & J. Presl *Areca catechu L. # Supari Palm; pl Hs, Rs All upazilas Dy, M GMH 1691 *Borassus flabellifer L. Tal Palm; pl Hs, Rs All upazilas Fb, M GMH 0114 Calamus guruba Buch.-Ham. ex Mart. Jali bet Palm; pl Ml, Rb, Sj Ch, Fa Hc GMH 0117 C. longisetus Griff. Karak bet Palm; pl Ml Fa Hc GMH 1694 FLORISTIC SURVEY OF VASCULAR PLANTS 67 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE *C. tenuis Roxb. Unknown Palm; pl Ml All upazilas Hc, M GMH 0116 Caryota urens L. # Fishtail palm Palm; pl Ml, Rs Bs, Ch, Fa, Ml M, O SSS 3622 *Chamaedorea elegans Mart. # Areca palm Palm; pl Hs, Ml, Rs All upazilas Fb, O SSS 3637 *Cocos nucifera L. # Narikel Palm; pl Hs, Ml, Rs All upazilas Fb, Fr GMH 0138 Elaeis guineensis Jacq. # Oil palm Palm; pl Hs , Ml Bs, Fa, Mo, Ra M, Oy SSS 3623 Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart. # China tokopata Palm; pl Ml, Rs Bs, Fa, Mo Fb, Hc SSS 3646 *Nypa fruticans Wurmb Golpata Palm; w Rb, Fm Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa M, Tm GMH 0052 *Phoenix paludosa Roxb. Hental Palm; w Fm, Wl Mo, Sa Fr, Hc GMH 0057 *P. sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Deshi khejur Palm; w Ml, Rs All upazilas Ju, M GMH 0246 Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) A.Henry # Gurital Palm; pl Hs Bs O GMH 1685 Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F.Cook # Bottol palm Palm; pl Ml, Rs Bs, Fa, Ml, Mo O, Tm SSS 3648 Pandanaceae R.Br. *Benstonea foetida (Roxb.) Callm. & Buerki Keya kanta Shrub; w Fl, Rb Fa, Mo, Sa M, O GMH 0054 Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. ex Lindl. # Polau pata Herb, er; pl Fl, Hs Bs, Ch, Ml, Ra M, Pf GMH 1647 Araceae Juss. Alocasia fornicata (Roxb.) Schott Bishkachu Herb, er; w Fl, Wl Bs, Ch, Fa, Ka M SSS 3633 *A. macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don # Mankachu Herb, er; cv Fl, Hs All upazilas Vg GMH 0092 Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson Olkachu Herb, er; cv Af, Hs All upazilas Vg GMH 1686 Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. # Diranga kachu Herb, er; pl Hs Bs O SSS 3616 *Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Kachu Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Wtl All upazilas Vg GMH 0139 *Cryptocoryne ciliata (Roxb.) Schott Kerali Herb, er; w Fl, Rb, Wtl Ch, Ka, Mo, Mr, Sa M, Sb GMH 1674 Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott # Dieffenbachia Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs All upazilas O SSS 3667 *Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) G.S.Bunting # Money plant Herb, cl; w Hs, Wl All upazilas O GMH 1813 *Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites Katakachu Herb, er; w Fl, Hs, Wtl Bs, Fa, Sa M, Vg SSS 3617 *Lemna minor L. Sujipana Herb, ff; w Wtl All upazilas Ff, Wp SSS 3639 *L. perpusilla Torr. # Khudipana Herb, ff; w Wtl All upazilas Ff, Wp SSS 3647 Monstera deliciosa Liebm. # Bishal patri Herb, cl; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Mo O SSS 3665 *Pistia stratiotes L. Topapana Herb, ff; w Wtl All upazilas M GMH 1826 Syngonium podophyllum Schott # Podolata kachu Herb, pr; w Fl, Hs, Sj Bs, Ch, Fa, Mo, Ra, Sa O SSS 3650 *Typhonium flagelliforme (G. Lodd.) Blume Ghechu Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 1803 *T. trilobatum (L.) Schott Ghetkachu Herb, er; w Fl, Rs All upazilas M, Vg GMH 0296 Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott # Dudhkachu Herb, er; w Ml, Hs Bs, Ch, Fa, Ka, M, Vg SSS 3644 Commelinaceae Mirb. *Commelina benghalensis L. Kanshira Herb, cr; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas Dy, M GMH 0140 *C. diffusa Burm.f. Kanshira Herb, cr; w Af, Fl, Rs All upazilas Dy, M GMH 1810 C. erecta L. # Jata kanchira Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 1802 *C. longifolia Lam. Pani kanshira Herb, cr; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 1829 Cyanotis axillaris (L.) D.Don ex Sweet Baghanulla Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Gl Ch, Fa, Ml M GMH 1806 *Murdannia blumei (Hassk.) Brenan Nil murdan Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Ml Fa, Ka, Mo, Mr, Sa M GMH 1828 *M. loriformis (Hassk.) R.S. Rao & Kammathy Lori murdan Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Ml Fa, Ml, Mr, Sa M GMH 1820 68 HOSSAIN et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE *M. nudiflora (L.) Brenan Kureli Herb, cr; w Fl, Ml All upazilas M GMH 0232 *M. vaginata (L.) G. Brückn. Dhaka murdan Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Mo, Sa M GMH 1801 Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R. Hunt # Beguni pindo Herb, pr; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Mo M, O SSS 3618 T. spathacea Sw. # Chama pindo Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Mo M, O SSS 3636 T. zebrina Bosse # Unknown Herb, pr; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Mo O SSS 3625 Flagellariaceae Dumort. *Flagellaria indica L. Abeti Herb, cl; w Ka, Mo, Mr, Sa Ka, Mo, Mr, Sa Fb, Tm GMH 0038 Cyperaceae Juss. *Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke Bulbobata Herb, er; w Gl All upazilas Lf, Sb GMH 1807 *Cyperus alternifolius L. # Joraghasi Herb, er; w Fl, Ml Mo, Sa O GMH 1825 *C. alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. # Sata ghasi Herb, er; w Fl, Ml Mo, Sa O, Tm GMH 1823 *C. articulatus L. Joraghasi Herb, er; w Wtl All upazilas Fo GMH 1815 *C. brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. Shabujnirbisa Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Gl All upaqzilas Lf, M GMH 0207 *C. compressus L. Chancha Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Gl All upazilas M GMH 1827 *C. cuspidatus Kunth Sagarmuthi Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M GMH 1830 C. cyperoides (L.) Kuntze Bara guthubi Herb, er; w Fl, Rs, Wtl Bs, Fa M GMH 4067 *C. difformis L. Behua ghasi Herb, er; w Af, Fl All upazilas M GMH 4032 *C. digitatus Roxb. Hath ghasi Herb, er; w Wtl All upazilas M GMH 0154 *C. eragrostis Lam. # Bada ghas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas Lf, Sb GMH 0175 *C. exaltatus Retz. Tata ghasi Herb, er; w Gl, Wtl All upazilas M, Tm GMH 1812 *C. iria L. Bara chucha Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M, Lf GMH 1805 *C. javanicus Houtt. Java ghasi Herb, er; w Gl, Ml Mo, Mr, Sa Sb, Tm GMH 1802 *C. malaccensis Lam. Shumati pati Herb, er; w Wtl Ka, Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa Hc, M GMH 0025 *C. mindorensis (Steud.) Huygh Subashi nirbisa Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Gl All upaqzilas Lf, M GMH 0208 C. pangorei Rottb. Madur kathi Herb, er; w Fl, Wtl Bs, Fa, Mo Hc, Lf GMH 1817 *C. polystachyos Rottb. Pikppli ghas Herb, er; w Gl, Wtl All upazilas Lf, Sb GMH 1822 C. richardii Steud. Gola nirbisa Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Gl Fa, Ml, Ra, Sa Lf, M GMH 1816 *C. rotundus L. Nagarmutha Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas Hc, M GMH 0155 C. sanguinolentus Vahl Paikram ghasi Herb, er; w Gl, Wtl Ch, Ml, Ra Sb GMH 1814 *C. tenuiculmis Boeckeler Tonimutha Herb, er; w Wtl All upazilas Lf MSR 0043 *C. unioloides R.Br. Paikol ghas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Ml Fa, Mo, Ml, Sa Lf, Sb GMH 0258 Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Hensch. Mishti ghasi Herb, er; w Fl, Ml Ch, Ml, Ra M, Vg MSR 1503 *E. geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult. Jora ghasi Herb, er; w Gl All upazilas Fo MSR 0183 *E. spiralis (Rottb.) Roem. & Schult. Ghurni ghasi Herb, er; w Wtl Ka, Mr, Ra, Sa Fo GMH 0170 *Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl Chosa fimbry Herb, er; w Gl All upazilas Sb, Fo GMH 1811 *F. autumnalis (L.) Roem. & Schult. # Fimbry Herb, er; w Gl Mo, Ra, Sa Sb, Fo GMH 1804 F. bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani Dula fimbry Herb, er; w Gl Bs, Ch, Fa, Ml Sb GMH 1818 *F. cymosa R.Br. Mosa fimbry Herb, er; w Gl Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa Sb MSR 0622 *F. dichotoma (L.) Vahl Bara nirbishi Herb, er; w Ml, Wtl All upazilas Gm, Sb GMH 0184 *F. disticha Boeckeler Tika fimbry Herb, er; w Gl Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa Fo, Sb GMH 4031 *F. ferruginea (L.) Vahl Gini fimbry Herb, er; w Gl, Wtl Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa Sb, Tm GMH 1808 *F. littoralis Gaudich. Litto fimbry Herb, er; w Gl, Wtl Sa Sb Rahman et al. 2015 *F. ovata (Burm. f.) J. Kern Marmari Herb, er; w Gl, Wtl Ch, Mo, Ra, Sa Sb, Fo MSR 0168 FLORISTIC SURVEY OF VASCULAR PLANTS 69 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE F. quinquangularis (Vahl) Kunth Pachkona fibmry Herb, er; w Gl Fa, Mr, Ra, Sa Sb, Fo GMH 4016 *F. squarrosa Vahl Zumka chech Herb, er; w Gl Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa Sb MSR 0194 *F. tetragona R.Br. Tetra fimbry Herb, er; w Gl, Wtl Mo, Ra, Sa Sb, Fo GMH 1809 *F. tristachya R.Br. Trista fimbry Herb, er; w Gl Sa Sb MSR 0650 *Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb. Poshmighas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Wtl Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa Lf GMH 0187 *F. umbellata Rottb. Chati ghasi Herb, er; w Gl, Wtl Ra, Sa Fo GMH 1824 *Schoenoplectiella articulata (L.) Lye Chechra Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Wtl All upazilas Lf, M GMH 0270 *S. lateriflora (J.F.Gmel.) Lye Supipotpoti Herb, er; w Fl, Wtl Ch, Mo, Sa Fo, Tm MSR 1305 *Scleria biflora Roxb. Riaflora ghasi Herb, er; w Gl Sa Fo Rahman et al. 2015 Poaceae Barnhart *Arundo donax L. Bara nal Herb, er; w Ml, Rb Sa Sb, Tm GMH 0105 *Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv. Karpetghas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas Lf, Sb GMH 0107 *Bambusa balcooa Roxb. Borak bans Bamboo; w Wl All upazilas Hc, Vg SSS 3619 B. nutans Wall. exex Munro Mahal Bans Bamboo; w Wl Bs, Ch, Fa, Ra Pp, Tm SSS 3631 *B. tulda Roxb. Mirtinga Bamboo; w Hs, Wl All upazilas Hc, Pp SSS 3642 *Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake Gandhagourni Herb, pr; w Gl Sa Lf, Sb Rahman et al. 2015 *Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf Cori ghas Herb, cr; w Gl, Rs Bs, Fa, Mo Lf, Sb GMH 1819 *B. ramosa (L.) Stapf Jhopa ghas Herb, pr; w Gl Sa Fo GMH 1821 Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone # Nepir ghas Herb, er; cv Af, Rs Bs, Fa, Mo, Mr, Ra Fo GMH 1858 *Chloris barbata Sw. Bata ghas Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Fa, Ml, Mo, Ra Fo GMH 1840 *C. virgata Sw. # Anguli ghas Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Ch, Mo, Ra Fo GMH 1851 *Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Prem kanta Herb, er; w Gl, Rs All upazilas Hc, Sb GMH 0132 *C. zizanioides (L.) Roberty # Bena Herb, er; w Fl, Ml All upazilas M, Sb GMH 0300 Coix lacryma-jobi L. Tasbi Herb, er; w Fl, Wtl Ch, Ka, Ml Hc, M GMH 1855 *Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Lenom ghas Herb, er; cv Gr, Hs Bs, Mo, Sa M, Sp GMH 0152 *Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Durba ghas Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Gl All upazilas M, Sb GMH 0023 *Cyrtococcum accrescens (Trin.) Stapf Shonpatacocca Herb, er; w Gl, Rs, Wl All upazilas Lf SSS 3641 *Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Kakpaya Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas Lf, Sb GMH 0156 Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro # Budum bans Bamboo; pl Gr, Hs Bs O, Tm SSS 3627 *Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler Kokjachira Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas Gm, Sb GMH 0161 D. longiflora (Retz.) Pers. Kanka juriya Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Gl, Rs Ch, Fa, Ml, Ra Lf, Sb GMH 1831 *Diplacrum caricinum R.Br. Plukram ghas Herb, pr; w Gl Sa Fo Rahman et al. 2015 *Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. Shama ghas Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Gl All upazilas Lf, Sb GMH 1856 *E. crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. Barashamaghas Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Gl All upazilas Lf, M GMH 0167 *E. stagnina (Retz.) P.Beauv. Parua ghas Herb, er; w Wtl Mo, Ra, Sa Fo GMH 1841 *Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Malankuri Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Gl All upazilas M, Sb GMH 0172 Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Arn. Koni ghas Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Gl Bs, Ch, Fa, Mo O, Sb GMH 1847 *E. gangetica (Roxb.) Steud. Chira koni Herb, pr; w Gl Fa, Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa Fo, Sb Rahman et al. 2015 *E. tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult Koni ghas Herb, pr; w Gl Sa Fo, Sb Rahman et al. 2015 E. tremula Hochst. ex Steud. Chiranula Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Ch, Mo, Ml, Ra Lf, Tm GMH 1853 70 HOSSAIN et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE *E. unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. Chira ghas Herb, pr; w Gl All upazilas Fo, Sb Rahman et al. 2015 Eriochloa barbatus (Trin.) S.Yadav & M.R.Almeida # Mota nol Herb, pr; w Gl Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa Fo, Sb SSS 3629 *Hemarthria protensa Steud. Chaila Herb, er; w Gl, Ml, Wtl Fa, Ml, Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa Lf, Sb SSS 3645 Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees ex Wight & Arn. Jongli dhan Herb, er; w Wtl Ch, Fa, Ml Lf, M SSS 3624 Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze Isacdana Herb, er; w Gl, Fl Fa, Ch, Mo, Sa Lf, Sb SSS 3626 *Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. # Chhan Herb, er; w Gr, Ml, Rs All upazilas Sb, Tm GMH 0201 *Leersia hexandra Sw. Fulka ghas Herb, pr; w Wtl All upazilas Lf GMH 0212 Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees Fulka ghas Herb, er; w Af Bs, Fa, Ml Lf SSS 3634 *Myriostachya wightiana (Nees ex Steud.) Hook. f. Balia ghas Herb, er; w Fm, Wl Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa Lf, Tm GMH 0051 *Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P.Beauv. Gohur Herb, er; w Fl, Rs, Wl All upazilas Lf GMH 1839 *O. compositus (L.) P.Beauv. Gohur Herb, er; w Fl, Rs, Wl All upazilas Lf GMH 1833 *Oryza coarctata Roxb. Dhanshi Herb, er; w Rb, Wtl Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa Lf, Sb GMH 0060 O. sativa L. # Dhan Herb, er; cv Af All upazilas Ed, Lf GMH 1850 *Panicum brevifolium L. Bashpati ghas Herb, er; w Af, Gl, Ml All upazilas Lf, Sb GMH 1848 P. luzonense J.Presl Panicombo Herb, er; w Ml Sa Fo MSR 0324 *P. maximum Jacq. Gini ghas Herb, er; w Wtl Sa Fo MSR 0115 *P. paludosum Roxb. Borali Herb, er; w Wtl Sa Fo MSR 0084 *P. repens L. Dhani ghas Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Gl All upazilas Lf, Sb GMH 0239 *Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius # Moisshya ghas Herb, er; w Gl, Hs, Rs All upazilas M, Sb GMH 1854 *P. distichum L. # Chhoto goicha Herb, er; w Ml, Wtl Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa Lf, Sb GMH 1859 *P. scrobiculatum L. Bishmona ghas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Mo, Sa Lf, Sb GMH 0240 *P. vaginatum Sw. # Gina ghas Herb, pr; w Gl, Wtl Fa, Mr, Ra, Sa Lf, Sb GMH 0056 *Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze Perot ghas Herb, er; w Gl Sa Fo, Sb GMH 1860 *Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. Nal khagra Herb, er; w Rb, Wtl All upazilas Hc, Sb GMH 0058 Phyllostachys aurea Rivière & C. Rivière # Sarna bans Bamboo; pl Gr Bs Hc GMH 1834 *Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton Bara swati Herb, pr; w Gl Sa Fo GMH 1838 Saccharum officinarum L. # Akh, Ikkhu Herb, er; cv Af, Gr, Hs All upazilas Sb, Tm GMH 1844 *S. spontaneum L. Kash Herb, er; w Fl, Fm, Rs All upazilas Sb, Tm GMH 0266 Sacciolepis indica (L). Chase Siltatto ghas Herb, er; w Ml, Wtl Ch, Ml, Ra, Sa Lf GMH 1845 Setaria flavida (Retz.) Veldkamp Karing ghas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Ml Bs, Fa, Mo, Mr, Sa Lf, Sb GMH 1852 S. italica (L.) P.Beauv. # Kawn Herb, er; cv Af, Ml, Rs Fa, Ra Fo GMH 1849 S. viridis (L.) P.Beauv. Kawn Herb, er; cv Af, Ml, Rs Fa, Ra Fo SSS 3632 Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br. # Smut ghas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Mo, Mr, Ra, Sa M, Tm GMH 0284 *S. virginicus (L.) Kunth Jhola durba Herb, pr; w Wtl Sa Fo GMH 1832 *Themeda intermedia (Hack.) Bor Medimeda ghas Herb, er; w Ml, Wtl Sa Fo, Tm GMH 1857 Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda Phul jharu Herb, er; w Rs, Sj Mo Fo, Tm GMH 1836 Zea mays L. # Bhutta Herb, er; pl Af Ch, Ml, Mr, Ra Ed, Lf GMH 1835 *Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. Baissa ghas Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl Sa Lf, Sb GMH 0307 Bromeliaceae Juss. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. # Anaras Herb, er; cv Gr, Hs All upazilas Fr, M GMH 1843 FLORISTIC SURVEY OF VASCULAR PLANTS 71 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Strelitziaceae Hutch. Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn. # Panthopadap Tree, s; pl Hs Bs, Mo O GMH 1837 Heliconiaceae Nakai Heliconia metallica Planch. & Linden ex Hook. # Swarga pakhi Herb, er; pl Gr Bs, Mo O GMH 1846 H. rostrata Ruiz & Pav. # Chingrinomi Herb, er; pl Gr Bs, Mo O GMH 1842 Musaceae Juss. Musa paradisiaca L. # Kachkola Herb, er; w Fl, Hs, Ml All upazilas Fr, Vg SSS 3656 Typhaceae Juss. *Typha domingensis Pers. Hogla Herb, er; w Wtl Sa Sb, Tm GMH 0077 T. elephantina Roxb. Hogla patta Herb, er; w Wtl Mo Ed, Tm SSS 3660 Zingiberaceae Martinov *Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt Tara Herb, er; w Rb, Wtl Fa, Sa M GMH 0093 *Curcuma longa L. # Halud Herb, er; cv Fl, Hs All upazilas M, Sp GMH 1869 *C. zedoaria (Christm.) Rosc. Sathi Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs All upazilas M, Pf GMH 0150 *Globba multiflora Wall. ex Baker Shukh globba Herb, er; w Sj, Fm Sa M GMH 1877 Hedychium coronarium J.König # Dolon chapa Herb, er; cv Hs, Rs Bs, Fa, Mo M, O GMH 1861 Zingiber officinale Roscoe # Ada Herb, er; cv Fl, Hs All upazilas M, Sp GMH 1872 Costaceae Nakai Costus woodsonii Maas # Lipistic plant Herb, er; cv Gr Bs O SSS 3651 Cannaceae Juss. Canna glauca L. # Holud kolabati Herb, er; cv Gr, Hs Bs, Mo O SSS 3654 *C. indica L. # Kolabati Herb, er; w Fl, Hs, Rs All upazilas M, O SSS 3659 Marantaceae R.Br. Maranta arundinacea L. # Barli Herb, er; w Sj, Wl Fa M, O GMH 1864 Schumannianthus benthamianus (Kuntze) Veldkamp & I.M.Turner Pati pata Shrub; w Hs, Wtl Bs, Fa, Hc, M GMH 4041 Pontederiaceae Kunth *Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms # Kachuripana Herb, ff; w Wtl All upazilas Gm, Lf GMH 0169 *Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms Bara nukha Herb, er, w Wtl All upazilas Gm, Vg GMH 0229 *M. vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl Nukha Herb, er; w Wtl Ra, Sa M, Vg GMH 1879 Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. Allium cepa L. # Piyaj Herb, er; cv Af, Hs All upazilas M, Sp SSS 3652 A. sativum L. # Rashun Herb, er; cv Af, Hs All upazilas M, Sp SSS 3658 Crinum americanum L. # Bara kanur Herb, er; w Hs, Wl Bs, Mo M, O GMH 1862 *C. asiaticum L. Shukdarshan Herb, er; w Hs, Wl Mo, Sa M, O GMH 0143 *C. latifolium L. Sukhdarshan Herb, er; w Ml Sa O GMH 0144 *C. viviparum (Lam.) R. Ansari & V. J. Nair Gang kochu Herb, er; w Rb, Wtl Mo, Sa M GMH 0022 Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. Agni golock Herb, er; pl Fl, Hs Bs M, O GMH 1878 Asparagaceae Juss. Agave americana L. # Shatabdi udvid Herb, er; cv Hs Bs M, O GMH 1866 Asparagus racemosus Wild. Shatamuli Herb, cl; w Fl, Rs Ra M GMH 1875 *Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A.Chev. Agnishwar Herb, er; cv Hs, Rs All upazilas M, O GMH 1888 Dracaena angustifolia (Medik.) Roxb. Chikna drakan Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Fa, Ml O GMH 1881 D. reflexa Lam. Dracaena Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Mo O GMH 1865 D. spicata Roxb. Kado drakan Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Bs O GMH 1863 72 HOSSAIN et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE D. trifasciata (Prain) Mabb. # Snake plant Herb, er; cv Gr, Hs, Rs All upazilas O GMH 1865 Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. # Gandho hemp Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Bs, Fa, Mo O GMH 1882 Hypoxidaceae R.Br. *Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Talmuli Herb, er; w Sj, Wl Fa, Sa M GMH 0149 Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort. Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. # Ghritakumari Herb, er; cv Hs Bs, Fa Mo, Mr, Sa Co, M SSS 3653 Smilacaceae Vent. *Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. ex D.Don Kumarika Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Ch, Fa, Ra, Sa M GMH 0277 S. perfoliata Lour. Kumari lata Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Fa M GMH 1880 Dioscoreaceae R.Br. Dioscorea alata L. Chupri alu Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl All upazilas M, Vg GMH 1871 D. bulbifera L. Ban alu Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Bs, Fa, Ra M GMH 0162 D. esculenta (Lour.) Burkill Mou alu Herb, cl; cv Hs, Sj, Wl Fa, Ch, Ml, Ra, Sa Vg GMH 1883 *D. hamiltonii Hook. f. Dudh alu Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Bs, Fa, Sa M GMH 1868 D. pentaphylla L. Jhum alu Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl All upazilas M, Vg GMH 1876 Orchidaceae Juss. *Acampe ochracea (Lindl.) Hochr. Kampera Herb, ep; w Op Bs, Fa, Mo, Sa M, O GMH 4018 *A. praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. & McCann Rashna, kandori phol Herb, ep; w Op Bs, Fa, Mo, Sa M, O GMH 4030 *A. rigida (Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.) P.F.Hunt Kampera Herb, ep; w Op Mo, Sa M, O GMH 4037 *Bulbophyllum oblongum Rchb. f. Trias orchid Herb, ep; w Op Mo, Sa O GMH 0075 *B. roxburghii (Lindl.) Rchb.f. Bulb orchid, bulborox Herb, ep; w Op Mo, Sa O GMH 4026 *Cleisostoma appendiculatum (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex B.D.Jacks. Appentum Herb, ep; w Op Sa O GMH 4063 *C. simondii (Gagnep.) Seidenf. # Simond orchid Herb, ep; w Op Mo, Sa O GMH 3505 *Dendrobium anceps Sw. Ansirium Herb, ep; w Op Mo, Sa O GMH 0027 *Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr. Sankhamul Herb, er; w Fl, Ml Sa M, O GMH 4070 *Luisia brachystachys (Lindl.) Blume Borolucia Herb, ep; w Op Mo, Sa M, O GMH 4055 *L. trichorrhiza (Hook.) Blume Lanka luci Herb, ep; w Op Mo, Sa O GMH 4015 *L. tristis (G. Forst.) Hook.f. Lucia Herb, ep; w Op Mo, Sa O, Pf GMH 4021 *Micropera obtusa (Lindl.) Tang & F.T.Wang Konepera orchid Herb, ep; w Op Sa O GMH 4060 *Oberonia disticha (Lam.) Schltr. # Oberonia Herb, ep; w Op Sa O GMH 3370 *O. gammiei King & Pantl. Oberonia Herb, ep; w Op Mo, Sa O GMH 4033 *O. mucronata (D. Don) Ormerod & Seidenf. Nataroni orchid Herb, ep; w Op Mo, Sa O GMH 4017 *Pelatantheria insectifera (Rchb.f.) Ridl. Pelafera orchid Herb, ep; w Op Mo, Sa O GMH 4040 Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G.Don Rasna Herb, ep; w Op Bs, Fa O GMH 4028 *Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schltr. Setguli Herb, er; w Gl, Ml Sa O GMH 0306 Notes: Habit: cl- climber, cr- creeper, cv- cultivated, em- emergent, ep- epiphyte, er- erect, ff- free floating, fr- floating with rooted, l- large, li- liana, lp- lithophyte, m- medium, pl- planted pr- prostrate, ps- parasite, s-small, sc- scandant, sm- submerged, vi- vine, w- wild; Habitat: Af- Agri-field, Fl- Fallowland, Fm- Forest margin, Gl- Grassland, Gr-Garden, Hs- Homestead, Ml- Marginal land, Obw- On brick wall, Op- On plant, Rb- River bank, Rs- Roadside, Sj- Scrub jungle, Wl- Woodland, Wtl- Wetland; Distribution: Bs- Bagerhat sadar upazila; Ch- Chitalmari upazila; Fa- Fakirhat upazila; Ka- Kachua upazila; Ml- Mollahat upazila; Mr- Morelgonj upazila; Mo- Mongla upazila; Ra- Rampal upazila; Sa-Sharankhola upazila; *mark indicating the species distributed in Sundarbans mangrove forest area of Bagerhat district; # mark indicating FLORISTIC SURVEY OF VASCULAR PLANTS 73 the species of exotic origin; Uses: Ap- aquarium plant, Co- Cosmetics, Dy- Dye yielding, Ed- Edible, Fb- Fibre, Ff- Fish feed, Fp- Fish poison, Fr- Fruit, Fw- Fuel wood, Gm- Green manure, Gu- Gum, Hc- Handicrafts, He- Hedge, Hp- Honey plant, Ju- Juice, Lf- Livestock feed, M- Medicine, Nu- Nut, O- Ornamental, Oy- Oil yielding, Pf- Perfume, Pp- Paper pulp, Pu- Pulse, Sb- Soil binder, Sp- Spice, T- Timber, Tm- Theaching material, Vg- Vegetable, Wp- Water purify; RSE: GMH- Gazi Mosharof Hossain, MSR- Mohammad Sayedur Rahman, SAK- Saleh Ahammad Khan, SSS- Shayla Sharmin Shetu. In Pteridophyta, Pteridaceae with seven species was the largest, which was followed by Polypodiaceae, Salviniaceae and Thelypteridaceae representing five, four and three species, respectively. Each of the families Marsileaceae, Vittariaceae, and Lygodiaceae was represented by two species. The families representing the Gymnosperms were Cupressaceae and Cycadaceae, each with two species, and Araucariaceae, Pinaceae and Zamiaceae, with only one species each. In Magnoliopsida, 50.51% of species were comprised of twelve families viz. Fabaceae (58 species), Asteraceae (46 species), Euphorbiaceae (37 species), Apocynaceae (34 species), Acanthaceae (29 species), Malvaceae (28 species), Lamiaceae (26 species), Rubiaceae (22 species), Caesalpiniaceae (18 species), Solanaceae (18 species), Convolvulaceae (17 species) and Cucurbitaceae (17 species) that constituted 36.30% species of the vascular flora of Bagerhat district. Most of the species of Liliopsida (69.83%) were represented by the five families viz., Poaceae (68 species), Cyperaceae (43 species), Orchidaceae (19 species), Araceae (17 species) and Arecaceae (15 species), which together comprised 16.80% of the vascular flora of this district. The monocot genus Cyperus L. composed of 21 species was the largest in the vascular flora of the study area, which was followed by another monocot genus Fimbristylis Vahl with 13 species, and the dicot genera Euphorbia L. and Ficus Tourn. ex L, each with 11 species, Solanum L. with nine, Ipomoea L. with eight, Hibiscus L. with seven, and Hygrophila R.Br., Phyllanthus L. and Persicaria Mill., each with six species. Fig. 2. Floristic composition in different life-form categories of Bagerhat district. A total of 612 species (63.35%) of this flora and most of the Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida were herbs, 183 (18.94%) shrubs, 151 (15.63%) trees, 15 (1.55%) palms and five (0.52%) bamboos (Fig. 2). The majority of the herbaceous species were erect (50.33%), which was followed by climber (19.28%), prostate (16.50%), epiphyte (4.9%), creeper (3.27%) and others (floating, 308 118 101 30 20 12 9 9 4 1 8 3 17 123 58 66 59 15 5 Erect Climber Prostrate Epiphyte Creeper Free floating Floating Submarged Parasite On brick wall Liana Parasite Scandant Erect Large Medium Small Palm Bamboo H er b S h ru b T re e O th er Number of species L if e- fo rm c a te g o ry Floristic composition in different life-form category 74 HOSSAIN et al. submerged and parasite etc.). Medium-sized trees were observed at higher percentage (36.07%) than the large (31.69%) or small (32.24%) trees (Fig. 2). Most of the shrubs were erect and spreading (76.16%), some were scandent (10.60%), and a few were liana and parasites (Fig. 2). About 70.81% of the species including most of the Magnoliopsida (472 species) and Liliopsida (181 species) were found in the wild. The rest of the species were recognized as planted (21.53%) and cultivated (7.66%). All species of Pteridophytes were found in the wild but those of the Gymnosperms as planted. Fig. 3. Number and per cent of plant species in different habitats of Bagerhat district. The plant species of the Bagerhat district were found to grow in 13 different kinds of habitats (Fig. 3), in which fallow land harbours the higher percentage (30.43%) of species that was followed by roadsides (29.92%), woodlands (22.57%), homesteads (21.22%), marginal lands (20.08%), scrub jungles (14.29%), agricultural fields (13.87%), grasslands (13.66%) and wetlands (10.77%). The occurrence of some species was recorded from gardens, other plants, river banks and brick walls (Fig. 3). The number of species with exclusive distribution in wetlands was 56, in homesteads 36 species, in woodland and on other plants 27 species each, in gardens 23 species, in grassland 21 species, in agricultural fields and roadsides 19 species each, in scrub jungle 14 species, in marginal lands nine species, and in other types of habitats less than four species each. Fig. 4. Plant species composition in the upazilas of Bagerhat district. Fig. 5. Comparative Angiosperm species composition in some districts. 294, 30.43% 289, 29.92% 218, 22.57% 205, 21.22% 194, 20.08% 138, 14.29% 134, 13.87% 132, 13.66% 104, 10.77% 90, 9.32% 39, 4.04% 35, 3.62% 5, 0.52% Fallowland Roadside Woodland Homestead Marginal land Scrub jungle Agri-field Grassland Wetland Garden On plant River bank On brick wall Number and % of species H a b it a t ca te g o ry Species of different habitats Species no. Species % 284 247 241 226 114 82 78 70 36 384 384 384 384 384 384 384 384 384 N u m b e r o f sp e c ie s Upazila Species distribution in different upazilas 425 636 638 729 793 833 927 N u m b e r o f sp e c ie s District Floristic composition FLORISTIC SURVEY OF VASCULAR PLANTS 75 In Bagerhat, the majority of the species (39.75%) were found to be distributed in all of the nine upazilas. However, Sharankhola, Fakirhat, Bagerhat sadar and Mongla upazilas harboured 29.40%, 25.57 %, 24.95 % and 23.40 % of the species, respectively. The occurrence of a relatively lower percentage of the species was found in other upazilas. A total of 100, 43, 20, and 17 species were found to be exclusively distributed in Sarankhola, Bagerhat sadar, Fakirhat and Mongla upazilas, respectively. The rest of the upazilas viz., Mollarhat, Kachua, Morelganj, and Rampal, harboured less than three species exclusively, i.e., almost all of the species of these upazilas had overlapping distribution in other upazilas of Bagerhat district (Fig. 4). In the study area, 17 species viz. Acanthus volubilis (Acanthaceae), Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae), Barringtonia acutangula and B. racemosa (Lecythidaceae), Calamus guruba and C. longisetus (Arecaceae), Bulbophylllum oblongum, B. roxburghii, Cleisostoma appenduculatum, Geodorum densiflorum, Luisia brachystachys and Zeuxine strateumatica (Orchidaceae), Cipadessa baccifera (Meliaceae), Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae), Pajanelia longifolia (Bignoniaceae), Psilotum nudum (Psilotaceae), Rauvolfia serpentina (Apocynaceae) were found as rare due to their small population, meager regeneration and very restricted distribution and occurrence. Among these species, Bulbophylllum oblongum, B. roxburghii, and Cleisostoma appenduculatum are reported as endangered in this country (Ahmed et al., 2008-2009; Ara et al., 2013). The species Cipadessa baccifera of Meliaceae was not reported from this country after its last record by Datta and Mitra (1953). Therefore, Cipadessa baccifera is rediscovered in Bangladesh by this study. Bagerhat district is one of the vulnerable and disaster-prone coastal areas of Bangladesh (Rahman and Ferdous, 2017). Conversion of huge natural and agricultural areas for expanded fisheries projects (Chowdhury and Muniruzzaman, 2003; Karim, 2003; Kabir and Eva, 2014), frequent natural disasters including tidal surges and cyclones, increased urbanization or settlement, construction of highways and railways, unplanned tourism, improper waste management, oil and plastic pollution, increase in salinity and water logging, coal-based power plant establishment, tributary and river bank erosion through increased coastal shipping, invasion of exotic species, and lack of proper management and public awareness etc. are the critical threats for the natural habitats- and ecosystems, flora and species diversity in this district. Although this district is under the stress of different major threats, its flora is still rich and comparatively in better status than some other districts of the country which might be due to its habitat suitability, landscape structure and continuous flow of fresh water throughout most of its areas through its several major rivers (viz. Panguchi, Daratana, Madhumati, Pasur, Haringhata, Mongla, Baleswar, Bangra and Goshairkhali) and the network of numerous canals, and the occurrence of huge mangrove forests. The data provided by this study on the vascular plants of Bagerhat districts will contribute as the baseline for any further study or development plan involving its biological resources. These data might also be useful to track the trend of changes in the floristic composition, plant species diversity and vegetation in course of time, contribute to the undertaking of appropriate biodiversity conservation initiatives, plant resource-based socio-economic development, and in the assessment of the impacts of climate change in this region. To ensure the improvement, conservation and sustainable utilization of the plant resources of the study area, we firmly recommend adopting a master plan for the control and management of the massive anthropogenic interferences and strict enforcement of the forest laws following their necessary updating in this area, implementation of adequate measures for conservation of the threatened and depleting plant species of this area, and strict and adequate management of its protected area. We strongly suggests conducting regular inventories and monitoring programs on the flora and plant diversity of this district. We highly recommend adequate plantation programs, preferably with the wind- and saline tolerant deep-rooted plant species in the coastal belts and the 76 HOSSAIN et al. marginal lands of the river- and tributary banks, especially for the mitigation of the adverse impacts of natural disasters and protection of indigenous biological resources of the coastal area. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Grant for Advanced Research in Education (GARE), Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information & Statistics (BANBEIS), Ministry of Education, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh (GoB) for funding this survey. The authors express their sincere thanks to the Jahangirnagar University Authority for providing all administrative and institutional support during this study and to the Forest Department of GoB for the required permission to visit the Sundarbans Mangrove Forests frequently. 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